where they respectively were known, and with increased facilities of communication and transit, and the rapid development of commercial enterprise, it by - and - by became evident that banking institutions of more commanding importance and more widely - recognized stability were required to take the place of the old local private banks. the three " old banks, " with their headquarters in edinburgh, had not yet seriously set themselves to serve the country districts, and the two new joint - stock banks which had been started there were comparatively in their infancy, when, in 1830, an energetic movement was begun in glasgow to institute a joint - stock bank. it is not " sixty years since, " and yet this apparently laudable proceeding provoked at that time the enmity and opposition of the " old banks " and private bankers to an extent which is now almost incredible. with great difficulty a law - agent was found sufficiently audacious to draw the bank ' s contract of copartnery, and when this had been accomplished and the bank had surmounted the dangers incidental to its birth, the directors were most fortunate in placing the young institution under the guidance of a gentleman of exceptional sagacity and experience, mr. james andrew anderson. " mr. anderson was then forty - five years of age. he was the son of mr. andrew anderson, of greenock, a much - respected merchant there, and was nephew of the celebrated professor john anderson, founder of anderson ' s university, so he came of an excellent west country stock. mr. anderson had been bred to business in the counting - house of mr. dugald bannatyne, and for fifteen years had traded successfully as a manufacturer. at the time he was selected for the important office of manager of the glasgow union banking company, as the bank at first was called, he had already acquired a high reputation for intelligence and integrity, and his subsequent career fully justified the expectations which were then formed. in those days the trade of scotland was small compared with what it is now, but the fluctuations in prices, notably in grain, were more violent, and extended over wider limits than is often experienced now, and the banker ' s duties were correspondingly difficult. through these troublous times the bank was safely guide steadily improving its position in the public estimation. " that mr. anderson fully grasped the capabilities of his office was well shown by the manner in which he, more than any of his brethren, discerned the change of the times as affecting the private banks, and set about absorbing these old aristocratic institutions into the broader and


fully grasped the capabilities of his office was well shown by the manner in which he, more than any of his brethren, discerned the change of the times as affecting the private banks, and set about absorbing these old aristocratic institutions into the broader and more expansive organization of the union bank of scotland. beginning in 1836 with the thistle bank of glasgow, which dated from 1761, there followed in due succession - in 1838, sir william forbes, j. hunter & co., of edinburgh, dating back to 1694, in 1838, the paisley union bank of 1788, in 1843, the glasgow and ship bank, dating, as regards the ship bank, from 1750, in 1843, hunters & co., of ayr, of 1771, in 1849, the aberdeen bank of 1767, and in 1857, subsequent to mr. anderson ' s retirement, there was added to the foregoing list the perth bank, dating from 1766. transactions such as these must have been preceded by negotiations of the most delicate and confidential character, and that they were conducted with success is evidence beyond question of the high reputation for integrity and honour enjoyed by mr. anderson. " mr. anderson ' s knowledge and capacity as a banker were recognized not only by the adherents of the union bank, but by the other managers of banks throughout scotland. in 1841 he was examined before a select committee of the house of commons, and was complimented on the clear and intelligent evidence he gave on the difficult questions relating to capital, currency, and credit. in 1844 and 1845 he was chairman of the unchartered banks of scotland when the bank acts of these years were passing through parliament. he was frequently sent for by sir robert peel, when he fought what proved to be a losing battle for freedom of note issues as against the centralizing views of the prime minister. nor was his energy satisfied with his own proper occupations. he was at one time a member of the town council and a magistrate of glasgow. he was several years president of anderson ' s university, and for eight years he acted as secretary to the chamber of commerce in succession to his friend, mr. dugald bannatyne. " enough has now been said to show that an important place must be assigned, among the men who have made glasgow what it now is, to the name of james andrew anderson. his official duties were of a high and responsible order, and were performed in a manner which secured him the entire confidence of his fellow - citizens. this rested wholly on his capacity for good work, combined with unben


the name of james andrew anderson. his official duties were of a high and responsible order, and were performed in a manner which secured him the entire confidence of his fellow - citizens. this rested wholly on his capacity for good work, combined with unbending integrity, for mr. anderson had none of the airs and graces which sometimes appear to do service for solid attainments. in figure he was tall, angular, and somewhat ungainly, with a rugged, serious countenance. he was a typical scot, always earnest and grave, and yet a vein of kindliness and humour would often force itself through the somewhat hard exterior of his manner. mr. anderson retired from the management of the union bank of scotland in may, 1852, and died at his residence of carlung, in ayrshire, on the 10th may, 1863. " from : james maclehose, memoirs and portraits of one hundred glasgow men who have died during the last thirty years and in their lives did much to make the city what it now is ( glasgow, james maclehose & sons, 1886 ), 3. james andrew anderson, available at http : / / gdl. cdlr. strath. ac. uk / mlemen / mlemen003. htm [ accessed 14 / 08 / 2012 ]. £1, 889 15s 5d glasgow, lanarkshire, central scotland, scotland carlung, ayrshire, southern scotland, scotland


hb electrophoresis ; hgb electrophoresis ; electrophoresis - hemoglobin hemoglobin electrophoresis is a test that measures the different types of the oxygen - carrying protein ( hemoglobin ) in the blood. blood is typically drawn from a vein, usually from the inside of the elbow or the back of the hand. the site is cleaned with germ - killing medicine ( antiseptic ). the health care provider wraps an elastic band around the upper arm to apply pressure to the area and make the vein swell with blood. next, the health care provider gently inserts a needle into the vein. the blood collects into an airtight vial or tube attached to the needle. the elastic band is removed from your arm. once the blood has been collected, the needle is removed, and the puncture site is covered to stop any bleeding. in infants or young children, a sharp tool called a lancet may be used to puncture the skin and make it bleed. the blood collects into a small glass tube called a pipette, or onto a slide or test strip. a bandage may be placed over the area if there is any bleeding. no special preparation is necessary for this test. when the needle is inserted to draw blood, some people feel moderate pain, while others feel only a prick or stinging sensation. afterward, there may be some throbbing. you may have this test if your health care provider suspects that you have a disorder caused by abnormal forms of hemoglobin ( hemoglobinopathy ). many different types of hemoglobin ( hb ) exist. the most common ones are hba, hba2, hbf, hbs, hbc, hb h, and hb m. healthy adults only have significant levels of hba and hba2. some people may also have small amounts of hbf ( which is the main type of hemoglobin in an unborn baby ' s body ). certain diseases are associated with high hbf levels ( when hbf is more than 2 % of the total hemoglobin ). hbs is an abnormal form of hemoglobin associated with sickle cell anemia. in people with this condition, the red blood cells sometimes have a crescent or sickle shape. the cells easily break down, or can block small blood vessels. hbc is an abnormal form of hemoglobin associated with hemolytic anemia. the symptoms are much milder than they


cells sometimes have a crescent or sickle shape. the cells easily break down, or can block small blood vessels. hbc is an abnormal form of hemoglobin associated with hemolytic anemia. the symptoms are much milder than they are in sickle cell anemia. other, less common, abnormal hb molecules cause anemias. in adults, these hemoglobin molecules make up the following percentages of total hemoglobin : in infants and children, these hemoglobin molecules make up the following percentages of total hemoglobin : note : normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. talk to your doctor about the meaning of your specific test results. the examples above show the common measurements for results for these tests. some laboratories use different measurements or may test different specimens. the presence of significant levels of abnormal hemoglobins may indicate : there is very little risk involved with having your blood taken. veins and arteries vary in size from one patient to another and from one side of the body to the other. taking blood from some people may be more difficult than from others. other risks associated with having blood drawn are slight but may include : you may have false normal or abnormal results if you ' ve had a blood transfusion within the previous 12 weeks. nagel r. methemoglobinemias and unstable hemoglobins. in : goldman l, ausiello d, eds. cecil medicine. 23rd ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2007 : chap 168. steinberg m. sickle cell disease and associated hemoglobinopathies. in : goldman l, ausiello d, eds. cecil medicine. 23rd ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2007 : chap 167. © 2011 university of maryland medical center ( ummc ). all rights reserved. ummc is a member of the university of maryland medical system, 22 s. greene street, baltimore, md 21201. tdd : 1 - 800 - 735 - 2258 or 1. 866. 408. 6885


9 january 2013. climate change poses many challenges to beaches and coastal areas and to the people living near these areas. in order to educate school students and community members on how to protect their beach environments, the un educational, scientific and cultural organization ( unesco ) jakarta office and the focil foundation organized a sandwatch training of trainers for teachers and students from wangi - wangi island, southeast sulawesi, indonesia, in wakatobi, indonesia, on 17 and 18 december 2012. the training involved 18 students and 6 teachers from 3 local schools and started the implementation of sandwatch activities on the island. in particular, the event aimed to socialize the concept of sandwatch for climate change adaptation and education for sustainable development, discuss sandwatch methodologies, and develop a one - year workplan for sandwatch implementation in the respective schools. during the training workshop and a fieldtrip, teachers and students identified the environmental problems facing waha beach, discussed the environmental problems they will focus on as part of sandwatch activities ( each school will choose a beach where they will implement sandwatch ), and debated on how sandwatch activities can be regularly implemented in the schools for the next 5 months and beyond. coastal environmental issues identified and discussed at the training include sand mining and the ensuing rapid erosion, beach use, and debris. one - year workplans for beach monitoring, data analysis, result sharing and taking action are currently being developed by each school. participants are encouraged to share the knowledge they have gained with other students and to invite them to implement sandwatch activities and be part of the global sandwatch programme. it is expected that by mid 2013, at least 40 students will have been involved in sandwatch activities in wakatobi. the first beach monitoring will be carried out by mid january 2013. the sandwatch project was launched by unesco in 1999 as a volunteer network of primary and secondary school students and teachers. sandwatch seeks to develop awareness of the fragile nature of the marine and coastal environment and the need to use it wisely. the project activates an educational process through which school students and community members learn and work together. they critically evaluate the problems and conflicts facing their beach environments and develop sustainable approaches to address these issues. sandwatch provides a practical ‘ hands - on ’ approach for integrating the values inherent to sustainable development into all aspects of learning. it thereby empowers citizens to act for positive environmental and social change.


posts tagged ‘ allergy shots ’ most people do not experience adverse reactions to allergy shots. sometimes they may have swelling, redness or itching at the site of injection. these mild reactions are usually treated with antihistamines, and the doctor may adjust the dose for the next injection. rarely more severe reactions are manifested. in sensitive individuals, the vaccine can cause asthma symptoms such as difficulty breathing, wheezing or coughing. in addition, an anaphylactic reaction can cause dizziness, nausea, chest tightness or swelling of the throat that prevents you from breathing. these reactions can be treated in the office, but sometimes may require treatment in hospital. read the rest of this entry » before administering vaccines allergy testing is needed to determine which allergens will trigger allergic reactions. these studies include skin or patch tests and a blood test called “ radioallergosorbent test ” or rast. the results are not always accurate. you may get a positive test without allergic symptoms or, conversely, to show allergy symptoms even with a negative test. how it is done when given an allergy vaccine is injected a small amount of allergen under the skin, usually in the fleshy part of the forearm. at the start of treatment, the injections are usually once a week and go increasing doses of allergens gradually with each injection. a patient can achieve the maximum dose, also known as a maintenance dose at four to six months of starting treatment. read the rest of this entry » allergy shots, also known as immunotherapy, are a medical procedure that involves making the body insensitive to not overreact to certain allergens. they are given small amounts of the substance to cause discomfort by injection to stimulate the immune system gradually. as the weeks and months will increase the amount of allergens in gradually. it is not yet clear how the allergy shots, but it is estimated that the treatment stimulates an immune response against allergens other, which is more comfortable than traditional allergic response. the vaccines do not provide immediate relief, but may be a good long term solution if they work well. many people have managed to reverse the symptoms of allergy after completion of treatment ( 3 to 5 years ) with allergy shots. it may take six months to a year before symptoms begin to disappear. for those who respond to treatment, allergy shots can significantly reduce the intensity and frequency of symptoms. however, in some cases, it may not produce any effect or the


supporting early childhood education : basf ’ s “ action on education ” campaign as part of the “ action on education ” campaign, basf aktiengesellschaft is supporting seven projects aimed at boosting early childhood education in daycare centers. the projects are being organized and carried out by organizations that operate daycare centers in ludwigshafen – the city of ludwigshafen and germany ’ s two main churches. ludwigshafen ’ s 89 daycare centers are taking part in the projects together. an academic research group will provide ongoing support and post - project evaluation for the projects, which are intended to be sustainable and to continue after the project phase is over. the projects address topics that are an integral part of the educational guidelines laid down for daycare centers by the state of rhineland - palatinate. 1. project “ language makes you strong! language bridge daycare centers ” language is the key to successful education and integration, which is why this project aims to improve the development of language skills among children from diverse social and cultural backgrounds. promoting language skills in small groups and in everyday classroom situations helps in the following way : using small groups, trained staff use games to systematically teach children with poor language skills a specific number of new words, e. g., “ clothes ” or “ parts of the body. ” to consolidate the new vocabulary, each topic is again dealt with in the entire group and in other ways ( for example, by naming the different items of clothes when getting dressed ). parents are children ’ s most important language partners. once a week, parents who come from other countries or families with educational problems go to the daycare center with their children. they learn in game form how to encourage the use of language using play and get tips on what to do at home. 2. project “ pure nature ” this project helps daycare centers to teach children about nature. the idea is to give children a wide variety of ways of learning about nature so that they develop a relationship with nature and the natural world, and experience and understand its relationship with other things. for this reason, an important part of the project is building natural play areas for the centers. examples include model outdoor play areas, such as building small hillocks, climbing opportunities or making little streams. 3. project “ from small to smart ” the aim of this project is to encourage children to be curious about scientific phenomena and to help them learn how to express and think about their experiences. age - appropriate, hands - on experiments help to encourage their interest in chemistry, math and physics


smart ” the aim of this project is to encourage children to be curious about scientific phenomena and to help them learn how to express and think about their experiences. age - appropriate, hands - on experiments help to encourage their interest in chemistry, math and physics. specially equipped educational workshops in each of the participating daycare centers also encourage the children to learn more easily. in small groups, the children find out what happens, for example, when they mix paints, what substances dissolve in water or discover “ hidden ” air. using materials found in every household, the children are able to make surprising experiences. 4. storytelling workshop listening to stories from different cultures doesn ’ t just fascinate children, it also helps them to better understand their own and other cultures. this project uses storytelling as an educational tool : children learn to listen and become storytellers themselves, while at the same time coming face to face with stories from other cultures and traditions. 5. project “ from piccolo to picasso ” helping to develop creative skills in children is the aim of this project, which boosts the esthetic and artistic element of the centers ’ curriculum. children are given the opportunity – based on their teachers ’ suggestions – to express themselves using colors, shapes and experimental designs. artists are also invited to come and work with the children. all the participating centers have set up “ children ’ s studios ” – their size depends on the available space – where the children can draw, paint or make things. 6. project “ guaranty for quality ” this project introduces quality assurance into daycare centers with respect to processes, structures and results. staff at the centers are trained to monitor and improve the quality of their own work on an ongoing basis. every year, each center chooses specific areas from a list of defined, quality - relevant subjects that they want to focus on and implement, for example integrating parents into the work of the centers. 7. project “ observation and educational partnership ” this project intends to assist center staff in developing their observational skills : the idea is to be more aware of children ’ s individuality so that they can be given greater personal support. center staff are trained to systematically observe children ’ s development, their strengths and needs and to document these observations for each child. the training also teaches staff how to talk to parents with the aim of persuading them to work more closely with the centers in the interests of the children. back to top


| © unicef angola / 2010 / blumenkratz | | an infant sleeps under a mosquito net in angola. | by yolanda nunes correia luanda, angola, 25 april 2012 – today, 25 april, is world malaria day, an event that calls attention to the critical need bring malaria under control. despite progress made in angola ’ s fight against malaria, the disease remains the country ’ s principal killer of young children, accounting for 35 per cent of deaths among children under age 5. this is more than a statistic for catarina cassinda, from namibe province. one year ago, in april, she lost her 18 - month - old child to malaria. “ my personal story made me an activist in the fight against malaria in the school where i teach, ” ms. cassinda said. taking action against malaria ms. cassinda is a teacher at tombwa primary school, where she has seen the positive effects of efforts to combat the disease. “ there are now fewer and fewer cases of school absenteeism due to malaria. the means of malaria transmission by mosquito bites and the protection measures, including the use of treated mosquito nets, are taught to students, ” she said. “ the topic is also included in our training manuals. ” she and her family now always sleep under insecticide - treated mosquito nets. and ms. cassinda wants to prevent other mothers and families from going through what she has been through. reaching as many as possible many bilateral and multilateral partners have been supporting the government of angola in reinforcing the national malaria control programme. access to long - lasting insecticide - treated nets ( llins ) and malaria treatment has been increasing at a steady pace since 2006. unicef provides technical and logistical support for the procurement and distribution of llins. unicef is also assisting communication campaigns to raise awareness about the need for and proper use of mosquito nets. “ unicef is working with partners to ensure the three essentials : knowledge to be protected and early detection of malaria ; free access to malaria treatment and prevention during pregnancy ; and ensuring access to free drugs and nets, ” said unicef representative in angola koenraad vanormelingen. communication campaigns, education activities and social mobilization activities have also played an important role in creating demand for mosquito nets. millions of mosquito nets have been distributed in angola in the last few years, increasing the coverage of under - 5 children and pregnant women to 26 per cent, according to the 2011 malaria indicator survey. and efforts are underway to help even more people keep their


for nearly half - a - century, molecular biologists have sought to solve the mystery of how proteins are synthesized and the intricacies of ribosomes — the small particles in cells on which proteins are synthesized. two ucla molecular biologists propose a solution in the march 21 issue of the journal nature. the scientists — james a. lake, ucla professor of molecular, cell and developmental biology, and ucla graduate student anne b. simonson — show how the “ factory of life ” works. “ the ribosome is like a computer - driven protein factory that has been cloaked in secrecy, ” lake said. “ we knew the shape of the factory, and we could see the trucks going in, but we couldn ’ t peer beyond the factory gate. we knew the names of the employees, but we didn ’ t know what they did. now we have a hypothesis of how the employees move in and out of different rooms to get their work done, and even what they have for lunch. our hypothesis of how protein synthesis works may be refined, but we are confident that the central parts are correct. “ proteins are the workhorses of the cell, the molecules that make us what we are, and every protein in our body is made on a ribosome, ” lake said. “ ribosomes are central to life, and are in every living organism, from the smallest bacteria to humans. ” why is it important to understand how ribosomes make proteins? each of our cells has more than 100, 000 ribosomes, and solving what lake calls “ the puzzle of life ” requires a much greater understanding of the ribosome ’ s role in protein synthesis than the broad outlines scientists have had until now. in addition, the research could lead to new antibiotics, and insights into how genes are regulated, which could lead to new treatments for a variety of diseases, lake said. in molecular biology, translation is the process that turns genes into proteins — the “ molecules of life. ” scientists have not understood how this critical process works, but have known that it has three phases : initiation, elongation and termination, of which elongation is the key. a number of antibiotics work at the translation level. “ elongation is the heart of protein synthesis, ” lake said, the phase in which the ribosome adds amino acids, sometimes hundreds of them. in their nature paper, lake and simonson explain the molecular details of elongation, including the location and movement of more than 10, 000 atoms


lake said, the phase in which the ribosome adds amino acids, sometimes hundreds of them. in their nature paper, lake and simonson explain the molecular details of elongation, including the location and movement of more than 10, 000 atoms. in addition, they have located a novel binding site for transfer rna ( trna ) when it enters the ribosome. “ genes are being turned on and turned off, and transcribed and translated constantly in our cells, ” simonson said. “ learning the mechanisms of how this works is key. ” with the new knowledge, it may become possible to make modifications in parts of the translation process to suppress lethal mutations and design new proteins to counteract the defects that cause numerous diseases, lake said. if the ribosome is a factory, then the workers in the hard hats include trna and ef - tu, a ubiquitous protein molecule that is like a large motor transporting trnas and amino acids. simonson and lake have learned how they move and function. “ ef - tu moves to exactly where it needs to go to transport the trna to where it needs to be so the amino acids are close enough together to be added to the end of a growing protein chain, ” lake said. “ the structure led us. the ribosome ’ s structure was telling us, ‘ it can ’ t move like that, it doesn ’ t fit there, you have to turn it this way. ’ all the times we would make mistakes, the ribosome would correct us. ” “ the most exciting moment for me occurred late one night when we saw the initial binding site for trna before it turns, ” simonson said. “ the structure of the ribosome dictated how it fit in. we looked at each other and said, ‘ wow! that ’ s amazing. ’ ” the research, which involved sophisticated computer simulation, was federally funded by grants from the national science foundation, the national institutes of health, the department of energy and the astrobiology institute.


recently, the san diego council on literacy interviewed and filmed 14 adult literacy students for a short video to be released this fall. in the video were nine women, five men and two teachers. seven were white. four were black. three were latino. two had learned english as a second language. one was a nurse. four earned college degrees. two earned degrees before they became literate. what many of these learners had in common was that, somehow, they slipped by all of us, either by being made invisible by others, or by successfully, of their own will, making themselves invisible over a period of 12 school years. some parents, teachers and administrators knew that something was wrong with the reading progress of these students but did not, for many reasons, intervene. many years later, these students found the courage to ask for help from the affiliated programs of the san diego council on literacy. today, we know that we can, statistically and with unfortunately good accuracy, determine who will succeed and fail in school simply by knowing that person ’ s income level, ethnicity and zip code. it would seem that, by now, we would have overcome the glaring obstacles that interfere with the proper education of our children. we have not. in the diamond community, an area in southeast san diego that includes 10 neighborhoods surrounding the intersection of euclid and market street, community members are meeting regularly to address old issues in the education of inner city youth. for six months, community leaders have gathered twice monthly to understand more deeply the education challenges facing the area. with the jacobs center for neighborhood innovation offering a place to convene, the diamond community education working group is building a common understanding of the problem and a shared vision for the future. the group is presently in the early stages of articulating a plan of action that focuses on enhancing the capacity of principals, teachers, parents, and community organizations to support early literacy development. this strategy is a direct response to what the group has learned about the importance of early literacy for future academic success. it is also a response to the poor performance of area schools, where 70 percent of third graders were reading below grade level in 2010. chula vista, with leadership from mayor cheryl cox, has taken several steps to address a communitywide approach to increase literacy. as a charter member of the national campaign for grade - level reading, chula vista has cross - sector teams of individuals working together to support school readiness, student attendance, and summer learning. chula vista schools, nonprofits, hospitals, businesses, government


researchers uncover attack mechanism of illness - inducing bacterium found in shellfish dallas — aug. 18, 2008 — an infectious ocean - dwelling bacterium found in oysters and other shellfish kills its host ’ s cells by causing them to burst, providing the invader with a nutrient - rich meal, researchers at ut southwestern medical center have found. the bacterium, a relative of the one that causes cholera, co - opts and makes fatal a normal cell process that starving or stressed organisms use to disassemble and recycle expendable proteins into more vital metabolites. called vibrio parahaemolyticus, or v para for short, the bacterium is already a major cause of human illness and economic loss in asia. it is dangerous primarily to people with liver disease or suppressed immune systems, although it can be killed by fully cooking shellfish, according to the u. s. centers for disease control and prevention. it caused major disease outbreaks in the northwest and northeast u. s. in the late 1990s and killed two people after hurricane katrina when tainted seawater entered open wounds, according to the cdc and the u. s. food and drug administration. “ this pathogen has spread to all the oceans of the world, and is resistant to many antibiotics, ” said dr. kim orth, associate professor of molecular biology and senior author of a study appearing online this week and in an upcoming issue of the proceedings of the national academy of sciences. dr. orth said she became interested in v para after its dna was sequenced by japanese researchers. she saw similarities between some of v para ’ s genes and those encoded by an unrelated bacterium that causes plague, which she also studies. v para was already known to kill host cells but the molecular mechanisms were unclear, dr. orth said. however, the new study shows that v para physically contacts host cells and then injects molecules to trigger the protein breakdown process. normally, this protein breakdown mechanism, called autophagy ( pronounced “ aw - tah - fah - gee ” ) or “ self - eating, ” is tightly controlled by the cells. in the study, the researchers infected cultured human cells with v para and found that the cells very quickly showed signs of autophagy, such as forming distinctive small compartments that collect and transport proteins for disassembly. the cells also became rounded, probably from a collapse of their internal framework, and their outer membranes began leaking, the researchers found. the cells died within three hours. the researchers hyp


compartments that collect and transport proteins for disassembly. the cells also became rounded, probably from a collapse of their internal framework, and their outer membranes began leaking, the researchers found. the cells died within three hours. the researchers hypothesized that the invading v para scavenged nutrients from the dying cells to support their own proliferation. “ no one has seen such a rapid triggering of autophagy before, ” said dr. orth. “ treating the human cells with an autophagy inhibitor halted the protein breakdown process but did not save the cells, because v para uses other pathways by which to kill cells, ” she said. “ however, because it can kill by several routes, it ’ s important to understand all of them. ” in addition, because of rising ocean temperatures, the brackish conditions that favor v para growth extend farther north along the u. s. coasts. “ we ’ ve received a wake - up call that this is important environmentally, and we want to understand at the molecular level how this pathogen infects, kills and persists, ” dr. orth said. “ there are people getting sick from this emerging pathogen in the united states, yet there is no major effort to understand its pathology. “ there are many ways to kill a cell, and we ’ ve discovered yet another one. the bacterium hijacks activities from us and deregulates them. it ’ s like a bulldozer. ” although less dangerous than cholera, v para causes similar symptoms : diarrhea, nausea, vomiting and fever. in general, people recover in about three days, needing only rest and fluids, according to the cdc. one of the fatalities from the hurricane katrina aftermath had human immunodeficiency virus ; details on the other case were not available. other ut southwestern researchers involved in the study were lead authors dara burdette and melanie yarbrough, graduate students in molecular microbiology ; anthony orvedahl, a student in ut southwestern ’ s medical scientist training program ; and dr. christopher gilpin, assistant professor of cell biology. the work was supported by the national institutes of health, the burroughs wellcome fund and the welch foundation. visit http : / / www. utsouthwestern. org / infectiousdiseases to learn more about clinical services at ut southwestern in infectious diseases. media contact : aline mckenzie to automatically receive news releases from ut southwestern via e - mail, subscribe at


glycohemoglobin ( hba1c, a1c ) test overview back to top glycohemoglobin ( a1c ) is a blood test that checks the amount of sugar ( glucose ) bound to the hemoglobin in the red blood cells. when hemoglobin and glucose bond, a coat of sugar forms on the hemoglobin. that coat gets thicker when there ' s more sugar in the blood. a1c tests measure how thick that coat has been over the past 3 months, which is how long a red blood cell lives. people who have diabetes or other conditions that increase their blood glucose levels have more glycohemoglobin than normal. an a1c test can be used to diagnose prediabetes or diabetes. the a1c test checks the long - term control of blood glucose levels in people with diabetes. most doctors think checking an a1c level is the best way to check how well a person is controlling his or her diabetes. a home blood glucose test measures the level of blood glucose only at that moment. blood glucose levels change during the day for many reasons, including medicine, diet, exercise, and the level of insulin in the blood. it is useful for a person who has diabetes to have information about the long - term control of blood sugar levels. the a1c test result does not change with any recent changes in diet, exercise, or medicines. glucose binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells at a steady rate. since red blood cells last 3 to 4 months, the a1c test shows how much glucose is in the plasma part of blood. this test shows how well your diabetes has been controlled in the last 2 to 3 months and whether your diabetes treatment plan needs to be changed. the a1c test can also help your doctor see how big your risk is of developing problems from diabetes, such as kidney failure, vision problems, and leg or foot numbness. keeping your a1c level in your target range can lower your chance for problems. why it is done back to top this test is done to : - diagnose prediabetes and diabetes. - check your treatment for diabetes. how to prepare back to top you do not need to stop eating before you have an a1c test. this test can be done any time during the day, even after a meal. how it is done back to top the health professional taking a sample of your blood will : - wrap an elastic band around your upper arm to stop the


a1c test. this test can be done any time during the day, even after a meal. how it is done back to top the health professional taking a sample of your blood will : - wrap an elastic band around your upper arm to stop the flow of blood. this makes the veins below the band larger so it is easier to put a needle into the vein. - clean the needle site with alcohol. - put the needle into the vein. more than one needle stick may be needed. - attach a tube to the needle to fill it with blood. - remove the band from your arm when enough blood is collected. - put a gauze pad or cotton ball over the needle site as the needle is removed. - put pressure on the site and then put on a bandage. how it feels back to top the blood sample is taken from a vein in your arm. an elastic band is wrapped around your upper arm. it may feel tight. you may feel nothing at all from the needle, or you may feel a quick sting or pinch. risks back to top there is very little chance of a problem from having blood sample taken from a vein. - you may get a small bruise at the site. you can lower the chance of bruising by keeping pressure on the site for several minutes. - in rare cases, the vein may become swollen after the blood sample is taken. this problem is called phlebitis. a warm compress can be used several times a day to treat this. - ongoing bleeding can be a problem for people with bleeding disorders. aspirin, warfarin ( coumadin ), and other blood - thinning medicines can make bleeding more likely. if you have bleeding or clotting problems, or if you take blood - thinning medicine, tell your doctor before your blood sample is taken. results back to top a1c is a blood test that checks the amount of sugar ( glucose ) bound to hemoglobin. the result is shown as a percentage. the result of your a1c test can also be used to estimate your average blood sugar level. this is called your estimated average glucose, or eag. your doctor will have your test results in a few days. the american diabetes association ( ada ) criteria to diagnose diabetes includes the option of testing a1c. the diagnosis of diabetes needs to be confirmed by repeating the same blood sugar test or doing a different test on another day. the normal values listed here — called a reference range — are just a guide. these ranges vary from


option of testing a1c. the diagnosis of diabetes needs to be confirmed by repeating the same blood sugar test or doing a different test on another day. the normal values listed here — called a reference range — are just a guide. these ranges vary from lab to lab, and your lab may have a different range for what ' s normal. your lab report should contain the range your lab uses. also, your doctor will evaluate your results based on your health and other factors. this means that a value that falls outside the normal values listed here may still be normal for you or your lab. less than 5. 7 % | prediabetes ( increased risk for diabetes ) | | 6. 5 % and higher | a1c % | | estimated average plasma glucose ( mg / dl ) | | estimated average plasma glucose ( mmol / l ) | | children younger than 6 years old | | less than 8. 5 % | | children ages 6 – 12 years old | | less than 8 % | | teens ages 13 – 19 years old | | less than 7. 5 % | some medical conditions can increase a1c levels, but the results may still be within a normal range. these conditions include cushing ' s syndrome, pheochromocytoma, and polycystic ovary syndrome ( pcos ). corticosteroid treatment increases the a1c level. a1c levels may be higher in children and adolescents with diabetes. what affects the test back to top reasons you may not be able to have the test or why the results may not be helpful include : - having severe blood loss or a blood transfusion in the last 3 months. - having certain medical conditions, such as sickle cell anemia, hemolytic anemia, some types of thalassemia, and severe kidney disease. - having your spleen taken out. this changes the normal life cycle of red blood cells and a1c levels. what to think about back to top - if you have diabetes, your doctor may recommend that you have an a1c test every 3 to 6 months, depending on how well you are meeting your treatment goals. - some people who develop diabetes have normal a1c levels early in the course of their disease. - a1c levels can be normal in some people who have untreated diabetes and certain medical conditions, such as sickle cell anemia, hemolytic anemia, severe kidney disease, or pregnancy. - a1c levels are not useful for finding low blood sugar ( hypoglycemia


have untreated diabetes and certain medical conditions, such as sickle cell anemia, hemolytic anemia, severe kidney disease, or pregnancy. - a1c levels are not useful for finding low blood sugar ( hypoglycemia ). - the a1c test does not replace the need for other regular blood glucose tests, including checking your blood sugar at home and a regular blood glucose test. references back to top - american diabetes association ( 2012 ). diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. diabetes care, 35 ( suppl 1 ) : s64 – s71. - american diabetes association ( 2012 ). standards of medical care in diabetes — 2012. diabetes care, 35 ( suppl 1 ) : s11 – s63. other works consulted - fischbach ft, dunning mb iii, eds. ( 2009 ). manual of laboratory and diagnostic tests, 8th ed. philadelphia : lippincott williams and wilkins. credits back to top | primary medical reviewer | | e. gregory thompson, md - internal medicine | | specialist medical reviewer | | alan c. dalkin, md - endocrinology | | last revised | | may 17, 2012 | last revised : may 17, 2012 to learn more visit healthwise. org


gautama buddha, born as a prince, lived life as a king and worshiped as a god. he searches for the true power and enlightenment. the buddha who is the founder of the buddhist religion is called buddha shakyamuni born is the lumbini, nepal, but at the age of 29, he left his place and kingdom and loved ones behind, siddhartha ( the actual name given by his mother ) became a wandering monk. he took his training and studied with the wisest teachers of his day and he continued the search of the peace. he became god for common man, and people actually learn the cause and reason of human sufferings. he got worshiped in many countries, his thoughts and moral values spread all over the world and common people got the way to known they happiness and sadness. now in more than dozen countries, his thought and messages are been preached and followed by people. in theravadin countries, thailand, burma, sri lanka, cambodia and laos, the new year is celebrated for three days from the first full moon day in april. his thoughts have been followed by countries like mahayana, where they celebrate new year starts on the first full moon day in january. festivals and holidays buddhist new year in theravadin countries, thailand, burma, sri lanka, cambodia and laos, the new year is celebrated for three days from the first full moon day in april. vesak or visakah puja ( " buddha day " ) - traditionally, buddha ' s birthday is known as vesak or visakah puja vesak is the major buddhist festival of the year as it celebrates the birth, enlightenment and death of the buddha on the one day. this celebration is called vesak being the name of the month in the indian calendar magha puja day ( fourfold assembly or " sanghaday " ) magha puja day takes places on the full moon day of the third lunar month ( march ). this holy day is observed to honor an important event in the life of the buddha. moreover, like this, there are other days which have been celebrated on the honor of the lord buddha. in this trip one can feel the real sense of life and real the values of mortality and immorality? people will come to known about the buddhist philosophy. in addition, the trip is offered by expert and knowledge people who are well aware about the lord buddha and the day celebrated on his honor holidays.


malathion pesticide exposure and its effects attention and behavior disorders are some of the most common conditions among young children, and some of the most concerning for parents. researchers have long been looking for causes of these types of conditions, and while heredity and chemical imbalances are commonly thought to be causes, exposure to malathion pesticide is also showing to be a possible source. pesticides called organophosphates, which include parathion and malathion pesticide chemicals, have been shown to be a possible link in the development of attention difficulties in children who are exposed to the toxins. while it is one of the lesser potent pesticides that have been included in the study, the prevalence of the use of malathion pesticides make exposure to the substance very easy. the malathion pesticide is used in the treatment of fruits, vegetables, cotton, landscaping, public pests, recreation areas such as playgrounds, and much more. in order to help keep exposure to malathion pesticide to a minimum, many people choose to : - wash all fruits and vegetables thoroughly before eating - cook foods completely - wash new clothing before wearing - constantly wash hands, especially when out in public areas - avoid touching the face or mouth, as well as foods, with dirty hands if your child is displaying symptoms of attention or behavioral problems, and you suspect it may be caused by over exposure to malathion pesticide, contact your physician. he or she may be able to help properly diagnose the condition and help you create a plan to manage the condition.


q : when people talk about acidity in a coffee being a positive attribute - what do they mean? a : oftentimes ' acidity ' is related to objective ph level ( think lemons and grapefruit ). coffee is low in this type of acidity. when we talk of acidity in the coffee cup we refer to the vibrancy, liveliness and fruity brightness, which is characteristic of high grown, high quality arabica beans. a : bitterness is often the result of 2 things : - dark roasting ( this may be intentional to create a roasty smokiness that some drinkers enjoy - oftentimes it is unintentional! ) or - over extraction by the barista in creating the cup - the grind of the coffee may be too fine for the brewing method resulting in too little water running through too much coffee a : contrary to popular belief, coffee should never be stored in either fridge or freezer! the four main enemies of the coffee bean are oxygen, heat, moisture, and light. once the beans are taken out of the fridge or freezer, the coffee will absorb the condensation when the ice - crystals have thawed. always store your beans in a cool, dark, dry place like the pantry. remember, coffee absorbs smells so store your beans in an airtight vacuum container. a : coffee is a perishable good - you must think of coffee the same way you think of your fruit and vegetables, which no doubt you probably buy on a weekly basis. coffee reaches its peak potential between 3 to 12 days after roasting, after which the coffee beans begin to deteriorate quite quickly. to truly enjoy a fresh cup of coffee, you need to be buying coffee fresh from the roaster in small lots. keep an eye out for one - way valves on the packaging, check for roast on dates ( or use by dates! ) and store in a cool, dark, dry place. try to consume ground coffee within a week of grinding, while whole beans should be consumed within 3 weeks of roast date.


the first census to report on how well people were housed was that of 1891, but the only statistics gathered were on the number of rooms and the number of people in each household. from 1951 onwards, more questions were asked about ' amenities ', meaning specific facilities that households either possessed or had shared access to. one interesting measure of progress is the change in the amenities covered by the census. in 1951, these were piped water, a cooking stove, a kitchen sink, a ' water closet ' meaning a flush toilet, and a ' fixed bath ', as distinct from a tin bath hung on the wall between uses. in 2001, the list of key amenities was shorter : central heating, and ' sole use of bath / shower and toilet '. differences in what information was recorded by each census complicate comparisons over time, and none of our three measures are entirely consistent. our detailed statistics are held in structures called ncubes, which you can think of as tables with one dimension, or with two... or with twenty. their dimensions are defined by the variables each ncube combines, and each variable is made up of categories. these ncubes are available at national level for this theme : | available ncubes | | period covered | | variables ( number of categories ) | total households | | 1931 to 2001 | | | housing density, redistricted | | 1931 to 2001 | | persons per room | housing amenity, redistricted | | 1951 to 2001 | | housing amenities, simplified


leesburg, va., aug. 15, 2007 – during the first 30 days of life, newly born horses ( called " foals " ) are especially sensitive to bacteria and other dangers commonly found in their every day surroundings. each year between january and june, dozens of these foals are brought to virginia tech ' s marion dupont scott equine medical center for treatment where the hospital ' s experts work diligently to return the critically ill young animals to full health. “ we work with extremely compromised patients that sometimes arrive to us with diseases involving multiple organs, ” said dr. anne desrochers, clinical assistant professor in equine medicine. “ it is very fulfilling to see many of these little babies go home happy and healthy after having been so sick. ” common problems that can affect foals include prematurity, neonatal sepsis ( infection ), hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy ( brain damage resulting from a lack of oxygen which is also known as “ dummy foal ” ) and diarrhea. “ these diseases can occur due to exposure to pathogens in utero or after birth ” said desrochers. due to their delicate nature, neonates that are brought in for emergency treatment are always seen first by members of the hospital ’ s internal medicine team who specialize in the physiologic interaction among internal body systems. these board certified experts oversee and implement their care along with help from residents, interns and nurses. “ the nature of a neonate ’ s illness can be more volatile because their immune defenses are not quite as vigorous as those of adults, ” said dr. martin furr, the adelaide c. riggs chair in equine medicine. furr notes that all horses have very sensitive organ systems that can be damaged by sitting or lying down for extended periods of time. a foal ’ s small size ( the average healthy neonate weighs approximately 100 - 120 lbs ) allows the clinicians to prevent this problem by moving the patient often and repositioning their body as needed. “ their small size enables us to manage their posture so that they don ’ t become compromised as a result of lying on the mats, ” said furr. unlike in human medicine in which infants are often separated from their mothers, foals that are brought to the center are typically kept in the same stall as the mare. this practice is both a convenience for the owner and a benefit to the patient. “ when the foal is


are often separated from their mothers, foals that are brought to the center are typically kept in the same stall as the mare. this practice is both a convenience for the owner and a benefit to the patient. “ when the foal is healthy and gets back home, we want them to have a full and normal life with their mothers so, in most cases, it is best if they stay together during treatment, ” said desrochers. “ the mares are usually extremely cooperative because they seem to understand that we ’ re here to help. ” integral to the success of the center ’ s neonatal care service is the foal watch volunteer program which matches volunteers with cases requiring around - the - clock attention. participants in the program sit with sick patients for assigned periods of time in order to observe and report any physical or behavioral changes. “ it is important to be very alert with neonates because their weakened state makes them susceptible to other complications, ” said furr. “ our faculty, staff and volunteers, very carefully monitor these patients to avoid problems such as sores, eye infections and imbalance in blood glucose levels. ” according to penny archer, director of volunteer services at the center, the foal watch volunteer program runs from the time that the first foal is admitted in early february to the time that the last patient leaves in late june. horse experience is not necessary but all participants undergo mandatory training. “ the goal is to supplement the equine medical center ’ s workforce with a capable and trained volunteer team, ” said archer. “ they are an extra pair of eyes, hands and ears in the intensive care unit. ” although the task of bringing a sick foal back to health can be very challenging and demanding, those who participate in the healing process note that it is also extremely fulfilling. “ the first time they start nursing, the first time that they take steps, it makes your job worthwhile, ” said desrochers. “ it ’ s very demanding to deal with because the foals are usually so sick and vulnerable and not every patient recovers, but at the end of the day, it is always worth it. ” information regarding the marion dupont scott equine medical center ’ s clinicians and services is available online at www. equinemedicalcenter. net. appointments for neonatal consultations may be scheduled by calling 703 - 771 - 6800. virginia tech ’ s marion dupont scott equine medical center is a premier full -


people love their pets and consider them members of their family : caregivers celebrate their pets ' birthdays, confide in their animals, and carry pictures of them in their wallets. so when your beloved pet dies, it ' s not unusual to feel overwhelmed by the intensity of your sorrow. but understanding how you grieve and finding ways to cope with your loss can bring you closer to the day when memories bring smiles instead of tears. what is the grief process? the grief process is as individual as the person, lasting days for one person or years for another. the process typically begins with denial, which offers protection until individuals can realize their loss. some caregivers may try bargaining with a higher power, themselves, or even their pet to restore life. some feel anger, which may be directed at anyone involved with the pet, including family, friends, and veterinarians. the caregivers may also feel guilt about what they did or did not do, and may feel that it is inappropriate to be so upset. after these feelings subside, the caregivers experience true sadness or grief. in their depression, caregivers may withdraw. acceptance occurs when they accept the reality of their loss and remember their animal companion with decreasing sadness. remember, not everyone follows these classic stages of grief some may skip or repeat a stage, or experience the stages in a different order. how can i cope with my grief? while grief is a personal experience, a caregiver need not face this loss alone. many forms of support are available, including pet bereavement counseling services, pet - loss support hotlines, local or on - line internet bereavement groups, books, videos, and magazine articles. here are a few suggestions to help you cope : what can i do for my child? the loss of a pet may be a child ' s first experience with death. the child may blame himself, his parents, or the veterinarian for not saving the pet. and he may feel guilty, depressed, and frightened that others he loves may be taken from him. trying to protect your child by saying the pet ran away could cause your child to expect the pet ' s return and feel betrayed after discovering the truth. expressing your own grief may reassure your child that sadness is okay and help him work through his feelings. is the process more difficult if i ' m a senior? coping with the loss of a pet can be particularly hard for seniors. those who live alone may feel a loss of purpose and an


that sadness is okay and help him work through his feelings. is the process more difficult if i ' m a senior? coping with the loss of a pet can be particularly hard for seniors. those who live alone may feel a loss of purpose and an immense emptiness. the pet ' s death may also trigger painful memories of other losses and remind caregivers of their own mortality. what ' s more, the decision to get another pet is complicated by the possibility that the pet may outlive the caregiver, and hinges on the person ' s physical and financial ability to care for a new pet. for all these reasons, it ' s critical that senior pet owners take immediate steps to cope with their loss and regain a sense of purpose. if you are a senior, try interacting with friends and family, calling a pet - loss support hotline, even volunteering at a local humane society. if you know seniors in this situation, direct them to this web page and guide them through the difficult grieving process. will my other pets grieve? surviving pets may whimper, refuse to eat or drink, and suffer lethargy, especially if they had a close bond with the deceased pet. even if they were not the best of friends, the changing circumstances and your emotional state may distress them. give surviving pets lots of tlc ( " tender loving care " ) and try to maintain a normal routine. it ' s good for them and for you. should i get another pet? rushing into this decision isn ' t fair to you or your new pet. each animal has his own unique personality and a new animal cannot replace the one you lost. you ' ll know when the time is right to adopt a new pet after giving yourself time to grieve, carefully considering the responsibilities of pet ownership, and paying close attention to your feelings. when you are ready, remember that your local animal shelter is a great place to find your next special friend. copyright © 2001 the humane society of the united states all rights reserved.


new from webteacher software and partners, googlemapbuilder. com an easy interface to turn any spreadsheet into a google map webteacher software now offers i teach computer classes for a living to corporate clients of all levels. after 2 years of teaching, i have learned a lot about communication between people of various levels of computer experience. this tutorial assumes that you have no prior programming experience, but that you have created your own html pages. if you find this tutorial helpful, please let me know ( it ' s my only reward ). also, links are graciously accepted. actually, the 2 languages have almost nothing in common except for the name. although java is technically an interpreted programming language, it is coded in a similar fashion to c + +, with separate header and class files, compiled together prior to execution. it is powerful enough to write major applications and insert them in a web page as a special object called an " applet. " java has been generating a lot of excitment because of its unique ability to run the same program on ibm, mac, and unix computers. java is not considered an easy - to - use language for non - programmers. what is object oriented programming? oop is a programming technique ( note : not a language structure - you don ' t even need an object - oriented language to program in an object - oriented fashion ) designed to simplify complicated programming concepts. in essence, object - oriented programming revolves around the idea of user - and system - defined chunks of data, and controlled means of accessing and modifying those chunks. object - oriented programming consists of objects, methods and properties. an object is basically a black box which stores some information. it may have a way for you to read that information and a way for you to write to, or change, that information. it may also have other less obvious ways of interacting with the information. some of the information in the object may actually be directly accessible ; other information may require you to use a method to access it - perhaps because the way the information is stored internally is of no use to you, or because only certain things can be written into that information space and the object needs to check that you ' re not going outside those limits. the directly accessible bits of information in the object are its properties. the difference between data accessed via properties and data accessed via methods is that with properties, you see exactly what you ' re doing to the object ; with methods, unless you created the object yourself, you just see


information in the object are its properties. the difference between data accessed via properties and data accessed via methods is that with properties, you see exactly what you ' re doing to the object ; with methods, unless you created the object yourself, you just see the effects of what you ' re doing. objects and properties your web page document is an object. any table, form, button, image, or link on your page is also an object. each object has certain properties ( information about the object ). for example, the background color of your document is written document. bgcolor. you would change the color of your page to red by writing the line : document. bgcolor = " red " the contents ( or value ) of a textbox named " password " in a form named " entryform " is document. entryform. password. value. most objects have a certain collection of things that they can do. different objects can do different things, just as a door can open and close, while a light can turn on and off. a new document is opened with the method document. open ( ) you can write " hello world " into a document by typing document. write ( " hello world " ). open ( ) and write ( ) are both methods of the object : document.


the game, which is part of the mcgraw - hill practice suite of hands - on, experiential learning games, was tested in schools across the country, including georgia perimeter college, collin community college in texas, california state university, san diego state, richland college in texas and clayton state in georgia. professor jason seitz of georgia perimeter college said the game helped his students tie all of the concepts in his course together to develop a deeper understanding and knowledge of the subject. " with an engaged classroom, i can spend less time transferring facts and more time exploring implications, " he said. despite the negative press that video games sometimes get, they ' re changing the way subjects are being taught in classrooms across the country. according to a march 2012 survey of teachers, 32 percent use games two to four days per week, while 18 percent use them every day. an overwhelming 70 percent of teachers agreed that using digital games boosts motivation and engagement, and 62 percent of teachers said that games make teaching easier. dave mccool, president and ceo of muzzy lane software, said the challenge with serious games is to make them both fun and educational. while there have been proven benefits of using games as part of educational curriculum, educational games aren ' t flooding the market. " the fact that ' oregon trail ' and ' carmen sandiego ' still stand out after 30 years isn ' t great from the perspective of how powerful good, serious games can be, " mccool said. mccool ' s team is expanding " government in action " to work on ipad and android tablets to take advantage of touch controls. the ipad version of the game will make its debut at the 2013 sxswedu conference in austin, texas. " educators seem to have more tools available to them than ever before, and there ' s no doubt that, when appropriately utilized, technology has the capacity to enhance the classroom experience, " tierney said. " the key, of course, is to familiarize and excite teachers to maximize its use in the most positive way. " as is the nature of gaming, " government in action " has been designed to be addictive. instructors have found that students will replay the game again and again to explore myriad options, as well as to compete on the leaderboard.


shop men ' s categories layering for comfort and safety protection from bright light and uv radiation sunglasses protect the eyes from the sun ' s damaging uv radiation, and improve visibility and comfort on the water by reducing light intensity and filtering out glare. on the water, the combination of direct and reflected light is much brighter than on land. unfiltered glare, the light reflected off flat surfaces like water, windshields, bright white decks and sails, is so intense that it impairs vision ( a clear safety hazard ). glare causes squinting, fatigues the eyes, and can result in visual discomfort and headaches. glare is present even on hazy days. most sunglasses reduce light intensity by 80 - 90 percent with darkening gray, green, amber, or other colored lens. colored lenses alone are not enough protection for marine conditions. to filter out intense glare and prevent squinting, sunglasses for boating should be polarized. and they should be coated to block 99 - 100 percent of the damaging uva and uvb ( ultraviolet ) rays that can reduce visual acuity at night, and cause degenerative eye diseases like photokeratitis, snow blindness, cataracts, pterygium, and various forms of eye cancer. sunglasses should also be shatterproof to protect the eyes from injury in the event of sudden impact. when light rays reflect off a surface, the reflected rays concentrate in one plane and are said to be polarized. reflected glare is an example of polarized light. even on overcast days, the high – intensity light we call glare can be harsh and overwhelming to your eyes. it blinds you and masks what ' s behind it. squinting blocks out some of the light, but not the glare. ordinary sunglasses can reduce the total amount of light reaching your eyes but, like squinting, they don ' t eliminate the glare. a polarized lens filters out the glare by blocking all polarized light waves except those traveling in a specific orientation. a polarized lens blocks horizontally polarized light with a polarizing film of molecules running in parallel vertical chains sandwiched between two optical lenses. these vertical chains block horizontal light waves, allowing only vertical light waves to pass through. vertical light waves, commonly called " ambient light, " are scattered evenly and don ' t produce glare. you can tell if a lens is polarized by rotating the glasses ( or tilting your head when you are wearing them ). you will find that they reduce glare better in some positions than others. by blocking out only the polarized glare, the intensity of


can tell if a lens is polarized by rotating the glasses ( or tilting your head when you are wearing them ). you will find that they reduce glare better in some positions than others. by blocking out only the polarized glare, the intensity of the light reaching your eyes is not reduced, so objects retain their definition and visual detail. this effect, combined with a tinted lens, makes it much easier to see and identify things both on and below the water like fish, buoys, skiers, wind zephyrs and underwater hazards. some manufacturers use polarized lenses to reduce glare on lcd instruments, fishfinders, etc. when viewed through sunglasses that are polarized differently than the instrument lens, no light is transmitted and the instrument face appears black. the only solution is to remove the glasses. visible light transmission and lens color lenses of different densities absorb different amounts of light. the amount of light passing through the lens is called visible light transmission, expressed as a percentage of total available light. for boating, visible light transmission should fall in the 15 - 30 percent range. on the brightest days, you want the lowest visible light transmission ( darkest ) lenses. lenses are available in a bunch of different colors, and lens color is more than a fashion or attitude question. the technology behind the colors : - gray : a neutral all - purpose color that reduces glare, provides good contrast and no color distortion. ideal for use on both water and land, especially for driving. - brown / amber : increases contrast in most light conditions. in addition to bright sun, amber offers excellent light management properties on cloudy or rainy days, and filters high - frequency near - uv light. good for general purpose, high contrast light situations. - purple / rose : heightens visual acuity and enhances color ( especially with objects against a blue or green background ). delivers brightest field of vision and is applicable for sight fishing, bass fishing, inshore fishing, sport shooting, extreme sports and skiing. - yellow : reduces the blue part of the spectrum. blue light causes a scattering type of glare known as " blue haze. " best color for snow. cuts through fog or haze, but has the worst distortion of colors. - green : offers enhanced visual acuity for specific light situations such as sight fishing, but is worn by many for everyday use. optically speaking, the flatter the lens, the less distortion. curved lenses refract, or bend, the light rays as they pass through, so light doesn ' t enter your eye in a


but is worn by many for everyday use. optically speaking, the flatter the lens, the less distortion. curved lenses refract, or bend, the light rays as they pass through, so light doesn ' t enter your eye in a straight line. your eyes are forced to work overtime to process and correct the visual information, which may cause eye fatigue and headaches. this distortion can be eliminated with corrected prismatics ; check the label for distortion - free prismatics before purchasing curved sunglasses. lenses of good sunglasses are complex, and are constructed from several layers. the inside has an antireflective coating to reduce " bounce - back " on the inside of the lens and a water - repellant coating to shed water and make cleaning easy. an ultraviolet coating protects your eyes from uva and uvb radiation. lenses made of polycarbonate are extremely tough, yet lighter than glass, and can be made oversized to wrap around the face and block entry of light, wind and dirt from the sides, top and bottom. polycarbonate lenses are impact - resistant and shatterproof, an important safety feature, especially for sailors, who may be at risk of being struck in the face. they naturally block 100 percent of the sun ' s harmful uv rays. trivex and kaenon ' s similar proprietary sr - 91 have been available for about the past ten years, with uv - blocking and shatterproofness similar to polycarbonate, but they are stronger, clearer and lighter, with better chromatic distortion performance ( less distortion as you look away from the center of the lens ). sr - 91 has better scratch resistance than polycarbonate. optically ground glass lenses provide the best quality and vision and are more scratch resistant, but they are also heavier. a " compromise " lens material is cr - 39, a plastic polymer with optics superior to polycarbonate, but with similar impact resistance and the best scratch resistance of all plastic lenses. the best materials for boating sunglass frames are lightweight, flexible, durable materials such as nylon, propionate or acetate ( also called zyl ). metal frames may be stylish, but they will quickly corrode to a ghastly green in a saltwater environment. some manufacturers, such as costa del mar, use corrosion - resistant monel in their frames. frame hardware is made with either strong, maintenance - free pressed - in pin hinges, or with spring hinges for a snug, comfortable fit. frame hardware should be corrosion - proof. most


, use corrosion - resistant monel in their frames. frame hardware is made with either strong, maintenance - free pressed - in pin hinges, or with spring hinges for a snug, comfortable fit. frame hardware should be corrosion - proof. most of the sunglasses we sell have corrosion - proof nickel - silver or stainless steel hardware. wire core sunglasses have heavy wire embedded in the temples and earpieces for maximum adjustability and shaping to achieve a custom fit. lenses can be waterproof coated to shed water and make cleaning easy, or mirror - coated to eliminate overhead and reflected glare at the front of the lens. according to one manufacturer, mirror coating provides more control over the transmission of specific wavelengths than lens color, so it can enhance the visual sharpness and contrast of the lens. some lenses are also coated on the interior with an anti - reflective coating to reduce " bounce - back " on the inside of the lens. - aviator style glasses are droplet shaped and follow the contours of the cheek. - cateye glasses are relatively round lenses with a single nose bridge. - clip - ons are for use with prescription glasses, and can be flipped up instead of removed for normal vision indoors or in low light conditions. - double bridge glasses connect the lens frames in two places – over the nose and between the eyebrows. - fisherman style glasses have small side lenses to block light from entering outside the normal range of vision. - shield style glasses have a large, single piece visor - like lens that shields the upper face, a style that ' s very popular for snow sports. - wrap - around sunglasses are highly curved both horizontally and vertically to match the contours of the face. by hugging the face closely on all edges, wraparounds do a great job of blocking light and wind from entering at any angle. other styles blend features of these basic styles. more important than style is fit. see below. getting a good fit sunglasses should fit the wearer ' s face, not only to look good, but so the optical center of the lenses roughly matches the wearer ' s center of focus to minimize distortion. the three basic measurements for sunglasses are lens size, temple length, and overall width. glasses should fit snugly without pinching. weight can also be a factor in correct fit ; glasses that are too heavy on the nose can cause headaches.


an abbreviated history of ultimate compiled by michael e. iacovella ultimate, as with all disc sports, would not exist without the invention of the flying disc, or " frisbee, " as it is commonly known. the first known contemporary tossing of a " disc " was by yale university ( usa ) undergrads in the early 20th century. the yale campus was in close proximity to connecticut ' s frisbie pie company, whose pies while being a popular treat in themselves were sold in metal tins that would hold flight when thrown over a very short distance. the now - popular pastime of " tossing the disc " remained in obscurity until the invention of a plastic flying disc by fred morrison in 1948, which was much more durable and flight - worthy than anything made of wood or metal. this invention led to the first mass - produced disc, called the " pluto platter, " made by the wham - o toy company beginning in 1951. the year 1954 saw the first recorded competition using a flying disc when dartmouth university ( usa ) students organized a tournament for the disc sport known as " guts. " a year after the frisbie pie company ' s closing in 1958, wham - o, based in california, usa, registered the name " frisbee " as a name for its flying disc products. this trademark was reportedly the result of the predictable nickname that students at yale and harvard had given to the new toys. the invention of ultimate, also known as " ultimate frisbee, " occurred within a year of the first mechanical patent on a flying disc, by ed headrick in 1966. joel silver and others at columbia high school ( chs ), maplewood, nj, usa, introduced their idea of an " ultimate " frisbee game to the student council in 1967, and the first known game was played in 1968 between the student council and the staff of the school newspaper. the newspaper staff was victorious in a game where the only boundaries were the goal lines and other natural side boundaries ( eg., railroad tracks, river, fence ). the games continued the following year, with matches being played in the evening under the glow of the mercury - vapor lights in the school ' s new parking lot. the first and second edition rules were drawn up by chs student buzzy hellring, and were later refined by silver and john hines. the very first interscholastic ultimate game was played between chs and milburn high in 1970 ; chs won, 43 -


rules were drawn up by chs student buzzy hellring, and were later refined by silver and john hines. the very first interscholastic ultimate game was played between chs and milburn high in 1970 ; chs won, 43 - 10. the first conference of ultimate teams was created in 1971, which consisted of five new jersey high schools, including chs and milburn. some ultimate - playing graduates of the league formed teams at their respective colleges and universities. on november 6, 1972, rutgers university ( nj, usa ) defeated princeton ( nj, usa ), 29 - 27, in the first intercollegiate game. [ note : the game was played exactly 103 years after the first intercollegiate american football game, on the same exact site, which had since been turned into a parking lot. the same team won by the same margin of victory. ] yale hosted the first ultimate tournament ( 8 college teams in attendance ) in 1975, which was won by rutgers. that summer, ultimate was introduced at the second world frisbee championships at the rose bowl, aiding in the development of ultimate on the west coast of the usa. disc sports began to spread to europe and asia at about the same time, as is evident by the formation of the swedish frisbee federation ( sff ) in 1974, the japanese frisbee disc association in 1975, and the australian fda in 1976. belgium and austria each organized fdas in 1977, with finland ' s fda and the danish frisbee sport union to follow in 1978. the ultimate players association ( upa ) was formed in 1979 ; tom kennedy was elected the first director. the upa, the national governing body for the sport of ultimate in the usa, was the first national, player - run us ultimate organization. prior to this juncture, events were sponsored and / or run by the international frisbee association ( ifa ), which was a former promotional arm of the wham - o toy company. at the first upa nationals in 1979, glassboro state college was victorious over the santa barbara condors, 19 - 18. the first ultimate european championship was in paris, france, in 1980 ; finland, england and sweden finished one, two, and three, respectively. the world flying disc federation ( wfdf ), the international governing body of all disc sports, was founded in 1984, a year after the close of the ifa [ note : at the ifa ' s closure, membership was reported to be 100, 000 members in 30 countries ].


), the international governing body of all disc sports, was founded in 1984, a year after the close of the ifa [ note : at the ifa ' s closure, membership was reported to be 100, 000 members in 30 countries ]. flying circus ( open ), usa, lady condors ( women ), usa, and sweden ( juniors ) win the first wfdf - sponsored world ultimate championships ( for national teams ) in colchester, united kingdom ( 1986 ). the first world ultimate club championships ( wucc ) was held in cologne, germany, in 1989. philmore ( open, usa ) and lady condors ( women, usa ) win their respective divisions. seven sages ( masters, usa ) become the first international club masters champions at millfield, uk, in 1995, and red fish, blue fish is the first mixed champion at st. andrews, scotland, in 1999. currently, ultimate is played by an estimated 100, 000 + players in over 30 countries. the ultimate players association ( usa ) reports an overall membership of 13, 000 + dues - paying members. membership in the upa and other national organizations is growing yearly at a startling rate. thirty - five years have elapsed since the first disc was tossed for a goal under the mercury - vapor lights of the columbia high parking lot. as you bask in the warmth of the hawaiian sun at the largest ultimate tournament in history, reflect on the growth of a spectacular sport within which the deepest - seeded value is sportsmanship.


estimating child mortality due to diarrhoea in developing countries cynthia boschi - pinto a, lana velebit b, kenji shibuya c the millennium development goals ( mdgs ) were adopted in 2000 with the aim of reducing the severe gaps between rich and poor populations. most countries have endorsed goal 4 of the mdgs to “ reduce by two thirds [ between 1990 and 2015 ] the mortality rate among children under - five ”. 1, 2 reliable information on the magnitude, patterns and trends of causes of death of children aged less than 5 years helps decision - makers to assess programmatic needs, prioritize interventions and monitor progress. it is also crucial for planning and evaluating effectiveness of health services and interventions. yet, data are very scarce in low - income settings where they are most needed and estimations are necessary for these areas. in the 1980s, snyder and merson3 generated one of the earliest attempts to estimate the worldwide burden of diarrhoeal diseases, demonstrating the substantial health onus due to diarrhoeal diseases on mortality among children aged less than 5 years. in the following decades, subsequent reviews updated these initial estimates using similar methods of assessment. 4, 5 these initial estimates were based on average values derived from a limited set of studies without taking into account the epidemiological variations across different regions. responding to international demand and to the need for better evidence - based cause - specific mortality, the child health epidemiology reference group ( cherg ) – an independent group of technical experts jointly coordinated by who and the united nations children ’ s fund ( unicef ) – was established in 2001. cherg has undertaken a systematic, extensive and comprehensive literature review of published information and developed a methodological approach that is transparent and consistent across different diseases and conditions to produce estimates of the major causes of childhood deaths. 6 – 10 this study is an essential part of the overall cherg efforts. its main objective is to provide estimates of deaths from diarrhoea in 2004 at all levels, mainly for countries with incomplete or non - existing civil registration data. common sources of data for cause - specific mortality include vital registration systems, sample registration systems, nationally representative household surveys, sentinel demographic surveillance sites ( dss ) or epidemiological studies of cause - specific mortality. in countries that account for 98 % of under - 5 deaths worldwide, there is very limited or virtually no functioning vital registration system in place to support attribution of causes of deaths. 11 – 14 a sample registration system, which reports causes of death


in countries that account for 98 % of under - 5 deaths worldwide, there is very limited or virtually no functioning vital registration system in place to support attribution of causes of deaths. 11 – 14 a sample registration system, which reports causes of death on a regular basis, is currently available only in china and its coverage and quality for under - 5 deaths is challenging. 15 nationally representative household surveys such as demographic health surveys ( dhs ) and unicef ’ s multiple indicator cluster surveys ( mics ) do not usually report on causes of death, and dss data were not available until very recently. 16 epidemiological studies currently constitute the main source of data available and were therefore used in this review for estimating diarrhoea - specific mortality. studies included in the analysis were identified through a systematic search of the scientific literature published since 1980. medline was searched using the terms : “ developing countries ”, “ mortality / death ”, different spellings of “ diarrhoea ” and combinations of these terms. no restriction was placed on publication language. the search identified a total of 804 papers of which 207 were kept for review of abstracts. the reference sections of the studies retrieved were reviewed to identify additional papers. studies were then assessed to ensure that they met the main inclusion criteria : ( i ) direct or derivable diarrhoea - specific proportional mortality data ; ( ii ) a minimum of 25 total deaths ; ( iii ) a maximum of 25 % of unknown or undetermined causes of death ; ( iv ) community - based studies with at least 1 year of follow - up ; and ( v ) follow - up time multiple of 12 months to minimize seasonal effects. data were abstracted onto standardized paper forms by two independent abstractors, double - entered into an electronic database, and validated. table 1 ( available at : http : / / www. who. int / bulletin / volumes / 86 / 9 / 07 - 050054 / en / index. html ) summarizes the main characteristics of the studies retained for the final analysis. adjustment of age groups as not all studies reported on age ranges that were suitable for immediate inclusion in the analysis, we developed and applied a correction algorithm to adjust for age groups. by doing so, all data referred to the same age group ( 0 – 59 months ), allowing for the inclusion of a greater number of studies in the analysis. proportional mortality model a traditional approach to estimating cause - specific mortality is to model mortality rates. instead, we have decided to model


same age group ( 0 – 59 months ), allowing for the inclusion of a greater number of studies in the analysis. proportional mortality model a traditional approach to estimating cause - specific mortality is to model mortality rates. instead, we have decided to model proportional mortality as this is the measure of interest when assessing causes of death by country. moreover, as the who process for estimating causes of death is based on the estimation of under - 5 mortality level, followed by the allocation of the causes of under - 5 mortality, 6 proportional mortality is a more pertinent outcome that can be used in the completion of the estimation process. we employed a weighted regression model to assess the relationship between the observed proportion of deaths from diarrhoea and potential explanatory variables, in an approach similar to those previously used for estimating proportion of deaths from pneumonia. 6, 10, 17 covariates included in the final model were those available from the studies selected, so that the model could reflect the relationship more accurately than in the conventional approach of using national averages. the variables included were : under - 5 all - cause mortality and dummy variables for mid - year of study and for nine who subregions. 18 all - cause under - 5 mortality was obtained for the same ( or comparable ) site from which the proportional diarrhoea mortality information was derived, as follows : ( i ) directly abstracted or calculated from available data in the study ( 30 studies ) ; ( ii ) obtained from the authors when not possible to calculate from published data ( three studies ) ; ( iii ) obtained from dhs data ( 11 studies ) ; or ( iv ) obtained using a method similar to that used for the adjustment of age groups ( three studies ). as under - 5 mortality rates were reported in different measures ( rates, risks or ratios ) in the publications, we have transformed those provided as mortality rates ( 5m0 ) into a single metric – the probability ( risk ) of a child dying before reaching the age of 5 years ( 5q0 ). who subregions are defined on the basis of levels of child and adult mortality : a, very low child and very low adult mortality ; b, low child and low adult mortality ; c, low child and high adult mortality ; d, high child and high adult mortality ; e, high child and very high adult mortality. 18 the nine low - and middle - income subregions included in the model are : african region ( afr ) d and e ; region of the americas (


high child and high adult mortality ; e, high child and very high adult mortality. 18 the nine low - and middle - income subregions included in the model are : african region ( afr ) d and e ; region of the americas ( amr ) b and d ; south - east asia region ( sear ) b and d, eastern mediterranean region ( emr ) b and d and western pacific region ( wpr ) b. other potentially important variables considered for inclusion in the model, such as coverage of oral rehydration therapy, access to clean water, and health system indicators, were only available for a very limited number of studies at site level and thus could not be incorporated in the model. the regression coefficients obtained from the final model were used to predict the proportion of deaths from diarrhoea at country level by using national information on under - 5 mortality in 2004 and data for the corresponding subregion. the number of deaths from diarrhoea in the year 2004 was estimated by applying the model - predicted diarrhoea - proportional mortality to the number of under - 5 deaths in each country. these were then aggregated to provide subregional, regional, and global ( low - and middle - income countries ) estimates. detailed information on the estimates of all - cause under - 5 deaths can be found elsewhere. 19 uncertainty estimates were generated using the standard errors obtained from the prediction model and running 10 000 monte carlo simulations. of the 68 studies that met the inclusion criteria, 47 were kept in the analysis because they provided data that enabled us to either abstract or calculate site - specific under - 5 mortality rates ( table 1 ). seven studies presented data for more than one point in time, and one study provided data for different study populations, adding up to 56 data points and representing a total of 210 000 all - cause deaths and 33 500 diarrhoea deaths. three data points were from nationally representative studies, seven from studies carried out in urban settings and 43 ( 77 % ) from those carried out in rural areas. this distribution compares well with that of the rural and urban populations in the countries studied. fig. 1 shows the location of the 47 studies retained from the literature search, revealing the regional distribution of study sites as follows : 23 data points ( 41 % ) in afr, 17 ( 30 % ) in sear, and 12 ( 21 % ) in amr. there were very few studies or information available from emr or wpr. the scarcity of information in these two regions is


% ) in afr, 17 ( 30 % ) in sear, and 12 ( 21 % ) in amr. there were very few studies or information available from emr or wpr. the scarcity of information in these two regions is a fact, not only for diarrhoea mortality, but for other diseases and conditions as well. 8, 13 fig. 1. distribution of epidemiological studies used in the analysis studies were distributed around an average mid - surveillance year of 1990. two studies were carried out in the 1970s. as for the remaining 54 data points, the mid - year of data collection was between 1980 and 1984 for 14 observations, between 1985 and 1989 for 26 observations and between 1990 and 1994 for 13 observations. only one study was completely carried out after 1995. in recent years, low - mortality studies were seen more than high - mortality studies, reflecting the secular downward trend in child mortality that has been accompanied by a decrease in the proportion of deaths due to diarrhoea. the age - adjusted ( 0 – 59 months ) diarrhoea - proportional mortality ranged from 4. 6 % in brazil in 199720 to 47. 7 % in egypt in 1980. 21 the final regression model was ( standard errors in brackets ) : logit ( % diarrhoea deaths ) = 5. 31 + 2. 01 ( time ) + 8. 56 ( subregion ) [ 3. 67, 1. 02, 0. 97, 1. 92 ] where ln5q0 is the natural logarithm of the risk of dying between birth and 5 years in the study site, time is a dummy variable for mid - year of study ( 1 for 1990 and after, 0 for before 1990 ) and subregion is a dummy variable for who subregions ( 1 for sear b and d combined, 0 for the other subregions ). the goodness - of - fit was satisfactory, as reflected by the r² of 0. 60. there was no systematic deviation among the residual. a simple validation technique that is commonly used is to compare the model outputs with empirical data other than those used in the model. we searched the latest data from dhs and other nationally representative surveys in which verbal autopsy was used to obtain information on causes of death among children aged less than 5 years. we have identified three recently published surveys with available information from bangladesh ( dhs 2005 ), 22 cambodia ( dhs 2005 ) 23 and liberia ( food security and nutritional survey 2006 ). 24 the difference


of death among children aged less than 5 years. we have identified three recently published surveys with available information from bangladesh ( dhs 2005 ), 22 cambodia ( dhs 2005 ) 23 and liberia ( food security and nutritional survey 2006 ). 24 the difference in cause categories made direct comparison difficult, particularly for bangladesh and cambodia. the only comparable data set was that from liberia where the model - based estimate and empirically observed figure for the proportion of diarrhoea deaths were 15. 9 % ( 95 % ci : 12. 4 – 19. 3 ) and 16. 1 %, respectively. this is not sufficient to validate the entire set of extrapolations but it does illustrate the performance of our method in countries where a vital registration system does not exist or is incomplete. subregional, regional and global estimates estimates of diarrhoea - proportional mortality for nine low - and middle - income who subregions are shown in table 2, together with point estimates of the number of deaths due to diarrhoea and corresponding uncertainty ranges. the model - based global point estimate of 1. 87 million ( uncertainty range : 1. 56 – 2. 19 ) diarrhoea deaths corresponds to nearly 19 % of the 10 million under - 5 deaths that occurred in the world in 2004. 14 afr and sear assemble together 78 % ( 1. 46 million ) of all diarrhoea deaths occurring in the developing world ( fig. 2 ). fig. 2. distribution of deaths due to diarrhoea in low - and middle - income countries in 5 who regions sear d suffers the highest average burden of diarrhoea - proportional mortality ( 25 % ) as well as highest numbers of death ( 651 000 diarrhoea deaths ). it follows afr d ( 402 000 deaths ), afr e ( 365 000 deaths ), and emr d ( 221 000 ). in sear b, afr d, and afr e, the median of diarrhoea - proportional mortality is around 17 %. the lowest proportions and numbers of death were observed in the low child mortality region of the americas ( amr b ) and in emr b. table 2. estimates of diarrhoea deaths among children aged less than 5 years in low - and middle - income regions of the world, 2004 table 3 shows the top 15 countries ranked according to the number of under - 5 deaths due to diarrhoeal diseases. these 15 countries account for 73 % of all under - 5