transforming scar tissue into beating heart muscle may help repair cardiac damage washington, apr 19 ( ani ) : researchers including one of indian origin have declared a research breakthrough in mice that shows promise to restore hearts damaged by heart attacks - by converting scar - forming cardiac cells into beating heart muscle. gladstone institutes scientists previously transformed such cells into cardiac muscle - like cells in petri dishes. but gladstone postdoctoral scholar li qian, phd, along with researchers in the laboratory of deepak srivastava, md, has now accomplished this transformation in living animals - and with even greater success. the results may have broad human - health implications. " the damage from a heart attack is typically permanent because heart - muscle cells - deprived of oxygen during the attack - die and scar tissue forms, " said dr. srivastava, who directs cardiovascular and stem cell research at gladstone, an independent and nonprofit biomedical - research institution. " but our experiments in mice are a proof of concept that we can reprogram non - beating cells directly into fully functional, beating heart cells - offering an innovative and less invasive way to restore heart function after a heart attack. " in laboratory experiments with mice that had experienced a heart attack, drs. qian and srivastava delivered three genes that normally guide embryonic heart development - together known as gmt - directly into the damaged region. within a month, non - beating cells that normally form scar tissue transformed into beating heart - muscle cells. within three months, the hearts were beating even stronger and pumping more blood. " these findings could have a significant impact on heart - failure patients - whose damaged hearts make it difficult for them to engage in normal activities like walking up a flight of stairs, " said dr. qian, who is also a california institute for regenerative medicine postdoctoral scholar and a roddenberry fellow. " this research may result in a much - needed alternative to heart transplants - for which donors are extremely limited. and because we are reprogramming cells directly in the heart, we eliminate the need to surgically implant cells that were created in a petri dish. " " our next goal is to replicate these experiments and test their safety in larger mammals, such as pigs, before considering clinical trials in humans, " said dr. srivastava, who is also a professor at the university of california, san francisco ( ucsf ), with which gladstone is affiliated. " we hope that our research will lay the foundation for initiating cardiac repair soon after a heart attack - perhaps even


excessive use may make bird flu drug useless washington, jan 8 ( ians ) overuse of cheap and popular drugs like tamiflu may make the avian flu virus resistant to it. scientists in the us have warned against their use after their failure to stop the flu virus in asia. the scientists say that excessive antiviral drug can accelerate drug resistance in viruses, and that resistance can spread rapidly. the results should serve as a warning to those who consider tamiflu the great antiviral medication, researchers warned. researchers analysed almost 700 genome sequences of avian influenza strains to document where and when the virus developed resistance to a class of antiviral drugs called adamantanes and how far the resistance spread. in order to prepare for a long - feared pandemic flu outbreak, especially in the event that avian flu mutates enough to infect and be easily transmitted among humans, tamiflu has become a standard to avoid it. ' we can ' t necessarily say what we ' ve seen in adamantanes is predictive of what will happen with tamiflu. but in the larger dynamic, perhaps it serves as a cautionary tale, ' said daniel janies, study co - author and an associate professor of biomedical informatics at ohio state university. seasonal influenza in asia had developed resistance against the antiviral drug adamantanes and this was discovered in 2002 but by 2006 the drug was declared worthless as a treatment for the flu because more than 90 percent of the strains had developed a resistance to the drugs, said an ohio release. janies analysed hundreds of avian flu genomes isolated from avian, feline and human hosts between 1996 and 2007 and found that every third of the samples carried mutations enabling the virus strains to resist the effects of adamantane drugs. read more : charkhari state | sarila state | badrinath seasonal | bampa seasonal | malari seasonal | kumaon university nainital | mahdaiya state | gorakhpur university | agra university | ayurvedic university | bundelkhand university so | mds university ajmer dtso | bhopal university | university | jiwaji university | state bank of hyderabad | state bank of india | state bank of mysore colony | state bank colony | state farm colony money spinning ipl should be banned - paswan may 18, 2013 at 9 : 44 pm cbi superintendent sent to three day police remand may 18, 2013 at 9 : 42 pm siddaramaiah


did you miss our g + hangout with a national geographic inventor? watch our video, then check out th culhane ’ s blog for detailed instructions on how to make your own motor and generator! what could you make with a scouring pad, a paper towel, drain cleaner, and an aluminum can tab? how about enough electricity to power a flashlight? join us for our next google + hangout with ng explorer and google science fair judge th culhane at his laboratory in germany for a do - it - yourself build - along event! in support of girlstart ’ s destember focus on science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, we ’ re building an electric motor, a lemon battery, and a soda can tab that produces electricity with materials mostly found at home. the best part? you can build along with th! here is the list of what you will need to get beforehand : safety first … gloves and goggles! 1. super simple electric motor c cell battery ( any battery will do, aa, or aaa or d, but c is easy to hold ) a dry wall screw a round neodymium magnet ( get the big one, splurge, they only cost 3 bucks but they spin better ) a piece of wire 2. lemon battery a penny ( for copper ) a nail ( for zinc ) various low voltage leds 3. joule thief a blue or white led ( other colors are fine, too ) 2n3904 transistor or equivalent 1k resistor ( brown - black - red ) thin wire, two colors ( magnet wire works,. 6mm ) alligator clips and / or a breadboard 4. electricity from a soda can tab aluminum can tab ( or aluminum foil ) stainless steel scouring pad a paper towel or a thin cleaning sponge to separate the stainless steel and the aluminum some drain cleaner


creature feature : the bald eagle! if you ' ve ever seen a bald eagle, you ' ll have probably noticed something a little bit strange - they aren ' t bald! this is because the name actually comes from an old english word, " balde ", meaning white. bald eagles are found in north america, and have been the national symbol of the united states since 1782. but did you know that these beautiful birds were once on the brink of extinction because of hunting and pollution? luckily, laws created almost 50 years ago have helped protect them, and they ' ve made a comeback. yeah! one of the most awesome sights in nature is a bald eagle swooping down from the sky to grab a fish. they can soar over a 3, 048m high ( that ' s over nine times the height of the eiffel tower! ), and their great eyesight lets them see fish up to 1. 6km away. when they attack, they drop down, glide just above the water, snag a fish with their feet, and fly off to eat it. babies, called eaglets, are born light grey then turn brown as they get older. when they are four to five years old, they develop their normal white heads and tails. eagle nests are called aeries. bald eagles build their nests at the very top of tall trees so the eggs will be safe. some parents come back year after year to the same nest, adding more sticks, twigs and grass each time. - these carnivorous birds can only lift about half their body weight. if they catch a fish that weighs more than that, they might hang onto it with their claws and " swim " to shore using their huge wings. - the average female bald eagle has a wingspan of 1. 8m to 2. 4m, and weighs 4kg. - in the wild, bald eagles can live up to 35 years old. - female bald eagles are larger than males. their bodies can grow up to 1m long, and their wingspan can be up to 2. 4m across ( that ' s about the distance from the floor to the ceiling! ). adapted from text by scot hoffman. images : getty images uk.


subsequent smaller folds would include the assumptions associated with the theory. the finished object might resemble a silhouette of two people connected to one another, alluding to the ongoing nurse and client interaction required for deliberative care to effectively take place. dynamic nurse - patient relationship know the theorist distinguish the theory “ nurse, can you give me my morphine, ” cried out mrs. so. “ can you tell how painful it is using the 0 ‐ 10 pain scale, where 0 being not painful and 10 being severely painful? ” replied the nurse. “ ummm... i think it ’ s about 7. can i have my morphine now? ” “ mrs. so, i think something is bothering you besides your pain. am i correct? ” mrs. so cried and said, “ i can ’ t help it. i ’ m so worried about my 3 boys. i ’ m not sure how they are or who ’ s been taking care of them. they ’ re still so young to be left alone. my husband is in yemen right now and he won ’ t be back until next month. ” “ why don ’ t we make a phone call to your house so you could check out on your boys? ” mrs. so phoned his sons. “ thank you nurse. i don ’ t think i still need that morphine. my boys are fine. our neighbour, mrs. yee, she ’ s watching over my boys right now. ” the focus of orlando ’ s paradigm hubs the context of a dynamic nurse - patient phenomenon constructively realized through highlighting the key concepts such as : patient behavior, nurse reaction, nurse action. 1. the nursing process is set in motion by the patient behavior. all patient behavior, verbal ( a patient ’ s use of language ) or non - verbal ( includes physiological symptoms, motor activity, and nonverbal communication ), no matter how insignificant, must be considered an expression of a need for help and needs to be validated. if a patient ’ s behavior does not effectively assessed by the nurse then a major problem in giving care would rise leading to a nurse - patient relationship failure. overtime. the more it is difficult to establish rapport to the patient once behavior is not determined. communicating effectively is vital to achieve patient ’ s cooperation in achieving health. remember : when a patient has a need for help that cannot be resolved without the help of another, helplessness results 2. the patient behavior stimulates a nurse reaction. in this part, the beginning of the nurse -


s cooperation in achieving health. remember : when a patient has a need for help that cannot be resolved without the help of another, helplessness results 2. the patient behavior stimulates a nurse reaction. in this part, the beginning of the nurse - patient relationship takes place. it is important to correctly evaluate the behavior of the patient using the nurse reactions steps to achieve positive feedback response from the patient. the steps are as follows : the nurse perceives behavior through any of the senses - > the perception leads to automatic thought - > the thought produces an automatic feeling - > the nurse shares reactions with the patient to ascertain whether perceptions are accurate or inaccurate - > the nurse consciously deliberates about personal reactions and patient input in order to produce professional deliberative actions based on mindful assessment rather than automatic reactions. remember : exploration with the patient helps validate the patient ’ s behavior. 3. critically considering one or two ways in implementing nurse action. when providing care, nursing action can be done either automatic or deliberative. automatic reactions stem from nursing behaviors that are performed to satisfy a directive other than the patient ’ s need for help. for example, the nurse who gives a sleeping pill to a patient every evening because it is ordered by the physician, without first discussing the need for the medication with the patient, is engaging in automatic, non - deliberative behavior. this is because the reason for giving the pill has more to do with following medical orders ( automatically ) than with the patient ’ s immediate expressed need for help. deliberative reaction is a “ disciplined professional response ” it can be argued that all nursing actions are meant to help the client and should be considered deliberative. however, correct identification of actions from the nurse ’ s assessment should be determined to achieve reciprocal help between nurse and patient ’ s health. the following criterias should be considered. - deliberative actions result from the correct identification of patient needs by validation of the nurses ’ s reaction to patient behavior. - the nurse explores the meaning of the action with the patient and its relevance to meeting his need. - the nurse validates the action ’ s effectiveness immediately after compelling it. - the nurse is free of stimuli unrelated to the patient ’ s need ( when action is taken ). remember : for an action to have been truly deliberative, it must undergo reflective evaluation to determine if the action helped the client by addressing the need as determined by the nurse and the client in the immediate situation. learn more about the theorymetaparadigm concepts


action to have been truly deliberative, it must undergo reflective evaluation to determine if the action helped the client by addressing the need as determined by the nurse and the client in the immediate situation. learn more about the theorymetaparadigm concepts human / person an individual in need. unique individual behaving verbally or nonverbally. assumption is that individuals are at times able to meet their own needs and at other times unable to do so. health assumption is that being without emotional or physical discomfort and having a sense of well - being contribute to a healthy state. she further assumed that freedom from mental or physical discomfort and feelings of adequacy and well being contribute to health. she also noted that repeated experiences of having been helped undoubtedly culminate over periods of time in greater degrees of improvement environment orlando assumes it as a nursing situation that occurs when there is a nurse - patient contact and that both nurse and patient perceive, think, feel and act in the immediate situation. any aspect of the environment, even though its designed for therapeutic and helpful purposes, can cause the patient to become distressed. she stressed out that when a nurse observes a patient behavior, it should be perceived as a signal of distress. nursing a distinct profession " providing direct assistance to individuals in whatever setting they are found for he purpose of avoiding, relieving, diminishing, or curing the individual ' s sense of helplessness " ( orlando, 1972, p. 22 ). professional nursing is conceptualized as finding out and meeting the client ’ s immediate need for help. cite the applications of the theory in nursing research in nursing education - in a veterans administration ( va ) ambulatory psychiatric practice in providence, rishea, mcbride, gavin, and bauer ( 1987 ) used ’ s theoretical model with patients having a bipolar disorder. their research results indicate that there were : higher patient retention, reduction of emergency services, decreased hospital stay, and increased satisfaction. they recommended its use throughout the va system. currently orlando ’ s model is being used in a multi - million dollar research study of patients with a bipolar disorder at 12 sites in the va system ( mcbride, telephone interview, july, 2000 ). mcbride and colleagues continue its use in practice and research at the orlando veteran administration hospitalin. providence, ri - in a pilot study, potter and bockenhauer ( 2000 ) found positive results after implementing ’ s theory. these included : positive, patient - centered outcomes, a model for staff to use to approach patients, and a decrease


providence, ri - in a pilot study, potter and bockenhauer ( 2000 ) found positive results after implementing ’ s theory. these included : positive, patient - centered outcomes, a model for staff to use to approach patients, and a decrease in patient ’ s immediate distress. the study provides variable measurements that might be used in other research studies. orlando in nursing practice ' s theory has a continuing influence on nursing education. through e - mail communication it was found that the orlando midwestern state universi tyin wichita falls, texas, is using ' s theory for teaching entering nursing students. according to greene ( e - mail communication, june, 2000 ) she became aware, when taking a doctoral course about nursing theories, that it was orlando theory used by its school. orlando - through networking the author found that for over 10 years south dakota state university in brookings, sd has been using haggerty ’ s ( 1985 ) description of the communication based on orlando ’ s theory for entering nursing students as well as re - enforcing it in their junior year ( e - mail communication, ( j. fjelland, june, 2000 ). joyce fjelland, ms, rn. after working with schmieding at boston city hospital, lois haggerty used orlando ’ s theory in her teaching of students and in conducting a research study of students ’ responses to distressed patients at boston collegein. chestnut hill, massachusetts from an icu nurse : “ patients have an initial ability to communicate their need for help ”. consider a case of an immediate post coronary artery bypass graft ( cabg ) patient. once relieved from the effects of anesthetic sedation, though intubated, you would realize his excruciating retort from the sternotomy incisional pain through implicit cues. morphine sulfate 1 to 2 mg to be given via slow iv push every 1 to 2 hours or ketorolac 15 mg iv every 6 hours is the typical pro re nata ( prn ) order of a cardiac intensivist to relieve the client from pain. automatic response of a nurse is to calm the client and encourage relaxation through deep breathing while splinting the chest with a pillow. being deliberate in your actions include knowing the pharmacokinetics of an ordered drug in relation to the client ’ s physiologic standing. if the creatinine level were elevated, would you administer ketorolac? if the client is on respiratory precaution, would you administer mor


of an ordered drug in relation to the client ’ s physiologic standing. if the creatinine level were elevated, would you administer ketorolac? if the client is on respiratory precaution, would you administer morphine? you would ask yourself, what other alternatives do i have to ease my client from pain? “ the client ’ s behavior is meaningful ”. if such “ need ” would be fittingly dealt with, the intervention is thriving. “ when patient ’ s needs are not met, they become distressed. ” analyze the theory a relative of a patient at the emergency room went to the nurse ’ s station and began complaining in a loud shouting voice that their patient being a charity case is not being given the same quality of care as that of the other patients who are under private consultants. he claimed that their patient who was hyperventilating and was complanining of difficulty of breathing due to neurocirculatory astheinia was just forced to sit in the cubicle, while the rich - looking patient was a gomey. how will you handle this kind of situation and avoid conflict? how can ’ s dynamic nurse - patient interaction theory be utilized in this type of situation? orlando this group blog is submitted to ms. sheila bonito, fic, in partial fulfillment of the requirements in n207. manager : aux lizares editor : maria mae juanich katrina anne limos ginno paulo maglaya diana jasmin lee acknowledgmentwe would like to acknowledge the following people : ma ’ am shiela bonito, for coming up with this group work which really challenged not only our knowledge, understanding and creativity but also our ability to stay connected despite the distance, ms. aux lizares, for diligently sorting out the articles, ms. maria mae juanich, for organizing the articles into a working blog, and for ms. katrina anne limos, mr. gino paulo maglaya, and ms. diana jasmin lee, for tirelessly contributing their thoughts, ideas, and resources. without all of you, this blog would have never been possible. thank you very much!!! let us learn together. have we done justice to ida j. orlando in presenting her theory this way? we would like to invite you to share with us your thoughts, feelings, comments or reactions on our blog entitled, “ understanding ida jean orlando - pelletier ’ sdynamic nurse - patient relationship. ” thank you for your participation


this way? we would like to invite you to share with us your thoughts, feelings, comments or reactions on our blog entitled, “ understanding ida jean orlando - pelletier ’ sdynamic nurse - patient relationship. ” thank you for your participation! regards, i. j. ( 1972 ). the discipline and teaching of nursing process : an evaluative study. : g. p. putnam. new york george, j. b. ( 2002 ). nursing process discipline : ida jean orlando. in george, j. b. ( ed. ). nursing theories : the base for professional nursing practice ( 5th ed. ). : prentice hall, pp. 189 - 208. upper saddle river, new jersey ( 2002 ). ida jean orlando ( pelletier ) : nursing process theory. in tomey, a. m., & alligood, m. r.. nurse theorists and their work ( 5th ed. ). st. louis : mosby, pp. 399 - 417. schmieding, n. j. orlando, i. j. ( 1961 ). the dynamic nurse - patient relationship, function, process and principles. new york : g. p. putnam. ] haggerty, l. a. ( 1985 ). a theoretical model for developing students ’ communication skills. journal of nursing education, 24 ( 7 ), 296 - 298. haggerty, l. a. ( 1987 ). an analysis of senior nursing students ’ immediate responses to distressed patients.. journal of advanced nursing, 12, 451 - 461. nancy m. shea, linda mcbride, christopher gavin, and mark bauer bauer, m. s. ( 2001 ). the collaborative practice model for bipolar disorder - design and implementation in a multisite randomized controlled trial. bipolar disorders 3 ( 5 ), 233 - 244. bauer, m. s., & mcbride, l. ( 2002 ). structured group psychotherapy for bipolar disorder ( 2nd ed ). new york : springer publishing co. shea, n. m., mcbride, l. gavin, c., & bauer, m. ( 1997 ). the effects of ambulatory collaboration practice model on process and outcome of care for bipolar disorder. journal of the american psychiatric nurses association 3 ( 2 ), 49 - 57. mertie. l. potter, nd, arnp, cs and barbara jo bockenhauer, ms, rnc potter, m. l. & bockenhauer, b.


is concept attainment? attainment is an indirect instructional strategy that uses a structured inquiry process. it is based on the work of jerome bruner. in concept attainment, students figure out the attributes of a group or category that has already been formed by the teacher. to do so, students compare and contrast examples that contain the attributes of the concept with examples that do not contain those attributes. they then separate them into two groups. concept attainment, then, is the search for and identification of attributes that can be used to distinguish examples of a given group or category from non - examples. is its purpose? attainment is designed to clarify ideas and to introduce aspects of content. it engages students into formulating a concept through the use of illustrations, word cards or specimens called examples. students who catch onto the idea before others are able to resolve the concept and then are invited to suggest their own examples, while other students are still trying to form the concept. for this reason, concept attainment is well suited to classroom use because all thinking abilities can be challenged throughout the activity. with experience, children become skilled at identifying relationships in the word cards or specimens. with carefully chosen examples, it is possible to use concept attainment to teach almost any concept in all subjects. make connections between what students know and what they will how to examine a concept from a number of perspectives how to sort out relevant information their knowledge of a concept by classifying more than one example of that concept go beyond merely associating a key term with a definition concept is learned more thoroughly and retention is improved do i do it? of concept attainment : and define a concept positive and negative examples the process to the students the examples and list the attributes a concept definition the process with the class the teacher chooses a concept to developed. ( i. e. math facts that by making list of both positive " yes " and negative " no " examples : the examples are put onto sheets of paper or examples : ( positive examples contain attributes of the concept to be taught ) i. e. 5 + 5, 11 - 1, 10x1, 3 + 4 + 4, 12 - 2, 15 - 5, ( 4x2 ) + 2, examples : ( for examples choose facts that do not have 10 as the answer ) i. e. 6 + 6, 3 + 3, 12 - 4, 3x3, 4x4, 16 - 5, 6x2, 3 + 4 + 6, 2 + ( 2x3 ), one area


answer ) i. e. 6 + 6, 3 + 3, 12 - 4, 3x3, 4x4, 16 - 5, 6x2, 3 + 4 + 6, 2 + ( 2x3 ), one area of the chalkboard for the positive examples and one area for negative examples. a chart could be set up at the front of the room with two columns - one marked yes and the other marked the first card by saying, " this is a yes. " place it under the appropriate column. i. e. 5 + 5 is a yes the next card and say, " this is a no. " place it under the no column. i. e. 6 + 6 is a no this process until there are three examples under each column. the class to look at the three examples under the yes column and discuss how they are alike. ( i. e. 5 + 5, 11 - 1, 2x5 ) ask " what do they have in common? " the next tree examples under each column, ask the students to decide if the examples go under yes or no. this point, there are 6 examples under each column. several students will have identified the concept but it is important that they not tell it out loud to the class. they can however show that they have caught on by giving an example of their own for each column. at this point, the examples are student - generated. ask the class if anyone else has the concept in mind. students who have not yet defined the concept are still busy trying to see the similarities of the yes examples. place at least three more examples under each column that are student - generated. the process with the class. once most students have caught on, they can define the concept. once they have pointed out that everything under the yes column has an answer of 10, then print a new heading at the top of the column ( 10 facts ). the print a new heading for the no column ( not 10 facts ). can i adapt it? activity can be done on the chalkboard, chart paper or overhead projector to a large or small group. it also works well as one - on - one work. rather than starting with the teacher ' s concept, use a student ' s concept. concept attainment can be used to introduce or conclude a unit of study. on the concept attainment model all of the positive examples to the students at once and have them determine the essential attributes. all of the positive and negative examples to the students without


- linking behaviour and physiology of female bonobos ( pan paniscus ) ( 2005 ) - the present study investigates sexual behaviour and the importance of dominance in female bonobos. detailed behavioural studies were carried out on four mixed - sex captive bonobo groups ; morphological data and faecal samples were collected to allow non - invasive assessment of physiological parameters. first, i addressed the background for the variability in patterns of menstrual and swelling cycles in bonobos. the duration of menstrual intervals was influenced by reproductive history. menstrual cycles and phases of maximum tumescence of the sexual swelling lasted longer in lactating females. parity did not influence cycle patterns. further, the variability of the duration of intermenstrual intervals was found to be mainly caused by variability in follicular phase length. the luteal phase, contrastingly, was much less variable and did not influence the length of intermenstrual intervals. this raises the question whether sexual swellings serve as a reliable indicator of ovulation in bonobos. hormone analyses showed that the day of ovulation could not be predicted from the onset of maximum tumescence. also detumescence of the swelling was no clear sign that ovulation had occurred. nonetheless, sexual interactions were found to vary according to the degree of tumescence, being most frequent at maximum tumescence. the frequency of sexual interactions did not change in the peri - ovulatory phase and no difference between was seen between follicular and luteal phase. this indicates that sexual swellings are not a reliable signal of ovulation. rather, they could be a graded signal that advertises the probability of ovulation which allows females to follow a mixed strategy of confusing and biasing paternity. next, the context and function of same - sex sexual interactions among female bonobos were investigated. genital rubbing took place more often between non - related than between related females. females were able to get hold of and defend monopolisable food items without the help of other females in feeding experiments. no relationship between genital rubbing and food sharing was found and no female - female coalitions were formed during these experiments. interventions in conflicts outside the feeding experiments were observed mainly in heterosexual conflicts but females supported each other irrespective of preferences for genital rubbing. the frequency of genital rubbing did not vary in dependence of the degree of genital swelling and the solicitation of genital rubbing was not asym


in heterosexual conflicts but females supported each other irrespective of preferences for genital rubbing. the frequency of genital rubbing did not vary in dependence of the degree of genital swelling and the solicitation of genital rubbing was not asymmetric in dependence of the relative degree of swelling of the two partners. the degree of tumescence did not influence the frequency of received or overall aggression for a female. although most female dyads were involved in same - sex conflicts, genital rubbing was observed in less than half of the dyads after the conflict. no increase of gg rubbing occurred 15 minutes after a conflict compared to 15 minutes before. high - ranking females took the male position during genital rubbing significantly more often than low ranking ones. the direction of initiation of genital rubbing was not influenced by social status. the data do no support the hypothesis that genial rubbing serves to form or maintain alliances, to reduce competition among females or to reconcile former opponents. however, genital rubbing may be a display of social status or may serve to reduce tension. finally, the correlation of physiological parameters and social status in female bonobos was studied. i investigated whether females differ in their excretion pattern of the glucocorticoid 11 - ketoetiocholanolone ( doa ) in dependence of their social status. based on displacements, females were categorised to either high or low social status. during the feeding experiments carried out on one group, high social status transferred in access to monopolisable food, the low ranking female was not successful in monopolising the food item. however, female social status was not reflected in the faecal excretion pattern of glucocorticoid metabolites in any of the three groups analysed. in two groups the high - ranking individuals had higher levels of idoa than low - ranking individuals, in the other group it was vice versa. the fourth group did not allow this investigation as the high ranking individual was pregnant and pregnancy was found to result in elevated glucocorticoid levels. the results indicate that also in bonobo females, high social status translates into better access to monopolizable resources. status dependent differences in cortisol excretion may not exist in bonobos or may become obvious only during periods of social instability. alternatively, social status may not influence adrenocortical function but other physiological parameters of the so - called stress axes. taken together, this study provides an interdisciplinary view on bono


early foragers and farmers made wine from wild grapes or other fruits. according to archaeological evidence, by 6000 bc grape wine was being made in the caucasus, and by 3200 bc domesticated grapes had become abundant in the entire near east. in mesopotamia, wine was imported from the cooler northern regions, and so came to be known as ‘ liquor of the mountains ’. in egypt as in mesopotamia, wine was for nobles and priests, and mostly reserved for religious or medicinal purposes. the egyptians fermented grape juice in amphorae which they covered with cloth or leather lids and then sealed up with mud from the nile. by biblical times, wine had acquired some less dignified purposes. according to the old testament, noah planted a vineyard, and ‘ drank of the wine, and was drunken ; and he was uncovered within his tent ’ ( genesis 9 : 21 ). skip to the new testament and here is jesus employed as a wine consultant : ‘ and no man putteth new wine into old wineskins : else the wine bursts the skins, and the wine is lost as well as the skins : but new wine must be put into new skins ’ ( mark 2 : 22 ). many of the grape varieties that are cultivated in modern greece are similar or identical to those cultivated there in ancient times. wine played a central role in ancient greek culture, and the vine — which, as in the near east, had been domesticated by the early bronze age — was widely cultivated. the minoans, who flourished on the island of crete from c. 2700 to c. 1450 bc, imported and exported different wines, which they used not only for recreational but also for religious and ritual purposes. wine played a similarly important role for the later myceneans, who flourished on mainland greece from c. 1600 to 1100 bc. in fact, wine was so important to the greeks as to be personified by a major deity, dionysus or bacchus, and honoured with a number of annual festivals. one such festival was the anthesteria, which, held in february each year, celebrated the opening of wine jars to test the new wine. active in the 9th century bc, the poet homer often sung of wine, famously alluding to the aegean as the ‘ wine dark sea ’. in the odyssey, he says that ‘ wine can of their wits the wise beguile / make the sage frolic, and the serious smile ’. in the works and days, the poet hesiod, who lived in


dark sea ’. in the odyssey, he says that ‘ wine can of their wits the wise beguile / make the sage frolic, and the serious smile ’. in the works and days, the poet hesiod, who lived in the 7th or 8th century bc, speaks of pruning and even of drying the grapes prior to fermentation. the greeks plainly understood that no two wines are the same, and held the wines of thassos, lesbos, chios, and mende in especially high regard ; theophrastus, a contemporary and close friend of aristotle, even demonstrated some pretty clear notions of terroir. in ancient greece, vines were left to their own devices, supported on forked props, or trained up trees. in his natural history, pliny the elder describes the ancient greek practice of using partly dehydrated gypsum prior to fermentation, and some type of lime after fermentation, to remove acidity — but this was no doubt a relatively recent or infrequent practice. the wine was neither racked nor fined, and it was not uncommon for the drinker to want to pass it through a sieve or strainer. additives such as aromatic herbs, spice, honey, or a small part of seawater were often added both to improve and preserve the wine — which could also be concentrated by boiling. finished wine was stored in amphorae lined with resin or pitch, both substances that imparted some additional and characteristic flavour. generally speaking, wine was sweeter then than it is today, reflecting not only prevalent tastes, but also the ripeness of the grapes, the use of natural yeasts in fermentation, and the lack of temperature control during fermentation. at the same time, wine did come in a wide variety of styles, some of which were markedly austere. to drink undiluted wine was considered a bad and barbarian practice — almost as bad as drinking beer like the babylonian or egyptian peasant classes. wine was diluted with two or three parts of water to produce a beverage with an alcoholic strength of around 3 - 5 %. the comedian hermippus, who flourished in the golden age of athens, described the best vintage wines as having a nose of violets, roses, and hyacinths ; however, most wine would have turned sour within a year and specific vintages are never mentioned. together with the sea - faring phoenicians, the ancient greeks disseminated


nose of violets, roses, and hyacinths ; however, most wine would have turned sour within a year and specific vintages are never mentioned. together with the sea - faring phoenicians, the ancient greeks disseminated the vine throughout the mediterranean, and even named southern italy oenotria or ‘ land of vines ’. if wine was important to the greeks, it was even more so to the romans, who thought of it as a daily necessity of life and democratized its drinking. they established a great number of western europe ’ s major wine producing regions, not only to provide steady supplies for their soldiers and colonists, but also to trade with native tribes and convert them to the roman cause. in particular, the trade of hispanic wines surpassed that even of italian wines, with hispanic amphorae having been unearthed as far as britain and the limes germanicus or german frontier. in his geographica ( 7 bc ), strabo states that the vineyards of hispania beatica ( which roughly corresponds to modern andalucia ) were famous for their great beauty. the area of pompeii produced a great deal of wine, much of it destined for the city of rome, and the eruption of mount vesuvius in 79 ad led to a dramatic shortage. the people of rome panicked, uprooting food crops to plant vineyards. this led to a food shortage and wine glut, which in 92 ad compelled the emperor domitian to issue an edict banning the planting of vineyards in rome. the romans left behind a number of agricultural treatises that provide a wealth of information on roman viticulture and winemaking. in particular, cato the elder ’ s de agri cultura ( c. 160 bc ) served as the roman textbook of winemaking for several centuries. in de re rustica, columella surveyed the main grape varieties, which he divided into three main groups : noble varieties for great italian wines, high yielding varieties that can nonetheless produce age - worthy wines, and prolific varieties for ordinary table wine. pliny the elder, who also surveyed the main grape varieties, claimed that ‘ classic wines can only be produced from vines grown on trees ’, and it is true that the greatest wines of campania, such as caecuban and falernian, nearly all came from vines trained on trees — often elms or poplars. both caecuban and falernian were white sweet wines, although there also existed a dry style of


, such as caecuban and falernian, nearly all came from vines trained on trees — often elms or poplars. both caecuban and falernian were white sweet wines, although there also existed a dry style of falernian. undiluted falernian contained a high degree of alcohol ; so high that a candle flame could set it alight. it was deemed best to drink falernian at about 15 - 20 years old, and another classed growth called surrentine at 25 years old or more. the opimian vintage of 121 bc, named after the consul in that year lucius opimius, acquired legendary fame, with some examples still being drunk more than 100 years later. the best wines were made from the initial and highly prized free - run juice obtained from the treading of the grapes. at the other end of the spectrum were posca, a mixture of water and sour wine that had not yet turned to vinegar, and lora, a thin drink or piquette produced from a third pressing of grape skins. following the greek invention of the screw, screw presses became common on roman villas. grape juice was fermented in large clay vessels called dolia, which were often partially sunk into the ground. the wine was then racked into amphorae for storing and shipping. barrels invented by the gauls and, later still, glass bottles invented by the syrians vied as alternatives to amphorae. as in ancient greece, additives were common : chalk or marble to neutralize excess acid ; and boiled must, herbs, spice, honey, resin, or seawater to improve and preserve thin offerings. maderization was common and sought after ; at the same time, rooms destined for wine storage were sometimes built so as to face north and away from the sun. following the decline and fall of the western roman empire, the church perpetuated the knowledge of viticulture and winemaking, first and foremost to provide the blood of christ for the celebration of mass.


q. i can ’ t get my teenage son or daughter to really talk to me about their lives. i want to help them. what can i do to encourage communication? a. you are not alone. it is often difficult for parents and teens to communicate effectively. many of us have forgotten the angst of our teen years, and we unintentionally invalidate our children ’ s feelings or attempt to solve their problems when we should be listening and empathizing. when you observe your teens in distress, like most parents, you are eager to help them resolve emotional pain. if you can get them to talk, avoid using statements that disparage their feelings. remove from your vocabulary phrases such as “ you ’ ll get over it, ” “ don ’ t be so sensitive, ” or “ i don ’ t know why something like this would upset you. ” most teens are very emotional. give them room and permission to have those emotions. when they do talk, teenagers often just need to vent. while it is natural for parents to want to help with their problems or fix situations, avoid doing that. try simply listening, not offering an opinion unless asked, and empathizing with them. avoid asking your teens questions that are too broad. when they come home from a night out, don ’ t ask, “ how was your night? ” most young people will say “ fine ” and head toward their room or the refrigerator. instead try asking, “ what did you think about the movie? ” or “ what did you have for dinner? ” these questions often start a conversation. for more ideas on increasing communications with your teens, i highly recommend teenage as a second language by barbara greenberg and jennifer powell - lunder. q. i think my 16 - year - old daughter is sexually active, but i ’ m uncertain. i don ’ t want to encourage her, but i don ’ t want her to be unprotected? a. once a young person reaches a certain age, parents are no longer the decision maker about sexual activity regardless of how much control one attempts to assert or how strong a parent ’ s personal beliefs. the best one can hope for is that young adults will be ready in all emotional and practical aspects when they decide to become sexually active. since you suspect that your daughter is having sex, you should have an honest conversation with her to be certain that she is knowledgeable about protection and the risks of unsafe sex. hopefully, you had that conversation long ago. if not, it is


. since you suspect that your daughter is having sex, you should have an honest conversation with her to be certain that she is knowledgeable about protection and the risks of unsafe sex. hopefully, you had that conversation long ago. if not, it is now time. your daughter and all teenagers should be informed about the dangers of unprotected sex. every year about 25 percent of sexually active teens contract a sexually transmitted disease ( std ). according to the center for disease control, 38. 9 percent of teens did not use a condom during their last encounter. many teens believe that if they use a condom it means they planned to have sex. in their minds, unplanned sex is somehow less “ wrong ” than if the sexual encounter was planned. at that point, they are not worried about diseases. one of the most devastating risks of unprotected sex for teens is the danger of being infected with the aids virus. according to the center for disease control, in 2009, over 20 percent of people diagnosed with aids were 13 to 24. the rate of teens infected with aids has increased over 50 percent since the late 1980 ’ s. one of the reasons for this increase is that many teens still have the belief that aids is only a homosexual disease and cannot be contracted through heterosexual contact. assure your daughter that she has many years to be sexually active. the teen years are not a time one should have to worry about protection, pregnancy, or diseases. • • • nancy ryburn holds a doctorate degree in psychology from yeshiva university in new york city where she maintained a private practice for several years. if you have questions, e - mail them to email @ example. com. the questions will not be answered personally, but could appear in a future column. there will be no identifying information and all e - mails remain confidential.


( physorg. com ) - - ' fossil viruses ' preserved inside the dna of mammals and insects suggest that all viruses, including relatives of hiv and ebola, could potentially be stowaways transmitted from generation to generation for millions of years, according to new research. a team from oxford university and the aaron diamond aids research center built on earlier work at oxford that discovered the fossilised remains of an ancient hiv - like virus in the genomes of animals including sloths, lemurs and rabbits. the teams new research, reported in this weeks plos genetics, shows that many more different types of viruses are endogenous capable of being transmitted from generation to generation with fossil viruses turning up in the genomes of creatures as different as mosquitoes, wallabies, and humans. many of these viruses, such as the ancestors of ebola, are far more ancient and spread across many more animal groups than anyone ever suspected, said dr aris katzourakis of oxford universitys department of zoology, an author of the report. weve demonstrated that viruses have been integrating within animal genomes for at least 100 million years. weve also shown that, in some cases, viral genes have been domesticated by their hosts, and put to use by the hosts for their own purposes, demonstrating that captured viral sequences may have played a larger than expected role in animal evolution. understanding the historical conflict between viruses and animal immune systems could lead to new approaches to combating existing viruses such as hiv and ebola. it could also help scientists to decide which viruses that cross species are likely to cause dangerous pandemics in the future. these viruses represent the tip of the iceberg of endogenous viral diversity, said dr katzourakis. we have discovered a large and diverse set of virus sequences preserved in animal genomes, which together include representatives of all known viral groups. this demonstrates a potential for endogenisation for any virus, and illustrates that viral fossil records may be uncovered for many elusive viral groups. explore further : new formula invented for microscope viewing, substitutes for federally controlled drug


( phys. org ) — controlling " mixing " between acceptor and donor layers, or domains, in polymer - based solar cells could increase their efficiency, according to a team of researchers that included physicists from north carolina state university. their findings shed light on the inner workings of these solar cells, and could lead to further improvements in efficiency. polymer - based solar cells consist of two domains, known as the acceptor and the donor layers. excitons, the energy particles created by solar cells, must be able to travel quickly to the interface of the donor and acceptor domains in order to be harnessed as an energy source. researchers had believed that keeping the donor and acceptor layers as pure as possible was the best way to ensure that the excitons could travel unimpeded, so that solar cells could capture the maximum amount of energy. nc state physicist harald ade and his group worked with teams of scientists from the united kingdom, australia and china to examine the physical structure and improve the production of polymer - based solar cells. in findings published in two separate papers appearing this month online in advanced energy materials and advanced materials, the researchers show that some mixing of the two domains may not be a bad thing. in fact, if the morphology, or structure, of the mixed domains is small, the solar cell can still be quite efficient. according to ade, " we had previously found that the domains in these solar cells weren ' t pure. so we looked at how additives affected the production of these cells. when you manufacture the cell, the relative rate of evaporation of the solvents and additives determines how the active layer forms and the donor and acceptor mix. ideally, you want the solvent to evaporate slowly enough so that the materials have time to separate – otherwise the layers ' gum up ' and lower the cell ' s efficiency. we utilized an additive that slowed evaporation. this controlled the mixing and domain size of the active layer, and the portions that mixed were small. " the efficiency of those mixed layers was excellent, leading to speculation that perhaps some mixing of the donor and acceptor isn ' t a problem, as long as the domains are small. " we ' re looking for the perfect mix here, both in terms of the solvents and additives we might use in order to manufacture polymer - based solar cells, and in terms of the physical mixing of the domains and how that may affect efficiency, " ade says. explore further : femtosecond '


the solvents and additives we might use in order to manufacture polymer - based solar cells, and in terms of the physical mixing of the domains and how that may affect efficiency, " ade says. explore further : femtosecond ' snapshots ' reveal a dramatic bond tightening in photo - excited gold complexes more information : " from binary to ternary solvent : morphology fine - tuning of d / a blend in pdpp3t - based polymer solar cells ", advanced materials, 2012. in the past decade, great success has been achieved in bulk hetero - junction ( bhj ) polymer solar cells ( pscs ) in which donor / acceptor ( d / a ) bi - continuous interpenetrating networks can be formed and in some recent reports, power conversion efficiency ( pce ) even approach 8 %. in addition to the intrinsic properties of active layer materials, such as band gaps and molecular energy levels, morphological properties of the d / a blends including crystallinity of polymers, domain size, materials miscibility, hierarchical structures, and molecular orientation, are also of great importance for photovoltaic performance of the devices. therefore, several strategies including slow growth, solvent annealing, thermal annealing, selection of solvent or mixed solvent have been applied to modify or control of the morphology of the d / a blends. among these, binary solvent mixtures have been successfully used in morphology control. for example, the dichlorobenzene ( dcb ) or chlorobenzene ( cb ) / 1, 8 - diiodooctane ( dio ) binary solvent system has been widely applied in psc device fabrication process. by mixing a few volume percent of dio with the host solvent ( dcb or cb ), efficiencies of many kinds of polymers can be improved dramatically. besides dio, other solvents, like 1, 8 - octanedithiol ( ot ), n - methyl - 2 - pyrrolidone ( nmp ), 1 - chloronaphthalene ( cn ), chloroform ( cf ), can also be used. according to these works, it can be concluded that crystallinity, as well as domain size in the blends can be tuned effectively by using binary solvent mixtures, and thus binary solvent mixtures play a very important role in high performance pscs.


the prevalence of mild sleep - disordered breathing in young children may fluctuate seasonally, suggests a research abstract that will be presented monday, june 7, 2010, in san antonio, texas, at sleep 2010, the 24th annual meeting of the associated professional sleep societies llc. results indicate that in summer and fall the prevalence of mild sleep - disordered breathing in elementary - school children increased steadily from june ( 21. 6 percent ) through september ( 37. 2 percent ) and then decreased from september through november ( 6. 3 percent ). controlling for potential confounders such as age, body mass index, gender and race showed that the odds of mild sleep - disordered breathing in every month was significantly lower than in september. " what surprised us most was the dramatic impact that season had on the prevalence of sdb, " said principle investigator edward bixler, phd, professor and vice chair for research in the department of psychiatry at penn state university in hershey, pa. " the results are significant because they underscore the importance of evaluating a child ' s sensitivity to seasonal allergies when diagnosing and treating a child for sdb. " the study involved a random sample of 687 children in grades k - 5. their parents completed a brief questionnaire, and each child was evaluated between june and november during an overnight sleep study in the sleep laboratory. mild sleep - disordered breathing was defined as having an apnea - hypopnea index ( ahi ) of one to five breathing pauses per hour of sleep. in a study published in the june 2009 issue of the journal sleep, bixler and his research team reported that nasal problems such as chronic sinusitis and rhinitis are significant risk factors for mild sleep - disordered breathing in children. however, the extent to which allergies may promote a seasonal variation in sleep - disordered breathing still needs to be determined. the researchers added that the results may have implications for the development of pharmacologic treatment strategies for mild sleep - disordered breathing in children. the american academy of sleep medicine reports that approximately two percent of otherwise healthy young children have obstructive sleep apnea, a common form of sdb that occurs when soft tissue in the back of the throat collapses and blocks the airway during sleep. most children with osa have a history of snoring that tends to be loud and may include obvious pauses in breathing and gasps for breath. parents often notice that the child seems to be working hard to breathe during sleep


newton ' s first law states that an object will keep doing what it is doing if left alone, in other words - the natural state of an object is static - unchanging - motion. newton ' s second law clarifies the first. acceleration, or any change in motion, is an unnatural state for an arbitrary object left to its laurels, however it is a state that clearly exists all around us. newton defines the " thing " that forces an object to change its state of being - a force. in this most rigorous sense, a force is defined to be that which causes a change in motion. the observation of a change in momentum necessitates that there is some force driving that change, so in this sense the two are equivalent ( there is an equals sign there after all ) - wherever you see a ( net ) force you will see an acceleration, wherever you see an acceleration you will find a force responsible for it. however, going back to the first law, acceleration is a change in the ( kinetic ) state of an object, an objects natural tendency is to statically maintain its state. the observation of an unnatural state of being would logically imply that there is a cause. intuitively it seems unnatural that accelerations would happen spontaneously and that the universe will invent a force just to balance the books if you will.


defects combine to make perfect devices jun 26, 2002 faulty components are usually rejected in the manufacture of computers and other high - tech devices. however, damien challet and neil johnson of oxford university say that this need not be the case. they have used statistical physics to show that the errors from defective electronic components or other imperfect objects can be combined to create near perfect devices ( d challet and n johnson 2002 phys. rev. lett. 89 028701 ). most computers are built to withstand the faults that develop in some of their components over the course of the computer ’ s lifetime, although these components initially contain no defects. however, many emerging nano - and microscale technologies will be inherently susceptible to defects. for example, no two quantum dots manufactured by self - assembly will be identical. each will contain a time - independent systematic defect compared to the original design. historically, sailors have had to cope with a similar problem – the inaccuracy in their clocks. to get round this they often took the average time of several clocks so that the errors in their clocks would more or less cancel out. similarly, challet and johnson consider a set of n components, each with a certain systematic error – for example the difference between the actual and registered current in a nanoscale transistor at a given applied voltage. they calculated the effect of combining the components and found that the best way to minimize the error is to select a well - chosen subset of the n components. they worked out that the optimum size of this subset for large numbers of devices should equal n / 2. on this basis, the researchers say that it should be possible to generate a continuous output of useful devices using only defective components. to find the optimum subset from each batch of defective devices, all of the defects can be measured individually and the minimum calculated with a computer. alternatively, components can be combined through trial and error until the aggregate error is minimized. once the optimum subset has been selected, fresh components can be added to replenish the original batch and the cycle started over again. challet and johnson point out that this process and the wiring together of the components will add to the overall cost of making the device. but they believe that these extra costs are likely to be outweighed by the fact that defective components can be produced cheaply en masse. hewlett packard, for example, has already built a supercomputer – known as teramac – from partially defective conventional components using adaptive wiring. “


early teaching experiences at phystec sites ball state university cal poly, san luis obispo florida international university seattle pacific university university of arizona university of arkansas university of colorado at boulder university of minnesota university of north carolina at chapel hill western michigan university give students an opportunity to teach their peers. several phystec schools have created successful learning assistant programs that allow students to collaborate with faculty to make physics and physical science classes more interactive and engaging. students may find peer teaching to be less pressure and less of a commitment than practice classroom teaching, without sacrificing the rewarding experience of helping someone learn something new. expose student teachers to multiple grade levels. students may not know what grade level they want to teach, or may think they know and then change their minds. use early teaching experiences to prepare your pre - service teachers for student teaching. according to the american association for the advancement of science ’ s “ project 2061, ” “ first - hand experiences in schools, teaching and mentoring experiences, and fieldwork with scientists must come early in the teacher education program. these experiences prepare prospective teachers for the content of their education courses and serve as living laboratories for formal course work. ” arizona faculty report that teacher preparation program provides pre - service teachers with “ 150 hours of classroom work ( both targeted observations and teaching ) prior to student teaching, [ which makes ] their transition to student teaching … much smoother. our mentor teachers comment that our student teachers are much better prepared for student teaching than those from other programs. ” invite practicing teachers to participate in the design of your program. who knows better than actual teachers what preservice teachers need? arizona reports that “ involving secondary teachers in developing curricula for the field experiences has resulted in a rich set of classroom tasks that enhance the field experiences. ” use a teacher in residence or master teacher to coordinate early teaching experiences. teachers in residence are ideal early teaching experience coordinators, because they are exceptionally knowledgeable about the realities of the classroom and what preservice teachers need. in addition, they can mentor preservice teachers who are doing their student teaching, and they can sometimes use their connections with the local school district to secure excellent placements for student teachers in your program. a ball state tir, now back in the classroom, was able to do this for ball state student teachers.


individual differences | methods | statistics | clinical | educational | industrial | professional items | world psychology | " social style " is the behavior that one exhibits when interacting with others. being aware of your own social style helps a person develop relationships, particularly at work. " social styles " is the name of a particular psychometric instrument that helps people to better understand and work with others through appreciation of their basic decision making and control needs. originally, social styles was determined by having respondents say " yes " or " no " to 150 adjectives measuring three scales : assertiveness, responsiveness, and versatility. assertiveness : the effort a person makes to influence the thinking and actions of others. or - the measure of whether a person appears to ask or tell in interactions with others. responsiveness : the extent to which a person reacts readily to influence or stimulation with a display of feelings. versatility : a type of social endorsement based, in part, on the extent to which others see the individual as competent, adaptable, and behaving appropriately. versatility measures the extent to which a person appears to be working to make relationships mutually productive. the first two trace back to robert r. blake and jane mouton ' s managerial grid model. the two social style scales revealed that by combining the two dimensions, assertiveness and responsiveness, four patters of behavior, or " social styles ", can be identified. driving : ( tell assertive + control responsive ) these individuals are seen as strong willed and more emotionally controlled. expressive : ( tell assertive + emote responsive ) these individuals are described as outgoing and more dramatic. amiable : ( ask assertive + emote responsive ) these individuals are seen as easy going and supportive. analytical : ( ask assertive + control responsive ) these individuals are described as serious and more exacting. in 1964 dr. david w merrill and roger reid began research to create a model that could predict the success in selling and management careers. what the partners ended up discovering was that people ' s behaviors and actions are consistent. the original social style model was worked on by dr. james w. taylor, who at the time was a staff psychologist at martin corporation ( later martin marietta ) in denver. dr. merrill obtained the rights to use the social styles modeltm ( whose rights are now owned by the tracom group, a workplace performance company specializing in interpersonal skills training and performance consulting, formerly a division of reed business information, whose parent company is reed elsevier ). new


the social styles modeltm ( whose rights are now owned by the tracom group, a workplace performance company specializing in interpersonal skills training and performance consulting, formerly a division of reed business information, whose parent company is reed elsevier ). new developments edit in 2004 the tracom group created a new survey that used behavior - based statements instead of an adjective checklist - because it proved to be more valid and reliable. it continues to use the assertiveness, responsiveness and versatility scales but can now provide an even greater depth of information about an individual ' s behavior - especially his / her versatility - and is much more accurate, especially when translated into a variety of languages. robert bolton, and dorothy grover bolton ( president and vice president of ridge consultants ) wrote on and expanded upon the social style model, and introduced four subtypes for each style, which are blends with other styles ( " amiable - analytical ", etc. ) this results in 16 types that closely match the 16 types of the mbti. there are a number of other similar " four type " instruments, using the same two factors of expressiveness and task / people orientation. one is the platinum rule personality or " behavioral styles " of dr. tony alessandra. its two factors are " indirect / direct ", corresponding to assertiveness, and " open / guarded " corresponding to responsiveness. the resulting four types are " the director ", " the socializer ", " the relater ", and " the thinker ". ( alessandra also similarly blended the styles into 16 types ). another is the interaction styles of dr. linda v. berens, phd : " in charge ", " get things going ", behind the scenes ", and " chart the course ". these are mapped to the mbti 16 - types model by pairing introversion and extroversion with a factor called " informing and directing " which loosely corresponds to thinking and feeling, and also indicates people vs. task focus. others include firo - b and a five temperaments theory based on it. both use scales of " expressed " and " wanted " or " responsive " behavior, but the two factors span three areas, called inclusion, control and affection. both five - temperament theory and thomas kilmann conflict mode instrument ( which also uses the " assertiveness " scale along with " cooperativeness " ) add an additional " moderate " score in both dimensions, creating a fifth behavioral or personality type. - ↑ reid


methods | statistics | clinical | educational | industrial | professional items | world psychology | a word is a unit of language that carries meaning and consists of one or more morphemes which are linked more or less tightly together. typically a word will consist of a root or stem and zero or more affixes. words can be combined to create phrases, clauses and sentences. a word consisting of two or more stems joined together is called a compound. difficulty in defining the term edit the precise definition of what a word is depends on which language the definition is for, and the dividing line between words and phrases is not always clear. in most writing systems, a word is usually marked out in the text by interword separation such as spaces or word dividers used in some languages such as amharic. in other languages such as chinese and japanese, and in many ancient languages such as sanskrit, word boundaries are not shown. even in writing systems that use interword separation, word boundaries are not always clear ; for example, even though ice cream is written like two words, it is a single compound because it cannot be separated by another morpheme or rephrased like iced cream or cream of ice. likewise, a proper noun is a word, however long it is. a space may not be even the main morpheme boundary in a word ; the word new yorker is a compound of new york and - er, not of new and yorker. in english, many common words have historically progressed from being written as two separate words ( e. g. to day ) to hyphenated ( to - day ) to a single word ( today ), a process which is still ongoing, as in the common spelling of all right as alright. words in different classes of languages edit in synthetic languages, a single word stem ( for example, love ) may have a number of different forms ( for example, loves, loving, and loved ). however, these are not usually considered to be different words, but different forms of the same word. in these languages, words may be considered to be constructed from a number of morphemes ( such as love and - s ). in polysynthetic languages, the number of morphemes per word can become so large that the word performs the same grammatical role as a phrase or clause in less synthetic languages ( for example, in yupik, angyaghllangyugtuq means " he wants to acquire a big boat " ). these large - construction words are


word performs the same grammatical role as a phrase or clause in less synthetic languages ( for example, in yupik, angyaghllangyugtuq means " he wants to acquire a big boat " ). these large - construction words are still single words, because they contain only one content word ; the other morphemes are grammatical bound morphemes, which cannot stand alone. matters seem easier for analytic languages. for these languages, a word usually consists of only a root morpheme, which is often single - syllable. however, it is common even in those languages to combine roots into a compound stem. complexity of word boundaries in speech edit in spoken language, the distinction of individual words is even more complex : short words are often run together, and long words are often broken up. spoken french has some of the features of a polysynthetic language : je ne le sais pas ( " i do not know it " ) tends towards / ʒənələsepa /. as the majority of the world ' s languages are not written, the scientific determination of word boundaries becomes important. determining word boundaries edit there are five ways to determine where the word boundaries of spoken language should be placed : - potential pause - a speaker is told to repeat a given sentence slowly, allowing for pauses. the speaker will tend to insert pauses at the word boundaries. however, this method is not foolproof : the speaker could easily break up polysyllabic words. - a speaker is told to say a sentence out loud, and then is told to say the sentence again with extra words added to it. thus, i have lived in this village for ten years might become i and my family have lived in this little village for about ten or so years. these extra words will tend to be added in the word boundaries of the original sentence. however, some languages have infixes, which are put inside a word. similarly, some have separable affixes ; in the german sentence " ich komme gut zu hause an, " the verb ankommen is separated. - minimal free forms - this concept was proposed by leonard bloomfield. words are thought of as the smallest meaningful unit of speech that can stand by themselves. this correlates phonemes ( units of sound ) to lexemes ( units of meaning ). however, some written words are not minimal free forms, as they make no sense by themselves ( for example, the and of ). - phonetic boundaries - some languages have


##mes ( units of sound ) to lexemes ( units of meaning ). however, some written words are not minimal free forms, as they make no sense by themselves ( for example, the and of ). - phonetic boundaries - some languages have particular rules of pronunciation that make it easy to spot where a word boundary should be. for example, in a language that regularly stresses the last syllable of a word ( like hebrew ), a word boundary is likely to fall after each stressed syllable. another example can be seen in a language that has vowel harmony ( like turkish ) : the vowels within a given word share the same quality, so a word boundary is likely to occur whenever the vowel quality changes. however, not all languages have such convenient phonetic rules, and even those that do present the occasional exceptions. - semantic units - much like the abovementioned minimal free forms, this method breaks down a sentence into its smallest semantic units. however, language often contains words that have little semantic value ( and often play a more grammatical role ), or semantic units that are compound words. in practice, linguists apply a mixture of all these methods to determine the word boundaries of any given sentence. even with the careful application of these methods, the exact definition of a word is often still elusive. - function word - lexical access - lexical decision - morphology ( language ) - nonsense word - word recognition - word meaning | this page uses creative commons licensed content from wikipedia ( view authors ). |


the poems translated here belong to the category of padams — short musical compositions of a light classical nature, intended to be sung and, often, danced. originally, they belonged to the professional caste of dancers and singers, devadasis or vesyas ( and their male counterparts, the nattuvanar musicians ), who were associated with both temples and royal courts in late medieval south india. padams were composed throughout india, early examples in sanskrit occurring in jayadeva ' s famous devotional poem, the gitagovinda ( twelfth century ). in south india the genre assumed a standardized form in the second half of the fifteenth century with the telugu padams composed by the great temple - poet tallapaka annamacarya, also known by the popular name annamayya, at tirupati. this form includes an opening line called pallavi that functions as a refrain, often in conjunction with the second line, anupallavi. this refrain is repeated after each of the ( usually three ) caranam verses. padams have been and are still being composed in the major languages of south india : telugu, tamil, and kannada. however, the padam tradition reached its expressive peak in telugu, the primary language for south indian classical music, during the fifteenth to eighteenth centuries in southern andhra and the tamil region. in general, telugu padams are devotional in character and thus find their place within the wider corpus of south indian bhakti poetry. the early examples by annamayya are wholly located within the context of temple worship and are directed toward the deity venkatesvara and his consort, alamelumanga, at the tirupati shrine. later poets, such as ksetrayya, the central figure in this volume, seem to have composed their songs outside the temples, but they nevertheless usually mention the deity as the male protagonist of the poem. indeed, the god ' s title — muvva gopala for ksetrayya, venugopala for his successor sarangapani — serves as an identifying " signature, " a mudra, for each of these poets. the god assumes here the role of a lover, seen, for the most part, through the eyes of one of his courtesans, mistresses, or wives, whose persona the poet adopts. these are, then, devotional works of an erotic cast, composed by male poets using a feminine voice and performed by women. as such, they articulate the relationship between the devotee and his god


wives, whose persona the poet adopts. these are, then, devotional works of an erotic cast, composed by male poets using a feminine voice and performed by women. as such, they articulate the relationship between the devotee and his god in terms of an intensely imagined erotic experience, expressed in bold but also delicately nuanced tones. their devotional character notwithstanding, one can also read them as simple love poems. indeed, one often feels that, for ksetrayya at least, the devotional component, with its suggestive ironies, is overshadowed by the emotional and sensual immediacy of the material. the three major poets of the padam tradition tallapaka annamacarya ( 1424 - 1503 ), a telugu brahmin, represents to perfection the telugu temple - poet. legend, filling out his image, claims he refused to sing before one of the vijayanagara kings, saluva narasimharaya, so exclusively was his devotion focused upon the god. apparently supported by the temple estab - lishment at tirupati, located on the boundary between the telugu and tamil regions, annamayya composed over fourteen thousand padams to the god venkatesvara. the poems were engraved on copperplates and kept in the temple, where they were rediscovered, hidden in a locked room, in the second decade of this century. colophons on the copperplates divide annamayya ' s poems into two major types — srngarasankirtanalu, those of an erotic nature, and adhyatmasankirtanalu, " metaphysical " poems. annamayya ' s sons and grandsons continued to compose devotional works at tirupati, creating a tallapaka corpus of truly enormous scope. his grandson cinatirumalacarya even wrote a sastra - like normative grammar for padam poems, the sankirtanalaksanamu. we know next to nothing about the most versatile and central of the telugu padam poets, ksetrayya ( or ksetraya ). his god is muvva gopala, the cowherd of muvva ( or, alternatively, gopala of the jingling bells ), and he mentions a village called muvvapuri in some of his poems. this has led scholars to locate his birthplace in the village of muvva or movva, near kucipudi ( the center of the kucipudi dance tradition ), in krishna


muvvapuri in some of his poems. this has led scholars to locate his birthplace in the village of muvva or movva, near kucipudi ( the center of the kucipudi dance tradition ), in krishna district. there is a temple in this village to krishna as the cowherd ( gopala ). still, the association of ksetrayya with muvva is far from certain, and even if that village was indeed the poet ' s first home, he is most clearly associated with places far to the south, in tamil nadu of the nayaka period. a famous padam by this poet tells us he sang two thousand padams for king tirumala nayaka of madurai, a thousand for vijayaraghava, the last nayaka king of tanjavur, and fifteen hundred, composed in forty days, before the padshah of golconda. this dates him securely to the mid - seventeenth century. of these thousands of poems, less than four hundred survive. in addition to muvva gopala, the poet sometimes mentions other deities or human patrons ( the two categories having merged in nayaka times ). thus we have poems on the gods adivaraha, kanci varada, cevvandi lingadu, tilla govindaraja, kadapa venkatesa, hemadrisvami, yadugiri celuvarayadu, vedanarayana, palagiri cennudu, tiruvalluri viraraghava, sri rangesa, madhurapurisa, satyapuri vasudeva, and sri nagasaila mallikarjuna, as well as on the kings vijayaraghava nayaka and tupakula venkatakrsna. the range of deities is sometimes used to explain this poet ' s name — ksetrayya or, in sanskritized form, ksetrajna, " one who knows sacred places " — so that he becomes yet another peripatetic bhakti poetsaint, singing his way from temple to temple. but this explanation smacks of popular etymology and certainly distorts the poet ' s image. despite the modern stories and improvised legends about him current today in south india, ksetrayya belongs less to the temple than to the courtesans ' quarters of the nayaka royal towns. we see him as a poet composing for, and with the assumed persona of, the sophisticated and culture


current today in south india, ksetrayya belongs less to the temple than to the courtesans ' quarters of the nayaka royal towns. we see him as a poet composing for, and with the assumed persona of, the sophisticated and cultured courtesans who performed before gods and kings. this community of highly literate performers, the natural consumers of ksetrayya ' s works, provides an entirely different cultural context than annamayya ' s temple - setting. ksetrayya thus gives voice, in rather realistic vignettes taken from the ambience of the south indian courtesans he knew, to a major shift in the development of the telugu padam. if ksetrayya perhaps marks the padam tradition at its most subtle and refined, sarangapani, in the early eighteenth century, shows us its further evolution in the direction of a yet more concrete, imaginative, and sometimes coarse eroticism. he is linked with the little kingdom of karvetinagaram in the chittoor district of southern andhra and with the minor ruler makaraju venkata perumal raju ( d. 1732 ). only some two hundred padams by this poet survive in print, nearly all of them addressed to the god venugopala of karvetinagaram. a few of the poems attributed to sarangapani also appear in the ksetrayya collections, despite the palpable difference in tone between the two poets. these names by no means exhaust the list of padam composers in telugu. the maratha kings of tanjavur figure as the patron - lovers in a rich literature of padams composed at their court. similar works were sung in the palaces of zamindars throughout south india right up to modern times. with the abolition of the devadasi tradition by the british, padams, like other genres proper to this community, made their way to the concert stage. they still comprise a major part of the repertoire of classical vocal music and dance, alongside related forms such as the kirttanam ( which is never danced ). a note on the translation we have selected the poems that follow largely on the basis of our own tastes, from the large collections of padams by annamayya, ksetrayya, and sarangapani. we have also included a translation of kandukuri rudrakavi ' s janardanastakamu, a poem dating from the early sixteenth century and linked thematically ( but not formally ) with the emerging pad


cases at least, its syntactic linkage with the stanzas, while eliminating lengthy repetition. the headings provide simple contexts for the poems. we have attempted to avoid heavy annotation in the translations, preferring to let the poems speak for themselves. where a note seemed necessary, we have signaled its existence by placing an asterisk in the text. the source for each poem, as well as its opening phrase in telugu and the raga in which it is sung, appear beneath the translation. editions used as base texts p. t. jagannatha ravu, ed., srngara sankirtanalu ( annamacarya viracitamulu ), vol. 18 of sritallapakavari geyaracanalu. tirupati : tirumala tirupati devasthanam press, 1964. gauripeddi ramasubbasarma, ed., srngara sankirtanalu ( annamacarya viracitamulu ), vol. 12 of tallapaka padasahityamu. tirupati : tirumala tirupati devasthanam press, 1976. ( cited as gr. ) vissa apparavu, ed., ksetrayya padamulu. 2d ed. rajahmundry : saraswati power press, 1963. ( unless otherwise noted, all the ksetrayya texts are taken from this edition. ) mancala jagannatha ravu, ed., ksetrayya padamulu. hyderabad : andhra pradesh sangita nataka akadami, 1978. gidugu venkata sitapati, ed., ksetraya padamulu. madras : kubera printers ltd., 1952. ( cited as gvs. ) srinivasacakravarti, ed., ksetrayya padalu. vijayavada : jayanti pablikesansu, 1966. veturi prabhakara sastri, ed., catupadyamanimanjari. hyderabad : veturi prabhakara sastri memorial trust, 1988. nedunuri gangadharam, ed., sarangapani padamulu. rajahmundry : saraswati power press, 1963.


• setfree [ dropcon, options ] builds a freesystem object containing the mathematical equations required to find equilibrium conditions of the current model. the dropcon argument is used to specify the constraint ( s ) that are dropped to make the system underconstrained. • the format of dropcon is identical to that used by the constraints function. • the freesystem object is solved with solvefree. • the following options can be given : • if initialguess or initialcondition is unspecified, setfree uses the current model initial guesses, as obtained from lastsolve. • initialcondition can also be specified in solvefree. • if solution - > static is given, the model must have some nonzero applied loads for a static equilibrium position to exist. • if solution - > kinematic is given, the model must have velocity - dependent loads applied, or no equilibrium velocity can exist. • if solution - > dynamic is given, the model must have nonzero masses applied to at least one moving body with setbodies. • see also : setcouple. load the modeler2d package and define a simple model. here we build a freesystem object that can be used to simulate the underconstrained motion of the help model when the constraint that controls the rotation of the crank has been removed. before calling setfree, a velocity solution is generated with solvemech so that initial conditions for the location and velocity of each body will be available. because the help model has only one body with nonzero mass and one applied load ( the link body has a 10 - unit mass and a 10 - unit applied load in the x direction ), the instantaneous free acceleration is somewhat predictable. the x acceleration of the link body, x3dd, is equal to 1. 0. here we integrate the free acceleration of the help model with respect to time for four seconds. here is a plot of the x position of the link. the link is initially decelerating until its x coordinate reaches a local minimum, and then it accelerates the other way.


photo by eddie adams “ and she struggles to pay that first loan and then the second installment due the following week. and when she has paid completely, she can say, ‘ i did it! ’ it ’ s not just a monetary transaction that has been completed, it is nothing less than the transformation of that person. " founder of the grameen bank, the world ’ s largest and most successful microcredit institution, muhammad yunus was born in one of the poorest places on earth, the country ( then part of pakistan ) of bangladesh. as a professor of economics, he was struck by the discrepancy between the economic theory taught in universities and the abject poverty around him. recognizing the poor remained poor because they had no access to capital, no collateral for loans, and borrowing requirements so modest that it was not cost - effective for large banks to process their needs, yunus started experimenting with small collateral - free loans to landless rural peasants and impoverished women. in 1983, he founded the grameen bank. its rules were strict and tough. clients find four friends to borrow with. if any of the five default, all are held accountable, building commitment and providing community support. initial loans are as little as ten dollars, and must be repaid with 20 percent interest. nearly twenty years later, this revolutionary bank is flourishing, with more than 1, 050 branches serving 35, 000 villages and two million customers, 94 percent of them women. ninety - eight percent of grameen ’ s borrowers repay their loans in full, a rate of return far higher than that of the rich and powerful. more importantly, the clients are transforming their lives : from powerless and dependent to self - sufficient, independent, and politically astute. the real transformation will be felt by the next generation : a generation with better food, education, medication, and the firsthand satisfaction of taking control of their lives, thanks to yunus ’ s vision, creativity, and confidence. among many awards, dr. yunus was awarded the nobel peace prize in 2006 and the u. s. presidential medal of freedom in 2009. together with nelson mandela, fellow defender archbishop desmond tutu and select other prominent statesmen, human rights leaders and public figures, yunus is a member of the “ global elders ” group. when i started the grameen program to provide access to credit for the poor, i came upon two major obstacles. first, commercial banks were institutionally biased against women. secondly, they had absolutely blocked credit to the poor by demanding something


” group. when i started the grameen program to provide access to credit for the poor, i came upon two major obstacles. first, commercial banks were institutionally biased against women. secondly, they had absolutely blocked credit to the poor by demanding something no poor person has access to : namely, collateral. after overcoming the second issue, i addressed the first. i wanted half of the borrowers from banks in my program to be women — a challenge. at first, women were reluctant to accept loans. they said, " no, no, i have never touched money in my life. you must go to my husband. he understands money. give the money to him. " so i would try to explain why a loan would benefit her family. but the more i tried to approach women, the more they ran away from me. my colleagues and i worked hard to come up with a way we could build trust in women so that they would accept loans from men. we slowed down our work just to include more women, since this trust - building took time. six years later, proud that half our loans were to women, we began to see something very remarkable. money that went to families through women helped the families much more than the same amount of money going to men. unlike men, women were very cautious with money and passed benefits on to their children immediately. they had learned how to manage with scarce resources. and women had a longer vision ; they could see a way out of poverty and had the discipline to carry out their plans. perhaps because women suffer so much more from poverty than men, they are more motivated to escape it. in contrast, men were looser with money. they wanted to enjoy it right away, not wait for tomorrow. women were always building up things for the future, for themselves, their children, their families. we saw a number of such differences between men and women. we decided to make a concerted effort to attract women clients because we got much more mileage out of the same amount of money. so i created incentives for our loan officers because they had such a hard time convincing women to borrow money from the bank. today, 94 percent of our loans go to women. it has worked in ways we never anticipated. for instance, women borrowers decided to commit themselves to a set of promises that they called the " sixteen decisions. " these are commitments to improve the welfare of the borrowers and their families above and beyond the loans. they agreed to send their children to school, they decided to maintain discipline


commit themselves to a set of promises that they called the " sixteen decisions. " these are commitments to improve the welfare of the borrowers and their families above and beyond the loans. they agreed to send their children to school, they decided to maintain discipline, to create unity, to act with courage, and to work hard in all their endeavors. they agreed to keep their families small, to send their children to school, to plant as many seedlings as possible, even to eat vegetables. these are some of the resolutions created by the women, not imposed by the bank. these aspirations were critical to their lives. listening to them, you see what a difference women make. a typical initial loan is something like thirty - five dollars. the night before a woman is going to accept that money from the bank, she will be tossing and turning to decide whether she is really ready for it. she is scared that maybe something terrible will happen to her. and finally in the morning her friends will come over and they will try to persuade her : " let ’ s go through with it. if you don ’ t go, we can ’ t. we can ’ t always worry. it was not easy coming to this point. let ’ s go. " and finally, with their encouragement, she will come to the bank. when she holds that money, it is such a huge amount in her hands, it is like holding the hope and treasure that she never dreamt she would achieve. she will tremble, tears will roll down her cheeks, and she won ’ t believe we would trust her with such a large sum. and she promises that she will pay back this money, because the money is the symbol of the trust put in her and she does not want to betray that trust. and then she struggles to pay that first loan, that first installment, which is due the following week, and the second installment, which is payable the following week, and this goes on for fifty weeks in sequence, and every time that she repays another installment she is braver! and when she finishes her fiftieth installment, the last one, and she has now paid in full, she can say, " i did it! " she wants to celebrate. it ’ s not just a monetary transaction that has been completed, it is nothing less than a transformation of that person. in the beginning of it all, she was trembling, she was tossing and turning, she felt she was nobody and she really did not exist. now she is a woman


that has been completed, it is nothing less than a transformation of that person. in the beginning of it all, she was trembling, she was tossing and turning, she felt she was nobody and she really did not exist. now she is a woman who feels like she is somebody. now she can almost stand up and challenge the whole world, shouting, " i can do it, i can make it on my own. " so it ’ s a process of transformation and finding self - worth, self - esteem. proving that she can take care of herself. you see, if you only look at the lending program of grameen, you have missed most of its impact. grameen is involved in a process of transformation. the sixteen decisions is an example : we found that grameen children attend school in record numbers because their mothers really take that commitment seriously. and now many of the children are continuing in colleges, universities, going on to medical schools, and so on. it is really striking to see young boys and girls go on to higher levels of education. the program has been so successful that we now foresee a big wave of students needing loans, so we recently came up with another loan product to finance higher education for all grameen children in professional schools. now they don ’ t have to worry about whether their parents will be able to pay for their higher education when tuition is so expensive. a recent study in bangladesh showed that children in grameen families are healthier than non - grameen children. scientific american did a study of population growth in bangladesh showing that the average number of children per family twenty years back was seven, but now it has been reduced to three. what happened? why did it happen? scientific american has spurred controversy by claiming the change is due to our program. as women become empowered, they look at themselves and at what they can do. they are making economic progress and alongside that, making decisions about their personal lives and how many children they choose to have. and of course article 16, decision 1, says that we should keep our families small. so this is an important part of the equation. at the population summit in cairo all the sessions spoke of the grameen model, because the adoption of family planning practices of women in our program is twice as high as the national average. now, we are not a population program, but this is a beneficial side effect. there are other side effects. starting seven years back we encouraged grameen borrowers to participate in the political process by voting. their first reaction was


the national average. now, we are not a population program, but this is a beneficial side effect. there are other side effects. starting seven years back we encouraged grameen borrowers to participate in the political process by voting. their first reaction was negative. they said, " the candidates are all devils, so why should we vote for them? " it was very depressing that people looked at their electoral process in that way. so we replied, " okay, yes, they are all devils, but if you don ’ t go and vote, the worst devil will get elected. so go sit down in your centers, discuss who could be the worst, what could happen if he gets elected, and if you find this prospect terrible, then you have an opportunity to choose among all the devils, the least evil. " people immediately got excited, and we had almost 100 percent participation in that first election. it was very well organized. all the grameen families met the morning of the elections, and went to the voting place together, so the politicians would take note of their large numbers, so that they were taken seriously. in the next elections we organized grameen families to vote themselves and also to bring their friends and neighbors to vote, particularly the women. the result was that in the 1996 election in bangladesh voter participation was 73 percent, the highest percentage ever. and what shocked everybody was that across the board more women voted than men. in fact, women waited for hours, because when the voting arrangements were made, the authorities had expected only half the number to show up. the outcome changed the political landscape. in the previous parliament, the fundamentalist religious party had seventeen seats ; in the 1996 election, their number was reduced to three, because women found nothing interesting in the fundamentalist party ’ s program. so that was very empowering, very empowering indeed. then, in last year ’ s local elections, we were shocked to see that many grameen members themselves got elected. so i went around and talked to those people, and asked why they chose to run for office. they said, " you told us to select the least of the devils, and we tried, but it was such an ugly job that we got fed up, and we started looking at each other, thinking, ‘ why are we looking for the least devil, when we are good people here? why don ’ t we run ourselves? " and that started the snowball effect which ended with more than four thousand grameen members elected into local office. that