in low - and middle - income regions of the world, 2004 table 3 shows the top 15 countries ranked according to the number of under - 5 deaths due to diarrhoeal diseases. these 15 countries account for 73 % of all under - 5 diarrhoeal deaths occurring worldwide. india alone is responsible for more than half a million diarrhoeal deaths. table 3. countries accounting for three - quarters of deaths due to diarrhoea in the developing regions of the world, 2004 despite several attempts to estimate mortality from diarrhoea over the past decades and in recent years, the uncertainty surrounding its current level remains quite high. this occurs partly because of the lack in quality and number of available data and partly because of the lack of consistency in methods. we systematically reviewed studies that provided child cause - specific mortality published since 1980 and employed a rigorous and transparent approach to estimate current country, regional, and global diarrhoea mortality. two recent studies presented global estimates of child deaths due to diarrhoea that were equal to 2. 5 million5 and 2. 1 million. 25 a third review has estimated that 22 % of all deaths among under - 5s in sub - saharan africa and 23 % in south asia were caused by diarrhoeal diseases in the year 2000. 8 the point estimate in our study resulted in 1. 87 million deaths with an uncertainty range of 1. 56 and 2. 19 million deaths. these results are slightly lower than those calculated in the three other recent reviews. the main reasons for the differences encountered between this study and those by kosek et al. 5 and parashar et al. 25 are most probably due to the different data and methods employed. in the present study, we performed a thorough literature review and took advantage of best available data to adjust for age, time, all - cause under - 5 mortality, and regional mortality strata. our approach has four major advantages when compared to earlier estimates. first, the method used here is transparent with all data sources available on the web. in addition, it is consistent with the cherg systematic review protocol and comparable to the method used across different causes of under - 5 deaths. 6 – 10 second, the adjustment for age groups had not been previously used in the estimation of deaths from diarrhoea and has enabled the inclusion of a larger number of data points in the analysis. third, our study did not assume that the locations where studies were carried out were representative of the whole country. the use of local covariates


diarrhoea and has enabled the inclusion of a larger number of data points in the analysis. third, our study did not assume that the locations where studies were carried out were representative of the whole country. the use of local covariates to relate to proportional diarrhoea mortality and the use of national level variables to extrapolate estimates to national levels is intended to provide a correction for this common biased assumption. finally, our approach enables estimation of diarrhoea mortality at country level, not just of regional averages. the method employed in our study is closer to that used by morris et al., 8 also developed within cherg. one of the possible reasons for the somewhat lower estimates calculated in our analysis are the different sources of data. we have included 57 data points in our analysis as opposed to the 38 included in the review by morris et al., mostly from sub - saharan africa and south asia. in our review, there is a larger number of studies from the americas, where the proportions of deaths due to diarrhoea are lower than in sub - saharan africa and south asia. other likely reasons for the differences are the different covariates included for modelling and the different models employed, which have diverse assumptions and statistical properties. it is worth noting that the multicause model has also provided higher estimates for the proportion of malaria deaths in sub - saharan africa ( 24 % ) than the 18 % estimated by the single - cause model proposed by rowe et al. 9 besides, the all - cause model has not taken into account the high proportion of hiv mortality in the afr e subregion. it is likely that this may have resulted in an overestimation of the proportion of the other causes of death. there are some limitations intrinsic to the type of review and meta - analysis used in our assessment. locations where special population studies are conducted are rarely representative of the entire countries as they are usually carried out in populations that are either easy to access or have atypical mortality patterns. however, using local variables in the model and national level variables to predict country estimates should account, at least in part, for this potential site bias. the inclusion of mid - year of study in the model could be seen as reflecting both time and place of study as studies conducted in different years could also be from different places. yet, time distribution of the studies within each region is very similar. furthermore, the use of a dichotomous dummy variable for controlling for time in the regression model makes them equivalent for all


conducted in different years could also be from different places. yet, time distribution of the studies within each region is very similar. furthermore, the use of a dichotomous dummy variable for controlling for time in the regression model makes them equivalent for all countries. our estimates, as well as those obtained from other reviews, rely on published epidemiological studies that used mostly verbal autopsy methods in their assessment of causes of death. consequently, they have limitations that are inherent to this type of data such as misclassification of causes of death due to imperfect sensitivity and specificity of the instrument. misclassification of causes of death is likely to be random ; therefore it does not necessarily imply that the distribution of these causes will be biased. we have not attempted to correct for the possible measurement errors introduced by the use of verbal autopsy26, 27 because there was not enough site - specific information from validation studies to enable an adequate adjustment. 27 it is also worth noting that most ( 68 % ) of the data used in this review refer to studies that were carried out between the late 1980s and early 1990s and that the latest mid - year of observation was 1997. this represents a lag time of almost 10 years. currently, available data are unable to capture possible recent changes in diarrhoea mortality either due to changes in interventions, their coverage, or new emerging diseases and competing causes of death, with the exception of hiv / aids which is captured by the use of subregional levels of mortality. public health implications estimates obtained here can be used as the starting point for the monitoring of cause of death at country, regional and global levels in the future. clearly, such estimates do not replace empirical data. nevertheless, they are an invaluable tool for guiding decision - making and prioritizing interventions in child health strategies and planning in countries where vital registration or other sources of community - based data on causes of death are not available. importantly, such an estimation process is exceptionally useful for identifying gaps in information and for developing approaches to tackling data problems. information on causes of death for children aged less than 5 years has not increased significantly since the late 1980s. the lack of systems able to generate representative quality data on a regular basis is one of the major obstacles for international and national planning to reduce under - 5 mortality. by providing best possible estimates of the distribution of causes of death, cherg methods have proven to be a transient alternative to countries without adequate information. the main cherg standards for estimating the burden of mortality, used in this review


- 5 mortality. by providing best possible estimates of the distribution of causes of death, cherg methods have proven to be a transient alternative to countries without adequate information. the main cherg standards for estimating the burden of mortality, used in this review include : ( i ) thorough literature search ; ( ii ) data abstraction exercise performed by two independent data abstractors and with two independent data entries ; ( iii ) very strict inclusion and exclusion criteria ; and ( iv ) use of local covariates to predict national estimates. we strongly believe that these rigorous criteria ensured that inputs for the current estimates consisted of the most valid information available and that the modelling of local variables to predict national estimates was performed using an innovative and best possible approach. results presented here should thus allow settings without adequate information to draw a reasonable picture of the burden of under - 5 diarrhoea mortality that should ultimately result in practical planning for the prioritization of interventions and decision - making. ■ this work was done through cherg, coordinated by the department of child and adolescent health and development and supported by the department of measurement and health information systems of who. we thank bob black and members of cherg for their critical review of the methods. we thank colin mathers, doris ma fat and mie inoue for providing data related to the who mortality database. we also thank cesar victora and bernardo horta for providing additional data from their cohort study. funding : the bill and melinda gates foundation provided financial support for the work of cherg. competing interests : none declared. - united nations millennium declaration 2000. available from : http : / / www. un. org / millennium / declaration / ares552e. htm [ accessed on 19 may 2008 ]. - united nations millennium development goals. available from : http : / / www. un. org / millenniumgoals / [ accessed on 19 may 2008 ]. - snyder jd, merson mh. the magnitude of the global problem of acute diarrhoeal disease : a review of active surveillance data. bull world health organ 1982 ; 60 : 604 - 13. - bern c, martines j, de zoysa i, glass ri. the magnitude of the global problem of diarrhoeal disease : a ten - year update. bull world health organ 1992 ; 70 : 705 - 14 pmid : 1486666. - kosek m, bern c, guerrant r. the global burden of diarrhoeal disease as estimated from studies published between 1992 and 2000.


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ask the experts and many of them will tell you the same thing : the single - serve coffee category is hotter than freshly brewed java. fueled by convenience, the time - saving system that lets users prepare drinks by the cup is gaining popularity worldwide. yet, since their inception, single - serve cups and capsules have had to dodge the criticism that they ’ re inherently bad for the environment. since single - serve capsules are discarded after each use, the brewing method is not as green as preparing drinks with ground coffee or espresso. and, we ’ re talking about a lot of cups and capsules. according to the national coffee association, single - serve coffee is the fastest - growing sector of the home market, as well as the second most popular brewing method after conventional drip coffee makers. so, what ’ s an environmentally conscious coffee lover to do? must eco - concerns be set aside in favor of fast, convenient, and reliable drinks by the cup? fortunately, leading single - serve manufacturers are addressing the issue head on. green mountain coffee roasters ( gmcr ), the maker of k - cups for keurig, conducted a life cycle analysis to assess the environmental impact of its single - serve packs. highlights of the study are as follows : according to the study, even though the end - of - life cycle - - when a k - cup is used and discarded - - is the most visible, it actually only accounts for only 5 % of the potential global warming output. nevertheless, gmcr has put together a program to allow workplace customers in the contiguous u. s. to collect and return spent k - cups for composting and energy from waste processing. the grounds to grow on program is estimated to have recovered 4. 1 million k - cup packs and composted over 85, 000 pounds of ground coffee in the same year. the plastic from spent k - cups saved approximately 139 kilowatt hours. want to take matters into your own hands, give the keurig my k - cup filter basket a try. it is a reusable filter that lets you brew with any ground pre - ground coffee you choose. no hassle, no mess, and no waste. at nespresso, the talk centers around recycling as well as developing more sustainable aluminum for their single - serve capsules. in the u. s., the company has capsule collection systems in place in cities with nespresso boutiques including : new york, los angeles, and san francisco. nespresso has also launched


aluminum for their single - serve capsules. in the u. s., the company has capsule collection systems in place in cities with nespresso boutiques including : new york, los angeles, and san francisco. nespresso has also launched the alucycle, partnering with mining, refining, retrieval, recycling organizations to improve the sustainability of aluminum. the company has also teamed up with the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) to promote environmentally sound aluminum practices. taking its commitment one step further, nespresso has equipped some of its single - serve machines with an eco button, which will automatically turn the machine off after 30 minutes of inactivity to conserve energy. the feature is available on the latest generation of the citiz machines. as an added bonus, purchase any nespresso single - serve machine over $ 199 from now until june 17, 2013 and you can register for a $ 50 nespresso club credit good for free capsules. illy iperespresso fans can take heart in knowing that their capsules are made from recycled plastic. the company is working on a method to allow consumers to open, clean, and recycle their capsules. while single - serve systems may not be as eco - friendly as other more traditional brewing methods, the leading manufacturers are taking notes and continually making improvements to their products. don ’ t write them off just yet. like heirlooms, treasured recipes get passed down from generation to generation, building memories at every turn. in celebration of mother ’ s day, we ’ re asking you to share your family ’ s favorite coffee or espresso - related recipe for a chance to win a keurig b31 mini plus in platinum, a box of green mountain nantucket blend k - cups, two whole latte love latte cups. you can submit a drink or food recipe, so long as one of the ingredients is coffee or espresso. enter here by noon ( est ) on may 6, 2013 and we ’ ll put your submission up for an open vote. our fans will determine who wins this contest! voting ends on may 9 noon ( est ) just two days after recipe submissions are due. anyone with a college experience similar to mine will be in for a number of late nights and early mornings. now, whether you ’ re in a dorm, or in an apartment, getting that first cup of coffee can be essential to keeping you alert and productive for the rest of the day. i know that time and money are kind


nights and early mornings. now, whether you ’ re in a dorm, or in an apartment, getting that first cup of coffee can be essential to keeping you alert and productive for the rest of the day. i know that time and money are kind of a big deal for most college students, and i know you ’ re going to want to find a fast and affordable source of coffee. don ’ t worry ; we ’ re here to help. when it comes to quick, convenient coffee, single - serve machines work very well. no mess, no hassle, and you never need to worry about brewing too much. if you ’ re worried about price, don ’ t be. we have a number of affordable single serve options like the keurig b31 mini plus, and if you do go with a keurig, you might want to check out the my k - cup filter basket, an innovative accessory that allows you to use your own pre - ground coffee in your machine in addition to k - cups. while a single serve machine is likely to become a much worshiped and permanent fixture in your place of residence, necessity will sometimes require that your coffee be mobile and when that ’ s the case, few things work better than the bodum french press travel set. not only is it an actual french press for brewing coffee, it ’ s a stainless steel mug that you can take anywhere, how ’ s that for dual functionality? now the coffee. it ’ s true that you could go to any local grocery store and probably find some super cheap drip with remarkably clever names like “ brewer ’ s choice ” or “ happy mountain coffee, ” and sure it ’ s kitschy and character building. but, when you don ’ t feel like drinking something that tastes like diesel fuel every morning, that ’ s when you check out our coffee instead. even without a really expensive machine, good coffee is still good coffee. you might be thinking though that you ’ re limited to pre - ground, well think again. the bodum bistro blade grinder is a compact and affordable option for budget conscious bean lovers and is available in four colors. no matter where you go, or what your major may be, remember that back to school doesn ’ t have to mean back to bad coffee! it ' s summertime and the living ' s easy, shouldn ' t your coffee be simple too? simplicity is the name of the game with keurig and we ' re happy to introduce some new k - cups this season to keep


coffee! it ' s summertime and the living ' s easy, shouldn ' t your coffee be simple too? simplicity is the name of the game with keurig and we ' re happy to introduce some new k - cups this season to keep you caffeinated with minimal hassle. these k - cups are compatible with all keurig machines, the breville bkc700xl as well as the cuisinart ss - 700. fans of celebrity chef wolfgang puck, whose restaurants, shows and cookbooks have been american staples since the 80s, can now enjoy his original coffee creations at home. keurig has partnered with puck to offer two memorable k - cups, breakfast in bed and jamaica me crazy. for a traditional cup of joe that ' s anything but ordinary, try wolfgang puck breakfast in bed. this medium - roast, single - serve coffee is well balanced and smooth, making it perfect for those laid - back summer days. if you ' re dreaming of a tropical getaway, on the other hand, jamaica me crazy may the perfect ticket. this flavored coffee puts an island twist on regular java. it is distinguished by a remarkable coconut flavor and pleasing aromas. not to be outdone, timothy ' s and gloria jean ' s coffees have flavored k - cups of their own. the first is the exotic timothy ' s kahlua orginal k - cups. this light - roast arabica coffee sets itself apart with enticing flavors of rum, caramel and vanilla. timothy ' s kahlua k - cups are great for late afternoon drinks or entertaining guests, as the flavors beg to be savored. for more conventional fare, try gloria jean ' s cappuccino coffee k - cups. this is a creamy, medium - roast flavored coffee with cinnamon - y undertones. it has a well - rounded body and balanced acidity. the kahlua and cappuccino k - cups are both certified kosher. if you just need a quick jolt to keep you going during the dog days of summer, keurig ' s new revv coffee k - cups promises to deliver just that. said to capture “ energy in its purest form, ” revv is a striking dark coffee that is undeniably bold. since it was launched, the revv blend has been praised by countless customers for being smooth and never bitter. the new green mountain extra bold espresso blend is also another great option for fans of strong coffee. it


is undeniably bold. since it was launched, the revv blend has been praised by countless customers for being smooth and never bitter. the new green mountain extra bold espresso blend is also another great option for fans of strong coffee. it ' s a dark - roast blend of certified organic and fair trade coffee. green mountain extra bold espresso presents a nice palate consisting of chocolate and vanilla flavors accented by a smoky, fruity undertone. all of keurig ' s new k - cups are available in boxes of 18. but, if you find a flavor that ' s to your liking, make sure you stock up as they have a very good chance of selling out! no matter if you ' re brewing at home or looking for a single - serve coffee solution for the office, k - cups are a great value and offer the convenience of truly hassle - free beverages. if you ' re tired of the same old drinks, break out of the rut with a creative latte. this month ' s recipe is perfect for the adventurous latte lovers out there. in a tall 16oz glass, combine the espresso, syrup and milk. stir the contents and add ice. garnish with whipped cream, if desired, and enjoy! with st. patrick ' s day right around the corner, may the luck... and drinks, of the irish be with you. given the upcoming festivities, now is as good a time as any to take a look at the history of one of the most ( in ) famous, drinks in the world — the irish coffee. in true celtic fashion, think leprechauns and pots of gold, the origins of the irish coffee begins with a local folklore... legend has it that the drink was invented in a cafe at the now - defunct foynes airport. in 1943, on a particularly nasty winter evening, a flight bound for botwood, newfoundland made the critical decision to return to foynes after several hours in the air. consider that 1943 was during wwii and commercial air travel was really in its infancy — think well - heeled men and women on a flying - boat voyage. the circumstances of the diverted flight were trying at best and left passengers a little bit more than peeved. upon making the decision to head back to foynes, the captain reportedly sent a morse - code message to the control tower, alerting ground operations personnel of the impending return. at the terminal, preparations were made to welcome back the crew


here is a quick look at the inventions that have made coffee consumption so popular : today, many manufactures use single - serve options for brewing coffee that have filters built in. popular brands include : nespresso, illy, gaggia, keurig and tassimo, to name a few. the average american can create the desired drink in seconds, with the perfect amount of coffee, temperature and no cleanup. the development of single - serve systems can trace its roots back to the humble paper filter. many single serve options, consists of a “ filter ” that contains an exact amount of coffee, ground specifically to create a unique coffee drink. the packaging prevents oxygen, light and moisture from degrading the coffee. each cup of coffee produced is of the highest quality and freshness. several well - known coffee roasters, such as green mountain coffee roasters, have created branded single - serve coffee options. illy and the iperespresso system illy has evolved into a world renowned manufacturer of coffee. illy coffee is available in medium or dark roasts ; regular or decaffeinated ; whole bean, fine and medium grinds ; as well as e. s. e. ( easy serving espresso ) pods and iperespresso capsules. illy ’ s introduction of the iperespresso system has revolutionized the preparation of espresso. this patented two - part process replaces the traditional manner in which espresso was extracted. in the first stage called “ iper - infusion, ” hot water under high pressure creates optimal brewing conditions within the iperchamber to enhance the extraction of coffee flavor and aroma and increase its richness and complexity. in the second stage, “ emulsification, ” coffee is forced through the patented e - valve at the bottom of the capsule, mixing with air to produce a velvety, long - lived crema. illy ’ s iperespresso capsules are compatible with the francisfrancis x7 and gaggia for illy single - serve espresso machines. the modern espresso machine he modern - day espresso machine was created by gaggia in 1946. it has experienced subtle changes since its inception. the technology and use of commercial components have not changed. consumers who want to achieve an authentic espresso or milk - based drink from home are rarely disappointed. the machines offer the option to use ground coffee or pods. recently, gaggia introduced a new pressurized portafilter basket that takes the guess


who want to achieve an authentic espresso or milk - based drink from home are rarely disappointed. the machines offer the option to use ground coffee or pods. recently, gaggia introduced a new pressurized portafilter basket that takes the guesswork out of creating perfect crema. this filter basket is compatible with all the semi - automatic gaggia espresso machines currently on the market. additionally, the popular gaggia baby series introduced a new model that has dual boilers, perfect for temperature stability and creating milk based drinks with ease. as you can see several inventions, introduced to coffee drinkers over 75 years ago, still have an impact on how we enjoy this beverage. it will be exciting to see how the coffee drinking experience continues to evolve in the next decade. tracy i always thought that my street was pretty liberal and open - minded ; but based on the faces and reactions, you would think that she had just opened the liquor cabinet and poured herself a double. the fact of the matter is, despite the preconceived ideas that my friends might have had, the benefits of coffee, in moderation, for children are proven. research by dr. tomas depaulis at vanderbilt university ' s institute for coffee studies has actually shown that children who drink coffee are much more alert ; show a marked boost in concentration, and may do better on school tests. studies have also shown that coffee has helped children with attention deficit disorder stay more focused and on - task. dr. depaulis shared his research and discussed childhood depression with webmd. in the interview he said, " there recently was a study from brazil finding that children who drink coffee with milk each day are less likely to have depression than other children, in fact, no studies show that coffee in reasonable amounts is, in any way, harmful to children. " just as an end note, jordan has never missed being on the honor roll and she is as happy as a 15 - year - girl could be. what is the youngest age that you think children should start drinking coffee? how have your kids reacted when they have had coffee to drink?


as concern over global warming intensified over the past few years, biofuels derived from food crops quickly emerged as a practical answer to the energy crisis. adding corn ethanol to gasoline or using palm oil for biodiesel makes the fuel burn more cleanly, stretches oil supplies, and perhaps most attractive to some politicians, provides a nice boost to big agribusiness. in europe and in the us, increasing biofuels was mandated by law. fortunately the rush to biofuels production has slowed because of a number of well - documented negative side effects. biofuels production contributed to a global food shortage and a rise in food prices as farmers sold off their crops to ethanol or biodiesel producers. deforestation increased in tropical wilderness areas as countries such as brazil and indonesia cleared rainforest to make room for biofuels such as soybeans, leading to large losses in biodiversity. deforestation also increased greenhouse gas emissions, as carbon stored in those forests was released into the atmosphere, offsetting gains from biofuel use and contributing to global warming. in the us, agricultural run - off increased as millions of acres of farmland were brought into production, creating one of the biggest ever dead - zones in the gulf of mexico as fertilizers made their way down the mississippi. much of the farmlands returned to production were lands previously placed in highly successful, federally funded conservation programs … including some of our last wild prairie lands. with remarkable lack of foresight, some members of congress have suggested removing even more lands from these programs. the decreased fuel efficiency of vehicles using ethanol – some drivers are also saying ethanol fuels makes their engines sputter – combined with the energy and fertilizer intensive process for producing crop - based biofuels, further combined with serious biodiversity and food supply impacts, all make it clear that biofuels produced from crops are not a solution. another perverse effect has been that ethanol subsidies driven up the price of corn, slashing profit margins, and making corn - based ethanol production in the us have viable only for some of the larger food producers – the very same large industrial agribusiness companies that drove the rush to ethanol in the first place … biofuels hold significant promise if they are produced in a way that takes their entire life - cycle into account, from production to indirect impacts such as loss of wilderness areas, and especially if they can be generated using non - food crop sources. cellulosic ethanol, produced from switchgrass or biowastes has higher cellulose content and is available in abundant


from production to indirect impacts such as loss of wilderness areas, and especially if they can be generated using non - food crop sources. cellulosic ethanol, produced from switchgrass or biowastes has higher cellulose content and is available in abundant quantities without growing crops. cellulosic ethanol could therefore be a far more efficient and environmentally friendly biofuel alternative, pending investments in the necessary technology and infrastructure. luckily we ‘ re now witnessing the first retreat on crop - based biofuel production as politicians are finally forced to admit that crop - based biofuels are hugely problematic. the european union parliament ’ s environment committee recently voted unanimously to reduce mandated biofuel targets, though only parliament can make this decision final. in the u. s., the state of texas is asking the environmental protection agency for a waiver to temporarily reduce ethanol production. as with the eu, epa has not yet decided what to do. with a little luck, common sense will prevail, and the result will be a stronger food supply, better economic policy, and more wild nature. post your comment here comments are the sole responsibility of their authors. wild is not responsible, nor will be held liable, for blog comments. wild reserves the right to delete any comment that is abusive, profane, rude, or considered spam.


where are we now? climate " today " before we move on to projections of future state of our planet ' s climate, let ' s take a few looks at the current state of earth ' s climate. these graphs show how carbon emissions, atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, and global average temperatures have changed in recent times. this image shows sea surface temperatures ( sst ) averaged over a whole year ( in this case, 2001 ). notice how temperatures range from freezing ( 0° c or 32° f ) near the poles to around 30° c ( about 86° f ) in the tropics. credits : image courtesy of plumbago via wikipedia, using data from the world ocean atlas 2001. here is earth ' s surface air temperature in recent times. this image shows average temperatures for the period from 1961 to 1990. credits : image courtesy of robert a. rhohde and the global warming art project. average global temperature 1940 - 2005 | all values are in comparison to 1940 - 1980 average ( green shading ). map at left shows 1995 - 2005 averages ( the orange shaded region on the graph above ). blue points and lines on the graph are annual values ; the red line is the 5 - year smoothed average. this map ( above ) shows recent changes in earth ' s surface air temperatures. the colors indicate the temperatures in the decade around 2000 as compared to average values from about 40 years earlier. specifically, the colors compare average temperatures during the years 1995 through 2004 versus the averages from 1940 through 1980. the global averge temperature increased about 0. 42° c during this time. credits : map image courtesy of robert a. rohde and the global warming art project. graph is original artwork by windows to the universe staff ( randy russell ) using data from noaa. use the popup menu in the upper left corner of the interactive below to select a map to view. choices include contemporary global surface air temperature and sea surface temperature, changes in temperature by 2000, and four climate model projections for possible future climate in 2025 and 2095. compare maps side - by - side using the viewer below. shop windows to the universe science store! cool it! is the new card game from the union of concerned scientists that teaches kids about the choices we have when it comes to climate change — and how policy and technology decisions made today will matter. cool it! is available in our online store you might also be interested in : leaders from 192 nations of the world are trying to make an agreement about how to limit


it comes to climate change — and how policy and technology decisions made today will matter. cool it! is available in our online store you might also be interested in : leaders from 192 nations of the world are trying to make an agreement about how to limit emissions of heat - trapping greenhouse gases, mitigate climate change, and adapt to changing environmental conditions.... more climate in your place on the globe is called regional climate. it is the average weather pattern in a place over more than thirty years, including the variations in seasons. to describe the regional climate... more less than 1 % of the gases in earth ' s atmosphere are called greenhouse gases. even though they are not very abundant, these greenhouse gases have a major effect. carbon dioxide ( co2 ), water vapor ( h2o ),... more television weather forecasts in the space age routinely feature satellite views of cloud cover. cameras and other instruments on spacecraft provide many types of valuable data about earth ' s atmosphere... more predicting how our climate will change in the next century or beyond requires tools for assessing how planet responds to change. global climate models, which are run on some of the world ' s fastest supercomputers,... more the world ' s surface air temperature increased an average of 0. 6° celsius ( 1. 1°f ) during the last century according to the intergovernmental panel on climate change ( ipcc ). this may not sound like very... more a factor that has an affect on climate is called a “ forcing. ” some forcings, like volcanic eruptions and changes in the amount of solar energy, are natural. others, like the addition of greenhouse gases... more


aug. 3, 1492 : columbus sets out to discover … a trade route 1492 : christopher columbus, sailing for the spanish crown, weighs anchor for the new world. from his flagship santa maria, columbus commanded a squadron that included the caravels nina and pinta. the original purpose of the voyage was not to discover new lands but to open up a trade route to the " indies " or asia, that would allow spanish merchantmen to bypass the hostile muslim fleets sailing out of the middle east. columbus tried to interest the portuguese in his scheme, but they took a pass. he would have been spurned by spain, too, had that nation ’ s centuries - long war with the moors been going badly. fortunately for columbus, the spaniards were winning handily, and victory was in sight. when the last moorish stronghold fell at granada, spain was feeling expansive. and columbus, the sailor from genoa, was ready and waiting. he never did find that alternate route around the muslims, but on oct. 12, 1492 columbus made landfall in what is today the bahamas, and the course of history was changed forever. although it ’ s long been known that other outsiders reached north america well before columbus, his landfall remains the most significant, for good and ill. it opened up the sea lanes to the first permanent back - and - forth traffic of europeans, their armies, their priests and their commerce. image : chromolithograph depicts columbus claiming possession of the new world. ( prang education, 1893 ) this article first appeared on wired. com aug. 3, 2007.


term : the upper mississippi ( historic marker erected 1980 ) rest area, tourist info center no. 31, i - 90, french island, lacrosse, la crosse county from lake itasca, minnesota, to cairo, illinois, the upper mississippi river flows through america ' s heartland for over 1100 miles. its currents have borne the indian ' s canoe, the explorer ' s dugout, and the trader ' s packet. jacques marquette, louis jolliet, and zebulon pike tested its strength. mark twain gave it life in literature. paddle - wheelers by the hundreds ferried lesser known passengers over its waters during the halcyon days of steamboating in the 19th century. into the great river pour the st. croix, chippewa, black, wisconsin, rock, illinois, missouri, and ohio. along its banks have flourished st. paul, winona, la crosse, davenport, keokuk, quincy, and st. louis. for a time diminished in importance by the rail - roads, the great river came back into its. own in the 20th century through dredging and damming. the present nine - foot channel and a series of locks and dams allow 300 - foot barges to transport coal, cement, grain, and other products vital to the region ' s economic well being. imposing in size and beauty, violent and muddy in floodstage, calm and serene on a summer morn, the great river sustains life and livelihood within itself, along its banks, and upward in the hinterlands east and west. [ source : source : mcbride, sarah davis. history just ahead ( madison : whs, 1999 ). ]


learn something new every day more info... by email dark energy is a very sparse, uniform negative pressure that permeates the entire observable universe. it accounts for 70 % of the mass / energy in the universe and is responsible for its accelerating rate of expansion. dark energy is unlike the energy we are familiar with because it is not concentrated locally, as is the case with stars and galaxies, manifestations of conventional matter and energy. there are many other important differences between conventional energy and dark energy, which physicists continue to investigate. the exact form or mechanism of operation of dark energy is unknown. in this respect, it is similar to its cousin, dark matter, which can only be observed by the influence it has on normal matter and energy. there are two major theories for the form of dark energy, although one is more prominent than the other. the first theory, quintessence, describes the dark energy as a fluctuating field that changes its intensity based on location. the second theory, that of a cosmological constant, describes dark energy as constant and uniform. it is this second theory that is believed by most physicists and forms the basis of the lambda - cdm model, the prevailing model of the structure of the cosmos. the negative pressure of the cosmological constant is thought to originate from vacuum fluctuations at extremely small scales in all space. so - called virtual particles are continuously created and destroyed in this vacuum, creating a quantum foam that itself has energy. the existence of dark energy has implications for the ultimate fate of the universe. if dark energy is an intrinsic property of space, as it looks to be, then it will continue to be exist indefinitely. if dark energy is the cause of the universe ’ s accelerating expansion, then it will also be the cause of reducing the average density of any parcel of space in the long run. as the universe grows more and more sparse, it will also grow more cold and hostile to life. therefore, dark energy can justifiably be blamed for bringing on the “ heat death ” of the universe. is europe using some type of dark energy device to power the earth?? my dad read it to me from a news paper. i just could not find anything about it


this item is in : food science > nestle functional foods and nutrition series > nestle nutrition workshop : pediatric programmicrobial host - interaction : tolerance versus allergy edited by p brandtzaeg, e isolauri and s l prescott nestle nutrition workshop series : pediatric program series no. 64 most indigenous microbes occur in the intestinal tract, and their interactions with the host are largely unknown. current understanding of host - microbe interactions links early microbial contact to the origin of disease, a theory that has its roots in the hygiene hypothesis. modern life style appears to deprive the infant of conditions that provide adequate anti - inflammatory or tolerogenic stimuli upon antigen encounter. thus, maturational signals from the environment and the diet are insufficient to adequately shape the immune system. microbial host - interaction deals with the relationship between the gut microbiota as well as altered pattern of early microbial contact and the origin of human disease. new aspects of the original hygiene hypothesis are discussed in relation to disorders spanning from allergy and autoimmunity to obesity. the results presented suggest that all these disorders may be linked to aberrant antigen absorption and immune responses associated with dysfunction of mucosal defense. researchers, clinicians and students interested in the interaction of the host with indigenous gut bacteria and the consequences for human health will find this publication of utmost interest. isbn 3 8055 9167 5 isbn - 13 : 978 3 8055 9167 6 272 pages 234 x 156mm hardback £165. 00 / us $ 280. 00 / €200. 00 usually dispatched within 1 – 2 weeks titles which may also be of interest : milk and milk products in human nutrition drivers of innovation in pediatric nutrition importance of growth for health and development emerging societies - coexistence of childhood malnutrition and obesity a paradigm for commensalism : the role of a specific microbial polysaccharide in health and disease ; the hygiene hypothesis : do we still believe in it? ‘ abc ’ of mucosal immunology ; innate and adaptive immune pathways to tolerance ; hitting the mucosal road in tolerance induction ; obesity – extending the hygiene hypothesis ; autoimmunity and diet ; eosinophilic esophagitis : example of an emerging allergic manifestation? microbial – host interactions in inflammatory bowel diseases and experimental colitis ; development and regulation of immune responses to food antigens in pre - and postnatal life ; novel approaches in treating food allergy using allergens


microsoft word styles are powerful tools included in all versions of word. if you are a new user, you may not know what styles are or how to apply them to format your documents. whether you own word 2007 or 2010, this article will help you understand the basics of microsoft word styles. it shows you how to find the predefined styles, and includes a tutorial that shows you how to change the style set and easily format your document by applying styles. it also briefly covers the topic of custom styles. a style is a definition that determines the document formatting options that are applied to characters or paragraphs. note : sometimes styles are referred to as tags. however, in microsoft word, styles is the correct term. how many times have you gone through a lengthy document and manually reformatted the same text over and over again to get it right? it can waste hours of your time and all of that clicking can give you a nasty case of carpal tunnel syndrome. using styles helps you use consistent formatting throughout your document. applying a style only takes a click or two so it is much faster than manually formatting block after block of text. styles can contain definitions for fonts, paragraph spacing, line height, hyphenation, tabs, page breaks, indentation, and more! as you can see from the list, styles can become quite complex. but don ' t worry, microsoft word contains many predefined styles. that means you can use them even if you don ' t know how to create your own styles from scratch. there are different ways to access the predefined microsoft word styles, but the easiest way in word 2007 or 2010 is to select one from the quick style gallery. quick styles were introduced in word 2007 and are located on the home tab. there are 11 style sets to choose from, 14 style sets in word 2010. each set can be altered by selecting different theme colors or fonts, resulting in thousands of unique styles available for document formatting. for the following tutorial, open word 2007 and start a new document. ( these instructions also work for microsoft word 2010. ) let ' s begin by entering some dummy text so you can see how changing the style set affects the document formatting. here is how to enter random text into a document : entering this code inserts three paragraphs of text into your document. now let ' s see how easy it is to change the look and feel of the document just by changing the style set. follow these steps


to enter random text into a document : entering this code inserts three paragraphs of text into your document. now let ' s see how easy it is to change the look and feel of the document just by changing the style set. follow these steps to change the style set in your sample document : to change the theme fonts or colors, click change styles again, then select either colors or fonts from the menu. in word 2010, there is an additional option on the menu for changing paragraph spacing. now that you have selected a style set, let ' s apply some styles to the text in your document. follow these steps to easily create a title by applying a style : the new style is applied and your document now has a professional - looking title. if you are following the steps in this tutorial, your paragraph formatting is probably set to the default ( normal ) style. but just in case it isn ' t, let ' s apply the default paragraph and font style to make sure that the formatting is consistent throughout the document. follow these steps to apply the normal style : all of the text changes to the default font with the default paragraph spacing. the text looks a bit boring, so let ' s add emphasis to certain words by applying a character style. follow these steps to apply bold formatting to selected text : you have just formatted your first document using microsoft word styles! not only does it look professional, but you have created a handy reference guide to microsoft word 2007 galleries. before you close the document, why not print it? the predefined styles give you lots of document formatting options to choose from, but you can also create your own custom microsoft word styles. you can create new styles for each document, or you can save your custom styles and reuse them later. saving styles you use often is a good way to speed up the process of creating word documents. so how do you save the custom styles you create? you save them to a template. you can save styles you always want available to the default ( normal. dotm ) template, or you can save styles to custom templates. you may have already used some of the custom microsoft word templates that are available in the template gallery. open the microsoft office template gallery to open the template gallery, click the office button, then click new. to download the free online templates, you must have genuine microsoft office software installed. the next time you use a microsoft word template, look at the quick style gallery within the document


american heritage® dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - n. a device, such as a fuse or percussion cap, used to set off an explosive charge. - n. an explosive. century dictionary and cyclopedia - n. that which detonates ; it detonating preparation ; a percussion - cap. - n. a device used to detonate an explosive device etc. - n. rail transport, uk a small explosive device attached to the railhead to provide an audible warning when a train passes over it. gnu webster ' s 1913 - n. obsolete, obsolete an explosive whose action is practically instantaneous. - n. obsolete, obsolete something used to detonate a charge, as a detonating fuse. - n. obsolete, obsolete a case containing detonating powder, the explosion of which serves as a signal, as on railroads. - n. obsolete a gun fired by a percussion cap. - n. a mechanical or electrical explosive device or a small amount of explosive ; can be used to initiate the reaction of a disrupting explosive - detonate + - or ( wiktionary ) “ and interestingly, a similar detonator is connected to a massive nuclear device under the city of munich, set to ignite in eighty hours. ” “ besides, the detonator is not yet manufactured that will explode that charge. ” “ but suffice it to say that it is concentrated hydrogen peroxide mixed with flour, attached to a very crude detonator, which is, again, a very crude about four gallon plastic container. ” “ a “ nano detonator ”, that is, a detonator roughly smaller than an electron. ” “ you know, your cell phone now is called a detonator and simple things like gatorade apparently can be used as a component of a bomb that could take your plane down, so i think people are very weary and they want to know that we ' re doing things. ” “ and i would raise a concern about the fact that even though there were no detonators, the detonator is the easy part of the explosive. ” “ the detonator was a remote car starter purchased over the internet. ” “ american airlines spokesman tim smith called the detonator holder " nothing threatening. ” “ in all of this cases, the detonator was a mishandled of the well perforator ( made in china ). ” “ the detonator is a rifle cartridge with a nail on the prime


american heritage® dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - n. the income of a government from all sources appropriated for the payment of the public expenses. - n. yield from property or investment ; income. - n. all the income produced by a particular source. - n. a governmental department set up to collect public funds. century dictionary and cyclopedia - n. the annual rents, profits, interest, or issues of any kind of property, real or personal ; income. - n. the annual income of a state, derived from the taxation, customs, excise, or other sources, and appropriated to the payment of the national expenses. - n. return ; reward. - n. synonyms profit, etc. see income. - n. the income returned by an investment - n. the total income received from a given source - n. all income generated for some political entity ' s treasury by taxation and other means - n. accounting the total sales ; turnover. - n. accounting the net revenue, net sales. gnu webster ' s 1913 - n. that which returns, or comes back, from an investment ; the annual rents, profits, interest, or issues of any species of property, real or personal ; income. - n. hence, return ; reward. - n. the annual yield of taxes, excise, customs, duties, rents, etc., which a nation, state, or municipality collects and receives into the treasury for public use. - n. the entire amount of income before any deductions are made - n. government income due to taxation - recorded in english from 1433, " income from property or possessions ", from middle french revenue, from old french " a return " ( modern french ' revenu ' ), the prop. feminine past participle of revenir ( " come back " ) ( = modern french ), from latin revenire ( " to return, come back " ), from re - ( " back " ) + venire ( " to come " ) ( wiktionary ) - middle english, from old french, from feminine past participle of revenir, to return, from latin revenire : re -, re - + venire, to come ; see gwa - in indo - european roots. ( american heritage® dictionary of the english language, fourth edition ) “ the comments seem to be suggesting why not tax capital if the reduction in revenue is made up by increased taxes on


, to come ; see gwa - in indo - european roots. ( american heritage® dictionary of the english language, fourth edition ) “ the comments seem to be suggesting why not tax capital if the reduction in revenue is made up by increased taxes on wages. ” “ nvidia may have reported a loss of $ 201. 3 million for its fiscal 2010 first quarter after the markets closed yesterday, and a 42 percent drop in revenue from the same period a year ago, but the company still has quite a few things going for it. ” “ it seems to me that it would be worth it to tacoma ' s schools and other government functions that the state raise that $ 200 million plus in revenue from a sales tax increase. politickling ” “ the state expects to receive $ 1. 2 billion in revenue from the delay of a corporate tax break. ” “ this year proactiv ' s licensee and distributor, guthy - renker, will collect roughly $ 800 million in revenue from the acne treatment - - its runaway bestseller. ” “ does the amount of stimulus spent this year & the loss in revenue from the making work pay cut completely counteract the increase in gdp over what was projected because of the stimulus? ” “ lightspeedventurepartners – apple has made no more than $ 20 - 45m in revenue from the appstore, may 13, 2009 ” “ all the while you are waiting for that day when the edict comes down : due to unforeseen shortfalls in revenue from the lents ballpark, we regret to announce that the new lents parking meters will now be collecting money during normal downtown parking hours. ” “ number one, gas tax revenue is only one component of transit funding, and may well be augmented by new ones soon — revenue from a cap and trade program, or a greater share of federal transportation funding shifted to transit. ” “ given the cost of wholesale funding and no real prospect of material volume growth, the [ weakness in revenue ] is likely to continue into 2011, " mr. quinn said in a note to investors. ” these user - created lists contain the word ‘ revenue ’. budgetese - not a sexy topic but a very comprehensive list of words and collocations used in eu circles. budgeting experts please comment and expand. heading, across - the - board..., emergency reserve, frontload, mopping - up, performance reserve, positive margin, negative margin, public finances, structural operat..., administrative ex.


experts please comment and expand. heading, across - the - board..., emergency reserve, frontload, mopping - up, performance reserve, positive margin, negative margin, public finances, structural operat..., administrative ex..., management of eu... and 657 more... aams countries, access to communi..., access to informa..., accession criteria, accession negotia..., accession to an a..., accession to the..., accession to the..., acp countries, acp - ec committee..., acp - ec convention, acp - ec council and 1088 more... a combined list of 1. eu buzz - single words 2. eu buzz - collocations 3. eu buzz - the 100 most active absorption capacity, absorption rate, acceding country, accession candidate, accession countries, accession country, accession criteria, accession cycle, accession negotia..., accession partner..., accession priorities, accession treaty and 2650 more... some of the catchwords of several presidential debates ( obama - romney 2012 denver debate ' s transcript fully included ) additionality, audit trail, accounting standards, auditing standards, general audit obj..., a posteriori audit, a priori audit, above board, acceptable error..., access rights, accountability, accountable entities and 1283 more... use these and get promoted words from work basic prices, buying - in price, agricultural levies, agricultural prices, intervention / tr..., intervention stocks, intervention system, interprofessional..., area aid / payment, area - based subsidy, community financing, direct assistance and 217 more... all words of the lisbon treaty ( persons ' names, foreign and grammatical words have been eliminated, mwes have been split up into individual words. capitalization has been retained if r... 1. strictly eu terms with special european meaning used only in the eu 2. keywords central to the understanding of the eu ( people working for the eu are usually able to give thematic... words for currency the new favourite words of people on twitter. a script searches twitter for " x is my new favorite word " and adds it to this list. grabbable, retuiteando, leaving, fantastic, absolutely, kurwa, hella, ridic, underpass,


there are a couple easy ways to insert a hyperlink in an openoffice document. for both, start by highlighting the word or image to which you ’ d like to attach the hyperlink. next, click on the insert menu, and select hyperlink. the hyperlink dialog box opens and offers several choices ; internet, mail & news, document, and new document. for this demonstration, we ’ ll link a word to a website. i ’ ve highlighted the word worldstart, opened the hyperlink dialog box, and placed the website address in the target field near the top. to ensure that the right address is placed, i copied it from the browser address bar, and pasted it in the field. the highlighted word from the document appears in the text field near the bottom, but this can be changed. if you do, the word in the document will change as well. when you ’ re satisfied, click apply. it ’ s always a good to test your link, by clicking on it. but if you just want to do a quick check, hover your mouse over the linked word, and the link will appear. you can also find a hyperlink button on the standard toolbar ( the little globe and chain links ). clicking on that will also open the hyperlink dialog box. and there you have it.


featuring winston shrout there are several forms of the latin term habeas corpus. in this dvd we are going to make its meaning simple and understandable. habeas corpus was a privilege guaranteed by the magna carta of 1215 ad. it is an extremely important legal instrument that safeguards individual freedom against arbitrary state action. in today ’ s world, we can appropriately use habeas in a number of situations. for a long time i have advocated that habeas should precede any suit, because its primary use is to determine whether or not there is even subject matter to discuss. keep in mind that many attorneys tend to “ rush to court ” without any established facts. since that is often the case, it is our responsibility to slow the process down so that we can ask some crucial questions. first of all, let ’ s see if there are any material facts upon which the suit is based. since we are going into admiralty law, let ’ s determine if there is in fact any valid, certified claim to talk about. let ’ s do a habeas corpus so that you, mr. attorney, can produce a certified claim. oops, you don ’ t have one? “ your honor, we have a rule 12b6 problem here … failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. ” in other words, there is no subject matter jurisdiction here, because … there isn ’ t any subject matter. habeas corpus is a powerful tool that we explore in this dvd. this dvd is an important single topic that is based on information discussed at the recent los angeles event.


on january 9th, citizens living in southern sudan will vote on a referendum to secede from the northern part of the country. a clock in the town of juba, the political center of southern sudan, counts down to this referendum, symbolical of the locals ’ excitement to part from the hegemonic north. nearby, the darfur genocide crisis that continues to plague the area is not an isolated event. it ’ s all related, part of two brutal civil wars that have been for decades tearing the nation apart ; as of late, literally. sudan has traditionally been seen by many as the bridge between the arab and the african worlds — one not particularly easy to cross. the north and the south of sudan are just about as culturally and religiously different from each other as you could possibly imagine. in the north, arab culture dominates, and the majority religion is islam. in the south, the predominant culture is more traditionally sub - saharan african, and the primary religions are animist belief systems and christianity. ever since the country gained independence from britain in 1956, the cultural and religious systems of the north have been heavily imposed on the whole of sudan, resulting in southern resistance and the ongoing strife. in particular, this imposition of a differing set of beliefs can in large part be attributed to the current sudanese president, omar al - bashir. al - bashir arose to power in 1989 through a bloodless coup, and this past april, won the first ostensibly democratic election the nation has held in 24 years. i hesitate to call the election democratic because many believe that al - bashir, who is notorious for his corruption, rigged it in his favor. while there is no proof, it is generally not unsafe to consider that leaders who are in power through a coup have significant sway in any following elections. whether he is rightfully in power or not, al - bashir has imposed northern ideals throughout the whole nation, a primary cause of the sudanese civil wars. many attribute the darfur genocide, just a single episode of the extensive bloodshed since sudan ’ s independence, to al - bashir. because of these accusations, he is currently on trial for war crimes, the only current head of state in such a predicament. to drive home his impositional tendencies further, al - bashir has said that if the south secedes, he will impose shari ’ a in the north, in an effort to make northern sudan officially an islamic state. my first response to this situation was wondering : how did two peoples so


al - bashir has said that if the south secedes, he will impose shari ’ a in the north, in an effort to make northern sudan officially an islamic state. my first response to this situation was wondering : how did two peoples so immensely different from one another end up together in the first place? this is not the same as the american civil war, where regional differences led to ideological differences, which in turn led to secession. in the sudanese case, ideological and cultural differences existed long before the country gained independence. thus, one should look to colonialism as the primary cause of sudan ’ s problems. it seems to me that sudan ’ s independence process was dangerously arbitrary ; occurring at the time of mass european decolonization in africa. it ’ s as if britain backed out of the region and drew a national border at random. and now, after over half a century, the people want that to change. despite the referendum on schedule for next month, the potential new border still has not been set. money, of course, is a factor. sudan is one of the most oil - rich nations of africa, but most of the country ’ s oil is found in the south. on the one hand, the north might not want to draw a new boundary where the south gets all of the resource wealth, a potential cause for even more strife. on the other hand, some see oil as a potential area that could keep the two sides friendly if they do end up splitting. mutual desire for the oil wealth may bring the two sides together diplomatically if the split ends up happening peacefully. as you can see, this situation is extremely complex, far more so than the south simply saying “ we want to secede ” and secession then happening. to better understand the context, one needs to consider the past, but one should also consider the future : what will happen if the current nation of sudan does in fact split? i am wondering particularly about those who have their roots in the south but live in the north. since the referendum was announced, many of these people have moved back to the south, but a fair number still remain in the north. what will happen to these primarily non - muslim people ( and muslims alike ) if the north does in fact impose shari ’ a on al - bashir ’ s whim? al - bashir will go from an imposer of northern arab and islamic values to being completely intolerant of this significant minority in his newly allotted half of sudan, and the results would be tragic. what


- bashir ’ s whim? al - bashir will go from an imposer of northern arab and islamic values to being completely intolerant of this significant minority in his newly allotted half of sudan, and the results would be tragic. what message would a sudanese split portray to the rest of africa, the rest of the world? the african union fears that a sudanese split would incite other secessionists around the continent. other nations undergoing similar domestic, regional conflicts of interest may feel not only that they have a right to secede, but may even feel encouraged to do so. is this kind of outright division the right answer to such a complicated historical struggle? is there even a right answer? experts seem to agree that the nation will inevitably split. whether this bifurcation happens via a timely, democratic, and peaceful referendum or through continuing bloodshed is a matter that only time will tell. i will certainly be following this issue in the coming weeks, and i wrote this article before the scheduled referendum in the hope to spark more interest on the issue. i urge you to follow it in the news ; the results affect a much wider area than simply sudan. stay tuned for my next column, where i will compare and contrast two leaders in south america on opposite sides of the political spectrum and compare their respective political systems to that of the united states. latest posts by david klayton ( see all ) - should turkey be a part of " europe? " - february 26, 2011 - moderately extreme : ideological flexibility in latin american politics - january 27, 2011 - when one nation becomes two - december 31, 2010


the righteous among the nations about the program " in those times there was darkness everywhere. in heaven and on earth, all the gates of compassion seemed to have been closed. the killer killed and the jews died and the outside world adopted an attitude either of complicity or of indifference. only a few had the courage to care. these few men and women were vulnerable, afraid, helpless - what made them different from their fellow citizens? … why were there so few? … let us remember : what hurts the victim most is not the cruelty of the oppressor but the silence of the bystander …. let us not forget, after all, there is always a moment when moral choice is made …. and so we must know these good people who helped jews during the holocaust. we must learn from them, and in gratitude and hope, we must remember them. " elie wiesel, in carol rittner, sandra meyers, courage to care - rescuers of jews during the holocaust, nyu press, 1986. p. 2 yad vashem was established to perpetuate the memory of the six million jewish victims of the holocaust. one of yad vashem ’ s principal duties is to convey the gratitude of the state of israel and the jewish people to non - jews who risked their lives to save jews during the holocaust. this mission was defined by the law establishing yad vashem, and in 1963 the remembrance authority embarked upon a worldwide project to grant the title of righteous among the nations to the few who helped jews in the darkest time in their history. to this end, yad vashem set up a public commission, headed by a supreme court justice, which examines each case and is responsible for granting the title. those recognized receive a medal and a certificate of honor and their names are commemorated on the mount of remembrance in jerusalem. this project is a unique and unprecedented attempt by victims to pay tribute to people who stood by their side at a time of persecution and great tragedy. based on the principle that each individual is responsible for his or her deeds, the program is aimed at singling out within the nations of perpetrators, collaborators and bystanders, persons who bucked the general trend and helped the persecuted jews. thus, when yad vashem was established in 1953, a mere eight years after the shoah, paying tribute to the righteous among the nations was included in the remembrance authority ’ s mission. struggling with the enormity of the loss and grappling with the impact


when you spend a lot of time with your friends you may notice changes in their eating habits that worry you. or you may also notice them acting differently or feel they have changed. are you worried they have an eating disorder? signs to look out for are them often talking about weight and shape, saying things like : - " i need to lose weight " - " if only i were slimmer, i would be happy " or you might find yourself thinking : - " my cousin only talks about food or the shape of her body. she is very critical of herself and puts herself down all the time. " - " my brother tries to be perfect in every way. he worries all the time about what other people think of him. " - " my friend only thinks about her weight and her body shape. " - " my friend sometimes starts eating and canit stop. " - " my sister has become very distant from us. she seems to keep herself away from her friends and family. " - " my friend keeps disappearing into the toilet. i donit think she even knows she has a problem. " if this sounds familiar it may mean that your friend has a problem with food or may have an eating disorder. people with an eating disorder may eat too much, eat very little, or refuse to eat. this is often because they feel unhappy, angry or distressed. if you are worried about a friend or relative you can contact the eating disorders association for advice and support. donit be worried about contacting them as talking to someone will make you feel better and it is the first step to a friend or relative getting help. they will listen to what you have to say and offer suggestions that may help. you can contact the eating disorders association on 0845 634 7650 or email firstname. lastname @ example. org. you can even text them on 07977 493 345. they are open 4. 30pm to 8. 30pm on weekdays and 1pm to 4. 30pm on saturdays. to read more information about eating disorders visit www. edauk. co. uk


galaxy cluster takes it to the extreme marshall space flight center, huntsville, ala. chandra x - ray center, cambridge, mass. news release : 07 - 065 evidence for an awesome upheaval in a massive galaxy cluster was discovered in an image made by nasa ' s chandra x - ray observatory. the origin of a bright arc of ferociously hot gas extending over two million light years requires one of the most energetic events ever detected. the cluster of galaxies is filled with tenuous gas at 170 million degree celsius that is bound by the mass equivalent of a quadrillion, or 1, 000 trillion, suns. the temperature and mass make this cluster a giant among giants. " the huge feature detected in the cluster, combined with the high temperature, points to an exceptionally dramatic event in the nearby universe, " said ralph kraft of the harvard - smithsonian center for astrophysics ( cfa ) in cambridge, mass., and leader of a team of astronomers involved in this research. " while we ’ re not sure what caused it, we ' ve narrowed it down to a couple of exciting possibilities. " the favored explanation for the bright x - ray arc is that two massive galaxy clusters are undergoing a collision at about 4 million miles per hour. shock waves generated by the violent encounter of the clusters ' hot gas clouds could produce a sharp change in pressure along the boundary where the collision is occurring, giving rise to the observed arc - shaped structure which resembles a titanic weather front. " although this would be an extreme collision, one of the most powerful ever seen, we think this may be what is going on, ” said team member martin hardcastle, of the university of hertfordshire, united kingdom. a problem with the collision theory is that only one peak in the x - ray emission is seen, whereas two are expected. longer observations with chandra and the xmm - newton x - ray observatories should help determine how serious this problem is for the collision hypothesis. another possible explanation is that the disturbance was caused by an outburst generated by the infall of matter into a supermassive black hole located in a central galaxy. the black hole inhales much of the matter but expels some of it outward in a pair of high - speed jets, heating and pushing aside the surrounding gas. such events are known to occur in this cluster. the galaxy 3c438 in the central region of the cluster is known to be a powerful source of explosive activity, which is presumably due to a central supermassive black hole. but the


. such events are known to occur in this cluster. the galaxy 3c438 in the central region of the cluster is known to be a powerful source of explosive activity, which is presumably due to a central supermassive black hole. but the energy in these outbursts is not nearly large enough to explain the chandra data. " if this event was an outburst from a supermassive black hole, then it ' s by far the most powerful one ever seen, " said team member bill forman, also of cfa. the phenomenal amount of energy involved implies a very large amount of mass would have been swallowed by the black hole, about 30 billion times the sun ' s mass over a period of 200 million years. the authors consider this rate of black hole growth implausible. " these values have never been seen before and, truthfully, are hard to believe, " said kraft. these results were presented at the american astronomical society meeting in honolulu, hi, and will appear in an upcoming issue of the astrophysical journal. nasa ' s marshall space flight center, huntsville, ala., manages the chandra program for the agency ' s science mission directorate. the smithsonian astrophysical observatory controls science and flight operations from the chandra x - ray center in cambridge, mass. additional information and images are available at :


more information will come soon. welcome to the international youth climate policy working group we ’ ll be using this as our primary means of communication as we discuss and develop policy positions leading up to ( and beyond ) copenhagen! role of the youth climate policy group : 1. to discuss and keep up to date with policy developments in the international political realm. 2. to inform the rest of the international youth network of current policies and to make policy documents more accessible. 3. to draft policies and briefing documents to be used by the international youth network in our activities ( ie lobbying, outreach, education, media, etc ). for any questions please feel free to contact our coordinators. kyle gracey firstname. lastname @ example. org marcie smith email @ example. com the policy wg coordinates the overall policy activities and objectives of the youth. it oversees the activities of the policy affinity groups. it ’ s objectives are to track policy developments in the negotiations, summarize these for other youth to learn from, and inform actions and communications about policy developments. forest policy affinity group gemma tillack firstname. lastname @ example. org gemma can provide a description of our actions, but we have a side event on youth voices on redd organized for young and future generations day, as well as forest - specific actions on redd and lulucf policy principles, our guiding principles – international youth delegation – click here to access the poilyc page. youth envision a world with a safe and stable climate. in this world, unmitigated pollution of the shared atmosphere is no longer acceptable. developed countries have paid the full debt of their historical emissions burden on the climate by facilitating and financing necessary adaptation measures in developing countries. also financed by developed countries, global innovation has been harnessed, and effective renewable and energy efficient technologies have been developed and equitably distributed throughout the world. having addressed climate change through a strong global agreement, and free from the added pressure of a more dangerous climate, we are now able to turn our full attention to the world ’ s other pressing issues including food security, water & sanitation, health care, education and freedom. the lessons that we learned from climate change will allow us to work effectively on these issues. reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation ( redd ) land use, land use change and forestry global financial crisis youth involvement in cop emissions targets - cut the crap temperature increase due to global warming must be kept as far below 2°c as possible. in order to minimize the risk of climate


redd ) land use, land use change and forestry global financial crisis youth involvement in cop emissions targets - cut the crap temperature increase due to global warming must be kept as far below 2°c as possible. in order to minimize the risk of climate catastrophe, we must, at the very least, reduce atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases to 350ppm co2 - e as quickly as possible, and follow that up with increased efforts to return to pre - industrial levels of greenhouse gases. for those who want to go for a 450ppm co2 - e target, a key aim of many negotiators at this conference, would give us a less than 50 - 50 chance of staying below 2°c, which is unacceptably risky. thus, getting exposed to a high level risk like that is uncompensated compared to the little or no economic gains for few. henceforth we must aim at the highest level possible. to achieve our goal of a safe climate future, we believe that : - global emissions must be reduced by at least 85 % by 2050 ( compared with 1990 levels ), in line with ipcc recommendations for maintaining a safe climate. - developed nations must actively lead, committing to emissions reductions of at least 40 % by 2020, and 95 % by 2050. global emissions must peak and decline by 2012. technology transfer - go zero carbon the undeniable link between energy and other forms of technology with global poverty is a key area which must be addressed in a sustainable way to increase the resilience of the global community. this means that by financing and supporting sustainable development globally, developed nations have the ultimate power to end inequity. supporting mechanisms for this purpose will create a world where all have equal opportunities to minimise the impact of climate change. to this end, developed countries taking leadership in research, development and commercialization of renewable and energy efficient technologies is sufficient to transition global infrastructure to a zero emissions future together than the change in attitudes for the global population. the benefits of technological advancements in such a scenario must be equitably distributed throughout the world, facilitating clean, efficient and sustainable development in vulnerable regions. through capacity building and transfer of intellectual property, developing countries should be empowered by addressing the gap in needed and existing levels of capacity for technological advancements. adaptation - now or never, do or die the impacts of climate change are disproportionately felt. those that are most vulnerable also have the least capacity to adapt. entire populations are threatening with total ann


of capacity for technological advancements. adaptation - now or never, do or die the impacts of climate change are disproportionately felt. those that are most vulnerable also have the least capacity to adapt. entire populations are threatening with total annihilation. in line with the common but differentiate responsibilities principle, developed countries need to pay the full debt of their historical contribution to climate change and manipulating the use of natural resources of planet earth by facilitating and financing necessary adaptation and mitigatory measures in developing countries. action must be taken to create new and additional funds that are separate from existing development assistance. the current amount of funding available for adaptation measures in developing countries is completely inadequate, being only a fraction of that required and governed by institutions with a bad record. reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation ( redd ) - plantations are not forests forests are more than just trees and carbon. they are living systems which ensures the well being of all living organisms on this green planet. it is essential that deforestation and forest degradation are dramatically reduced in developing countries equitably and rapidly. degradation is any activity that reduces a forest ’ s carbon carrying capacity and / or harms biodiversity. additionally, any definition of deforestation and forest degradation should distinguish between native forest ecosystems and agricultural tree crops, noting that the native forests are more sustainable and efficient and effectiveness in storing carbon and making the planet cooler. developed countries have a responsibility to provide finance and support for developing countries to take immediate action to avoid deforestation, permanently conserve, and sustainably manage native forests. priority must be given to protect primary forest caps which are richer in carbon and has amazingly rich bio diversity. redd accounting must accurately reflect the actual carbon carrying capacity of these forests. accountability, transparency, and good governance must be required of all participating parties. in addition, developing nations have a responsibility to prevent emissions leakage and to engage their society in all levels of decision - making. the engagement and participation of local and indigenous communities must be guaranteed and are not negotiable. moreover, the centrality of secure land rights to the redd conversation cannot be understated. an equitable and effective redd regime will ensure the security of the land and property of local and indigenous peoples under the sustainable managing practises of resources. critically, redd must be a mechanism for forest conservation and sustainable management for the sake of climate stabilization, not a mechanism for profit. by extension, we reject redd as an offset mechanism for annex - 1 countries. land use, land use change and


, redd must be a mechanism for forest conservation and sustainable management for the sake of climate stabilization, not a mechanism for profit. by extension, we reject redd as an offset mechanism for annex - 1 countries. land use, land use change and forestry - banking carbons and accounting land use, land use change and forestry ( lulucf ) accounting and reporting must be mandatory, to ensure that all emissions are accounted for when assessing mitigation progress. despite the huge technical difficulties, lulucf accounting must accurately reflect the actual carbon carrying capacity of standing forests. also in the vein of accuracy, there should be a distinction between native forest ecosystems and agricultural tree crops, noting that the former has a far greater carbon carrying capacity. in addition, lulucf accounting must be structured such that there are strong incentives for protecting natural, bio - diverse, pristine ecosystems. accountability, transparency, and good governance are essential. finally, all land use and forestry measures must engage and empower local and indigenous people to sustainably manage their local resources and maximize benefits to ecosystem services and biodiversity. global financial crisis - capitalism fails, again! the global financial crisis provides a valuable opportunity to reconsider the foundations of our economic structures, and to begin the transition to a sustainable, low emissions future. it is a perfect educate our self ’ s to what kind of things to come if we follow this mutant globalized and capitalistic paradigm of existence. major reformations to financial structures in the first world should be coupled with substantial investment in renewable and energy efficient infrastructure which is urgently required, and its implementation will create green jobs that will last beyond the financial crisis. the global financial crisis does not provide an excuse for inaction on climate change. actually it opened all the close windows and doors to see the world. action on climate change is urgent, and will remain so for the duration of our lifetimes. as youth, our future quality of life depends on the actions of today. we cannot afford any delay. now or never!!! youth involvement in cop 15 - no more promises. we need strong action now! young people offer hope, optimism and vision and the much needed energy and capacity. international youth delegates are the human face of the united nations, as we will fully experience the future consequences of the actions of older generations. at every cop, we remind governments that they are bargaining with our future, and that their calls for action on climate change must be sincere. every time we push older generations to go for fair deals. in order to guarantee a safe climate


quit vegetables and fruits and exercising – that ` s the new mantra for losing weight, according to a nutritionist. zoe harcombe has said that everything that people thought was good to stay healthy - fewer calories and more exercise - only packs on the flab. " it ` s a myth. it ` s the carbs that pile on the pounds, " the new york post quoted harcombe as writing in her book ` the obesity epidemic : what caused it? how can we stop it? ` she said americans must go back to older dietary rules calling for red meat, fish, eggs, cream and butter, all virtually carbohydrate free. " you ` ve got to go back to sticking a pork chop on the grill, " she said. here are a few myths she busted in her book : 1. veggies and fruit are more nutritious than any other food : greens are good only if they are slathered in butter in order to deliver the fat - soluble vitamins they contain. sugar in fruit gets stored as fat in the liver. 2. losing weight is about reducing calories : " if you cut 500 calories from a 2, 000 - calorie daily diet, you will lose weight at first. " but the body will compensate and turn down its metabolism to reduce energy and use fewer calories. 3. starchy foods should be the main part of our diet : pasta, bread and grains turn into sugar in the blood, which is unhealthy. it forces the body to release insulin, which stores fat, in order to get the glucose levels back to normal. 4. we should exercise to combat obesity : " it will only cause you to get hungry, and your body will crave carbohydrates, which causes weight gain. " 5. fat is a definite no - no : " real fat from natural foods is good. eat only what nature grows. " " stop grazing and snacking. go back to eating three good meals a day and manage your carbs if you want to lose weight, " harcombe said.