a brief history the bureau ’ s first field office in cincinnati opened in 1913 under the leadership of special agent in charge hinton g. clabaugh. over the next several years, as the bureau ’ s responsibilities grew, the office investigated everything from interstate prostitution to potential espionage during world war i. 1920s and 1930s in 1920, cincinnati became one of the bureau ’ s eight field divisions, overseeing much of the administrative work of several other offices. in 1926, the division was moved to columbus, ohio. | special agent in charge l. c. schilder in november 1929, an office in cincinnati was reopened with l. c. schilder as special agent in charge. at that time, the division ’ s territory was far - ranging, encompassing all of ohio and parts of kentucky and indiana. when bureau offices were established in indianapolis in 1934 and cleveland in 1935, the cincinnati division ’ s territory was limited to the southern judicial district of ohio. still, the division handled a large and diverse number of cases, from helping to pursue john dillinger to breaking up a number of significant interstate prostitution rings. nelson b. klein on august 16, 1935, the division lost its first agent in the line of duty — special agent nelson b. klein. the 37 - year - old klein and another agent were pursing a man named george barrett for car theft and other charges when they tracked him to the northeast border of indiana. the agents spotted barrett and asked him to surrender, but he opened fire. klein was mortally wounded, but his return fire struck barrett in both legs. the criminal was captured and ultimately convicted of the murder. he was the first person to receive the death penalty under 1934 legislation that outlawed the murder of a federal agent. world war ii and the 1950s with the advent of world war ii in 1939, the focus of the division — along with the rest of the bureau — turned to national security matters. in the coming years, the cincinnati office searched for spies, helped strengthen the security of manufacturing plants in the area, searched for draft evaders and enemy aliens, and handled other war - time responsibilities. when a band of nazi saboteurs landed on u. s. soil in 1942, cincinnati agents helped track down their various contacts. one odd case came along in 1945. a highly explosive thermite bomb was on exhibit at the gibson hotel in cincinnati when a curious newspaper boy picked it up and dropped it out of the window, scaring nearby pedestrians. cincinnati agents responded to the scene along with police and fire personnel.


a highly explosive thermite bomb was on exhibit at the gibson hotel in cincinnati when a curious newspaper boy picked it up and dropped it out of the window, scaring nearby pedestrians. cincinnati agents responded to the scene along with police and fire personnel. the bomb didn ’ t ignite, and no one was harmed. as world war ii came to an end, the cincinnati division joined the rest of the fbi in handling cold war espionage and related national security cases. meanwhile, agents continued to handle a variety of criminal investigations — such as pursuing two robbers who stole $ 160, 000 from a bank in thornville and a group of individuals who sabotaged telephone lines. in late 1947, the division ’ s work led to the indictment of 17 people in connection with a major prostitution ring operating in and around ohio. | cincinnati agents in 1949 | some cases were easier than others. in 1950, a fugitive named fred whiteacre stopped to stare at his own wanted poster in a federal building. he was quickly arrested by cincinnati agents. the division also worked to identify surreptitious communist influence in certain unions and to halt attempts by bookies to fix games by intimidating college basketball players. in may 1959, division agents arrested the last escaped prisoner of war from world war ii — a german soldier who had been captured in northern africa but had escaped confinement in ohio in 1945. the soldier lived and worked under an assumed identity for years, but ultimately turned himself in to the bureau. 1960s and 1970s the division continued to tackle a wide range of cases during the 1960s and 1970s. | early cincinnati field office | in 1963, agents investigated the fraudulent awarding of contracts at a local air force base. two years later, the office assisted the bureau ’ s disaster squad in responding to the crash of an american airlines flight that killed 58 people near cincinnati. in the late 1960s, agents tracked the radical activities of black nationalists like h. rapp brown, hoping to gain insight into the race riots taking place across the nation. in 1969, the division joined with the fbi office in new orleans and irs agents in building a successful case against organized crime figures sam dipiazza and william demming on illegal gambling, tax violation, and other charges. stronger laws in the coming years would help the fbi to more systematically take down larger mafia crime families. by 1971, a total of 117 special agents and 75 support staff in cincinnati were handling an average workload of 2, 398 criminal cases, 1, 118 national security investigations, and 169 applicant and other matters. in the late


mafia crime families. by 1971, a total of 117 special agents and 75 support staff in cincinnati were handling an average workload of 2, 398 criminal cases, 1, 118 national security investigations, and 169 applicant and other matters. in the late 1970s, cincinnati agents rescued a 3 - year - old boy kidnapped from his home and arrested two brothers who plotted to blow up an ohio school. 1980s and 1990s during the next two decades, the division focused largely on cases of white - collar crime, violent crime, property crime, organized crime, and foreign espionage. in december 1982, tragedy struck when four chicago division agents were killed in an airplane accident near montgomery, ohio. the agents — terry burnett hereford, charles l. ellington, robert w. conners, and michael james lynch — were accompanying bank fraud suspect carl henry johnson and an individual from the law firm representing him to an area where agents believed johnson had stashed $ 50, 000 in embezzled money. the plane — which was piloted by two of the agents and was apparently experiencing problems with its altitude readings — crashed on approach to lunken airport. no one aboard survived. | raymond luc levasseur | on november 4, 1984, local police and cincinnati agents arrested ten most wanted fugitive raymond luc levasseur and his wife in deerfield, ohio. a founding member of a left - wing terrorist group known as the united freedom front, levasseur had been placed on the fbi ’ s top ten list in 1977 for his role in a series of bombings and bank robberies across the northeastern united states. he was convicted in 1986 and served in prison until 2004. on november 3, 1988, the division arrested another top ten fugitive, john edward stevens, who was sought in connection with 22 bank robberies across the country. in the late 1980s, the office handled a number of significant cases, including the collapse of the home state savings bank of cincinnati and a wide - ranging scheme to fix harness races that led to the indictment of more than a dozen conspirators. from 1986 through 1989, the cincinnati division investigated the illegal gambling activities of baseball star and cincinnati reds manager pete rose, who was later banned from the game. in the late 1980s, the division also investigated a hospital attendant named donald harvey, who claimed to have murdered as many as 87 people while working in various medical facilities in kentucky and ohio. harvey was eventually sentenced to several life terms. in the 1980s, cincinnati agents and irs investigators began investigating price - fixing in the sale of industrial diamonds used for


to have murdered as many as 87 people while working in various medical facilities in kentucky and ohio. harvey was eventually sentenced to several life terms. in the 1980s, cincinnati agents and irs investigators began investigating price - fixing in the sale of industrial diamonds used for cutting and grinding tools. the case — which made use of court - authorized wiretaps and the federal witness protection program — led to indictments in march 1994. in july 2001, division agents arrested danny william kincaid, the ohio leader of the white supremacist group known as aryan nations, for possessing an explosive device and a trove of other weapons. he pled guilty the following year. following the events of 9 / 11, the cincinnati division joined with the rest of the bureau in making the prevention of terrorist attacks its top priority. it strengthened its joint terrorism task force, which has components in both cincinnati and columbus, and set up a field intelligence group. the terror task force was soon involved in some key investigations. in 2003, working with agents from fbi headquarters and various partners, the cincinnati division began investigating an ohio truck driver named iyman faris. faris admitted having personal contact with several individuals tied to terrorism, and agents later learned that he had been tasked by al qaeda operatives with attacking the brooklyn bridge and other targets. he pled guilty to terrorism support charges and was sentenced to 20 years in prison in october 2003. faris also led investigators to nuradin abdi — a somali national living in columbus — who had plotted with faris to blow up a shopping mall and discussed potential missile attacks against u. s. landmarks. abdi pled guilty to various terrorism support charges in july 2007. a third co - conspirator, christopher paul, pled guilty in june 2008 to plotting to use a weapon of mass destruction against targets in the united states and europe. meanwhile, the division continued its work on criminal cases, investigating everything from mortgage fraud and other white - collar crimes to drug trafficking and child pornography. with new intelligence capabilities, new and deepened cooperation with a variety of law enforcement and intelligence partners, and new post - 9 / 11 legal authorities and resources, the cincinnati division is committed to continuing its work to protect local communities and the country from a range of national security and criminal threats.


following a major disaster, first responders who provide fire and medical services will not be able to meet the demand for these services. factors such as number of victims, communication failures and road blockages will prevent people from accessing emergency services they have come to expect at a moment ' s notice through 911. people will have to rely on each other for help in order to meet their immediate life saving and life sustaining needs. one also expects that under these kinds of conditions, family members, fellow employees and neighbors will spontaneously try to help each other. this was the case following the mexico city earthquake where untrained, spontaneous volunteers saved 800 people. however, 100 people lost their lives while attempting to save others. this is a high price to pay and is preventable through training. if we can predict that emergency services will not meet immediate needs following a major disaster, especially if there is no warning as in an earthquake and people will spontaneously volunteer, what can government do to prepare citizens for this eventuality? first, present citizens the facts about what to expect following a major disaster in terms of immediate services. second, give the message about their responsibility for mitigation and preparedness. third, train them in needed life saving skills with emphasis on decision making skills, rescuer safety and doing the greatest good for the greatest number. fourth, organize teams so that they are an extension of first responder services offering immediate help to victims until professional services arrive. the community emergency response team ( cert ) concept was developed and implemented by the los angeles city fire department ( lafd ) in 1985. the whittier narrows earthquake in 1987 underscored the area - wide threat of a major disaster in california. further, it confirmed the need for training civilians to meet their immediate needs. as a result, the lafd created the disaster preparedness division with the purpose of training citizens and private and government employees. the training program that lafd initiated makes good sense and furthers the process of citizens understanding their responsibility in preparing for disaster. it also increases their ability to safely help themselves, their family and their neighbors. the federal emergency management agency ( fema ) recognizes the importance of preparing citizens. the emergency management institute ( emi ) and the national fire academy adopted and expanded the cert materials believing them applicable to all hazards. the cert course will benefit any citizen who takes it. this individual will be better prepared to respond to and cope with the aftermath of a disaster. additionally, if a community wants to supplement its response capability after a disaster


them applicable to all hazards. the cert course will benefit any citizen who takes it. this individual will be better prepared to respond to and cope with the aftermath of a disaster. additionally, if a community wants to supplement its response capability after a disaster, civilians can be recruited and trained as neighborhood, business and government teams that, in essence, will be auxiliary responders. these groups can provide immediate assistance to victims in their area, organize spontaneous volunteers who have not had the training and collect disaster intelligence that will assist professional responders with prioritization and allocation of resources following a disaster. since 1993 when this training was made available nationally by fema, communities in 28 states and puerto rico have conducted cert training. we recommend a number of steps to start a cert : identify the program goals that cert will meet and the resources available to conduct the program in your area. gain approval from appointed and elected officials to use cert as a means to prepare citizens to care for themselves during a disaster when services may not be adequate. this is an excellent opportunity for the government to be proactive in working with its constituency. identify and recruit potential participants. naturals for cert are community groups, business and industry workers and local government workers. train cert instructor cadre. conduct cert sessions. conduct refresher training and exercises with certs. the cert course is delivered in the community by a team of first responders who have the requisite knowledge and skills to instruct the sessions. it is suggested that the instructors complete a cert train - the - trainer ( ttt ) course conducted by their state training office for emergency management or the emergency management institute in order to learn the training techniques that are used successfully by the lafd. the cert training for community groups is usually delivered in 2 1 / 2 hour sessions, one evening a week over a 7 week period. the training consists of the following : session i, disaster preparedness : addresses hazards to which people are vulnerable in their community. materials cover actions that participants and their families take before, during and after a disaster. as the session progresses, the instructor begins to explore an expanded response role for civilians in that they should begin to consider themselves disaster workers. since they will want to help their family members and neighbors, this training can help them operate in a safe and appropriate manner. the cert concept and organization are discussed as well as applicable laws governing volunteers in that jurisdiction. session ii, disaster fire suppression : briefly covers fire chemistry, hazardous materials, fire hazards


, this training can help them operate in a safe and appropriate manner. the cert concept and organization are discussed as well as applicable laws governing volunteers in that jurisdiction. session ii, disaster fire suppression : briefly covers fire chemistry, hazardous materials, fire hazards and fire suppression strategies. however, the thrust of this session is the safe use of fire extinguishers, sizing up the situation, controlling utilities and extinguishing a small fire. session iii, disaster medical operations part i : participants practice diagnosing and treating airway obstruction, bleeding and shock by using simple triage and rapid treatment techniques. session iv, disaster medical operations, part ii : covers evaluating patients by doing a head to toe assessment, establishing a medical treatment area, performing basic first aid and practicing in a safe and sanitary manner. session v, light search and rescue operations : participants learn about search and rescue planning, size - up, search techniques, rescue techniques and, most important, rescuer safety. session vi, disaster psychology and team organization : covers signs and symptoms that might be experienced by the disaster victim and worker. it addresses cert organization and management principles and the need for documentation. session vii, course review and disaster simulation : participants review their answers from a take home examination. finally, they practice the skills that they have learned during the previous six sessions in disaster activity. during each session participants are required to bring safety equipment ( gloves, goggles, mask ) and disaster supplies ( bandages, flashlight, dressings ) which will be used during the session. by doing this for each session, participants are building a disaster response kit of items that they will need during a disaster. when participants have completed this training, it is important to keep them involved and practiced in their skills. trainers should offer periodic refresher sessions to reinforce the basic training. cert teams can sponsor events such as drills, picnics, neighborhood clean up and disaster education fairs which will keep them involved and trained. cert members should receive recognition for completing their training. communities may issue id cards, vests and helmets to graduates. first responders need to be educated about the cert and their value to the community. using cert as a component of the response system when there are exercises for potential disasters can reinforce this idea. fema supports cert by conducting or sponsoring train - the - trainer and program manager courses for members of the fire, medical and emergency management community. the objectives of the ttt are to prepare attendees to promote this training in their community, conduct ttt


reverse osmosis, also known as hyper filtration, is the preferred method of seawater and brackish water purification. as the equipment needed to perform reverse osmosis is cost - effective, and the process requires little input energy compared to other methods of purification, reverse osmosis has become the worldwide leader among desalinization methods. developed at ucla, and used commercially since the 1970 ’ s, seawater reverse osmosis has served marine professionals for nearly 40 years. seawater reverse osmosis ( swro ) is used in a wide range of commercial applications. marine professionals such as commercial fisherman and offshore rig workers rely on swro to provide freshwater for routine daily tasks such as bathing, cleaning and of course, drinking. in larger applications, such as cruise ships, swro is sometimes also used. in such applications, it is necessary not only to desalinize water, but to provide quality freshwater. cruise liner restaurant professionals count on swro for water used for cooking, as well as making coffee, soda and other beverages. here, consistency is key. by way of its simple yet effective design, reverse osmosis is able to consistently satisfy the needs of those who count on it. the process itself is relatively simple and straightforward. in order to purify a liquid, the “ solvent ” ( in this case, water ) is put under pressure in excess of 250 psi for brackish water and 1000 psi for seawater, forcing it through a semi - permeable membrane. this application - specific membrane allows water molecules to pass through, but catches “ solutes, ” yielding purified water. when employed, reverse osmosis is capable of not only of de - salting water, but also removing other impurities such as bacteria, ions and particulates. if you ’ re considering using reverse osmosis to address your water purification needs, browse our inventory of everpure reverse osmosis filters.


on this day - 15 april 1918 theatre definitions : western front comprises the franco - german - belgian front and any military action in great britain, switzerland, scandinavia and holland. eastern front comprises the german - russian, austro - russian and austro - romanian fronts. southern front comprises the austro - italian and balkan ( including bulgaro - romanian ) fronts, and dardanelles. asiatic and egyptian theatres comprises egypt, tripoli, the sudan, asia minor ( including transcaucasia ), arabia, mesopotamia, syria, persia, afghanistan, turkestan, china, india, etc. naval and overseas operations comprises operations on the seas ( except where carried out in combination with troops on land ) and in colonial and overseas theatres, america, etc. political, etc. comprises political and internal events in all countries, including notes, speeches, diplomatic, financial, economic and domestic matters. source : chronology of the war ( 1914 - 18, london ; copyright expired ) fighting continues on bailleul - wulverghem line, and germans capture both places. very violent artillery action in luce valley ( somme ). finland : germans report occupation of helsingfors. macedonia : greek troops cross struma river and occupy villages in seres district. british troops take two villages south - west of demirhissar. naval and overseas operations british naval forces sink ten german armed trawlers in kattegat. austria : count czernin ' s resignation announced.


fletcher allen, a vermont university hospital and medical center, serves all of vermont and the northern new york region. located in burlington, fletcher allen is a regional, academic healthcare center and teaching hospital in alliance with the university of vermont. rectal prolapse in children rectal prolapse in children most commonly happens before the age of 4, and usually before age 1. boys and girls are equally likely to develop the condition. a child ' s risk of developing rectal prolapse may increase because of a structural problem in the digestive system. other conditions that increase a child ' s risk for rectal prolapse include : - increased abdominal pressure. rectal prolapse may develop in a child who frequently strains during bowel movements, such as from problems with long - term ( chronic ) constipation. pressure from forceful coughing spells, such as those caused by whooping cough ( pertussis ) or long - term lung disease from cystic fibrosis, may also lead to rectal prolapse. - short - term or long - term diarrhea. giardiasis or escherichia coli ( e. coli ) infection may cause short - term diarrhea. conditions that prevent proper food absorption, such as celiac disease or inflammatory bowel disease, may cause long - term diarrhea. - parasitic diseases. parasites such as whipworms increase the risk of prolapse. - cystic fibrosis. this disease of the mucous glands is associated with conditions throughout the body, including digestive problems. about 20 % of children with rectal prolapse will have cystic fibrosis. 1 a child who has rectal prolapse with no obvious cause may need to be tested for cystic fibrosis. - pelvic floor weakness. weakness of these muscles, which stretch across the floor of the pelvis, may be linked with damage caused by nerve disorders or spinal cord deformities ( such as spina bifida ) or may develop after pelvic surgery. - malnutrition. across the world, lack of proper nutrition may be the most common cause of rectal prolapse in children. this is especially true in underdeveloped countries. malnutrition prevents children from developing supportive tissues around the rectum. - hirschsprung ' s disease. the birth defect hirschsprung ' s disease affects muscular contractions of the bowel, which can lead to rectal prolapse.


key ringneck snake scientific name : diadophis punctatus acricus paulson 1966 * currently accepted name * scientific names used through time - coluber punctatus – linnaeus 1766 - natrix punctatus – merrem 1820 - homalosoma punctata – wagler 1830 - calamaria punctata – schlegel 1837 - ablabes punctatus – dumeril, bibron & dumeril 1854 - diadophis punctatus acricus – paulson 1966 - diadophis punctatus – dumeril, stebbins 1985 description : average adult size is 6 inches ( 15. 2 cm ). adults are small and slender - bodied with a slate gray body. unlike other ringneck snakes, the ring normally present around the neck is indistinct or completely absent. the belly is bright orangish - yellow, fading to orange - red beneath the tail. there is a single row of half - moon spots down the center on the belly. the scales are smooth, and there are 15 - 17 dorsal scale rows at midbody. the pupil is round. juvenile color is similar to that of the adult. a. top of the head ( notice the large plate - like scales on the top of the head ) b. smooth scales c. elongated scales below the tail ( subcaudal scales ) are typically divided d. front ( face view ) of the head e. side of the head range : it is found only on the lower florida keys including big pine key, little torch key, and middle torch key. it is not found outside of florida. due to its very small range it is listed as a threatened species in the state of florida. habitat : rare, but occurs mainly in pinelands, tropical hardwood hammocks, and around limestone outcroppings. comments : harmless ( non - venomous ) and seldom bites. little is known about the key ringneck snake, but it is sometimes seen under limestone rocks and boards, and crossing roads at night. it feeds on small frogs and tadpoles, earthworms, slugs, anoles, geckos, and snakes. reproduction is thought to be similar to the southern ringneck snake.


queen katherine parr ' s prayers or meditacions was influenced by marguerite de navarre ’ s mirror of the sinful soul, a text which her stepdaughter, the future queen elizabeth i, had presented to her. katherine was the sixth wife of henry viii, highly educated, and served as an intelligent companion to the aging king. her book was written around 1546 / 7 but published after the death of henry viii, probably because of its lutheran and more radical protestant leanings. other religious writing took the form of emblems, such as those by georgette de montenay. the emblem is a literary form that reveals its message through a combination of image, motto, and poem. montenay created the first emblem book used for religious propaganda, in support of the calvinist faith. her book was republished many times in several languages. in the frontispiece portrait, de montenay is depicted as a writer with pen, ink, and paper. another writer, vittoria colonna, is known mainly for her secular love poetry and her friendship with michelangelo, but in her later life, she turned to spiritual poetry in which she expresses love for christ. he is the author of peace, rest from war, quiet is found in him. † she was influenced in her religious thinking by the english cardinal reginald pole, who resided in italy and became her mentor. although most women had never been encouraged to preach openly by established churches, quakers believed that because men and women could equally receive god ’ s spirit, both could preach. margaret fell, married to quaker founder george fox, justified women ’ s claim to speaking by looking at biblical women who testify to the truth. as examples, she cites mary magdalene and mary the mother of james who followed jesus, as well as women in the early christian church, mentioned in the book of acts. also shown are the tracts of eleanor davies, a well - educated woman who, in 1625, had a vision of the day of judgment. she associated herself with the old testament prophet daniel and began writing and publishing many prophetic tracts. a number of them were kept and bound together by her daughter, lucy huntingdon, in the volume seen above. many of the tracts show davies ’ own annotations in preparation for the publication of corrected versions. she denounced charles i, supported oliver cromwell, and believed that the end of the world was at hand. † ( translation by ellen moody )


fibrocystic breast changes what are some common fibrocystic breast changes? generalized breast lumpiness is known under many different names, such as " fibrocystic disease " and " fibroid breasts. " many of these are misnomers since physicians and researchers now believe that these are just part of the breast changes which many women undergo throughout the various stages of their lives. many physicians feel that this term has become a catchphrase for general breast lumpiness. what do fibrocystic changes feel like? fibrocystic lumpiness is also described as " ropy " or " granular " and seems to become more obvious as a woman approaches middle age and the milk producing glandular tissue gives way to softer, fatty tissue. however, women with lumpy breasts may experience many other benign breast conditions. lumpiness in the breasts may make actual lumps harder to distinguish. thus, it is important that women with lumpy breasts perform regular breast self - examinations ( bses ) and have regular physical examinations, including mammography as indicated by the national cancer institute or american cancer society ( acs ) guidelines. knowing the normal shape and feel of your own breasts is important, especially when performing examinations to detect any unusual breast changes. the u. s. preventive services task force does not recommend bses because evidence suggests bses do not lower risk for death from breast cancer. the acs says bses are an option for women older than age 20 as a means of familiarizing themselves with their breasts so they can notice changes more easily. talking with your health care provider about the benefits and limitations can help you decide if you should start performing bses. click here to view the online resources of women ' s health


by terry kovel permanent - press fabrics have relieved most households of the need to iron clothing. in past centuries, ironing was an almost daily duty of a woman in the home. before about the 10th century, cloth was ironed with smooth wooden or glass pieces and a pounding stick. heat was not used until the 16th century in europe. by then, pressing irons were metal pans with long handles. a piece of charcoal was put in the pan to heat the bottom and the heated pan was rubbed over the cloth. this crude iron was gradually improved. charcoal was replaced by a heated iron rod to avoid the charcoal ashes that sometimes fell on the cloth. next came special box irons with handles and pointed fronts. they were shaped like the electric and steam irons used today. soon a solid piece of iron, also in today ' s familiar shape, was made to put on the stove to heat, then quickly used to heat and smooth cloth. by the turn of the 20th century, irons were heated by liquid gas, alcohol, gasoline or electricity. unfortunately, some of the liquid - fueled irons blew up. the electric iron was patented in 1882, but few homes had electricity back then. so the electric iron was not in general use until about 1915. since then, irons have been improved with the addition of thermostats that control heat and steam. some even became cordless and could fold up to go with travelers. all types of old ironing sticks, mangling boards and irons are collected today. nineteenth - and unusual 20th - century examples sell for hundreds of dollars. in the 1950s, an early chinese iron that looks like a small, ornate cooking pot with a handle was copied and used as a portable ashtray. these mid - 20th - century copies sell for about $ 30 today. a genuine antique chinese iron is worth hundreds of dollars. q : recently i purchased five matching maple side chairs with " mottville, n. y. " stamped on the back of the top slat of each chair. two of the chairs are stamped " f. sinclair " under " mottville, " while the other three are stamped " union chair works. " i ' ve cleaned up the chairs and given them new woven seats. please tell me the approximate age and value of the chairs, and explain the different marks. a : the union chair works factory was built in mottville, near skaneateles, n. y., in 1866, although some records say the founding of the company


age and value of the chairs, and explain the different marks. a : the union chair works factory was built in mottville, near skaneateles, n. y., in 1866, although some records say the founding of the company dates back to 1859. the company ' s owners, joseph hubbard and francis a. sinclair, advertised their furniture under the brand name " common sense " and eventually made chairs, rockers, tables and settees. the company operated at least into the 1880s, and perhaps into the early 1900s. if all you had to do to get the chairs into tiptop shape was clean them and replace the woven seats, the set could sell for more than $ 500. q : i want to leave my collection of hummel figurines to my 14 - year - old great - granddaughter. what should i wrap them in and how should i store them? a : hummel figurines are based on the drawings of the nun m. i. " berta " hummel. they were first made in 1935 by the w. goebel porcelain co. of oeslau ( now part of rodental ), germany. the figurines are made of earthenware. parts that aren ' t glazed will absorb moisture, so they need to be stored in a dry place. don ' t store them in the basement, which often is damp, or in the attic, where they would be subject to extreme temperature changes, which could cause crazing. you can wrap the figurines in plain archival paper, white tissue paper or pieces of white bedsheets and pack them carefully in a box with bunches of tissue paper between them to prevent them from bumping each other when the box is moved. don ' t wrap them in newspaper. newsprint comes off and may stain the figurines. don ' t wrap them in colored paper or plastic, either. the best way to store them is in their original boxes, if you still have them. q : my mother left me an oval brooch made of blue milk glass. i think it originally belonged to her grandmother, who died in 1924. it ' s a series of little blue balls and tiny silver balls. the gold - tone border is impressed " czechoslovakia " in capital letters on the back. what do you think it ' s worth? a : the country of czechoslovakia was formed in 1918, when world war i ended. so your brooch was not made before 1918. the country split into the czech republic and slovakia


letters on the back. what do you think it ' s worth? a : the country of czechoslovakia was formed in 1918, when world war i ended. so your brooch was not made before 1918. the country split into the czech republic and slovakia in 1993. costume jewelry made of czechoslovakian glass sells for a wide range of prices, depending on design and condition. your brooch could sell for $ 20 to $ 50. q : i was pleased to see your recent column about furniture designs by charles rohlfs. but being from buffalo, n. y., i was disheartened that you said rohlfs was a new york city furniture maker. he actually lived and worked in buffalo. a : thanks for speaking up for buffalo. rohlfs ( 1853 - 1936 ) was born in brooklyn, n. y., and studied design at the cooper union in manhattan. but he moved his family to buffalo in 1887, when he took a job with a stove manufacturer there. in 1897 he opened his own workshop in buffalo and created his unique furniture designs for a decade. tip : if you get gum on your oriental rug or carpet, freeze it with an ice cube in a plastic bag, then scrape it off with a plastic credit card. sign up for our weekly email, " kovels komments. " it includes the latest news, tips and collector ' s questions and is free if you register on our website. kovels. com provides lists of publications, clubs, appraisers, auction houses, people who sell parts or repair antiques and more. kovels. com adds to the information in this column and helps you find useful sources needed by collectors. terry kovel answers as many questions as possible through the column. by sending a letter with a question, you give full permission for use in the column or any other kovel forum. names, addresses or email addresses will not be published. we cannot guarantee the return of any photograph, but if a stamped envelope is included, we will try. the volume of mail makes personal answers or appraisals impossible. write to kovels, ( name of this newspaper ), king features syndicate, 300 w. 57th st., new york, ny 10019. current prices are recorded from antiques shows, flea markets, sales and auctions throughout the united states. prices vary in different locations because of local economic conditions. madame alexander doll, chatterbox, hard plastic and vinyl, pigtails, sleep eyes, head turns, talk button


from antiques shows, flea markets, sales and auctions throughout the united states. prices vary in different locations because of local economic conditions. madame alexander doll, chatterbox, hard plastic and vinyl, pigtails, sleep eyes, head turns, talk button in front, battery - operated, 1961, 24 inches, $ 55. bermuda triangle board game, made in ireland, milton bradley, 1976, 20 x 12 inches, $ 60. cookie pail, sunshine biscuits of new york, red, white and blue cardboard, pictures little cookies in toy shapes, tin cover, handle, 1950s, 11 ounces, $ 70. cambridge glass cake stand, virginia pattern, rum well in center, 1940s, 8 x 11 inches, $ 200. cameo pin, diamond accent around woman ' s neck, carved flowers at left shoulder, dress draped across front, silver filigree and scrollwork, 1920s, 1 5 / 8 x 1 1 / 2 inches, $ 275. bellows, turtleback, painted long - tailed bird, black ground, brass nozzle, american, 19th century, 17 3 / 4 inches, $ 555. show towel, silk and wool on linen, potted flowers, peacocks and trees, 2 verses, 3 rows of fringe, " catherine derr, " 1854, 60 x 17 3 / 4 inches, $ 705. hepplewhite card table, mahogany, poplar and chestnut, shaped top over banded inlay panels, tapered legs with string inlay, 1800 - 1815, 30 x 35 x 18 inches, $ 1, 765. newcomb college pottery jar, lid, blue matte glaze, raised flowers, vines and leaves, marked, anna francis simpson, 1919, 7 inches, $ 4, 720. chippendale tall case clock, mahogany and pine, broken - arch pediment, floral rosettes, glass door, 8 - day movement, signed john fissler, frederick town ( md. ), c. 1790, 102 1 / 2 inches, $ 4, 995. keep up with changes in the collectibles world. send for a free sample issue of our 12 - page, full - color newsletter, " kovels on antiques and collectibles, " filled with prices, news, information and photos, plus major news about the world of collecting. to subscribe at a bargain $ 27 for 12 issues, write kovels, p. o. box 8534, big sandy, tx 75755 ; call 800 - 82


( bpt ) - snow and ice affect more than 70 percent of the u. s. population, according to the federal highway administration. each winter the average driver in these areas will see more than five inches of snow on the roads. and when the snow is falling there are few things more comforting than the sight of snow plows and salt trucks making highways safe for commuters, shoppers and travelers. in the snow belt, citizens expect roads to always be cleared of snow and ice, no matter how bad the storm, says bret hodne, public works director for west des moines, iowa. to help meet those sky - high expectations, hodne orders salt months before the first snowflake falls. his motto is " don ' t trust your climate, " because if you plan for an average season it ' s bound to be a record - setting winter of snow and ice. snowfighters first began using salt in the 1930s for snow and ice control, but it wasn ' t until the 1960s that salt became widely adapted as one of the major weapons to keep winter roads safe. in an average iowa winter, hodne ' s department alone uses 4, 000 tons of salt and keeps twice that amount in storage. salt works by lowering the freezing point of water, and when applied on already - frozen roadways ( de - icing ) it helps to melt the ice. when salt is applied before a freeze sets in ( anti - icing ) it helps prevent liquid water from becoming ice. this is why drivers will often see salt trucks out and about before the roads start to freeze. both methods give tires more traction with the pavement, keeping roads open and safe while protecting lives and commerce. how quickly salt melts frozen water depends upon a number of variables, including temperature, time and the rate of application. fortunately, it is usually not necessary to melt all the snow and ice on a road. merely destroying or preventing the bond between pavement and frozen water is a more efficient, economical and environmentally sensitive approach. in fact, salt is the single most effective and economical method for treating roadways. according to the federal highway administration, snowy, slushy or icy pavement accounts for more than 116, 000 americans injured and more than 1, 300 killed on each year. in fact, 24 percent of all weather - related vehicle crashes occur under such wintry conditions. a study by marquette university found that effective use of road salt reduced vehicle crashes by 88 percent, injuries by 85 percent and the cost of accidents by 85 percent


in fact, 24 percent of all weather - related vehicle crashes occur under such wintry conditions. a study by marquette university found that effective use of road salt reduced vehicle crashes by 88 percent, injuries by 85 percent and the cost of accidents by 85 percent. icy road conditions are not limited to northern states, however. sudden and unexpected snow storm and freezing rain can affect southern states as well. in january 2011, such a snowstorm hit atlanta covering roadways in a sheet of ice and shutting down routine business and traffic for five days. in response, bill shelton, road maintenance division manager of suburban cobb county, has implemented a distribution system that gets salt from storage to roads as quickly as possible. instead of storing salt and sand in just one location, shelton has spread it out to five spots throughout the county for easier access to its 2, 500 miles of roads. snow - fighters have several safety tips for winter drivers. the most important is if you can avoid driving, it is best to stay off the roads - - at least until the snow plows and salt trucks have had a chance to do their job. it is also best not to pass road - clearing trucks. drivers will also want to make sure they have tires with good traction, cleared windows and headlights with properly working windshield wipers and anti - icing fluid in order to see and be seen, and to leave a good amount of space between their vehicle and the one in front. finally, remember that taking your time and driving safely is more likely to get you to your destination. for more information please visit www. safewinterroads. org.


eastern equine encephalitis ( eee ) : in 2011 there were a large number of cases of eee seen in non - vaccinated horses in northern wisconsin. this disease is usually fatal in horses - with a 90 % mortality rate! eee is caused by a virus that infects the brain resulting in encephalitis ( inflammation of the brain ) and neurologic symptoms. this virus is transmitted via a mosquito bite. birds, horses and also people can become infected. migrating birds can readily spread the virus to new areas. fortunately, there is a vaccine available for horses. it is usually given in a combination vaccine that includes wee ( western equine encephalitis ), tetanus and west nile virus. wee & west nilevirus are also spread by mosquitoes. in wisconsin, we recommend annual vaccination in the spring - before the start of " mosquito season ". if a horse hasn ' t been vaccinated previously, a series of two vaccines are recommended, given 3 - 4 weeks apart. call us at fredonia veterinary clinic if you have questions on vaccination recommendations for your horses or would like to schedule an appointment / farm call. for more information on eee and the cases in northern wisconsin, click on eee in wisconsin.


who invented fireworks article fourth of july for kids there are many different ways that the fourth of july can be celebrated. each year, families everywhere participate in some sort of activity to celebrate the fourth of july. this year, if you are searching for a way to celebrate the fourth of july, you should consider simply doing things that surround the enjoyment of your child. here, you will find many suggestions that you can use to create a fourth of july for kids. you can implement one of these suggestions this fourth of july, or all of them! one of the first ways that you can create a fourth of july for kids is to encourage children to dress in the american colors. you may even allow children to purchase an outfit that reflects the american spirit. you can allow children to create an american hat, or other accessories that they can wear. you may choose to purchase small flags that they can wave as they walk around throughout the day. you may want to teach them what the different symbols and colors on the american flag represent and encourage them to teach others throughout the day of the fourth of july. a fourth of july for kids can include teaching many patriotic songs like “ yankee doodle ”, and teaching the history of the song and why the lyrics are what they are. it is also a great idea to check out books from the library that tell the story of the fourth of july. these books should be the appropriate grade level for the child that you are sharing it with. there are numerous books, for example, that teach about the fourth of july for very small children so that they have a basic understanding of the events of the day and why we celebrate it. if you want to celebrate a fourth of july for kids, you should consider creating many arts and crafts that surround the holiday. you may want to create a firework display from paper, and american flag from fabric or poster board, and similar other things. there are many things that you can create using various items around the house that can teach children about the fourth of july. this type of tactile learning allows many children to comprehend lessons more easily. if you are going to host a fourth of july party, you should allow your child to decorate for the event using the lessons that they have learned regarding this holiday. this can prove to be a lot of fun for the child and the people who attend the event will enjoy the creativity of the child. you may also want to allow the child to create small flags or a variety of other items to give to the guests as a thank you for


an approach to travel that, in the simplest of terms, aims to create more positive impact on the world than negative, thereby preserving at - risk destinations and cultures for the future. sustainable tourism is tourism that strives to minimize its impact on the environment, to respect local people and cultures, to offer economic benefit to local businesses and communities, and to provide a memorable experience for travellers and protects destinations for future generations. using small - scale lodging, local transportation, supporting locally - owned businesses, and incorporating community - based ecotourism projects into tours are some ways travel can work towards sustainability. a business model that recognizes and measures the social return on investment of an organization ’ s operations and views sustainability as a valuable part of its business. g adventures ’ business model is built on the inclusion of small businesses in developing nations. through this, we are able to bring economic benefits to entrepreneurs and small enterprises that otherwise would not receive them. strong, stable local economies keep tourism dollars in the communities that need them, ensuring their survival and growth. g adventures places a priority on creating positive social change whenever and wherever we can. we offer trips to countries all over the world and utilize local services and businesses whenever possible. we contribute to local economies and provide employment opportunities to underserved regions of the world that rely heavily on tourism as their principal — and in some cases, only — source of economic support. let ’ s face it : we travel to see things and do things ; to experience the natural and cultural wonders of our world. if those wonders are neglected, overcrowded, polluted or compromised, no one will bother to visit, and the communities that depend on tourism will die. as a travel company that depends on the natural beauty of our destinations and the well - being of the people who live there, it ’ s up to us to find ways to reduce our impact and help these places not only stay alive, but thrive. the planeterra foundation was established in 2003 by g adventures as a means to give back through travel. a non - profit foundation, planeterra taps into a global network of travellers to help us change the world. working with g adventures, we have created an integrated partnership founded on the principles of social enterprise, investing in the futures of the people and places we visit. operating from g adventures headquarters, planeterra is able to focus on areas we feel are important, to forge close ties with local communities around the world, and to connect small businesses and rural families directly to our supply chain. g adventures provides consistent market


the characteristics of plants give us clues as to how some plants are similar to and different from others. classification of plant species depends upon common and unique features that are used to identify plants by their characteristics. scientists and plant experts have collected data on numerous plant species from studying the plants in their natural habitats and recording information about their characteristics in scientific literature and databases for future reference. what are the plant ' s features? plant features include the color, shape, size and orientation of the plant ' s leaves on the stem and the color of its stem, branches and / or trunk. is the plant evergreen, or do its leaves change color in the fall? whether the plant ' s leaves fall or not identifies the plant as deciduous or evergreen. plants are also identified by the shape and color of their fruits and the seeds they contain. fruit and seed colors include black, brown, green, orange, yellow, red and white. how does the plant grow and change? plant types are identified by their active growth seasons, which vary at different times of the year and in different parts of the world. some actively grow during the spring and summer, while others grow during the winter months. the height of the plant is an identifying characteristic that defines its variety within a species. some plants grow to a minimum height in dry soils but to a towering height in moist soil conditions. what are its growth requirements? the types of soil and soil conditions that support a plant ' s growth are identifying characteristics that define where a plant will and will not grow. soil types include varying degrees and combinations of sand, loam, silt and clay. soil ph levels and levels of potassium, phosphorus, nitrogen and salt are also characteristics that help to identify a plant. how does the plant reproduce? plants are identified by their reproduction characteristics. plants naturally reproduce by seed, through the spreading of their roots or through their bulb or corm production. some plants are propagated through cuttings as well. flowering plants bloom before the formation of their fruits and seeds. plants are identified by the shapes of their flowers and their color, whether white, yellow, orange, red, purple, brown, green or blue. plant identification includes the times when the plants are in full bloom and for how long. the fruiting characteristics of plants - - the season when the fruits form, their shape, size, color and whether the fruit is edible or poisonous - - - describe and identify plants. observe and make notes about your plant. take measurements of its leaves, its height and spread, the circ


florida ' s bald eagle population is up 9 percent in the past four years, an encouraging trend for our endangered national symbol. in 1973, there were an estimated 88 florida nests. today, based on a 2011 aerial survey, the florida fish and wildlife conservation commission estimates there are 1, 457 active bald eagle nests in florida, including five in lee county and nine in sarasota county. the increase is attributed to a 2008 fwc bald eagle management plan. florida ’ s bald eagle population is up 9 percent in the past four years. " bald eagles have made a remarkable recovery in florida, " said fwc chairman kenneth wright. the fwc and audubon are working together to protect bald eagles in florida. for 20 years, audubon florida has recruited citizen - scientists to monitor eagles and their nests through the eaglewatch program in more than 40 counties, including lee and charlotte. by monitoring more than 20 percent of the state ' s nesting pairs, volunteers make a significant difference in conserving the species, officials said. find a bald eagle nest locator at myfwc. com / eagle. " audubon is proud to have played a role in the bald eagle ' s amazing success story in florida, " said eric draper, executive director for audubon florida. working with ranchers and other landowners to protect bald eagle habitat is another priority for audubon, with its involvement going back 50 years to the start of the cooperative kissimmee eagle sanctuary program. florida ' s greatest concentrations of bald eagle nesting territories are clustered around coastal and freshwater areas such as the kissimmee chain of lakes. in 2011, osceola and polk counties ranked first and second, respectively, for highest number of documented bald eagle nests. bald eagles almost disappeared from the lower 48 states by the mid - 20th century, with an estimated 417 pairs in the united states in 1963. the use of the now - banned pesticide ddt was causing eggshells to weaken and break under the weight of adults incubating eggs. a healthy and stable eagle population in florida depends on appropriate nesting and foraging habitats, as well as protection from disturbance during the nesting season. the bald eagle is no longer listed as an endangered or threatened species but it remains federally protected under the bald and golden eagle protection act and migratory bird treaty act, and by state rule ( f. a. c. 68a - 16. 002 ). it is illegal to feed, disturb, take or possess a bald eagle, its feathers, nest


who knew gcse revision involved the use of so many acronyms? this week pauline hills, an english teacher and author of our romeo and juliet titles, talks about the importance of paf for gcse english revision. paf stands for purpose, audience and format. that ’ s why something is written, who it ’ s written for and how it ’ s written. for months your teacher will have been discussing the terms purpose, audience and format with you, encouraging you to write for yourself in different formats such as letters, speeches or newspaper reports and teaching you the conventions of these formats. you will be familiar with the different purposes for writing through the writing triplets : argue, persuade advise ; inform, explain, describe ; analyse, review, comment ; and explore, imagine, entertain and you ’ ll have had the chance to write for these purposes – you may even have produced coursework for one of these purposes. you ’ ll have been taught to think about your audience – the person or people you are writing for – and whether it ’ s appropriate to adopt a formal or informal tone for your piece. for example, you wouldn ’ t speak to the headmaster in quite the same way that you ’ d speak to your best friends, would you? so, it ’ s easy to see why it ’ s important to take your audience into consideration when you ’ re planning your writing. having practised all of these things in class, in the english exam you ’ ll get to apply them not only in the writing tasks, but in the reading tasks as well. an informed response to a reading task will show that you understand the writer ’ s purpose and how they achieve that purpose, taking the audience into consideration within the conventions of the format they are using. so, when you ’ re planning your english revision remember paf – purpose, audience and format. image : felipe trucco @ flickr : cc


environment - search results articles about environment companies around the world are learning to embrace the environment, and the gear industry is no exception. this special section takes a look at how some gear manufacturers are doing their part to conserve resources, preserve and protect the environment, and give back to the land. what we ’ ve found is that adopting environmental measures is far more than just good corporate citizenship. for many gear industry companies, good environmental practices also turn out to be good for the bottom line. environmentally friendly cutting fluids aren ' t just good for the environment. they can also be good for performance. not long ago, many manufacturing managers thought sensitivity to environmental protection standards meant additional expenses, decreased productivity, and a plethora of headaches and hassles. okay, so you want to make some high quality gears for your customers, and you want to make a profit for your company, but you don ' t want to make a mess of the environment. what can you do? heat treatment industry reinforces environmental / energy conservation. design problem : develop a gear drive for a pedal - powered water craft that will be easy to manufacture, use and maintain ; that will be lightweight enough for the boat to be portable ; and that will eliminate the environmental risk of lubricants leaking into the water. one of the hot items on the public agenda these days is " the environment. " suddenly everyone wants to save the whales and the rain forest. politicians, rock stars, and big business have all discovered that you can ' t get anything but good press for saying that you ' re in favor of trees and marine mammals. for environmental and economic reasons, the use of coolant in machining processes is increasingly being questioned. rising coolant prices and disposal costs, as well as strains on workers and the environment, have fueled the debate. the use of coolant has given rise to a highly technical system for handling coolant in the machine ( cooling, filtering ) and protecting the environment ( filter, oil - mist collector ). in this area the latest cutting materials - used with or without coolant - have great potential for making the metal - removal process more economical. the natural progression to completely dry machining has decisive advantages for hobbing. a main limiting factor in extending the use of hard coatings to machine component application is the lack of knowledge about how these inert coatings perform under lubricated conditions using today ' s lubricants. nondestructive examination ( nde ) of ferrous and nonferrous materials has long proved


component application is the lack of knowledge about how these inert coatings perform under lubricated conditions using today ' s lubricants. nondestructive examination ( nde ) of ferrous and nonferrous materials has long proved an effective maintenance and anomaly characterization tool for many industries. recent research has expanded its applicability to include the inspection of large, open gear drives. difficulties inherent in other nde methods make them time - consuming and labor - intensive. they also present the user with the environmental problem of the disposal of used oil. the eddy current method addresses these problems. the trend toward moving coordinate measuring machines to the shop floor to become an integral part of the manufacturing operations brings real time process control within the reach of many companies. putting measuring machines on the shop floor, however, subjects them to harsh environmental conditions. like any measuring system, cmms are sensitive to any ambient condition that deviates from the " perfect " conditions of the metrology lab. the wind turbine industry has been plagued with gearbox failures, which cause repair costs, legal expenses, lost energy production and environmental pollution. it used to be that a shop with hustle and plenty of big, fast machines could thrive using a manual system. but no more. today ' s economic environment requires more and more in the way of topnotch service and quick turnaround - which frequently means a completely integrated shop floor control system. electroless nickel ( en ) plating, a process dating back to the 1940s, is one of the predominant metal finishing methods today. it is especially suitable for the gear industry, whose end uses span innumerable other industries, providing an endless assortment of requirements, environments, materials and specifications. en plating has a broad array of functional features, which include : several trends in mechanical engineering are leading to greater surface stress on components and thus to unacceptable wear. these trends include greater stresses due to increased power densities ; the need to maintain high precision of components throughout their service life ; and the environmental imperative to reduce use of lubricants and additives. top secret code name : ginger mission : design, prototype and test a transmission for a new device. the transmission must be compact and efficient. it should have almost no backlash, and it must be able to operate in both forward and reverse. most importantly, the transmission must be quiet. in fact, it shouldn ' t sound like a transmission at all. it should blend in with the environment and sound like music or the wind. this mission, should you choose to accept


forward and reverse. most importantly, the transmission must be quiet. in fact, it shouldn ' t sound like a transmission at all. it should blend in with the environment and sound like music or the wind. this mission, should you choose to accept it, is top secret. not even your employees can know what you ' re working on... why traditional lean manufacturing approaches need to be adapted for job shop environments. gearbox performance, reliability, total cost of ownership ( energy cost ), overall impact on the environment, and anticipation of additional future regulations are top - of - mind issues in the industry. optimization of the bearing set can significantly improve gearbox performance. this paper reviews the necessity for detailed specification, design and manufacture to achieve required performance in service. the precise definition of duty rating and a thorough understanding of the environmental conditions, whether it is in a marine or industrial application, is required to predict reliable performance of a gearbox through its service life. a case study relating to complex marine gears and other general practice is presented to review the techniques used by allen gears to design and develop a gearbox that integrates with the requirements of the whole machinery installation. allen gears has considerable experience in the design of a variety of industrial and marine gears ( ref. 1, 2 ). for a long time, relatively high noise levels have been generally accepted for industrial gear units in the 10 - 100 kw power range. however, due to changing environmental awareness - both in and around industrial sites - customers expectations have moved drastically towards low noise as a key differentiating factor. the cutting tool industry has undergone some serious changes in the last couple of years in both technology and the way the industry does business. the emerging technology today, as well as for the foreseeable future, is dry cutting, especially in high volume production settings. wet cutting continues to be as popular as ever with lubrication advances making it more economical and environmentally friendly. there has also developed a process called " near dry cutting. " this process offers many of the benefits of fluids while eliminating many of hte associated problems. three years ago, coated gears seemed to be the perfect solution for the micro marine corporation. the early designs for the gear drive of their microcat human - powered boat used a combination of thin - film dry gear coatings with lubrication and wear - resistance properties. these coatings simplified their design, provided corrosion resistance, made the gear drive environmentally safe and eliminated the need for gear drive lubrication and maintenance. it was a success story in the making. new innovations in


caused by churning, windage and mesh friction is important if plant operating costs and environmental impact are to be minimized. this paper concentrates on mesh friction losses and associated scuffing risk. it describes the preliminary results from using a validated, 3 - d finite element analysis ( fea ) and tooth contact analysis ( tca ) program to optimize cylindrical gears for low friction losses without compromising transmission error ( te ), noise and power density. some case studies and generic procedures for minimizing losses are presented. future development and further validation work is discussed. in today ’ s manufacturing environment, shorter and more efficient product development has become the norm. it is therefore important to consider every detail of the development process, with a particular emphasis on design. for green machining of gears, the most productive and important process is hobbing. in order to analyze process design for this paper, a manufacturing simulation was developed capable of calculating chip geometries and process forces based on different models. as an important tool for manufacturing technology engineers, an economic feasibility analysis is implemented as well. the aim of this paper is to show how an efficient process design — as well as an efficient process — can be designed. there are great advantages in dry hobbing, not only for friendliness toward the environment, but also for increasing productivity and for decreasing manufacturing cost. dry hobbing, however, often causes failures in hob cutting edges or problems with the surface quality of gear tooth flanks. these difficulties are not present when hobbing with cutting oil. pinching and crushing of generated chips between the hob cutting edge and the work gear tooth flank is considered a major cause of those problems. recent history has taught us that global competition has become tougher and is a major concern of american gear manufacturers from abroad have invaded american markets with products designed in an environment where management of technology has been practiced effectively. if american companies intend to compete in the changing world market, they must acquire the technologies that will allow them to do so. this article deals with certain item to be taken into consideration for gear grinding, common problems that arise in gear grinding and their solutions. the discussion will be limited to jobbing or low - batch production environments, where experimental setup and testing is not possible for economic and other reasons. in this issue of gear technology, we are focusing on using computers to their greatest advantage in gear design and manufacturing. in a sense, that ' s old news. it ' s a cliche to suggest that computers make our work life easier and more productive


this issue of gear technology, we are focusing on using computers to their greatest advantage in gear design and manufacturing. in a sense, that ' s old news. it ' s a cliche to suggest that computers make our work life easier and more productive. no company that wishes to remain competitive in today ' s global manufacturing environment can afford to be without computers in all their manifestations. we need them in the office ; we need them next to our desks in place of drafting boards ; we need them on the shop floor. this article discusses briefly some common manufacturing problems relating to coarse pitch gears and their suggested solutions. most of the discussion will be limited to a low - quality production environment using universal machine tools. 8 gear technology advertisers will have booths at imts 92, the largest trade show in the western hemisphere. the show opens in chicago on sept. 9 and runs through the 17th. more than 800 companies from around the world will cover some 931, 000 sq. ft. of exhibit space to show the latest manufacturing technology - everything from forming and fabrication products to environmental and plant safety equipment. dictatorships can be stifling. in an autocratic organization, employees seldom participate in decisions that affect them. by establishing a collaborative environment, you allow everyone to play a role in making your organization a success. this article discusses an application driven approach to the computer - aided sizing of spur gear teeth. the methodology is bases on the index of tooth loading and environment of application of the gear. it employs handbook knowledge and empirical information to facilitate the design process for a novice. results show that the approach is in agreement with the textbook data. however, this technique requires less expert knowledge to arrive at the conclusion. the methodology has been successfully implemented as a gear tooth sizing module of a parallel axis gear drive expert system. an investigation of transmission errors and bearing contact of spur, helical, and spiral bevel gears was performed. modified tooth surfaces for these gears have been proposed in order to absorb linear transmission errors caused by gear misalignment and to localize the bearing contact. numerical examples for spur, helical, and spiral bevel gears are presented to illustrate the behavior of the modified gear surfaces with respect to misalignment and errors of assembly. the numerical results indicate that the modified surfaces will perform with a low level of transmission error in non - ideal operating environments. the two reports referred to in this article, " the people wise organization " and " house divided : views on change from top management - and


scientists at cancer research uk ’ s london research institute ( lri ) and the technical university of denmark have developed an rnai - based approach to determine paclitaxel response. focusing on estrogen - receptor ( er ) / progesterone - receptor ( pr ) / human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 ( her2 ; erbb2 ) - negative ( triple - negative ) disease, they sequentially deleted 829 genes involved in cells ’ response to the chemotherapy to see which missing or faulty genes would prevent the drug from working. their results identified six genes which, if faulty, impacted on the effectiveness of the drug in cancer cells in vitro. the team then confirmed that the same six genes in patients ’ breast cancer cells could be used to predict which individuals would derive the most benefit from paclitaxel. “ our research shows it is now possible to rapidly pinpoint genes that prevent cancer cells from being destroyed by anticancer drugs and use these same genes to predict which patients will benefit from specific types of treatment, ” states charles swanton, m. d., head of translational cancer therapeutics at the lri. “ now the challenge is to apply these methods to other drugs in cancer medicine and to help identify new drugs within clinical trials that might benefit patients who are predicted to be unresponsive to treatment. ” details appear in the lancet oncology in a paper titled “ assessment of an rna interference screen - derived mitotic and ceramide pathway metagene as a predictor of response to neoadjuvant paclitaxel for primary triple - negative breast cancer : a retrospective analysis of five clinical trials. ”


swiss company aims to fly satellites into space by ben coxworth march 15, 2013 if you want to launch a satellite in the usual way – on top of a rocket – it will typically cost you at least us $ 50, 000, 000. newly - inaugurated aerospace firm swiss space systems ( s3 ), however, claims that it will be able to put your small satellite into orbit for about 10. 6 million bucks. why so cheap? s3 is planning on flying satellites into space, using an airliner and an unmanned shuttle. the launch system would incorporate an airbus a300, an existing commercial aircraft that ’ s already certified for zero gravity flights. mounted on the back of the a300 would be the shuttle, and contained within it would be a satellite weighing no more than 250 kilograms ( 551 lbs ). the airliner would take off from a designated spaceport, and release the shuttle at an altitude of 10, 000 meters ( 32, 808 feet ). the shuttle would then start its engines and climb up to 80 kilometers ( 50 miles ), at which point the satellite would be launched from its cargo bay. from there, the satellite ’ s upper stage engine would take it into orbit, while the shuttle would glide back down to the spaceport for reuse. according to s3, not only would its system require considerably less fuel than conventional rocket launches, but also – if need be – the launch could be called off at any point, with the shuttle returning to earth still carrying its payload. additionally, because the a300 could take off from any runway capable of accommodating it, multiple spaceports could be established in a variety of locations around the world. this means that clients wouldn ’ t need to transport their satellites great distances in order to have them launched. the first of these spaceports is planned to open in the swiss city of payerne by 2015, with the first test launches scheduled to take place by the end of 2017. additional ports are planned for malaysia and morocco, with other locations pending. virgin galactic is said to be working on a similar system, in which satellites would be flown to a launch altitude aboard the company ’ s whiteknighttwo aircraft. stratolaunch systems also has something in the works, although it will require the construction of the largest aircraft ever flown. just enter your friends and your email address into the form below for multiple addresses, separate each with a comma


cable and wireless cable and wireless, a british telecommunications company, of electra house, victoria embankment, london, wc2. telephone : temple bar 1222. cables : " empiregram, estrand, london ". ( 1947 ) 1869, sir john pender founded the falmouth, gibraltar and malta cable co and the british - indian submarine telegraph co, which connected the anglo - mediterranean cable ( linking malta to alexandria using a cable manufactured by one of pender ' s companies ) to britain and india, respectively. 1870 the london to bombay telegraph line was completed in 1870 the eastern telegraph co expanded the length of its cables from 8, 860 miles on its founding to 22, 400 miles just 15 years later. the company steadily took over a number of companies founded to connect the west indies and south america, leading to a name change to the eastern and associated telegraph companies. 1928 with increasing competition from companies using radio communications it was decided to merge the communications methods of the british empire into one operating company, initially known as the imperial and international communications ltd, which would carry out these operations. the operations that were merged included the post office ' s wireless stations and its two anglo - canadian cables ( on a 25 - year lease ) as well the cable and wireless operations of eastern telegraph co, western telegraph co, eastern extension co, the pacific and european co, and marconi ' s wireless telegraph co, and 8 others, as well as interests in 18 other companies in various parts of the world. all of the shares in the new company would be held by the member companies, including marconi co for marconi ' s wireless telegraph co ' s interests. 1929 public company formed : cables and wireless ltd which would be the merger company, holding the interests in eastern telegraph co, western telegraph co, eastern extension co and marconi ' s wireless telegraph co by exchange of shares in the merger company. 1932 the third agm of cables and wireless ltd was told the company had 3 main sources of revenue : - from the telegraph and telephone traffic of imperial and international communications ltd - profits from the manufacturing business of marconi ' s wireless telegraph co - dividends received from investments in cable companies 1934 name changed to cable and wireless limited. 1945 following the labour party ' s victory in the general elections, the government announced its intention to nationalise cable and wireless. while the company would remain in being as a government - owned company, continuing to own assets and operating telecommunication services outside the uk, all assets in the uk were integrated with those of the post office


government announced its intention to nationalise cable and wireless. while the company would remain in being as a government - owned company, continuing to own assets and operating telecommunication services outside the uk, all assets in the uk were integrated with those of the post office. 1947 listed exhibitor - british industries fair. the company operates world - wide commercial telegraph services. oversea telegrams and phototelegrams for the " via imperial " route are accepted at the company ' s kiosk where full information and tariffs are obtainable. ( olympia, ground floor, stand no. a. 1003 ) 1947 nationalisation was carried out. 1961 the undertaking comprised practically all telegraphic cable and wireless communication system of british empire, with over 153, 000 nautical miles, submarine cables and about 200 cable and wireless stations. 1979 the conservative party government, led by margaret thatcher, began privatising the nationalised industries, and the history as a private company made cable and wireless an early candidate. 1980 privatisation was announced. 1981 cable and wireless privatised in november. part of the privatisation included the granting of a licence for a uk telecommunications network, mercury communications ltd, as a rival to british telecom. 1983 was the first company in the uk to offer an alternative telephone service to british telecom ( via subsidiary mercury communications ). 1985 u. k. government announced sale of its remaining ( 22. 7 % ) stake in cable and wireless. 1997 mercury was merged with three cable operators in the uk ( videotron, nynex, and bell cablemedia ) and renamed cable and wireless communications. the company later offered cable tv to its customers but sold its cable assets to ntl in 2000. sources of information - ↑ the times, 2 july 1930 - ↑ the times, 10 april 1929 - ↑ the times, 22 july 1932 - ↑ the times, 26 april 1946 - ↑ 1947 british industries fair p53 - ↑ 1961 dun and bradstreet kbe - ↑ the times, 4 december 1985 - ↑ the times, october 23, 1993 - wikipedia


most environmental goods and services, such as clean air and water, and healthy fish and wildlife populations, are not traded in markets. their economic value - how much people would be willing to pay for them - is not revealed in market prices. the only option for assigning monetary values to them is to rely on non - market valuation methods. without these value estimates, these resources may be implicitly undervalued and decisions regarding their use and stewardship may not accurately reflect their true value to society. source : greenfacts, based on a fundamental distinction in economics is between market and non - market goods and services. goods and services in a free market economy are sold for prices that reflect a balance between the costs of production and what people are willing to pay. some environmental goods and services, such as fish and seaweed, are traded in markets, thus their value can be directly observed. conversely, a non - market good or service is something that is not bought or sold directly. therefore, a non - market good does not have an observable monetary value. examples of this include beach visits, wildlife viewing, or snorkeling at a coral reef. intrinsic value - value espanol : servicios no mercantiles de los ecosistemas francais : valeur non marchande


view all by first five books explore the books that started a collection. explore the guggenheim ’ s 20th - century collection in this exhibition featuring 40 paintings, sculptures, and works on paper. preview the upcoming exhibition schedule. published in 2005 14 pages, fully illustrated providing an introduction to the exhibition catalogue russia!, james billington discusses the development and culture of russia, looking particularly at its geography, its religion, and its perplexing relationship with western europe. billington provides a background on russian icons, the orthodox church, the nation ' s architecture, the lineage of tsars, and the soviet era. between the birth of a popular national culture in the tsarist nineteenth century and its destruction in the soviet twentieth century, russia produced one of the world ' s most innovative explosions of artistic modernism. this extraordinarily creative period between the late 1890s and the outbreak of world war i is sometimes called the silver age, but is also more accurately described as the russian renaissance. like the earlier renaissance in the west, this belated " rebirth " in russia began with the rediscovery of a forgotten ancient culture. it was radically different from either the populist realism that came before or the socialist realism that came later. music looked back to real or imagined pre - christian antiquity for its leap into the pioneering, discordant modernism of igor stravinsky ' s rite of spring ( 1912 ) and sergei prokofiev ' s scythian suite ( 1914 – 15 ). painters were dazzled into pure abstraction by the restoration ( newly possible ) of icons that now revealed their pure lines and colors, long obscured from view by a dark overlay from candle smoke.


storage disk with phase - change memory posted by hilbert hagedoorn on : 06 / 17 / 2011 09 : 30 am | 0 comment ( s ) ] researchers at the university of california in san diego have developed a prototype disk drive based on phase - change memory. full details over here. a new type of data storage technology, called phase - change memory, has proven capable of writing some types of data faster than conventional flash based storage. the tests used a hard drive based on prototype phase - change memory chips. disks based on solid - state, flash memory chips are increasingly used in computers and servers because they perform faster than conventional magnetic hard drives. the performance of the experimental phase - change disk drive, created by researchers at university of california san diego, suggests that it won ' t be long before that technology is able to give computing devices another speed boost. " phase - change chips are not quite ready for prime time, but if the technology continues to develop, this is what [ solid state drives ] will look like in the next few years, " says steve swanson, who built the prototype, known as onyx, with colleagues. it had a data capacity of eight gigabytes and went head - to - head with what swanson calls a " high - end " 80 gb flash drive made for use in servers. when it came to writing small chunks of data on the order of kilobytes in size, onyx was between 70 percent and 120 percent faster than the commercial drive. at the same time, the prototype placed significantly less computational load on the processor of the computer using it. it was also much faster at reading data than the flash drive when accessing blocks of data of any size. the kind of large volume, small read and write patterns that onyx excelled at are a hallmark of the type of calculations involved in analyzing social networks like those of twitter, says swanson. however, onyx was much slower at writing larger chunks of data than its commercially established competitor. ocz announces revodrive hybrid pci express ( pcie ) storage solution - 08 / 31 / 2011 04 : 15 pm well, it ' s official. we already reported about this product back at computex and hope to receive the first samples in two maybe three weeks. ocz technology announced the release of the revodrive hybri... ebay goes ssd and cuts storage power consumption by 78 percent - 08 / 04 / 2011 09 : 47 am ebay switched 100tb of hdd - based


technology announced the release of the revodrive hybri... ebay goes ssd and cuts storage power consumption by 78 percent - 08 / 04 / 2011 09 : 47 am ebay switched 100tb of hdd - based storage to ssd and saw impressive gains in performance and power efficiency : ebay ended up replacing 100tb of hdd - based storage in a single year with the ssd - based st... wd enters smb market with small office storage servers - 07 / 13 / 2011 09 : 47 am western digital announced small office storage servers and has signed an oem software agreement with microsoft corporation to include the windows thecus d0204 portable usb 3. 0 storage device - 07 / 01 / 2010 08 : 55 am thecus technology is proud to announce its first portable storage device featuring the new usb 3. 0 standard - the d0204. with massive storage capacity in a tiny package no larger than a paperback book... corsair expands storage line with 512 gb ssd - 02 / 03 / 2010 05 : 19 pm high - capacity ssds are few in number due to the tremendous pricetage, none the less corsair will intro a 512 gb performance series rather soon. very little info is available just yet but it seems that...


tai chi – qi gong the chinese characters for tai chi chuan can be translated as the ‘ supreme ultimate force ’. the notion of ‘ supreme ultimate ’ is often associated with the chinese concept of yin - yang, the notion that one can see a dynamic duality ( male / female, active / passive, dark / light, forceful / yielding, etc. ) in all things. ‘ force ’ ( or, more literally, ‘ fist ’ ) can be thought of here as the means or way of achieving this ying - yang, or ‘ supreme - ultimate ’ discipline. tai chi, as it is practiced in the west today, can perhaps best be thought of as a moving form of yoga and meditation combined. there are a number of so - called forms ( sometimes also called ‘ sets ’ ) which consist of a sequence of movements. many of these movements are originally derived from the martial arts ( and perhaps even more ancestrally than that, from the natural movements of animals and birds ) although the way they are performed in tai chi is slowly, softly and gracefully with smooth and even transitions between them. for many practicioners the focus in doing them is not, first and foremost, martial, but as a meditative exercise for the body. for others the combat aspects of tai chi are of considerable interest. in chinese philosophy and medicine there exists the concept of ‘ chi ’, a vital force that animates the body. one of the avowed aims of tai chi is to foster the circulation of this ‘ chi ’ within the body, the belief being that by doing so the health and vitality of the person are enhanced. this ‘ chi ’ circulates in patterns that are close related to the nervous and vascular system and thus the notion is closely connected with that of the practice of acupuncture and other oriental healing arts. another aim of tai chi is to foster a calm and tranquil mind, focused on the precise execution of these exercises. learning to do them correctly provides a practical avenue for learning about such things as balance, alignment, fine - scale motor control, rhythm of movement, the genesis of movement from the body ’ s vital center, and so on. thus the practice of tai chi can in some measure contribute to being able to better stand, walk, move, run, etc. in other spheres of life as well. many practitioners notice benefits in terms of correcting poor postural, alignment or movement patterns which can contribute to tension or injury. furthermore the meditative nature of the exercises is calming and relaxing in


run, etc. in other spheres of life as well. many practitioners notice benefits in terms of correcting poor postural, alignment or movement patterns which can contribute to tension or injury. furthermore the meditative nature of the exercises is calming and relaxing in and of itself. the practical exercises of tai chi are also situated in a wider philosophical context of taoism. this is a reflective, mystical chinese tradition first associated with the scholar and mystic lao tsu, an older contemporary of confucius. he wrote and taught in the province of honan in the 6th century b. c. and authored the seminal work of taoism, the tao te ching. as a philosophy, taoism has many elements but fundamentally it espouses a calm, reflective and mystic view of the world steeped in the beauty and tranquillity of nature. for more information link the effectiveness of qigong has been proven in china by its beneﬁcial impact on the health of millions of people over thousands of years. developing the life force, or chi, is the focus of taoism, china ’ s original religion / philosophy. the taoists are the same people who brought acupuncture, chinese herbal medicine, bone setting, and the yin / yang concept to the world. for most people, the ﬁrst and foremost beneﬁt of qigong lies in the relief or prevention of chronic health problems. the range of maladies that have been helped by qigong in china include cancer, internal organ ailments, poor circulation, nerve pain, back and joint problems and general physical disease. many physical problems are at least partially due to, or aggravated by, mental or emotional stress, so the importance of the inner tranquility developed through chi gung cannot be overestimated. the practice of qigong helps manage the stress, anger, depression, morbid thoughts, and general confusion that prey on your mind when your chi is not regulated and balanced. strengthening and balancing the energy of your mind enhances your ability to detect subtle nuances and to perceive the world and its patterns at ever - increasing levels of complexity. qigong is also useful on the spiritual level. the ultimate aim of all inner taoist practices is the alchemical transformation of the body, mind, and spirit, leading to union with the tao. feeling the energy of your body makes it possible for you to understand the energy of your thoughts and emotions, and this leads to comprehending the energy of the spirit. from here it is possible to fully understand the energy of meditation


union with the tao. feeling the energy of your body makes it possible for you to understand the energy of your thoughts and emotions, and this leads to comprehending the energy of the spirit. from here it is possible to fully understand the energy of meditation or emptiness, and through emptiness it is possible to become one with the tao. according to taoism, every human being contains “ the three treasures ” — jing ( sperm / ovary energy, or the essence of the physical body ), chi ( energy, including the thoughts and emotions ), and shen ( spirit or spiritual power ). wu ( emptiness ) gives birth to and integrates the three treasures. the taoists use the all - pervasive life energy as the basis of spiritual investigation. the ultimate goal, becoming one with the tao, has been called many things, such as “ enlightenment, ” “ meeting with the father in heaven, ” “ reaching nirvana, ” and “ ultimate understanding. ” taoists feel that it is best for one to begin with the energy of the body, then progress through emotions and thoughts to spiritual power, before going for the ultimate. what is the difference between tai chi and qigong? each answer gives a progressively more complete answer. all are only partial truths, but at least they are the most accurate answers that can be given without going into excessive detail. the accurate part of the statement is this : the invisible chi or internal power aspects included within the tai chi part of tai chi chuan derive directly from one branch of the 3, 000 - year - old taoist qigong tradition, whereas taoist qigong does not come from tai chi. however, the statement is misleading because it omits buddhist or confucian qigong, which have little in common with tai chi ’ s roots in taoist qigong or taoism. this answer also involves a common error in logic : since to the western ear it sounds as if the word energy is contained in both words, they must mean the same thing. right? wrong! the qi or chi of qigong means energy, the chi of tai chi does not. in tai chi the chi means ‘ ultimate ’. to add to the confusion, the chi in tai chi and qigong are almost universally pronounced by westerners as “ chee, ” which is accurate for qigong and inaccurate for tai chi ( “ gee ” ) chuan. those who commonly both see and mispronounce tai chi as chee also tend to assume both mean the same thing, which they do not.


editorials & podcasts barbara glickstein ' s, ( public health nurse and cofounder and director of the center for health media and policy at hunter college, city university of new york ) interview with npa ' s president deborah z altschuler. the barbara glickstein podcast segments are part of an educational outreach project produced by dan gingold and zach kuperstein with lashawn mcghee as editor. new studies validate old wisdom by deborah z. altschuler “ they use combing to validate an active infestation, quantify lice and nits by counting what the comb removes from their test subjects, as well as confirm and compare therapeutic efficacy. ” the march 11, 2010 new england journal of medicine published a study comparing the use of a pesticide called malathion to the use of an oral antibiotic called ivermectin to determine the efficacy of each in treating children with head lice ( pediculosis ). http : / / content. nejm. org / cgi / content / short / 362 / 10 / 896 according to this report, head lice are universal human parasites affecting over 100 million people worldwide each year. the study was conducted on children who had already been treated with topical insecticides yet continued to have live lice. “ infestation was confirmed and monitored by means of fine - toothed combing. ” adverse events for the participants included gastroenteritis, nausea, vomiting, impetigo and convulsions. the ivermectin ( antibiotic ) comparison study was performed on children as young as 2 years of age. earlier studies using malathion have been performed on children as young as 6 months of age. a list of various other new products for killing lice are being studied with future ivermectin trials scheduled for very young children. study after study reminds us that none of the experimental treatments, or those already cleared by the fda, are 100 % effective against lice and nits ( lice eggs ). this is why the product label for pediculicides ( pesticides ) recommends retreatment in 7 - 10 days. it also reminds us that children are exposed to 2 applications of pediculicides with the purchase of one treatment. therefore it is curious that the nejm article offers “ that in real life, the persistence of live lice one day after insecticide application strongly suggests resistance. ” there are many variables to account for treatment failure


. infestations are established by lice laying eggs that hatch new lice. this is their cycle of life - – their basic biology. combing is a scientifically reliable method to remove all lice and nits – which is another way to say it can end an infestation – literally. combing is the safest and most cost effective approach that accomplishes what chemicals cannot. it enables families to be self - reliant, proactive, and preventive. it allows for regular screening and early detection which makes the combing approach even more practical and realistic. while chemical treatments, pediculicides, and broad spectrum antibiotics develop resistance and potentially adverse health effects, nothing compares to the kindness of a comb. deborah z. altschuler national pediculosis association the national pediculosis association ( npa ) is a 501 ( c ) 3 non - profit organization dedicated to the mission of setting the highest possible public health standards for children as it relates to the communicability and treatment of children with head lice. the npa is comprised of volunteers including its scientific advisory board. as part of its mission, the npa developed the licemeister® comb and makes it available on its website www. headlice. org. all proceeds from the comb allow the npa to maintain independence from product manufacturers and stay loyal to its mission to protect children from the misuse and abuse of pesticides for lice. by deborah z. altschuler " with the exception of an occasional accolade for all the hard work that goes into being an activist, i generally find myself resenting the term. " to paraphrase an old proverb, citizen activists will never disappoint you if you observe two rules : 1. find out what they are ; 2. expect them to be just that. many of us come naturally to advocacy in our role as parents. the activist in public health, however, can face a peculiar set of problems. regarding pediculosis, the consensus among contemporary physicians is that head lice are essentially a nuisance, leaving treatment protocols to the pharmaceutical manufacturers who market pediculicides for direct application to human skin. although it can be a positive force, the pharmaceutical industry is not a proper guardian of children ' s health. this is where the activist evolves into educator, support system and collector of personal accounts - sometimes appalling - of families and individuals who have suffered from unnecessary, unsuccessful or excessive chemical treatments. the activist