wind turbine installations have grown significantly in the last decade as a result of the quest for alternative energy sources. for the past 10 years, worldwide total installed capacity has grown at nearly 28 percent annually. the global wind energy council expects total installed capacity to continue to grow at almost 21 percent annually, leading to over 400 gw by the end of 2014. wind turbines represent an exciting opportunity for clean power production. courtesy tuv nord e. v. most wind turbine power production comes from large machines, in the 2 mw to 3 mw range for land - based units. the turbines are huge, with blade lengths approximately 50 meters. as a result of the sheer size, engineering simulation is both important and challenging. full - scale physical testing is difficult, time consuming and expensive. at the same time, the cost of getting it wrong is prohibitive. ansys tools uniquely offer an optimal combination of high fidelity and breadth, empowering product designers to improve virtually every aspect of wind turbine design. wind turbine design involves the interaction of a range of physical phenomena and market demands : - the aerodynamics comprise changing wind direction and speed, making it necessary for designers to understand the flow at the turbine installation and blade boundary scales as well as effects from the unsteady rotor – tower interaction. - rotors must be light, strong and flexible, which indicates the use of advanced engineered materials. - shaft and gearbox loads are high, yet operators demand dependability and low, predictable maintenance costs. - the industry calls for high electric generator efficiency, even for low wind speeds. the electrical control system must safely manage operation of the turbine ’ s overall operating conditions. - all mechanical components must be strong to meet reliability and durability targets. at the same time, components must be light weight — as they are usually mounted 100 meters above ground. - nearby communities and governments demand low noise and minimal environmental impact. while large industrial wind turbine units provide much of today ’ s installed capacity, the application of smaller units is growing at fast pace. these machines provide personal and distributed power generation, sometimes in remote areas. the engineering challenges — and benefits of using the broad technology offering from ansys — are the same as for large industrial installations.


america ' s oil and natural gas industry is committed to protecting the environment and to continuously improving its hurricane preparation and response plans. after any hurricane or tropical storm, the goal is to return to full operations as quickly and as safely as possible. for the 2012 hurricane season, the industry continues to build upon critical lessons learned from 2008 ' s major hurricanes, gustav and ike, as well as other powerful storms, such as 2005 ' s katrina and rita and 2004 ' s ivan. api plays two primary roles for the industry in preparing for hurricanes. first, it helps the industry gain a better understanding of the environmental conditions in and around the gulf of mexico during hurricane or tropical storm activity and then assists industry in using that knowledge to make offshore and onshore facilities less vulnerable. second, api collaborates with member companies, other industries and with federal, state and local governments to prepare for hurricanes and return operations as quickly and as safely as possible. api member companies also independently work to improve preparedness for hurricanes and other natural or manmade disasters. they have, for example, reviewed and updated emergency response plans, established redundant communication paths and made pre - arrangements with suppliers to help ensure they have adequate resources during an emergency. the api subcommittee on offshore stuctures, the international association of drilling contractors, and the offshore operators committee, serve as a liaison to regulatory agencies, coordinate industry review of critical design standards and provide a forum for sharing lessons learned from previous hurricanes. these combined efforts are critical since the gulf of mexico accounted for about 23 percent of the oil and 8 percent of total natural gas produced in the united states ( approximately 82 percent of the oil supply comes from deepwater facilities ), and the gulf coast region is home to almost half of the u. s. refining capacity. upstream ( exploration and production ) during the major 2005 hurricanes, waves were higher and winds were stronger than anticipated in deeper parts of the gulf so the industry moved away from viewing it as a uniform body of water. evaluating the effects of those and other storms, helped scientists discover that the central gulf of mexico was more prone to hurricanes because it acts as a gathering spot for warm currents that can strengthen a storm. the revised wind, wave and water current measurements ( " metocean " data ) prompted api to reassess its recommended practices ( rps ) for industry operations in the region. - the upstream segment continues to integrate the updated environmental ( metocean ) data on how powerful storms affect conditions in the gulf of mexico into its offshore structure design standards. this effort led to the


( rps ) for industry operations in the region. - the upstream segment continues to integrate the updated environmental ( metocean ) data on how powerful storms affect conditions in the gulf of mexico into its offshore structure design standards. this effort led to the publication in 2008 of an update to rp 2sk, design and analysis of stationkeeping systems for floating structures, that provides guidance for design and operation of mobile offshore drilling unit ( modu ) mooring systems in the gulf of mexico during the hurricane season. api rp 95j, gulf of mexico jack - up operations for hurricane season, which recommends locating jack - up rigs on more stable areas of the sea floor, and positioning platform decks higher above the sea surface, was also updated. api publications are available at our ( search and order api in the past six years also has issued a number of bulletins to help better prepare for and bring production back online after gulf hurricanes. these include : production and hurricanes ( steps industry takes to prepare for and return after a storm ) - bulletin 2td, guidelines for tie - downs on offshore production facilities for hurricane season, which is aimed at better - securing separate platform equipment. - bulletin 2int - met, interim guidance on hurricane conditions in the gulf of mexico, which provides updated metocean data for four regions of the gulf, including wind velocities, deepwater wave conditions, ocean current information, and surge and tidal data. - bulletin 2int - dg, interim guidance for design of offshore structures for hurricane conditions, which explains how to apply the updated metocean data during design. - bulletin 2int - ex, interim guidance for assessment of existing offshore structures for hurricane conditions, which assists owners / operators and engineers with existing facilities. - bulletin 2hins, guidance on post - hurricane structural inspection of offshore structures, which provides guidance on determining if a structure sustained hurricane - induced damage that affects the safety of personnel, the primary structural integrity, or its ability to perform the purpose for which it was intended. refineries and pipelines - days in advance of a tropical storm or hurricane moving toward or near their drilling and production operations, companies will evacuate all non - essential personnel and begin the process of shutting down production. - as the storm gets closer, all personnel will be evacuated from the drilling rigs and platforms, and production is shut down. drillships may relocate to a safe location. operations in areas not forecast to take a direct hit from the storm often will be shut down as well because storms can change direction


be evacuated from the drilling rigs and platforms, and production is shut down. drillships may relocate to a safe location. operations in areas not forecast to take a direct hit from the storm often will be shut down as well because storms can change direction with little notice. - after a storm has passed and it is safe to fly, operators will initiate " flyovers " of onshore and offshore facilities to evaluate damage from the air. for onshore facilities, these " flyovers " can identify flooding, facility damage, road or other infrastructure problems, and spills. offshore " flyovers " look for damaged drilling rigs, platform damage, spills, and possible pipeline damage. - many offshore drilling rigs are equipped with gps locator systems, which allow federal officials and drilling contractors to remotely monitor the rigs ' location before, during and after a hurricane. if a rig is pulled offsite by the storm, locator systems allow crews to find and recover the rig as quickly and as safely as possible. - once safety concerns are addressed, operators will send assessment crews to offshore facilities to physically assess the facilities for damage. - if facilities are undamaged, and ancillary facilities, like pipelines that carry the oil and natural gas, are undamaged and ready to accept shipments, operators will begin restarting production. drilling rigs will commence operations. despite sustaining unprecedented damage and supply outages during the 2005 and 2008 hurricanes, the industry quickly and safely brought refining and pipeline operations back online, delivering to consumers near - record levels of gasoline and record levels of distillate ( diesel and heating oil ) in 2008. the oil and oil - product pipelines operating on or near the gulf of mexico continue to review their assets and operations to minimize the potential impacts of storms and shorten the time it takes to recover. while there have been some shortages caused by hurricanes, supply disruptions have been temporary despite extensive damage to supporting infrastructure, such as electric power generation and distribution, production shut - ins and refinery shutdowns. pipelines need a steady supply of crude oil or refined products to keep product flowing to its intended destinations. to prepare for future severe storms, refiners and pipeline companies have refineries and hurricanes ( steps industry takes to prepare for and return after a storm ) - worked with utilities to clarify priorities for electric power restoration critical to restarting operations and to help minimize significant disruptions to fuel distribution and delivery. - secured backup power generation equipment and worked with federal, state and local governments to ensure


after a storm ) - worked with utilities to clarify priorities for electric power restoration critical to restarting operations and to help minimize significant disruptions to fuel distribution and delivery. - secured backup power generation equipment and worked with federal, state and local governments to ensure that pipelines and refineries are considered " critical " infrastructure for back - up power purposes. - established redundant communications systems to support continuity of operations and locate employees. - worked with vendors to pre - position food, water and transportation, and updated emergency plans to secure other emergency supplies and services. - provided additional training for employees who have participated in various exercises and drills. - reexamined and improved emergency response and business continuity plans. - strengthened onshore buildings and elevated equipment where appropriate to minimize potential flood damage. - worked with the states and local emergency management officials to provide documentation and credentials for employees who need access to disaster sites where access is restricted during an emergency. - participated in industry conferences to share best practices and improvement opportunities. pipelines and hurricanes ( steps industry takes to prepare for and return after a storm ) - refiners, in the hours before a large storm makes landfall, will usually evacuate all non - essential personnel and begin shutting down or reducing operations. - operations in areas not forecast to take a direct hit from the storm often are shut down or curtailed as a precaution because storms can change direction with little notice. - once safe, teams come in to assess damage. if damage or flooding has occurred, it must be repaired and dealt with before the refinery can be brought back on - line. - other factors that can cause delays in restarting refineries include the availability of crude oil, electricity to run the plant and water used for cooling the process units. - refineries are complex. it takes more than a flip of a switch to get a refinery back up and running. once a decision has been made that it is safe to restart, it can take several days before the facility is back to full operating levels. this is because the process units and associated equipment must be returned to operation in a staged manner to ensure a safe and successful startup. - if facilities are undamaged or necessary repairs have been made, and ancillary facilities - like pipelines that carry the oil and natural gas - are undamaged and ready to accept shipments, operators will begin restarting production. - pipeline operations can be impacted by storms, primarily through power outages, but also by direct damage. - offshore pipelines damaged require the hiring of divers, repairs


are undamaged and ready to accept shipments, operators will begin restarting production. - pipeline operations can be impacted by storms, primarily through power outages, but also by direct damage. - offshore pipelines damaged require the hiring of divers, repairs and safety inspections before supplies can flow. damaged onshore pipelines must be assessed, repaired and inspected before resuming operations. - without power, crude oil and petroleum products cannot be moved through pipelines. operators routinely hold or lease back - up generators but need time to get them onsite. - if there is no product put into pipelines because gulf coast / gulf of mexico crude or natural gas production has been curtailed, or because of refinery shutdowns, the crude and products already in the pipelines cannot be pushed out the other end. - wind damage to above ground tanks at storage terminals can also impact supplies into the pipeline. : the 2008 hurricane season was very active, with 16 named storms, of which eight became hurricanes and five of those were major hurricanes. for the u. s. oil and natural gas industry, the two most serious storms of 2008 were hurricane ike, which made landfall in mid - september near baytown, texas, and hurricane gustav, which made landfall on september 1 in louisiana. hurricane gustav, a strong category 2 storm, kept off - line oil and natural gas delivery systems and production platforms that had not yet been fully restored from a smaller storm two weeks earlier, and brought significant flooding as far north as baton rouge. hurricane ike, another strong category 2 hurricane, caused significant portions of the production, processing, and pipeline infrastructure along the gulf coast in east texas and louisiana to shut down. ike caused significant destruction to electric transmission and distribution lines, and these damages delayed the restart of major processing plants, pipelines, and refineries. as many as 3. 7 million customers were without electric power following the storm, with about 2. 5 million in texas alone. at the peak of disruptions, more than 20 percent of total u. s. refinery capacity was idled. the minerals management service - now called bureau of ocean energy management, regulation and enforcement ( boemre ) estimated that 2, 127 of the 3, 800 total oil and natural gas production platforms in the gulf of mexico were exposed to hurricane conditions, with winds greater than 74 miles per hour, from hurricanes gustav and ike. a total of 60 platforms were destroyed as a result of hurricanes gustav and ike. some platforms which had been previously reported as having extensive damage were reassessed


to hurricane conditions, with winds greater than 74 miles per hour, from hurricanes gustav and ike. a total of 60 platforms were destroyed as a result of hurricanes gustav and ike. some platforms which had been previously reported as having extensive damage were reassessed and determined to be destroyed. the destroyed platforms produced 13, 657 barrels of oil and 96. 5 million cubic feet of natural gas daily or 1. 05 percent of the oil and 1. 3 percent of the natural gas produced daily in the gulf of mexico. : the 2005 hurricane season was the most active in recorded history, shattering previous records. according to the department of energy, refineries in the path of hurricanes katrina and rita accounting for about 29 percent of u. s. refining capacity were shut down at the peak of disruptions. offshore, the minerals management service ( mms ) estimated 22, 000 of the 33, 000 miles of pipelines and 3, 050 of the 4, 000 platforms in the gulf were in the direct paths of the two category 5 storms. together the storms destroyed 115 platforms and damaged 52 others. even so, there was no loss of life among industry workers and contractors. an mms report found " no accounts of spills from facilities on the federal outer continental shelf that reached the shoreline ; oiled birds or mammals ; or involved any discoveries of oil to be collected or cleaned up ". : hurricane ivan was the strongest hurricane of the 2004 season and among one of the most powerful atlantic hurricanes on record. it moved across the gulf of mexico to make landfall in alabama. ivan then looped across florida and back into the gulf, regenerating into a new tropical system, which moved into louisiana and texas. the mms estimated approximately 150 offshore facilities and 10, 000 miles of pipelines were in the direct path of ivan. seven platforms were destroyed and 24 others damaged. the oil and natural gas industry submitted numerous damage reports to mms, including for mobile drilling rigs, offshore platforms, producing wells, topside systems including wellheads and production and processing equipment, risers, and pipeline systems that transport oil and gas ashore from offshore facilities.


islam and other world religions allah vs. the god of the bible an honest and objective reading of both the quran and the bible reveals a significant clash between the two both in terms of how to conceptualize god, as well as in their respective depictions of the behavior of deity. allah says and does things that the god of the bible did not and would not say or do. the quran ’ s representation of the sovereignty of god ( like calvinism ) contradicts the character of god by attributing actions to him that are unlike deity. for example, the quran repeatedly represents god, on the occasion of the creation of adam, requiring the angels / djinn to bow down and worship this first human. all do so with the exception of iblis ( i. e., satan ), who refuses to do so on the grounds that adam was a mere mortal : verily we created man of potter ’ s clay of black mud altered, and the jinn did we create aforetime of essential fire. and ( remember ) when thy lord said unto the angels : lo! i am creating a mortal out of potter ’ s clay of black mud altered, so, when i have made him and have breathed into him of my spirit, do ye fall down, prostrating yourselves unto him. so the angels fell prostrate, all of them together save iblis. he refused to be among the prostrate. he said : o iblis! what aileth thee that thou art not among the prostrate? he said : why should i prostrate myself unto a mortal whom thou hast created out of potter ’ s clay of black mud altered? he said : then go thou forth from hence, for verily thou art outcast. and lo! the curse shall be upon thee till the day of judgement ( surah 15 : 26 - 35, emp. added ; cf. 2 : 34 ; 7 : 11 - 12 ; 17 : 61 ; 18 : 51 ; 20 : 116 ; 38 : 72 - 78 ). this characterization of deity is completely unacceptable. this one incident alone illustrates that allah is not the god of the bible. the god of the bible simply would not do what the quran says he did. numerous bible verses convey the complete impropriety — even blasphemy — that the worship of a mere human constitutes. humans are forbidden to worship other humans ( acts 10 : 25 - 26 ; 14 : 14 - 15 ). humans are forbidden to worship angels ( coloss


impropriety — even blasphemy — that the worship of a mere human constitutes. humans are forbidden to worship other humans ( acts 10 : 25 - 26 ; 14 : 14 - 15 ). humans are forbidden to worship angels ( colossians 2 : 18 ; revelation 19 : 10 ; 22 : 8 - 9 ). and, most certainly, angels are not to worship mere humans. the law of moses declared that worship is to be directed to god ( deuteronomy 6 : 13 ; 10 : 20 ). when satan tempted jesus, and satan urged jesus to worship him, jesus quoted the deuteronomic declaration from the law of moses, and then added his own divine commentary : “ and him only you shall serve ” ( matthew 4 : 10, emp. added ). no one, and no thing, is the rightful object of worship — except deity! interestingly enough, satan ’ s reasoning as reported in the quran was actually biblical and right. satan recognized that not only should angels not worship humans, but in view of his own angelic condition, adam occupied a status that was beneath his own accelerated, celestial existence — a fact affirmed by the bible : “ what is man that you are mindful of him, and the son of man that you visit him? for you have made him a little lower than the angels, and you have crowned him with glory and honor ” ( psalm 8 : 4 - 5 ; cf. hebrews 2 : 9 ). the quranic depiction of god ordering iblis / satan to worship adam is a serious breach of divine propriety and a further indication of the quran ’ s conflict with the bible. [ once again, the quran appears to have been influenced by jewish sources, since the talmudists also represent the angels as bestowing special attention and honor on adam ( sanhedrin 29 ; midrash rabbah on genesis, paragraph 8 ) ].


teaching with documents : alexander graham bell ' s patent for the telephone and thomas edison ' s patent for the electric lamp in 1876 americans held a centennial exhibition in philadelphia to celebrate the nation ' s birth 100 years earlier. it was the first world ' s fair to be held in the united states, and it announced for all to see that the nation had come of age as an industrial power. over 8 million americans attended, many traveling the railways that now spanned the continent. of all the exhibition buildings, machinery hall drew the most admiration and wonder. its displays were powered by the world ' s largest steam engine. inside, inventions by two of america ' s greatest inventors were on display. alexander graham bell exhibited the first telephone, and thomas alva edison presented the automatic telegraph, one of more than 1, 000 inventions he would patent in his lifetime. together their inventions changed american life in ways that still affect us today. alexander graham bell alexander graham bell ( 1847 - 1922 ) was born in scotland and moved to boston in 1872 to open a school for teachers of the deaf. he became a u. s. citizen in 1882. his early experiments included ways to improve and use telegraphy. the telegraph conveyed messages through a system of electrical sounds that, when decoded, could be translated into words. it was dependent on skilled technicians and never became a home appliance. rather, it required you to go to a telegraph office to send or receive a message, or perhaps a messenger did this for you. bell sought something revolutionary : to transmit not only the sound of the human voice, but audible words. with the telephone, bell wrote in 1878, " it is possible to connect every man ' s house, office or factory with a central station, so as to give him direct communication with his neighbors. " thomas edison ( 1847 - 1931 ) was born in ohio and grew up in michigan. his formal education lasted at most four years, in part because his teachers complained that he asked too many questions. by age 12 he was a newsboy and candy seller on the railways. working as a telegraph operator gave him some of his early lessons in the uses of electricity. among edison ' s many patents were ones for totally new inventions as well as those that dramatically improved the inventions of others. these included patents for the electric motor, motion picture projector, storage battery, dictaphone, duplicating machine, typewriter, and phonograph ( his most original ). but his most far - reaching achievement was his patent for improving the


patents for the electric motor, motion picture projector, storage battery, dictaphone, duplicating machine, typewriter, and phonograph ( his most original ). but his most far - reaching achievement was his patent for improving the incandescent lightbulb. before the invention of the electric lightbulb, homes were lit by candle, kerosene - oil lamp, or gaslight. all flickered, were fire hazards, and emitted smoke and heat. other inventors of the day were experimenting with a glass globe that, if emptied of air, could contain a light that would not burn out. but no one could find a suitable filament, or wire. the filament creates light when an electric current passes through it, but it must neither burn out quickly nor melt. edison solved this problem by using carbonized cotton. the growth of the corporation a vision such as bell ' s could not become a reality without enormous sources of capital ( money ) to mass - produce telephones, lay cables, and establish switchboards. likewise the incandescent light was of little use until houses could be linked by electric wires to powerful generators. until the industrial revolution, a shop owner did not need to raise great sums of money to invest in expensive machinery. he probably made his goods by hand and sold them directly to the customer. he therefore did not need to advertise his goods far and wide. a business was usually the responsibility of one person, a proprietor, who hired others and accepted total financial responsibility if the venture went under. partnerships were able to raise greater capital because two or more people pooled their money. but if their partnership failed, all the partners were personally liable ; any assets they owned could be seized to pay their debts. the civil war gave impetus to many new industries on a scale never before seen in america. what was needed was a new way to fund them. the corporation solved the problem. corporations are legal entities chartered by state governments. to establish a corporation, money is raised from many investors. each investor then owns shares of the company, represented by the stock certificates the corporation issues to its shareholders. if the company earns a profit, the corporation will divide its profit with its investors and pay dividends. ( the greater the number of shares you own, the greater your dividend. ) the value of the corporation ' s stock will go up. but if the corporation fails, each investor will only lose what he or she invested. when the u. s. government granted edison


of shares you own, the greater your dividend. ) the value of the corporation ' s stock will go up. but if the corporation fails, each investor will only lose what he or she invested. when the u. s. government granted edison and bell their patents, it put them at a distinct advantage over their competitors. they and they alone were given the right to profit from their inventions for a specified time period ( today it is 20 years ). while both men were primarily inventors, not entrepreneurs, neither wasted time before either founding companies or granting their patent rights to others for manufacture. the edison electric light company was chartered in 1878 and led eventually to what we know as the general electric company. with his laboratory and many assistants at menlo park, new jersey, edison pioneered the establishment of the large research centers of today. the bell telephone company was founded in 1877. in 1899 american telephone and telegraph ( at & t ) became the parent company of the bell system. corporations were not without their ill effects. they further distanced management from the workers, who did not share in the companies ' profits as did stockholders. left unregulated, huge corporations often ate up their smaller competition. by 1900 bell telephone had situated 800, 000 phones in america, far more than any competitor. long after bell ' s patent expired, it had the edge in developing long - distance services, and it monopolized them. the interstate commerce act ( 1877 ) and sherman anti - trust act ( 1890 ) were passed to ensure that competition among companies could continue to thrive. mackay, james. alexander graham bell : a life. new york : john wiley & sons, inc., 1997. an up - to - date and scholarly account. silverberg, robert. light for the world : edison and the power industry. princeton, nj : d. van nostrand co., 1967. especially good for the connection between invention and industry. twain, mark. the autobiography of mark twain. edited by charles neider, new york : harperperennial library, 1959 ( still in paper ). see chapter 45, which has a hilarious account of twain ' s attempt to be an investor in new inventions, including the telephone. vries, leonard de. victorian inventions. new york : american heritage press, 1971. a delightful pictorial account, including many fanciful ideas that were never marketed. the sound and the silence. an excellent two - part video about the life of alexander graham bell. available from turner home entertainment # 6295.


the scoop on migratory arthritis migratory arthritis is a particular form of arthritis. arthritis is a disease that affects thousands of people who suffer from pain and swelling in their joints and have to deal with stiffness of movement. this is usually the result of inflammation in the joints. arthritis is classified by doctors into over100 different categories depending on the body area that is affected. besides the arthritis directly associated with inflammation in the joints, there are forms of arthritis caused by diseases in other body organs and problems of other tissues. arthritis can affect people of all ages, even children. migratory arthritis is the problem in which there is initial swelling which increases rapidly in one or two joints and subsides over the next few days. as the symptoms subside in the original affected areas, the same pattern appears in another joint, usually in an asymmetric location. this movement of the pain and swelling from joint to joint is the reason for the name of the problem. the pattern of asymmetrical movement of joint pain associated with migratory arthritis is associated with some specific conditions and diseases. among the possible causes listed by medical professionals are : systemic lupus erythematosus it is helpful to understand what happens when a person suffers from arthritis. the joint inflammation leads to pain, swelling and loss of motion and this is visible in the redness apparent in the affected area. there is usually inflammation in the body when it is affected by an injury or infected by a harmful agent such as a bacteria or a virus. the body ’ s reaction is communicated to the natural immune system which functions as the defense mechanism of the body. cells move to help the affected area to deal with the threat to the body - by removing infected or damaged cells and by helping repair affected tissues. once the problem is dealt with a normal healthy is restored the inflammation reduces. in the case of arthritis, the inflammation does not reduce as it should in normal conditions. the continuing inflammation prolongs the problem and continues to damage more tissues and therefore the cyclical pattern of pain continues. this perpetuating pattern of pain and damage ends up affecting the bones and neighboring tissues leading to the stiffness of the joint and the difficulty in movement. this kind of breakdown of the immune system which hampers the proper functioning of the body is called an autoimmune disease. given that migratory arthritis is usually triggered by other health problems, it is important to have it properly diagnosed. you can list the sequence of your pain to your doctor and add details about other health issues to help with proper diagnosis. you can con


disease. given that migratory arthritis is usually triggered by other health problems, it is important to have it properly diagnosed. you can list the sequence of your pain to your doctor and add details about other health issues to help with proper diagnosis. you can confer with your doctor to decide whether it will be helpful to see a rheumatologist. self - aware patients, alert to their body ’ s patterns will help in a quick diagnosis of migratory arthritis. the good news for patients is there are ways to manage the pain and to be proactive in dealing with disease. arthritis patients today are normally treated with aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs or nsaids such as ibuprofen, naproxen and dicolfenac. these help with the migratory variety of the disease also because they are effective analgesics and anti - inflammatory drugs. in the specific case of migratory arthritis, treatment for the root cause such as rheumatic fever or lyme disease also helps in countering the effects of the arthritic pain. many people who suffer from chronic arthritis also seek alternative medical therapies to cope with the pain. naturopaths, much like doctors, recommend a combination of exercise and good diet to support the medicines. among supplements recommended by those practicing alternative medicine are omega 3 oils, glocosamine and chondroitin. it will be useful for those feeling the signs arthritis to analyze the patterns of their pain and to have a detailed consultation with their doctor to ensure an accurate diagnosis and to initiate an effective treatment.


in 1999, a task force consisting of research and policy - oriented slps, people who stutter, and an epidemiologist ( ken st. louis, bobbie lubker, scott yaruss, jaan pill, and charles diggs, respectively ) convened to develop the first prototype of a questionnaire to measure attitudes toward stuttering. known as the public opinion survey of human attributes ( posha - e ), it is handled like public opinion polls from a national polling organization, with respondents selected at random. participants first answer baseline questions before filling out a demographic survey. finally, they respond to follow up questions. here are examples of the most recent experimental version of the posha - e. it asks the respondents their overall impression of a person who is in one of nine categories : " left handed, mentally ill, obese, addicted to alcohol, has a stuttering disorder, is multilingual, has epilepsy, has hiv / aids, or uses a wheelchair. " the respondents give their impression of the person, ranging from very negative, somewhat negative, neutral, somewhat positive, or very positive, to not sure. then the questionnaire asks the respondent, " i would want to be a person who " fits in one of those nine categories. finally, the respondent answers follow - up questions on up to three of the listed categories. for example, " people who stutter ( or are obese, or multilingual ) are nervous or excitable ; are dangerous to others ; can raise a family. " the respondents indicate whether they agree, disagree, or are not sure. these survey questions have been asked of more than 1, 200 adult respondents in 27 nonprobability ( nonrandom ) pilot study samples in 11 countries ( brazil, bulgaria, cameroon, canada, denmark, nepal, nicaragua, macedonia, south africa, turkey, and the u. s. ). respondents completed questionnaires in either english or one of six other languages ( bulgarian, macedonian, portuguese, turkish, french, and spanish ). since 1999, the team has undergone changes and the posha - e has been revised three times. one major change in the last version is that attributes of " old, " " intelligent, " and " good talker " were replaced by " epilepsy, " " hiv / aids, " and " alcohol addiction. " also, " overweight " was changed to " obese. " the research initiative using the results of the posha - e is


inadvertently translated as " to increase a family. " to reduce these problems, ipatha guidelines will mandate a " back translation " from a foreign language to english by another translator, unfamiliar with the study and the original translation, so that the eventual translated versions are as accurate as possible. ) fourth, it is designed specifically to measure many of the responses that might be expected to change after public information campaigns designed to " improve attitudes " have been undertaken. for example, one series of questions asks where respondents have acquired their information. even if attitudes may not have changed, it is likely that public awareness campaigns will result in different profiles of perceived knowledge acquisition. fifth, consideration of the instrument ' s eventual recommended scheme for use must allow for probability sampling that is accurate but reasonably inexpensive for stakeholders. importantly, the posha - e is still in its developmental phase. it is not yet a user - friendly instrument, but we are making progress. for example, the response format has been progressively simplified in the three versions from an original 0 - 100 quasi - continuous scale, to a 1 - 9 equal - appearing interval scale, and finally to the above illustrated categorical " yes, " " no, " or " unsure " response mode ( with a 1 - 5 scale for a few items ). this modification has progressively reduced respondent completion time and errors as well as data coding time and errors ; both were achieved without appreciable loss in sensitivity to subtle differences in the attitudes of the nonprobability pilot samples studied. also, as is the case with most standardized instruments, the posha - e contains many more items than the eventual version will. forthcoming item analysis will identify those questions that are most discriminating and useful. after consideration of information available from pilot studies, redundant items will be eliminated. also, confusing and ambiguous items will be eliminated or modified. the intent is to have a questionnaire that can be completed by most respondents in 10 minutes or less. the next step is to carry out the difficult task of field - testing the near - final version of the posha - e with representative samples. like political polling, this component is necessary to improve accurate representation of the attitudes of any target sampling area. a number of plans under evaluation, but one that may be the most cost efficient for stakeholders, could involve a public school - based sampling plan as follows. a probability ( i. e., random ) sampling scheme would be used to select public schools as the units from which random samples of children and, ultimately, progressively less random samples of


, could involve a public school - based sampling plan as follows. a probability ( i. e., random ) sampling scheme would be used to select public schools as the units from which random samples of children and, ultimately, progressively less random samples of parents, grandparents, and other adults would be generated as prospective respondents. all children in selected classrooms would be potential survey respondents. so, too, would one of their parents or guardians, one of their grandparents, and one of their adult neighbors. probability sampling would determine school and classroom selection, but adults would be recruited by parents of children in these classrooms. we hope that one outcome of the ipatha initiative will be a data archive into which results from new studies may be added and against which results from isolated samples may be compared. finally, in concert with other stakeholders around the world, we plan to develop strategies designed to reduce stigma and to measure their effectiveness. sample pilot results in the process of gathering pilot data, a large amount of questionnaire data has been amassed from more than 1, 200 adults. we have attempted not to be distracted from our primary purpose of instrument development. accordingly, we have inspected the comparative data for trends showing consistent versus variable results that might suggest the best items for eventual inclusion and elimination. following are some illustrations of what the pilot data have shown that is relevant to slps and to those interested in international comparisons ( knudsen et al., 2004 ; st. louis et al., in press ; st. louis et al., 2004 ). the table below provides selected demographic information from nine samples, ranging in size from 14 to 188 respondents. the first two ( columns 2 and 3 ) compare probability samples of slps holding specialty recognition in fluency disorders with a sample of slps nationwide. it was thought that board - recognized specialists in fluency disorders might provide a " gold standard " for public attitudes toward stuttering. these are compared with a nonprobability sample of students from the mid - atlantic region of the u. s. ( column 3 ). all three of these samples responded to the most recent version of the posha - e. the other nonprobability samples were from six different countries, with those in denmark ( column 5 ), south africa ( column 6 ), and nepal ( column 7 ) being administered in english and those in the remaining three countries administered in respondents ' native language : brazilian portuguese ( column 8 ), bulgarian ( column 9 ), and turkish ( column 10 ), respectively. these groups responded to either the first


column 7 ) being administered in english and those in the remaining three countries administered in respondents ' native language : brazilian portuguese ( column 8 ), bulgarian ( column 9 ), and turkish ( column 10 ), respectively. these groups responded to either the first version ( drawing a vertical line on a horizontal scale marked on either end and the middle, with scores later converted to numbers from 0 to 100 ) or the second version ( circling a number from 1 - 9 or a "? " for " i don ' t know. " ). the table illustrates that the percentage of females to males, age, educational level, religion, and marital status varied widely across the nine samples. preliminary results indicate that multilingual, as well as intelligent and good talkers in the earlier versions of the posha, are regarded as desirable characteristics. left handed - as predicted - is neutral. old ( in earlier versions ) is neutral to somewhat undesirable. the remaining attributes, wheelchair use, obesity or overweight, mental illness, alcohol addiction, epilepsy, hiv / aids, and stuttering, are all regarded as conditions that respondents would not want to have or be. the only significant exception was that specialists in fluency disorders were less likely to rate stuttering as something they would not want to have. respondents in the six countries, responding in english as a second language or in their native language showed similarity overall to profiles of adults in the u. s., but showed some interesting variations. for example, stuttering was the lowest item scored for the turkish respondents while brazilian and bulgarian adults both scored mental illness lowest. data collected also confirm the well - known public confusion about the cause of stuttering. the data from specialists and generalist slps reveal general agreement for a genetic causal component and less certainty about psychological or learning components. among the lay public, only the danes believed that psychological etiology was not the strongest causal component ; neither did they believe stuttering is learned. by contrast, all the other lay groups rated psychological etiology the strongest. among all groups except fluency specialists, a disturbing minority regarded stuttering as an act of god, especially in south africa, nepal, and turkey. the fact that ghosts, demons, or spirits as causal agents for stuttering was not completely rejected - even by all slps in the u. s. - suggests that stigmatizing beliefs still occur. by contrast, most to nearly all respondents believe that people who stutter can lead normal lives, though least so in nepal. while most respondent


even by all slps in the u. s. - suggests that stigmatizing beliefs still occur. by contrast, most to nearly all respondents believe that people who stutter can lead normal lives, though least so in nepal. while most respondent groups indicated that people who stutter could communicate effectively, they were less optimistic about whether or not they should work in jobs requiring a great deal of talking. an unsubstantiated stereotype holds that people who stutter are nervous, shy, and fearful ( e. g., blood, 1999 ; shapiro, 1999 ), and the data here confirm that only the fluency specialists and danes soundly rejected the nervousness component. as for stuttering being related to shyness or fear, these same two groups, along with slps, were least likely to make a connection. most of the other groups were unsure, but the brazilians and bulgarians confirmed the stereotype. like the ghosts - demons - spirits question, the reduced intelligence question was included to identify the likelihood of potentially strongly stigmatizing attitudes. nepalese and bulgarian results suggest attitudes still are present that associate stuttering with reduced intelligence. the best news about what people report they would do or feel if they found themselves talking to someone who stutters is that most ( and virtually all slps and specialists who responded ) would wait patiently and ignore the stuttering. ( in fact, the latter question was changed in the last revision to " not make an issue of " rather than " ignore " because it is plausible that some might not make an issue yet not ignore the condition. ) specialist and generalist slps ( and danes ) would be unlikely to fill in words or give advice to " slow down " or " relax " while talking with a person who stutters. by contrast, turks and to a lesser extent, nepalese, likely might behave in these ways. none of the groups are likely to joke about stuttering, but the chances for joking might be highest in turkey or bulgaria. feeling comfortable or relaxed during a conversational partner ' s stuttering varied the most for the different groups, ranging from being very to somewhat likely for specialists and generalists, respectively, to being moderately unlikely for nepalese, brazilians, bulgarians, and turks. curiosity was quite uniformly neutral ; pity ranged from slightly above neutral to highly unlikely ( for slps ). reported embarrassment, anger, or fear were unlikely. taken together, all of the data from the pilot studies analyzed to date show that groups of people around the world


significance and use this test method is designed to measure the permeability to air of a small sample of rock. by extrapolation, this test method also determines an equivalent of the liquid permeability. this parameter is used to calculate the flow through rock of fluids subjected to a pressure differential. note 1 — notwithstanding the statements on precision and bias contained in this test method, the measures of precision of this test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing them, and on the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. agencies that meet the criteria of practice d 3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing. users of this test method are cautioned that compliance with practice d 3740 does not in itself assure reliable testing. reliable testing depends on many factors ; practice d 3740 provides a means for evaluating some of those factors. 1. 1 this test method covers the determination of the coefficient of specific permeability for the flow of air through rocks. the procedure establishes representative values of the coefficient of permeability of rocks or well - indurated soils. 1. 2 this test method is limited to permeability values greater than 0. 9869 pm2 ( 1. 0 picodarcy ), and is limited to rocks free of oil or unctuous matter. 1. 3 the values stated in si units are to be regarded as the standard. the values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch - pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1. 4 this standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. it is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2. referenced documents ( purchase separately ) the documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as part of the standard. d653 terminology relating to soil, rock, and contained fluids d3740 practice for minimum requirements for agencies engaged in testing and / or inspection of soil and rock as used in engineering design and construction american petroleum institute standard flow and flow rate ; permeability ; airflow performance ; coefficient of permeability ; flow and flow rate - - soil / rock / related materials ; liquids ; permeability - - soil / rock ; pressure testing - - rock ; reciprocal mean pressure ; rock materials / properties / analysis ; ics number code 93. 020 ( earth works. excavations. foundation construction. underground


get ready for comet panstarrs — 2013 ' s first naked - eye comet comet panstarrs promises to be the brightest comet in six years when it peaks in march. february 26, 2013 luis argerich from buenos aires, argentina, captured comet panstarrs in the sky above mercedes, argentina, on february 11, 2013. the comet shone at magnitude 4. 5 to the left of an iridium flare. i ’ m here today to talk about what promises to be the brightest comet during the first half of 2013 and likely one of the brightest comets of the 21st century — so far. comet panstarrs ( c / 2011 l4 ) will peak in march and remain bright well into april. if predictions hold, it should be an easy naked - eye object and will look great through binoculars for several weeks. astronomers discovered this comet june 6, 2011. as the fourth new comet detected during the first half of june that year, it received the designation “ c / 2011 l4. ” and because researchers first spotted the object on images taken through the 1. 8 - meter panoramic survey telescope and rapid response system on haleakala in hawaii, it received the instrument ’ s acronym, panstarrs, as a secondary name. astronomers credit this scope with more than two dozen comet discoveries, so the “ c / 2011 l4 ” designation is more precise even though it ’ s much easier to say “ panstarrs. ” the comet is making its first trip through the inner solar system. its journey began eons ago when a star or interstellar cloud passed within a light - year or two of the sun. this close encounter jostled the so - called oort cloud, a vast reservoir of icy objects that lies up to a light - year from the sun and probably holds a trillion comets. panstarrs has been heading toward the sun ever since. for complete coverage of comet panstarrs, visit www. astronomy. com / panstarrs. southern hemisphere observers had the best comet views during february. but by early march, panstarrs veers sharply northward and gradually becomes visible in the evening sky for northern hemisphere observers. the earliest views should come around march 6 or 7, when it appears a degree above the western horizon 30 minutes after sunset. each following day, the comet climbs a degree or two higher, which dramatically improves its visibility. it comes closest to the sun ( a position called “ perihelion ” ) the evening of march 9, when it lies just 28 million miles ( 45


following day, the comet climbs a degree or two higher, which dramatically improves its visibility. it comes closest to the sun ( a position called “ perihelion ” ) the evening of march 9, when it lies just 28 million miles ( 45 million kilometers ) from our star. it then appears 7° high in the west 30 minutes after sunset. if predictions hold true — never a sure thing when it comes to comets making their first trip through the inner solar system — the comet will be a superb object through binoculars and probably an impressive naked - eye sight. astronomers expect it to reach magnitude 0 or 1 at perihelion, although no one would be too surprised if it ends up one or two magnitudes brighter or dimmer. from perihelion to the end of march, the comet moves almost due north through pisces and andromeda while its brightness drops by about a magnitude every five days. in the admittedly unlikely event that the tail of panstarrs stretches 10° or more march 13, it will pass behind a two - day - old crescent moon. the comet should glow around 4th magnitude in early april, which would make the extended object visible only through binoculars or a telescope. it passes 2° west of the andromeda galaxy ( m31 ) on the 3rd, then crosses into cassiopeia on the 9th. during the third week of april, the comet fades to 6th magnitude and is visible all night for those at mid - northern latitudes, where it appears highest before dawn. if comet panstarrs lives up to expectations, it should show two tails emanating from a round glow. the photograph at right shows comet hale - bopp from 1997. although panstarrs likely won ’ t get as bright as hale - bopp was, it lets us see the major components of a comet. if comet panstarrs lives up to expectations, it should show two tails emanating from a round glow. although panstarrs likely won ’ t get as bright as 1997 ' s comet hale - bopp ( pictured ) did, it lets us see the major components of a comet. / / tony hallas the circular head, known as the “ coma, ” masks the comet ’ s nucleus. the nucleus is a ball of ice and dust that typically measures a mile or two across. as sunlight hits the nucleus, the ices boil off, and the process liberates dust particles. this cloud of gas and dust forms the coma, which can span a million miles or


ice and dust that typically measures a mile or two across. as sunlight hits the nucleus, the ices boil off, and the process liberates dust particles. this cloud of gas and dust forms the coma, which can span a million miles or more. sunlight removes electrons from the ejected gas molecules, causing then to glow with a bluish color. the solar wind carries this gas away from the comet, creating a straight bluish gas tail. the ejected dust gets pushed away from the sun more gently, so it forms a curving tail. the dust particles simply reflect sunlight, so the dust tail has a white to pale - yellow color. although comet mcnaught didn ’ t show much of a gas tail when it achieved fame in 2007, it more than made up for it with a 30° - long curving dust tail. will panstarrs rival hale - bopp or mcnaught? the best way to find out is to plan a few observing sessions for this march and april. even if panstarrs falls short of greatness, goodness is a fine attribute when it comes to comets. and remember that 2013 isn ’ t over yet. november and december should provide exceptional views of comet ison ( c / 2012 s1 ), which could be 100 times brighter than panstarrs. i ’ ll be back later this year with more details on viewing comet ison. expand your observing with these online tools from astronomy magazine - special coverage : find everything you need to know about comet panstarrs in astronomy. com ' s year of the comet section. - stardome : locate comet c / 2011 l4 ( panstarrs ) in your night sky with our interactive star chart. to ensure the comet is displayed, click on the " display... " drop - down menu under options ( lower right ) and make sure " comets " has a check mark next to it. then click the " show names... " drop - down menu and make sure " comets " is checked there, too. images : submit images of comet panstarrs to our online reader gallery. discussion : ask questions and share your observations in our reader forums. - sign up for our free weekly e - mail newsletter. look for this icon. this denotes premium subscriber content. learn more »


mars orbiter repositioned to phone home mars landing without a repositioning maneuver, odyssey would have arrived over the landing area about two minutes after curiosity landed. july 25, 2012 nasa scientists have successfully adjusted the mars odyssey spacecraft ’ s orbital location to be in a better position to provide prompt confirmation of the august landing of the curiosity rover. nasa ' s mars odyssey spacecraft passes above mars ' south pole in this artist ' s concept. the spacecraft has been orbiting mars since october 24, 2001. credit : nasa / jpl nasa ’ s mars science laboratory ( msl ) spacecraft carrying curiosity can send limited information directly to earth as it enters mars ’ atmosphere. before the landing, however, earth will set below the martian horizon from the descending spacecraft ’ s perspective, ending that direct route of communication. odyssey will speed up the indirect communication process. nasa reported during a july 16 news conference that odyssey, which the agency originally planned to provide a near - real - time communication link with curiosity, had entered safe mode july 11. this situation would have affected communication operations, but not the rover ’ s landing. without a repositioning maneuver, odyssey would have arrived over the landing area about two minutes after curiosity landed. a spacecraft thruster burn tuesday, july 24, lasting about six seconds, has nudged odyssey about six minutes ahead in its orbit. odyssey is now operating normally, and confirmation of curiosity ’ s landing should reach earth early august 6 edt, as originally planned. “ information we are receiving indicates the maneuver has completed as planned, ” said gaylon mcsmith from nasa ’ s jet propulsion laboratory in pasadena, california. “ odyssey has been working at mars longer than any other spacecraft, so it is appropriate that it has a special role in supporting the newest arrival. ” two other mars orbiters, nasa ’ s mars reconnaissance orbiter and the european space agency ’ s mars express, also will be in position to receive radio transmissions from msl during its descent. however, they will be recording information for later playback, not relaying it immediately, as only odyssey can.


" fugitive methane " released during shale gas drilling could accelerate climate change. robert howarth, an ecologist and evolutionary biologist, and anthony ingraffea, a civil and environmental engineer, reported that fracked wells leak 40 to 60 percent more methane than conventional natural gas wells. when water with its chemical load is forced down a well to break the shale, it flows back up and is stored in large ponds or tanks. but volumes of methane also flow back up the well at the same time and are released into the atmosphere before they can be captured for use. this giant belch of " fugitive methane " can be seen in infrared videos taken at well sites. halliburton is the world ' s largest provider of hydraulic fracturing. who would have guessed. wait, aren ' t they in the private war contractor business. it seems they ' ve expanded to waging war on us water supplies. according to michael shellenberger, president of the breakthrough institute in california, we can thank us government policy for fracking. government policy encouraged the new exploration for gas and should get much of the credit for the resulting reduction in emissions. “ the gas boom is largely from shale, which is the result of a concerted government push, and tax credits, starting in the 70 ’ s, both of which are policies,... of course, he thinks fracking ' s good because it allows natural gas to replace coal. breakthrough institute apparently is " luke - warmist ". essentially " don ' t worry, be happy about our economic system ". “ luke - warmists ” may be defined as those who appear to accept the body of climate science but interpret it in a way that is least threatening : emphasising uncertainties, playing down dangers, and advocating a slow and cautious response. the effect of luke - warmers ’ contributions has been to sow doubt in the public mind about the credibility of the scientific warnings and the need to respond, just as exxon - funded think tanks have.... emphasize the “ inherent unknowability ” and “ systematic doubt ” in the body of scientific knowledge. they express misgivings about the desirability of investments in renewable energy, referring to their “ chilling history ” and “ serious financial and social consequences ”, a theme pursued by the breakthrough institute and more recently taken upby tea party republicans. here we get to the conservative heart of the luke - warmist position. for them the prevailing economic system is sacred, and any change must work around it. “ growth is


pursued by the breakthrough institute and more recently taken upby tea party republicans. here we get to the conservative heart of the luke - warmist position. for them the prevailing economic system is sacred, and any change must work around it. “ growth is sacrosanct ” is another rendering of president george h. w. bush ’ s celebrated declaration at the 1992 rio earth summit : “ the american way of life is not negotiable. ” to agree with environmental critics that our social and economic system — its power structure, its inherent goals, the forms of behaviour it endorses — could so damage the earth that our future, and that of the system itself, is now in peril would require them to discard their essential faith in the benevolence of the status quo. [ italics and bold mine ] because in their eyes fracking is good, they brag that us government policies support it. don ' t worry about fracking you can ' t be sure what would happen if the fire department used fracking - contaminated water, it ' s " inherent unknowable ". have another margarita! big surprise, koch industries is involved in fracking. koch industries is heavily involved in natural gas, as detailed in an article last spring by lee fang in the republic report. its recent activities in the natural gas industry focus on services for fracking operations including pipelines, storage, processing, and supplies. fracking produces several orders of magnitude more water contamination than other sources of water pollution. risk analysts have concluded that the disposal of contaminated wastewater from hydraulic fracturing ( or “ fracking ” ) wells producing natural gas in the intensively developed marcellus shale region poses a substantial potential risk of river and other water pollution. disposal of the large amounts of fracking well wastewater that is expected to be generated in the marcellus shale region — which covers approximately 124, 000 square kilometers from new york to west virginia — presents risks from salts and radioactive materials that are “ several orders of magnitude larger ” than for other potential water pollution pathways examined in the new study. for a more personal account see states fail to enforce their own oil, gas rules earthworks says failure to enforce oil and gas regulations means that states are not seeking, documenting, sanctioning, deterring, and cleaning up problems associated with irresponsible oil and gas operations such as chemical spills, equipment failure, accidents, and discharges into drinking water supplies. penalties are so weak that it is cheaper for violators to pay the penalty than comply with


cleaning up problems associated with irresponsible oil and gas operations such as chemical spills, equipment failure, accidents, and discharges into drinking water supplies. penalties are so weak that it is cheaper for violators to pay the penalty than comply with the law. “ the total value of financial penalties in each state studied is less than or equivalent to the value of the gas contained in one single well, ” earthworks says in its report, “ breaking all the rules : the crisis in oil & gas regulatory enforcement. ” “ i left my home in dish because gas development threatened my family ’ s health, ” said calvin tillman, former mayor of dish, texas. " tillman said that after drilling began near his home, his children developed nosebleeds when they were asleep. in their new home in another community, the nosebleeds stopped. [ emphasis mine ] fracking is secret in many states, see maps. whenever toxic materials are produced in huge quantities, opportunities open up for criminal " entrepreneurs ". remember how chernobyl ' s radioactive zone was stripped of portable goods, that ended up in the hands of unaware buyers all over russia? in a similar manner toxic fracking waste was poured into pa neighborhoods. on march 17, 2011 greene county resident robert allan shipman and his company, allan ’ s waste water service inc., were charged with illegally dumping millions of gallons of natural gas drilling wastewater, along with restaurant grease and sewer sludge across six counties in pennsylvania from 2003 - 2009. “ shipman showed the drivers how to leave open the gas well valves and ordered them to discharge production water onto the ground and / or into the nearby waterways. ” drivers ’ testimony added, “ this activity would typically occur after dark or during heavy rain so that no one would observe the illegal discharge. ” “ he was pouring the stuff in any hole he could find. ” the democratic party chooses to ignore the environmental costs of fracking, to embrace " cheap abundant natural gas ". they ' re also backing off on climate change. once again short term profit trumps avoidance of serious long term damage. new yorkers beware, the man in charge of fracking regulation is a climate science denier. governor cuomo relies on bradley j field - - a climate skeptic - - to head new york ' s department of environmental conservation ' s division of mineral resources. unfortunately, mr. field has proven to be out of sync with the scientific community on the environmental issue with the greatest scientific consensus - - climate change.


on the final evening of the democratic national convention, the blogger andrew sullivan posted a picture of congressman barney frank kissing his spouse. frank is openly gay and what is striking about the picture is a total absence of reticence, and the swiftness with which our world has tumbled toward change. sullivan noted that the picture would never had appeared at the gop convention. this is true. but eight years ago, i doubt it would have appeared at a democratic one. still it remains true that we have, as we always have had, two competing traditions toward human and civil rights in this country. one which believes in broadening those rights regardless of difference, and another which believes in restricting them to those who find the most favor among the body politic. that tradition is hewed to even in the extremes. we all think of birtherism - - the belief held by many in the republican party - - as a kind of zany flight of fancy taken up by the kind of toothless eccentrics who also obsess over area 51. in fact, birtherism has its historical roots much closer to home, in that same restrictionist tradition that would frown on barney frank, and has for much of this country ' s history directed its skeptical gaze at african - americans. in 1790, when congress first sat down to define citizenship it restricted it to " all free white persons. " the disreputable tradition continued afoot will into the 19th century with stephen douglas, in his famous debates with abraham lincoln, declaring that " this government was made on the white basis " and that our founding documents made " no reference either to the negro, the savage indians, the feejee, the malay, or any other inferior and degraded race, when they spoke of the equality of men. " after the civil war, with the country reeling, and freedom on the march, newly minted president andrew johnson rejected blacks holding a stake in the country ' s politics noting that ' it must be acknowledged that in the progress of nations negroes have shown less capacity for government than any other race of people. no independent government of any form has ever been successful in their hands. on the contrary, wherever they have been left to their own devices they have shown a constant tendency to relapse into barbarism. " and the tradition carried over right into the 20th century with william f. buckley, intellectual godfather of the conservative movement, arguing that " the great majority of the negroes in the south who do not vote do not care to vote, and would


. " and the tradition carried over right into the 20th century with william f. buckley, intellectual godfather of the conservative movement, arguing that " the great majority of the negroes in the south who do not vote do not care to vote, and would not know for what to vote if they could. " the right to lead one ' s country is the highest of all aspirations granted by ( birthright ) citizenship. that a black should wield such power still discomfits a certain portion of this country, just as it has for over 200 years. and while the particular history offered in this column focuses on the problem of the color - line, its applications are much broader. a similar history could be written of restrictionist attitudes toward the country ' s latino, asian - american and native american populations. an even longer history could be written on the views of democratic societies toward women. doubtlessly, closeted gays and lesbians have served this country in powerful places and enjoyed their share of citizenship. but they did so under a shadow, mostly unable to fully display all aspects of who they were. what makes the picture of barney frank and james ready ( his spouse ) caught in a kiss so profound is that the old prejudice is now beating a fighting retreat. looking at the two conventions of our major parties, you saw two visions : one of our restrictionist past, and the other of our increasingly open present. it is tempting to attack gop leaders for fully embracing a tradition which, in a few years, even they will doubtlessly be forced to repudiate. but political parties represent actual people. our past is with us and exerts a powerful hold over our politics. this is not to let mitt romney off the hook for the random birther joke. but what is most important isn ' t the joke - - it ' s the crowd in the background, raucously laughing. ( ta - nehisi coates is a writer and senior editor for the atlantic and its website. his blog can be found at http : / / www. theatlantic. com / ta - nehisi - coates. )


h. l. mencken ( 18801956 ). the american language. 1921. by jefferson. charles ledyard norton has devoted a whole book to their etymology and meaning ; 27 the number is far too large for a list of them to be attempted here. but a few characteristic specimens may be recalled, for example, the simple agglutinates : omnibus - bill, banner - state, favorite - son, anxious - bench, gag - rule, executive - session, mass - meeting, office - seeker and straight - ticket ; the humorous metaphors : pork - barrel, pie - counter, wire - puller, land - slide, carpet - bagger, lame - duck and on the fence ; the old words put to new uses : plank, pull, platform, machine, precinct, slate, primary, floater, repeater, bolter, stalwart, filibuster, regular and fences ; the new coinages : gerrymander, heeler, buncombe, roorback, mugwump and to bulldoze ; the new derivatives : abolitionist, candidacy, boss - rule, per - diem, to lobby and boodler ; and the almost innumerable verbs and verb - phrases : to knife, to split a ticket, to go up salt river, to bolt, to eat crow, to boodle, to divvy, to grab and to run. an english candidate never runs ; he stands. to run, according to thornton, was already used in america in 1789 ; it was universal by 1820. platform came in at the same time. machine was first applied to a political organization by aaron burr. the use of mugwump is commonly thought to have originated in the blaine campaign of 1884, but it really goes back to the 30s. anxious - bench ( or anxious - seat ) at first designated only the place occupied by the penitent at revivals, but was used in its present political sense in congress so early as 1842. banner - state appears in niles register for december 5, 1840. favorite - son appears in an ode addressed to washington on his visit to ports - mouth, n. h., in 1789, but it did not acquire its present ironical sense until it was applied to martin van buren. thornton has traced bolter to 1812, filibuster to 1863, roorback to 1844, and split - ticket to 1842. regularity was an issue in tammany hall in 1822. 28 there were primaries in new


? when on march 26 the supreme court hears oral arguments about whether california ’ s ban on same - sex marriages violates the constitutional right to “ equal protection of the laws, ” these arguments will invoke the intersection of law and social science. the court should tread cautiously, if at all, on this dark and bloody ground. the obama administration says california ’ s law expresses “ prejudice ” that is “ impermissible. ” but same - sex marriage is a matter about which intelligent people reasonably disagree, partly because so little is known about its consequences. when a federal judge asked the lawyer defending california ’ s ban what harm same - sex marriage would do to the state ’ s interests in “ the procreation purpose ” of heterosexual marriage, the lawyer said, “ i don ’ t know. ” this was mistakenly portrayed as a damaging admission. both sides should acknowledge that, so far, no one can know. a brief submitted to the u. s. supreme court concerning the california case by conservative professors leon kass and harvey mansfield and the institute for marriage and public policy warns that “ the social and behavioral sciences have a long history of being shaped and driven by politics and ideology. ” and research about, for example, the stability of same - sex marriages or child rearing by same - sex couples is “ radically inconclusive ” because these are recent phenomena and they provide a small sample from which to conclude that these innovations will be benign. unlike the physical sciences, the social sciences can rarely settle questions using “ controlled and replicable experiments. ” today “ there neither are nor could possibly be any scientifically valid studies from which to predict the effects of a family structure that is so new and so rare. ” hence there can be no “ scientific basis for constitutionalizing same - sex marriage. ” the brief does not argue against same - sex marriage as social policy, other than by counseling caution about altering foundational social institutions when guidance from social science is as yet impossible. the brief is a pre - emptive refutation of inappropriate invocations of spurious social science by supporters of same - sex marriage. for example, a district court cited dr. michael lamb, a specialist in child development, asserting that the “ gender of a child ’ s parent is not a factor in a child ’ s adjustment ” and that “ having both a male and female parent does not increase the likelihood that a child will be well - adjusted. ” the conservatives ’ brief notes that, testifying in the trial court, lamb “ had conceded that his own


’ s adjustment ” and that “ having both a male and female parent does not increase the likelihood that a child will be well - adjusted. ” the conservatives ’ brief notes that, testifying in the trial court, lamb “ had conceded that his own published research concluded that growing up without fathers had significant negative effects on boys ” and that considerable research indicates “ that traditional opposite - sex biological parents appear in general to produce better outcomes for their children than other family structures do. ” the brief is replete with examples of misleading argumentation using data not drawn from studies satisfying “ the scientific standard of comparing large random samples with appropriate control samples. ” the late sen. daniel patrick moynihan, a distinguished social scientist, said the “ pronounced ” liberal orientation of the social sciences is “ well established ” and explainable : “ social scientists are frequently caught up in the politics which their work necessarily involves ” because social science “ attracts persons whose interests are in shaping the future. ” this helps explain why “ brandeis briefs ” have shaped american law. before joining the supreme court, louis brandeis defended constitutional challenges to progressive legislation by using briefs stressing social science data, or what purported to be such, rather than legal arguments. he advanced his political agenda by bald assertions inexcusable even given the limited scientific knowledge of the time. for example, in his 1908 defense of an oregon law restricting the number of hours women could work, he said “ there is more water ” in women ’ s than in men ’ s blood and women ’ s knees are constructed differently. since moynihan wrote the above in 1979, the politicization of the social sciences has become even more pronounced, particularly in matters of “ lifestyle liberalism. ” hence the need for judicial wariness about social science that purports to prove propositions - - e. g., that same - sex marriage is, or is not, harmful to children or society - - for which there cannot yet be decisive evidence. if california ’ s law is judged by legal reasoning, rather than by social science ostensibly proving that the state has no compelling interest served by banning same - sex marriage, the law may still be overturned on equal protection grounds. but such a victory for gay rights, grounded on constitutional values, and hence cast in the vocabulary of natural rights philosophy, would at least be more stable than one resting uneasily on the shiftable sand of premature social science conclusions. george will ’ s email address is firstname. lastname @ example. org. washington post


changing times in nativity art : images throughout history carry social and political messages as well as spiritual onesdec. 20, 2011 follow us on twitter : @ baylorumediacom jesus ' mother mary - - exhausted by childbirth and the trip to bethlehem - - lies asleep in the hay. next to her, joseph tenderly holds the newborn son he hadn ' t counted on when he got engaged. it ' s not a conventional illustration of the nativity. that image, in a greeting card reproduction of art by roger loveless, would have startled christians in earlier times. but that portrayal and other more recent ones, showing mary and jesus minus halos, the wise men in simple attire, and angels and the star of bethlehem absent from the scene, demonstrate how the story of a savior ' s birth has been captured in differing ways by artists across time, say art historians at baylor university. in today ' s techno - times, some people even photoshop themselves into the nativity for christmas cards. the message of hope and salvation is consistent, but " paintings of the nativity, as well as most christian art forms, tend to reflect the cultural backdrop of the artists and the anticipated receptivity of the community, " said swee hong lim, ph. d., a baylor university assistant professor of church music, who has researched christian iconography and is co - moderator of the worship committee of the 10th general assembly of the world council of churches. " art history offers glimpses to the socio - cultural world of the time when the work of art is created. such paintings are also influenced by the theological outlook of that time. context is important, " lim said. in the first 300 years of christianity, the inscriptions and paintings on walls of catacombs focused primarily on the easter story, lim said. " nativity scenes only caught on after christianity was adopted by the romans and the pagan festival of the birth of the sun, after the winter solstice, was replaced with the christian festival of christmas - - birth of the son, " lim said. art of the nativity carried a spiritual message, but it often had social and political implications as well, according to baylor university authors in an article about christmas and the epiphany in art, published in the current issue of christian reflection : a series in faith and ethics. for example, while shepherds and wise men are vital to the christmas story, shepherds - - often viewed in bible times as despicable and potentially violent - - played a minor role in art for


reflection : a series in faith and ethics. for example, while shepherds and wise men are vital to the christmas story, shepherds - - often viewed in bible times as despicable and potentially violent - - played a minor role in art for centuries, wrote heidi hornik, ph. d., a baylor professor of italian renaissance and baroque art history at baylor, and mikeal parsons, ph. d., the kidd l. and buna hitchcock macon chair in religion at baylor. both teach in the college of arts & sciences. when shepherds did appear in art, it was often to contrast or complement the magi ' s role, they wrote. traditional focus is on jesus and mary, with joseph off to one side. that makes loveless ' illustration of interest. but it is not the first time joseph has been featured prominently. italian renaissance artist domenico ghirlandaio placed joseph - - portrayed as an old man with gray hair - - in the exact center of the painting, hornik and parsons wrote. while a huge star of bethlehem lights up the sky in many nativity works of art, some modern artists, among them david lindsley and jon mcnaughton, have illuminated simple, intimate scenes with candles or lanterns held by joseph or one of the visitors to the infant jesus. one christian couple in washington shared their christmas card online, emulating a scenario by artist lindsley. they draped blankets on their heads and photoshopped themselves and their baby into the places of mary, joseph and jesus, adding their two cats sporting angel wings. while some might be puzzled or put off by digitally becoming part of the nativity scene, the idea is not unlike wearing a cross on a chain, lim said. " these are symbolic acts of differentiating themselves from others or associating themselves with an action that gives them deep personal meaning, " he said. " it asserts the strong personal value they place on their faith. " baylor university is a private christian university and a nationally ranked research institution, classified as such with " high research activity " by the carnegie foundation for the advancement of teaching. the university provides a vibrant campus community for approximately 15, 000 students by blending interdisciplinary research with an international reputation for educational excellence and a faculty commitment to teaching and scholarship. chartered in 1845 by the republic of texas through the efforts of baptist pioneers, baylor is the oldest continually operating university in texas. located in waco, baylor welcomes students from all 50 states and more than 80 countries to study a range of degrees among


by katie hacker sponsored by : beadalon® crimping is a jewelry making basic. in this beading lesson, we ’ ll cover all of the tools, materials and techniques you ’ ll need to make a perfect crimp every time. crimp beads are round like seed beads, while crimp tubes are cylindrical. crimp beads are great for illusion designs or other projects where the crimp needs to be as small and unnoticeable as possible. crimp tubes make more surface contact with the wire, so they ’ re great for attaching a clasp or making a continuous necklace. crimp beads and tubes come in different sizes, which you choose based on the diameter of the wire you ’ re using and the number of times the wire must pass through the crimp. refer to the packaging for direction. they also come in a variety of metallic finishes. crimp covers are c - shaped beads that fit over crimp beads and crimp tubes to give your designs a more finished look. there are different tools for use with the different sizes of crimps. most people start with a standard crimping tool and then acquire the other tools as they get more serious about using crimps in their designs. the micro crimper secures beadalon # 1 crimp tubes and sizes # 0 and # 1 crimp beads. the jaw grooves are comparably smaller to make a dependable closure on smaller crimp findings. the standard crimper works with the mid - range crimp beads and tubes, like beadalon # 1 and # 2 crimp beads or # 2 crimp tubes. the pocket crimper has the same size jaws as the standard crimper with short, pocket - sized handles. the dual crimper incorporates two medium crimping cavities to fit all of the crimp tubes and beads within the medium range. each cavity is slightly larger ( or smaller ) than the other to give the user the ability to tighten the crimp properly. use the mighty crimper to secure larger beadalon # 3 crimp beads or # 3, # 4 crimp tubes. you can also use it to close crimp covers. place a crimp bead or tube onto the beading wire. use the outer jaws to form an oval shape, then move the crimp to the inner jaws. squeeze hard to make a crease in


dependent personality disorderen espanol ( spanish version ) dependent personality disorder is characterized by dependent and submissive behavior, often with the person deferring the majority if not all decision - making to someone else. people with this type of personality disorder are not aware that their thoughts and behaviors are inappropriate. it is not clear what causes personality disorders, but it is likely a combination of genetic ( inherited ) factors and a person ' s environment. the central nervous system © 2008 nucleus medical art, inc. a risk factor is something that increases your chance of acquiring a disease or condition. the following factors are thought to increase the risk of dependent personality disorder : symptoms of dependent personality disorder may include : - irrational fear - relying on others for decision - making, reassurance, and advice - excessive sensitivity to criticism - a strong fear of rejection you will likely be referred to a psychiatrist or other mental health professional who will ask you about your symptoms and mental and medical health history. a diagnosis will be made after a complete psychiatric assessment that rules out other disorders such as avoidant personality disorder, agoraphobia, and major depression. talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan for you. treatment options include : counseling may be beneficial for people with dependent personality disorder. counseling sessions focus on learning how to manage your anxiety and be more assertive. in some cases, medications, such as tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, or alprazolam, may help manage symptoms. for most patients, medications only provide a minimal amount of symptom relief. other treatments, such as group therapy and social skills training, can help you manage symptoms. mental health america national institute of mental health canadian mental health association canadian psychiatric association dependent personality disorder. ebsco dynamed website. available at : http : / / www. ebscohost. com / dynamed / what. php. accessed june 25, 2007. personality disorders. mental health america website. available at : http : / / www. nmha. org / index. cfm? objectid = c7df8e96 - 1372 - 4d20 - c87d9cd4fb6be82f. accessed june 25, 2007. last reviewed april 2008 by theodor b. rais, md please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. it is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. call your healthcare provider immediately if you


i try to see the alvin ailey dance theater - - under the artistic direction of dancer par excellent judith jamison - - whenever they are in town. i happen to love this troupe that has performed for an estimated 23 million people in 71 countries on six continents. i totally relate to the dances and to the music that happens to be rooted in the unique african - american experience. i also love that while creating his dances, the late great formally trained founder, mr. ailey called forth his memories of the american south. he summoned the universal human experience so aptly expressed in the blues, gospel music, and negro spirituals. doing so caused him to create unbelievable works, one of which is his critically acclaimed and most popular, entitled revelations. now don ' t get me wrong. the company performs ballet and other dance genres. they also strive to preserve the wholly american modern dance heritage. therefore, knowing this, while watching the performers, whose ethnicities widely vary, i felt powerfully moved, and stirred, and i began to think about the origins of african dance. thus, there are a few things i ' d like to share. african dance has played a most vital role in the lives of tribal people since their earliest existence. dance was used in many ways in everyday life. it was significant in religious rituals ; it was used to request success from the supernatural, to deter danger, to express emotion, and to celebrate life ’ s milestones. i am aware that other ethnicities use dance in similar manners. however african dancers do what some others do not. they use their body ’ s different centers to create complex movements ; whereas in parts of the world others dance by simply using the body as a whole. i love the isolation that african dance employs, causing different areas of the body to rhythmically move while creating a breathtaking whole. i love the mood, set by the drum, the beat - - the actual steady heartbeat of the dance. the drum and the beat were carried to the ' new world ' when the enslavement of africans began, in the 15 and 1600 ' s. in portugal, spain, the caribbean, and in the americas, dance and the drumbeat were used to keep alive the african ' s cultural connection with his and her homeland. however, in north america this became prohibited. yet despite the often times degrading harshness of their new existence, the african found a way to allow his and her spirit to occasionally soar, through beautiful transcendent dance. they did so by allowing


statistics show that the average american watches about 28 hours of television every week. add to that hours spent using electronic devices and a good portion of time is gone. television and electronics can stimulate conversation, can entertain us, and can even educate us ; however, a lot of evidence indicates turning off these devices can lead to good health. about 50 per cent of americans admit to watching too much tv. no one knows whether the other 50 per cent are being active, are unwilling to admit they are couch potatoes or if they are simply in denial. what we do know is that for year ’ s studies have associated sedentary behavior like watching tv to weight problems. according to harvard school of public health too much time in front of the tv can destroy diets and ultimately your good health. related reading : give your own massage for pain relief very few of us can say that we have not enjoyed a little television and snack at the same time, but for some people excessive tv watching and munching always go hand - in - hand. studies show that watching the tube can be linked to increased calorie intake and poor diets. a lot of advertising on television is focused on low nutrient, high calorie foods. the institute of medicine has said that marketing practices in the food and beverage industry are putting the long - term health of children at risk. according to the national heart blood and lung institute children who have televisions in their bedrooms tend to watch up to 1. 5 hours more tv each day than those who don ’ t. in recent months more scientific evidence has pointed to how sitting still can start to chip away at your good health. an analysis published in the journal of american medical association states that data collected from 8 studies shows every additional two hours people sit still watching television or staring at a computer, their risk of developing type 2 diabetes increases by 20 per cent, and their risk of heart disease increases by 15 per cent. furthermore, research suggests that sitting for long periods of time may cause changes in a person ’ s metabolism that could lead to high cholesterol and ultimately weight gain. here are some suggestions for television watchers who want to maintain good health. • no tv ’ s in bedrooms • keep a log of tv time • do stretches, leg lifts, jumping jacks or yoga during commercials • turn tv ’ s off during meal time • don ’ t use tv time as a reward or punishment • if you have to snack, make it fresh fruits and vegetables diets and sedentary behavior aren ’ t the only issues


yoga during commercials • turn tv ’ s off during meal time • don ’ t use tv time as a reward or punishment • if you have to snack, make it fresh fruits and vegetables diets and sedentary behavior aren ’ t the only issues to consider. there are studies that suggest watching television can have a negative impact on learning abilities. one report in the archives of pediatrics and adolescent medicine demonstrated a potential link between very young children watching television and low cognitive outcomes. pediatricians recommend no television watching for children under 3 and high quality, age - appropriate programming for kids 3 and older. a 20 - year - study conducted in new york state concluded that teenagers who watch several hours of television per day do much worse at school. the research shows they have attention problems and are less likely to continue past high school. the authors of the study did admit however, that the learning disorder is not clear ; that the teenagers could be watching more television to pass the time because they find textbooks too difficult to read and understand. while the debate over whether or not television is good exercise for the brain continues, most medical experts will agree that tv watching, as well as sitting around using computers and other electronics for several hours each day can be unhealthy in the long term. doctors suggest that we can still enjoy our favorite television programs, ( in moderation ) but don ’ t forget about diets and exercise.


your heart ’ s sinus node sends an electrical impulse to make your heart beat. you may need to have an artificial pacemaker fitted if : - you have a particular type of heart block - a delay in the electrical conduction through the heart that can make the heart beat too slowly - your heart beats too fast, which is not effectively controlled by medication - you have heart failure, which may cause your heart to pump out of synch. having a pacemaker can greatly improve your quality of life and for some people it can be life saving. most pacemakers are very reliable and comfortable. they ' re smaller than an average matchbox and weigh about 20 to 50 grams. a pacemaker sits just under your collar bone and will have one or more leads which are placed into your heart through a vein. pacemakers used to be much bigger, you can read how we helped change that in our heart health a pacemaker has a pulse generator - a battery powered electronic circuit - and one or more electrode leads : - pacemakers with one lead are called single chamber - pacemakers with with two leads are called dual chamber - pacemakers with three leads are called biventricular your doctor will discuss which is the most suitable type of pacemaker for you and this will depend on the reasons why you need to have one. how do they work? the job of a pacemaker is to artificially take over the role of your heart ' s natural pacemaker, the sinus node. electrical impulses are sent by the pacemaker to stimulate your heart to contract and produce a heartbeat. most pacemakers work just when they ’ re needed - on demand. some pacemakers send out impulses all of the time - this is called fixed pacemakers do not give your heart an electrical shock. how are pacemakers fitted? pacemakers are fitted under a local anaesthetic with sedation, so you ’ ll feel very sleepy. after the pacemaker is fitted, you ’ ll usually stay overnight in hospital and your pacemaker will be checked thoroughly before you leave. serious complications from pacemakers are very unusual. how quickly will i recover? it ’ s normal to feel tired for a few days afterwards, but most people find that they are able to get back to their normal lifestyle fairly quickly. you ’ re not allowed to drive a car for at least a week after your pacemaker is fitted. who can i talk to? it ’ s important that you and your family understand why you ’ re having a pacemaker fitted and what the operation involves.


uses sound waves to make images of the heart. in transesophageal echocardiography, the ultrasound probe is passed down the throat the esophagus. the esophagus is the tube that goes from the throat to the stomach. the esophagus sits very close to the heart. this method allows for clearer images of the heart than other methods. reasons for procedure this test is done to look for problems of the heart, including : - enlarged heart - thickening of the heart walls - heart valve malfunction - blood clots - other conditions abnormal heart walls copyright © nucleus medical media, inc. what to expect prior to procedure - avoid alcohol for several days before the procedure. alcohol may interfere with the type of sedative used. - do not eat or drink for 4 - 8 hours before the procedure. - arrange to have someone give you a ride home after the procedure. you will be given a mild sedative through an iv. you will be sleepy throughout the procedure. a topical anesthetic may also be applied to the back of the throat. this will numb the throat. description of the procedure you will be asked to lie on your side in a hospital gown. the ultrasound probe will be slid down your throat and into the esophagus until it is near the heart. the device will create active images of the heart. when the imaging is done, the probe will be taken out. how long will it take? will it hurt? there may be some mild discomfort during the procedure. most patients sleep through the procedure and remember very little of it. your throat may be sore for a few days. you will need a ride home from the procedure. do not eat or drink until the numbness in your throat wears off. this will keep you from inhaling food or drink into the lungs. be sure to follow your doctor ’ s instructions. talk to your doctor about the results of the test. call your doctor call your doctor if any of the following occurs : - sore throat does not subside or worsens - pain in the throat or chest develops - difficulty breathing if you think you have an emergency, call for medical help right away.