no categories available for this record. war & locale : world war ii - - european theater date of birth : by claudia farias nicanor aguilar is something of a renaissance man, both as a musician and, at an age when most people would be slowing down, an athlete. but aguilar ’ s proudest accomplishment involves his efforts to end discrimination in his west texas hometown after returning from the war. born jan. 10, 1917, in grand falls in rural texas, he spent most of his time helping his father, a tenant cotton farmer. the family of three brothers and two sisters helped pick cotton on 100 acres of land. in 1930, a schoolhouse was finally built for mexican american children next to a group of mesquite trees, but he left after one year to work with his father. no schools existed for mexican american children after elementary ; entry into the " anglo " schools was banned. aguilar learned most of his english from the anglo children with whom he played in town. one of his younger sisters, maria, was prevented from attending junior high. but then along came laura francis murphy, a teacher who was an advocate for teaching disenfranchised latino students. " [ ms. murphy ] did a lot for the mexicans, " aguilar said. his sister, maria, ultimately became the first hispanic to attend grand falls high school in 1942, thanks largely to ms. murphy. maria, an accomplished trumpet player with the family ' s orchestra, also won band competitions. the entire aguilar family was musically inclined. in 1927, at age 10, aguilar began playing with his father and, later, his brothers. " we were bad, but we played good music, " aguilar said, referring to his family ' s grand falls orchestra ensemble. the aguilars played both mexican and " american " music, including classics such as " stardust. " each family member was paid $ 1 an hour to perform at weddings and other dances. aguilar started playing drums, but didn ' t like it because he would have to read the music simultaneously and miss watching the people dancing on the dance floor. so his father put him on the violin instead, and he was able to focus on his dual interests. " i didn ' t like the violin too well, but there i was. at least i could see the people, " he said, laughing. he would go on to play the clarinet, saxophone and piano for the next 50 years. aguilar


i didn ' t like the violin too well, but there i was. at least i could see the people, " he said, laughing. he would go on to play the clarinet, saxophone and piano for the next 50 years. aguilar proudly displayed a framed article from a 1946 edition of a regional newspaper headlined, " aguilar ' s brought ' big band sound ' to west texas, " and featuring a photo of the family playing. this family bond helped inspire him to join the u. s. army ; younger brother isabino aguilar, had already enlisted. aguilar received basic training at camp hood, texas, and later fort ord, calif. he was intent on fighting in europe for his country and joining his kid brother in germany. aguilar ultimately shipped out to italy and fought with the 36th infantry division on the european front. like many veterans, aguilar is reticent in recalling war stories. in his interview, he focuses instead on the social battles he fought stateside. after the war, he found discrimination hadn ’ t disappeared in his hometown. " there was the same discrimination in grand falls, if not worse, " aguilar recalled. " first, we ' d work for a dollar a day. after the war, they raised it to $ 2 [ for ] 10 hours. and the whites would get $ 18 ( a day ) in the petroleum [ field ]. " virtually none of the town ' s petroleum jobs were available to latinos. aguilar managed to maintain employment for one year with a small petroleum company, but only through a friend ' s assistance. he felt he had to act to end his town ' s discriminatory climate. " it wasn ' t right, " he said. " i started calling other veterans and i told them, ' we have to do something good. ' " toward that end, they secured assistance from a league of united latin american citizens ( lulac ) associate. " we would investigate. for example... i would see [ signs that read ] ' no mexicans, whites only. ' there was only one [ restaurant ] that would serve us. we would write reports so they could give us the reasons. some would answer us well ; others, not so well. i brought those reports to el paso and gave them to a lulac associate. i don ' t know what he did with them after that. once, a more powerful lulac associate came to see me from san antonio


bushy tail – the gray squirrelfall 2010 by bill banaszewski every year, my wife ’ s extended family comes to our place for a holiday celebration. the younger members of the tribe quickly get bored with the indoor festivities and convince good ol ’ uncle bill to head outside for some winter fun. for the past several years, however, the weather has been anything but winter - like. so, instead of snowball fights, we have hiked into the woods for a wildlife adventure. two years ago, after i promised we could see all kinds of animals, we returned from our adventure, and sam – then 3 years old – was asked what he saw. he emphatically replied, “ nothin ’! ” this past year, i was determined to produce. however, with youngsters ranging in age from 4 to 10, we sounded like a herd of elephants tromping through the woods, even though i stressed the importance of walking quietly “ like indians. ” after 15 minutes, the questions started : “ where are the fox, turkey and deer, uncle bill? ” just as i was about to offer a litany of excuses, i enthusiastically pointed to a gray squirrel that scurried across the trail in front of us. my buddy, sam – then 4 – looked at me and rather incredulously said, “ we got a million of those things in our yard, ” as he stomped back to the house. sam ’ s exaggeration was only minor ; gray squirrels are indeed abundant. originally, the finger lakes region was a hardwood forest wilderness, teeming with gray squirrels. millions were believed to inhabit the forests of new york in the early 1800s. they were an absolute plague to pioneers who had established farmsteads in forest clearings – only to have the squirrels destroy their corn and other food crops. because they were so destructive and abundant, bounties were established, and hunters easily harvested a hundred squirrels a day. sixty - six different members of the squirrel family live across the united states. here in the finger lakes they include gray, red and flying squirrels ; chipmunks ; and – to the surprise of many people – woodchucks. although they are fairly common, flying squirrels are seldom seen because they are nocturnal. by the way, they don ’ t fly but glide from tree to tree. gray squirrels are so named for obvious reasons. however, their color ranges from gray with yellow to reddish brown tints, to white ( albino ) and black. distinct populations of black squirrels can be found


t fly but glide from tree to tree. gray squirrels are so named for obvious reasons. however, their color ranges from gray with yellow to reddish brown tints, to white ( albino ) and black. distinct populations of black squirrels can be found across the region, which some mistake for a different species. they are simply gray squirrels with two recessive genes that give them their black coats. gray squirrels feed on insects, occasionally bird eggs, and a wide variety of seeds and tree buds. in the spring, i ’ ve watched them nip the buds of maple trees and then, in apparent pleasure, lap up the sweet sap. their main source of food is acorns, walnuts and hickory nuts. in autumn, they carry fallen acorns and nuts quite a distance and then bury them in the ground for their winter food supply. studies have determined that although they find and consume 75 percent of the cached nuts, those that are not found germinate in the spring, thus, regenerating the forest. some have suggested that gray squirrels planted almost every hickory tree in america today. ( however, even sam might say that ’ s an exaggeration. ) not only a problem to pioneer farmers, gray squirrels remain the subject of much complaint because they dominate bird feeders, dig up flower bulbs, and nip off the new growth of vegetables in backyard gardens. bushy tails, another name for gray squirrels, typically produce litters of three or four young in the spring and again late summer. during their winter courtship, i have observed several wild mating chases. on one occasion, nine males pursued a single female as she scrambled up and down and back and forth between two hickory trees. when she reached the end of a branch with no escape, she turned to face the onslaught, bared her teeth and screamed like a hawk. a dominant male joined the wild scramble and chased off the other would - be suitors. even when not engaged in mating chases, gray squirrels can be quite mouthy. when alarmed, their call is a rapid chucking sound, which is often accompanied by a fore and aft waving and fluttering of their tail. once i watched a gray squirrel bark at a red fox that was walking through the forest, and later, it hysterically scolded a hawk that was perched in a nearby tree. fox prey on squirrels, but they must catch them on the ground, and that is quite a feat. red tail hawks, sometimes called squirrel hawks, are more successful. nesting red tails effectively hunt squirrels


a packet filtering firewall, designed to regulate incoming and outgoing packets from a network or an operating system, is akin to security personnel guarding the entrance to a commercial or residential property. such a system has very little authority, unless given additional powers, in what applications inside the operating system or network are able to do. that is where an application “ firewall ” comes into play. it is designed to ensure that applications in an operating system ( or in some instances, a network ) adhere to access control rules that govern their “ activities. ” it should be noted that an application firewall, like a stateful packet filter, is not a one - shot security solution. it merely adds an extra layer of security to a system, complementing other security protocols and systems in place. that idea also formed the main point of why your computer needs a firewall enabled. this crude sketch shows applications in an operating system when there is no application firewall to regulated their actions. they are free to wander as they please. and here is what it looks like with an application firewall activated. by the way, this screen shot and the one above, were taken from tomoyo ’ s website, an application firewall featured in this article : there are three such applications built into the linux kernel, and they are available as loadable modules. while they tend to be described using slightly different terminologies, and may even differ in how to operate, once activated, they have the same effect – intelligently enforcing access rights for applications they are configured to monitor. in alphabetical order, the three application firewalls are : an effective and easy - to - use linux application security system. apparmor proactively protects the operating system and applications from external or internal threats, even zero - day attacks, by enforcing good behavior and preventing even unknown application flaws from being exploited. apparmor security policies completely define what system resources individual applications can access, and with what privileges. a number of default policies are included with apparmor, and using a combination of advanced static analysis and learning - based tools, apparmor policies for even very complex applications can be deployed successfully in a matter of hours. selinux, or security - enhanced linux, was contributed to the linux kernel by the national security agency. it is the application firewall activated by default in fedora, and it has a reputation as being a bit more difficult to manage and configure than the others. the following is a brief description of selinux from its fedora


. it is the application firewall activated by default in fedora, and it has a reputation as being a bit more difficult to manage and configure than the others. the following is a brief description of selinux from its fedora project page. security - enhanced linux ( selinux ) adds mandatory access control ( mac ) to the linux kernel, and is enabled by default in fedora. a general purpose mac architecture needs the ability to enforce an administratively - set security policy over all processes and files in the system, basing decisions on labels containing a variety of security - relevant information. when properly implemented, it enables a system to adequately defend itself and offers critical support for application security by protecting against the tampering with, and bypassing of, secured applications. mac provides strong separation of applications that permits the safe execution of untrustworthy applications. its ability to limit the privileges associated with executing processes limits the scope of potential damage that can result from the exploitation of vulnerabilities in applications and system services. mac enables information to be protected from legitimate users with limited authorization as well as from authorized users who have unwittingly executed malicious applications. tomoyo was launched in 2003 and its development is sponsored by japan ’ s ntt data corporation. it is, as far as i know, the only one that is not used by default on any linux distribution. however, that should change when the next edition of chakra edn is released. according to the official description, tomoyo is a : mandatory access control ( mac ) implementation for linux that can be used to increase the security of a system, while also being useful purely as a system analysis tool. tomoyo linux focuses on the behaviour of a system. every process is created to achieve a purpose, and like an immigration officer, tomoyo linux allows each process to declare behaviours and resources needed to achieve their purpose. when protection is enabled, tomoyo linux acts like an operation watchdog, restricting each process to only the behaviours and resources allowed by the administrator. most distributions have one of these applications activated by default. if yours does not, talk to the developer ( s ) about it. sometimes, all you need to do is install the userland utilities for managing it.


active sunspot shoots off intense new solar flare the solar dynamics observatory ( sdo ) captured this image of the sun during an m6. 1 flare that peaked at 7 : 44 am edt on july 5, 2012. the image is shown in the 304 angstrom wavelength, which is typically colorized in red. the sun fired off yet another intense solar flare today ( july 5 ), the latest in a series of storms from a busy sunspot being closely watched by space telescopes and astronomers. nasa ' s solar dynamics observatory snapped a daunting new image of a strong m - class solar flare that peaked this morning at 7 : 44 a. m. edt ( 1144 gmt ). the m6. 1 flare triggered a moderate radio blackout that has since subsided, according to officials at nasa and the national oceanic and atmospheric administration ( noaa ). the eruption came from a sprawling sunspot, called active region 1515, which has been particularly dynamic this week. in fact, the sunspot region has now spewed 12 m - class solar flares since july 3, nasa officials said in a statement today. the sunspot region is huge, stretching more than 62, 137 miles long ( 100, 000 kilometers ) in length, they added. this sunspot region has also produced several coronal mass ejections ( cmes ), which are clouds of plasma and charged particles that are hurled into space during solar storms. powerful cmes have the potential to disrupt satellites in their path and, when aimed directly at earth, can wreak havoc on power grids and communications infrastructure. the cmes that were triggered by this week ' s solar flares, however, are thought to be moving relatively slowly, and will likely not hit earth since the active region is located so far south on the face of the sun, nasa officials said. [ more solar flare photos from sunspot ar1515 ] but, the sunspot is slowly rotating toward earth, and scientists are still monitoring its activity. " stay tuned for updates as region 1515 continues its march across the solar disk, " officials at the space weather prediction center, a joint service of noaa and the national weather service, wrote in an update. x - class solar flares are the strongest sun storms, with m - class flares considered medium - strength, and c - class the weakest. today ' s m6. 1 eruption is a little over half the size of the weakest x - class flare, nasa officials said. radio blackouts can


early embryo ' s odd behavior reveals chances of miscarriage time - lapse images of human embryos in the first two days of development. credit : kevin e. loewke amazing time - lapse videos of embryos in the very earliest stages of development could help fertility doctors prevent miscarriage, new research suggests. by watching the timing of the cells ' development, doctors could determine which cells are genetically healthy, and which have abnormal numbers of chromosomes, finds the study published today ( dec. 4 ) in the journal nature communications. " what we ' ve shown is that by watching, you can detect some differences in the movements in the cell cycle of those [ embryos ] that are carrying errors from those that are more likely to survive, " said study researcher renee reijo pera, who studies stem cells and early embryo development at stanford university. chromosomes are coiled packets of dna. humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, but genetic accidents can alter that number, a condition called aneuploidy. some aneuploidies cause disorders such as down syndrome, which occurs when there are three chromosomes on what should be the 21st pair. other aneuploidies are incompatible with life, causing early miscarriage or later stillbirth. extra or missing chromosomes are shockingly common, affecting up to 75 percent of all embryos, studies find. this may be why as many as 50 to 75 percent of pregnancies are so - called " chemical pregnancies, " meaning that an embryo spontaneously aborts right after implantation in the uterus. many women with chemical pregnancies may not even realize they were ever pregnant. there ' s little to be done about these early miscarriages in typical pregnancies. for in vitro fertilization ( ivf ), however, it ' s important to choose embryos with the best chance of life to prevent miscarrying. pera and her colleagues have already found that abnormal embryos show strange behaviors in the first four days of development. for example, the length of time it takes an abnormal embryo to complete its very first division from one cell body to two differs from the time it takes for a normal embryo to do the same. abnormal embryos also show more fragmentation, pera told livescience. fragmentation occurs when one cell in an embryo experiences a problem. in most situations, a cell with a problem simply dies. in embryos, however, these cells seem to break apart instead. often, dna - containing cell fragments will fuse with other cells


fragmentation occurs when one cell in an embryo experiences a problem. in most situations, a cell with a problem simply dies. in embryos, however, these cells seem to break apart instead. often, dna - containing cell fragments will fuse with other cells in the embryo, transferring extra chromosomes to those cells. the researchers wanted to know whether they could use these odd behaviors to reliably distinguish a healthy embryo from a doomed one. they took 75 human embryos that had been frozen at the single - cell phase and cultured them in petri dishes for two days, taking a microscopic snapshot of each embryo every five minutes. [ see video of the developing embryos ] these snapshots were then strung together into time - lapse movies, which the researchers analyzed for the timing of various cell - division phases. of the 75 original cells, 53 survived four days, which represents the zygote stage of embryonic development. of those, 45 were usable for genetic analysis. about 75 percent, or 34 of the 45 cells surviving to the zygote stage, had the wrong number of chromosomes. the abnormal cells showed more variations in their cell - division cycles than normal cells, the researchers found. while normal cells all developed at similar paces, abnormal cells lagged behind or sped ahead in the divisions of the first, second and third cells. combining data about the abnormal timing with other signs that something has gone wrong ( such as fragmented dna and asymmetrical cell sizes within a developing embryo ) could reliably show which cells have the right number of chromosomes and which don ' t, the researchers report. the findings offer some insight into why early human development is so likely to go wrong, pera said. other animals don ' t have so many problems, she said. mice, for example, make mistakes in embryo development only about 1 percent of the time. researchers have long thought that perhaps humans have so many problems because women ' s eggs degrade with age, pera said. but in the current study, only 20 percent of the embryos showed these kind of errors. much more frequent were so - called mitotic errors, which occur later in development, after sperm and cell fuse and the embryo begins to divide. " that so many errors are being made after the egg and the sperm come together, that appears to be kind of special to humans, " pera said. a california - based biotech company has now licensed the embryo - watching technology and is going to begin testing it in fertility clinics, pera


eric lomax, as a young royal signals officer, had the misfortune to get caught up, with a third of a million others, in what has been called a ' logistic imperative ', an enterprise more vulgarly known as the death railway, planned and carried through by the japanese imperial army. at any point in history a logistic imperative is something to be avoided at all costs, whether it involves cutting the americas in two or building st petersburg in a freezing swamp. it is familiar lore that on the labour - expendable rail route from siam to burma each sleeper represented a human life. more than twelve thousand of lomax ' s fellow prisoners of war died of disease and vile treatment, as did an estimated one hundred thousand ' coolies ' from neighbouring lands. lomax, for breaking his captors ' rules, had both his arms broken in a flogging to which was added water torture ; his punishment was roughly equivalent to the old - time treatment for an obstinate sailor - the cat - o ' - nine - tails and a keel - hauling. mercifully, if surprisingly, no flashbacks portraying these events were shown in the lightly fictionalised television film prisoners in time, which was based on the railway man. given what was done in the film the bridge over the river kwai, that stirring symphony of false notes, it can hardly have been an easy decision for lomax to allow his life to be re - scripted and interpreted by others. millions will have seen prisoners in time, but this well - written and well - judged book is the superior article. lrb 5 october 1995 | pdf download


volume 9, issue 2 tricks of the trade in and out download this issue learning about differential equations from their symmetries application of mathsym to analyzing an ordinary differential equation in the previous section we used a scaling symmetry to help understand the solutions of a pair of differential equations. in each case, the scaling symmetry was found by inspection. here i present the computation of the complete set of point symmetries for two additional differential equations. our third example is a nonlinear ordinary differential that we analyze using its two symmetries. the final example is the partial differential equation known as the cubic nonlinear schrodinger equation. example three is the ordinary differential equation that arises in the study of nonlinear water wave equations. i also show that we can use its two symmetries to begin to learn something about the structure of its solutions. mathsym returns a system of equations, the determining equations, whose solutions generate the symmetries of equation ( 8 ). internally, the mathsym package denotes all independent variables in an equation as and dependent variables as. this way it can be run on systems of equations with arbitrary numbers of independent and dependent variables without needing to know how to treat different variable names. furthermore, constants are represented as internally and printed as. with this notation, constants are treated correctly by mathematica ' s differentiation routine dt. mathsym ' s output is the following list of determining equations. with the output from mathsym we can continue our analysis of equation ( 8 ). first, we solve the determining equations : the functions and determine two symmetries that can be used to convert equation ( 8 ) into two integrals. the reader is directed to similar computations for the blasius boundary layer equation which appear on pages 118 - 120 of. we begin by considering the symmetry that occurs because of the term. setting and produces a transformation and. we next look for two quantities that do not change under this transformation. obvious choices are and. if we assume that is a function of and write the differential equation for that arises by insisting that satisfy equation ( 8 ), we find this is a standard reduction of order for autonomous equations that may be found in a sophomore differential equations text such as. this equation in and has a symmetry that is generated by the constant appearing in equations ( 9 ) and ( 10 ). from this symmetry we can derive new variables and and consider as a function of. in terms of and, equation ( 11 ) becomes we have now converted the problem of solving the original equation into


digestive diseases : food poisoning food poisoning is a common, yet distressing and sometimes life - threatening problem for millions of people in the u. s., and throughout the world. people infected with foodborne organisms may be symptom - free or may have symptoms ranging from mild intestinal discomfort to severe dehydration and bloody diarrhea. depending on the type of infection, people can even die as a result of food poisoning. more than 250 different diseases can cause food poisoning. some of the most common diseases are infections caused by bacteria, such as campylobacter, salmonella, shigella, e. coli o157 : h7, listeria, and botulism. what is campylobacter infection? campylobacter is a bacterium that causes acute diarrhea. transmission usually occurs through ingestion of contaminated food, water, or unpasteurized milk, or through contact with infected infants, pets or wild animals. is campylobacter infection a serious health concern? it can be, especially in those with weakened immune systems. in rare cases, campylobacter infection can cause additional problems such as arthritis or brain and nerve problems. occasionally, these problems occur after the diarrhea has stopped. how is campylobacter infection diagnosed and treated? if you think you may have been exposed to the infection, see your doctor. by testing a sample of your stool, the bacteria can be identified. if you are found to have the infection, you will likely recover on your own without treatment within 2 - 5 days. drink plenty of fluids to prevent becoming dehydrated. in more severe cases, antibiotics ( such as cipro ), if given early in the illness, can be used to shorten the length of time you are sick. what is salmonella? salmonella is a bacterial infection that can be passed on to humans from domestic and wild animals, including poultry, pigs, cattle, and pets. but most often, it is caused by drinking unpasteurized milk or by eating undercooked poultry and poultry products such as eggs. any food prepared on surfaces contaminated by raw chicken or turkey can also become tainted with salmonella. less often, the illness may stem from food contaminated by a food worker. salmonella can escape from the intestine and go into the blood and travel to other organs. it may become a chronic infection in some people, who can be symptom - free yet capable of spreading the


written by adam on mar 16, 2006 food dictionary : chop, mince, dice, grate to chop or not to chop, that is the question. whether ' tis mincing or dicing in the mind to chiffonade the basil to outrageous perfection. to grate, perchance to shred - aye, there ' s the rub. oh fair henckel ' s - - knife on my block. be all my ingredients remembered. epicurious and hamlet, bring us this latest batch of food words.... words.... words.... words that tell us how we are cutting our ingredients. do we chop, grate, mince, dice, or shred? chop : cutting food into small, bite - sized pieces mince : to cut food into very small pieces. note : minced food is smaller than chopped food dice : to cut food into tiny cubes grate : to reduce a large piece of food to small particles or thin shreds by rubbing it against a coarse, serrated surface, shred : to cut food into narrow strips by hand or by grater or food processer. interesting. so you can grate with a grater and you can also shred with a grater.


there is much a pregnant woman can do to take care of herself during pregnancy. if she has any questions about diet, the use of drugs or nutritional supplements, physical activity, and sexual intercourse during pregnancy, she can talk with her doctor. diet and weight : during pregnancy, the woman ' s diet should be adequate and nutritious. if she does not consume enough nutrients for herself and the fetus, nutrients first go to nourish the fetus. however, adding about 250 calories to the daily diet is usually enough to provide nourishment for both. most of the extra calories should be protein. the diet should be well balanced and include fresh fruits, grains, and vegetables. cereals that are high in fiber and low in sugar are a good choice. in the united states, most women get enough salt in their diet, without adding salt to their food at the table. commercially prepared foods often contain excessive amounts of salt and should be consumed sparingly. dieting to lose weight during pregnancy is not recommended, even for obese women, because some weight gain is essential for the fetus to develop normally. dieting reduces the supply of nutrients to the fetus. an average - size woman should gain about 25 to 30 pounds during pregnancy. gaining more than 30 to 35 pounds puts fat on the woman and the fetus. because controlling weight gain is more difficult later in pregnancy, a woman should try to avoid gaining too much weight during the first months. on the other hand, not gaining weight can hinder the growth and development of the fetus. a woman should try to gain between 2 and 3 pounds each month during early pregnancy. sometimes a pregnant woman gains weight because she is retaining fluid. fluid may be retained because when she lies flat, the enlarging uterus interferes with blood flow from the legs back to the heart. lying on one side, preferably the left side, for 30 to 45 minutes 2 or 3 times a day may relieve this problem. wearing elastic support stockings may also help. drugs and dietary supplements : generally, avoiding drugs during pregnancy is best. however, drugs must sometimes be used ( see drug use during pregnancy ). a pregnant woman should check with her doctor before taking any drug — including nonprescription ( over - the - counter ) drugs, such as aspirin, or medicinal herbs — particularly during the first 3 months. pregnancy doubles the amount of iron needed. most pregnant women need an iron supplement because the average woman does not absorb enough iron from food


- the - counter ) drugs, such as aspirin, or medicinal herbs — particularly during the first 3 months. pregnancy doubles the amount of iron needed. most pregnant women need an iron supplement because the average woman does not absorb enough iron from food to meet the requirements of pregnancy. if a woman has anemia or develops anemia during pregnancy, she may need to take a larger dose of iron than other pregnant women. iron supplements may cause mild stomach upset and constipation. all pregnant women should take a folate ( folic acid ) supplement ( usually included in prenatal vitamins ) daily. ideally, the folate supplement is begun before pregnancy. a deficiency of folate increases the risk of having a baby with a birth defect of the brain or spinal cord, such as spina bifida. women who have had a baby with spina bifida should start taking a high dose of folate before they become pregnant. for some other women who may have a folate deficiency, the amount of folate in a standard prenatal vitamin is sufficient, even if the risk is somewhat increased. for example, women who are exposed to excessive ultraviolet ( uv ) light, particularly fair - skinned women, may have decreased folate levels. also, women who have taken oral contraceptives within several months before conception are more likely to develop a folate deficiency, but there is no proof that they are more likely to have a baby with spina bifida. if the diet is adequate, other vitamin supplements may not be needed, although most doctors recommend that pregnant women take a prenatal multivitamin containing iron and folate daily. many pregnant women are concerned about moderating their activities. however, most women can continue their usual activities and exercises throughout pregnancy. mildly strenuous sports, such as swimming and brisk walking, are good choices. vigorous activities, such as running and horseback riding, are also possible if done cautiously, to avoid injury, particularly to the abdomen. contact sports should be avoided. sexual desire may increase or decrease during pregnancy. sexual intercourse is safe throughout pregnancy unless a woman has vaginal bleeding, pain, leakage of amniotic fluid, or uterine contractions. in such cases, sexual intercourse should be avoided. preparing for breastfeeding : women who are planning to breastfeed do not need to do anything to prepare their nipples for breastfeeding during pregnancy ( see newborns and infants : breastfeeding ). expressing fluids from the breast manually before delivery may lead


breastfeeding : women who are planning to breastfeed do not need to do anything to prepare their nipples for breastfeeding during pregnancy ( see newborns and infants : breastfeeding ). expressing fluids from the breast manually before delivery may lead to an infection of the breast ( mastitis ) or even early labor. the body prepares the areola and nipple for breastfeeding by secreting a lubricant to protect the surface. this lubricant should not be rubbed off. observing and talking with women who have breastfed successfully may be instructive and encouraging. travel during pregnancy : the safest time to travel during pregnancy is between 14 and 28 weeks. travel time should not exceed 6 hours a day. women can obtain useful tips and information about travel from their doctor, so discussing their travel plans with the doctor is a good idea. when traveling in a car, airplane, or other vehicle, pregnant women should always wear a seat belt. placing the lap belt across the hips and under the expanding abdomen and placing the shoulder belt between the breasts can help make wearing seat belts more comfortable. the belts should be snug but not uncomfortably tight. during any kind of travel, pregnant women should stretch and straighten their legs and ankles periodically. travel on airplanes is safe until about 36 weeks. the primary reason for this restriction at 36 weeks is the risk of labor and delivery in an unfamiliar environment. last full review / revision november 2007 by haywood l. brown, md


added : 06 / 17 / 2009 this site is an animation of the light dependent ( oxygen generating ) reactions of photosynthesis. note that the mechanism depicted is for prokaryotes and differs somewhat from what occurs in eukaryotes. added : 06 / 17 / 2009 this site provides an excellent presentation on this difficult topic. in topic 1, students look at the components of chemiosmosis in the bacterium paracoccus denitrificans in which they step through animations of electron transport, proton gradient, and a added : 06 / 17 / 2009 this site is an excellent introduction to thermodynamics as it applies to living organisms. in topic 1, students make decisions for a paramecium living in a petri dish that will determine if it will have enough energy to survive and reproduce. students wi added : 06 / 17 / 2009 these learning materials address the dynamic processes of photosynthesis that are found in the chloroplast. they include the light reactions ( cyclic and non - cyclic of photosystems i & ii ) and the non - light limited reactions of the calvin cycle. structure of the chloroplast is included and the many images and flash movies are provided as downloadable files. added : 06 / 17 / 2009 this website covers cell biology all in animation. cell structure with descriptions of each part, dna structure, an animated overview of water chemistry, the light and dark reactions of photosynthesis are all presented in this website. you are also able to see cells broken apart and explained, molecules in structural form, and the ph scale describing acidic and basic. added : 06 / 17 / 2009 tutorials on energy conversions, cellular respiration, photosynthesis, proteins, dna, rna, dna replication, protein synthesis, and mutation. complete with illustrations and animations. added : 06 / 17 / 2009 this website includes interactive learning with animation, movies, and tutorial links. it is created to help in teaching and the learning of science. topics include basic chemistry, mitosis, meiosis, photosynthesis, and virology. added : 06 / 17 / 2009 interactive animated tutorial that demonstrates photosynthesis, develops understanding of the organelles and compounds at work, describes the light and dark reactions and photorespiration. added : 06 / 17 / 2009 these problem sets are part of the university of arizona biology project. they are located in the biochemistry section. each problem set gives a multiple choice question ; incorrect answers take student to a tutorial


while a young architectural apprentice, charles rennie mackintosh, the son of a glasgow policeman, attended evening classes at the glasgow school of art, where he met herbert macnair, frances macdonald, and her sister margaret macdonald ( who would later become mackintosh ' s wife ). together they formed " the four, " producing watercolors, poster designs, and small decorative objects that were published in " the studio. " in 1889 mackintosh was hired as a draftsman at the architectural firm of honeyman and keppie, where he would remain until 1914. it was there that he developed a unique design idiom based on the forms and materials of traditional scottish architecture. mackintosh undertook all aspects of a design commission, providing every element, from an architectural setting to small decorative objects and textiles. his best - known commissions include a building for the glasgow school of art ( built in two phases, 1897 – 99 and 1907 – 09 ) and hill house ( 1902 – 04 ), the walter blackie residence in the glasgow suburb of helensburgh. perhaps frustrated by a lack of success at honeyman and keppie, mackintosh left glasgow in 1914, and by 1920 he had completely abandoned his architectural career. he increasingly turned to watercolor, a medium he continued to explore until his death. mackintosh designed this washstand as part of the furnishings for the blue bedroom in hous ' hill, an eighteenth - century residence in a suburb of glasgow he remodeled for kate cranston ( mrs. cochrane ) and her husband. miss cranston, one of mackintosh ' s most important clients, was the proprietress of a group of highly successful tearooms in glasgow, many of which she had mackintosh design. with its uncompromising shape and brilliant abstract panel of glass, the washstand shows the architect / designer at the height of his creative powers.


* ( under construction ) ninety five theses and the revolution that followed by thomas leckwold martin luther ' s ninety five theses on the power and efficacy of indulgences was nailed to the castle church in wittenberg, in now modern day germany, on october 31, 1517. this document was a protest that strongly criticized the practice of selling indulgences of the roman catholic church, known here after as the church. the document was a challenge to church authority that set forth events that permanently changed the religious, political, and social factors of central europe, and led to a series of wars using the pretext of faith, and the role of the church in the political structure of western europe. luther ' s document was not meant to be a call to revolution, but the social conditions, and economic factors, along with religious convictions did set in motion a revolution and subsequent conflicts in central europe. cairo ’ s fortress on the mountain by david w. tschanz cairo residents call it the qal ' at al - jabal, the fortress on the mountain, or just al - qal ' ah, the fortress. the rest of the world simply calls it “ the citadel. ” for nearly a millennium it has stood as a silent sentinel, residence, and symbol of power. standing on its battlements, and looking westwards provides a view of over 4500 years of architectural marvels from the mosque of sultan hasan, just below to the pyramids of giza across the nile. from atop this fortress the awesome sweep of history is a vivid reality. it is a view that must have given even the sultans who ruled from here, cause to reflect. member article : armenian warriors, japanese samurai by dr. armen ayvazyan armenian historiography contains considerable information about ancient and medieval armenian military ideology. in the works of fifth century historians pavstos buzand and movses khorenatzi, the commands and legacy of the armenian sparapets ( commanders in chief ) to their successors articulate in detail the obligations and responsibilities of armenian warriors. their norms of conduct share striking similarities with the system of values of the japanese samurai codified during the 16th to 18th centuries, as well as with later medieval west european chivalry of the eight to 14th “ fight and offer your life for the armenian world just as your brave forefathers did, consciously sacrificing their lives for this homeland … ” member article : byzantine military pragmatism vs. imperial prejudice :


of the eight to 14th “ fight and offer your life for the armenian world just as your brave forefathers did, consciously sacrificing their lives for this homeland … ” member article : byzantine military pragmatism vs. imperial prejudice : possible reasons for omitting the armenians from the list of hostiles in maurice ’ s by by dr. armen ayvazyan the problem of the various images of the armenians in byzantium has already become the subject of numerous, if sketchy, historical investigations and remarks. as a rule, students of this subject have focused on the images of those armenians who resided beyond armenia proper in the byzantine capital and peripheral provinces as either newly - arrived immigrants or old - established inhabitants. consequently, the shaping of the images of the armenians in byzantine empire was appropriately sought and analyzed in such spheres as ecclesiastical differences between armenian and greek churches, the ethnic peculiarities of everyday life as well as the rivalry in the imperial court between the armenians and greeks, the two major ethnic components of byzantine elite. in contrast, this essay aims to analyze the byzantines ’ image of the armenians of armenia, that is, those who continued to live in and exercise military and political authority over their homeland. accordingly, this study focuses on the geopolitical determinant in the construction of armenian images in the imperial strata of byzantine society. member article : lusty stukeley : deceiver of princes by comer plummer the day was monday, august 4, 1578. sir thomas stukeley stood in his armor on the plain of ksar el - kebir, in the heart of the kingdom of fez, with the hosts assembling for battle around him. he had collected himself by then, having shed the ordeal of the previous night, with its discomforts and frustrations. he would have been calm and reflective, as only experienced soldiers could be at such times. thomas probably knew that he was playing his final card. in a life of twists and turns the climactic moment had at last arrived. there was no maneuvering out of it. he was adrift among forces beyond his control. at last, on this battlefield, his destiny would be decided. member article : constantinople - the citadel at the gate by comer plummer, iii the art of fortification is a clear reflection of our past. it bears witness to our roots as a race of mutually hostile societies, and impresses upon us the determination of a people to defend themselves. it has existed ever since man first


in the asian steppe " making it for the first time, " in the view of keegan, " ' a thing in member article : the hundred years war : an analysis of the causes and conduct of the longest by patrick j. shrier the hundred years war between england and france from 1337 - 1453 is best viewed as a series of interconnected wars with the same basic objective instead of as one long war. there was not continuous fighting during the period nor did england and france keep armies constantly in the field, rather it was almost a game between the two countries with clearly defined rules as to when to fight and when to rest. the period was marked by many truces some for just a season and some lasting years. the most striking thing when one studies the wars of the period is how the english army was almost invariably superior to the french in capabilities yet somehow the english managed to lose the war. member article : the muslim horde ' s easy invasion of iberia by robert c. daniels after a short foray in july of 710 ad, muslim forces from north africa invaded the christian iberian peninsula ( modern day spain and portugal ) in the spring of 711, and within two years, with the exception of the extreme northwestern portion of the peninsula, had successfully overpowered and conquered the visigothic christian realms of iberia. not only did it take the frankish forces under charles martel to stop the muslim horde at the battle of poitiers in 732 from further intrusions into western europe, it would take nearly eight centuries for the iberian christians to re - take the peninsula from the muslims. member article : the orin war by joshua gilbert the onin war, ( so called because it occurred in the regnal year onin 1 ), was the catalyst that sparked the century long period of japanese history known as the sengoku jidai, the " age of the country at war ". what began originally as a dispute between a father and his son - in - law, became an eleven year war that trashed the once great city of kyoto and sparked an era of bloodshed that remains famous to this day. the onin war began because of the weakness of one shogun. in 1464, ashikaga yoshimasa, the 8th member of the ashikaga clan to hold the title seii - taishogun, and a man renowned for his focus on tea parties and poetry, wanted to retire but had no son. he decided to instead make his younger brother, yoshimi, his heir


##ikaga clan to hold the title seii - taishogun, and a man renowned for his focus on tea parties and poetry, wanted to retire but had no son. he decided to instead make his younger brother, yoshimi, his heir. however yoshimi was a buddhist monk, so the shogun had to first drag his brother out of the monastery in order to make him his member article : the battle of shrewsbury by john barratt by the beginning of the 15th century, the english longbowman was one of the most effective killing machines in western europe. for over half a century he had dominated the battlefields of france and northern spain, winning for england ’ s plantagenet monarchy an extensive continental domain. the battle of shrewsbury, described by a contemporary writer as “ the sorry bataille of schrvesbury between englysshmen and englysshmen ”, witnessed the dawn of a new and more terrible era in english warfare, when, for the first time in a major engagement, the english longbowman turned their deadly power against each other. it was a foretaste of the bloodbath which would follow half a century later in the wars of the roses, and would also provide william shakespeare with the inspiration for one of his greatest plays - king henry iv part one.


7. praxeological prediction praxeological knowledge makes it possible to predict with apodictic certainty the outcome of various modes of action. but, of course, such prediction can never imply anything regarding quantitative matters. quantitative problems are in the field of human action open [ p. 118 ] to no other elucidation than that by understanding. we can predict, as will be shown later, that? - - other things being equal? - - a fall in the demand for a will result in a drop in the price of a. but we cannot predict the extent of this drop. this question can be answered only by understanding. the fundamental deficiency implied in every quantitative approach to economic problems consists in the neglect of the fact that there are no constant relations between what are called economic dimensions. there is neither constancy nor continuity in the valuations and in the formation of exchange ratios between various commodities. every new datum brings about a reshuffling of the whole price structure. understanding, by trying to grasp what is going on in the minds of the men concerned, can approach the problem of forecasting future conditions. we may call its methods unsatisfactory and the positivists may arrogantly scorn it. but such arbitrary judgments must not and cannot obscure the fact that understanding is the only appropriate method of dealing with the uncertainty of future conditions. [ p. 119 ]


nass dairy products prices ; how does that work? over the years some confusion surrounding the national agricultural statistics service ( nass ) dairy products prices ( dpp ) program and the use of these data in the class price formulas. why are nass ’ s dpp reports used in the agricultural marketing service ’ s ( ams ) class price formulas? how are the nass reports compiled? is there a magic formula used to generate the nass dpp reports? what prevents manufacturing plants from misreporting or manipulating the prices? prior to the 1996 farm bill, usda ’ s ams used the basic formula price ( bfp ) to determine federal order minimum class iii milk prices. price differentials were added to the bfp to establish minimum prices for class i and class ii milk. the bfp was based on a monthly survey of prices paid for manufacturing grade ( grade b ) milk in minnesota and wisconsin which established a base month price. the bfp was then calculated by adjusting the preceding month ’ s base month price by a formula to reflect the most recent changes in cheddar cheese prices. in 1996, due to concerns regarding the cheddar cheese price data from the now closed national cheese exchange, ams asked nass to implement a survey to provide accurate and timely information on cheddar cheese prices. nass began collecting weekly data on cheddar cheese sales, volumes and prices, and published the first set of numbers for the week ending march 7, 1997. the nass cheddar cheese prices were then used by ams as an input for computation of the bfp, until the 1996 farm bill became law. the bill changed language in the usda ’ s fmmo reform final rule to include the following statement, “ commodity prices ( cheddar cheese, butter, dry whey, and nonfat dry milk ) determined by surveys conducted by usda ’ s nass will be used in the formulas that replace the bfp. ” nass published the first set of data on butter, nonfat dry milk, and dry whey for week ending september 5, 1998. nass continues to collect and publish this information under contract for ams. each week, nass statisticians receive data from all plants in the u. s. that produce and sell more than 1 million pounds annually of any of the qualifying products ( cheddar 40 blocks, cheddar 500 barrels, butter, nonfat dry milk, and dry whey ) according to ams ’ s reporting criteria. there


produce and sell more than 1 million pounds annually of any of the qualifying products ( cheddar 40 blocks, cheddar 500 barrels, butter, nonfat dry milk, and dry whey ) according to ams ’ s reporting criteria. there are several reporting criteria for each individual product. for example, all sales priced more than 30 days in advance are excluded from reporting. products of interest must meet strict grade standards ( grade aa butter, extra grade dry whey, etc ) along with several other strict pricing criteria that ensure prices represent the weekly wholesale commodity price for initial product sale. each product must adhere to strict product specifications for example cheddar cheese ; prices are only collected for 40 pound blocks and 500 barrels, eliminating price differentials for product sizes. manufacturers must also exclude specialty types of cheddar like organic, aged, or faith - based products. every wednesday, manufacturers are required by law to submit, no later than noon, their qualifying total sales volume and total dollars received for the previous 7 - day period ending on saturday. all reports received from manufacturers are summed together for total volume and total dollars then divided to calculate regional and national average prices. once each year, statisticians from nass sit down with each reporter to ensure they understand all program requirements, products specifications, and misreporting penalties. each reporter also indicates their understanding of the product specifications weekly. ams conducts on - site report verifications of all reporting plants ; they audit plants under authority from the mandatory reporting law. all plants have been through a least two verifications, with some plants experiencing as many as seven since the verification program was established. discrepancies are issued, tracked, and addressed to prevent continued misreporting. ams has broader regulatory authority if misreporting persists. prices that nass publishes each friday at 8 : 30am et represent wholesale commodity sales completed in the previous week. based on the reporting requirements and ams ’ s verification program, the value of the dairy products prices used in the federal market order pricing formulas are accurate. whether we agree or disagree with the current pricing process, dairymen should be confident nass is generating the most accurate components possible, based on the current laws guiding the program.


one of the questions we asked top sports dietitians and nutrition experts during our month - long special blog series on sports nutrition was what they thought of nutritional supplements. not surprisingly, most thought that athletes should meet their nutritional needs by eating whole, minimally processed foods, with most saying a multi - vitamin is okay to fill nutritional gaps. here ' s what each had to say on the subject of supplements ( to go read their full blogs, click on their name ) : i think the most important item is food! food provides energy, as well as vitamins, mineral and nutrients such as protein, carbohydrate and fat. that being said, some athletes may need iron, or vitamin d, or calcium, or sometimes a protein isolate, but never in place of food. i think kids should take a safe, quality multivitamin to fill the nutrient gaps in their diet. no one eats perfectly all the time, and this is a simple way to ensure certain nutrient needs are met. the type, amount and timing of meals are particularly critical throughout puberty, when nutrition can make its greatest contribution to a youth athlete ' s future overall physical stature as an adult, and getting the optimal amounts of key nutrients is extremely important. i also believe that youth athletes benefit from consuming a carbohydrate - and protein - containing meal replacement shakes / smoothies before and after exercise, since research shows doing so helps to ( 1 ) top off muscle fuel stores needed during activity, ( 2 ) replenish muscle stores after activity, and ( 3 ) support muscle repair and growth. the liquid form allows the nutrients to be rapidly absorbed and digested, which is important pre - and post - exercise. the body has a certain window of opportunity approximately an hour after exercise during which nutrient uptake is optimal, so timing is also key. most kids do not eat a balanced diet ; convenience foods are popular, fruits and vegetables are not. many kids have suboptimal levels of iron, copper, zinc, vitamin a, c, d, calcium, fiber and potassium. intense exercise boosts the needs for some of these nutrients even higher. i suggest these supplements : - multivitamin / mineral ( mvi ) to ensure the basic micronutrients are met ( teenage girls who do not eat red meat should consider a mvi with iron ) - omega 3 fish oil helps support focus, reduce inflammation and much much more - calcium with magnesium, vitamin d, boron, vitamin k supports growth and strength for bones - greens


who do not eat red meat should consider a mvi with iron ) - omega 3 fish oil helps support focus, reduce inflammation and much much more - calcium with magnesium, vitamin d, boron, vitamin k supports growth and strength for bones - greens : drink to reduce the oxidation associated with exercise, increase nutrients similar to vegetable intake if athletes are meeting their energy needs through whole foods, additional supplements are not needed. the only supplement i may recommend to young athletes is a standard multivitamin containing 1000 iu vitamin d, and possibly omega - 3 ' s. however, the multivitamin only serves as nutritional " insurance " and complement but cannnot make up for a lack of a solid nutrition foundation of a well - balanced diet of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, healthy fats, and dairy foods. the supplement industry is a scary one, as it ' s currently not regulated by the food & drug administration ( fda ). many can make health claims without any scientific evidence ; as a recent report from the fda pointed out, 20 percent included prohibited disease claims on their labels which were unsubstantiated, and others may not actually contain the ingredients ( or contain more ingredients ) than listed on the supplement facts panel. the other frightening fact is that the supplement industry is among the fastest growing industries in the country. according to the supplement business report, the dietary supplements industry surpassed $ 30 billion in 2011 sales, growing 7 % annually in a return to performance levels not seen since before the economic downturn. adulterated supplements are common, and you won ' t know for sure if a supplement is true to the label unless it has been third - party tested by a reputable company ( e. g. nsf certified for sport ). the bottom line is a fully - nourished body is a strong and powerful body! food first, always. i am not a fan of supplementing high school athletes ' diets with manufactured or engineered ‘ nutrition supplements. ' i think there is way too much we don ' t know about these products. for every claim out there by the marketers of these products, as clinicians we see studies that show harm with supplements. in addition, of the supplements available for purchase, more than a quarter of them are illegally labeled or don ' t contain what is listed. i recommend to my olympic, professional and college athletes that they start with the basics - good hydration and sleep, and not skipping meals. they can find the nutrition they need to perform at an extremely high level through natural


t contain what is listed. i recommend to my olympic, professional and college athletes that they start with the basics - good hydration and sleep, and not skipping meals. they can find the nutrition they need to perform at an extremely high level through natural products. there is no need for them to look for lightning in a bottle or a pill. yes, youth & high school athletes need " compliments " to their healthy diet. i recommend a good multi - vitamin, especially containing adequate amounts of vitamin d, c and zinc. yes, vitamins are a " supplement. " make sure the products are safe and can be properly absorbed. many supplements & vitamins are cheap and ineffective because the formulations do not allow the body to break them down and absorb them properly. parents should do their research on these items and not purchase based on price alone. i do not think high school athletes need supplements. everything they need can be found in food, it just requires some forethought and planning. in fact, research in the area of youth sports and supplements, such as amino acids and creatine, is limited ; the american academy of pediatrics advises no ergogenic ( muscle - building, performance - enhancing ) supplements for youth athletes due to their unknown side effects. for young athletes who have a documented iron deficiency or a limited vitamin d or calcium intake ( due to food allergy or other ), micronutrient supplements may be indicated, but this should be reviewed with a health care provider first. nsf certified for sport multi - vitamin and protein source for smoothies ( preferably, a blend of whey, soy and casein ). no, i never recommend supplements to kids at all, especially those 18 years or younger. kids are still growing during their teens and adding a supplement is not going to make an athlete gain weight or be a better athlete any faster. protein powders, creatine, etc, is absolutely not necessary for youth athletes. most kids are lacking from a simple dietary intake standpoint, so supplements are just a waste of money for parents. ask your child what he / she eats in a day and how often and that will be your answer to improving performance or weight gain, not a supplement. a simple children ' s multi - vitamin is quite all right, however. youth and high school athletes need wholesome foods, not supplements. within the range of 1, 200 to 1, 500 calories, a student - athlete can consume all the vitamins, minerals and protein they need to


tip of the week making home a safe, secure environment is a priority for any parent. it ' s why we have smoke alarms and deadbolts, secure screens on second - floor windows and set the temperature of our hot water heaters to 120 degrees fahrenheit. but what about unexpected sources of danger in our homes? while it ' s impossible to anticipate and guard against every eventuality, it still pays to think about some dangers that are often overlooked. here are some accident risks that are statistically worth worrying about when you ' re working on making your home as safe as possible for your children. - tipping tvs : tvs keep getting bigger, and more of us have multiple sets in our homes. unfortunately, many of those tvs will end up on dressers, coffee tables and folding tray tables that were never intended to hold a television. even tvs placed on a stand made for displaying a set can tip over if not properly secured. there were an estimated 20, 000 injuries related to tv tip - overs in the united states in 2010, according to consumer product safety commission data. fortunately, it ' s easy to reduce the risk of a tv tipping or falling. never place any tv atop a dresser, bureau, bench, box or folding tray table. using a tv wall mount can help minimize the chance of a tv falling on and injuring a child or adult. - the laundry room : you may think of this room as one of the most harmless and useful rooms in the house, but the laundry room holds hidden dangers for children. since 2005, at least two children have died and many more have been injured in washing machine - related accidents, u. s. news and world report recently reported. in fact, cpsc data indicates that tens of thousands of injuries are attributed to washing machines and clothes dryers every year. injuries may range from burns from hot dryer elements and limb injuries from spinning parts to accidental drowning if a child becomes submerged in a filled washer tub. - exercise equipment : many americans rely on home exercise equipment to stay in shape, but some of those machines can pose a safety risk to children. a cpsc study estimated that over an eight - year period, more than 46, 000 exercise equipment - related injuries sent children 4 and younger to hospital emergency rooms. treadmills, elliptical machines and other home fitness devices can cause a range of injuries, including cuts, fractures, dislocations, burns and even amputations. the study recommended parents be aware of the risks and


to hospital emergency rooms. treadmills, elliptical machines and other home fitness devices can cause a range of injuries, including cuts, fractures, dislocations, burns and even amputations. the study recommended parents be aware of the risks and take steps to reduce children ' s exposure to home exercise equipment. family movie night " wreck - it ralph, " in theaters length : 101 minutes violence / scary rating : 2. 5 sexual - content rating : 1. 5 profanity rating : 2 drugs / alcohol rating : 1. 5 family time rating : 2. this is a decent movie for families, with some video - game style violence the only thing to be aware of. ( ratings are judged on a five - point scale, with 5 being " bad for kids " and 1 being " fine for kids. " ) " ten tiny toes, " by todd tarpley and marc brown ( illustrator ) synopsis : into the world came ten tiny toes, a hundred times sweeter than one could suppose. … there ' s nothing sweeter in the world than a baby ' s 10 tiny toes. from tiny feet nuzzled and tickled in the crib to bath time, playtime and those very first big steps, here is a wonderful way to commemorate the unforgettable moments in a young child ' s life. marc brown ' s adorable collage illustrations bring todd tarpley ' s rhythmic text to life in this tender read - aloud. it is a joyous celebration of the unbreakable bond of love that guides a child through each exciting milestone and beyond. - little, brown books for young readers did you know according to a study published in the journal of pediatrics, kids who have attention - deficit hyperactivity disorder ( adhd ) appear likely to benefit from just 20 minutes of exercise. gatehouse news service


the central coast maritime museum association preserves and interprets the maritime history of california and beyond. our mission is to provide an easily accessible educational venue for maritime history, science and technology. restoration of the alma is under way! thanks to a generous grant from the hind foundation, the conservation, and stabilization of the historic vessel alma is under way. the alma is an important part of california ’ s maritime history and we are very fortunate to be able restore her for future display in morro bay. consultation with experts indicates that the alma is eligible for listing on the us department of interior ' s national register of historic places. built at san francisco ' s fisherman ' s wharf in 1927, the alma gained notoriety on the morning of december 23, 1941, when under the command of the late merle molinari of cayucos, she headed north toward piedras blancas and rescued crewmembers of the union oil tanker montebello which had been torpedoed and sunk earlier that morning by a japanese submarine. after the montebello incident, the alma assisted the war effort by patrolling local waters and towing targets for the military. in the post - war years, the alma worked the waters of estero bay as a harbor tug and became an iconic figure of the working morro bay waterfront. a 46 ’ tug, alma is a surviving example of a " gas boat, " utilitarian workboat common to california harbors in the early 20th century. the work currently underway will replace and repair decks, bulwarks, wheelhouse exterior and some interior structural members. future work will repair cracks in the ferro cement hull coating, paint exterior, fabricate display cradle, create interpretive signage, move the vessel to a display location. the costs for the project have been reduced by generous donations of time and effort from local volunteers and businesses. if you are interested in supporting the effort to restore the alma please contact us.


tuvalu runs dry the telegraph reports that tuvalu ' s state of emergency was declared after existing desalination plants broke, exacerbating an already dire drought : the tuvalu red cross said it had not rained properly in the country for more than six months. meteorologists have forecast a lack of run until december. typically it gets between 200mm to 400mm [ ~ 8 to 16 inches ] of rainfall per month... [ new zealand ] was working with the red cross to deliver aid workers and supplies as quickly as possible. i wrote about the troubles facing tuvalu ' s nine tiny islands in my 2003 mother jones article all the disappearing islands. at that time tuvalu was threatening to sue earth ' s gassiest nations for emitting enough co2 to sink tuvalu for good : tuvalu is among the smallest and most remote countries on earth, with a total land mass comprising only 10 square miles / 26 square kilometers, less than half the size of manhattan and scattered over 347, 400 square miles / 899, 000 sq km of ocean — an area larger than california, oregon, and washington combined... at no point is the sandy island of funafuti higher than 13 feet above sea level, as is the case throughout the nine coral atolls of this south pacific nation of tuvalu. surrounded by the sea, the people here have been shaped by it as few others on earth. every afternoon, rain or shine, tuvaluan children romp in its unsupervised playground... inescapably, this is a nation of waterfront property ; even the plywood and corrugated - tin houses standing ' inland ' a block or two enjoy the ambiance of the ocean. no one here has ever lived a moment without hearing the thunder of surf. now tuvalu ' s freshwater aquifers may be contaminated, reports the bbc : secretary general tataua pefe advised people against drinking water from wells. " it ' s not safe for consumption, " he told radio australia. " some animals have died recently and we think it ' s because of subterranean water. " floods and rogue waves raise the saltwater table underlying the atolls, poisoning the tuvaluans ' staple crops. already some farmers have been forced to grow their [ crops ] in tin containers, and already some of the smaller motus [ islands ] have lost their coconut palms to saltwater intrusion. nor are storms a prerequisite for disaster. " last august


already some farmers have been forced to grow their [ crops ] in tin containers, and already some of the smaller motus [ islands ] have lost their coconut palms to saltwater intrusion. nor are storms a prerequisite for disaster. " last august, " prime minister saufatu sopoanga tells me, " on a clear, calm day, a sudden wave surge rolled in from the sea and washed across funafuti into the lagoon, flooding houses. " there was no apparent reason for it, and during my stay on the atoll, i find the sensation of threat to be ever present — the sea on both sides, the constant drumroll of surf, a thin strip of land between — like living on a liquid fault line. meanwhile 3 news new zealand reports the drought is affecting other pacific islands too, notably tokelau — a new zealand territory of fewer than 1, 500 people living on three coral atolls in the central pacific — which has also declared a state of emergency. at the same time the taiwan news reports a possible cholera outbreak in tuvalu. inundated by ills from afar, more and more tuvaluans are leaving their home islands — and not because they want to. from all the disappearing islands : within the coming decades, the atolls of tuvalu and elsewhere will almost certainly revert to sandbars and then nothing. although the people themselves will not go extinct, without their home islands to anchor them, their beliefs and identity probably will, scattered person by person across the rising waters... until, like atlantis, the name of tuvalu fades into myth.


new research from the environmental working group shows that the animal products you eat have remarkably different affects on the environment. the research shows that lamb, beef and cheese have the highest emissions. in part this is because they come from ruminant animals that constantly generate methane through their digestive process. methane ( ch4 ) – a greenhouse gas 25 times more ( ch4 ) potent than carbon dioxide ( co2 ), accounts for nearly half the emissions generated in this study ’ s nebraska beef production model ( see chart below ). pound for pound, ruminants also require significantly more energy - intensive feed and generate more manure than pork or chicken ( see figure 2 ). - lamb has the greatest impact, generating 39. 3 kg ( 86. 4 lbs ) of carbon dioxide equivalents ( co2e ) for each kilo eaten – about 50 percent more than beef. while beef and lamb generate comparable amounts of methane and require similar quantities of feed, lamb generates more emissions per kilo in part because it produces less edible meat relative to the sheep ’ s live weight. since just one percent of the meat consumed by americans is lamb, however, it contributes very little to overall u. s. greenhouse gas emissions. - beef has the second - highest emissions, generating 27. 1 kilos ( 59. 6 lbs ) of co2e per kilo consumed. that ’ s more than twice the emissions of pork, nearly four times that of chicken and more than 13 times that of vegetable proteins such as beans, lentils and tofu. about 30 percent of the meat consumed in america is beef. - cheese generates the third - highest emissions, 13. 5 kilos ( 29. 7 lbs ) of co2e per kilo eaten, so vegetarians who eat a lot of dairy aren ’ t off the hook. less dense cheese ( such as cottage ) results in fewer greenhouse gases since it takes less milk to produce it. it takes 10 pounds of milk to make 1 pound of cheese. full lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions from common proteins and vegetables the ewg are calling for us all to forgo meat and cheese one day a week, environmentally it would be the same as the country driving 91 billion fewer miles a year. the call joins a growing movement advocating once - a - week meat - free meals, from an international meatless monday campaign and a european veggie days movement to decisions by some catholic bishops to suggest a return to the no - meat fridays of old. the ewg report is the most recent in a long


lockheed ’ s missile and space division designed the yo - 3a as a nearly silent observation aircraft. the united states army used the plane to spot nighttime enemy activity and direct artillery fire during the war in vietnam. a downward - facing periscope equipped with night vision and infrared ( heat sensing ) capabilities allowed the aircraft ’ s forward observer to spot activity on the jungle floor, even in nearly complete darkness. the yo - 3a and it ' s prototype, the qt - 2 represent represented the first use of aerial stealth technology in combat. unlike the stealth aircraft we know today, the qt - 2 and yo - 3a were not designed to hide from radar, but to hide from human detection. the plane ’ s muffler - equipped engine drove a special slow propeller that eliminated the buzzing sound typical of propeller aircraft. this let the yo - 3a operate almost unheard by people on the ground. lockheed project manager, stanley hall described the aircraft ’ s noise as “ the gentle rushing sound of the ocean surf ”. the museum ’ s aircraft, 69 - 18005, was the sixth of just 11 aircraft constructed. it served in vietnam from 1970 – 1972 before it was sold to an aviation school. the museum acquired the aircraft in 2010 from mr. bruce elliot of la connor, wa. the yo - 3a exhibit tells the story of this highly unique aircraft and looks at the sources of airplane noise and ongoing efforts to quiet them down.


creativity and innovation. students can be encouraged to identify interesting heroes and produce creative stories, short films, and artwork to honor them that can then be shared through the my hero website. communication and collaboration. since my hero includes participants and an audience from around the world, students embark on the path of creating clear and compelling content when they create their work for publication. teachers have commented on student awareness of the impact of their work and the widespread reactions they receive. critical thinking, problem solving, and decision making. students employ online and offline critical thinking, problem - solving and decision - making tools as they evaluate their research and decide on heroes to feature in their stories, artwork, or short film. digital citizenship. as responsible global citizens, students consider heroic attributes that contribute positively to our world, and choose stories of heroism to share through their contributions to the my hero website. technology operations and concepts. students consider, identify, and employ a range of software and hardware as they develop their my hero artwork, short film, or story. by evaluating the level of understanding and competency students already have with regard to the use of technology tools, teachers can provide them with next steps and deeper challenges to encourage their mastery of nets through my hero projects. technology operations and concepts. as teachers develop their lessons for students to develop stories, artwork, or short films for the my hero project, they practice what they will be asking their students to do, thus demonstrating and improving their own technology expertise. planning and designing learning environments and experiences. for over ten years, the my hero project has collected student and adult stories focused on heroes in a variety of categories. through an online tool, ecreate, teachers can build a page of hero stories on a particular curricular theme or interdisciplinary topics, or a page of their own students ’ work and make them available to students. the opportunities for creating rich learning situations for students abound. teaching, learning, and the curriculum. including my hero content in lessons and challenging students to research and write hero stories for inclusion on the site constitute fine examples of using technology in a meaningful way to maximize student learning. assessment and evaluation. to evaluate student work, teachers may require students to word process their stories, email them to the teacher, edit their work electronically, and upload their stories to the my hero site. teachers can assess through observation, note taking on a laptop, or applying a rubric to online submissions. productivity and professional practice. as teachers share their my hero assignments with their colleagues via email, listservs, or forums,


my hero site. teachers can assess through observation, note taking on a laptop, or applying a rubric to online submissions. productivity and professional practice. as teachers share their my hero assignments with their colleagues via email, listservs, or forums, they can refine and improve the assignments they give their students. social, ethical, legal, and human issues. by allowing all students to explore the my hero project website and contribute stories, teachers address issues of equitable access, and support the idea of the power of diverse talents and experiences as students read a range of inspiring hero stories. while administrators may not be directly involved with students and teachers as they engage in developing content for the classroom and the my hero website, administrators can make a powerful statement by encouraging teachers to develop curriculum that includes using and contributing to the my hero project. leadership and vision. administrators, through their example, inspire good work. by becoming familiar with the many features of the my hero project, and allowing time for teachers to do the same, administrators provide a strong model for teachers who are working hard to integrate technology in a meaningful way in their classrooms. learning and teaching. through inspiring stories of real people, students find their place in the world, and begin to see the potential each of us has to contribute to our world. the my hero project focuses attention on good work and positive contributions, while making it easy for students and teachers to use technology tools to add more curricular - based stories to the y hero global database. productivity and professional use. the my hero project includes a number of tools for teachers, such as ecreate, that are easy to use and allow teachers to develop personalized hero web pages for classroom use. administrators can facilitate teacher and student improvement in employing technology by encouraging the use of projects such as my hero that utilize technology tools and resources embedded in curriculum. administrators can be asked to contribute a hero story to a class project! support, management, and operations. a carefully monitored project such as my hero meets the guidelines set by most schools that direct online technology use. because of the ease with which teachers from a variety of disciplines can develop a my hero project that meets their curricular goals, administrators can support this model for technology integration into curriculum. assessment and evaluation. administrators can assess some levels of student and teacher fluency with technology by viewing her / his school ’ s contributions to the my hero project. social, legal, and ethical issues. by promoting online projects that pay attention to the good works of the world ’ s citizens, require research and citing


teacher fluency with technology by viewing her / his school ’ s contributions to the my hero project. social, legal, and ethical issues. by promoting online projects that pay attention to the good works of the world ’ s citizens, require research and citing sources, and provide an environment for a global exchange of ideas among students and teachers such as the my hero project, administrators model support for the best uses of technology in education. the my hero project offers many opportunities for students, teachers, and administrators to practice and perfect technology standards identified by iste ’ s nets project. at the same time, solid curricular goals and interesting content mark my hero stories, artwork, and short films. all this in a global context makes the my hero project a powerful addition to any school ’ s teaching and learning practices. common core state standards : literacy in history / social studies, science, and technical subjects the common core state standards provide a consistent, clear understanding of what students are expected to learn, so teachers and parents know what they need to do to help them. the standards are designed to be robust and relevant to the real world, reflecting the knowledge and skills that our young people need for success in college and careers. the common core literacy in history / social studies, science, and technical subjects standards are specifically for 6 - 12 and begin at grade 6 ; standards for k – 5 reading in history / social studies, science, and technical subjects are integrated into the k – 5 reading standards. these standards in literacy work in tandem to define college and career readiness expectations — the former providing broad standards, the latter providing additional specificity. common core - media standards the common core standards are a nationwide effort to define the knowledge and skills that u. s. students should have within their k - 12 education careers, so that they will graduate high school able to succeed in entry - level, credit - bearing academic college courses and in workforce training programs. the following is a collection of the standards in english language arts that relate specifically to students ' use of media in different grade levels. as you will see, the term " media " can refer to online, film / tv - related or artistic materials that can be utilized as sources in the course of research projects. media can also refer to multi - media and / or artistic content that students create for class projects and presentations. one of the goals of the ccs is that students will leave their schooling with a firm grasp of 21st - century media and technology skills. in calling for students to develop skills in both the critical analysis and


that students create for class projects and presentations. one of the goals of the ccs is that students will leave their schooling with a firm grasp of 21st - century media and technology skills. in calling for students to develop skills in both the critical analysis and production of media, the ccs recognizes the increasing importance of media literacy in the modern world. my hero shares this view, and our media arts curricula provide teachers with the tools they need to develop their students ' mastery of media and technology. in a time when so many schools and districts have cut their fine arts programs, a project that ties art to curriculum is a welcome idea. the my hero project provides opportunities for students to create artwork on the hero theme, and produce short films on the topic as well. the national visual arts standards consist of six items and are discussed in three grade levels — k - 4, 5 - 8, and 9 - 12 — that promote developmentally appropriate student work and understanding of concepts. the six standards are as follows : understanding and applying media, techniques, and processes. using knowledge of structures and functions. choosing and evaluating a range of subject matter, symbols, and ideas. understanding the visual arts in relation to history and cultures. reflecting upon and assessing the characteristics and merits of their work and the work of others. making connections between visual arts and other disciplines.


dietary carbs are currently regarded as the culprit for most modern human diseases including diabetes, cardiovascular disease and neurodegenerative diseases. indeed, numerous studies demonstrate the association between over consumption of carbs and a high percentage of blood sugar problems, obesity and cognitive impairments among modern humans from all age groups. consequently, carb - bashing today is at an all - time high. many people develop carb phobia and low or no carb diets are now the darling of the media. so it seems, the two most popular dietary methods are currently carb or calorie restriction. most, if not all diets are based on either one or both methods. yet, in spite of the growing awareness of the hazards of over consumption of carbs and calories, the rate of weight gain, obesity and blood sugar related diseases is still accelerating. to make matters worse, people who follow extreme low calorie or low carb diets often face unpleasant symptoms including mental and physical fatigue, chronic cravings for carbs ( in particular sweets ), loss of libido and severe mood swings. bodybuilders, who try to slim down via low calorie low carb diets, often face similar adverse symptoms in addition to loss of muscle mass and strength. obviously, something must be wrong with the assumption that chronic carb and calorie restriction is the practical solution for most of modern disease. even though the idea of carb and calorie restriction may very well work theoretically, in practical terms ( in vivo ) it fails. the purpose of this article is to shed some light on the critical role of dietary carbs in human metabolism as well as to challenge the notion that carbs aren ' t essential for human survival. finally, conclusions are presented together with some practical methods as to how to take advantage of dietary carbs for reaching a desired metabolic potential to build lean tissue ( including muscles ), burn fat and increase energy production. maximum oxygenation is a biological term that describes maximum energy production from metabolic processes that require oxygen. active individuals, including athletes and bodybuilders, should note that maximum oxygenation is a principal key to maximum performance. the upcoming paragraph may be somewhat technical. nevertheless, understanding this topic could mean the difference between average and superior capability to build muscles and ignite energy. living organisms derive most of their energy from oxidation - reduction ( redox ) reactions, which involve the transfer of electrons to the respiratory chain complex ( an aerobic energy - yielding metabolic process


between average and superior capability to build muscles and ignite energy. living organisms derive most of their energy from oxidation - reduction ( redox ) reactions, which involve the transfer of electrons to the respiratory chain complex ( an aerobic energy - yielding metabolic process that involves interaction between hydrogen protons and oxygen ). aerobic energy production requires oxygen and yields most of the energy needed for survival. in fact, the electron transfer system ( oxidative phosphorylation ) yields ten times more energy than the krebs cycle itself. dr. otto warburg, one of the world ' s foremost leading biochemists, won a nobel prize for his basic work with respiratory enzymes and cellular energy production. he discovered and characterized certain nucleotide compounds and proteins, which are necessary for the actions of the respiratory chain, which, as noted, yields most of the energy needed to maintain an optimum metabolic state. dr. warburg suggested that energy released in the oxidation of foodstuff may be conserved and transferred via a special mechanism for use in synthesis and growth. on the other hand, anaerobic respiration ( an energy yielding metabolic process that does not require oxygen ) may adversely catabolize and damage healthy tissues. dr. warburg and other researchers showed that there is indeed a relationship between anaerobic respiration, tissue destruction and cancer. dr. abram hoffer and dr. morton walker, in their book smart nutrition ( avery 1994 ), suggested that anaerobic respiration is the most primitive energy producing method compared to aerobic respiration which is a later development in the evolution of life from unicellular to multicellular organisms. it is likely that multicellular organisms did not develop until cells became aerobic. according to this theory, the switch back from aerobic to anaerobic respiration brings the cell back to a primitive condition that may cause uncontrolled cell division and a resultant catastrophic damage to the whole organism. as you ' re about to see, aerobic respiration clearly depends on dietary carb utilization and the production of substrates and enzymes that serve as energy molecules. all energy molecules are, in fact, made from nucleotides. most important, all nucleotide material, including all energy molecules, are derived from glucose that is then predominantly derived from dietary carbs. the essential role of carbs it is commonly assumed that carbs serve as fuel and nothing more. this assumption is wrong and quite misleading since it fails to recognize the main biological functions of carbs, which


is then predominantly derived from dietary carbs. the essential role of carbs it is commonly assumed that carbs serve as fuel and nothing more. this assumption is wrong and quite misleading since it fails to recognize the main biological functions of carbs, which go far beyond being just a sheer substrate for energy. evidently, optimum carb utilization from food is critically necessary in order to afford full activation of two vitally important metabolic pathways, which are bound together : i ) the pentose phosphate pathway and ii ) the uronic acid pathway. as you ' ll soon see, these pathways play essential roles in facilitating dna, rna and nucleotides synthesis as well as steroid hormones production, enhancing immunity and generation of energy. as such, these pathways regulate hormonal actions, rate of tissue regeneration as well as protection against dna damage and disease. most important, both pathways ' actions depend upon dietary carb consumption and utilization. the pentose phosphate pathway the pentose phosphate pathway ( ppp ) is an anabolic process that is derived from glucose metabolism and occurs mostly ( but not exclusively ) in the liver. it utilizes pentose ( a five - carbon sugar ) from and glucose ( a six - carbon sugar ). the pentose phosphate pathway ' s primary functions are : - to generate the energy molecule nadph for biosynthesis reaction in the cells - to provide ribose - 5 phosphate for the synthesis of nucleotides and nucleic acid including dna and rna - to metabolize dietary pentose from the digestion of nucleic acid - to biosynthesize steroid hormones and fatty acids ( by utilizing in nadph ) - to regenerate the most powerful antioxidant glutathione enzyme and thereby protect cells and mitochondrial dna from oxidative stress and aging - to support the production of udp glucuronic acid, that is essentially important for overall detoxification. hormonal transport production of proteoglycan and glycoproteins and the synthesis of sphingolipids ( lipids that are necessary for detox and neural protection ) the adverse effects of low calorie and low carb diets as you can see, the pentose phosphate pathway controls critical metabolic functions. however, in times of a desperate need for energy, such as during prolonged fasting or due to low calorie diets, the pentose phosphate pathway may shut down its main functions and instead switch into sheer energy production. it is likely that energy demand


in times of a desperate need for energy, such as during prolonged fasting or due to low calorie diets, the pentose phosphate pathway may shut down its main functions and instead switch into sheer energy production. it is likely that energy demand is a top priority for the body and therefore, in times of desperate need for energy, the body would suppress certain important metabolic pathways to accelerate immediate energy production. in fact, 30 percent of liver glucose oxidation can occur via the pentose phosphate pathway. consequently, dietary carb utilization is a factor that can significantly influence the pentose phosphate pathway ' s actions. since the synthesis of glucose from protein or fat ( gluconeogenesis ) is in fact a limited metabolic process that occurs mostly in the liver ( muscle can ' t produce glucose ), it is reasonable to conclude that severe low carb diets, for active individuals in particular, which chronically over - restrict dietary carb consumption ( under 100g of carbs per day ), may adversely affect the pentose phosphate pathway due to insufficient glucose supply and increased energy demand. the pentose phosphate pathway ' s actions also decreases with age, a fact that may contribute to the decline in steroid hormone production, muscle waste, increased vulnerability to disease and reduced energy production. finally, it ' s important to note that insulin sensitivity is necessary for optimum glucose utilization and the activation of the pentose phosphate pathway. glucuronic acid pathway ( or uronic acid pathway ) the glucuronic acid pathway, or as it is called, uronic acid pathway, is also derived from glucose metabolism, mostly in the liver. its active compound udp glucuronic acid is a co - enzyme responsible for binding with toxins to facilitate their elimination. in that respect, udp glucuronate conjugates with endotoxins such as bilrubine ( a toxin metabolite of hemoglobin and dietary meat ) as well as sulphoric acid and thereby protects the body from endotoxicity and exposure to carcinogens. sidebar : meat eaters and coffee drinkers meat eaters and coffee drinkers should be aware of the important role that glucuronate plays in overall detox, in particular with regard to the digestion and assimilation of animal protein and the neutralization of coffee acid toxin compounds. the uronic acid pathway is a primal evolutionary metabolic process that initially synthesizes vitamin c ( ascorbic acid ) in mammals, except in


with regard to the digestion and assimilation of animal protein and the neutralization of coffee acid toxin compounds. the uronic acid pathway is a primal evolutionary metabolic process that initially synthesizes vitamin c ( ascorbic acid ) in mammals, except in primates including humans. nevertheless, udp glucuronic acid ' s primal actions include : - the transport of fat soluble hormones and substances to target tissues for subsequent release - the production of proteoglycans and glycoconjugated compounds such as glucosamine glycan and glycoproteins, which perform critical immune and hormonal signaling functions on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix. some proteoglycans serve as growth factor receptors. the uronic acid pathway also regulates the production of sphingolipids ( lipids which are based on a lipophilic amino alcohol backbone rather than glycerol ). sphingolipids play an important role in transduction signals, protection against toxins, viruses and bacteria, activation of cell receptors and neuroprotective actions. the glucuronic acid pathway functions depend on the pentose phosphate pathway and therefore depends on overall glucose metabolism. evidently, both pathways ' optimal actions requires sufficient dietary carb utilization. in summary, dietary carbs and glucose utilization go far beyond just sheer energy production. chronic carb or calorie over restrictions may help one lose fat in the short run. however, in the long run, such dietary methods may diminish the essentially important pentose phosphate pathway with its related udp glucuronic acid functions and thereby adversely affect critical metabolic processes including steroid hormone synthesis, nucleic acid and nucleotides production, tissue repair, removal of toxins and overall generation of energy. bodybuilders and athletes should never overlook the important role of carb utilization in muscular development and overall performance. nonetheless, the question remains - how can one practically consume carbs in order to maximize all the beneficial effects without causing insulin resistance or fat gain? how to take advantage of dietary carbs for building lean tissue, removing toxins, burning fat and igniting maximum energy - avoid prolonged low calorie or crash diets to grant sufficient energy supply necessary for optimum function of the pentose phosphate pathway and the related uronic acid pathway - avoid chronic carb over restriction due to prolonged very low or no carb diets. insufficient carb utilization may adversely affect the pentose phosphate pathway