from 1879 to the late 1970s, major league baseball players were subject to the " reserve clause " in a standard player contract. this essentially meant that teams owned the right for a player to play for them, like property. players couldn ' t voluntarily leave their teams, they could only be traded. it also meant that they received only one contract offer. they either took the offer and played or were forced to sit out. this was a rule very common in pro sports at the time, originating from when they were just nascent businesses growing out of organized clubs. in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, there wasn ' t much of a market for pro sports stars. they were making 10 or 50 times the wages of a blue - collar worker for playing a game in a league with much less exposure and market power. there wasn ' t much of a reason to fight for more money. many clubs at the time were so financially fragile, there just wasn ' t more money to be given. this is why, in 1922, the u. s. supreme court ruled that baseball was just an " amusement, " not an organized business, and therefore was not considered interstate commerce. this gave baseball a critical shield, because it was now free from antitrust regulations. owners could do as they pleased without being regulated like any other business. they got a free pass on collusion just 12 years after standard oil was ordered dissolved for doing the same thing. at the time, no one imagined the economic potential of pro sports. by the late 1960s, however, mlb was up to 24 franchises and was spreading all over the country. games could be seen on television now. stars were household names across the country. all of this benefit went to the league. willie mays made $ 130, 000 in 1966 and was the highest paid player at the time. that ' s $ 841, 000 in today ' s dollars. and that was only 30 percent more than joe dimaggio was making 17 years earlier, in a much different scenario. players were starting to grumble louder, demanding more and talking of organizing. after the 1969 season, the cardinals traded three - time all - star outfielder curt flood to the phillies as part of a six player deal. flood refused to go. he didn ' t technically have a contract at all at the time, but he could only play for the phillies. the phillies had offered him a contract but he didn ' t want to take it and thought he should be able to consider deals from other clubs. when baseball commissioner bowie


canadian forest service publications boreal forest fire regimes and climate change. 2001. stocks, b. j. ; wotton, b. m. ; flannigan, m. d. ; fosbert, m. a. ; cahoon, d. r. ; goldammer, j. g. pages 233 - 246 in m. beniston and m. m. verstraete, editors. remote sensing and climate modeling : synergies and limitations. kluwer academic, dordrecht, the netherlands. available from : northern forestry centre catalog id : 18536 stretching in two broad transcontinental bands across eurasia and north america, the global boreal zone covers approximately 12 million square kilometres, two - thirds in russia and scandinavia and the remainder in canada and alaska. situated generally between 45 and 70 degrees north latitude, with northern and southern boundaries determined by the july 13°c and july 18°c isotherms respectively, the boreal zone contains extensive tracts of coniferous forest which provide a vital natural and economic resource for northern circumpolar countries. the export value of forest products from global boreal forests is ca. 47 % of the world total ( kusela 1990, 1992 ). the boreal forest is composed of hardy species of pine ( pinus ), spruce ( picea ), larch ( larix ), and fir ( abies ), mixed, usually after disturbance, with deciduous hardwoods such as birch ( betula ), poplar ( populus ), willow ( salix ), and alder ( alnus ), and interspersed with extensive lakes and organic terrain. this closed - crown forest, with its moist and deeply shaded forest floor where mosses predominate, is bounded immediately to the north by a lichen - floored open forest or woodland which in turn becomes progressively more open and tundra - dominated with increasing latitude. to the south the boreal forest zone is succeeded by temperate forests or grasslands. forest fire is the dominant disturbance regime in boreal forests, and is the primary process which organizes the physical and biological attributes of the boreal biome over most of its range, shaping landscape diversity and influencing energy flows and biogeochemical cycles, particularly the global carbon cycle since the last ice age. the physiognomy of the boreal forest is therefore largely dependent, at any given time, on the frequency, size and severity of forest fires. the overwhelming impact of wildfires on ecosystem development and forest


create a protective sphere hand gesture, fear, concentration orb shield is the ability to create a sphere or barrier out of orbs in order to defend oneself or others. it is a form of force field which appears as translucent blue energy. this power is a highly focused advancement of telekinetic orbing, developed by wyatt halliwell and paige matthews. using this power, the possessor can : - shield against harm ; most notably projectile attacks. - repel enemies and powers with the force of the shield. - project a shield around something in order to protect or contain it. wyatt halliwell was the first shown user of this power. he was usually using it in a form of protective bubble, he used it in this form for the first time in the episode " baby ' s first demon ", when he was attacked by a demon for the first time. paige developed this power when being attacked by demons in the comic " innocents lost ". while alerting piper to a demon ' s approaching fire throwing power, paige raised her arm, blocking the attack with an orb shield. she used this power at will for the first time in " unnatural resources ", while protecting herself from falling debris and fireballs. the orb shield can be manipulated by other powers. a demon was seen hitting the orb shield with a beam, which caused the bubble to fly away, along with everything inside of the bubble. in " it ' s a bad, bad, bad, bad world ", gideon was able to orb the protective bubble with wyatt inside by channeling electrokinesis into the bubble, establishing contact, and then orbing away with it. in " the heavens can wait ", paige kept the shield around her sisters long enough for phoebe to lift it with her levitation and for piper to move it across a battlefield with her molecular acceleration. in " sam, i am ", wyatt created this shield over piper ' s stomach while he was in her womb. this was the first time an orb shield was used, however, it had differed from the later usual spherical form. in " prue ya gonna call? ", when prue halliwell acquires this power during the magical switch, she produces a small orb shield in front of her right arm, resembling the form wyatt used from the womb in " sam, i am ". - so far, the orb shield was shown to protect four people at most. - although he used other powers from inside the womb, this was the first power wyatt halliwell used after


visual models of morphogenesis ( przemyslaw prusinkiewicz et al. ) grow more plants with algorithm - a population of 1000 ; [ think about local maximum - could be a problem for sparse samples across the set ] - some evaluation to score each individual / fitness function. s - kill the ones underscore certain threshold ; - the survivor breed offspring. how? - the likely hood of mutation m, say 3 % - crossover c, 5 % - parametric representation of the individuals. 0000 01110 | 0000 0011 - repopulate the died portion book an introduction to genetic algorithms ( complex adaptive systems ) brian scaz lecture outline of the basic genetic algorithm 1. [ start ] generate random population of n chromosomes 2. [ fitness ] evaluate the fitness of each chromosome 3. [ new population ] create a new population by repeating : a. [ selection ] select two parent chromosomes based on their fitness b. [ crossover ] with a crossover probability cross over the parents to form new offspring ( children ). if no crossover was performed, offspring is an exact copy of parents. c. [ mutation ] with a mutation probability mutate new offspring at each locus ( position in chromosome ). d. [ accepting ] place new offspring in a new population 4. [ replace ] use new generated population for a further run of algorithm 5. [ test ] if the end condition is satisfied, stop, and return the best solution in current population 6. [ loop ] go to step 2 “ evolving 3d morphology and behavior by competition “ - evolving morphology with control, i. e. body and brain - evolution at times involves more than competition with the environment


this case study was developed for a lower - division lecture class on “ world history 1400 - 1870 ” with the goal of creating an opportunity for students to “ discover ” gender. we used a central primary source, “ the history of mary prince, a west indian slave related by herself. ” 1 this first - person account was written by british abolitionists and disseminated through the london society for the abolition of slavery in 1831. we chose “ the history of mary prince ” because the types of labor that prince performed as a slave cover the three areas of slave work that we specifically ask students to explore : plantation work ; housework ; and work for other slaves. we departed from the traditional lecture format and pursued a pedagogical method known as “ problem - based learning ” ( pbl ). pbl takes a particular “ problem ” ( instead of the more conventional “ topic ” ) as its point of departure, and asks students to generate a collective “ solution ” by working in research teams. students develop the skills and acquire the content knowledge needed to solve the issue at hand. our pbl asked students to produce a mock “ script ” for a documentary film to be shown on hbo during women ’ s history month. the film explains how and why male and female slaves in the americas and / or africa come to have distinct ( or similar ) labor responsibilities within local economies and what impact such gender divisions of labor have on women ’ s and men ’ s experience of slavery. students were divided into collaborative teams and presented with a timetable for the completion of the task as well as guidelines for group work. the actual process included the following steps : brain - storming research questions and ranking the questions in order of importance ; dividing up the questions ; carrying out the research and reporting the findings back to the group ; reviewing all findings and generating larger arguments as a group ; and finally, writing up project reports and preparing an oral presentation. students were graded on the basis of their individual project component ( submitted in essay form ), their collaborative work ( such as intermittent electronic reports ), and their group participation ( including peer evaluation ). we provided students with a list of primary and secondary sources for their research and a set of questions to focus their efforts. 2 a. different types of work involved in producing an export commodity under this rubric we asked students to consider how and why labor for the production of an export commodity was distributed among men and women, female and male children and how authority was maintained at the work site. mary prince is mainly involved in making salt


commodity under this rubric we asked students to consider how and why labor for the production of an export commodity was distributed among men and women, female and male children and how authority was maintained at the work site. mary prince is mainly involved in making salt on behalf of an owner. both men and women ( as well as young children ) are indiscriminately used in gangs that bail water, turn a press, and shovel the end product. the slave - owner directly supervises his slaves and cruelly disciplines them. students are encouraged to explore how this scenario contrasts with the broader secondary literature about frequent division between the labor performed by men ’ s gangs and women ’ s gangs on plantations producing sugar, cotton, and tobacco. to what extent do differences in divisions of labor reflect the requirements or social meanings of specific commodities ( salt versus cotton ), the size of a property or slave - holdings ( prince ’ s owner has relatively few slaves for money - making ), and / or ideas about what is appropriate male and female work? finally, students were encouraged to think about how slave women ( like prince ) and white abolitionists ( like those who sponsored the publication of her history ) might have had different investments in constructing women as being “ naturally ” unsuited for certain types of labor. “ the history of mary prince ” repeatedly bemoans the inhumanity of mary being forced to do hard labor, the same labor as men. this condemnation is often inseparable from the narrative ’ s broader condemnation of extraordinarily cruel labor practices, such as whippings or maimings. the absence of gender divisions in labor was, paradoxically, the crux of how slave labor was gendered : slave women were denied qualification as “ real ( white ) women ” who might deserve “ protection ” as “ the fairer sex. ” b. different types of work performed by household - based slaves here we asked students to explore why specific male and female slaves were assigned to particular tasks, and how this division of labor impacted a slave ’ s relationship to the authority of a master or mistress. if so - called “ fieldwork ” often blurred distinctions between men and women ’ s labor, domestic service was more rigidly gender divided, especially when a slave ’ s work involved proximity to white women ’ s bodies. mary prince worked mostly in arrangements of domestic service, at one point as a chief housekeeper. she was involved in cooking, nursing children, cleaning, washing laundry, and ministering to her owners ’ personal needs. in particular, she


’ s bodies. mary prince worked mostly in arrangements of domestic service, at one point as a chief housekeeper. she was involved in cooking, nursing children, cleaning, washing laundry, and ministering to her owners ’ personal needs. in particular, she relates her shame at being forced to bathe her master ’ s naked body, indicating that female slaves were frequently obliged to perform personal service for white men in an often sexualized, if not explicitly sexually exploitative manner. prince ’ s narrative suggests that the oppression that women slaves suffered in arrangements of domestic service was often more arbitrary, violent, and deadly than that they encountered working in commodity production such as in the salt ponds ( or tobacco fields ). how does prince ’ s narrative contribute to ongoing debates about the extent to which “ fieldwork ” or “ housework ” were more exploitative and / or enabling of slaves ’ ability to resist dehumanization and slavery as an institution? c. slaves working for themselves and the question of resistance in this third segment, students were instructed to think about the kind of work slaves perform on their own behalf and how it contributed to forming slave communities and resisting slavery. prince used her position as head housekeeper to sell coffee, pork products, and yams in local markets in an ( ultimately futile ) effort to save money to purchase her freedom. some of the money for manumission came from a certain “ captain abbott ” — a white man with whom prince had a sexual relationship, although this is not explicit from the text ( see natalie zemon davis, below ). prince also mentions various forms of barter, exchange, and charity between slaves that helped sustain crucial friendships and material alliances among slaves, including those with different masters. here we posed the question why, in the case of “ labor on their own behalf, ” slaves often observed strict gender divisions of labor, with women at the forefront of agricultural subsistence and marketing activities. how were these divisions similar to / different from assignments by masters in the fields and household? last, we ask students to consider what sorts of “ labor on one ’ s own behalf ” constituted “ resistance ” to slavery. prince ’ s own survival strategies and attempts to escape slavery were highly individualized, involving multiple attempts to save money and broker deals with whites in order to purchase her freedom. she is reportedly most successful when she converts to christianity, marries, repents past sins, and seeks out an alliance with white abolitionists. beyond encouraging students to recognize this sequence as reflecting the moral agenda of white abolitionists, we also urge them


. she is reportedly most successful when she converts to christianity, marries, repents past sins, and seeks out an alliance with white abolitionists. beyond encouraging students to recognize this sequence as reflecting the moral agenda of white abolitionists, we also urge them to think about the differences between collective and more individualized forms of “ labor on one ’ s own behalf ” and to make explicit arguments about where they see work connected to “ resistance. ” our pbl exercise was an experiment, and we were very pleased with its results. although students at first expressed some skepticism about the place of collaborative work in a large lecture course, their presentations and papers indicated that we had won them over by the end of the term. many presentations involved dramatic enactments, multimedia displays or mock pitches to the hbo film board. we apparently struck a real chord with these students and inspired them to be creative. a sizeable group produced some of the best historical writing either one of us had ever seen in an undergraduate setting. their analysis was simply superb, and the presentation of the material highly imaginative. they had come to understand the meaning of gender as a “ category of historical analysis ” without us ever introducing the term. this was particularly gratifying. 1 “ the history of mary prince, a west indian slave, related by herself, ” in henry louis gates, jr., ed. six women ’ s slave narratives, ( oxford, 1988 ). full text available online as part of the “ documenting the american south ” project at the university of north carolina at chapel hill. 2 in order to explore these questions and prepare the final movie script, students read mary prince ’ s story alongside the following secondary sources. secondary historical literature allows students to generate answers. claire robertson and martin klein, for example, argue that american plantation slavery ’ s preference for employing men in agricultural labor represented a sharp reversal of many west african societies ’ custom of entrusting agriculture and marketing exclusively to women. hilary beckles and jacqueline jones contend in their work on life in the slave barracks that strict sexual divisions of labor were employed as a counter to white efforts to dehumanize slaves by treating men and women as interchangeable. beckles ’ work, which also has chapters on slave women obtaining freedom through their sexual relationships with men, is also of use in getting students to consider mary prince ’ s mention of her connection to “ captain abbot. ” to what extent did “ sex ” constitute a realm of work that ( largely ) slave women performed? could these relationships afford some women limited forms of bargaining power


in getting students to consider mary prince ’ s mention of her connection to “ captain abbot. ” to what extent did “ sex ” constitute a realm of work that ( largely ) slave women performed? could these relationships afford some women limited forms of bargaining power along with heightened vulnerability? beckles, hilary mc d. natural rebels : a social history of enslaved black women in barbados, ( rutgers, 1989 ). davis, natalie zemon. ” non - european stories. european literature, ” in berichten, erzaehlen, beherrschen : wahrnehmung und repraesentation in der fruehen kolonialgeschichte europas, edited by susanna burghartz et al. ( frankfurt a. m. : vittorio klostermann, 2003 ), 200 - 219. guy, jeff. “ gender oppression in southern africa ’ s precapitalist societies ” in women and gender in southern africa to 1945, edited by cherryl walker ( cape town : d. philip 1990 ), 33 - 47. jones, jacqueline. labor of love, labor of sorrow : black women, work and the family from slavery to the present, ( basic books, 1985 ). karasch, mary. “ slave women on the brazilian frontier in the nineteenth century, ” in more than chattel : black women and slavery in the americas, edited by david gaspar and darlene hine ( indiana university press, 1996 ), 79 - 96. klein, herbert “ african women in the atlantic slave trade, ” in women and slavery in africa, edited by c. robertson and m. klein ( madison, 1983 ), 29 - 39. klein, martin a. “ women in slavery in the western sudan, ” in women and slavery, 67 - 94. maccormack, carol. “ slaves, slave owners, and slave dealers : sherbo coast and hinterland, ” in women and slavery, 271 - 294. moitt, bernard, “ women, work and resistance in the french caribbean, ” in verene shepard, bridget brereton, barbara bailey, eds., engendering history : caribbean women in historical perspective, ( st. martins, 1995 ), 155 - 175. robertson, claire and martin klein, “ women ’ s importance in african slave systems, ” in women and slavery, 3 - 28. thornton, john. “ sexual demography : the impact of the slave trade on family structure, ” in women and slavery, 39 - 48.


next to bragging about which community enjoys or endures the most weather, canadians like to boast how their province or territory compares with the warmest, snowiest or the windiest. to settle arguments as to which jurisdiction can legitimately lay claim to being tops in weather, david phillips, environment canada ' s senior climatologist analyzed 30 years of recent weather data for each of canada ' s ten provinces and three territories. his results are sure to provide for entertaining conversation but could also assist provincial and territorial governments, industries, tourism and recreational businesses and those seeking weather information to make decisions on where to reside for retirement or health purposes. province - territory weather winners is a follow - up to the highly popular canadian cities are weather winners site released in 2003. this new study looks at how each canadian province and territory ranks in 70 different weather categories, including those groupings used in the city weather winners. data for 30 years from 150 weather stations, representative of the geography in each province and territory, were used to compute averages for each jurisdiction. among the categories included are : the warmest province or territory year - round, the hottest in summer, the coldest in winter, the sunniest year - round, the province or territory with the most freezing rain days, the most heavy snow days, the most thunderstorm days, etc. the website allows you to view how your province or territory ranks for each of the categories and includes the weighted - average value for the category in question.


two months after the failure of cop 15 in copenhagen, denmark, united nations secretary general ban ki - moon announced the creation of an all - men advisory body for climate change financing *. with an ambitious task of “ build [ ing ] momentum towards a successful negotiation of a comprehensive climate change agreement, " the body is expected to mobilise funds amounting to us $ 100 billion annually until 2020 to support the poorest nations affected by climate change. while the formation of an advisory body is an expected measure out of the weak copenhagen accord, its all - men membership came as a surprise, especially as the un framework convention on climate change has increasingly recognised the dire impacts of climate change on women and the latter ' s contribution to rehabilitating and keeping the earth ' s resources. “ if we want to overcome gender inequalities, we need to have women in climate change decision - making process ”, remarked ulrike roehr, gendercc – women for climate justice board member. “ women like joke waller - hunter [ predecessor of yvo de boer, unfccc - executive secretary ] have guided the process in many positive ways, ” she added. “ the nomination of the next unfccc - executive secretary is another chance to implement gender equity : let her be female! ” while we are aware that the appointment of women does neither necessarily translate into women ' s empowerment nor gender equality, we need to ask : has the world run out of women experts? is the planet consisting of men alone? is it not for such imbalances that this climate crisis exists? gendercc, alongside with women and gender experts from all over the world, therefore asks un - secretary - general ban ki - moon to make sure that the climate change financing group as well as the whole process respects gender parities and gendered perspectives. there ’ s no climate justice without gender justice! * update : french economy minister christine lagarde has been added to the list, so it ' s 19 : 1 now... gendercc - women for climate justice ( www. gendercc. net


you are here the new grid plugging into california ’ s clean - energy future take a look at the nearest light switch : is it up or down? the answer means more than you think. when you flip a switch — or run a washing machine, or plug in a space heater — you ’ re creating demand. and on a vast, interconnected electrical grid like california ’ s, supply must always meet demand. otherwise, it ’ s lights out. for more than a century we ’ ve taken the balancing act between supply and demand for granted, and for the most part, it ’ s worked. to accommodate sudden spikes in demand, engineers overbuilt the grid with excess slack, including wires that were thicker than they needed to be and standby fossil - fuel power plants that could fire up at any instant. “ renewables integration into the grid poses a fundamentally new problem. ” sascha von meier but today our 19th - century grid is being inundated by 21st - century innovations — among them the remote, large - scale solar and wind plants that are leading the state toward its clean - energy future. california has added nearly 2, 800 megawatts of renewable energy capacity this year, almost equal to what it gained in the previous 13 years combined, the california public utilities commission reports. in response to the global warming solutions act, or ab 32, the state has required its three largest utilities to acquire at least 33 percent of their power from renewable sources by 2020, up from the current 21 percent. some analysts — and utilities — are aiming for well over 40 percent. these new energy sources fluctuate according to nature ’ s whims and can ’ t be switched on at a moment ’ s notice. the more we rely on solar and wind to replace steady sources like fossil fuels, the less slack remains in the system, and the smaller the margin gets between peak supply and peak demand. “ renewables integration into the grid poses a fundamentally new problem, ” says sascha von meier, ma ’ 90, ph. d. ’ 95, energy and resources group, co - director of electric grid research for the california institute for energy and environment. in various ways, von meier says, the solar and wind energy that most of us in california are clamoring for — or already installing on our rooftops — is slowly transforming the system through which we deliver and receive power. and we ’ re not entirely sure what to do about it. many of the state ’ s top energy thinkers — including


clamoring for — or already installing on our rooftops — is slowly transforming the system through which we deliver and receive power. and we ’ re not entirely sure what to do about it. many of the state ’ s top energy thinkers — including researchers in the energy and resources group ( erg ) and the college of natural resources, and their graduates now employed within the industry — are working to find an answer. in the end, it ’ s clear that no single approach will do ; rather, a blend of public policies, technological innovations, energy - storage solutions, and increased flexibility on the demand side ( that means you and me ) will work together to help california reach its clean - energy goals and push well beyond them. renewable but unpredictable nancy rader, ma ’ 92, erg, has spent the bulk of her career championing renewable energy. from 1994 to 1998 she served as west coast representative to the american wind energy association, a washington, d. c. – based lobbying group ( in 1996, she was named its “ wind industry person of the year ” ). for the last 12 years she has worked with the california wind energy association, including 10 as its executive director. but even she doesn ’ t slough off the considerable challenge that large - scale wind power poses to california ’ s grid. “ we recognize that we ’ re an inconvenient energy source. fossil fuels are incredibly convenient, except for the climate disruptions and other environmental issues they cause, ” she says with a chuckle, as if to suggest that there ’ s no way fossil fuels ’ benefits could outweigh their environmental impacts. but she acknowledges that fossil fuels provide reliable power. it ’ s there when we need it, capable of being fired up to accommodate peak demand, and on top of that, it ’ s pretty cheap. for rader, that ’ s just the beginning of the conversation. with integration of wind energy into the grid presenting a new set of problems, her job is to find solutions. she has plenty of ideas to help increase wind power ’ s reliability and reduce its cost. one of the biggest takes aim at a policy of the california independent system operator ( caiso ) — an independent body that operates the state ’ s electrical grid — that requires power plant operators to schedule their production 38 hours in advance. rader and the wind industry want that time frame reduced to as little as 15 minutes. the reason is simple : wind - power operators can ’ t always accurately predict their output, which is dependent on temperatures,


schedule their production 38 hours in advance. rader and the wind industry want that time frame reduced to as little as 15 minutes. the reason is simple : wind - power operators can ’ t always accurately predict their output, which is dependent on temperatures, weather patterns, and storms, even an hour in advance. when predictions are off, problems arise — costly ones. “ if you can ’ t predict what your resource is going to do, you have to have someone waiting to come online at a minute ’ s notice, which is expensive, ” rader explains. “ so the more accurately you can predict wind, the less standby generation you need, which translates to lower cost. ” caiso is considering making the move within the next year or two. the change would all but eliminate one of the bigger obstacles to integrating wind power into the grid, and could be an immediate boon to the industry in california. large - scale solar energy faces similar challenges, though to a different extent. with its day - on, night - off schedule, solar power is in one sense more predictable than wind. but wind power tends to ramp up and down gradually, while a massive 500 - megawatt solar plant in the mojave desert can be nearly incapacitated by a passing cloud, then just as suddenly return to full production. the bottom line is the same : it ’ s not enough for energy to come from a clean, renewable source ; it also must be there when we need it. “ we have to balance the grid from moment to moment, ” rader said. “ it ’ s important that the system as a whole be planned to ensure stability. ” the california public utilities commission ( cpuc ), which oversees the state ’ s investor - owned utilities, plays a key role in the new grid. cpuc energy advisor michael colvin, ’ 05, m. p. p. ’ 07, says it is the commission ’ s job to help california achieve its environmental and energy - policy goals of 33 percent renewables by 2020 “ without a huge sticker shock. ” in addition to enforcing standards for reliable service and reasonable rates from large - scale solar and wind farms, the cpuc is developing innovative standardized contracts to help small - scale providers plug in at the local level. sara kamins, m. s. ‘ 06, erg, the lead cpuc advisor on renewable energy programs, said accomplishing the state ’ s goals involves aligning the business, environmental, technical, and policy pieces. “ designing the state ’


kamins, m. s. ‘ 06, erg, the lead cpuc advisor on renewable energy programs, said accomplishing the state ’ s goals involves aligning the business, environmental, technical, and policy pieces. “ designing the state ’ s renewable energy policies requires finding win - win solutions that consider the interests of a diverse network of stakeholders. ” feeding rooftop solar into the grid many renewable - energy advocates promote solar panels, or photovoltaics, on rooftops and over parking lots as the gold standard in clean power. rooftop panels not only sidestep the environmental impacts of remote solar plants and wind turbines, but also generate power closer to where it ’ s used, are less susceptible to large - scale fluctuations due to their distributed nature, and, in the case of the increasingly popular parking - lot panels, offer a valuable bonus : shade. but one point most advocates miss is that photovoltaics can toss a monkey wrench into the gears of a local energy grid. “ there ’ s a lot of interesting phenomena that are happening at that level due to rooftop solar that ’ s feeding power into the grid, ” says von meier, who is currently teaching a new course on electrical power systems at berkeley. “ one of the things we ’ re studying very carefully [ is ] the effects of distributed generation on the power quality and the management of distribution circuits. ” preliminary research has shown that rooftop solar panels can degrade power quality in their immediate area. in some cases, upon reaching a certain saturation point — one that varies from neighborhood to neighborhood and is difficult to identify in advance — their interaction with outdated voltage regulation equipment may cause damaging power surges or dips in neighboring homes, possibly frying computers and other sensitive equipment. “ ultimately, all we care about is making power in equal power out. ” the details can quickly become arcane for anyone who ’ s not an electrical engineer, but even experts don ’ t know quite what to expect as adoption of rooftop solar becomes more widespread, von meier says. some neighborhood circuits could be just fine, while others could experience significant issues ; it varies on that small a scale. “ there ’ s a lot of uncertainty and worry on the part of utilities that it may produce technical problems, ” she says. “ it ’ s very much a patchwork quilt, and no two circuits are the same. ” the first step in assessing the risk posed by rooftop solar is to gather more data. utilities up and down the state are beginning to install devices on distribution circuits that


’ s very much a patchwork quilt, and no two circuits are the same. ” the first step in assessing the risk posed by rooftop solar is to gather more data. utilities up and down the state are beginning to install devices on distribution circuits that record information about how much power is flowing and in which direction. smart meters can serve a similar purpose. before they were implemented across california over the past few years, utilities had so little information about local circuits that they didn ’ t know a neighborhood had lost power until irate customers called to complain ; even then they couldn ’ t remotely pinpoint the source of the problem. now smart meters, although controversial among some privacy and health advocates, are one component of an evolving “ smart grid ” that can provide real - time data on the flow of electricity through local circuits. “ you need to have a good understanding of what ’ s happening before you take action, ” von meier says. once that ’ s accomplished, the next move toward ensuring reliability — the true gold standard for power within the industry — could be to install state - of - the - art voltage regulation devices on local circuits, which can smooth out the peaks and valleys resulting from intermittent sunshine feeding rooftop panels. such localized disruptions are nothing compared to the risk of remote solar and wind plants potentially triggering blackouts or brownouts due to unexpected fluctuations in output. “ what happens when 30 percent of our power comes from solar or wind, and a cloud goes over or it doesn ’ t blow? ” asks tim woodward, ’ 82, managing director for nth power, a san francisco – based energy - technology venture capital firm. “ how do we deal with that? ” the most commonly prescribed solution is massive batteries that can store and distribute energy as needed, increasing the buffer between supply and demand. yet affordable, cost - effective batteries remain at least five to ten years away, says woodward. until we experience an actual grid failure or similar event triggered by renewables, he predicts, a market for the batteries is unlikely to materialize. in the near term, a complementary — and increasingly popular — approach is to focus on accommodating variability at the other end of the system : inside the homes and businesses where we actually consume the power. duncan callaway, an assistant professor of energy and resources, is a believer. he spends much of his time studying what ’ s known as demand response, or load flexibility, in which users adjust their demand according to supply. “ ultimately, all we care about is making power in equal power


energy and resources, is a believer. he spends much of his time studying what ’ s known as demand response, or load flexibility, in which users adjust their demand according to supply. “ ultimately, all we care about is making power in equal power out, ” he says. “ if you can accomplish that by encouraging electricity consumption at different times, you can do it without having to build more storage infrastructure. ” manual demand response — where utilities phone their customers and ask them to please ease back on the air conditioning — has been around for decades, but the new wave is automated, continuous, and sufficiently seamless that most people won ’ t even notice. it works by sending wireless signals to smart appliances and other devices — again with the help of smart meters — about how much energy to use within a set of consumer - determined performance parameters that could potentially be programmed, like a thermostat or light timer. the aim isn ’ t just to use less energy, callaway says, but to use it at the right times. such a fine - toothed approach, which will require both technological advances and regulatory work to become feasible, would help the grid adapt to the uneven profile of renewables on an ongoing basis, as well as avoid outages during peak events. sometimes energy draw can even be nudged upward to account for renewables. in 2010, a storm caused a field of wind turbines in oregon ’ s columbia river gorge to nearly overwhelm the grid with power, prompting local agencies to pilot a new method of storing excess electricity : remotely cranking up the dial on special water and space heaters inside participating customers ’ homes. information is power successfully adopting both batteries and demand response will take an intimate understanding of how california ’ s grid functions on a real - time basis. that ’ s precisely the goal of a powerful new model out of uc berkeley, developed first for california by matthias fripp, m. s. ’ 03, ph. d. ’ 08, erg, while completing his dissertation and later expanded to all of western north america and then overseas by dan kammen and his students. kammen is the director of the renewable and appropriate energy laboratory, an erg and goldman school of public policy professor who was fripp ’ s faculty advisor. california ’ s energy commission and air resources board have already begun to employ the model to calculate carbon emissions caused by electricity generation, kammen says. but it can also be used to solve for both cost and reliability, especially in regard to the intermittent output of most renewable


energy commission and air resources board have already begun to employ the model to calculate carbon emissions caused by electricity generation, kammen says. but it can also be used to solve for both cost and reliability, especially in regard to the intermittent output of most renewables. “ on the supply side for wind and solar, we ’ re incredibly detailed, ” kammen says. the model integrates current meteorological data and will permit electricity infrastructure and operational issues to be integrated with data on current and forecasted climate change, which allows a diverse power supply pool to be managed with far more sophistication than it is today, kammen says. “ the energy world of the future will look more like a real - time ebay. ultimately your house, car, and the local industry can all be seen as buyers and sellers of energy, ideally valued highly on their cleanliness. ” in other words, california is on the brink of experiencing radical changes not only to how electricity is generated and consumed, but also to how it ’ s distributed. some of the technology needed to make that happen already exists ; some of it still needs to be developed. yet with the world ’ s eighth - largest economy this committed to the cause, the biggest question left to answer isn ’ t if, but when.


i was reminded this morning of why twitter can be so useful – i usually check the latest # mathchat tweets and saw richard wade ’ s tweet with a link to the latest teach maths newsletter, on ‘ ten great ideas ’. the first item includes this wonderful composite number tree by jeffrey ventrella – i ’ m looking forward to trying that with students after half term. i think it would make a great starter. students could work out themselves how the tree is being formed and comment on any patterns they notice. also included in the first newsletter item is the excellent primitives application by alec mceachran, i included this myself with some resources for looking at prime factors in an earlier post. it ’ s a small world! i see the second item is on craig barton ’ s web whizz video on teachmathematics. you can see all craig ’ s videos here on tes resources. on wolframalpha, if you query on a word you can see a word frequency history, see this on mathematics for example ( the history is based on a google books sample of one million books ). an opportunity for some cross curricular work perhaps? wolframalpha is still free to check working for as many queries as you want making it very useful for students but now step by step solutions are limited to three a day unless you sign up to wolframalpha pro, so choose your three carefully! the new style step by step solutions are clearly presented – see this integration by parts for example : ( see this page for wolframalpha examples showing the syntax for many different queries. i have added a couple of new slideshows for older students recently, on set theory & logic and differential equations ). finally, still on the subject of reading, i enjoyed andrew old ’ s post on ‘ what ofsted say they want ’. just what is good teaching all about? this is so sensible! for uk teachers i hope you enjoyed half term last week or like me are looking forward to a week off this coming week!


hull - oakes lumber company ' s steam - powered sawmill : a case study in industrial archaeology hull - oakes lumber company ' s steam - powered sawmill : a case study in industrial archaeology, by george b. wisner. by examining the combined written, ethnographic and physical evidence of a surviving steam - powered sawmill in the douglas - fir region of the pacific northwest, this monograph seeks to supply new insights into the operation and adaptability of antiquated machinery during a period of rapid social and technological change and to develop a descriptive model for the sawmill industry. steam - powered sawmills, those mills using steam power to operate primary and secondary lumber - cutting saws, are now dinosaurs in the sawmill industry. they are a vanishing example of a mechanical process once common throughout america. this monograph describes a last - of - its - kind commercially - operating medium - sized steam - powered sawmill, the hull - oakes lumber co., inc., sawmill in south benton county, oregon. it also explores how this sawmill survived through specialization rather than through wholesale adoption of emerging technologies. by examining a surviving sawmill that uses antiquated machinery, this monograph captures, in part, the way of life of the builders and practicers of the arts the industry represents ; it also offers new insights for future researchers seeking to understand and explain industrial adaptability and cultural remains from similar sites. it does this by describing through words, photographs, diagrams and maps how such mills worked, what the machinery and its parts looked like, and what physical traces such mills might be expected to leave after they are gone.


economics model answers two introductory : 1. in a free market, the price and quantity at which goods are sold are where _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ equals _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. supply equals demand 2. suppose the price demand curve is p = $ 20 - q, where p is price and q is quantity. also suppose the price supply curve is p = $ 4 + q. at what price and quantity will the good be sold? the good is sold where supply equals demand. that means the supply p must equal the demand p, and the supply q must equal the demand q. this can be found by graphing the above two equations and seeing where they intersect, or by solving them by setting p to the same value in both : - p = $ 20 − q - p = $ 4 + q - 20 − q = 4 + q - 20 = 4 + 2q - 4 + 2q = 20 - 2q = 16 - q = 8 plugging this back into the first equation gives p : - p = $ 20 − q = $ 20 − 8 = $ 12 checking our work, we plug this p and q into the second equation : - 12 = 4 + 8 = 12 answer : q = 8, p = $ 12 intermediate : 3. draw the supply and demand for air. in addition, draw the supply and demand for a good that costs $ 10000000000000000000000000 trillion dollars. the demand curve for air must be at a zero price, which is the x - axis ( p = 0 everywhere, although note that if the quantity of air ever approached zero then the demand price would sharply increase as people would pay to survive ). the supply curve for air must be at fixed quantity, and hence a vertical line. they must intersect at p = 0, q = amount of air in the atmosphere : note, however, that air is not a scarce good, and that is why its supply and demand curves are so unusual and nonsensical. the point where supply equals demand for an extremely expensive good must be at low quantity q. from there the supply curve would slope upwards, and the demand curve would slope downwards : ( thanks to kevin for both graphs above ) 4. suppose 1000 persons in a town each have the following weekly demands for gas, and the gas stations have the following weekly supplies : gallons demand price / gallon supply price / gallon 10 $ 2. 50 $. 50 20 $ 2 $.


) 4. suppose 1000 persons in a town each have the following weekly demands for gas, and the gas stations have the following weekly supplies : gallons demand price / gallon supply price / gallon 10 $ 2. 50 $. 50 20 $ 2 $. 75 30 $ 1 $ 1 40 $. 75 $ 1. 50 ( a ) what is the price and overall quantity of gas sold each week? the price and quantity at which the good ( gas ) is sold is where supply equals demand. that means that the p for supply equals the p for demand, and the q for supply equals the q for demand. looking at the above table, where do both the p and q for supply equal the corresponding p and q for demand? that occurs on the third line above : q equals 30 for both supply and demand, and p equals $ 1 for both supply and demand. the answer is there : p = $ 1, q = 30. ( b ) suppose congress declares war and imposes a price control of $. 75 per gallon. at what price and overall quantity will gas sell each week? when price p is fixed by the government at $. 75, then what is the corresponding q supply and demand? looking at the table, the corresponding q in the supply column is 20 gallons, and the corresponding q in the demand column is 40 gallons. the lower number is what matters, because nothing can be bought unless it is both supplied and demanded. so the supply is 20 gallons and that is what is sold at $. 75 per gallon. that is 20 times 0. 75 = $ 15 per person, or $ 15, 000 for the whole town. some may try to buy and sell gas illegally at a higher price, as illegal markets often develop when there are price controls. 5. suppose the government limits the supply of toyota cars that can be imported in 2008 to a certain quota. what effect does this have on the supply curve, and on the equilibrium price? who is helped by this import quota, and who is hurt? be as specific as possible. import quotas cause the supply curve to shift upward, and for the equilibrium where supply meets demand to shift to less quantity at a greater price. the consumers are hurt by import quotas, and everyone pays more for the cars and some people who wanted the car at its lower, free market price, cannot buy it at the higher price. sellers of toyota cars are helped because they make bigger profits per car sold, although they cannot sell as many as before. 6. suppose you


some people who wanted the car at its lower, free market price, cannot buy it at the higher price. sellers of toyota cars are helped because they make bigger profits per car sold, although they cannot sell as many as before. 6. suppose you went to see the opening of your favorite new movie, but it is sold out. however, there are four independent scalpers are ( illegally ) reselling their tickets outside. four strangers are each willing to pay the scalpers at most $ 15, $ 10, $ 9 and $ 8 for a ticket. the scalpers are initially willing to sell each of their tickets for at least $ 7, $ 8, $ 9, and $ 12. the eight of you get together and bargain, and then tickets are sold at a common price. what is the price and how many tickets sell at that price? should scalping be illegal in new jersey? one customer ( c1 ) is willing to pay $ 15. another customer ( c2 ) is willing to pay $ 10. likewise, customers c3 will pay $ 9 and c4 will pay $ 8. one scalper ( s1 ) scalper willing to sell for $ 7, scalper s2 will sell at $ 8, s3 will sell at $ 9, and s4 at $ 12. c1, c2, and c3 will all be willing to buy tickets from s1, s2, and s3 at $ 9. s4 is not willing to sell at the price, and c4 is not willing to buy at the that price, so both choose not to deal. three tickets are thus sold at the " common price " or market price of $ 9 each. scalping is a form of free market activity. if there are willing buyers and sellers for the tickets, then why interfere with these sales? scalping is illegal in new jersey, but still happens illegally. honors : write an essay of about 300 words total on one or more of the following topics : 7. should government regulations require and monitor honest and full disclosure of information by sellers to buyers? for the buyer to make informed decisions, he must have information. even " buyer beware " ( caveat emptor ) assumes a buyer who can find information. the seller has the information, and regulations requiring it to tell the buyer seem helpful to free enterprise. 8. should price discrimination be illegal? for banning price discrimination : a common price encourages more economic activity. for allowing price discrimination : if buyers and sellers are willing to exchange at different prices,


b2 : a mixture of 2 % biodiesel and 98 % petroleum diesel based on volume. b20 : a mixture of 20 % biodiesel and 80 % petroleum diesel based on volume. b100 : 100 % biodiesel, also known as “ neat ” biodiesel. biodiesel : a biodegradable transportation fuel for use in diesel engines that is produced through the transesterfication of organically - derived oils or fats. it may be used either as a replacement for or as a component of diesel fuel. carbon dioxide ( co2 ) : a colorless, odorless gas produced by respiration and combustion of carbon - containing fuels. plants use it as a food. e10 : a mixture of 10 % ethanol and 90 % gasoline based on volume. e85 : a mixture of 85 % ethanol and 15 % gasoline based on volume. ethanol ( ch3ch2oh ) : a colorless, flammable liquid produced by fermentation of sugars. used as a fuel oxygenate and found in alcoholic beverages. fermentation : a biochemical reaction that breaks down complex organic molecules ( such as carbohydrates ) into simpler materials ( such as ethanol, carbon dioxide and water ). bacteria or yeasts can ferment sugars to ethanol. glycerin ( c3h8o3 ) : a liquid by - product of biodiesel production. glycerin is used in the manufacture of dynamite, cosmetics, liquid soaps, inks and lubricants. hydrocarbon ( hc ) : an organic compound that contains only hydrogen and carbon. in vehicle emissions, these are usually vapors created from incomplete combustion or from vaporization of liquid gasoline. emissions of hydrocarbons contribute to ground level ozone. methyl - tertiary butyl ester ( mtbe ) : a fuel oxygenate made from petroleum. it does not biodegrade and can contaminate groundwater. nitrogen oxides ( nox ) : a product of photochemical reactions of nitric oxide in ambient air, and the major component of photochemical smog. oxygenate : a compound which contains oxygen in its molecular structure. ethanol and biodiesel act as oxygenates when they are blended with conventional fuels. oxygenated fuel improves combustion efficiency and reduces tailpipe emissions of co. ozone : a compound that is formed when oxygen and other compounds react in sunlight. in the upper atmosphere, ozone protects the earth from the sun ' s ultraviolet rays. though beneficial in the upper atmosphere,


combustion efficiency and reduces tailpipe emissions of co. ozone : a compound that is formed when oxygen and other compounds react in sunlight. in the upper atmosphere, ozone protects the earth from the sun ' s ultraviolet rays. though beneficial in the upper atmosphere, at ground level, ozone is called photochemical smog, and is a respiratory irritant and considered a pollutant. particulates : a fine liquid or solid particle such as dust, smoke, fumes, or smog, found in air or emissions. petroleum : any petroleum - based substance comprising a complex blend of hydrocarbons derived from crude oil through the process of separation, conversion, upgrading, and finishing, including motor fuel, jet oil, lubricants, petroleum solvents, and used oil. sulfur : a natural part of petroleum diesel fuel that is reduced during refining due to an epa mandate. sulfur increases petroleum diesel ' s lubricity and therefore engine life. sulfur oxides and sulfides in exhaust emissions are major components of acid rain. transesterfication : a chemical process which reacts an alcohol with the triglycerides contained in vegetable oils and animal fats to produce biodiesel and glycerin. source : department of energy, national biodiesel board and renewable fuels association. information at your fingertips industry association web sites are primed with information on biodiesel and ethanol. visit the following sites to learn more on both topics, including locations on where to purchase biodiesel in your area :


weeds that survive an initial herbicide application are often re - sprayed later in the season. however, according to university of illinois associate professor of weed science aaron hager, the likelihood of controlling larger, moisture - stressed weeds continues to decline. moreover, herbicides applied late in the season are more likely to persist long enough to injure sensitive rotational crops. nearly all herbicide labels ( soil - applied or post - emergence ) specify the interval between herbicide application and planting a rotational crop. some of these restrictions are based solely on time, while others take into account factors such as soil ph and the amount of precipitation received after herbicide application when determining interval length. “ soil moisture is often the most critical factor governing the efficacy and persistence of soil - residual herbicides, ” hager says. “ many herbicides are degraded in soil by the activity of soil microorganisms, and populations of these microorganisms can be greatly depressed when soil moisture is limited. ” dry soils can also enhance herbicide adsorption to soil colloids, thus rendering the herbicide unavailable for plant uptake and degradation by soil microbial populations. some herbicide rotational intervals are increased if a specified amount of precipitation is not received by a certain calendar date. the intervals are established to prevent herbicide residues from reaching levels that will adversely affect the rotational crop. respecting these intervals becomes particularly important with late - season herbicide applications and when soil moisture is limited. “ please keep in mind that the labels of almost all post - emergence soybean herbicides indicate a pre - harvest interval or a soybean developmental stage beyond which applications cannot be made, ” says hager. labels of some products may indicate both a developmental stage ( before soybean bloom, for example ) and a pre - harvest interval. preharvest intervals indicate the amount of time that must elapse between the herbicide application and crop harvest. failure to observe the preharvest interval may result in herbicide residue levels in the harvested portion of the crop in excess of established limits. moreover, labels on many postemergence soybean herbicides specify that foraging of, or grazing livestock on, treated soybean is not allowed.


as d. w. notes, the distinction made between " bit - based " and " word - based " stream ciphers in the source you cite is irrelevant to the end - user. for both kinds of stream ciphers ( as well as for block ciphers in streaming modes like ctr or ofb ), the manner in which the keystream is combined with the plaintext is always the same : bitwise xor, which operates at the bit level but is easily parallelized both in hardware and in software. in any case, the actual distinction they seem to be making is between lfsr - based stream ciphers, which sequentially output one bit per iteration, and ciphers such as rc4 ( and, presumably, block ciphers in streaming modes ) which generate their output bitstream in larger chunks. lfsr - based stream ciphers have generally been designed for direct hardware implementation, where they have the advantage of simplicity, but they ' ve traditionally suffered from poor performance in software ; whereas in hardware it ' s easy to shuffle single bits around and combine them using simple logic gates, typical cpus are designed for carrying out higher - level operations on chunks of 8, 16, 32, 64 or 128 bits in parallel. running a cipher that operates on single bits in software thus wastes most of the cpu ' s power, unless the algorithm can be reformulated to operate on many bits in parallel, something that many older lfsr - based cipher designs haven ' t been very well suited for. on the other hand, ciphers like rc4 were designed for software implementation from the beginning, and do very well there. ( although rc4 itself operates on 8 - bit bytes, which is arguably suboptimal for modern high - end cpus, its simplicity still keeps is competitive there. besides, there are still plenty of 8 - bit processors around in embedded devices and such. ) however, they often make use of features that are difficult and costly to implement in hardware, such as access to relatively large amounts of ram ( e. g. 258 bytes for rc4, accessed in an essentially random order ). in recent years, though, the trend in stream cipher design has been towards ciphers that blur these lines, being efficient to implement in both hardware and software. good examples can be found e. g. in the estream portfolio : the trivium cipher, for example, is fundamentally a " bit - based " shift register design, and can indeed be implemented as such if desired ; however


forest ecosystems : current research regional fire / climate relationships in the pacific northwest and beyond fire exerts a strong influence on the structure and function of many terrestrial ecosystems. in forested ecosystems, the factors controlling the frequency, intensity, and size of fires are complex and operate at different spatial and temporal scales. since climate strongly influences most of these factors ( such as vegetation structure and fuel moisture ), understanding the past and present relationships between climate and fire is essential to developing strategies for managing fire - prone ecosystems in an era of rapid climate change. the influence of climate change and climate variability on fire regimes and large fire events in the pacific northwest ( pnw ) and beyond is the focus of this project. there is mounting evidence that a detectable relationship exists between extreme fire years in the west and pacific ocean circulation anomalies. the el nino / southern oscillation ( enso ) influences fire in the southwest ( sw ) and the pacific decadal oscillation ( pdo ) appears to be related to fire in the pnw and northern rockies ( nr ). however, there are reasons to expect that processes driving fire in pnw, sw, and nr are not constant in their relative influence on fire through time or across space and that their differentiation is not stationary through time or across space. - how regionally specific is the relationship between large fire events and precipitation / atmospheric anomalies associated with enso and pdo during the modern record? - what do tree - ring and other paleo - records tell us about the temporal variability of the patterns of fire / climate relationships? - how is climate change likely to influence climate / fire relationships given the demonstrated influences of climate variability? figure 1 a simple model of climate – fire - vegetation linkages. this project emphasizes the mechanisms and variability indicated by ( 1 ). for publications on climate impacts on pnw forest ecosystems, please see cig publications. gedalof, z. 2002. links between pacific basin climatic variability and natural systems of the pacific northwest. phd dissertation, school of forestry, university of washington, seattle. littell, j. s. 2002. determinants of fire regime variability in lower elevation forests of the northern greater yellowstone ecosystem. m. s. thesis, big sky institute / department of land resources and environmental sciences, montana state university, bozeman. mote, p. w., w. s. keeton, and j. f. franklin. 1999. decadal variations in forest fire activity in the pacific northwest.


linear regression using numpy a linear regression line is of the form w1x + w2 = y and it is the line that minimizes the sum of the squares of the distance from each data point to the line. so, given n pairs of data ( xi, yi ), the parameters that we are looking for are w1 and w2 which minimize the error and we can compute the parameter vector w = ( w1, w2 ) t as the least - squares solution of the following over - determined system let ' s use numpy to compute the regression line : from numpy import arange, array, ones, random, linalg from pylab import plot, show xi = arange ( 0, 9 ) a = array ( [ xi, ones ( 9 ) ] ) # linearly generated sequence y = [ 19, 20, 20. 5, 21. 5, 22, 23, 23, 25. 5, 24 ] w = linalg. lstsq ( a. t, y ) # obtaining the parameters # plotting the line line = w * xi + w # regression line plot ( xi, line, ' r - ', xi, y, ' o ' ) show ( ) we can see the result in the plot below. you can find more about data fitting using numpy in the following posts : ( note : opinions expressed in this article and its replies are the opinions of their respective authors and not those of dzone, inc. )


the sermon below was preached by rev. dan harper at the unitarian universalist church of palo alto, california, at the 9 : 30 a. m. and 11 : 00 a. m. services. the sermon text below is a reading text ; the actual sermon contained improvisation and extemporaneous remarks. sermon copyright ( c ) 2012 daniel harper. i ’ d like to begin this morning by talking with you a little bit about the origins of memorial day : where and when it started, and for what purpose. and after we talk about the origins of memorial day, then i ’ d like to talk with you about how the situation we find ourselves in today is quite different from time of the origin of memorial day, and given the changed situation i ’ ll speak about how we might adequately memorialize the wars in iraq and afghanistan. historian david blight tells us that the first recorded instance of memorial day took placed in charleston, south carolina, on may 1, 1865. the city of charleston had been evacuated, and most of the non - combatants remaining in the city were african americans who could not get out. also present were the union troops who had defeated the confederate army, and a few white abolitionists. during the war, the confederate army had established a prison camp on the site of a race course in charleston. 257 union soldiers had died in that prison camp, and were dumped unceremoniously into a mass grave. in april, 1865, the african american community of charleston decided to create a proper gravesite for the union dead buried in that mass grave. they disinterred the bodies from the mass graves, and reinterred them in individual graves ; then african american carpenters built a fence around the new grave yard. to officially open this new grave yard for civil war dead, the african american community organized a parade of some ten thousand people, including african american schoolchildren and ordinary african american citizens. white americans were represented by some nearby union regiments, and some white abolitionists. all these people gathered in the new graveyard. they listened to preachers. they sang songs like “ america the beautiful ” and “ john brown ’ s body ” and old spirituals. and at last they settled down to picnics, and while they ate they could watch the union regiments march in formation. that, according to david blight, was the first recorded celebration of memorial day. but times were different then, and that was a very different war from today ’ s wars in iraq and afghanistan. on his web site, blight


in formation. that, according to david blight, was the first recorded celebration of memorial day. but times were different then, and that was a very different war from today ’ s wars in iraq and afghanistan. on his web site, blight writes : “ at the end of the civil war the dead were everywhere, some in half buried coffins and some visible only as unidentified bones strewn on the killing fields of virginia or georgia. ” today, we don ’ t see the war dead. the most we might see is a photograph or video of a coffin neatly draped with an american flag, accompanied by soldiers in full dress uniform, being taken off an airplane that has just arrived from overseas. today, we are not confronted with the physical reality of the bodies of war dead. when it came to memorializing the war dead, the african american community of charleston had a straightforward task in 1865 : after the fighting was over, create an adequate graveyard, and respectfully reinter the union war dead into that new graveyard. but we have no such well - defined, concrete tasks. because the wars in iraq and afghanistan are so far away and such a small percentage of the population have actually fought in those wars, memorializing them is not going to be straightforward ; and to complicate matters further, the fighting isn ’ t even over in afghanistan. the 2005 poem “ ashbah ” by brian turner, a talented poet who served in the infantry in iraq in 2003 - 2004, captures something of the problem we face. in the poem, the ghosts of american soldiers are alone and cannot find their way home. even though they are exhausted, they keep trying to find their way home, unsure which way to go. the iraqi dead are, of course, already home, and they can watch the american soldiers from a safe perch on the rooftops ; but as i imagine the scene, the iraqi dead would just as soon the american dead would figure out how to get home so that they, the iraqi dead, could have their streets back. now obviously this poem is not literally true. the poet did not see the ghosts of dead americans literally wandering the streets of balad, and the iraqi dead were not literally sitting on the rooftops watching them. but there is symbolic truth in this poem. for me, part of the symbolic truth in the poem lies in the fact that the war dead of iraq and afghanistan remain ghostlike and insubstantial to most americans. the vast majority of us have not seen the body of someone who died in iraq or


, part of the symbolic truth in the poem lies in the fact that the war dead of iraq and afghanistan remain ghostlike and insubstantial to most americans. the vast majority of us have not seen the body of someone who died in iraq or afghanistan. indeed, i would be willing to bet that the majority of americans don ’ t even know someone who died in iraq or afghanistan. although something on the order of six thousand five hundred soldiers have died in combat in iraq and afghanistan [ link ], this number is tiny compared to the three hundred million people who live in the united states today. because so few soldiers have died relative to the total population of the united states, it ’ s easy for us to spend very little time thinking about the war dead. i don ’ t want to say that we ignore the war dead ; certainly we don ’ t do that ; but we concentrate on other things. those of us who are politically active might concentrate on advocating for policy changes that will keep us out of another long - term military engagement like iraq and afghanistan. or — and i think this is more likely among us here — those of us who are politically active have turned our attention to problems that seem more pressing, like global climate change or election reform or homelessness in palo alto or food security or one of the many ethical and political challenges facing us today. this is not a bad thing : lord knows, we are faced with a great many pressing problems ; and we do the best we can to address those problems, but one person can only do so much. if, for example, you ’ re going to tackle global climate change, a problem that can be morally and psychologically draining, you may not have much energy left over for other ethical challenges. we ’ re doing the best we can to make this world a better place. but most of us have turned out attention away from the war in iraq and afghanistan. and as a result, those ghosts of american soldiers that brian turner writes about in his poem still wander the streets of balad by night, still unsure of their way home, still exhausted. i ’ m not trying to make you feel guilty about the war dead. i ’ m not asking you — many of whom work 70 hours a week at your job, take care of your family, volunteer in the community, and work on social justice projects besides — i ’ m not asking you to do one more thing to make the world a better place. you do enough as it is. but because this is memorial day, i would


family, volunteer in the community, and work on social justice projects besides — i ’ m not asking you to do one more thing to make the world a better place. you do enough as it is. but because this is memorial day, i would like to remind you of three things we already do that can help memorialize the war dead, and thus help those ghosts of american soldiers find their way home, find rest. first, as religious people we are not afraid to talk about death and about those who have died. in this, we are quite different from mainstream american society, which prefers to ignore the fact of death. at the beginning of the war in iraq and afghanistan, the bush administration carefully enforced a long - standing pentagon ban on media coverage of the arrival of coffins containing dead soldiers from overseas. this pentagon ban had been in effect since the first gulf war, and while some critics accused the bush administration of using the ban for propaganda purposes, it always seemed to me that the pentagon and the government were also motivated by a typical american squeamishness when it comes to death, a typical american denial of the reality of death. but as religious people, we are less likely to deny the reality of death. a central part of what we do as religious people is we celebrate rites of passage, including memorial services for those who have died. many of us here this morning have been in this room for a memorial service ; and when we come here on sunday mornings, we will always be aware of the dual use of this room. the very nature of our religious community helps us be free of the unhealthy american denial of death. because we don ’ t deny the reality of death, we are better able to understand that our actions as a nation have resulted in very real deaths in iraq and afghanistan. by confronting the reality of the deaths in iraq and afghanistan, we are taking a step towards allowing the ghosts in the poem to find their way home, metaphorically speaking. and when those ghosts of american soldiers leave the streets of iraq and afghanistan, then the iraqi war dead, and the afghani war dead, can come down from their roof tops. second, as religious people we engage in critical patriotism. let me explain what i mean by “ critical patriotism. ” as religious people, we have a strong allegiance to certain moral and ethical principles, and our allegiance to those moral and ethical principles can be stronger than our allegiance to our nation. for example, as unitarian universalists we say that one of our ethical principles


as religious people, we have a strong allegiance to certain moral and ethical principles, and our allegiance to those moral and ethical principles can be stronger than our allegiance to our nation. for example, as unitarian universalists we say that one of our ethical principles is that we affirm the inherent worth and dignity of all persons. we adopted that particular principle in 1985, but it has roots going back much further than that. that particular ethical principle can trace its roots back to the golden rule, a far older ethical principle that states that we shall do unto others as we would have them do unto us. unitarians and universalists got the golden rule from the ethical teachings of jesus of nazareth, who was reported to have told his followers a form of the golden rule some two thousand years ago. but jesus did not make up the golden rule ; he was restating an even older ethical precept that he got from his jewish upbringing. in the torah, those jewish books traditionally supposed to have been written by moses, in the book of leviticus, chapter 19, verse 18, it states : “ thou shalt not avenge, nor bear any grudge against the children of thy people, but thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself. ” the book of leviticus is at least two thousand five hundred years old, in its present form, though it is made up of even older material ; and surely the golden rule is among the older material in the book. suffice it to say that we are the inheritors of a religious tradition that has affirmed the ideal of this ethical precept for thousands of years. obviously, then, our ethical tradition can trace its roots back to well before the founding of the united states. in fact, some of us would say that our ethical principles transcend any one people or nation or moment in history. the golden rule has been worded differently at different times, and we further know that there are examples of ethical principles in other cultures that sound a good deal like our golden rule. all these are specific manifestations of a general transcendent principle ; as a religious people, we owe our allegiance to this transcendent, eternally true ethical principle ; and as a religious people, we owe a greater allegiance to this transcendent ethical principle than we do to the relatively short - lived american nation. our adherence to such transcendent ethical principles leads us to what i ’ m calling “ critical patriotism. ” we do owe patriotic feelings towards the united states ; but our patriotic feelings will never


we do to the relatively short - lived american nation. our adherence to such transcendent ethical principles leads us to what i ’ m calling “ critical patriotism. ” we do owe patriotic feelings towards the united states ; but our patriotic feelings will never overpower our allegiance to our higher ethical precepts. indeed, the opposite is the case : we must critically examine our country ’ s actions and policies in light of our higher ethical precepts. such critical patriotism allows us to look with open eyes on the reasons and motivations behind our military actions in iraq and afghanistan. if we as americans are not honest about our motivations for going into iraq and afghanistan, it ’ s going to be difficult for those ghosts of american soldiers in the streets of balad to be able to come home. critical patriotism allows us to see that some of the reasons for starting these wars could be ethically justified, and other reasons could not be ethically justified ; critical patriotism allows us to decide which reasons for war pass muster with our own transcendent ethical principles, and which reasons for war do not pass muster. this kind of careful ethical examination of the war, and an attendant acceptance of responsibility as american citizens, is one of the things that we as a religious people do as a matter of course. we take the time to reflect upon, and to sort through the enormously complex ethical arguments surrounding the war. and this kind of ethical reflection, this kind of critical patriotism, is another step we take towards allowing the ghosts in the poem to find rest, to find their way home. third — and this is a corollary to the last point — we can affirm that religion is an important moral and ethical counterweight to politics. political decisions are often made from expediency, and made in a hurry, without time for adequate ethical reflection. at its best, organized religion can serve as a metaphorical place where we can take the time to reflect seriously on the ethical implications of political decisions. one of the reasons that the ghosts of the american soldiers roam the streets of balad in the poem is that they have not been memorialized by american society, except in the most superficial way. of course they have been memorialized by their army buddies, and of course they have been mourned by their families. but wider american society has done little more than assert “ we support our troops. ” that last statement does not constitute adequate ethical reflection on the death of american soldiers. but by carefully reflecting on the death of american


been mourned by their families. but wider american society has done little more than assert “ we support our troops. ” that last statement does not constitute adequate ethical reflection on the death of american soldiers. but by carefully reflecting on the death of american soldiers — and on the death of iraqi and afghani civilians, and on the death of other soldiers, for that matter — by such careful reflection, we can lay the metaphorical ghosts to rest. we can engage in this ethical reflection through our ongoing participation in the democratic process. most obviously, you and i can engage in ethical reflection through carefully exercising our right to vote. we have a primary election coming up very soon here in california, and the national election is only a few months away. it is our duty as religious people to carefully study the issues in the election, and then to reflect on the moral and ethical implications of those issues, to consider how our vote can be a moral and ethical response to american policy. of course any vote is going to be something of a compromise — reality never seems to match our transcendent ethical ideals — but with careful reflection, our participation in the democratic process can have a worthwhile moral and ethical outcome. back in may of 1865, the african american community of charleston, south carolina, had a fairly straightforward task : to memorialize the civil war dead by disinterring their bodies from a mass grave into a graveyard that was more in keeping with the respect that was due to them. our task today, memorializing the dead from the war in iraq and afghanistan, is not quite so physical and concrete. but there are some straightforward things we can do to memorialize our war dead. we can be honest about death, and not try to deny the reality of the war dead. we can affirm our transcendent moral and ethical ideals, and in so doing we can engage in a kind of critical patriotism. and finally we can understand our religious ideals as a moral counterweight to politics, so that when we participate in democracy we will have a moral impact on the country. these are the things we can do to memorialize the war dead. and so, at last, may the ghosts of american soldiers wandering the streets of balad at night find their way home once again.


keith griffin begins with a macroeconomic overview. the statistics can only hint at the trauma inflicted on mongolia by the economic " shock therapy " that started in 1990 and was exacerbated by the dzuds ( winter storms ) that struck in 1999 / 2000 and 2000 / 2001. gdp dropped by over 20 % in the first four years before returning almost to where it had been by 2000 ; per - capita income fared much worse. the decade also saw increases in insecurity and inequality and a decrease in human capital. mark d. brenner considers different measures of poverty. officially around 30 % of the population were poor in 2000, but the figure rises to 50 % using more standard metrics and as high as 70 % with a basic capabilities analysis. he also looks at inequality, structural changes, and adaptive responses by the poor. he argues for more poverty assistance targeted at lower levels of government, at aimag, soum, and even bag levels. a second chapter by keith griffin describes how shock therapy induced urban - to - rural migration and increased the relative importance of the livestock sector, though at the same time decreasing its productivity in a kind of " pastoral involution ". the removal of the negdel cooperatives that had managed pastures, combined with a mandated " free - for - all " commons, has created a range of problems ; griffin suggests leasing fees and pasture rights as a solution. takayoshi kusago surveys employment and productivity in different sectors, covering demographic and geographic variation and the informal sector. he recommends encouragement of small and medium sized industries in agriculture and manufacturing, improving credit for small businesses, public works schemes, decentralised incubation centres for micro - enterprises, and the rehabilitation of schools — backed by a social safety net and some kind of micro - insurance against accidents or illness. on environmental issues, amy ickowitz looks at the distribution of overgrazing and expands on griffin ' s analysis of problems with mandated " open access " to pasture. she suggests group land tenure rather than individual titles and fees for access to pasture, water and winter shelters, with the proceeds used to maintain and extend basic infrastructure. she also touches on deforestation, mining and urban pollution. two chapters by terry mckinley address governance issues. the first describes the outcomes and lessons of the six year national poverty alleviation programme started in 1994, which had some successes in building infrastructure in rural areas, but also had problems with positioning within the government. the second looks at the national development strategy and problems of coordination


( this article first appeared in multinational monitor and is part of chapter 3 : chiapas via alaska : the grateful unrich : revolution in 50 countries ) a century of mining and decades of clear - cutting have taken their toll on western montana ’ s formerly pristine blackfoot river. once a world - class trout stream and the subject of norman mclean ’ s classic novel a river runs through it, the river has been transformed into a muddy concoction of heavy metals and silt flowing west from the continental divide into the clark fork river just east of missoula, montana. there are virtually no fish in the river now. the blackfoot drainage has been so badly denuded by wall street robber barons that when robert redford came to montana to produce the recent movie based on mclean ’ s novel, he chose to film on the gallatin river instead. in april 1992 american rivers listed the blackfoot among the ten most endangered rivers in the united states, noting that the river may not be able to withstand another industry onslaught. it now appears this day of reckoning is just around the bend. in 1989, while champion international was busy clear - cutting the lower blackfoot to feed its newly retooled mill at bonner, montana, mining firms began exploring for gold east of lincoln, montana – near the headwaters of the river. the two companies, phelps dodge and canyon resources, formed the seven - up pete venture, later renamed the mcdonald gold project. by 1992 it had become apparent that the project site contained 8. 2 million ounces of gold. if given the go - ahead, it will be the largest gold mine in north america, and one with potentially dire ecological consequences. “ a century of mining, grazing and logging have all but destroyed [ the blackfoot ] river, ” says dan funsch, outreach director for the missoula - based alliance for the wild rockies. “ now, for a few lousy wedding rings, the mcdonald gold project wants to finish it off. ” enter echo bay with gold prices on the rise and mounting opposition from environmentalists and sports enthusiasts, phelps dodge mining company announced in june 1994 that it will sell its 72 % majority share in the mcdonald gold project for $ 150 million. under the proposed deal, canyon resources corporation would increase its share of the mine from 28 % to 45 % percent. echo bay mining – a notorious canadian gold mining company – would become majority owner and operator of the mcdonald gold project. the mcdonald gold project will employ cyanide heap leaching to recover the gold.


the mine from 28 % to 45 % percent. echo bay mining – a notorious canadian gold mining company – would become majority owner and operator of the mcdonald gold project. the mcdonald gold project will employ cyanide heap leaching to recover the gold. in this process a cyanide solution is sprayed over heaps of extracted ore. gold settles at the bottom of the solution onto a heap leach pad and the toxic ore is hauled to a waste site. the process became popular in the mid - 1970s and has resulted in a gold mining boom in montana and elsewhere, since it is much cheaper and faster than other methods of gold mining. the environmental consequences are also much more nefarious. the project plans call for creating an open pit a square mile wide and 1, 400 feet deep that would not be reclaimed. as a result, the pit will eventually fill with runoff containing thirty - three different elements, many of which will be highly toxic metals. since the water table in the area is as high as 300 feet below the surface of the ground, many fear this toxic soup could easily contaminate the area ’ s drinking water. the mine is located where landers fork – an important bull trout spawning stream – and the blackfoot meet. any leaks under the leaching pad could dump cyanide into the groundwater supply or into the river itself. company representatives deny the cyanide heap leaching process is environmentally harmful. cheryl martin – director of investor relations at canyon resources corporation – claims, “ we feel that we can build a permittable mine that will not impact the [ blackfoot ] river in any way. ” rick lambert, mcdonald gold project chief engineer for phelps dodge says, “ you have to understand the geological situation. here we have an oxide deposit since there is primarily gold. in butte where there have been problems with acid water, the deposit is sulfide since it ’ s mostly copper. spraying cyanide over gold is like pouring salt into water. the only problems that could occur are if cyanide reacts with other gases. ” an echo bay mining representative declined to comment on the mine, stating, “ i cannot speak for a mine that we do not own. ” environmentalists fear other detrimental consequences of the mine. they note with concern that the mining project, which is expected to last 12 years, will produce 400 million tons of cyanide - laden ore waste, which will be piled near landers fork close to highway 200. some environmentalists believe the project is actually the first stage of a grand plan by the


expected to last 12 years, will produce 400 million tons of cyanide - laden ore waste, which will be piled near landers fork close to highway 200. some environmentalists believe the project is actually the first stage of a grand plan by the mining industry. the mining companies will apparently be designing their facilities to accommodate more ore than they intend to extract at the mcdonald gold project. geological evidence points to incredible mineral wealth in the entire upper blackfoot valley. independent filmmaker and mining industry critic gene bernofsky of missoula thinks montana may be entering another round of mineral colonization. bernofsky recently won acclaim for a river cries, a film that chronicles the blackfoot ’ s demise and the proposed mine. he says montana may be heading toward a heyday for global mining firms comparable to the early 1900s – when the rockefeller - controlled and viciously anti - union anaconda company created what is now the biggest superfund site in the nation near missoula, montana. “ echo bay aspires to go down in history next to the anaconda company. we aspire to keep them out of montana, ” he says. the baucus connection the mcdonald gold project covers forty - four square miles of state and private lands. the private land is owned by sieben ranch corporation – the largest sheep ranch in montana owned since 1896 by the baucus family. montana ’ s democratic senator max baucus holds between $ 250, 000 and $ 500, 000 in stock in sieben ranch. whether baucus has a financial interest in the success of the mcdonald gold project is unclear. curt rich – baucus administrative aide who specializes in natural resources policy – says he knows of no royalties or lease agreements. “ siebens is run by max ’ s brother. max does not get involved in management decisions of the corporation, ” says rich, who failed to follow up on a promise to research the financial agreement between siebens and the mcdonald gold project and then contact multinational monitor. dean henderson is the author of four books : big oil & their bankers in the persian gulf : four horsemen, eight families & their global intelligence, narcotics & terror network, the grateful unrich : revolution in 50 countries, das kartell der federal reserve & stickin ’ it to the matrix. you can subscribe free to his weekly left hook column @ www. deanhenderson. wordpress. com


n. the set of things a person has to do in the future. one speaks of the next project to be attacked as having risen to the top of the stack. " i ' m afraid i ' ve got real work to do, so this ' ll have to be pushed way down on my stack. " " i haven ' t done it yet because every time i pop my stack something new gets pushed. " if you are interrupted several times in the middle of a conversation, " my stack overflowed " means " i forget what we were talking about. " the implication is that more items were pushed onto the stack than could be remembered, so the least recent items were lost. the usual physical example of a stack is to be found in a cafeteria : a pile of plates or trays sitting on a spring in a well, so that when you put one on the top they all sink down, and when you take one off the top the rest spring up a bit. see also push at mit, pdl used to be a more common synonym for stack in all these contexts, and this may still be true. everywhere else stack seems to be the preferred term. knuth ( " the art of computer programming ", second edition, vol. 1, p. 236 ) says : many people who realized the importance of stacks and queues independently have given other names to these structures : stacks have been called push - down lists, reversion storages, cellars, nesting stores, piles, last - in - first - out ( " lifo " ) lists, and even yo - yo lists!


( noun ) middle english < old french < latin sententia ‘ opinion, decision ’, equivalent to sent - ( base of sentire ‘ to feel ’ ) + - entia - ence ; ( v. ) middle english : ‘ to pass judgment, decide judicially ’ < old french sentencier, derivative of sentence a sentence is the largest grammatical unit in language. it communicates a complete thought — an assertion, question, command, or exclamation. in general, assertions and questions — the overwhelming majority of sentences — require a subject and a verb, put together in a way that can stand alone, resulting in what is called an independent clause ( see main clause ) : he kicked the ball is a sentence. after he kicked the ball is not a sentence ; instead it is a dependent clause ( see subordinate clause ). even though it has a subject and a verb, it needs to be connected to something in order to complete the assertion : after he kicked the ball, he fell down ; or he fell down after he kicked the ball. in the case of commands, the subject need not be written because “ you ” is understood : go home! means you go home! and exclamations clearly express excitement, alarm, anger, or the like with no need for either a subject or a verb : wow! gadzooks! ouch! in everyday speech we routinely use phrases or clauses that would not make a complete sentence — so - called sentence fragments — because the conversation or the circumstances make the meaning clear. for example, we might answer a question like “ where did you go? ” with “ to the store, ” or “ why can ’ t i stay out till midnight? ” with “ because i say so, ” or “ what are you doing? ” with “ trying to fix this toaster, ” instead of “ i went to the store, ” “ you can ' t stay out that late because i say so, ” or “ i am trying to fix this toaster. ” in written dialogue sentence fragments are perfectly acceptable. they would generally be regarded as sentences simply because they begin with a capital letter and end with a suitable punctuation mark. but they are not sentences in a strict grammatical sense. and as a rule, sentence fragments are frowned upon in formal or expository writing. they can be useful — indeed, powerful — but in such writing they are effective only if used sparingly, in order to achieve a deliberate special effect : we will not give


central asians are therefore today a variable mix of caucasoids and mongoloids, formed over the last few millennia, although the constituent elements are still present and recognizable. the turkicization of the region was, to a large extent, the result of language shift among iranian populations ( sakas - scythians ), but not without some genetic contribution from the original turks who were a mongoloid people akin to their linguistic altaic cousins, the mongols. this mongoloid component is attenuated westward, reaching its minimum among anatolian and balkan turkish speakers. with respect to the admixture proportions ( figure top left ) presented in the paper, i have a couple of quick comments : - using modern south asians as representatives of a source population of central asia is problematic, as modern south asians are admixed, comprised of caucasoids and indigenous south asians. while south asia may have been a population source during remote periods of the paleolithic, in the more recent post - neolithic times when central asian populations were formed, south asia was a population sink. - the use of only a few autosomal markers does give a broad overview of the east - west components in these populations, but it should be noted that the use of few markers tends to overestimate minority ancestral components. even with such a small number of markers, it is evident that the separation of groups at the population level is possible, as the correspondence analysis indicates : green / european, red / east asian, blue / indo - iranian from central asia, orange / turkic from central asia. the paper includes structure results for k = 2 to k = 6. below is the structure run for k = 6 : while less distinct than what we would get with more markers, the emergence of several clusters of individuals is apparent ( from left to right : east asian, turkic, central asian iranian, south asian, west eurasian, sub - saharan ). notice how hazaras and uyghurs are islands of the turkic component in the central / south asian cluster, and how some uzbeks are iranian - like while others are turkic - like. i am reminded of an older study which found how mythology was used among some uzbek groups to create a common ancestry for groups of unrelated origin. european journal of human genetics, ( 8 september 2010 ) | doi : 10. 1038 / ejhg. 2010. 153 in the heartland of eurasia : the multilocus genetic landscape of central asian populations located in the eurasian heartland,