{"text": "how to create an aerial panorama from google earth peter murphy ( one of the leading lights in the panoramic world ) sent us a email on monday with the thought of creating panoramas from a digital earth. the concept is simple - grab a series of screen shots while rotating above the earth and then stitch the images as if they were normal photographs. a day is a long time in internet based tutorials and this is now an update of the original as a result of gaby, a digital urban reader, writing a kmz tool to dramatically simplify the process of capturing screen shots. the whole process should take approximately 40 minutes. the first step is to go to gabys kmz panorama capture tool and type in the lat / long of the location you want to capture - in our case above the millennium dome in london. to create panoramas it is important to rotate the camera around the nodal point of the lens in order to minimise any parallax error as the scene is captured. previous to gaby ' s tool the best way was to use the ' flight simulator mode ' by clicking ' ctrl - g '. combining this with a ' left mouse click and drag ' action you can look around the scene and thus simulate a panoramic camera. you can now simply load up the kmz file which is output from your lat / long co - ordinates and a series of placemarks are presented in the google earth, each representing camera locations. select each placemark and wait for the streaming in google earth to reach 100 %, now use file - ' save image ' and call your image image1. jpg. go through this for each placemark and you should end up with 28 images, each saved in sequence - ie image 1. jpg to image 29. jpg. once you have your numbered screengrabs you now need to stitch them, we used stitcher from realviz, you can download a trial version from the realviz website. if you are a ptgui user we have created a template to automatically stitch your images. download the template and follow these steps : 1 ) open ptgui and click select source images - navigate to where you saved your screengrabs and select all of them. 2 ) a camera lens dialoge will appear, simply click ' cancel '. your images will then load into ptgui. 3 ) click file ' apply template ' and select the location of the googleearthtemplate. pts saved from above. your images will now", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.453368083377217, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.121648"} {"text": "lens dialoge will appear, simply click ' cancel '. your images will then load into ptgui. 3 ) click file ' apply template ' and select the location of the googleearthtemplate. pts saved from above. your images will now automatically align, you can now complete the process by selecting the ' advanced ' button in the top right hand side of ptgui and then ' create panorama '. save your panorama as a tif, we normally output at 6000x3000 pixels. advanced users of ptgui can add their own control points and stitch as normal, lens parameters should be 30mm rectilinear. to stitch the images you can also use the autostitch feature of realviz to simply load in the images and automatically create a panorama. it should be noted that the curve of the earth will not stitch perfectly due to parallax error resulting from the flight simulator mode of google earth, the image left illustrates this ( click for a larger version ). fixing the parallax ' s error is simply a case of slightly cropping off the top of the resulting panorama to give us the image as below, this applies to both ptgui and realviz stitcher outputs : as google earth doesn ' t include clouds we can now add them in as a new layer in photoshop. we used a panoramic image of clouds from turbosquid, these used to be free but are now $ 5 each. if you don ' t have a cloud panorama then you can always create your own using terragen, there is a great tutorial on how to do this here. adding the clouds gives you the final panorama over london ( click for a larger view ) : changing the projection of the resulting image allows a number of views such a hyperbolic image of london from google earth : finally to create a quicktime virtual reality scene from the image - so you can look around the panorama - download pano2qtvr. the resulting qtvr can be viewed here ( 2. 8mb ). of note in the final scene is how the google copyright crops up in various places in the image. this is due to each screengrab containing the google overlay and depending on the overlaps some are automatically blended out in realviz and some remain... * update - using ptgui all copyright seems to be removed, this opens up the question on the legality of creating panoramas? * peter has used nasa ' s worldwind to the same effect, see here for his panorama", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4413621890935219, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.123055"} {"text": "it \u2019 s been two years since rumors of mad cows in texas sank cattle futures at the chicago mercantile exchange when a woman with creutzfeldt - jakob disease ( cjd ), human mad cow disease, was admitted to an amarillo hospital. \u201c the rumor was started, and it \u2019 s totally unfounded, that there were cattle with bse in texas, \u201d ted mccollum, beef cattle specialist with the amarillo office of texas agrilife extension, told the press. of course, it \u2019 s easy to see how the rumor got started that there were cattle with bse in texas since there were cattle with bse in texas. in 2005, the first \u201c home grown \u201d mad cow was found on a texas ranch whose identity authorities protected. a 12 - year - old beef cow used for breeding, she was sent to champion pet food in waco when she became a downer. the ranch was quarantined while authorities searched for the animal \u2019 s offspring and older animals. now there are two \u201c mysterious \u201d cases of cjd in mclennan county, texas says the waco tribune - herald \u2013 \u201d a statistical anomaly considering that only one in 1 million people worldwide is affected by the condition in any given year. \u201d the statistical abnormality is also visible on the texas department of state health services map on its web site. there have been 144 cases of cjd in texas since 2000 and 42 of them appear in clusters. if cjd is caused for unknown reasons ( sporadic ) or is familial, it would not come in clusters. it has been years since the san francisco chronicle reported that 11 restaurants in nine california counties served meat from the first us mad cow, imported from canada in 2003. a subsequent audit of us slaughterhouses to win back asian exports which were lost over the cow, found 29 more downers slipped into the food supply because some inspectors \u201c did not believe that they had the authority \u201d to go into their pens. but then secretary johanns assured the press the cattle were healthy when they arrived at the slaughterhouse but became suddenly unable to walk for one reason or another. authorities also gave up tracing origins of the second homegrown us mad cow, born on an alabama ranch, whose identity authorities also protected. the trail went cold after seven weeks of investigation of more than three dozen farms, said news reports. in addition to food risks, unacknowledged mad cow in us beef could also be a risk in dental implants, made from bo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4321818516025552, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.128735"} {"text": ". the trail went cold after seven weeks of investigation of more than three dozen farms, said news reports. in addition to food risks, unacknowledged mad cow in us beef could also be a risk in dental implants, made from bovine and cadaver sources. and now there is also a cloud over deer and elk which get a mad cow like disease called chronic wasting disease ( cwd ). like mad cow, cwd is caused by a practically indestructible protein called a prion which is not killed by cooking, alcohol, bleach, formaldehyde or radiation. state departments of natural resources thought the disease was under control after directing hunters to kill \u201c anterless \u201d deer instead of bucks, thinning the herd. food pantries were beginning to accept venison \u201c donations \u201d again after refusing them. ( \u201c it \u2019 s perfectly good meat \u2014 for someone else to eat, \u201d the hunters seemed to be saying. ) but now the disease is back with a vengeance, causing hunters to fear the other guy \u2019 s deer at the processor if not their own, until cwd tests come back, and wives to fear husbands \u2019 bloody laundry. prions are transmitted in carrier animals \u2019 urine and in antler velvet says a january article on plos one. worse, they are likely transmitted from mother to offspring says the article, making us authorities \u2019 failure to find the mad cow progeny \u2014 and their progeny \u2013 more disquieting. cwd is also taking a toll on deer breeding and hunting lodges, a $ 4 billion a year industry despite state complaints of deer \u201c overpopulation. \u201d wisconsin alone has hundreds of state sanctioned deer breeding farms. earlier this year, a deer with cwd was found at heartland wildlife ranches in ethel, mo., 200 miles northwest of st. louis. heartland is an 800 - acre lodge surrounded by 8 - foot fences where hunters \u201c come from across the country to take aim at trophy animals such as whitetail deer, elk and zebra, \u201d says the st. louis post - dispatch. think dick cheney. a three - day hunt for water buffalo costs $ 4, 000. in addition to threatening rob brasher of salt lake city, whose family has owned heartland for two decades, cwd threatens david wood, who runs the linn county deer farm 17 miles from heartland and can no longer sell his \u201c baby deer \u201d for $ 4, 000 to $ 8, 000. luckily, federal and state governments are on the mad cow and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4229908823337224, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.131956"} {"text": "note : using access ( ) to check if a user is authorized to e. g. open a file before actually doing so using open ( ) creates a security hole, because the user might exploit the short time interval between checking and opening the file to manipulate it. note : i / o operations may fail even when access ( ) indicates that they would succeed, particularly for operations on network filesystems which may have permissions semantics beyond the usual posix permission - bit model. although windows supports chmod ( ), you can only set the file ' s read - only flag with it ( via the s _ iread constants or a corresponding integer value ). all other bits are ignored. | path, uid, gid ) | | path, uid, gid ) | '.. ' even if they are present in the directory. availability : macintosh, unix, windows. changed in version 2. 3 : on windows nt / 2k / xp and unix, if path is a unicode object, the result will be a list of unicode objects. 0666 ( octal ). the current umask value is first masked out from the mode. availability : macintosh, unix. fifos are pipes that can be accessed like regular files. fifos exist until they are deleted ( for example with os. unlink ( ) ). generally, fifos are used as rendezvous between ` ` client ' ' and ` ` server ' ' type processes : the server opens the fifo for reading, and the client opens it for writing. note that mkfifo ( ) doesn ' t open the fifo - - it just creates the rendezvous point. | filename [, mode = 0600, device ] ) | 0777 ( octal ). on some systems, mode is ignored. where it is used, the current umask value is first masked out. availability : macintosh, unix, windows. 0777 ( octal ). on some systems, mode is ignored. where it is used, the current umask value is first masked out. note : makedirs ( ) will become confused if the path elements to create include os. pardir. new in version 1. 5. 2. changed in version 2. 3 : this function now handles unc paths correctly. pathconf _ namesdictionary. for configuration variables not included in that mapping, passing an integer for name is also accepted. availability : macintosh, unix. if name is a string", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5278710112721178, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.166119"} {"text": ". 3 : this function now handles unc paths correctly. pathconf _ namesdictionary. for configuration variables not included in that mapping, passing an integer for name is also accepted. availability : macintosh, unix. if name is a string and is not known, valueerror is raised. if a specific value for name is not supported by the host system, even if it is included in oserror is raised with errno. einval for the os. path. join ( os. path. dirname ( path ), result ). availability : macintosh, unix. > > > import os > > > statinfo = os. stat ( ' somefile. txt ' ) > > > statinfo ( 33188, 422511l, 769l, 1, 1032, 100, 926l, 1105022698, 1105022732, 1105022732 ) > > > statinfo. st _ size 926l > > > changed in version 2. 3 : if stat _ float _ times returns true, the time values are floats, measuring seconds. fractions of a second may be reported if the system supports that. on mac os, the times are always floats. see stat _ float _ times for further discussion. on some unix systems ( such as linux ), the following attributes may also be available : st _ blocks ( number of blocks allocated for file ), st _ blksize ( filesystem blocksize ), st _ rdev ( type of device if an inode device ). st _ flags ( user defined flags for file ). on other unix systems ( such as freebsd ), the following attributes may be available ( but may be only filled out if root tries to use them ) : st _ gen ( file generation number ), st _ birthtime ( time of file creation ). on mac os systems, the following attributes may also be available : st _ rsize, st _ creator, st _ type. on riscos systems, the following attributes are also available : st _ ftype ( file type ), st _ attrs ( attributes ), st _ obtype ( object type ). for backward compatibility, the return value of stat ( ) is also accessible as a tuple of at least 10 integers giving the most important ( and portable ) members of the stat structure, in the order st _ mode, st _ ino, st _ dev, st", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5083734521212221, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.168887"} {"text": "the return value of stat ( ) is also accessible as a tuple of at least 10 integers giving the most important ( and portable ) members of the stat structure, in the order st _ mode, st _ ino, st _ dev, st _ nlink, st _ uid, st _ gid, st _ size, st _ atime, st _ mtime, st _ ctime. more items may be added at the end by some implementations. the standard module stat defines functions and constants that are useful for extracting information from a stat structure. ( on windows, some items are filled with dummy values. ) note : the exact meaning and resolution of the st _ atime, st _ mtime, and st _ ctime members depends on the operating system and the file system. for example, on windows systems using the fat or fat32 file systems, st _ mtime has 2 - second resolution, and st _ atime has only 1 - day resolution. see your operating system documentation for details. availability : macintosh, unix, windows. changed in version 2. 2 : added access to values as attributes of the returned object. changed in version 2. 5 : added st _ gen, st _ birthtime. true, future calls to stat ( ) return floats, if it is false, future calls return ints. if newvalue is omitted, return the current setting. for compatibility with older python versions, accessing stat _ result as a tuple always returns integers. changed in version 2. 5 : python now returns float values by default. applications which do not work correctly with floating point time stamps can use this function to restore the old behaviour. the resolution of the timestamps ( that is the smallest possible fraction ) depends on the system. some systems only support second resolution ; on these systems, the fraction will always be zero. it is recommended that this setting is only changed at program startup time in the _ _ main _ _ module ; libraries should never change this setting. if an application uses a library that works incorrectly if floating point time stamps are processed, this application should turn the feature off until the library has been corrected. for backward compatibility, the return value is also accessible as a tuple whose values correspond to the attributes, in the order given above. the standard module statvfs defines constants that are useful for extracting information from a statvfs structure when accessing it as a sequence ; this remains useful when writing code that needs to work with versions of python that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48455537323654646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.170602"} {"text": "the order given above. the standard module statvfs defines constants that are useful for extracting information from a statvfs structure when accessing it as a sequence ; this remains useful when writing code that needs to work with versions of python that don ' t support accessing the fields as attributes. changed in version 2. 2 : added access to values as attributes of the returned object. none. if given and not none, prefix is used to provide a short prefix to the filename. applications are responsible for properly creating and managing files created using paths returned by tempnam ( ) ; no automatic cleanup is provided. on unix, the environment variable tmpdir overrides dir, while on windows the tmp is used. the specific behavior of this function depends on the c library implementation ; some aspects are underspecified in system documentation. warning : use of tempnam ( ) is vulnerable to symlink attacks ; consider using tmpfile ( ) ( section 14. 1. 2 ) instead. availability : macintosh, unix, windows. none, then the file ' s access and modified times are set to the current time. otherwise, times must be a 2 - tuple of numbers, of the form ( atime, mtime ) which is used to set the access and modified times, respectively. whether a directory can be given for path depends on whether the operating system implements directories as files ( for example, windows does not ). note that the exact times you set here may not be returned by a subsequent stat ( ) call, depending on the resolution with which your operating system records access and modification times ; see stat ( ). changed in version 2. 0 : added support for nonefor times. availability : macintosh, unix, windows. ( dirpath, dirnames, filenames ). dirpath is a string, the path to the directory. dirnames is a list of the names of the subdirectories in dirpath '.. ' ). filenames is a list of the names of the non - directory files in dirpath. note that the names in the lists contain no path components. to get a full path ( which begins with top ) to a file or directory in if optional argument topdown is true or not specified, the triple for a directory is generated before the triples for any of its subdirectories ( directories are generated top down ). if topdown is false, the triple for a directory is generated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5001872733487681, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.171669"} {"text": "topdown is true or not specified, the triple for a directory is generated before the triples for any of its subdirectories ( directories are generated top down ). if topdown is false, the triple for a directory is generated after the triples for all of its subdirectories ( directories are generated bottom up ). when topdown is true, the caller can modify the dirnames list in - place ( perhaps using del or slice assignment ), and walk ( ) will only recurse into the subdirectories whose names remain in dirnames ; this can be used to prune the search, impose a specific order of visiting, or even to inform walk ( ) about directories the caller creates or renames before it resumes walk ( ) again. modifying dirnames when topdown is false is ineffective, because in bottom - up mode the directories in dirnames are generated before dirpath itself is generated. by default errors from the os. listdir ( ) call are ignored. if optional argument onerror is specified, it should be a function ; it will be called with one argument, an oserror instance. it can report the error to continue with the walk, or raise the exception to abort the walk. note that the filename is available as the filename attribute of the exception object. os. path. islink ( path ), and invoke walk ( path ) on each directly. this example displays the number of bytes taken by non - directory files in each directory under the starting directory, except that it doesn ' t look under any cvs subdirectory : import os from os. path import join, getsize for root, dirs, files in os. walk ( ' python / lib / email ' ) : print root, \" consumes \", print sum ( getsize ( join ( root, name ) ) for name in files ), print \" bytes in \", len ( files ), \" non - directory files \" if ' cvs ' in dirs : dirs. remove ( ' cvs ' ) # don ' t visit cvs directories in the next example, walking the tree bottom up is essential : rmdir ( ) doesn ' t allow deleting a directory before the directory is empty : # delete everything reachable from the directory named in ' top ', # assuming there are no symbolic links. # caution : this is dangerous! for example", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.48835650523870944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.172973"} {"text": "( acute bronchitis ; lower respiratory tract infection ) | bronchi of lungs | | copyright \u00a9 nucleus medical media, inc. | - acute bronchitis \u2014 this is a sudden onset of symptoms. it only lasts a short time and lung function is fully recovered. - chronic bronchitis \u2014 this is a serious, long - term condition. it causes blockage and damage of the lungs. it is often the result of many years of cigarette smoking. - viral or bacterial infections - irritation from smoke breathing in certain irritants ( usually in a work setting ) such as : - vegetable dusts - increased sputum production - trouble breathing to treat pain and fever - note : aspirin is not recommended for children or teens with a current or recent viral infection. this is because of the risk of reye ' s syndrome. ask your doctor which other medicines are safe for your child. expectorants or cough suppressants - there are some concerns about the safety of over - the - counter cough and cold products in children. the fda recommends that these products not be used in children less than 2 years old. the fda also supports not using them in children less than 4 years old. - albuterol to help open airways if there are signs of breathing difficulty - herbs and supplements \u2014 pelargonium sidoides extract may help resolve symptoms in patients with acute bronchitis - increased fluid intake - cool mist humidifier \u2014 to ease breathing - avoid contact with people who have respiratory viral or bacterial infections. - stop smoking or never start. - avoid passive smoke. - avoid exposure to irritants in the air. american academy of family physicians family doctor http : / / familydoctor. org american lung association http : / / www. lung. org the canadian lung association http : / / www. lung. ca the college of family physicians of canada http : / / www. cfpc. ca acute bronchitis. american academy of family physicians family doctor website. available at : http : / / familydoctor. org / familydoctor / en / diseases - conditions / acute - bronchitis. html. updated february 2010. accessed march 29, 2013. acute bronchitis. ebsco dynamed website. available at : http : / / www. ebscohost. com / dynamed / what. php. updated february 8, 2013. accessed march 29, 2013. know when antibiotics work : bronchitis. centers for disease control and prevention website. available at :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40875445791955156, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.177198"} {"text": "www. ebscohost. com / dynamed / what. php. updated february 8, 2013. accessed march 29, 2013. know when antibiotics work : bronchitis. centers for disease control and prevention website. available at : http : / / www. cdc. gov / getsmart / antibiotic - use / uri / bronchitis. html. updated may 1, 2012. accessed march 29, 2013. smith s, fahey t, et al. antibiotics for acute bronchitis. cochrane database syst rev. 2009 ; cd000245. nonprescription cough and cold medicine use in children. medwatch : 2007 safety alerts for drugs, biologics, medical devices, and dietary supplements. us food and drug administration website. available at : http : / / www. fda. gov / safety / medwatch / safetyinformation / safetyalertsforhumanmedicalproducts / ucm152691. htm. accessed : march 29, 2013. 1 / 4 / 2011 dynamed ' s systematic literature surveillance http : / / www. ebscohost. com / dynamed / what. php : timmer a, gunther j, rucker g, motschall e, antes g, kern wv. pelargonium sidoides extract for acute respiratory tract infections. cochrane database syst rev. 2008 ; ( 3 ) : cd006323. - reviewer : brian randall, md - review date : 02 / 2013 - - update date : 03 / 29 / 2013 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42852065273221246, "token_count": 328, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.178621"} {"text": "dragons are creatures with nearly unlimited life spans. they can survive for long periods of time, and no one has found a dragon that has died of old age. adolescence is usually marked by the growth of a hatchling \u2019 s wings, although not all breeds of dragons grow wings and some breeds have other traits that indicate the beginning of maturation. once they hit adolescence, hatchlings change quickly, maturing to their full forms in only 2 years. dragons don \u2019 t communicate with each other verbally, but they will growl to scare off predators and frighten prey. young dragons will emit an extremely high - pitched squeal when they are frightened. to communicate, they use telepathy with each other and to speak to other creatures. pygmy dragons are the smallest breed of true dragons, being the size of a small cat. they are often found around concentrated populations of dragons, relying on their larger brethren to ward away potential predators and to leave generous scraps. as such, the majority of a pygmy \u2019 s diet is scavenged, though they do hunt songbirds and small mammals when the pickings are slim. due to their tiny size, pygmies do not breed with other varieties of dragons, but select mates within their breed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4965201941208798, "token_count": 259, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.180204"} {"text": "the concept of disability has changed significantly through history. at one point, disability was seen as the result of sin, either by the person with the disability or his or her parents. disability was associated with guilt and shame, and people with disabilities were hidden away. merriam - websteris definition of disability : limitation in the ability to pursue an occupation because of a physical or mental impairment ; lack of legal qualification to do something ; or a disqualification, restriction or disadvantage. most of the time, we apply these definitions to a person who dhase a disability. what if it is society that has the disability, not the individual? with the advent of modern medicine, a medical understanding of disability developed. in a medical model of disability, the person with a disability is seen as having an illness, which presumably should be cured. the person with a disability, as someone who is sick or diseased, is excused from normal life and responsibilities such as working, family obligations and household maintenance. the approach of the social security administration supports the idea of disability as something that excludes one from a normal life. to fit the administrationis definition of disability, a person must be able to prove that he or she is incapable of gainful employment. the inference is that by having a disability, one remains outside mainstream society. yet there is another way to view disability. this view considers disability as a normal part of life. after all, most of us will have a disability, whether temporary or permanent, at some time in our life. as many people with disabilities will attest, their disabilities are integral to what makes them who they are. it isnit the disability that needs to be changed. the physical and attitudinal barriers people with disabilities face are what need to change. for example, people who are unable to walk may still be able to move around as much as anyone with the use of wheelchairs and other assistive technology. the inability to use their limbs may be less of a limitation than heavy doors that donit open automatically or stairs that keep them from a building. similarly, culture and environment can dictate whether something is a disability. in a culture where healers and shamans regularly interact with a spirit world, hearing voices isnit a disability. only in societies where reading is essential to daily functioning is a learning disability recognized. in our society, a vision impairment that necessitates wearing glasses isnit considered a disability, but a mobility impairment that requires a person to use a walker is. disability is defined by context. it follows", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5491423304577856, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.184758"} {"text": "16 jun 2008 : report the limits of climate modeling as the public seeks answers about the future impacts of climate change, some climatologists are growing increasingly uneasy about the localized predictions they are being asked to make. now that the world largely accepts our climate is changing, and that humans are to blame, we all want to know what the future holds for our own backyard. how bad will it get? flood or drought? feast or famine? super - hurricane or mediterranean balm? the statisticians and climatologists who brought us the big picture are now under huge pressure to get local. but they are growing increasingly concerned about whether their existing models and computers are up to the job. they organized a summit in reading, england, in may to discuss their concerns. as brian hoskins of reading university, one of the british government \u2019 s top climate advisers, put it : \u201c we \u2019 ve worked out the global scale. but that \u2019 s the easy problem. we don \u2019 t yet understand the smaller scale. the pressure is on for answers, and we can \u2019 t wait around for decades. \u201d already, policymakers are starting to take at face value model predictions of \u2014 to take a few examples \u2014 warming of 18 degrees fahrenheit ( 7. 8 degrees celsius ) or more in alaska, and super - droughts in the southwestern united states, but little warming at all in central states. but is the task doable? some climate modelers say that even with the extraordinary supercomputing power now available, the answer is no. that, by being lured into offering local forecasts for decades ahead, they are setting themselves up for a fall that could undermine the credibility of the climate models. lenny smith, an american statistician now working on climate modeling at the london school of economics in the united kingdom, is fearful. \u201c our models are being over - interpreted and misinterpreted, \u201d he says. \u201c they are getting better ; i don ' t want to trash them. but policy - makers think we know much more than we actually know. we need to drop the pretense that they are nearly perfect. \u201d there are two areas of concern. first, how accurate are the global models at mimicking atmospheric processes? and second, are they capable of zooming in on particular areas to give reliable pictures of the future where you live? nobody much doubts that greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide accumulating in the atmosphere will cause warming. it would be a contradiction of 200 years", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4812390270052962, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.194034"} {"text": "second, are they capable of zooming in on particular areas to give reliable pictures of the future where you live? nobody much doubts that greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide accumulating in the atmosphere will cause warming. it would be a contradiction of 200 years of physics if they did not. but exactly how much warming will occur \u2014 and how it will be distributed across the globe and impact other climatic features like rainfall \u2014 depends on feedbacks in the climate system, the oceans, and the natural carbon cycle. the influence of some of these feedbacks is much less clear. one big issue is the influence of clouds. the models are pretty hopeless at predicting future cloud cover. and we can \u2019 t even be sure whether, overall, extra clouds would warm or cool the planet. ( clouds may cool us in the day, but will usually keep us warm at night. ) in the language of donald rumsfeld, we would call this problem a \u201c known unknown. \u201d and there may also be \u201c unknown unknowns. \u201d for instance, a paper in earth and planetary science letters in march reported finding fossilized ferns in central siberia that suggest that in the late cretaceous era, temperatures there were like modern - day florida. yet current climate models predict that the area should have had average temperatures around zero celsius. the british climate modeler involved in the study, paul valdes of bristol university, says this snapshot from the era of the dinosaurs could mean that \u201c the internal physics of our climate models are wrong. \u201d that the models may also be drastically underestimating likely warming in the 21st century. this uncertainty at the heart of the models seems surprising when the predictions of most global climate models seem to be in agreement. for more than a decade they have estimated that a doubling of carbon dioxide in the air will warm the world by between 1. 5 and 4. 5 degrees celsius. some experts think the consensus of the models is bogus. \u201c the modelers tend to tweak them to align them. the process is very incestuous, \u201d one leading british analyst on uncertainty in models told me. another, jerry ravetz, fellow at oxford university \u2019 s james martin institute for science and civilisation, says : \u201c the modelers are trained to be very myopic, and not to understand the uncertainty within their models. they become very skilled at solving the little problems and ignoring the big ones. \u201d these are serious charges. but the custodians of the big models say this is really a communications problem between them", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.521378125496349, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.195056"} {"text": "and not to understand the uncertainty within their models. they become very skilled at solving the little problems and ignoring the big ones. \u201d these are serious charges. but the custodians of the big models say this is really a communications problem between them and the outside world. gavin schmidt of nasa \u2019 s goddard institute for space studies, which runs one of the world \u2019 s top climate models, says modelers themselves have a \u201c tacit knowledge \u201d of the uncertainties inherent in their work. but this knowledge rarely surfaces in public discussions, resulting in \u201c an aura of exactitude that can be misleading. \u201d steve rayner, director of the james martin institute, says, \u201c what climate models do well is give a broad picture. what they are absolutely lousy at is giving specific forecasts for particular places or times. \u201d and yet that is what modelers are increasingly doing. at a meeting at cambridge university in britain last summer, larry smith singled out for criticism the british government ' s met office hadley centre for climate prediction and research, which runs another of the world \u2019 s premier climate models. he accuses the centre of making detailed climate projections for regions of britain, when global climate models disagree strongly about how climate change will affect the islands. james murphy, hadley \u2019 s head of climate prediction, says : \u201c i find it far - fetched that a planner is going to rush off with a climate scientist \u2019 s probability distribution and make an erroneous decision because they assumed they could trust some percentile of the distribution to its second decimal point. \u201d but some say the hadley centre invites just such a response in some of its leaflets. one of its reports, \u201c new science for managing climate risks, \u201d distributed to policymakers at the bali climate conference last december, included \u201c climate model predictions \u201d forecasting that by 2030 the river orinoco \u2019 s flow will have declined by 18. 7 percent, the zambezi by 34. 9 percent, and the amazon by 13. 4 percent. many in the modeling community are growing wary of such spurious certainty. last year, a panel on climate modeling assembled by the un \u2019 s world climate research program under the chairmanship of jagadish shukla of the george mason university at calverton, maryland, concluded that current models \u201c have serious limitations in simulating regional features, for example rainfall, mid - latitude storms, organized tropical convection, ocean mixing, and ecosystem dynamics. \u201d regional projections, the panel said, \u201c are sufficiently uncertain to compromise the goal of providing society", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4798021639828174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.196088"} {"text": "models \u201c have serious limitations in simulating regional features, for example rainfall, mid - latitude storms, organized tropical convection, ocean mixing, and ecosystem dynamics. \u201d regional projections, the panel said, \u201c are sufficiently uncertain to compromise the goal of providing society with reliable predictions of regional climate change. \u201d many of the predictions were \u201c laughable, \u201d according to the panel. concern is greatest about predicting climate in the tropics, including hurricane formation. this seriously undermines the credence that can be placed on a headline - grabbing prediction in may that the future might see fewer atlantic hurricanes ( albeit sometimes more intense ). this might not matter too much if politicians and policymakers had a healthily skeptical view of climate models. but most do not, a meeting of modelers held in oxford heard in february. policymakers often hide behind models and modelers, using them to claim scientific probity for their actions. one speaker likened modern climate modelers to the ancient oracles. \u201c they are part of the tradition of goats \u2019 entrails and tea leaves. they are a way of objectifying advice, cloaking sensible ideas in a false aura of scientific certainty. \u201d we saw that when european governments at the recent bali climate conference cited the un \u2019 s intergovernmental panel on climate change as reporting that keeping carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere below 450 parts per million would prevent warming above 2 degrees celsius. and that that was a \u201c safe \u201d level of warming. neither statement is in any ipcc reports, and its scientists have repeatedly stated that what might be regarded as a safe degree of warming is ultimately a political and not a scientific question. none of this should be taken to suggest either that climate models are not valuable tools, or that they are exaggerating the significance of man - made climate change. in fact, they may well inadvertently be under - estimating the pace of change. most models suggest that climate change in the coming decades will be gradual \u2014 a smooth line on a graph. but our growing knowledge of the history of natural climate change suggests that change often happens in sudden leaps. for instance, there was a huge step - change in the world \u2019 s climate 4, 200 years ago. catastrophic droughts simultaneously shattered human societies across the middle east, india, china, and the interior of north america. \u201c models have great difficulty in predicting such sudden events, and in explaining them, \u201d says euan nisbet of royal holloway, the university of london. \u201c but geology tells us that catastrophe has happened", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46429309605636004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.197220"} {"text": "and german socialism written by : hanna c. sanchez rosa luxemburg was the youngest daughter of a middle class family in poland. although she learned about politics from her father who often read from the newspaper and discussed politics with his family, her commitment to socialism emerged only from herself. originally from poland, rosa greatly influenced the socialist movement in germany through her writings, ideals, and actions. her views of a revolutionary party differed from the classic leninist beliefs and she is often referred to as the democratic alternative to the authoritarian party. however, rosa was not an advocate of democracy ; rather, she saw democracy as a stepping stone on the path to her socialist revolution. she is the best known revolutionary theorist to actually experience a western revolution, even though the german revolution of 1918 - 19 ultimately failed. rosa was an orthodox marxist and believed the revolution would occur by the working class taking and exercising political power. furthermore, the workers would have to be educated and possess class - consciousness in order to execute successfully a revolution, and this education would result from their experiences with the government. according to rosa, the revolution would occur as a series of events in which the forces of capitalism gradually weakened as the workers gained power. rosa also disagreed with revisionists such as bernstein in that she felt reforms would serve to educate the proletariat, which in turn would lead to the revolution. she initially became involved with movements in high school in warsaw, and continued her involvement in the polish social movement after she graduated. her work was so extensive that in 1889, she heard that the russian authorities that controlled most of poland might arrest her. as a result, rosa decided to leave the country and was smuggled across the border by a catholic priest. she went to zurich, switzerland, which was the center for many eastern european emigres. at the university in zurich, rosa earned her degree of doctor of law in 1897 and wrote a thesis on the industrial development of poland. her educational background in history and political economics served as the foundation for work after her schooling. while in zurich, rosa became even more involved in the socialist movement. with leo jogiches, who became her lover, she co - founded the polish social democratic party ( sdkp ). although the sdkp was not very successful during the 1890s, rosa became well known throughout the international socialist movement. members of the nationalistic polish socialist party criticized rosa for her position that socialist parties were not interested in poland \u2019 s struggle for independence, and this attracted much attention to her. in 1898, she married gustav", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4696151376154511, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.206504"} {"text": "became well known throughout the international socialist movement. members of the nationalistic polish socialist party criticized rosa for her position that socialist parties were not interested in poland \u2019 s struggle for independence, and this attracted much attention to her. in 1898, she married gustav lubeck and moved to berlin. her marriage was not one of love, as her relationship with jogiches continued. rosa \u2019 s primary goal was to gain german citizenship through the marriage in order to prevent her deportation as an undesirable alien. in germany, she became involved with the german socialist party ( spd ) mainly as an expert on polish affairs. she was particularly valuable to the spd since it aimed to establish itself in polish areas under german control. from the start of her work with the spd, rosa made it clear that she did not want to be limited in her work and she maintained a position in the mainstream of german socialist politics. rosa achieved a prominent position in the spd and was widely published. her main argument during the period of 1899 to 1904 was the necessity of a connection between the daily activity of the trade union movement and the socialist party and the long - term aim of revolution. however, she had no concrete plans on how to accomplish this. furthermore, she did not have specific suggestions on how to speed up the path to a revolution nor did she know what form the revolution would take. the russian revolution of 1905 led rosa to believe that it would radicalize the socialist movement all over europe and not just in russia. in her explanations of the russian revolution, she mentioned for the first time that bloodshed would be encountered in the revolution. although she was excited by the russian revolution, she was also frustrated by the fact that it was taking place just east of poland while she was in germany. despite her work as a link between russian and western european socialists, she would have preferred to be in the middle of the revolution that was already taking place. in march 1906, rosa was arrested along with jogiches. her health worsened while in prison, and her state helped persuade the government to release her on a bail of 3000 rubles. after her release, she received permission to leave germany and in august went to finland, stopping by st. petersburg where she visited trotsky and parvus. in finland, rosa visited lenin and wrote the mass strike, in which she interpreted the 1905 russian revolution and demonstrated how the lessons of the events were applicable to all of europe. unfortunately, her writings did not have its intended effect since it was presented at a time when most socialists were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48333118734238195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.207602"} {"text": "and wrote the mass strike, in which she interpreted the 1905 russian revolution and demonstrated how the lessons of the events were applicable to all of europe. unfortunately, her writings did not have its intended effect since it was presented at a time when most socialists were no longer willing to discuss a revolution. rosa returned to germany in 1906 and was disappointed to discover that there was little enthusiasm over the russian revolution. the party congress in 1906 stated that while there may have been possibilities for a revolution, they no longer were present. furthermore, she found herself increasingly alone in her opinions in the party. although the spd agreed with her that the revolution was not likely to be just one big event, it would not go along with her belief that the revolution would be a series of events. as a result of the 1905 revolution, she had refined her beliefs of the revolution. she felt that the economic structure around her was becoming increasingly contradictory and more serious strikes would break out because of the economic situation. these strikes would be countered by governmental opposition and repression, which would educate the workers politically. this would lead to the gradual politicization of the entire strike movement, although the workers \u2019 strategy would still be to economically paralyze the whole country. although the government would subdue each strike, each strike would reemerge stronger and more determined than the previous one. the series of mass strikes would ultimately undermine the capitalist order as well as educate the proletariat of the course that history was taking. however, most socialist parties disagreed with rosa \u2019 s view of the revolution and the role of mass strikes. they believed that the voters would bring them political power and the trade union movement would provide some economic power. rosa \u2019 s appeal and popularity reached a pinnacle at the start of 1914. she went on trial for a statement she made the previous year in which she renounced fighting against the french and was subsequently sentenced to one year in prison. not only did she gain attention through this episode, but rosa also came to represent the spd persecuted by the government. the first world war broke out while she was in prison, and she was surprised by it. the brutality of the war horrified her and she worked with some groups to end the war, even though she did help pass a resolution for those who wanted to use the war to further the revolution. she spent most of wwi in prison and accomplished a great deal of work. among her writings, rosa referred to the russian revolution as the mightiest event of the world war, but felt that its ultimate effects depended on what western", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5171035598970347, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.209386"} {"text": "further the revolution. she spent most of wwi in prison and accomplished a great deal of work. among her writings, rosa referred to the russian revolution as the mightiest event of the world war, but felt that its ultimate effects depended on what western nations afterwards. she criticized the lack of political freedom in the russian revolution and the german socialists who would have to incite their own revolution in order for the one in russia to be effective and prolonged. rosa acknowledged the possibility of the failure of the revolution and further believed that failure would be better if success would be accomplished with the compromise of principles. her own group, the spartacist league, was almost insignificant in the german revolution of 1918. the revolution took place in berlin on november 9, the day that rosa was released from prison. in january 1919, the independent socialists, communists, and other radicals joined to protest against the government. however, it became apparent that the government would not fall and all groups except the communists consequently separated themselves from the protest. rosa led the spartacist league with karl liebknecht and together they became the leaders of the spartacist rebellion. they were later arrested after a resistance to the government was suppressed. rosa was interrogated, beaten, shot, and then thrown into the landwehr canal in berlin. rosa became a martyr of socialism as a result of her death at the hands of the government. even while some of her works were criticized, she was still remembered by both the socialists and communists. bradley, michael e. \u201c rosa luxemburg \u2019 s theory of the growth of the capitalist economy. \u201d social science quarterly. vol. 52 ( 2 ), 1971. pgs. 318 - 330. reynolds, david b. \u201c rediscovering western marxism \u2019 s heritage : rosa luxemburg and the role of the party. \u201d research and society. vol. 3, 1990. pgs. 1 - 34. richards, michael d. \u201c rosa luxemburg - heroine of the left. \u201d history today. vol. 22 ( 2 ), 1972. pgs. 103 - 110. weitz, eric d. \u201c \u2019 rosa luxemburg belongs to us! \u2019 german communism and the luxemburg legacy. \u201d central european history. vol. 27 ( 1 ), 1994. pgs. 27 - 64.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4347481535630682, "token_count": 472, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.210353"} {"text": "lawrenceville, georgia ( cnn ) - - you might recognize prominent primatologist frans de waal from lectures he has given about his research on primate behavior, which have been popularized on youtube. his face is familiar to chimpanzees, too ; some chimps that he knew as babies still recognize him even after decades apart, he said. \" chimpanzees have the advantage that you cannot ask them questions, so you have to watch ( their ) behavior to see what they do, \" says de waal, director of emory university ' s living links center, in his dutch - accented voice that is both gentle and authoritative. he adds, with dry humor : \" with humans, you can ask questions and you get all sorts of answers i don ' t trust, so i prefer to work with chimpanzees for that reason. \" living links is part of the oldest and largest primate center in the united states : the yerkes national primate research center, a secluded grassy area in suburban atlanta where humans work in office trailers and other animals play in open - air compounds. de waal, who has been at the center for more than 20 years, has made a career out of finding links between primate and human behavior, particularly in the areas of morality and empathy. you might think of \" morality \" as special for humans, but there are elements of it that are found in the animal kingdom, says de waal - - namely, fairness and reciprocity. his latest study, published this week in the journal proceedings of the national academy of sciences, suggests that chimpanzees may show some of the same sensibility about fairness that humans do. the popular belief that the natural world is based on competition is a simplification, de waal says. the strength of one ' s immune system, and the ability to find food, are also crucial. and many animals survive by cooperating. \" the struggle for life is not necessarily literally a struggle, \" he said. \" humans are a highly cooperative species, and we can see in our close relatives where that comes from. \" mammals such as wolves, orcas and elephants need their groups to survive, and empathy and cooperation are survival mechanisms. de waal discusses these mechanisms in his 2009 book \" the age of empathy : nature ' s lessons for a kinder society. \" \" we think that empathy evolved to take care of others that you need to take care of, especially, of course, between mother and offspring, which is universal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4444620792040094, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.219161"} {"text": "book \" the age of empathy : nature ' s lessons for a kinder society. \" \" we think that empathy evolved to take care of others that you need to take care of, especially, of course, between mother and offspring, which is universal in all the mammals, \" de waal said. what it means to be fair de waal isn ' t sure that his monkeys have what a philosopher would call a \" concept of justice \" in an intellectual sense. but the emotional reactions researchers have observed indicates that there is, at a more basic level, a sense of justice among them. among the questions he investigates : if an animal gets more than another, is there is a feeling that this is somehow unjust? and if one shares food with another, is there an expectation of returning the favor? in a 2008 study, de waal and colleagues put two capuchin monkeys side by side and gave them a simple task to complete : giving a rock to the experimenter. they were given cucumbers as a reward for executing the task, and the monkeys obliged. but if one of the monkeys was given grapes, something interesting happened : as observed in a popular video that de waal showed in his ted talk, after receiving the first piece of cucumber, the capuchin monkey gives the experimenter a rock as expected. but upon seeing that the other monkey has grapes, the capuchin monkey throws the next piece of cucumber that it is given back at the researcher. like children, the monkeys feel they \" need to get the same thing as somebody else, \" de waal said. based on experiments such as these, de waal came to believe that the sense of fairness observed in monkeys is egocentric. the capuchin monkeys were upset, selfishly, when they didn ' t get the grapes that their neighbors received. de waal believed this model of fairness would apply to chimpanzees also. chimpanzees are so closely related to us that they share 99 % of their dna with humans. but the new study, which compares chimpanzees to young children, makes de waal rethink that view. \" now with this experiment, we are thinking that they have a higher level, where they worry about reward division in general, \" he said, \" and it ' s now unclear how they differ from humans. \" the new study : a human sense of fairness? in the new study, de waal and colleagues had chimpanzees and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5234900934791442, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.220181"} {"text": "reward division in general, \" he said, \" and it ' s now unclear how they differ from humans. \" the new study : a human sense of fairness? in the new study, de waal and colleagues had chimpanzees and, separately, young children, play an \" ultimatum game. \" this is \" the gold standard of fairness for humans \" because it has been played all over the world, by people in different cultures, to show that, universally, humans appear to have a sense of fairness. the basic structure of an ultimatum game is that there are rewards that can be divided between two individuals. one proposes how to divide them and the other accepts or rejects this offer. if the receiver rejects, no rewards are given out. human trials have shown that people usually propose a generous division of the goodies, such as half and half or 60 % and 40 %, de waal said. in the version used in the new experiment, six adult chimpanzees and 20 human children, between ages 2 and 7, participated. the setup was such that a token could be traded for equal rewards for both partners, and a token that would give more goodies to the partner who made the choice. in some trials, one partner proposes a reward division to the other via a token, and the receiver must accept the token in order for both parties to get rewards. in others, the partner ' s acceptance is not required. the researchers found that chimpanzees and children both tended to make decisions about splitting rewards similarly to adult humans. in the situation where the responder could accept or reject the division of rewards, both chimpanzees and children tended to split the rewards with their partners. but when the partner was not given the opportunity to reject the proposal, chimps and kids tended to choose the selfish arrangement - - a token that favored the chooser. so, does this mean that chimpanzees show the same sense of fairness as humans? keith jensen of the university of manchester, who has conducted similar experiments in the past, isn ' t so sure. his results did not show that chimpanzees have a sense of fairness. jensen is concerned about the results of this new study because it ' s not clear that the responders knew that they could reject offers. none of the participants, human or chimp, ever rejected the offers of their partners. \" the fact that responders never rejected nonzero offers suggests that they were not sensitive to unfairness but were only", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5125921765888057, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.221138"} {"text": "italics. their logo of the anchor and dolphin is represented today in the symbols and names used by some modern publishers such as doubleday. selected aldine editions - 1495 \u2013 1498 aristotle - 1499 hypnerotomachia poliphili - 1501 francesco petrarca, le cose volgari - 1502 dante - 1502 herodotus - 1502 sophocles - 1503 florilegium diversorum epigrammatum in septem libros - 1504 and 1517 homer - 1513 plato - 1513 pindar ( editio princeps ), callimachus ' hymns, dionysius periegetes, lycophron ( editio princeps ) - 1514 institutionum grammaticarum libri quatuor - 1514 virgil ( the first of the italic type pocket octavo editions ) - 1528 baldassare castiglione, the book of the courtier ( first printing ) one of the more substantial collections of aldine press books and aldine imitations in north america is at the harold b. lee library on the campus of brigham young university in provo, utah. - \" hand bookbindings \". princeton university library. 2004. archived from the original on 27 november 2009. retrieved 12 january 2010. - eisenstein, e. ( 1979 ). the printing press as an agent of change. cambridge, uk : cambridge university press. - a guide to special collections ( 1999 ) - see this link : http : / / net. lib. byu. edu / aldine / aldwel. html. further reading - renouard, a. a. ( 1834 ) annales de l ' imprimerie des aldes, ou l ' histoire des trois manuce et de leurs editions ; 3eme edition. paris ( the standard bibliography ) - fletcher, h. g., iii ( 1988 ) new aldine studies : documentary essays on the life and work of aldus manutius. san francisco - lowry, martin ( 1984 ) il mondo di aldo manuzio \u2013 affari e cultura della venezia del rinascimento. roma : il veltro, pp. 441 ( translated from : the world of aldus manutius : business and scholarship in renaissance venice, basil blackwell, oxford, 1979 ). ii edizione, con aggiornamento bibliografico, roma 2000. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4044801485102093, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.227180"} {"text": "temporal range : 0ma recent | range of chinchilla lanigera and chinchilla chinchilla. chinchillas are crepuscular rodents, slightly larger and more robust than ground squirrels, native to the andes mountains in south america. they live in colonies at high altitudes ( up to 15, 000 ft / 4, 270 m ). historically, they lived in the andes of bolivia, chile, and peru, but today colonies in the wild remain only in peru and chile. along with their relatives, viscachas, they make up the family chinchillidae. the animal ( whose name literally means \" little chincha \" ) is named after the chincha people of the andes, who once wore its dense, velvet - like fur. by the end of the 19th century, chinchillas had become quite rare due to hunting for their ultra - soft fur. most chinchillas currently used by the fur industry for clothing and other accessories are farm - raised. the two living species of chinchilla are chinchilla chinchilla ( formerly known as chinchilla brevicaudata ) and chinchilla lanigera. there is little noticeable difference between the species, except c. chinchilla has a shorter tail, a thicker neck and shoulders, and shorter ears than c. lanigera. the former species is currently facing extinction ; the latter, though rare, can be found in the wild. domesticated chinchillas are thought to have come from the c. lanigera species. in their native habitats, chinchillas live in burrows or crevices in rocks. they are agile jumpers and can jump up to 6 ft ( 1. 8 m ). predators in the wild include birds of prey, skunks, felines, snakes and canines. chinchillas have a variety of defensive tactics, including spraying urine and releasing fur if bitten. in the wild, chinchillas have been observed eating plant leaves, fruits, seeds, and small insects. in nature, chinchillas live in social groups that resemble colonies, but are properly called herds. they can breed any time of the year. their gestation period is 111 days, longer than most rodents. due to this long pregnancy, chinchillas are born fully furred and with eyes open. litters are usually small in number, predominantly two. roles with humans the international trade in chinchilla fur goes back to the 16th century. their fur is popular in the fur trade due to its extremely", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4161568835187497, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.237974"} {"text": "born fully furred and with eyes open. litters are usually small in number, predominantly two. roles with humans the international trade in chinchilla fur goes back to the 16th century. their fur is popular in the fur trade due to its extremely soft feel, which is caused by the sprouting of 60 hairs from each hair follicle, on average. the color is usually very even, which makes it ideal for small garments or the lining of large garments, though some large garments can be made entirely from the fur. a single, full - length coat made from chinchilla fur may require as many as 150 pelts, as chinchillas are relatively small. their use for fur led to the extinction of one species, and put serious pressure on the other two. though it is illegal to hunt wild chinchillas, the wild animals are now on the verge of becoming extinct because of continued illegal hunting. domesticated chinchillas are still bred for this use. chinchillas as pets chinchillas require extensive exercise. their teeth need to be worn down, as they grow continuously and can prevent them from eating if they become overgrown. wooden sticks, pumice stone and chew toys are good options, but conifer and citrus woods ( such as cedar or orange ) should be avoided because of the high content of resins, oils and phenols that are toxic for chinchillas. birch, willow, apple, manzanita or kiln - dried pine woods are all safe for chinchillas to chew. chinchillas lack the ability to sweat ; therefore, if temperatures get above 25\u00b0c ( 80\u00b0f ), they could get overheated and may suffer from heat stroke. chinchillas dissipate heat by routing blood to their large ears, so red ears signal overheating. chinchillas can be found in a variety of colors. the only color found in nature is standard gray. the most common other colors are white, black velvet, beige, ebony, violet, and sapphire, and blends of these. the animals instinctively clean their fur by taking dust baths, in which they roll around in special dust made of fine pumice. in the wild, the dust is formed from fine, ground volcanic rocks. the dust gets into their fur and absorbs oil and dirt. these baths are needed a few times a week. chinchillas do not bathe in water because the dense fur prevents air - drying, retaining moisture close to the skin, which can cause fungus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4329991662390417, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.239010"} {"text": "gets into their fur and absorbs oil and dirt. these baths are needed a few times a week. chinchillas do not bathe in water because the dense fur prevents air - drying, retaining moisture close to the skin, which can cause fungus growth or fur rot. a wet chinchilla must be dried immediately with towels and a no - heat hair dryer. the thick fur resists parasites, such as fleas, and reduces loose dander, making chinchillas hypoallergenic. chinchillas eat and drink in very small amounts. in the wild, they eat and digest desert grasses, so cannot efficiently process fatty or high protein foods, or too many green plants. a high quality, hay - based pellet and a constant supply of loose timothy hay will meet all of their dietary needs. chinchillas ' very sensitive gastrointestinal tracts can be easily disrupted, so a healthy diet is important. in a mixed ration, chinchillas may avoid the healthy, high - fiber pellets in favor of items such as raisins and seeds. fresh vegetables and fruit ( with high moisture content ) should be avoided, as these can cause bloat, which can be fatal. sweets and dried fruit treats should be limited to one per day, at the very most. this can lead to diarrhea, or in the long term, diabetes. nuts should be avoided due to their high fat content. high protein foods and alfalfa hay can cause liver problems and should be limited. in scientific research the chinchilla is often used as an animal model in researching the auditory system, because the chinchilla ' s range of hearing ( 20 hz to 30 khz ) and cochlear size is close to that of a human, and the chinchilla cochlea is fairly easy to access. other research fields in which chinchillas are used as an animal model include the study of chagas disease, gastrointestinal diseases, pneumonia, and listeriosis, as well as of yersinia and pseudomonas infections. the first scientific study on chinchilla sounds in their social environment was conducted by dr. bartl dvm in germany. - viscacha, a rodent similar to a chinchilla - woods, c. a. and kilpatrick, c. w. ( 2005 ). infraorder hystricognathi. in : d. e. wilson and d. m. reeder ( eds )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4362996501357689, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.240012"} {"text": "s. 3rd street in german village | added to nrhp : | | december 30, 1974 | german village ( boundary increase ) | architectural style : | | no style listed | | added to nrhp : | | november 28, 1980 | german village is a historic neighborhood in columbus, ohio, just south of downtown. it was settled in the early - to - mid - 19th century by a large number of german immigrants, who at one time comprised as much as a third of the city ' s entire population. it was added to the national register of historic places on december 30, 1974, becoming the largest privately funded preservation district on the list, and in 2007, was made a preserve america community by the white house. on november 28, 1980, its boundaries were increased and today it is one of the premier historic restorations in the world. in 1796, congress appropriated the refugee lands for individuals who had supported the colonial cause in the american revolution. by 1802, an american revolution veteran named john mcgowan claimed 328 acres ( 1. 33 km2 ), most of what would become the german village. as german immigrants arrived, mcgowan sold tracts of land to them. by 1814, a settlement had grown up, originally called \" die alte sud ende \" ( the old south end ), and german immigrants contributed to building the first statehouse. by 1830, massive german immigration to the city had occurred. the most influential german newspaper in 1843 was der westbote. many would serve in the american civil war, thus gaining the universal respect of the local citizens. by 1865, one - third of columbus ' s population was german and the community was flourishing. they built up the local neighborhood, including many businesses, such as hessenauer jewelers and lazarus department stores, schools, and churches, such as the ohio - historic st. mary ' s catholic church, built in 1865 and adorned with a 197 - foot ( 60 m ) steeple in 1893. german - american george karb became mayor of the city, twice, at the end of the 19th century and again in the early 20th century. the local schools the german immigrants constructed and managed were so superior that english - speaking residents of columbus chose to attend them, such as one that once stood at fulton street east of s. fourth street. in 1831, the german evangelical lutheran seminary secured 14 acres ( 57, 000 m2 ) in the south end, founded by william schmidt, a graduate of the university of halle in germany. the school would go on to become what", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3884734173280122, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.260646"} {"text": "s. fourth street. in 1831, the german evangelical lutheran seminary secured 14 acres ( 57, 000 m2 ) in the south end, founded by william schmidt, a graduate of the university of halle in germany. the school would go on to become what is known today as capital university, still under the leadership of the lutheran church and now located in nearby bexley. the arts and athletics the german immigrants brought with them a vibrant athletic and artistic heritage, which was reflected in their social establishments. the columbus maennerchor, a singing group, was established in 1848, and as early as 1852, won a ribbon for their talent at the north american sangerfest. in 1866, the group won the silver pokal at a festival held in louisville. in the late 19th century, another singing group called the columbus liederkranz was formed by the germans, but was forced to cease during world war i because of heavy anti - german pressure. many of its members joined the maennerchor, which survived. in the 1860s and 1870s the maennerchor formed a drama division called the \" dramatischen sektion. \" they would produce operas, dramas, and comedies until disbanding in the 1930s. one of their notable performances was their 1927 production of friedrich von schiller ' s die rauber. another social group was the schiller club, founded in 1900. the columbus turn verein was a social and athletic ( tumbling ) association that dated back to 1866, and was a main organization from which the german immigrants drew mutual support. in the late 19th century the turners merged with the germania gesang verein, which hosted a maennerchor and a damenchor. another merger enlarged the germania in the late 1920s. the germania merged with the kicker \u2019 s soccer club, which for many years was a very active part of the organization. the club also now includes a fahrrad verein ( bicycle club ), which goes on weekend outings to bike trails throughout central ohio. the club ' s official name is now the germania gesang und sport verein ( singing and sports club ). the germania club itself was located in a residence on kossuth street, but outgrew its first facility. in 1927 it purchased the present location at 543 south front street from the estate of nicolaus schlee, one of the prestigious brewmasters of the neighborhood. the society is now located in the neighborhood known as the brewery district", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4067044098967864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.261784"} {"text": "its first facility. in 1927 it purchased the present location at 543 south front street from the estate of nicolaus schlee, one of the prestigious brewmasters of the neighborhood. the society is now located in the neighborhood known as the brewery district of columbus, which is the northernmost section of the german village. over the years the germania club has made it its mission to retain, promote and disseminate all that is good about german culture. a major component of this mission is the practice and performance of german song. their choruses participate and support public events throughout ohio during the year in appreciation for the community \u2019 s support. the germania club will celebrate its 147th anniversary in 2013 with an oktoberfest that will feature its choruses. in 1890, the ohio state buckeyesl football team played their first - ever home game in the south end, at a location just west of present - day schiller park between jaeger, ebner, and whittier ( then called schiller ) streets. german brewery district a prosperous industry for the german immigrants was the brewing industry. today, the brewery district, part of the greater german village neighborhood, still partially resembles its notable past. during the 19th century, the area was found largely along both sides of s. front street from livingston avenue to sycamore street. notable breweries during this period included the bavarian brewery, started in 1849 by george schlegel, which ultimately became the shlegel bavarian brewery in 1860 when bavarian nicholas schlee immigrated and took over. schlee was president of the company that eventually constructed the great southern hotel downtown. schlee also owned the lyceum theater and served as vice president of the central bank. conrad born opened the capital brewery in 1859 and was also president of the century discount company. the industry flourished during the early 20th century. one of the last major brewers of the city before prohibition was august wagner, who immigrated from bavaria in the late 19th century and worked as the brewmaster at the city brewery before becoming president and general manager of the gambrinus brewing company. by 1919, he had purchased all of the stock for the company to become the sole owner, and in 1938 he changed the name to august wagner breweries, inc. he was known to parade around on a horse costumed as gambrinus, the patron saint of beer. a statue of gambrinus is located at 605 s. front street. twenty - nine breweries have existed in and around", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38222198744121805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.262856"} {"text": "he was known to parade around on a horse costumed as gambrinus, the patron saint of beer. a statue of gambrinus is located at 605 s. front street. twenty - nine breweries have existed in and around the village throughout its history. hoster brewing dynasty while english breweries were found originally in the city, as german immigrants moved in, their brewing techniques were universally embraced and became the dominant methods for producing beer. louis hoster, an immigrant from rheinpfalz, germany, is notably credited for this transformation when he opened the city brewery in the 1830s. he would go on to serve on the city council between 1846 and 1854 while establishing the city ' s first wollen mill in 1852. in 1864, he established the louis hoster & sons brewery, which became the hoster columbus associated breweries in 1904. he would also serve on the board of education and was a unionist democrat. later members of louis hoster ' s brewing dynasty included his son louis philip hoster, president of the columbus structural steel company, and herman hoster, son of louis ' s son george, a graduate of yale university, treasurer of hoster columbus associated breweries, and founder of the columbus envelope company. another son of george was carl j. hoster, graduate of cornell university, who was president of the hoster columbus associated breweries as well as the director of the hayden clinton national bank and columbus driving park association, president of the u. s. brewer ' s association, 32nd degree of the scottish rite, and great - great uncle of former u. s. president george w. bush. hoster street in the german village stretches six blocks between lazelle and s. front streets. dr. herman a. hoster, jr. dr. herman a. hoster, jr. was the son of herman hoster, and name - bearer of the herman a. hoster research laboratory of the department of medicine and the department of zoology at the ohio state university. he was a graduate of yale university and johns hopkins university who would suffer from hodgkin ' s disease. after learning of his illness, dr. hoster resigned his medical position with yale to return home to columbus. there he focused on research of the disease at ohio state university. he became a professor of medicine and eventually an associate director of research at the college of medicine, where he performed experiments on himself related to his illness, including some at henry ford hospital in detroit. he published several leading research papers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.384982106990692, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.263863"} {"text": "at ohio state university. he became a professor of medicine and eventually an associate director of research at the college of medicine, where he performed experiments on himself related to his illness, including some at henry ford hospital in detroit. he published several leading research papers, including support of radiation therapy to treat the disease. dr. hoster became a charter member of the hodgkin ' s disease research foundation in new york city, serving as the original president between 1947 and 1951. the first headquarters of the foundation was established at st. vincent ' s hospital and included as board members dr. robert chambers of new york university, dr. antonio rottino, vice president of st. vincent ' s hospital, dr. harry rolnick of philadelphia, and john finn, vice president of fordham university. the area was in serious decline throughout the first half of the 20th century, partly due to anti - german sentiment during world war i. this was sparked by the sinking of the lusitania by germany, in which innocent women and children lost their lives. the media used this to demonize germany and german - americans. the germans claimed the ship was transporting weapons in a war zone, which the british and american governments denied. however, in 2008, millions of rounds of ammunition were found at the wreckage of the ship. during that time, the teaching of german in public schools was banned and german textbooks were burned. german street names were changed, such as germania street becoming the present - day stewart avenue, and schiller park was temporarily renamed washington park. the anti - german sentiment fueled by the media was so bad that in 1918, german books were burned on broad street and at the foot of the schiller statue. german canine breeds were taken from their owners and slaughtered, including german shepherds and dachshunds. despite the hatred, the columbus german american community would produce one of america ' s finest heroes from the war, captain eddie rickenbacker, for whom rickenbacker international airport in southern columbus is named. further decline occurred later due to the closing of the local breweries during prohibition. after the war, the south end was zoned for manufacturing, leading to the erosion of the area ' s residential feel. in world war ii, the streetcar tracks and wrought - iron fences were confiscated for the war effort. by the 1950s, the area had become a slum and the city decided to demolish one - third of the neighborhood. nearing complete destruction, frank fetch defied the common wisdom and purchased a house on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4292645141776737, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.264883"} {"text": "iron fences were confiscated for the war effort. by the 1950s, the area had become a slum and the city decided to demolish one - third of the neighborhood. nearing complete destruction, frank fetch defied the common wisdom and purchased a house on s. wall street, determined to rebuild the neighborhood. fetch would create the german village society. in june 1960, the society hosted the first haus und garten tour, which attracted visitors and the local media to eight restored homes and two gardens. today, the tour is one of the city ' s most popular events. frank fetch park was named after him. concerned citizens managed to save its historic architecture from demolition in the 1960s by successfully lobbying for a local commission, the german village commission, to have power over external changes made to buildings, and by getting the area listed on the national register of historic places in 1975. as of 2009 [ update ], the german village society has over 1, 000 preservationists dedicated to maintaining the historic quality of the buildings and neighborhood and german village is considered one of the most desirable areas to live in the city. more than 1, 600 buildings have been restored since 1960 and it is credited as one of the premiere restoration districts in the world. by the 1980s, the restoration was nearly complete. today, it is the largest privately funded historic district on the national register of historic places. residential real estate the area is mostly a residential neighborhood of sturdy, red - brick homes with wrought iron fences along tree - lined, brick - paved streets. the average home price is $ 377, 450. several homes in the neighborhood are priced at over $ 1 million, including a 5, 200 - square - foot ( 480 m2 ) home that sold in august 2007 for $ 1. 5 million. another home, which was purchased for $ 1. 4 million in 2006, boasts an underground tunnel linking the main house with the garage, which also serves as an art and wine cellar. german village has a commercial strip mainly centered along s. third street, with mostly locally owned restaurants \u2014 such as katzinger ' s delicatessen \u2014 and the 32 - room book loft bookstore. the neighborhood is home to one of the world ' s largest producers of stained glass, the franklin art glass studios inc., as well as several art galleries including the archive gallery, hawk galleries, keny gallery, kight studio 551, and metroscap. shops catering to european - imported retail include caterina ltd. and t. david collection. numerous neighborhood restaurants won 2010 thisweek community", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4171332930520225, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.266028"} {"text": "galleries including the archive gallery, hawk galleries, keny gallery, kight studio 551, and metroscap. shops catering to european - imported retail include caterina ltd. and t. david collection. numerous neighborhood restaurants won 2010 thisweek community papers awards, including skillet as the best new restaurant in the city, and thurman cafe for best burgers. barcelona, noted for its spanish cuisine, won for best patio and is a consistent columbus dispatch best city restaurant. lindey ' s was runner - up for the same award that year and was voted one of columbus ' s top 10 restaurants for 18 years straight. it has appeared previously in the new york times, washington post, usa today, and gourmet magazine. in 2010, max and erma ' s was runner up for best casual restaurant and best soups, pistacia vera runner - up for best desserts, and roosters won best wings. german village is the home of the first restaurant in the max & erma ' s chain. in 1972, the restaurant was opened by barry zacks. the name was adopted from the original tavern, started in 1958 by max and erma visocnik, which the new owners converted into the popular theme restaurant. the german village guest house has been recognized as one of the best in the midwest by the new york post, the plain dealer, and the st. louis post dispatch, and positively reviewed by the washington post and the tennessean. it was rated as the \" best columbus hotel 2010 \" by city search. in 2006, local media personality andrea cambern, in collaboration with the german village society and wbns, narrated a 10 - minute documentary short on the neighborhood, which won an ohio historic preservation office award. schiller park schiller park, named after friedrich von schiller, which was once a community meeting ground for the german settlement, is now the site of recreational facilities, gardens, and an amphitheater that hosts free live performances of shakespearean plays during the summer months courtesy of actors theatre of columbus. it is bounded by jaeger street and city park, reinhard, and deshler avenues. it has been the area ' s center for festivals and neighborhood activities since the 1800s. the main entrance of the 23 - acre park, along city park avenue, greets visitors with the huntington gardens, sponsored by huntington national bank and maintained by volunteers, and the schiller statue. the statue was presented to the park by local residents in 1891. it is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3894646812257412, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.267665"} {"text": "23 - acre park, along city park avenue, greets visitors with the huntington gardens, sponsored by huntington national bank and maintained by volunteers, and the schiller statue. the statue was presented to the park by local residents in 1891. it is a second casting of the statue in munich, germany, designed and executed by max von widnmann and unveiled on may 9, 1863. the columbus statue was transported free of charge across the atlantic. the park is also home to the umbrella girl fountain, dedicated to the citizens of german village in october 1996 to replace the missing original sculpture. preserve america community german tradition has long reigned in the community in the form of an annual oktoberfest festival. it originally took place in schiller park and has been held at various locations within the german village neighborhood. due to new development in the area, it now takes place at the ohio state fairgrounds / ohio expo center. the festival was voted to be canceled in 2009, but the schmidt ( owners and operators of schmidt ' s sausage haus ) and cox families stepped in to keep it running. a smaller oktoberfest still goes on in the german village itself, at the germania gesang und sport verein ( singing and sports club ) at 543 south front street in the old schlee brewmaster ' s house and outdoor garden. although german village is an eclectic community, the area is particularly known as a columbus \" gayborhood. \" while no gay establishments are located within the german village limits, several gay - friendly bars are located in the neighboring brewery district and merion village. the 2010 gay softball world series was held at nearby lou berliner park. america ' s great places in 2011, german village was named as one of america ' s great places in the neighborhoods category by the american planning association. their description reads, \" unpretentious, renovated houses and cottages stand shoulder to shoulder. small, meticulously maintained front yards front tree - lined streets with brick sidewalks and cultivated village planters. small businesses and storefronts with eye - catching displays and the aroma of culinary delights draw in passing pedestrians. german village has remained true to its mid - 19th century history, architecture, and character despite periods of disinvestment, decline, and near ruin. \". see also - \" national register information system \". national register of historic places. national park service. 2008 - 04 - 15. - insider ' s guide to columbus, shawnie kelley. globe pequot,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.3760536009575224, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.269184"} {"text": ", and near ruin. \". see also - \" national register information system \". national register of historic places. national park service. 2008 - 04 - 15. - insider ' s guide to columbus, shawnie kelley. globe pequot, 2006. isbn 0 - 7627 - 3542 - 2, isbn 978 - 0 - 7627 - 3542 - 6. p. 269. - \" st. mary church \", j. j. prats. historical marker database. 4 july 2009. retrieved 7 september 2010. - german village society history retrieved 15 sept 2012. - german columbus, jeffrey t. darbee, nancy a. recchie. arcadia publishing, 2005. isbn 0 - 7385 - 3396 - 3, isbn 978 - 0 - 7385 - 3396 - 4. pp. 7, 17. - darbee and recchie, p. 26. - darbee and recchie, p. 18. - educational history of ohio, james jesse burns. historical pub. co., 1905. p. 349. - \" capital university \", u. s. news and world report. 2010. retrieved 7 september 2010. - german columbus, jeffrey t. darbee, nancy a. recchie. arcadia publishing, 2005. isbn 0 - 7385 - 3396 - 3, isbn 978 - 0 - 7385 - 3396 - 4. - darbee and recchie, p. 19. - darbee and recchie, p. 21. - darbee and recchie, p. 24. - darbee and recchie, p. 25. - darbee and recchie, pp. 60, 68. - \" site of first ohio state home football game / the ohio state university first football team 1890 \", william fischer, jr. 13 oct 2008. retrieved 7 september 2010. - darbee and recchie, p. 60. - darbee and recchie, p. 68. - \" columbus in historic photographs \", columbus metropolitan library. retrieved 7 september 2010. - \" brewery district \", touring ohio. 2010. retrieved 7 september 2010. - darbee and recchie, p. 27. - \" the l. hoster brewing company \", ohiobreweriana. retrieved 7 september 2010. - centennial history of columbus and franklin county, ohio, volume 2, william alexander taylor, s. j. clarke publishing co., 1909. p. 731. - obituary record of graduates of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4023215201427537, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.270051"} {"text": "ohiobreweriana. retrieved 7 september 2010. - centennial history of columbus and franklin county, ohio, volume 2, william alexander taylor, s. j. clarke publishing co., 1909. p. 731. - obituary record of graduates of yale university, yale university, 1915. p. 897. - centennial history of columbus and franklin county, ohio, volume 1, william alexander taylor, s. j. clarke publishing co., 1909. pp. 608 \u2013 09. - \" feature articles in grandview thisweek newspaper weekly moment in time column \", the grandview heights marble cliff historical society. 2006 \u2013 2007. retrieved 7 september 2008. - \" a tireless determination : herman a. hoster, m. d. \", house call. medical heritage center of ohio state university. winter 2003. retrieved 7 september 2010. - journal of the american medical association, volume 133, number 10, march 8, 1947 ( subscription required ). - \" hodgkin ' s disease and other lymphomas \". republished by the national center for biotechnology information. original december 1972. retrieved 7 september 2010. - the national cyclopaedia of american biography, james terry white. university microfilms, 1967. p. 358. - \" secret of the lusitania : arms find challenges allied claims it was solely a passenger ship \", daily mail december 20, 2008. - darbee and recchie, p. 13. - german village society, 1914 - 1920 retrieved 26 july 2009. - german village society, 1920 - 1960 retrieved 26 july 2009. - german village society, 1960 - 1990 retrieved 26 july 2009. - german village society, 1960 - 1990 retrieved 26 july 2009 - german village society, history retrieved 26 july 2009. - german village society, 1990 - today retrieved 26 july 2009. - \" john mccain does his own german thing \", don frederick. los angeles times. 24 july 2008. retrieved 6 september 2010. - kelley, p. 51. - realtor neighborhoods, \" german village \", realtor. retrieved 26 july 2009. - \" august real estate news \", columbus homes. september 2007. retrieved 26 july 2009. - \" beck st. secrets \", tim feran. columbus dispatch. 29 june 2008. retrieved 28 september 2009. - book loft - \" shop \", german village society. retrieved 6 september 2010. - \" kudos to gv businesses! \", german village society. 22 august 2010. retrieved 6 september 2010. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43357343569421747, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.271130"} {"text": "june 2008. retrieved 28 september 2009. - book loft - \" shop \", german village society. retrieved 6 september 2010. - \" kudos to gv businesses! \", german village society. 22 august 2010. retrieved 6 september 2010. - \" barcelona restaurant : traditional spanish cuisine in columbus \", lee ann mullen. hello columbus. 20 dec 2009. retrieved 6 september 2010. - \" lindey ' s restaurant & bar \", ivonne rovira. hello metro. 1 may 2010. retrieved 6 september 2010. - \" our memories \". max and erma ' s. retrieved nov 13, 2010. - \" let \u2019 s do the tryst \", caitlin barnett. retrieved 6 september 2010. - \" \u201c sweet rooms, and roomy suites... \u201d, german village guest house. retrieved 6 september 2010. - \" german village society and wbns 10tv \", ohio historic preservation office. 2006. retrieved 6 september 2010. - the actor ' s theatre - preserve america retrieved 26 july 2009. - columbus oktoberfest - oktoberfest, germania gesang und sport verein. - travis hoewischer, \" why is columbus so gay? how the capital city of a conservative state became the glbt mecca of the midwest \", 614 magazine, june 1, 2011. retrieved march 20, 2013. - german village, columbus, ohio, neighborhoods, great places in america, american planning association, retrieved march 20, 2013. - media related to german village ( columbus, ohio ) at wikimedia commons - the german village society - germania gesang und sport verein - columbus oktoberfest at ohio fairgrounds - oktoberfest held in german village - \" german village ' s oktoberfest in columbus ohio at ohio fairgrounds \" - \" columbus ' german village featured on the today show \" - american planning association ' s great places in america - apa great places in america : neighborhoods 2011", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4212574773688623, "token_count": 406, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.271950"} {"text": "| | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( february 2010 ) | opacity is the measure of impenetrability to electromagnetic or other kinds of radiation, especially visible light. in radiative transfer, it describes the absorption and scattering of radiation in a medium, such as a plasma, dielectric, shielding material, glass, etc. an opaque object is neither transparent ( allowing all light to pass through ) nor translucent ( allowing some light to pass through ). when light strikes an interface between two substances, in general some may be reflected, some absorbed, some scattered, and the rest transmitted ( also see refraction ). reflection can be diffuse, for example light reflecting off a white wall, or specular, for example light reflecting off a mirror. an opaque substance transmits no light, and therefore reflects, scatters, or absorbs all of it. both mirrors and carbon black are opaque. opacity depends on the frequency of the light being considered. for instance, some kinds of glass, while transparent in the visual range, are largely opaque to ultraviolet light. more extreme frequency - dependence is visible in the absorption lines of cold gases. opacity can be quantified in many ways ; for example, see the article mathematical descriptions of opacity. quantitative definition the words \" opacity \" and \" opaque \" are often used as colloquial terms for objects or media with the properties described above. however, there is also a specific, quantitative definition of \" opacity \", used in astronomy, plasma physics, and other fields, given here. in this use, \" opacity \" is another term for the mass attenuation coefficient ( or, depending on context, mass absorption coefficient, the difference is described here ) at a particular frequency of electromagnetic radiation. more specifically, if a beam of light with frequency travels through a medium with opacity and mass density, both constant, then the intensity will be reduced with distance x according to the formula - x is the distance the light has traveled through the medium - is the intensity of light remaining at distance x - is the initial intensity of light, at for a given medium at a given frequency, the opacity has a numerical value that may range between 0 and infinity, with units of length2 / mass. planck and rosseland opacity it is customary to define the average opacity, calculated using a certain weighting scheme. planck opacity uses normalized planck black body radiation energy density distribution as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.672958681318005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.275964"} {"text": "public international law public international law concerns the structure and conduct of sovereign states ; analogous entities, such as the holy see ; and intergovernmental organizations. to a lesser degree, international law also may affect multinational corporations and individuals, an impact increasingly evolving beyond domestic legal interpretation and enforcement. public international law has increased in use and importance vastly over the twentieth century, due to the increase in global trade, environmental deterioration on a worldwide scale, awareness of human rights violations, rapid and vast increases in international transportation and a boom in global communications. the field of study combines two main branches : the law of nations ( jus gentium ) and international agreements and conventions ( jus inter gentes ), which have different foundations and should not be confused. public international law should not be confused with \" private international law \", which is concerned with the resolution of conflict of laws. in its most general sense, international law \" consists of rules and principles of general application dealing with the conduct of states and of intergovernmental organizations and with their relations inter se, as well as with some of their relations with persons, whether natural or juridical. \" beginning with the peace of westphalia in 1648, the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries saw the growth of the concept of the sovereign \" nation - state \", which consisted of a nation controlled by a centralized system of government. the concept of nationalism became increasingly important as people began to see themselves as citizens of a particular nation with a distinct national identity. until the mid - 19th century, relations between nation - states were dictated by treaty, agreements to behave in a certain way towards another state, unenforceable except by force, and not binding except as matters of honor and faithfulness. but treaties alone became increasingly toothless and wars became increasingly destructive, most markedly towards civilians, and civilized peoples decried their horrors, leading to calls for regulation of the acts of states, especially in times of war. perhaps the first instrument of modern public international law was the lieber code, passed in 1863 by the congress of the united states, to govern the conduct of us forces during the united states civil war and considered to be the first written recitation of the rules and articles of war, adhered to by all civilized nations, the precursor of public international law. part of the code follows : \" military necessity, as understood by modern civilized nations, consists in the necessity of those measures which are indispensable for securing the ends of the war, and which are lawful according to the modern law and usages of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.496410782888279, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.302396"} {"text": "of the code follows : \" military necessity, as understood by modern civilized nations, consists in the necessity of those measures which are indispensable for securing the ends of the war, and which are lawful according to the modern law and usages of war. military necessity admits of all direct destruction of life or limb of armed enemies, and of other persons whose destruction is incidentally unavoidable in the armed contests of the war ; it allows of the capturing of every armed enemy, and every enemy of importance to the hostile government, or of peculiar danger to the captor ; it allows of all destruction of property, and obstruction of the ways and channels of traffic, travel, or communication, and of all withholding of sustenance or means of life from the enemy ; of the appropriation of whatever an enemy ' s country affords necessary for the subsistence and safety of the army, and of such deception as does not involve the breaking of good faith either positively pledged, regarding agreements entered into during the war, or supposed by the modern law of war to exist. (... but... ) men who take up arms against one another in public war do not cease on this account to be moral beings, responsible to one another and to god. military necessity does not admit of cruelty \u2014 that is, the infliction of suffering for the sake of suffering or for revenge, nor of maiming or wounding except in fight, nor of torture to extort confessions. it does not admit of the use of poison in any way, nor of the wanton devastation of a district. it admits of deception, but disclaims acts of perfidy ; and, in general, military necessity does not include any act of hostility which makes the return to peace unnecessarily difficult. \" this first statement of the previously uncodified rules and articles of war led to the first prosecution for war crimes \u2014 in the case of united states prisoners of war held in cruel and depraved conditions at andersonville, georgia, in which the confederate commandant of that camp was tried and hanged, the only confederate soldier to be punished by death in the aftermath of the entire civil war. in the years that followed, other states subscribed to limitations of their conduct, and numerous other treaties and bodies were created to regulate the conduct of states towards one another in terms of these treaties, including, but not limited to, the permanent court of arbitration in 1899 ; the hague and geneva conventions, the first of which was passed in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5102731741653824, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.303526"} {"text": "numerous other treaties and bodies were created to regulate the conduct of states towards one another in terms of these treaties, including, but not limited to, the permanent court of arbitration in 1899 ; the hague and geneva conventions, the first of which was passed in 1907 ; the international court of justice in 1921 ; the genocide convention ; and the international criminal court, in the late 1990s. because international law is a relatively new area of law its development and propriety in applicable areas are often subject to dispute. international law sources under article 38 of the statute of the international court of justice, public international law has three principal sources : international treaties, custom, and general principles of law. in addition, judicial decisions and teachings may be applied as \" subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law \". international treaty law comprises obligations states expressly and voluntarily accept between themselves in treaties. customary international law is derived from the consistent practice of states accompanied by opinio juris, i. e. the conviction of states that the consistent practice is required by a legal obligation. judgments of international tribunals as well as scholarly works have traditionally been looked to as persuasive sources for custom in addition to direct evidence of state behavior. attempts to codify customary international law picked up momentum after the second world war with the formation of the international law commission ( ilc ), under the aegis of the united nations. codified customary law is made the binding interpretation of the underlying custom by agreement through treaty. for states not party to such treaties, the work of the ilc may still be accepted as custom applying to those states. general principles of law are those commonly recognized by the major legal systems of the world. certain norms of international law achieve the binding force of peremptory norms ( jus cogens ) as to include all states with no permissible derogations. international treaties where there are disputes about the exact meaning and application of national laws, it is the responsibility of the courts to decide what the law means. in international law interpretation is within the domain of the protagonists, but may also be conferred on judicial bodies such as the international court of justice, by the terms of the treaties or by consent of the parties. it is generally the responsibility of states to interpret the law for themselves, but the processes of diplomacy and availability of supra - national judicial organs operate routinely to provide assistance to that end. insofar as treaties are concerned, the vienna convention on the law of treaties writes on the topic of interpretation that : - \" a treaty shall be interpreted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48851721085372174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.304595"} {"text": "and availability of supra - national judicial organs operate routinely to provide assistance to that end. insofar as treaties are concerned, the vienna convention on the law of treaties writes on the topic of interpretation that : - \" a treaty shall be interpreted in good faith in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in the light of its object and purpose. \" ( article 31 ( 1 ) ) this is actually a compromise between three different theories of interpretation : - the textual approach, a restrictive interpretation, which bases itself on the \" ordinary meaning \" of the text ; that approach assigns considerable weight to the actual text. - the subjective approach, which takes into consideration i. the idea behind the treaty, ii. treaties \" in their context \", and iii. what the writers intended when they wrote the text. - a third approach, which bases itself on interpretation \" in the light of its object and purpose \", i. e. the interpretation that best suits the goal of the treaty, also called \" effective interpretation \". these are general rules of interpretation ; specific rules might exist in specific areas of international law. statehood and responsibility public international law establishes the framework and the criteria for identifying states as the principal actors in the international legal system. as the existence of a state presupposes control and jurisdiction over territory, international law deals with the acquisition of territory, state immunity and the legal responsibility of states in their conduct with each other. international law is similarly concerned with the treatment of individuals within state boundaries. there is thus a comprehensive regime dealing with group rights, the treatment of aliens, the rights of refugees, international crimes, nationality problems, and human rights generally. it further includes the important functions of the maintenance of international peace and security, arms control, the pacific settlement of disputes and the regulation of the use of force in international relations. even when the law is not able to stop the outbreak of war, it has developed principles to govern the conduct of hostilities and the treatment of prisoners. international law is also used to govern issues relating to the global environment, the global commons such as international waters and outer space, global communications, and world trade. in theory all states are sovereign and equal. as a result of the notion of sovereignty, the value and authority of international law is dependent upon the voluntary participation of states in its formulation, observance, and enforcement. although there may be exceptions, it is thought by many international academics that most states enter into legal commitments with other states out of enlight", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5576967533170549, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.305693"} {"text": "authority of international law is dependent upon the voluntary participation of states in its formulation, observance, and enforcement. although there may be exceptions, it is thought by many international academics that most states enter into legal commitments with other states out of enlightened self - interest rather than adherence to a body of law that is higher than their own. as d. w. greig notes, \" international law cannot exist in isolation from the political factors operating in the sphere of international relations \". traditionally, sovereign states and the holy see were the sole subjects of international law. with the proliferation of international organizations over the last century, they have in some cases been recognized as relevant parties as well. recent interpretations of international human rights law, international humanitarian law, and international trade law ( e. g., north american free trade agreement ( nafta ) chapter 11 actions ) have been inclusive of corporations, and even of certain individuals. | this section requires expansion. ( october 2012 ) | national sovereignty the conflict between international law and national sovereignty is subject to vigorous debate and dispute in academia, diplomacy, and politics. certainly, there is a growing trend toward judging a state ' s domestic actions in the light of international law and standards. numerous people now view the nation - state as the primary unit of international affairs, and believe that only states may choose to voluntarily enter into commitments under international law, and that they have the right to follow their own counsel when it comes to interpretation of their commitments. certain scholars [ who? ] and political leaders feel that these modern developments endanger nation states by taking power away from state governments and ceding it to international bodies such as the u. n. and the world bank, argue that international law has evolved to a point where it exists separately from the mere consent of states, and discern a legislative and judicial process to international law that parallels such processes within domestic law. this especially occurs when states violate or deviate from the expected standards of conduct adhered to by all civilized nations. a number of states place emphasis on the principle of territorial sovereignty, thus seeing states as having free rein over their internal affairs. other states oppose this view. one group of opponents of this point of view, including many european nations, maintain that all civilized nations have certain norms of conduct expected of them, including the prohibition of genocide, slavery and the slave trade, wars of aggression, torture, and piracy, and that violation of these universal norms represents a crime, not only against the individual victims, but against humanity as a whole. states", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4869586250323696, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.306798"} {"text": "of them, including the prohibition of genocide, slavery and the slave trade, wars of aggression, torture, and piracy, and that violation of these universal norms represents a crime, not only against the individual victims, but against humanity as a whole. states and individuals who subscribe to this view opine that, in the case of the individual responsible for violation of international law, he \" is become, like the pirate and the slave trader before him, hostis humani generis, an enemy of all mankind \", and thus subject to prosecution in a fair trial before any fundamentally just tribunal, through the exercise of universal jurisdiction. though the european democracies tend to support broad, universalistic interpretations of international law, many other democracies have differing views on international law. several democracies, including india, israel and the united states, take a flexible, eclectic approach, recognizing aspects of public international law such as territorial rights as universal, regarding other aspects as arising from treaty or custom, and viewing certain aspects as not being subjects of public international law at all. democracies in the developing world, due to their past colonial histories, often insist on non - interference in their internal affairs, particularly regarding human rights standards or their peculiar institutions, but often strongly support international law at the bilateral and multilateral levels, such as in the united nations, and especially regarding the use of force, disarmament obligations, and the terms of the un charter. international human rights - universal declaration of human rights - declaration of fundamental rights at work - international labour organization international economic law | this section requires expansion. ( october 2012 ) | war and conflicts | this section requires expansion. ( october 2012 ) | international criminal law | this section requires expansion. ( october 2012 ) | international courts and enforcement it is probably the case that almost all nations observe almost all principles of international law and almost all of their obligations almost all the time. since international law has no established compulsory judicial system for the settlement of disputes or a coercive penal system, it is not as straightforward as managing breaches within a domestic legal system. however, there are means by which breaches are brought to the attention of the international community and some means for resolution. for example, there are judicial or quasi - judicial tribunals in international law in certain areas such as trade and human rights. the formation of the united nations, for example, created a means for the world community to enforce international law upon members that violate its charter through the security council. since international law exists in a legal environment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5065143461946995, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.307885"} {"text": "in certain areas such as trade and human rights. the formation of the united nations, for example, created a means for the world community to enforce international law upon members that violate its charter through the security council. since international law exists in a legal environment without an overarching \" sovereign \" ( i. e., an external power able and willing to compel compliance with international norms ), \" enforcement \" of international law is very different than in the domestic context. in many cases, enforcement takes on coasian characteristics, where the norm is self - enforcing. in other cases, defection from the norm can pose a real risk, particularly if the international environment is changing. when this happens, and if enough states ( or enough powerful states ) continually ignore a particular aspect of international law, the norm may actually change according to concepts of customary international law. for example, prior to world war i, unrestricted submarine warfare was considered a violation of international law and ostensibly the casus belli for the united states ' declaration of war against germany. by world war ii, however, the practice was so widespread that during the nuremberg trials, the charges against german admiral karl donitz for ordering unrestricted submarine warfare were dropped, notwithstanding that the activity constituted a clear violation of the second london naval treaty of 1936. enforcement by states apart from a state ' s natural inclination to uphold certain norms, the force of international law comes from the pressure that states put upon one another to behave consistently and to honor their obligations. as with any system of law, many violations of international law obligations are overlooked. if addressed, it may be through diplomacy and the consequences upon an offending state ' s reputation, submission to international judicial determination, arbitration, sanctions or force including war. though violations may be common in fact, states try to avoid the appearance of having disregarded international obligations. states may also unilaterally adopt sanctions against one another such as the severance of economic or diplomatic ties, or through reciprocal action. in some cases, domestic courts may render judgment against a foreign state ( the realm of private international law ) for an injury, though this is a complicated area of law where international law intersects with domestic law. it is implicit in the westphalian system of nation - states, and explicitly recognized under article 51 of the charter of the united nations, that all states have the inherent right to individual and collective self - defense if an armed attack occurs against them. article 51 of the un charter guarantees the right of states to defend themselves until ( and unless ) the security", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5198112184291724, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.308986"} {"text": "the charter of the united nations, that all states have the inherent right to individual and collective self - defense if an armed attack occurs against them. article 51 of the un charter guarantees the right of states to defend themselves until ( and unless ) the security council takes measures to keep the peace. enforcement by international bodies violations of the un charter by members of the united nations may be raised by the aggrieved state in the general assembly for debate. the general assembly cannot make binding resolutions, only ' recommendations ', but through its adoption of the \" uniting for peace \" resolution ( a / res / 377 a ), of 3 november 1950, the assembly declared that it has the power to authorize the use of force, under the terms of the un charter, in cases of breaches of the peace or acts of aggression, provided that the security council, owing to the negative vote of a permanent member, fails to act to address the situation. the assembly also declared, by its adoption of resolution 377 a, that it could call for other collective measures \u2014 such as economic and diplomatic sanctions \u2014 in situations constituting the milder \" threat to the peace \". the uniting for peace resolution was initiated by the united states in 1950, shortly after the outbreak of the korean war, as a means of circumventing possible future soviet vetoes in the security council. the legal significance of the resolution is unclear, given that the general assembly cannot issue binding resolutions. however, it was never argued by the \" joint seven - powers \" that put forward the draft resolution, during the corresponding discussions, that it in any way afforded the assembly new powers. instead, they argued that the resolution simply declared what the assembly ' s powers already were, according to the un charter, in the case of a dead - locked security council. the soviet union was the only permanent member of the security council to vote against the charter interpretations that were made law by the assembly ' s adoption of resolution 377 a. alleged violations of the charter can also be raised by states in the security council. the security council could subsequently pass resolutions under chapter vi of the un charter to recommend the \" pacific resolution of disputes. \" such resolutions are not binding under international law, though they usually are expressive of the council ' s convictions. in rare cases, the security council can adopt resolutions under chapter vii of the un charter, related to \" threats to peace, breaches of the peace and acts of aggression, \" which are legally binding under international law, and can be followed up with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5031904289853275, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.310076"} {"text": "in rare cases, the security council can adopt resolutions under chapter vii of the un charter, related to \" threats to peace, breaches of the peace and acts of aggression, \" which are legally binding under international law, and can be followed up with economic sanctions, military action, and similar uses of force through the auspices of the united nations. it has been argued that resolutions passed outside of chapter vii can also be binding ; the legal basis for that is the council ' s broad powers under article 24 ( 2 ), which states that \" in discharging these duties ( exercise of primary responsibility in international peace and security ), it shall act in accordance with the purposes and principles of the united nations \". the mandatory nature of such resolutions was upheld by the international court of justice ( icj ) in its advisory opinion on namibia. the binding nature of such resolutions can be deduced from an interpretation of their language and intent. states can also, upon mutual consent, submit disputes for arbitration by the international court of justice, located in the hague, netherlands. the judgments given by the court in these cases are binding, although it possesses no means to enforce its rulings. the court may give an advisory opinion on any legal question at the request of whatever body may be authorized by or in accordance with the charter of the united nations to make such a request. some of the advisory cases brought before the court have been controversial with respect to the court ' s competence and jurisdiction. often enormously complicated matters, icj cases ( of which there have been less than 150 since the court was created from the permanent court of international justice in 1945 ) can stretch on for years and generally involve thousands of pages of pleadings, evidence, and the world ' s leading specialist public international lawyers. as of june 2009, there are 15 cases pending at the icj. decisions made through other means of arbitration may be binding or non - binding depending on the nature of the arbitration agreement, whereas decisions resulting from contentious cases argued before the icj are always binding on the involved states. though states ( or increasingly, international organizations ) are usually the only ones with standing to address a violation of international law, some treaties, such as the international covenant on civil and political rights have an optional protocol that allows individuals who have had their rights violated by member states to petition the international human rights committee. investment treaties commonly and routinely provide for enforcement by individuals or investing entities. and commercial agreements of foreigners with sovereign governments may be enforced on the international plane. international legal theory international legal theory comprises a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5096366167607026, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.311185"} {"text": "violated by member states to petition the international human rights committee. investment treaties commonly and routinely provide for enforcement by individuals or investing entities. and commercial agreements of foreigners with sovereign governments may be enforced on the international plane. international legal theory international legal theory comprises a variety of theoretical and methodological approaches used to explain and analyse the content, formation and effectiveness of public international law and institutions and to suggest improvements. some approaches center on the question of compliance : why states follow international norms in the absence of a coercitive power that ensures compliance. other approaches focus on the problem of the formation of international rules : why states voluntarily adopt international law norms, that limit their freedom of action, in the absence of a world legislature ; while other perspectives are policy oriented : they elaborate theoretical frameworks and instruments to criticize the existing norms and to make suggestions on how to improve them. some of these approaches are based on domestic legal theory, some are interdisciplinary, and others have been developed expressly to analyse international law. classical approaches to international legal theory are the natural law, the eclectic and the legal positivism schools of thought. natural law the natural law approach argues that international norms should be based on axiomatic truths. 16th century natural law writer, francisco de vitoria, a professor of theology at the university of salamanca, examined the questions of the just war, the spanish authority in the americas, and the rights of the native american peoples. eclectic or grotian school in 1625 hugo grotius argued that nations as well as persons ought to be governed by universal principle based on morality and divine justice while the relations among polities ought to be governed by the law of peoples, the jus gentium, established by the consent of the community of nations on the basis of the principle of pacta sunt servanda, that is, on the basis of the observance of commitments. on his part, emmerich de vattel argued instead for the equality of states as articulated by 18th century natural law and suggested that the law of nations was composed of custom and law on the one hand, and natural law on the other. during the 17th century, the basic tenets of the grotian or eclectic school, especially the doctrines of legal equality, territorial sovereignty, and independence of states, became the fundamental principles of the european political and legal system and were enshrined in the 1648 peace of westphalia. legal positivism the early positivist school emphasized the importance of custom and treaties as sources of international law. 16th century", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5635261479936445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.312269"} {"text": ", became the fundamental principles of the european political and legal system and were enshrined in the 1648 peace of westphalia. legal positivism the early positivist school emphasized the importance of custom and treaties as sources of international law. 16th century alberico gentili used historical examples to posit that positive law ( jus voluntarium ) was determined by general consent. cornelius van bynkershoek asserted that the bases of international law were customs and treaties commonly consented to by various states, while john jacob moser emphasized the importance of state practice in international law. the positivism school narrowed the range of international practice that might qualify as law, favouring rationality over morality and ethics. the 1815 congress of vienna marked the formal recognition of the political and international legal system based on the conditions of europe. modern legal positivists consider international law as a unified system of rules that emanates from the states ' will. international law, as it is, is an \" objective \" reality that needs to be distinguished from law \" as it should be. \" classic positivism demands rigorous tests for legal validity and it deems irrelevant all extralegal arguments. see also - consular law - diplomatic law - international aviation law - international criminal law - international environmental law - international human rights law - international humanitarian law - international space law - international trade law - law of state responsibility - rule according to higher law - united nations convention on the law of the sea - use of force continuum - diplomatic recognition - environmental agreements - global administrative law - international community - international court of justice - international criminal court - international criminal tribunal for rwanda - international criminal tribunal for the former yugoslavia - international labour organization - international law commission - international legal theory - hans kelsen - laws of war - legal status of the holy see - list of international public law topics - list of treaties - personal jurisdiction over international defendants in the united states - prize law - sources of international law - sovereign state - territorial integrity - third world approaches to international law ( twail ) - united nations - united nations general assembly sixth committee ( legal ) - university for peace - world government - history of public international law - columbia law school, mckeever, 2003 \u2014 definition of international law - greig, d. w., international law, 2nd edn ( butterworths : london, 1976 ) - janis, m. and noyes, j. international law \" : cases and commentary ( 3rd ed. ), prosecutor v. furundzi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5260312142821644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.313294"} {"text": ". w., international law, 2nd edn ( butterworths : london, 1976 ) - janis, m. and noyes, j. international law \" : cases and commentary ( 3rd ed. ), prosecutor v. furundzija, page 148 ( 2006 ) - henkin, louis ( 1968 ). how nations behave. p. 47. - united states, united kingdom, france, canada, turkey, philippines and uruguay - united nations general assembly proces verbal session 5 on 1 november 1950 ( retrieved 2008 - 04 - 13 ) - united nations general assembly proces verbal session 5 on 2 november 1950 ( retrieved 2008 - 04 - 13 ) - united nations general assembly proces verbal session 5 on 2 november 1950 ( retrieved 2008 - 04 - 13 ) - united nations general assembly proces verbal session 5 on 3 november 1950 ( retrieved 2008 - 04 - 13 ) - bruno simma and andreas l. paulus \" symposium on method in international law : the responsibility of individuals for human rights abuses in internal conflicts : a positivist view \" 93 american journal of international law 302 ( april, 1999 ) - i. brownlie, principles of public international law ( 7th edn oxford university press 2008 ) isbn 0199260710 - dominique carreau, droit international, pedone, 10e edition, 2009 isbn 9782233005618. - p. - m. dupuy & y. kerbrat, \" droit international public \" ( 10th ed., paris, dalloz, 2010 ) isbn 9782247088935 - e. lawson, and ml bertucci, encyclopedia of human rights ( 2nd edn taylor & francis 1996 ) - e. osmanczyk, the encyclopedia of the united nations and international relations ( taylor & francis 1990 ) - m. n. shaw, international law ( 5th edn cambridge university press 2003 ) - rafael domingo osle, the new global law ( cambridge university press 2010 ) - public international law \u2013 resources - a brief primer on international law with cases and commentary. nathaniel burney, 2007. - american society of international law \u2013 100 ways international law shapes our lives - department of public international law, graduate institute of international and development studies, geneva - american society of international law \u2013 resource guide ( introduction ) - international law details - international law observer \u2013 blog dedicated to reports and commentary on international law - official united nations website - official un website on international law - official website of the international court of justice - opini", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4811006798904268, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.314194"} {"text": "support vector machine in machine learning, support vector machines ( svms, also support vector networks ) are supervised learning models with associated learning algorithms that analyze data and recognize patterns, used for classification and regression analysis. the basic svm takes a set of input data and predicts, for each given input, which of two possible classes forms the output, making it a non - probabilistic binary linear classifier. given a set of training examples, each marked as belonging to one of two categories, an svm training algorithm builds a model that assigns new examples into one category or the other. an svm model is a representation of the examples as points in space, mapped so that the examples of the separate categories are divided by a clear gap that is as wide as possible. new examples are then mapped into that same space and predicted to belong to a category based on which side of the gap they fall on. in addition to performing linear classification, svms can efficiently perform non - linear classification using what is called the kernel trick, implicitly mapping their inputs into high - dimensional feature spaces. formal definition more formally, a support vector machine constructs a hyperplane or set of hyperplanes in a high - or infinite - dimensional space, which can be used for classification, regression, or other tasks. intuitively, a good separation is achieved by the hyperplane that has the largest distance to the nearest training data point of any class ( so - called functional margin ), since in general the larger the margin the lower the generalization error of the classifier. whereas the original problem may be stated in a finite dimensional space, it often happens that the sets to discriminate are not linearly separable in that space. for this reason, it was proposed that the original finite - dimensional space be mapped into a much higher - dimensional space, presumably making the separation easier in that space. to keep the computational load reasonable, the mappings used by svm schemes are designed to ensure that dot products may be computed easily in terms of the variables in the original space, by defining them in terms of a kernel function selected to suit the problem. the hyperplanes in the higher - dimensional space are defined as the set of points whose dot product with a vector in that space is constant. the vectors defining the hyperplanes can be chosen to be linear combinations with parameters of images of feature vectors that occur in the data base. with this choice of a hyperplane, the points in the feature space that are mapped into the hyperplane are defined by the relation :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6007254344064656, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.335254"} {"text": "hyperplanes can be chosen to be linear combinations with parameters of images of feature vectors that occur in the data base. with this choice of a hyperplane, the points in the feature space that are mapped into the hyperplane are defined by the relation : note that if becomes small as grows further away from, each element in the sum measures the degree of closeness of the test point to the corresponding data base point. in this way, the sum of kernels above can be used to measure the relative nearness of each test point to the data points originating in one or the other of the sets to be discriminated. note the fact that the set of points mapped into any hyperplane can be quite convoluted as a result, allowing much more complex discrimination between sets which are not convex at all in the original space. classifying data is a common task in machine learning. suppose some given data points each belong to one of two classes, and the goal is to decide which class a new data point will be in. in the case of support vector machines, a data point is viewed as a p - dimensional vector ( a list of p numbers ), and we want to know whether we can separate such points with a ( p \u2212 1 ) - dimensional hyperplane. this is called a linear classifier. there are many hyperplanes that might classify the data. one reasonable choice as the best hyperplane is the one that represents the largest separation, or margin, between the two classes. so we choose the hyperplane so that the distance from it to the nearest data point on each side is maximized. if such a hyperplane exists, it is known as the maximum - margin hyperplane and the linear classifier it defines is known as a maximum margin classifier ; or equivalently, the perceptron of optimal stability. linear svm given some training data, a set of n points of the form where the yi is either 1 or \u22121, indicating the class to which the point belongs. each is a p - dimensional real vector. we want to find the maximum - margin hyperplane that divides the points having from those having. any hyperplane can be written as the set of points satisfying if the training data are linearly separable, we can select two hyperplanes in a way that they separate the data and there are no points between them, and then try to maximize their distance. the region bounded by them is called \" the margin \". these hyperplanes can be described by the equations by using geometry, we find", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5549763931041563, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.337408"} {"text": "a way that they separate the data and there are no points between them, and then try to maximize their distance. the region bounded by them is called \" the margin \". these hyperplanes can be described by the equations by using geometry, we find the distance between these two hyperplanes is, so we want to minimize. as we also have to prevent data points from falling into the margin, we add the following constraint : for each either - of the first class - of the second. this can be rewritten as : we can put this together to get the optimization problem : minimize ( in ) subject to ( for any ) primal form the optimization problem presented in the preceding section is difficult to solve because it depends on | | w | |, the norm of w, which involves a square root. fortunately it is possible to alter the equation by substituting | | w | | with ( the factor of 1 / 2 being used for mathematical convenience ) without changing the solution ( the minimum of the original and the modified equation have the same w and b ). this is a quadratic programming optimization problem. more clearly : minimize ( in ) subject to ( for any ) by introducing lagrange multipliers, the previous constrained problem can be expressed as that is we look for a saddle point. in doing so all the points which can be separated as do not matter since we must set the corresponding to zero. this problem can now be solved by standard quadratic programming techniques and programs. the \" stationary \" karush \u2013 kuhn \u2013 tucker condition implies that the solution can be expressed as a linear combination of the training vectors only a few will be greater than zero. the corresponding are exactly the support vectors, which lie on the margin and satisfy. from this one can derive that the support vectors also satisfy which allows one to define the offset. in practice, it is more robust to average over all support vectors : dual form writing the classification rule in its unconstrained dual form reveals that the maximum margin hyperplane and therefore the classification task is only a function of the support vectors, the training data that lie on the margin. using the fact that and substituting, one can show that the dual of the svm reduces to the following optimization problem : maximize ( in ) subject to ( for any ) and to the constraint from the minimization in here the kernel is defined by. can be computed thanks to the terms : biased and unbiased hyperplanes for simplicity reasons, sometimes it is required that the hyperplane pass through the origin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5575702580872937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.339970"} {"text": "any ) and to the constraint from the minimization in here the kernel is defined by. can be computed thanks to the terms : biased and unbiased hyperplanes for simplicity reasons, sometimes it is required that the hyperplane pass through the origin of the coordinate system. such hyperplanes are called unbiased, whereas general hyperplanes not necessarily passing through the origin are called biased. an unbiased hyperplane can be enforced by setting in the primal optimization problem. the corresponding dual is identical to the dual given above without the equality constraint soft margin in 1995, corinna cortes and vladimir n. vapnik suggested a modified maximum margin idea that allows for mislabeled examples. if there exists no hyperplane that can split the \" yes \" and \" no \" examples, the soft margin method will choose a hyperplane that splits the examples as cleanly as possible, while still maximizing the distance to the nearest cleanly split examples. the method introduces non - negative slack variables,, which measure the degree of misclassification of the data the objective function is then increased by a function which penalizes non - zero, and the optimization becomes a trade off between a large margin and a small error penalty. if the penalty function is linear, the optimization problem becomes : subject to ( for any ) this constraint in ( 2 ) along with the objective of minimizing can be solved using lagrange multipliers as done above. one has then to solve the following problem : dual form maximize ( in ) subject to ( for any ) the key advantage of a linear penalty function is that the slack variables vanish from the dual problem, with the constant c appearing only as an additional constraint on the lagrange multipliers. for the above formulation and its huge impact in practice, cortes and vapnik received the 2008 acm paris kanellakis award. nonlinear penalty functions have been used, particularly to reduce the effect of outliers on the classifier, but unless care is taken the problem becomes non - convex, and thus it is considerably more difficult to find a global solution. nonlinear classification the original optimal hyperplane algorithm proposed by vapnik in 1963 was a linear classifier. however, in 1992, bernhard e. boser, isabelle m. guyon and vladimir n. vapnik suggested a way to create nonlinear classifiers by applying the kernel trick ( originally proposed by aizerman et al. ) to maximum - margin hyperplanes. the resulting algorithm is formally similar, except that every dot product is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5433623156232655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.343996"} {"text": "vladimir n. vapnik suggested a way to create nonlinear classifiers by applying the kernel trick ( originally proposed by aizerman et al. ) to maximum - margin hyperplanes. the resulting algorithm is formally similar, except that every dot product is replaced by a nonlinear kernel function. this allows the algorithm to fit the maximum - margin hyperplane in a transformed feature space. the transformation may be nonlinear and the transformed space high dimensional ; thus though the classifier is a hyperplane in the high - dimensional feature space, it may be nonlinear in the original input space. if the kernel used is a gaussian radial basis function, the corresponding feature space is a hilbert space of infinite dimensions. maximum margin classifiers are well regularized, so the infinite dimensions do not spoil the results. some common kernels include : - polynomial ( homogeneous ) : - polynomial ( inhomogeneous ) : - gaussian radial basis function :, for sometimes parametrized using - hyperbolic tangent :, for some ( not every ) and the kernel is related to the transform by the equation. the value w is also in the transformed space, with dot products with w for classification can again be computed by the kernel trick, i. e.. however, there does not in general exist a value w ' such that svms belong to a family of generalized linear classifiers and can be interpreted as an extension of the perceptron. they can also be considered a special case of tikhonov regularization. a special property is that they simultaneously minimize the empirical classification error and maximize the geometric margin ; hence they are also known as maximum margin classifiers. a comparison of the svm to other classifiers has been made by meyer, leisch and hornik. parameter selection the effectiveness of svm depends on the selection of kernel, the kernel ' s parameters, and soft margin parameter c. a common choice is a gaussian kernel, which has a single parameter \u03b3. the best combination of c and \u03b3 is often selected by a grid search with exponentially growing sequences of c and \u03b3, for example, ;. typically, each combination of parameter choices is checked using cross validation, and the parameters with best cross - validation accuracy are picked. the final model, which is used for testing and for classifying new data, is then trained on the whole training set using the selected parameters. potential drawbacks of the svm are the following three aspects : - uncalibrated class membership probabilities - the svm is only directly applicable", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5371876248915148, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.346780"} {"text": "for classifying new data, is then trained on the whole training set using the selected parameters. potential drawbacks of the svm are the following three aspects : - uncalibrated class membership probabilities - the svm is only directly applicable for two - class tasks. therefore, algorithms that reduce the multi - class task to several binary problems have to be applied ; see the multi - class svm section. - parameters of a solved model are difficult to interpret. multiclass svm multiclass svm aims to assign labels to instances by using support vector machines, where the labels are drawn from a finite set of several elements. - building binary classifiers which distinguish between ( i ) one of the labels and the rest ( one - versus - all ) or ( ii ) between every pair of classes ( one - versus - one ). classification of new instances for the one - versus - all case is done by a winner - takes - all strategy, in which the classifier with the highest output function assigns the class ( it is important that the output functions be calibrated to produce comparable scores ). for the one - versus - one approach, classification is done by a max - wins voting strategy, in which every classifier assigns the instance to one of the two classes, then the vote for the assigned class is increased by one vote, and finally the class with the most votes determines the instance classification. - directed acyclic graph svm ( dagsvm ) - error - correcting output codes crammer and singer proposed a multiclass svm method which casts the multiclass classification problem into a single optimization problem, rather than decomposing it into multiple binary classification problems. see also lee, lin and wahba. transductive support vector machines transductive support vector machines extend svms in that they could also treat partially labeled data in semi - supervised learning by following the principles of transduction. here, in addition to the training set, the learner is also given a set of test examples to be classified. formally, a transductive support vector machine is defined by the following primal optimization problem : minimize ( in ) subject to ( for any and any ) transductive support vector machines were introduced by vladimir n. vapnik in 1998. structured svm svms have been generalized to structured svms, where the label space is structured and of possibly infinite size. a version of svm for regression was proposed in 1996 by vladimir n. vapnik, harris drucker, christopher j. c.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5341355225765956, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.348988"} {"text": "1995. http : / / www. springerlink. com / content / k238jx04hm87j80g / - * press, william h. ; teukolsky, saul a. ; vetterling, william t. ; flannery, b. p. ( 2007 ). \" section 16. 5. support vector machines \". numerical recipes : the art of scientific computing ( 3rd ed. ). new york : cambridge university press. isbn 978 - 0 - 521 - 88068 - 8. - acm website, press release of march 17th 2009. http : / / www. acm. org / press - room / news - releases / awards - 08 - groupa - aizerman, mark a. ; braverman, emmanuel m. ; and rozonoer, lev i. ( 1964 ). \" theoretical foundations of the potential function method in pattern recognition learning \". automation and remote control 25 : 821 \u2013 837. - boser, bernhard e. ; guyon, isabelle m. ; and vapnik, vladimir n. ; a training algorithm for optimal margin classifiers. in haussler, david ( editor ) ; 5th annual acm workshop on colt, pages 144 \u2013 152, pittsburgh, pa, 1992. acm press - meyer, david ; leisch, friedrich ; and hornik, kurt ; the support vector machine under test, neurocomputing 55 ( 1 \u2013 2 ) : 169 \u2013 186, 2003 http : / / dx. doi. org / 10. 1016 / s0925 - 2312 ( 03 ) 00431 - 4 - hsu, chih - wei ; chang, chih - chung ; and lin, chih - jen ( 2003 ). a practical guide to support vector classification. department of computer science and information engineering, national taiwan university. http : / / www. csie. ntu. edu. tw / ~ cjlin / papers / guide / guide. pdf. - duan, kai - bo ; and keerthi, s. sathiya ( 2005 ). \" which is the best multiclass svm method? an empirical study \". proceedings of the sixth international workshop on multiple classifier systems. lecture notes in computer science 3541 : 278. doi : 10. 1007 / 11494683 _ 28. isbn 978 - 3 - 540 - 26306 - 7. - hsu, chih - wei", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5304114292312312, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.355411"} {"text": "classifier systems. lecture notes in computer science 3541 : 278. doi : 10. 1007 / 11494683 _ 28. isbn 978 - 3 - 540 - 26306 - 7. - hsu, chih - wei ; and lin, chih - jen ( 2002 ). \" a comparison of methods for multiclass support vector machines \". ieee transactions on neural networks. - platt, john ; cristianini, n. ; and shawe - taylor, j. ( 2000 ). \" large margin dags for multiclass classification \". in solla, sara a. ; leen, todd k. ; and muller, klaus - robert ; eds. advances in neural information processing systems. mit press. pp. 547 \u2013 553. - dietterich, thomas g. ; and bakiri, ghulum ; bakiri ( 1995 ). \" solving multiclass learning problems via error - correcting output codes \". journal of artificial intelligence research, vol. 2 2 : 263 \u2013 286. arxiv : cs / 9501101. bibcode : 1995cs........ 1101d. unknown parameter - crammer, koby ; and singer, yoram ( 2001 ). \" on the algorithmic implementation of multiclass kernel - based vector machines \". j. of machine learning research 2 : 265 \u2013 292. - lee, y. ; lin, y. ; and wahba, g. ( 2001 ). \" multicategory support vector machines \". computing science and statistics 33. - lee, y. ; lin, y. ; and wahba, g. ( 2004 ). \" multicategory support vector machines, theory, and application to the classification of microarray data and satellite radiance data \". journal of the american statistical association 99 ( 465 ) : 67 \u2013 81. doi : 10. 1198 / 016214504000000098. - joachims, thorsten ; \" transductive inference for text classification using support vector machines \", proceedings of the 1999 international conference on machine learning ( icml 1999 ), pp. 200 - 209. - drucker, harris ; burges, christopher j. c. ; kaufman, linda ; smola, alexander j. ; and vapnik, vladimir n. ( 1997 ) ; \" support vector regression machines \", in advances in neural information processing systems 9, nips 1996,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5302013862005881, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.356739"} {"text": ", christopher j. c. ; kaufman, linda ; smola, alexander j. ; and vapnik, vladimir n. ( 1997 ) ; \" support vector regression machines \", in advances in neural information processing systems 9, nips 1996, 155 \u2013 161, mit press. - suykens, johan a. k. ; vandewalle, joos p. l. ; least squares support vector machine classifiers, neural processing letters, vol. 9, no. 3, jun. 1999, pp. 293 \u2013 300. - ferris, michael c. ; and munson, todd s. ( 2002 ). \" interior - point methods for massive support vector machines \". siam journal on optimization 13 ( 3 ) : 783 \u2013 804. doi : 10. 1137 / s1052623400374379. - burges, christopher j. c. ; a tutorial on support vector machines for pattern recognition, data mining and knowledge discovery 2 : 121 \u2013 167, 1998 - www. kernel - machines. org ( general information and collection of research papers ) - teknomo, k. svm tutorial using spreadsheet visual introduction to svm. - www. support - vector - machines. org ( literature, review, software, links related to support vector machines \u2014 academic site ) - videolectures. net ( svm - related video lectures ) - animation clip : svm with polynomial kernel visualization - fletcher, tristan ; a very basic svm tutorial for complete beginners - karatzoglou, alexandros et al. ; support vector machines in r, journal of statistical software april 2006, volume 15, issue 9. - shogun ( toolbox ) contains about 20 different implementations of svms, written in c + + with matlab, octave, python, r, java, lua, ruby and c # interffaces - libsvm libsvm is a library of svms which is actively patched - liblinear liblinear is a library for large linear classification including some svms - flssvm flssvm is a least squares svm implementation written in fortran - shark shark is a c + + machine learning library implementing various types of svms - dlib dlib is a c + + library for working with kernel methods and svms - svm light is a collection of software tools for learning and classification using svm. - stanford university andrew ng video on sv", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5260891908197574, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.357806"} {"text": "various types of svms - dlib dlib is a c + + library for working with kernel methods and svms - svm light is a collection of software tools for learning and classification using svm. - stanford university andrew ng video on svm - theodoridis, sergios ; and koutroumbas, konstantinos ; \" pattern recognition \", 4th edition, academic press, 2009, isbn 978 - 1 - 59749 - 272 - 0 - cristianini, nello ; and shawe - taylor, john ; an introduction to support vector machines and other kernel - based learning methods, cambridge university press, 2000. isbn 0 - 521 - 78019 - 5 ( svm book ) - huang, te - ming ; kecman, vojislav ; and kopriva, ivica ( 2006 ) ; kernel based algorithms for mining huge data sets, in supervised, semi - supervised, and unsupervised learning, springer - verlag, berlin, heidelberg, 260 pp. 96 illus., hardcover, isbn 3 - 540 - 31681 - 7 - kecman, vojislav ; learning and soft computing \u2014 support vector machines, neural networks, fuzzy logic systems, the mit press, cambridge, ma, 2001. - scholkopf, bernhard ; and smola, alexander j. ; learning with kernels, mit press, cambridge, ma, 2002. isbn 0 - 262 - 19475 - 9 - scholkopf, bernhard ; burges, christopher j. c. ; and smola, alexander j. ( editors ) ; advances in kernel methods : support vector learning, mit press, cambridge, ma, 1999. isbn 0 - 262 - 19416 - 3. - shawe - taylor, john ; and cristianini, nello ; kernel methods for pattern analysis, cambridge university press, 2004. isbn 0 - 521 - 81397 - 2 ( kernel methods book ) - steinwart, ingo ; and christmann, andreas ; support vector machines, springer - verlag, new york, 2008. isbn 978 - 0 - 387 - 77241 - 7 ( svm book ) - tan, peter jing ; and dowe, david l. ( 2004 ) ; mml inference of oblique decision trees, lecture notes in artificial intelligence ( lnai ) 3339, springer - verlag, pp1082 - 1088. ( this paper uses minimum message length ( mml ) and actually incorporates probabilistic support", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5274773404915873, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.358645"} {"text": "##l inference of oblique decision trees, lecture notes in artificial intelligence ( lnai ) 3339, springer - verlag, pp1082 - 1088. ( this paper uses minimum message length ( mml ) and actually incorporates probabilistic support vector machines in the leaves of decision trees. ) - vapnik, vladimir n. ; the nature of statistical learning theory, springer - verlag, 1995. isbn 0 - 387 - 98780 - 0 - vapnik, vladimir n. ; and kotz, samuel ; estimation of dependences based on empirical data, springer, 2006. isbn 0 - 387 - 30865 - 2, 510 pages [ this is a reprint of vapnik ' s early book describing philosophy behind svm approach. the 2006 appendix describes recent development ]. - fradkin, dmitriy ; and muchnik, ilya ; support vector machines for classification in abello, j. ; and carmode, g. ( eds ) ; discrete methods in epidemiology, dimacs series in discrete mathematics and theoretical computer science, volume 70, pp. 13 \u2013 20, 2006.. succinctly describes theoretical ideas behind svm. - bennett, kristin p. ; and campbell, colin ; support vector machines : hype or hallelujah?, sigkdd explorations, 2, 2, 2000, 1 \u2013 13.. excellent introduction to svms with helpful figures. - ivanciuc, ovidiu ; applications of support vector machines in chemistry, in reviews in computational chemistry, volume 23, 2007, pp. 291 \u2013 400. reprint available : - catanzaro, bryan ; sundaram, narayanan ; and keutzer, kurt ; fast support vector machine training and classification on graphics processors, in international conference on machine learning, 2008 - campbell, colin ; and ying, yiming ; learning with support vector machines, 2011, morgan and claypool. isbn 978 - 1 - 60845 - 616 - 1.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.539123854765199, "token_count": 411, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.359376"} {"text": "the troposphere is the lowest portion of earth ' s atmosphere. it contains approximately 80 % of the atmosphere ' s mass and 99 % of its water vapor and aerosols. the average depth of the troposphere is approximately 17 km ( 11 mi ) in the middle latitudes. it is deeper in the tropics, up to 20 km ( 12 mi ), and shallower near the polar regions, at 7 km ( 4. 3 mi ) in summer, and indistinct in winter. the lowest part of the troposphere, where friction with the earth ' s surface influences air flow, is the planetary boundary layer. this layer is typically a few hundred meters to 2 km ( 1. 2 mi ) deep depending on the landform and time of day. the border between the troposphere and stratosphere, called the tropopause, is a temperature inversion. the word troposphere derives from the greek : tropos for \" change \" reflecting the fact that turbulent mixing plays an important role in the troposphere ' s structure and behavior. most of the phenomena we associate with day - to - day weather occur in the troposphere. pressure and temperature structure the chemical composition of the troposphere is essentially uniform, with the notable exception of water vapor. the source of water vapor is at the surface through the processes of evaporation and transpiration. furthermore the temperature of the troposphere decreases with height, and saturation vapor pressure decreases strongly as temperature drops, so the amount of water vapor that can exist in the atmosphere decreases strongly with height. thus the proportion of water vapor is normally greatest near the surface and decreases with height. the pressure of the atmosphere is maximum at sea level and decreases with higher altitude. this is because the atmosphere is very nearly in hydrostatic equilibrium, so that the pressure is equal to the weight of air above a given point. the change in pressure with height, therefore can be equated to the density with this hydrostatic equation : since temperature in principle also depends on altitude, one needs a second equation to determine the pressure as a function of height, as discussed in the next section. * the temperature of the troposphere generally decreases as altitude increases. the rate at which the temperature decreases,, is called the environmental lapse rate ( elr ). the elr is nothing more than the difference in temperature between the surface and the tropopause divided by the height. the reason for this temperature difference is the absorption of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5609414197857664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.371661"} {"text": ",, is called the environmental lapse rate ( elr ). the elr is nothing more than the difference in temperature between the surface and the tropopause divided by the height. the reason for this temperature difference is the absorption of the sun ' s energy occurs at the ground which heats the lower levels of the atmosphere, and the radiation of heat occurs at the top of the atmosphere cooling the earth, this process maintaining the overall heat balance of the earth. as parcels of air in the atmosphere rise and fall, they also undergo changes in temperature for reasons described below. the rate of change of the temperature in the parcel may be less than or more than the elr. when a parcel of air rises, it expands, because the pressure is lower at higher altitudes. as the air parcel expands, it pushes on the air around it, doing work ; but generally it does not gain heat in exchange from its environment, because its thermal conductivity is low ( such a process is called adiabatic ). since the parcel does work and gains no heat, it loses energy, and so its temperature decreases. ( the reverse, of course, will be true for a sinking parcel of air. ) since the heat exchanged is related to the entropy change by, the equation governing the temperature as a function of height for a thoroughly mixed atmosphere is if the air contains water vapor, then cooling of the air can cause the water to condense, and the behavior is no longer that of an ideal gas. if the air is at the saturated vapor pressure, then the rate at which temperature drops with height is called the saturated adiabatic lapse rate. more generally, the actual rate at which the temperature drops with altitude is called the environmental lapse rate. in the troposphere, the average environmental lapse rate is a drop of about 6. 5 \u00b0c for every 1 km ( 1, 000 meters ) in increased height. the environmental lapse rate ( the actual rate at which temperature drops with height, ) is not usually equal to the adiabatic lapse rate ( or correspondingly, ). if the upper air is warmer than predicted by the adiabatic lapse rate ( ), then when a parcel of air rises and expands, it will arrive at the new height at a lower temperature than its surroundings. in this case, the air parcel is denser than its surroundings, so it sinks back to its original height, and the air is stable against being lifted. if, on the contrary, the upper air is cooler than", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5654484566278233, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.372630"} {"text": "lower temperature than its surroundings. in this case, the air parcel is denser than its surroundings, so it sinks back to its original height, and the air is stable against being lifted. if, on the contrary, the upper air is cooler than predicted by the adiabatic lapse rate, then when the air parcel rises to its new height it will have a higher temperature and a lower density than its surroundings, and will continue to accelerate upward. temperatures decrease at middle latitudes from an average of 15\u00b0c at sea level to about - 55\u00b0c at the top of the tropopause. at the poles, the troposphere is thinner and the temperature only decreases to - 45\u00b0c, while at the equator the temperature at the top of the troposphere can reach - 75\u00b0c. the tropopause is the boundary region between the troposphere and the stratosphere. measuring the temperature change with height through the troposphere and the stratosphere identifies the location of the tropopause. in the troposphere, temperature decreases with altitude. in the stratosphere, however, the temperature remains constant for a while and then increases with altitude. the region of the atmosphere where the lapse rate changes from positive ( in the troposphere ) to negative ( in the stratosphere ), is defined as the tropopause. thus, the tropopause is an inversion layer, and there is little mixing between the two layers of the atmosphere. atmospheric flow the flow of the atmosphere generally moves in a west to east direction. this however can often become interrupted, creating a more north to south or south to north flow. these scenarios are often described in meteorology as zonal or meridional. these terms, however, tend to be used in reference to localised areas of atmosphere ( at a synoptic scale ). a fuller explanation of the flow of atmosphere around the earth as a whole can be found in the three - cell model. zonal flow a zonal flow regime is the meteorological term meaning that the general flow pattern is west to east along the earth ' s latitude lines, with weak shortwaves embedded in the flow. the use of the word \" zone \" refers to the flow being along the earth ' s latitudinal \" zones \". this pattern can buckle and thus become a meridional flow. meridional flow when the zonal flow buckles, the atmosphere can flow in a more longitudinal ( or meridi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5401667318181156, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.373538"} {"text": "the earth ' s latitudinal \" zones \". this pattern can buckle and thus become a meridional flow. meridional flow when the zonal flow buckles, the atmosphere can flow in a more longitudinal ( or meridional ) direction, and thus the term \" meridional flow \" arises. meridional flow patterns feature strong, amplified troughs and ridges, with more north - south flow in the general pattern than west - to - east flow. three - cell model the three cells model attempts to describe the actual flow of the earth ' s atmosphere as a whole. it divides the earth into the tropical ( hadley cell ), mid latitude ( ferrel cell ), and polar ( polar cell ) regions, dealing with energy flow and global circulation. its fundamental principle is that of balance - the energy that the earth absorbs from the sun each year is equal to that which it loses back into space, but this however is not a balance precisely maintained in each latitude due to the varying strength of the sun in each \" cell \" resulting from the tilt of the earth ' s axis in relation to its orbit. it demonstrates that a pattern emerges to mirror that of the ocean - the tropics do not continue to get warmer because the atmosphere transports warm air poleward and cold air equatorward, the effect of which appears to be that of heat and moisture distribution around the planet. synoptic scale observations and concepts forcing is a term used by meteorologists to describe the situation where a change or an event in one part of the atmosphere causes a strengthening change in another part of the atmosphere. it is usually used to describe connections between upper, middle or lower levels ( such as upper - level divergence causing lower level convergence in cyclone formation ), but can sometimes also be used to describe such connections over distance rather than height alone. in some respects, tele - connections could be considered a type of forcing. divergence and convergence an area of convergence is one in which the total mass of air is increasing with time, resulting in an increase in pressure at locations below the convergence level ( recall that atmospheric pressure is just the total weight of air above a given point ). divergence is the opposite of convergence - an area where the total mass of air is decreasing with time, resulting in falling pressure in regions below the area of divergence. where divergence is occurring in the upper atmosphere, there will be air coming in to try to balance the net loss of mass ( this is called the principle of mass conservation )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5899238108916747, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.374513"} {"text": "time, resulting in falling pressure in regions below the area of divergence. where divergence is occurring in the upper atmosphere, there will be air coming in to try to balance the net loss of mass ( this is called the principle of mass conservation ), and there is a resulting upward motion ( positive vertical velocity ). another way to state this is to say that regions of upper air divergence are conducive to lower level convergence, cyclone formation, and positive vertical velocity. therefore, identifying regions of upper air divergence is an important step in forecasting the formation of a surface low pressure area. - \" iss022 - e - 062672 caption \". nasa. retrieved 21 september 2012. - mcgraw - hill concise encyclopedia of science & technology. ( 1984 ). troposhere. \" it contains about four - fifths of the mass of the whole atmosphere. \" - danielson, levin, and abrams, meteorology, mcgraw hill, 2003 - landau and lifshitz, fluid mechanics, pergamon, 1979 - landau and lifshitz, statistical physics part 1, pergamon, 1980 - kittel and kroemer, thermal physics, freeman, 1980 ; chapter 6, problem 11 - \" american meteorological society glossary - zonal flow \". allen press inc. june 2000. retrieved 2006 - 10 - 03. - \" american meteorological society glossary - meridional flow \". allen press inc. june 2000. retrieved 2006 - 10 - 03. - \" meteorology - msn encarta, \" energy flow and global circulation \" \". encarta. msn. com. archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 31. retrieved 2006 - 10 - 13. | look up troposphere in wiktionary, the free dictionary. | - composition of the atmosphere, from the university of tennessee physics dept. - chemical reactions in the atmosphere - http : / / encarta. msn. com / encyclopedia _ 761571037 _ 3 / meteorology. html # s12 ( archived 2009 - 10 - 31 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5602561549075991, "token_count": 432, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.375412"} {"text": "case study is often defined in different ways, reflecting evolving practice. what is important then is to define the concept for yourself, and explain to your audience how you are using the term. - a research approach in which one or few instances of a phenomenon are studied in depth ( given, 2008 ). - an empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real - life context ; when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident ; and in which multiple sources of evidence are used. ( yin, 1984 ) case study involves a detailed in depth analysis of an organisation, person, a group, an event, allowing an understanding of complex phenomena, such as organisations. a case study generally involves looking at a single case ( which already exists ), an object of study which is easily identified and separated ( a bounded system ) from other similar objects e. g. an organization, a place, an illness in one patient. case study is a useful methodology for focussing on relationships connecting everyday practices in natural settings, placing attention on a local situation ( stake, 2006 ). the case study is useful to investigate an issue in depth and \u2018 provide an explanation that can cope with the complexity and subtlety of real of life situation \u2019 ( denscombe, 2010, p55 ). research questions revolve around \u2018 how? \u2019 or \u2018 why? \u2019 and may be explanatory, exploratory or descriptive in nature ( yin, 2003 ). case study can be used to develop theory. yin ( 2003, p 1 ) notes that a case study is a way to \u2018 contribute to our knowledge of individual, group, organisational, social, political and related phenomena \u2019 case study can be used to test theory : what is it supposed to do and does it do that? case studies can be used to trace a process, developing an understanding and then test it ( bennett, andrew ) data collection case studies generally use a combination of data collection methods. multiple case studies in multiple cases, research single cases are meaningful in relation to the other cases cited. multiple case study research needs to use cases that are similar in some ways. the cases become \" members of a group or examples of a phenomenon \" ( stake, 2006, p. 6 ). this allows examination of what is similar and dissimilar about the cases. the researcher is looking for patterns and uniqueness, particulars and generalisations in the cases developed. references and resources denscombe, martyn ( 2010 ) ( 4th ed ). the good research guide", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5654052060438793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.380745"} {"text": "dissimilar about the cases. the researcher is looking for patterns and uniqueness, particulars and generalisations in the cases developed. references and resources denscombe, martyn ( 2010 ) ( 4th ed ). the good research guide for small scale social research projects. maidenhead : open university pres mcgraw hill dufour, s. & foutin, v., \u2018 annotated bibliography of case study method \u2019, current sociology vol. 40 / 1, 1992, pp. 166 - 181. fidel, r. ( 1984 ). \u2018 the case study method : a case study \u2019, library and information science research vol. 6 / 3, pp. 273 - 288. garson, g. d. ( 2008 ). case studies, available from http : / / faculty. chass. ncsu. edu / garson / pa765 / cases. htm gerring, j. ( 2007 ). case study research : principles and practices, cambridge university press, cambridge. gilbertson, d. w. & stone, r. j. ( 1985 ) ( 2nd ed ). human resources management : cases and readings. sydney : mcgraw - hill, 1985. giving, l. m. ( 2008 ) ( ed. ), the sage encyclopedia of qualitative research methods, los angeles : sage. hossain, dewan mahboob ( 2009 ). ' case study research ' social science research network http : / / ssrn. com / abstract = 1444863 marshall, c. & rossman, g. b. ( 2006 ) ( 4th ed ). designing qualitative research, thousand oaks : sage. merriam s. ( 1998 ). qualitative research and case study application in education. san francisco : jossey bass. ragin, c. c. & becker, h. s. ( 1992 ), what is a case? exploring the foundations of social enquiry, cambridge university press, cambridge. sadler, d. royce ( 1985 ). \u2018 evaluation, policy analysis and multiple case studies : aspects of focus and sampling \u2019, educational evaluation and policy analysis, vol. 7 / 2, pp. 143 - 149. simons ( 2009 ). case study research in practice. london : sage stake, r. e. ( 1995 ). the art of case study research. thousand oaks : sage publications. stake, r. e. ( 2006 ), multiple case study analysis, new york & london :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5216782698598339, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.381572"} {"text": "research in practice. london : sage stake, r. e. ( 1995 ). the art of case study research. thousand oaks : sage publications. stake, r. e. ( 2006 ), multiple case study analysis, new york & london : the guildford press. soy, susan k. ( 1997 ). the case study as a research method. available from http : / / www. ischool. utexas. edu / ~ ssoy / usesusers / l391d1b. htm stoecker, r., \u2018 evaluating and rethinking the case study \u2019, the sociological review vol. 39, no. 1, february 1991, pp. 88 - 112. yin, r. k. ( 1989 ). \u2018 case study research design and method \u2019. applied social research methods series 5. newbury park : sage young, raymond ( 2010 ). case study research http : / / ise. canberra. edu. au / raymond /? s = case + study zach, l. ( 2006 ), \u2018 using multiple case studies design to investigate the information - seeking behaviour of arts administrators \u2019, library trends vol. 55 / 1, pp. 4 - 21. see also - topic : business case studies - portal : social entrepreneurship / case studies / more - wikiversity : case studies - cislunarfreighter / scripts and case studies - case studies in patent litigation - portal : social entrepreneurship / case studies - evidence - based medicine / case studies - case study : blended design and openness - case study in psychology", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4921730041315906, "token_count": 323, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.382117"} {"text": "- common names : northern hairy - nosed wombat, queensland hairy - nosed wombat, yaminon - scientific name : lasiorhinus krefftii - national conservation status : endangered ( likely to become extinct if threats continue ) - size : 35 cm high, 1 m long - weight : up to 35 kg ( females slightly heavier than males ) the northern hairy - nosed wombat is a marsupial with a backward facing pouch. the curious name comes from its distinctive muzzle which is covered with short brown hairs. it is strong and heavily built, with short, powerful legs and strong claws that are used to dig burrows or search for suitable plants to eat. its fur is soft, silky, and mainly brown, mottled with grey, fawn and black. it has a broad head, and the ears are long and slightly pointed with tufts of white hair on the edges. like most marsupials, the northern hairy - nosed wombat is active at night, usually at dawn or dusk. although mostly solitary, wombats often share burrows. each burrow has several entrances and contains moist air which stays at a constant temperature throughout the year. the northern hairy - nosed wombat eats native and introduced grasses and stays close to one of its many burrows. the wombat ' s teeth never stop growing, allowing it to grind its food even when old. the northern hairy - nosed wombat gives birth to one young during the wet season ( november - april ). the young stay in the mothers pouch for eight to nine months. they leave their mother at about 15 months. the northern hairy - nosed wombat once occurred near deniliquin ( new south wales ), on the moonie river near st george ( southern queensland ) and at epping forest near clermont ( central queensland ). fossil records from new south wales, victoria and queensland show that they lived over a larger area, but probably not in high numbers. the last known colony of northern hairy - nosed wombats is now restricted to 300 ha in epping forest national park in central queensland. the northern hairy - nosed wombat occurs along an ancient water course in the park where the soil is sandy and dry. their feeding areas contain native grasses, scattered eucalypts and acacias, and patches of scrub. the wombats live in groups of large burrows usually located near trees. habitat loss and change, drought and competition with cattle, sheep and rabbits for food have contributed to the decline of the northern hairy - nosed wombat. epping forest national park is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.406095820619624, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.388858"} {"text": "the wombats live in groups of large burrows usually located near trees. habitat loss and change, drought and competition with cattle, sheep and rabbits for food have contributed to the decline of the northern hairy - nosed wombat. epping forest national park is now fenced to keep out cattle and sheep and will be fenced during 2002 to exclude dingoes which killed 10 northern hairy - nosed wombats during 2000 - 01. introduced buffel grass, planted in the area for cattle feed, outcompetes the native grasses and forces the wombats to travel further to find the native species they prefer to eat. the small population of northern hairy - nosed wombats that remains is susceptible to predation, fire and inbreeding. epping forest national park was established in 1971 to protect the habitat of the northern hairy - nosed wombat. access into the park is restricted to researchers and park managers. the park is protected from wildfires by fire breaks and patch burning of small areas. after the removal of cattle in 1982, wombat numbers increased from 35 to about 70 in 1989. numbers remained steady during a major drought which spanned the first half of the 1990 ' s. after several good years of rainfall, the population has increased to 110. programs to control buffel grass and improve the supply of native grasses are helping the wombats to move into other suitable habitats in the park. management of epping forest national park and ongoing research on the ecology of the northern hairy - nosed wombat also contribute to the long term conservation of this species. as well, a captive breeding program on the southern hairy - nosed wombat is currently under way. if this proves successful, it is hoped the techniques developed can be applied to the captive breeding of northern hairy - nosed wombats. there are three species of wombat in australia. the northern hairy - nosed wombat is the largest. the other two are : common wombat ( vombatus ursinis ) the common wombat occurs in southeastern australia. it has coarser hair, a smaller tail and shorter, more rounded ears than the northern hairy - nosed wombat. it is nocturnal during the summer, but in winter it often comes out of its burrow during the day. common wombats breed at any time of the year. they live to 15 years in the wild, and up to 20 years in captivity. southern hairy - nosed wombat ( lasiorhinus latifrons ) this species occurs in parts of southern south australia, southeastern western australia and western victoria. it is the smallest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40368085524562625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.391362"} {"text": "apple is known for supporting educational uses of its technologies. on apple learning interchange community, for instance, teachers can find news and share lesson plans and ideas on different subjects. of course, apple also supports the use of their mobile devices for learning, and here is their official website dedicated to just that : showcase different ways the iphone / ipod touch can be used to support education. \u201c ipod touch and iphone are perfect for on - the - go learning. but don \u2019 t let their small size fool you. these devices put thousands of apps and countless possibilities in your pocket. \u201d also noteworthy is their website showcasing educational uses of the ipad. this website highlights features and uses such as : - web - ready apps ( safari, mail, maps ) - multimedia access ( music, videos, websites ) - management apps ( calendar, notes ) - iwork for document creation / editing ( pages, keynote, numbers ) - accessibility - readiness ( screen reader built in ) - itunesu ( academic content readily available on itunes ) the ipad being somewhat cost - effective, more portable, and \u201c closed \u201d ( not allowing as much student tampering and access to inappropriate content ) can be some of the good reasons to adopt the device in educational settings. \u201c your school day gets more productive \u2014 and more fun \u2014 when you can page through websites, write an email, flick through photos, or watch a movie with just the touch of a finger. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4371032069795573, "token_count": 287, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.393129"} {"text": "we need another and a wiser and perhaps a more mystical concept of wild animals. remote from universal nature, and living by complicated artifice, man in civilization surveys the creatures through the glass of his knowledge and sees thereby a feather magnified and the whole image in distortion. we patronize them for their incompleteness, for their tragic fate for having taken a form so far below ourselves. and therein we err, greatly err. for the animal shall not be measured by man. in a world older and more complete than ours they move finished and complete, gifted with extensions of the senses we have lost or never attained, living by voices we shall never hear. they are not brethren, they are not underlings ; they are other nations, caught with ourselves in the net of life and time, fellow prisoners of the splendour and the travail of the earth. - henry beston, the outermost house, as cited by karsten heuer in being caribou : five months on foot with an arctic herd, p. 10 in the \u201c complicated artifice \u201d of immured, urban life, i often experience the living world of the animals, plants and minerals in the tundras, deserts, mountains, rivers, lakes, forests, caves and oceans like a ghost - appendage, like a part of me that i can \u2019 t shake the awareness of, though i live in a fast - moving, technologically driven human \u2018 nation \u2019 that has severed itself from these other nations both in habitat and in consciousness. the influential philosophical writings of the ancient greeks, particularly of aristotle, conveyed down to us through innumerable refracted lenses in the post - classical tradition the notion that human beings are superior to the animal kingdom as a result of their unique possession of \u2018 logos \u2019, or the capacity to reason. aristotle took this analogy even further, to suggest that just as domestic animals \u2019 benefit \u2019 from their domination by human beings, so do women and slaves \u2018 benefit \u2019 by being ruled by free men. aristotle \u2019 s writings supplied the european and early american slave - traders and slave - owners of the 17th - 19th centuries with canonical arguments for racialized, chattel slavery. what comes of the persistent human belief in separation? our human history is littered with exemplum upon exemplum of the tragic consequences of this belief. mindfulness practices provide an antidote. they help us to reestablish connections with each other and with other nations. they help us to really feel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5656980093751959, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.395956"} {"text": "treating hirschsprung ' s disease requires surgery to remove the affected bowel and then join the healthy bowel segments. there are three different approaches, each with a high rate of success. the choice depends on the overall health of the child and the training and experience of the surgeon sometimes a single surgical procedure is recommended to remove the aganglionic segment, then bring the healthy bowel down into the rectum, and join it to the rectal wall : this is called a \" pull - through. if an infant is too small or a child is critically ill, a temporary colostomy may be necessary prior to the pull - through. in a colostomy, the colon is brought out to the surface of the abdomen so that stool contents can be discharged into a special bag for disposal subsequent to the colostomy, the pull - through surgery can be planned. the colostomy opening can then closed at the time of the pull - through, or, in some cases, at a third operation after it is clear that the pull - through is working. for most children with hirschsprung ' s disease, there are no long - term complications after successful surgery. a significant minority of children, though, are troubled with persistent constipation ), or persistent enterocolitis personal note : being affected with this disease, and not having had the surgery due to incorrect early diagnosis, i am inspired to say that living with this problem without surgery is very difficult. you may experince humiliation due to inability to control bowel movments, severe pain when having bowel movments, and constant illness due to the inability to remove toxins from the body. please do not allow a child to grow up with this disease.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.398595431194134, "token_count": 356, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.399073"} {"text": "eat and be young but we \u2019 d like to add this simple thought : what you eat can make you old. last month we explained how age equals inflammation and why inflammation could play a role in many degenerative processes, including diabetes, arthritis, heart disease, high blood pressure and cancer. ( see the april 17 issue of the shepherd for details. ) reducing inflammation may be able to slow down the aging process. and, even more important, it \u2019 s something you can do every day, very simply, just by eating the right foods. here \u2019 s how it works : the internal ph ( level of acid ) of the body is a critical factor in producing inflammation. the body is designed to function properly when the internal environment is neutral, with the exception of the stomach \u2019 s acidity. when your body becomes too acidic, it tries to come into balance by retaining water and taking calcium and other minerals from your bones. over time, these processes may lead to inflammation and osteoporosis. your cells, tissues and organs may prematurely break down. and some studies have shown that tumor cells, bacteria and viruses will grow at explosive rates when placed in an acidic bath. one culprit is your diet. the typical american consumes a wide variety of food and substances that create acidity within the body, such as pharmaceutical medicine, soda, processed foods, additives and preservatives. fortunately, reducing your acidity is pretty easy. try these tips : eat fresh fruits and vegetables, preferably raw. processing foods kills the enzymes they contain when they \u2019 re fresh, which forces the body to use its own limited reserves to digest what you eat. plus, additives and preservatives create acidity, contributing to the aging process. consume omega - 3 fatty acids, primarily from fish oil, flaxseed or hemp oil. omega - 3 fatty acid deficiency has been called the scurvy of our time, with an estimated 90 % of americans lacking in this vital nutrient. eat the right kind of processed foods. nearly every culture in history has relied on lacto - fermentation in food processing, which keeps the food alive. traditional foods like pickles, tempeh, sauerkraut, kimchi, soy sauce and miso retain critical nutrients and help to slow down the aging process. check out your ph balance. a simple way to check your own internal environment is to purchase a simple ph strip from a health food store and begin monitoring one of the most important factors in premature", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4474828315342969, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.406422"} {"text": "| cat neutering practices in the uk and swine flu | cats and avian flu foetus infection in cats - the dangers to cats cat rescue - helpful information from canada despite neutering being one of the most common veterinary procedures, questions remain about what constitutes best practice, and when is the ideal time to neuter. these were the focus of attention at a meeting of the cat group, held in london last september, to which representatives from the uk veterinary schools, and a number of other veterinary experts, were invited. this article presents a summary of the discussions. at the beginning of november 2009, a sick 13 - year old cat in iowa, usa was diagnosed with the h1n1 \u2018 swine flu \u2019 influenza virus. he had become lethargic, lost his appetite and had respiratory distress and diarrhoea. he was treated with antibiotics and fluids and recovered. this is the first report that cats can become infected with the swine flu virus. it is very likely that the cat caught the virus from humans. two of the three people who lived with the cat had flu - like symptoms before the cat became ill. although h1n1 has not been confirmed as the cause of their illness, there is strong circumstantial evidence that they were the source of the infection and the virus was transmitted from them to the cat rather than the other way round, as the cat did not go outdoors. there appears to be a small risk of animals catching the current swine flu virus from humans. pigs, turkeys and pet ferrets have been diagnosed with the virus. previously cats have died from eating birds infected with the earlier avian flu h5n1 virus. however, there is no evidence yet that influenza viruses spread between cats or from cats to humans. to reduce the risk of pet cats becoming infected from people with flu, the same precautions should be taken that apply to preventing human - to - human spread of the virus. close contact with cats should be avoided, particularly face to face contact. coughs and sneezes should be contained in paper tissues which should then be discarded hygienically. hands should be washed very carefully before handling pets. cats in households in which people have symptoms of flu should be monitored carefully. if cats show signs of illness, owners should seek advice immediately from their veterinary surgeon. further information, visit the websites below : protection agency http : / / www. hpa. org. uk for the environment, food and rural affairshttp : / / www", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41838262617591065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.431542"} {"text": "signs of illness, owners should seek advice immediately from their veterinary surgeon. further information, visit the websites below : protection agency http : / / www. hpa. org. uk for the environment, food and rural affairshttp : / / www. defra. gov. uk have been identified as one of the species which can become infected with the h5n1 avian flu virus. natural infection almost certainly occurs when cats eat infected birds, and fatal infections in cats have been recorded in germany and austria. in laboratory studies cats have been infected experimentally and have transmitted the virus to other cats with which they were in contact. recent research, the results of which have yet to be confirmed, indicates that in parts of south - east asia, where poultry have been infected with the virus, up to 20 per cent of cats have antibodies, suggesting that many more cats become infected than become ill. this raises the concern that cats might be a vehicle in which the virus can become more addapted to mammals, and therefore spread readily to man. however, there has been no evidence to date that cats have been responsible for transmitting the virus to humans. the simple and most effective way of avoiding cats being infected is to keep them indoors, especially if they are known to wander and are in an area where infected birds are known to be present. when cases of h5n! infection occur in poultry in the uk, owners within the 3 km protection zone should consider keeping their cats indoors as recommended by defra : a precautionary approach we recommend that if you live within 3km of a premises where avian influenza is confirmed ( the protection zone ) pet owners should aim to keep their cats indoors and exercise their dogs on a lead. this is for the protection of your animals and is not for public health purposes. in all other areas you should continue as normal and your pets are not at risk. ' here for defra ' s advice on avian flu and cats a recent report form the european commission standing committee on the food chain and animal health says : knowledge indicates that no h5n1 infection has ever occurred in humans due to animals other than domestic poultry. current knowledge suggests that the disease in carnivores such as cats is a \u201c cul de sac \u201d of the infection that has not lead to an increase in the risk posed by this virus for animal or public health. areas where h5n1 has been confirmed in wild birds : - sick or dead cats and dogs that may have had contacts with infected birds or their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4118559435585156, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.433490"} {"text": "that has not lead to an increase in the risk posed by this virus for animal or public health. areas where h5n1 has been confirmed in wild birds : - sick or dead cats and dogs that may have had contacts with infected birds or their carcasses should undergo veterinary inspection or post - mortem examination. when felt necessary by the veterinarian and in accordance with the instructions given by the veterinary authorities, further testing should be carried out ; - contacts between domestic carnivores, particularly cats, and wild birds should be prevented, i. e. cats should be kept indoors and dogs should be kept on a leash or otherwise restrained, and kept under control by the owner ; - where stray cats or dogs are found dead they should not be touched and the veterinary authorities should be informed, so that post - mortem examination and further testing can be performed ' cat group urges pet owners not to panic and abandon or rehome their cats because of fears of infection with bird flu. this highly pathogenic virus first appeared in chickens in hong kong in 1997 and spread to people, with six deaths being recorded. in 2003 there were two further human deaths associated with infection by the same subtype of virus in southern china. throughout 2004, h5n1 viruses spread throughout southeast asia resulting in the deaths, or slaughter of millions of chickens and over 30 people. to date, 167 human cases have been reported. the human infections were acquired directly from infected birds and fortunately the virus does not appear to spread between people. however, a major threat from this new virus is that suddenly it might change and cause epidemics in people. this might occur if the virus mutated in chickens or recombined with existing human influenza viruses already in people or pigs, to produce novel viruses that could then spread readily from person to person, causing widespread disease. the world health organisation is closely monitoring the situation for the appearance of any such variant viruses in people. other concerns are that the h5n1 virus has been found to cause fatal disease in domestic cats, as well as in tigers and leopards in captivity, through the consumption of infected poultry meat ; and the virus can spread between cats. therefore there is a theoretical possibility that cats may be involved in natural history of these viruses, serving as a vehicle for the spread of the virus to other species, particularly man. most authorities consider this outcome to be unlikely since previously reported disease in cats caused by avian influenza viruses have not been associated with widespread infection, or fatalities in cats. the first recorded natural", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4673677165938829, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.435148"} {"text": "for the spread of the virus to other species, particularly man. most authorities consider this outcome to be unlikely since previously reported disease in cats caused by avian influenza viruses have not been associated with widespread infection, or fatalities in cats. the first recorded natural, fatal infection of cats with an avian influenza virus was in korea in 1942, but the subtype of that virus is not known. since then there have been anecdotal accounts of natural feline infections in thailand in 2004 and the transmission of a current h5n1 isolate from chickens to cats, and between cats, has been reported recently. it is considered even more unlikely that cats could act as a \u2018 mixing vessel ' to generate recombinant influenza viruses, as might occur in people or pigs. therefore, the risk that cats might pose should be kept in perspective. kuiken t, et al ( 2004 ) avian h5n1 influenza in cats. science 306 : 241 keawcharoen j, et al ( 2004 ) avian influenza h5n1 in tigers and leopards. emerging infectious diseases 10, 2189 - 2191 cats bring avian flu into a household? we have two indoor - outdoor cats which occasionally catch rats or birds and, of course, bring them into the house. it doesn ' t take much to imagine one ' s cat catching and bringing into the house an infected, ill migratory bird. how concerned should pet owners be? and what is a reasonable course of action under such circumstances? advice from an eminent virologist and supported by defra, the british government department for the environment, food and rural affairs are that cats are susceptible to the current h5n1 strains of avian flu virus, as are garden birds. consequently, there is a theoretical risk that cats could introduce the virus into a household through predation, and that people could be infected from the bird, or the cat. the risk must be considered remote. however, in areas where bird flu has been identified it is recommended that cats are kept indoors for their own protection. also see defra ' s guidance on the handling and disposing of dead garden and wild birds websites are also a useful source of information : board on cat diseases ( abcd ) veterinary association ( bva ) society for the protection of birds ( rspb ) tritrichomonas foetus is a microscopic single - celled flagellated protozoan parasite that has traditionally been identified as a cause of reproductive disease in cattle ( infertility, abortion", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4339145454882892, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.436108"} {"text": "for the protection of birds ( rspb ) tritrichomonas foetus is a microscopic single - celled flagellated protozoan parasite that has traditionally been identified as a cause of reproductive disease in cattle ( infertility, abortion and endometritis ). it has been found all over the world, but the widespread use of artificial insemination in breeding cattle has led to the virtual elimination of this organism from the cattle population in many countries including the uk and much of europe. there have been a number of recent studies, mostly form the usa, that have demonstrated that t foetus may also be an important cause of diarrhoea in cats. it can infect and colonises the large intestine, and can cause prolonged and intractable diarrhoea. studies have shown that this parasite mainly causes colitis ( large bowel diarrhoea ) with increased frequency of defaecation, semi - formed to liquid faeces, and sometimes fresh blood or mucus in the faeces. with severe diarrhoea the anus may become inflamed and painful, and in some cases the cats may develop faecal incontinence. although cats of all ages can be affected with diarrhoea, it is most commonly seen in young cats and kittens, the majority being under 12 months of age. most of the affected cats have come from rescue shelters and pedigree breeding colonies. abdominal ultrasound examination may show corrugation of the large bowel and local lymphadenopathy. colonic biopsies from affected cats typically show mild to severe inflammatory changes with infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells \u2013 a pattern commonly seen with other infectious agents and with inflammatory bowel disease. however, the parasites may be seen in close association with the mucosa. although the diarrhoea may be persistent and severe, most affected cats are otherwise well, and show no significant weight loss. infection is most commonly seen in colonies of cats and multicat households, where the organism is presumably spread between cats by close and direct contact. there has been no evidence of spread from other species, or spread via food or water. in one study, 31 % of cats at a cat show in the usa were identified as being infected with this organism, suggesting that this may be an important, common, and previously unrecognised cause of diarrhoea in cats. although most information on t foetus infection has come from studies of cats in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4449856046474792, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.437062"} {"text": "were identified as being infected with this organism, suggesting that this may be an important, common, and previously unrecognised cause of diarrhoea in cats. although most information on t foetus infection has come from studies of cats in the usa, we have identified several cases of infection in cats in the uk ( mostly in young pedigree cats, and all from multicat households generally with more than one cat being affected ), and it has also been identified in cats from germany, italy, spain and norway. in the uk, up to 30 % of faecal samples from cats with diarrhoea are currently being found to be infected ; with young pedigree cats ( particularly siamese and bengal ) being significantly more likely to be infected. the evidence therefore suggests that t foetus is probably quite widespread in cat populations, and infection is most likely where there is a high density of cats sharing the same environment. while t foetus is known to be a significant cause of reproductive disease in cattle ( infertility, abortion and endometritis ), its role in causing reproductive disease in cats is still unclear. there is one report of a cat from norway that came from a t foetus - infected household and developed pyometra ( which was found to contain t foetus organisms ). the cat may have been predisposed to the infection by having received six weeks of oral contraceptive ( medroxyprogesterone acetate ). it has also been suggested that tom cats may be able to harbour the infection in their prepuce. assessment of the cats faeces for the presence of t foetus can be made using a number of different methods ( see below for more details ) ; ( i ) looking for moving parasites in fresh faecal smears ( ii ) using a specific culture system or ( iii ) by detection of t foetus dna using pcr. the different methods have differing sensitivities : in one study direct smears were positive in 5 / 36 cases, culture in 20 / 36, and pcr in 34 / 36 cases ; so the pcr is by far the most sensitive test, but even this can be hampered by intermitted shedding of the parasite. diagnosis of t foetus infection is usually straightforward. the organism exists in the intestine as small, motile trophozoites, and these can be detected under the microscope. for optimum results, fresh faeces should be examined, and if any mucus has been passed with the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4452183673185337, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.437972"} {"text": "the organism exists in the intestine as small, motile trophozoites, and these can be detected under the microscope. for optimum results, fresh faeces should be examined, and if any mucus has been passed with the faeces this is the most likely place to find the organisms. smears of faeces / mucus diluted with some saline can be made on a microscope slide. a cover slip can be pressed over the smear and then the slide can be examined under x200 and x400 magnification. in most clinically affected cats, large numbers of the small motile organisms can be seen \u2013 they appear a little bit like microscopic tadpoles with very short tails (! ), and have an undulating membrane that runs over the length of the body. their movement is described as \u2018 jerky, forward motion \u2019. examination of multiple smears and multiple faecal samples will improve the detection of the organism. rectal swabs can also be examined for the organism \u2013 a cotton swab can be inserted into the anus and rotated over the colonic mucosa \u2013 this is then withdrawn and a smear made on a microscope slide which is again diluted with saline and examined as above. the organism needs to be distinguished from giardia, another protozoan parasite, but with giardia infection the trophozoites tend to be far fewer in number, they are binucleate with a concave ventral \u2018 sucker \u2019, and do not exhibit the same forward motion as t foetus. if a cat has received recent antibiotic therapy, this can suppress the number of t foetus trophozoites shed, and can make the diagnosis more difficult. in such cases, more sensitive diagnostic techniques may be preferable. two other diagnostic tests are available which are both more sensitive and specific for this organism. firstly, the organism can be cultured from faecal samples using a system developed for diagnosis in cattle. the \u2018 in pouchtm tf \u2019 test ( biomed diagnostics, oregon, usa ) uses a liquid culture system in a sterile plastic pouch. the pouch can be inoculated with 0. 05g of faeces ( about half the size of a small pea ). the pouches are incubated at room temperature and can be examined microscopically for the motile organisms every two days for 12 days. this test is more sensitive than direct examination of faeces and helpful for detecting infections where direct smears are negative. giardi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.493724058501937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.438871"} {"text": "are incubated at room temperature and can be examined microscopically for the motile organisms every two days for 12 days. this test is more sensitive than direct examination of faeces and helpful for detecting infections where direct smears are negative. giardia, and other similar organisms will not grow in this specific culture medium. in the uk, this system was available from capital diagnostics in edinburgh ( 0131 535 3145 ) but its high prevalence of false negatives ( due to the parasite dieing in the cold uk postal system ) means that it is not recommended as the pcr is far more sensitive. the most sensitive and specific test is a pcr ( polymerase chain reaction ) test \u2013 a sophisticated test that can detect the presence of the genetic material of the organism. this is an extremely sensitive test that is available in the uk and us from a number of laboratories ( please see below ). current information suggests the long - term prognosis for infected cats is good, and that they will eventually overcome the infection. however, this is a slow process \u2013 in one study of infected cats, resolution of the diarrhoea took an average of nine months, with occasional cats having diarrhoea persisting for more than two years, and rarely for life. it appears that most infected cats continue to shed low levels of the organism in their faeces for many months after the resolution of the diarrhoea. most studies on treatment of t. foetus infection in cats have been unrewarding. the organism is resistant to most traditionally used anti - protozoal drugs such as fenbendazole and metronidazole. the use of a variety of different antimicrobial drugs has been reported to improve faecal consistency during therapy of infected cats, possibly because of interaction between t. foetus and the bacteria normally present in the intestine. however, such antibiotic use is not recommended as it may ultimately prolong the shedding of the organism, and does not resolve the underlying problem. a recent study by dr jody gookin at the north carolina state university ( who has performed most of the work on this infection in cats ) identified that ronidazole and tinadazole ( antibiotics similar but not the same as metronidazole ) may have efficacy against t. foetus infection in cats ( jvim, 2006 ; 20 : 536 ; am j vet res, 2007 ; 68 : 1085 ). from limited studies ronidazole appears to be more effective", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4611485855064423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.439766"} {"text": "the vmd have agreed to our use of this chemical in these cats, they strongly recommend that detailed records are maintained and that no cat is treated without first obtaining informed, signed, owner consent. in addition, we should compile data on all potential adverse effects : send case information on any potential adverse effects to danielle. gunn - moore @ ed. ac. uk. care should be exercised in the use of ronidazole, as there are very few studies of its use in cats, and long - term studies in other species have suggested some potential toxicity concerns. ( in many countries its use in food - producing animals has been banned to minimise human exposure ). careful handling of the drug is therefore advised. it should never be given to pregnant queens ( or queens about to be put to stud ) : it is very teratogenic and may result in a number of different and severe defects. anyone handling ronidazole should wear gloves ( especially if they are a woman of reproductive age ). since the diarrhoea usually resolves over time, and is often more of an inconvenience than being associated with significant adverse effects in affected cats, it may not be necessary or advisable to treat all affected cats with ronidazole. using a simple highly digestible diet or a high fibre diet may result in improved faecal consistency, and this may be sufficient to control the clinical signs in some cats. although not proven, it is thought that t. foetus may be able to infect humans ; as a precaution people in contact with infected cats are advised to take basic hygiene precautions to avoid ingesting the parasite. these precautions will also help to prevent the spread of the infection to other cats, and prevent humans from being infected with other infections that the cat may carry. suitable hygiene precautions include : - washing hands thoroughly after handling cat faeces - washing hands thoroughly after cleaning cat litter trays, whether the cat has diarrhoea or not - cat scratches or bites should always be washed immediately with soap and water. seek medical attention as soon as possible if signs of infection appear, such as redness, pain or swelling. - persons with a weakened immune system should not handle their cat \u2019 s faeces or litter box, they are advised to wash their hands after handling their cats, and they are advised not to keep cats that have persistent diarrhoea. if their cat develop diarrhoea it should be fully investigated and if found to be infected with tritrichomonas foe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.42679068589248015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.441788"} {"text": "wash their hands after handling their cats, and they are advised not to keep cats that have persistent diarrhoea. if their cat develop diarrhoea it should be fully investigated and if found to be infected with tritrichomonas foetus it should be treated with ronidazole and then re - tested, or ( at least temporarily ) re - homed until the infection has resolved. for further information on t. foetus infection in cats : www. fabcats. org. for veterinary surgeons seeking further discussion, contact danielle gunn - moore : email : danielle. gunn - moore @ ed. ac. uk. tel : 44 ( 0 ) 131 650 7650 fax : 44 ( 0 ) 131 650 7652. in the uk this is available from capital diagnostics, sac veterinary science division, bush estate, penicuik, midlothian, eh26 0qe : tel. 0131 535 3145 ). alternatively, a real - time quantitative pcr ( qpcr ) assay is now available, which incorporates an internal amplification control so that false negative results are avoided. the assay is performed on a small volume of faeces ( 2 - 5ml ) at a cost of \u00a329 ( + vat ) ; further details on the test and submission forms can be found on http : / / www. langfordvets. co. uk / lab _ pcrnews. htm or by contacting langford veterinary services diagnostic laboratories at the university of bristol, langford house, langford, bristol, bs40 5du. tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 117 928 9412 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 117 928 9613 email : firstname. lastname @ example. org. in the us samples can be submitted to the college of veterinary medicine, north caroline state university ( usa ) for this test \u2013 information on this is available at : www. cvm. ncsu. edu / mbs / gookin _ jody. htm. thanks to dr andy sparkes, ellie mardell and kirsty wood who were involved with the initial preparation of this paper. dahlgren ss, gjerde b, pettersen hy ( 2007 ) first record of natural tritrichomonas foetus infection of the feline uterus. journal of small animal practice 48 : 654 - 657 foster dm, gookin jl, poore mf, stebbins me, levy mg", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4448096188076559, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.442616"} {"text": "of natural tritrichomonas foetus infection of the feline uterus. journal of small animal practice 48 : 654 - 657 foster dm, gookin jl, poore mf, stebbins me, levy mg ( 2004 ) outcome of cats with diarrhoea and tritrichomonas foetus infection. journal of the american veterinary medical association 225 : 888 - 892 gookin jl, breitschwerdt eb, levy mg, gager rb ( 1999 ) diarrhoea associated with trichomoniasis in cats. journal of the american veterinary medical association 215 : 1450 - 1454 gookin jl, birkenheuer aj, breitschwerdt eb, levy mg ( 2002 ) single - tube nested pcr for detection of tritrichomonas foetus in feline faeces. journal of clinical microbiology 40 : 4126 - 4130 gookin jl, copple cn, papich mg, poore mw, stauffer sh, birkenheuer aj, twedt dc, levy m ( 2006 ) efficacy of ronidazole for treatment of feline tritrichomonas foetus infection. journal of veterinary internal medicine 20 : 536 - 543 gookin jl, foster dm, poore mf, stebbins me, levy mg ( 2003b ) use of a commercially available culture system for diagnosis of tritrichomonas foetus infection in cats. journal of the american veterinary medical association 222 : 1376 - 1379 gookin jl, levy mg, law jm, papich mg, poore mf, breitschwerdt eb ( 2001 ) experimental infection of cats with tritrichomonas foetus. american journal of veterinary research 62 : 1690 - 1697 gookin jl, stebbins me, adams e, burlone k, fulton m, hochel r, talaat m, poore m, levy mg ( 2003a ) prevalence and risk of t foetus infection in cattery cats ( abstract ). journal of veterinary internal medicine 17 : 380 gookin jl, stebbins me, hunt e, bulone k, fulton m, hochel r, talaat m, poore m, levy mg ( 2004 ) prevalence and risk factors for feline tritrichomonas foetus and giardia infection. journal of clinical microbiology 42 : 270", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43587839503505243, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.443534"} {"text": ", fulton m, hochel r, talaat m, poore m, levy mg ( 2004 ) prevalence and risk factors for feline tritrichomonas foetus and giardia infection. journal of clinical microbiology 42 : 2707 - 2710 gookin jl, stauffer sh, coccaro mr, poore mf, levy mg, papich mg ( 2007 ) efficacy of tinidazole for treatment of cats experimentally infected with tritrichomonas foetus. am j vet res 68 ( 10 ) : 1085 - 8. gunn - moore, da, mccann, tm, reed, n, simpson, ke, tennant, b. ( 2007 ) prevalence of tritrichomonas foetus infection in cats with diarrhoea in the uk. jfms 9 : 214 - 218 gunn - moore da, tennant b. ( 2007 ) tritrichomonas foetus in cats in the uk. vet rec. 160 ( 24 ) : 850 - 851 kather ej, marks sl, kass ph. ( 2007 ) determination of the in vitro susceptibility of feline tritrichomonas foetus to 5 antimicrobial agents. j vet intern med. ; 21 ( 5 ) : 966 - 70 ) levy mg, gookin jl, poore m, birkenheuer aj, dykstra mj, litaker rw ( 2003 ) tritrichomonas foetus and not pentatrichomonas hominis is the etiologic agent of feline trichomonal diarrhoea. journal of parasitology 89 : 99 - 104 mardell ej, sparkes ah. ( 2006 ) chronic diarrhoea associated with tritrichomanas foetus infection in a british cat. veterinary record 158, 765 - 766 romatowski j ( 2000 ) pentatrichomonas hominis infection in four kittens. journal of the american veterinary medical association 216 : 1270 - 1272 rosado tw, specht a, marks sl. ( 2007 ) neurotoxicosis in 4 cats receiving ronidazole. j vet intern med 21 ( 2 ) : 328 - 31 sac ( sac veterinary services ) monthly report ( 2007 ) ; available online www. sac. ac. uk / consultancy / veterinary / publications / monthlyreports / 2007 : veterinary record 161 ( 16 ) : 544 - 54", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42831954089733837, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.444357"} {"text": ") : 328 - 31 sac ( sac veterinary services ) monthly report ( 2007 ) ; available online www. sac. ac. uk / consultancy / veterinary / publications / monthlyreports / 2007 : veterinary record 161 ( 16 ) : 544 - 546 figure 1 : rectal smears can be made using cotton swabs rolled over the rectal wall. smears can be made on glass slides, and material obtained should be diluted with saline to prevent desiccation. figure 2 : typical appearance of a large number of t foetus organisms in a faecal smear under x400 magnification. when examined, the organisms can be seen to be highly motile. figure 3 : appearance of an individual t foetus organism stained with lugol ' s iodine. three anterior flagellae can be seen, and an undulating membrane runs the length of the body. information is published on the feline advisory bureau website and can be accessed via the link below : there has been a great deal of news in the press recently about cats being poisoned by antifreeze, both maliciously and accidentally. a spate of publicised incidents was reported in the somerset area, but then seemed quickly to spread to other areas of the country. as with any such event, it is difficult to determine whether the spread of cases was due to copycat poisonings, or simply because the increased publicity increased reporting of more suspected incidents. one hopes the latter. nevertheless, antifreeze products can pose a serious threat to companion animals. antifreeze is reportedly very sweet to taste and presumably palatable, and poisonings in dogs are quite common. cats are at great risk as the fatal dose for ethylene glycol based antifreezes in cats is about 1. 5ml per kg bodyweight, so cats only need to consume about five to six ml \u2013 a couple of good licks \u2013 to be in immediate and life - threatening trouble. for successful management, intervention must be extremely fast as glycols are readily and rapidly absorbed, with the kidney function becoming rapidly impaired. there are cases of fatality occurring within hours of ingestion. one of the antidotes available for such poisonings is not tolerated by cats at all, so the only therapy left is giving ethanol ( alcohol ), so it is very difficult to treat. there are suggestions that the poisonings could be accidental with the cat drinking from a water feature which has had antifreeze added to stop it freezing up over winter. however, most of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4778045040453146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.445299"} {"text": "ethanol ( alcohol ), so it is very difficult to treat. there are suggestions that the poisonings could be accidental with the cat drinking from a water feature which has had antifreeze added to stop it freezing up over winter. however, most of these poisonings seem to have happened before the bad weather and only water features without fish or pond life could be treated in this way, as alcohols and glycols permeate fish membranes easily and will affect them. between 2003 and 2007, the veterinary poisons information service ( vpis ) documented 108 antifreeze - related enquiries in cats and 100 in dogs overall \u2013 so about 20 cases per annum. 46 of the feline cases and 35 of the canine cases were followed up. of these, 30 of the feline cases were known to have fatal outcomes ( 65. 2 % ) compared with eight known fatal outcomes in dogs ( 22. 9 % ). higher mortality rates have been reported in other published studies from elsewhere. it is sad to report that 2008 was a particularly bad year. up to the end of october, 93 cases had been reported to vpis ( london ) \u2013 56 in cats and 37 in dogs. usually the number of reports rises in the months for october to march, so these numbers are worryingly elevated. case outcome data is not available for all these cases yet \u2013 but 12 deaths have been reported in cats from 16 returned case follow - up questionnaires ( 75 % mortality therefore ). the message for cat lovers is to make sure that there is no spillage of antifreeze in garages or sheds or under the car. the fastidious clean cat will groom it off feet if it is walked through. collectively, we must ensure that the message gets out that these chemicals are very dangerous for pets and the cat group, along with vpis, will be raising the issue in the press in the future. the spca in british columbia, canada, has produced a helpful manual and dvd for those working in rescue situations, called catsense\u2122 - the emotional life of cats. the catsense\u2122 manual is a complete guide to putting in place a system for good welfare of cats in a shelter environment. it includes information on housing, behaviour, checklists for stress, and planning to put in place good evidence - based welfare practices. the dvd explains the emotional states experienced by cats in shelters and shows examples of cats displaying anxiety, fear, frustration and depression. a two hour training dvd, presented by nadine gourkow, advises on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4976772586075986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.447242"} {"text": "the natural objects that i propose to consider are broadly those physical objects which are studied and referred to by science and by a common sense view, informed by science, of the world. natural objects are, philosophically speaking, individuals ; they are involved as units in dynamic, causal processes. i shall draw a distinction between natural objects and the abstract objects of mathematics, in particular set theory. natural objects encompass atoms and molecules ; cells and organisms, including you and me ; the objects of everyday life such as chairs and automobiles ; nations, continents, ecosystems, mountain ranges, geological faults ; planets, stars and galaxies. each natural object, when regarded internally, is a dynamic system with various interacting parts and components ( some of which may be natural objects in their own right ) ; when regarded externally, a natural object acts as a unit with respect to a larger system or systems ( which may again be natural objects ) of which the given object forms a part or component. it is sometimes argued that objects such as atoms or galaxies are theoretical constructs, as much so as mathematical objects ( or even, according to some, more so ). it is true that any reference to an object rests on epistemological assumptions. the approach here will be not to belittle these important epistemological questions but to leave them aside, and accept as a working assumption the practical viewpoint of people who are dealing with the world : that natural objects exist, act, and are acted upon, independently of the observer - - although any description of them or of their actions is dependent on the describer. scientific theories refer to natural objects as well as to abstractions of them ; they also refer to and quantify over other entities, in particular, the real numbers, points in space, time, and other mathematical spaces such as vector spaces, hilbert space, etc. - - these are abstract objects which are not necessarily abstractions of any natural objects. thus the ontology of natural objects may be said to be more restrictive than, say, a quinesque one. my point, however, is again not to dispute the validity of this or that ontology, but rather to describe a level of existence. no judgment will be presumed about the question of what ontological commitment should be made to abstract objects : rather, our focus of attention will be elsewhere. in the examples above and in what follows, i concentrate on physical objects. i do not mean to rule out psychic or spiritual or intellectual objects. you and i, as objects, have these aspects ; french society", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6680647864904578, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.491296"} {"text": "our focus of attention will be elsewhere. in the examples above and in what follows, i concentrate on physical objects. i do not mean to rule out psychic or spiritual or intellectual objects. you and i, as objects, have these aspects ; french society, indian classical music, the theory of natural selection, king lear, king lear, the collective unconscious may all be regarded as natural objects. their ties to physical existence ( in the sense of matter and energy ) or to extensional ( spatial ) existence are various, and there is scope for varied theories about their ontological status ; i tend to follow nicolai hartmann ( 1949 ) in assigning to spiritual and psychic strata \" categorial dependence \" on the strata of physical existence in spaces : thus these objects are tied, however indirectly, to the physical level of existence. what i have to say will apply to such objects, in so far as they are acknowledged to exist ; and even to purely spiritual or psychic objects not tied to the physical level of existence at all, if they are admitted to exist. but i shall keep largely to physical and biological examples as being less problematic. this will also insulate the discussion from problems of consciousness and free will which inevitably come up but are not my concern here. thus the natural objects to be considered here may correspond more or less to the \" natural bodies \" of francis bacon : \" toward the effecting of works, all that man can do is to put together or put asunder natural bodies. \" ( bacon 1620, 39 ) an interesting example of a natural object is a hurricane. it is an open system, exchanging matter, energy and information with its environment, and acting as a whole. it is certainly accorded the status of an individual, in everyday language and in meteorology, even to the extent of being given a proper name ( such as floyd, mitch, zeb or babs ). it cannot be precisely identified with any set of atoms or molecules ; and any boundary in space or time that you try to draw for the hurricane will be arbitrary. meteorologists will draw such a boundary - - say, the point in time when a tropical storm is upgraded to a hurricane - - according to conventions about energy content and wind speeds, but the passing of a boundary is merely the employment of a convenient yardstick and is not supposed to have absolute significance. natural objects may usefully be described as systems. von bertalanffy ( 1968 ) defines a system as \" a complex of interacting elements \" ( although von bertalanffy '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6401551367986005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.492433"} {"text": "a convenient yardstick and is not supposed to have absolute significance. natural objects may usefully be described as systems. von bertalanffy ( 1968 ) defines a system as \" a complex of interacting elements \" ( although von bertalanffy ' s elements are not to be equated with elements in the set - theoretic sense, and to avoid confusion i use \" components \" ). he goes on to study systems defined in terms of partial differential equations. mesarovic and takahara ( 1975 ) develop a more general, set - based concept of system. they are able to define such notions as cascading, feedback, and open systems. natural objects can be named, or they can be defined by ostension. often, naming and pointing will be essentially the only ways to refer unambiguously to a particular object. 2. natural and abstract objects the words \" a logic \" of the title are intended to suggest the aim of depicting how we reason or infer about natural objects. set theory, as a foundation for mathematics, is a way of doing this for abstract objects. before examining natural objects more closely, i wish to compare them with abstract objects - - which i shall identify, for concision, with sets - - in order to bring out some properties relevant to both. cantor ( 1895 ) introduced the concept of set as \" any comprehension into a whole m of definite and separate objects m of our intuition or our thought \", and the modern development of set theory has retained the spirit of cantor ' s conception, in particular through the fundamental role of the comprehension axiom. even in the limited form necessary to avoid the paradoxes, comprehension formalizes the grouping together of objects with like properties into a single entity. the objects - - sets, classes - - of set theory are abstractions, the product of our mental processes ( \" our intuition or our thought \" ) which impose an organization on the world we perceive. except under a naive platonist interpretation, sets are not required to have an autonomous existence outside the formal system that creates them : that is to say, outside the language of the observer. ( the same goes for all other mathematical objects, including categories. ) thus set theory may be said to be a part of epistemology, the study of our knowledge of the world. following a hint of graham c. d. griffiths ( 1974, 87 ) i wish to contrast this with ontology, the study of what things exist, independently of any observer. from a scientific perspective, objects such", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.668395387181366, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.493368"} {"text": "of our knowledge of the world. following a hint of graham c. d. griffiths ( 1974, 87 ) i wish to contrast this with ontology, the study of what things exist, independently of any observer. from a scientific perspective, objects such as atoms, molecules, organisms ( including persons ), stars, galaxies may be said to have an objective individual existence - - although there are borderline cases where the object ' s existence as a separate individual may be questionable, and the individuality of, say, a quark is of a very different nature from yours or mine. on the other hand, sets of objects, such as the set of all stars, or an arbitrary collection of, say, 100 people chosen at random, can exist as individuals only in an abstract sense ( though the former example may be viewed as a natural kind ). in addition, the \" definite and separate \" character of the elements of a set is not always found in nature where boundaries are generally ill - defined and separation may be relative and time - dependent. natural objects interact, are born of others, and die. to bring out how natural objects in general differ from sets, let me pause to consider the nature of one particular object, myself, whose autonomy and continuity i feel so clearly ( but proceeding in a different direction from descartes ). can i precisely be identified with a set? what about the set of cells that contain my unique dna? this set provides a good approximation to my physical extent, but there are many problems with identifying \" me \" with this set : i am not trying to attack set theory as such. i simply wish to note that the common mode of talking about the world leaves philosophical doubts aside and names natural objects ; that the language of science is full of them ( as well as of abstract objects ) ; and that set - theoretic language does not capture the nature of natural objects, as of course it was never intended to. it therefore seems worthwhile to try and develop a theory of natural objects. as jody azzouni puts it ( 1994, 4 ), mathematical objects are metaphysically inert. natural objects, by contrast, interact intensively with the rest of the world, and this interaction in fact cannot be separated from their nature. but great care will be needed because once a mathematical framework for referring to these objects has been established, the referents themselves will be mathematical objects. rigorous separation of levels of discourse will be necessary - - but this is nothing new in logic and metamathematics. sets are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6665357720906682, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.494350"} {"text": "needed because once a mathematical framework for referring to these objects has been established, the referents themselves will be mathematical objects. rigorous separation of levels of discourse will be necessary - - but this is nothing new in logic and metamathematics. sets are abstracted ( from the latin : drawn away ) from direct physical experience. a common example frequently seen in expositions of elementary ( naive ) set theory illustrates the abstract nature of the set concept by explaining how a collection of disparate objects can be grouped together into a set merely by enumerating them or by specifying a common property - - no matter how incongruous and varied their natures or how widely separated they are in space and time. this kind of construction is counter - intuitive to a student who is not accustomed to thinking in terms of abstractions ; the natural objects one is used to dealing with in less abstract contexts do not have these properties. even the pair set axiom does not hold, in general, for natural objects. a pair of objects is not, usually, a single object ( although in special cases one will consider certain pairs as a unit ; for example a married couple is an object in legal considerations ). the same goes for other elementary set - theoretic constructions such as unions and intersections. the distinction between individuals and classes is relevant here. ( some philosophers talk of natural kinds ; others oppose individuals to \" sets \". ) this distinction, which goes back to plato and aristotle, was blurred by cantor : his sets are both individuals and classes. indeed, the principle of comprehension is a formalization of the notion that a class of objects is defined, as an individual, by a common property that they share. the subsequent development of set theory reinstated the individual / class distinction in a different form with sets and proper classes ; this happened as early as cantor ( 1899 ). different versions of modern set theory ( zermelo - fraenkel, von neumann - bernays - godel ) vary in the ontological status accorded to proper classes, as do different interpretations of the formalisms. however, the basic point here is that sets are essentially collections ( \" multiplicities \" - - cantor ) treated as individuals. a natural object is never merely a collection ; the interaction of its components is an essential part of its individuality. it is perhaps of interest to note that ernst zermelo, in his fundamental paper ( 1908 ) on axiomatizing set theory, seemed to be open - minded about whether all objects are sets : \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6303230280659708, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.495389"} {"text": "an essential part of its individuality. it is perhaps of interest to note that ernst zermelo, in his fundamental paper ( 1908 ) on axiomatizing set theory, seemed to be open - minded about whether all objects are sets : \" set theory is concerned with a domain b of individuals, which we shall call simply objects and among which are the sets. \" ( emphases in original. ) for zermelo, the membership relation is fundamental ; sets are defined in terms of this relation, as objects which have elements, so that a special case is needed for the empty set. so sets are logically posterior to, not prior to, the fundamental binary relation. but unlike later authors zermelo does not rule out the possibility that some objects are nonsets. of course the nonsets which he had principally in mind were atoms or urelements ; these have continued to play a role in set theory, but only in connection with the membership relation. other possible relations or properties of urelements are not considered. natural objects may be urelements - - the raw material for forming sets - - for example, the set of all hurricanes in 1999 may be used, and abstracted, in a statistical analysis. what interests me here is not the properties of natural objects qua urelements, but what other properties they may have, orthogonal as it were to their set - theoretic ones, because not expressed in terms of the membership relation. as a first approximation, let us suppose that an appropriate language for natural objects has a binary relation, analogous to the fundamental binary relation ( \" x is an element of y \" ) of set theory, but stating rather \" x is a component of y \". this relation will have very different properties from. in fact partakes of some of the properties of natural objects : it changes through time and space. its properties in the subatomic and the macroscopic realms diverge. but we can certainly see whether set - theoretic ideas apply to, exploring the correspondence, more than an analogy, between and. as intimated above, basic set - theoretic axioms including comprehension and the pair set axiom do not hold for natural objects under this - interpretation. there is something of a tradition of alternate set theories in which some of the standard axioms are negated. we may gain clues about reasoning with natural objects from what has been learned about reasoning with weak sets. one important line of work in this direction negates the axiom of foundation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6423043898611899, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.496375"} {"text": "set theories in which some of the standard axioms are negated. we may gain clues about reasoning with natural objects from what has been learned about reasoning with weak sets. one important line of work in this direction negates the axiom of foundation. this has been most successfully done by peter aczel ( 1988 ), building on work of boffa ( 1969 ), forti and honsell ( 1983 ), finsler, scott, and others. aczel ' s work in turn has had important applications in situation theory, theory of communicating systems, and elsewhere ( e. g. barwise 1989, barwise and moss 1998 ). aczel has built a universe of set theory, extending and not supplanting the standard universe of set theory, that provides a useful formalism for certain ways of looking at the world ( e. g. situation theory ). the axiom of foundation was historically one of the last of the standard axioms of set theory to be added to the canon. the axiom of choice was introduced earlier ( choice : zermelo 1904 ; well - foundedness and foundation : mirimanoff 1917, skolem 1922 ), but its separate status was recognized from the start, and has, of course, been a central theme in 20th century set theory. other authors have more recently examined the independence of some of the core axioms of set theory from weak base systems, thus bringing into question even these axioms that were, unlike choice, readily accepted. for example, boffa ( 1972 ) proved an independence result concerning the pair set axiom ; gonzalez ( 1992 ) showed the independence of the union axiom in zermelo set theory, using a permutation method ; zarach ( 1998 ) used forcing to show that collection is not implied 3. species and the indescribability in this and the next section i turn from a comparison with set theory to motivating influences from the sciences. problems of behaviour of natural objects, and of the constitution of an individual, have arisen in concrete situations, and i shall attempt to draw some working principles from these lessons. an important case study in the investigation of natural objects is the work of philosophers of biology on the nature of individuals. this has arisen in large part because a set - theoretic framework has been found by many to be inadequate for the ontological status of taxonomic groups. in particular, the traditional conception, which goes back to aristotle, of each species as a class has been questioned, first by michael", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6449117506938752, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.497449"} {"text": "a set - theoretic framework has been found by many to be inadequate for the ontological status of taxonomic groups. in particular, the traditional conception, which goes back to aristotle, of each species as a class has been questioned, first by michael ghiselin ( 1966 ; see also 1974, 1981, 1987 ), and then by many other authors ( e. g. holsinger 1984, hull 1978, sober 1984, sober 1993, griffiths 1974 ). they point out that to consider a species as a class, or as defined by a set of properties, is to impose on it a character that it does not have, and to miss the actual nature of species. since darwin we know : this has the added advantage of unifying the biological hierarchy of entities : at each level - - cell, organism, population, species, etc. - - there occur individuals that are defined, not by comprehension in terms of their elements ( this is impossible ), but as dynamical, changing systems whose behaviour can be characterized internally by interactions among their components, or externally by their interactions with their environment. indeed, one can extend this hierarchy to the physical level ( s ) as well ( molecules, atoms,... stars, galaxies,... ) with the same remarks still holding ( griffiths 1974 ). ghiselin ( 1987, 128 ) goes so far as to say that treating species as individuals opens \" the prospect that we can develop a single body of knowledge for the entire universe. \" thus the practical pursuit of systematics in biology broadens into a picture of the universe as consisting of individuals, each individual being bounded in space and time but not ( necessarily ) contiguous or connected, characterized by a dynamical interplay of its components and its environment, and definable by ostension or by naming and not by comprehension : when anyone tries to find the \" defining properties \" of an individual, he is wasting his time. this is equally true for homo sapiens, tellurian life, human language, french, and noam chomsky. ( ghiselin 1981, 283 ) another biological science, ecology, similarly encourages us to view biological systems as wholes, with components that are dynamically interdependent ( e. g. levins and lewontin 1980 ). the notion of supervenience ( kim 1978 ) is a good candidate for formalization in any attempt to describe the articulation of the different levels of the hierarchy of natural objects. an important principle suggested by all the above discussions is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6235414333406631, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.499031"} {"text": "1980 ). the notion of supervenience ( kim 1978 ) is a good candidate for formalization in any attempt to describe the articulation of the different levels of the hierarchy of natural objects. an important principle suggested by all the above discussions is the inadequacy of any ( finite ) language to describe any natural object fully, other than by naming or ostension. everyday life, and the example of \" me \", tend to confirm this principle ; and of course it is fundamental to quantum mechanics as expressed in the uncertainty principle and complementarity, construed ( as in the copenhagen interpretation ) as precluding a complete objective description of phenomena : i shall say more on this in the next section. the principle of the indescribability of objects provides a contrast between natural objects and abstract objects : in set theory, the exact specification and construction of objects using comprehension and the other constructive axioms is essential. a second principle is, in contrast, shared by natural and abstract objects. in fact it is suggested both by set theory and by recent work in cosmology. cosmologists are facing more and more consciously the problem of describing everything. set theory, among other branches of mathematical logic, has a similar ambition in that an entire universe is to be constructed - - not in this case the physical universe but the \" universe of discourse \" of mathematics, the aggregate of all the abstract objects studied by mathematicians. incidentally, the habitual use of the term \" universe \" for the class of all sets is relatively recent. zermelo ( 1908 ) merely spoke, as we have seen, of a \" domain \" of individuals ; russell and whitehead in principia mathematica ( 1910 ) referred to the \" universal class \" v, and even godel in his work on v = l, which set the tone for all subsequent set theory, refers to the \" universal class \" and not the \" universe \" ( godel 1940, 40 ). the principle i am proposing here is the impossibility of describing everything. in set theory, it was necessitated by the early paradoxes and is articulated in a fundamental series of theorems, including those of lowenheim - skolem, of godel, and the related result of tarski on the undefinability of truth ( these are not confined to set theory ). even before these results, it was realized that sets have a way of spilling over any circumscription that one may attempt to put on them :...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6912100967670813, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.502819"} {"text": "undefinability of truth ( these are not confined to set theory ). even before these results, it was realized that sets have a way of spilling over any circumscription that one may attempt to put on them :... quel que soit l ' ensemble qu ' on envisage ( pourvu qu ' il existe ), des individus nouveaux surgissent, et un ensemble plus vaste apparait necessairement ; on est bien en presence d ' une extension indefinie qui ne comporte pas d ' arret ni borne. ( mirimanoff 1917, 48 ) since godel ' s work, there has been what akihiro kanamori ( 1996, 46 ) calls a \" cornucopia of models of set theory \" ( i. e. models of everything ) and in fact these are a basic research tool. in cosmology, the attention of some researchers has been focussed more recently on the problem of everything. it arises acutely when the universe ( defined, perhaps, as what emerged from the big bang ) turns out not to be everything : when in order to account for the observed properties of our universe, it is found that the best explanation is a theory incorporating the existence of many universes, of which ours is just one. several modern cosmological theories call for multiple universes, including lee smolin ' s theory of the creation and natural selection of universes ( smolin 1997 ). andrei linde ' s \" chaotic inflation \" and \" eternally self - reproducing universe \" ( e. g. linde 1990 ) also call for many, perhaps infinitely many, universes - - if by universe we mean everything that we can in principle communicate with. smolin ( 1997, 14 ) has addressed the issues that emerge when attempting to describe everything : the problem of how to make a theory of the whole universe is thus the problem of how to construct a theory without making any reference to anything that exists, or anything that we might have imagined happened, outside of the system we are describing. a related lesson is taught by quantum theory ; thus heinz r. pagels ( 1982, 103 ) : bohr ' s principle of complementarity implies that knowing everything at one time about the world - - a requirement of determinism - - is impossible because the conditions for knowing one thing necessarily exclude knowledge of others. the separation of observer and observed, in the copenhagen interpretation, carries the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6724984309543236, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.504556"} {"text": "expressed in terms of a space and time that were absolute and prior to the physical universe. newton himself realized this and had recourse to a metaphysical notion of space and time. leibniz also realized it and made it a central part of his criticisms of the newtonian cosmos, proposing instead a relational view of space and time. it was part of the achievement of einstein to remove space and time from their privileged position as the \" stage \" on which the events of the universe are played out, and replace them by a concept of space and time as part of the fabric of the universe, acting and acted upon by matter and energy in a dynamical system. analogously, in \" classical \" logic one first specifies the language ( syntax and rules of inference ) and then constructs \" universes \" with this language as the stage - setting. a way to avoid the paradoxes and limitations to which this gives rise is a description in which the language is no longer separate from and prior to the object being described. ( barwise and etchemendy ( 1987 ) use just such a strategy to deal with the liar paradox, although the limitations of logic to abstract objects are not challenged. i comment further on situation semantics below. ) such descriptions would be impredicative - - physicists might call them non - local - - in that the specification of a single object would involve the whole universe or a substantial part of it : that each singular substance expresses the whole universe in its own way, and that in its concept are included all of the experiences belonging to it together with all of their circumstances and the entire sequence of exterior events. ( leibniz 1686, 308 ) mach ' s principle may be regarded as an expression of this in dynamics. in quantum theory, bohr frequently noted the following corollary to, or instance of, complementarity : on the lines of objective description, it is indeed more appropriate to use the word phenomenon to refer only to observations obtained under circumstances whose description includes an account of the whole experimental arrangement. ( bohr 1961, 73 ) this means, in fact, since it is not clear where to draw the line that separates the \" whole experimental arrangement \" ( and the laws governing it ) from the rest of the world, that the description of a phenomenon implicitly includes the whole universe. such impredicativity has the consequence that one cannot construct from scratch models of a universe consisting of \" singular substances \". this would be considered by logicians a drawback of impredicativity ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6914483277969607, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.508736"} {"text": "implicitly includes the whole universe. such impredicativity has the consequence that one cannot construct from scratch models of a universe consisting of \" singular substances \". this would be considered by logicians a drawback of impredicativity ; but in the context of the problem of smolin, it may be an advantage that not only are there no obvious models of the system which are describable from outside, but perhaps such models are in principle not possible. situation semantics ( barwise and perry 1983 ; barwise 1989 ) is a different kind of attempt to address the problem of the impossibility of describing everything in the context of the analysis of natural language. the approach of viewing utterances and inferences as situated activities differs from the present one in that it is epistemological rather than ontological. it \" shifts attention from truth preservation to information extraction and information processing \" ( barwise 1989, xiv ; emphases in original ). furthermore, its syntax presupposes the existence and discreteness - - the abstractness - - of objects. ian hacking ( 1972, 148 ), discussing leibniz ' s notion of individual substance, makes an important point : which bundles [ of qualities ] are substances? only those bundles that are active, in the sense of having laws of their own. laws provide the active principle of unity. there is a tendency in much analytic philosophy to conceive things as given, and then to speculate on what laws they enter into. on the contrary, things are in the first instance recognized by regularities. ( emphasis in original ) thus a logic of natural objects will put priority on addressing the question : what makes an individual an individual? as hacking points out, leibniz shares with berkeley the view that substances are bundles of qualities ; the important question, as in the quote above, is the converse. with the principle that each object ( or singular substance, or thing, or individual, or phenomenon ) irreducibly reflects its entire surroundings, we have come to a fusion of the first two principles mooted : the indescribability of the individual and of the universe. in combination with either of these, it implies the other. in leibniz ' s case, this third principle is a consequence of the principle of reason ( or of \" predicate - in - notion \" ) - - as is another principle, that no two individuals are exactly alike. the identity of indiscernibles has not received attention here but is indeed logically", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6471850669379049, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.509913"} {"text": "of the principle of reason ( or of \" predicate - in - notion \" ) - - as is another principle, that no two individuals are exactly alike. the identity of indiscernibles has not received attention here but is indeed logically linked to the principles adduced above. the principle of reason does not stand up to scrutiny in the light of contemporary logic, but some of its consequences may be recast for our use. in the novum organum bacon ( 1620, 41 ) criticizes aristotelian logic thus : the syllogism is not applied to the first principles of sciences, and is applied in vain to intermediate axioms, being no match for the subtlety of nature. it commands assent therefore to the proposition, but does not take hold of the thing. a modern logic of natural objects would aim to take hold of the thing, aiming to secure sound principles for reasoning with individuals without need of leibniz ' s metaphysical starting point. 1. i am grateful to john wahlert for elucidating this example for me. aczel, peter ( 1988 ). non - well - founded sets, csli lecture notes 14, stanford. azzouni, jody ( 1994 ). metaphysical myths, mathematical practice : the ontology and epistemology of the exact sciences, cambridge university press. bacon, francis ( 1620 ). the new organon, ed. fulton h. anderson, the library of liberal arts, bobbs - merrill, 1960. barwise, jon ( 1989 ). the situation in logic, csli lecture notes 17, stanford. barwise, jon and john etchemendy ( 1987 ). the liar, oxford university press. barwise, jon and lawrence moss ( 1998 ). vicious circles. csli lecture notes 60. barwise, jon and j. perry ( 1983 ). situations and attitudes, mit press, cambridge, mass. and london. bertalanffy, ludwig von ( 1968 ). general systems theory, george braziller, new york. boffa, m ( 1969 ). sur la theorie des ensembles sans axiome de fondement, bull soc. math. belg. 31, 16 - 56. boffa, m ( 1972 ). l ' axiome de paire dans le systeme de zermelo, arch. math. logik grundlagenforsch. 15, 97 - 98. bohr, niels ( 1961 ). atomic physics and human knowledge, science editions,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6288781582611878, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.511741"} {"text": ", ian ( 1972 ). individual substance, in : leibniz : a collection of critical essays, ed. harry g. frankfurt, anchor books. hartmann, nicolai ( 1949 ). new ways of ontology, greenwood press, henry regnery co., 1975. translation of neue wege der ontologie, w. kohlhammer, stuttgart. holsinger, kent e. ( 1984 ). the nature of biological species, philosophy of science 51, 293 - 307. hull, david l. ( 1978 ). a matter of individuality, philosophy of science 45, 335 - 360. kanamori, akihiro ( 1996 ). the mathematical development of set theory from cantor to cohen, bull. symbolic logic 2 ( 1 ), 1 - 71. kim, jaegwon ( 1978 ). supervenience and nomological incommensurables, american philosophical quarterly, 15 ( 2 ), 149 - 156. leibniz, gottfried wilhelm ( 1686 ). discourse on metaphysivs, in philosophical papers and letters, trans. leroy e. loemker, 2nd ed., d. reidel, 1969. levins, richard and richard lewontin ( 1980 ). dialectics and reduction in ecology, synthese 43, 47 - 78. linde, andrei ( 1990 ). inflation and quantum cosmology, academic press. mayr, ernst ( 1976 ). evolution and the diversity of life, belknap press, harvard university press. mesarovic, m. d. and yasuhiko takahara ( 1975 ). general systems theory : mathematical foundations, academic press. mirimanoff, d. ( 1917 ). remarques sur la theorie des ensembles et les antinomies cantoriennes, i, l ' enseignement math. 19, 209 - 217. pagels, heinz r. ( 1982 ). the cosmic code : quantum physics as the language of nature, simon & schuster, new york. russell, bertrand, and alfred north whitehead ( 1910 ). principia mathematica, cambridge university press, 1962. skolem, thoralf ( 1922 ). some remarks on axiomatized set theory, translated in van heijenoort ( 1967, 290 - 301 ). smolin, lee ( 1997 ). the life of the cosmos, oxford university press. sober, elliott ( 1984 ). sets, species, and evolution : comments on philip kitcher '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6664541240977835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.515557"} {"text": "| foundation of quantum theory | the following well - known experiments serve as a motivation for studying quantum theory. the experimental results cannot be explained using ideas from classical physics. | 1. blackbody radiation | | 2. photoelectric effect | | 3. compton effect | it is well - known that when a body is heated it emits electromagnetic radiation. for example, if a piece of iron is heated to a few hundred degrees, it gives off e. m. radiation which is predominantly in the infra - red region. when the temperature is raised to 1000c it will begin to glow with reddish color which means that the radiation emitted by it is in the visible red region having wavelengths shorter than in the previous case. if heated further it will become white - hot and the radiation emitted is shifted towards the still shorter wave - length blue color in the visible spectrum. thus the nature of the radiation depends on the temperature of the emitter. a heated body not only emits radiation but it also absorbs a part of radiation falling on it. if a body absorbs all the radiant energy falling on it, then its absorptive power is unity. such a body is called a black body. an ideal blackbody is realized in practice by heating to any desired temperature a hollow enclosure ( cavity ) and with a very small orifice. the inner surface is coated with lamp - black. thus radiation entering the cavity through the orifice is incident on its blackened inner surface and is partly absorbed and partly reflected. the reflected component is again incident at another point on the inner surface and gets partly absorbed and partly reflected. this process of absorption and reflection continues until the incident beam is totally absorbed by the body. the inner walls of the heated cavity also emit radiation, a part of which can come out through the orifice. this radiation has the characteristics of blackbody radiation - the spectrum of which can be analyzed by an infra - red spectrometer. experimental results show that the blackbody radiation has a continuous spectrum ( shown in the graph ). the intensity of the emitted radiation el is plotted as a function of the wavelength l for different temperatures. the wavelength of the emitted radiation ranges continuously from zero to infinity. el increases with increasing temperature for all wavelengths. it has very low values for both very short and very long wavelengths and has a maximum in between at some wavelength lmax. lmax depends on the temperature of the blackbody and decreases with increasing temperature. the shift in the peak of the intensity distribution curve obeys an empirical relationship known as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6973197535832094, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.530309"} {"text": "short and very long wavelengths and has a maximum in between at some wavelength lmax. lmax depends on the temperature of the blackbody and decreases with increasing temperature. the shift in the peak of the intensity distribution curve obeys an empirical relationship known as wien ' s displacement law : lmax t = constant. the total power radiated per unit area of a blackbody can be derived from thermodynamics. this is known as stefan - boltzmann law which can be expressed mathematically as : e = s t4, where s = 5. 67 x 10 - 8 w m - 2 k - 4 is known as stefan ' s constant. note that the total power e radiated is obtained by integrating el over all wavelengths. w. wien proposed an empirical relationship between el with l for a given temperature t : el ( t ) = a exp ( - b / lt ) / l5, where the constants a and b are chosen arbitrarily so as to fit the experimental energy distribution curves. but it was later found that the experimental data don ' t follow wien ' s empirical relation at larger wavelengths [ see fig. below ]. wien ' s theory of intensity of radiation was based only on arguments from thermodynamics not on any plausible model. considering the radiation system as composed of a bunch of harmonic oscillators rayleigh and jeans derived ( using thermodynamics ) an expression for the emitted radiation el : el = ( c / 4 ) ( 8pkbt / l4 ). ' kb ' is the boltzman constant ( kb = 1. 345 x 10 - 23 j / k ). the above expression agrees well with the experimental results at long wavelengths but drastically fails at shorter wavelengths. in the limit l - > 0, el - > infinity from the expression above, but in the experiments el - > 0, as l - > 0. this serious disagreement between theory and experiment indicates the limitations of classical mechanics. max planck later derived an expression for the emitted radiation using quantum mechanics. he made a bold new postulate that an oscillator can have only energies which are discrete, i. e., an integral multiple of a finite quantum of energy hf where h is planck ' s constant ( h = 6. 55 x 10 - 34 j. s ) and f is the frequency of the oscillator. thus the energy of the oscillator is, e = nhf, where n is an integer or zero. planck further assumed that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6318188215931222, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.531257"} {"text": ". 55 x 10 - 34 j. s ) and f is the frequency of the oscillator. thus the energy of the oscillator is, e = nhf, where n is an integer or zero. planck further assumed that the change in energy of the oscillator due to emission or absorption of radiant energy can also take place by a discrete amount hf. since radiation is emitted from the oscillators, and since according to planck, the change in energy of the oscillators can only take discrete values, the energy carried by the emitted radiation, which is called a photon, will be hf, and that is also equal to the loss of energy of the oscillator. again, this is also the energy gain of the oscillator when it absorbs a photon. based on these ideas planck derived the expression for the energy distribution of blackbody radiation : el = ( c / 4 ) ( 8phc / l5 ) ( 1 / [ exp ( hc / lkbt ) - 1 ] ). rayleigh - jean ' s expression and wien ' s displacement law are special cases of planck ' s law of radiation. planck ' s formula for the energy distribution of blackbody radiation agrees well with the experimental results, both for the long wavelengths and the short wavelengths of the energy spectrum. please on the simulation below to see nice interactive demonstration of the physics of blackbody radiation. simulation on blackbody radiation back to top planck ' s postulate regarding the discrete nature of the possible energy states of an oscillator marked a radical departure from the ideas of classical physics. according to the laws of classical mechanics, the energy of an oscillator can vary continuously, depending only on the amplitude of the vibrations - this is in total contrast to planck ' s hypothesis of discrete energy states of an oscillator. photoelectric effect is another classic example which can not be explained with classical physics. einstein was awarded nobel prize for his explanation of the physics of photoelectric effect. the basic experiment of photoelectric effect is simple. it was observed that a metal plate when exposed to ultraviolet radiation became positively charged which showed that it has lost negative charges from its surface. these negatively charged particles were later identified to be electrons ( later named photoelectrons ). this phenomenon is known as photoelectric effect. please out the physics applet below which shows the effect of light on various metals. simulation on photoelectric effect the main results of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.698213388447473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.532189"} {"text": "to be electrons ( later named photoelectrons ). this phenomenon is known as photoelectric effect. please out the physics applet below which shows the effect of light on various metals. simulation on photoelectric effect the main results of the experiment can be summarized as follows : on exposure to the incident light, photoelectrons with all possible velocities ranging from 0 upto a maximum vm are emitted from the metal plate. when a positive potential is applied to the collector ( which collects the emitted photoelectrons ), a fraction of the total number emitted is collected by the collector. this fraction increases as the voltage is increased. for potentials above about + 10 volts, all the electrons emitted by the light are collected by the collector which accounts for the saturation of the photoelectric current [ figs. ( a ) and ( b ) below ]. on the other hand, when a negative retarding potential is applied on the collector, the lower energy electrons are unable to reach the collector so that the current gradually decreases with increasing negative potential. finally for a potential - v0 ( known as the stopping potential ), the photoelectrons of all velocities upto the maximum vm are prevented from reaching the collector. at this point, the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons equals the energy required to overcome the effect of the retarding potential - so we can write mvm2 / 2 = ev0. conclusion from the experimental results : ( 1 ) the photoelectric current depends upon the intensity of the light used. it is independent of the wavelength of the light [ see fig. ( a ) above ]. ( 2 ) the photoelectrons are emitted with all possible velocities from 0 upto a maximum vm which is independent of the intensity of the incident light, but depends only on its wavelength ( or frequency ). it is found that if f is the frequency of the light used, then the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons increases linearly with f [ see figs. ( b ) and ( c ) above ]. ( 3 ) photoelectron emission is an instantaneous effect. there is no time gap between the incidence of the light and the emission of the photoelectrons. ( 4 ) the straight line graph showing the variation of the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons with the frequency f of the light intersects the abscissa at some point f0. no photoelectron emission takes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6127199935251089, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.533710"} {"text": "the photoelectrons. ( 4 ) the straight line graph showing the variation of the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons with the frequency f of the light intersects the abscissa at some point f0. no photoelectron emission takes place in the frequency range f < f0. this minimum frequency f0 is known as the threshold frequency. its value depends on the nature of the emitting material [ see fig. ( c ) above ]. breakdown of classical physics : according to classical physics - ( a ) light is an electromagnetic wave - the intensity of light is determined by the amplitudes of these electromagnetic oscillations. when light falls on an electron bound in an atom, it gains energy from the oscillating electric field. larger the amplitude of oscillations, larger is the energy gained by the emitted electron - thus energy of the emitted electrons should depend on the intensity of the incident light. this is in contrast to what has been observed in experiment ( point 2 above ). ( b ) according to the electromagnetic theory, the velocity of the emitted electrons should not depend on the frequency of the incident light. whatever may be the frequency of the incident light, the electron would be emitted if it gets sufficient time to collect the necessary energy for emission. so the photoelectric emission is not an instantaneous effect. these are in contrary to points 3 and 4 above. ( c ) finally, the incident electromagnetic wave acts equally on all the electrons of the metal surface. there is no reason why only some electrons will be able to collect the necessary energy for emission from the incident waves. given sufficient time, all electrons should be able to collect the energy necessary for emission. so there is no reason why the photoelectric current should depend upon the intensity of the incident light. however, this is again in contrary to the observed facts ( point 1 above ). einstein ' s light quantum hypothesis and photoelectric equation : we have seen from above that the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons increases linearly with the frequency of the incident light. in terms of equation we have mvm2 / 2 = ev0 = af - w where a and w are constants. w is known as the work function of the emitting material. the constant a was determined experimentally and is found to be equal to the planck ' s constant h. we can then rewrite the above equation as - mvm2 / 2 = ev0 = hf - w. for the special value of f =", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6431279820304105, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.535937"} {"text": "a was determined experimentally and is found to be equal to the planck ' s constant h. we can then rewrite the above equation as - mvm2 / 2 = ev0 = hf - w. for the special value of f = f0 = w / h, the k. e. of the emitted photoelectrons becomes zero. so there will be no photoelectron emission if f < f0. f0 is the threshold frequency. the equation, mvm2 / 2 = ev0 = hf - hf0 is known as the famous einstein ' s photoelectric equation. einstein used the quantum hypothesis of planck to explain the photoelectric effect. he postulated that light is emitted from a source in the form of energy packets of the amount hf known as the light quantum or photon. this is known as einstein ' s light quantum hypothesis. when a photon of energy hf falls on an electron bound inside an atom, the electron absorbs the energy hf and is emitted from the atom provided that hf is greater than the energy of binding of the electron in the atom which is equal to the work function w of the metal. the surplus of energy ( hf - w ) is taken away by the electron as its kinetic energy. obviously if hf < w, i. e. f < f0, no photoelectric emission can take place. this explains the existence of the threshold frequency. furthermore, according to einstein ' s theory, larger the number of photons falling on the metal, greater is the probability of their encounter with the atomic electrons and hence greater is the photoelectric current. so the increase of photoelectric current with the increasing light intensity can be easily explained. finally, as soon as the photon of energy hf > w falls on an electron, the latter absorbs it and is emitted instantaneously. note that einstein ' s light quantum hypothesis postulates the corpuscular nature of light in contrast to the wave nature. we will talk about this wave - particle duality later on in this course. back to top the discovery of compton scattering of x - rays provides direct support that light consists of pointlike quanta of energy called photons. a schematic diagram of the apparatus used by compton is shown in the figure below. a graphite target was bombarded with monochromatic x - rays and the wavelength of the scattered radiation was measured with a rotating crystal spectrometer. the intensity was determined by a movable ionization chamber", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6812795023707788, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.537060"} {"text": "compton is shown in the figure below. a graphite target was bombarded with monochromatic x - rays and the wavelength of the scattered radiation was measured with a rotating crystal spectrometer. the intensity was determined by a movable ionization chamber that generated a current proportional to the x - ray intensity. compton measured the dependence of scattered x - ray intensity on wavelength at three different scattering angles of 45o, 90o, and 135o. the experimental intensity vs. wavelength plots observed by compton for the above three scattering angles ( see fig. below ) show two peaks, one at the wavelength l of the incident x - rays and the other at a longer wavelength l '. the functional dependence of l ' on the scattering angle and l was predicted by compton to be : l ' - l = ( h / mec ) [ 1 - cosq ] = l0 [ 1 - cosq ]. the factor l0 = h / mec, also known as compton wavelength can be calculated to be equal to 0. 00243 nm. the physics of compton effect : to explain his observations compton assumed that light consists of photons each of which carries an energy hf and a momentum hf / c ( as p = e / c = hf / c ). when such a photon strikes a free electron the electron gets some momentum ( pe ) and kinetic energy ( te ) due to the collision, as a result of which the momentum and energy of the photon are reduced. considering energy and momentum conservation ( for the detail derivation please here ) one can derive the change in wavelength due to compton scattering : l ' - l = ( h / mec ) [ 1 - cosq ]. note that the result is independent of the scattering material and depends only on the angle of scattering. the appearance of the peak at the longer wavelength in the intensity vs. wavelength curve is due to compton scattering from the electron which may be considered free, since its energy of binding in the atom is small compared to the energy hf of the photon. the appearance of the other peak at the wavelength of the incident radiation is due to scattering from a bound electron. in this case the recoil momentum is taken up by the entire atom, which being much heavier compared to the electron, produces negligible wavelength shift. compton effect gives conclusive evidence in support of the corpuscular character of electromagnetic radiation. please out the simulation below which shows compton scattering. simulation on compton scattering back to top \u00a9 kingshuk majumdar ( 2000 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5966028822704441, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.538023"} {"text": "produce hay to make a profit whether a rancher grows hay to feed his livestock or someone else \u2019 s, the enterprise isn \u2019 t worthwhile unless it makes money. surprisingly, many hay producers have no idea how much it costs them to produce a crop. university of kentucky extension hay marketing specialist tom keene says essentially, producers have two ways to market : as cash or as hay for their own livestock enterprise. regardless of which path a producer takes, the hay budget must be unto itself. \u201c there \u2019 s only one way you can know whether you \u2019 re making money : you have to go through the numbers, \u201d keene says. after a producer runs through the cost of producing hay, he or she needs to figure one more number : storage losses. \u2022 hay production needs to be run as a separate business. \u2022 know hay costs, whether selling to the cash market or your own livestock. \u2022 set price based on production costs and local market. \u201c the numbers get a lot worse, \u201d keene says. \u201c and they get worse quick. \u201d that \u2019 s only one of the reasons growing hay for profit is different from any other commodity. another is that \u201c no bale of hay is quite the same. \u201d what that means to producers is they must decide which market their hay fits. the dairy market wants large round bales ; demands a test ; looks for 20 % crude protein, 30 % acid detergent fiber and 40 % neutral detergent fiber ; and measures feed performance by milk production. dairy producers prefer alfalfa. the horse market wants small square bales, doesn \u2019 t necessarily ask for a test, and buys on sensory perception. those who buy hay for their horses have no way to measure feed performance in their high - value animals. they like hay that smells fresh and looks green. \u201c that hay absolutely, positively must be clean. no mold, dust, weeds, foreign matter, blister beetles, \u201d keene says. the beef market wants large round bales, measures performance on pounds gained and has varying quality needs. \u201c we throw anything out at them, \u201d keene says. most of the hay grown for the beef market is grown by producers for themselves. \u201c most of you are probably selling hay to your own operation, \u201d keene tells a group of cattle producers. \u201c i hope you \u2019 re keeping track of the numbers. \u201d other markets include \u2014 but certainly aren \u2019 t limited to \u2014 sheep, mulch, goats, llamas, emu, zoos, nurseries", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3551327062695152, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.541227"} {"text": "a group of cattle producers. \u201c i hope you \u2019 re keeping track of the numbers. \u201d other markets include \u2014 but certainly aren \u2019 t limited to \u2014 sheep, mulch, goats, llamas, emu, zoos, nurseries, feed stores, rabbits, gerbils, medical research and, most recently, energy. regardless of the market, keene says, growers need to know the cost of producing the hay and the current prices in their market area so they can set a price that moves the hay and brings a profit. current prices can be found by looking at usda hay prices on the web, asking neighbors and extension agents, or even checking the sales ads. \u201c that \u2019 s going to give you an idea of what your hay will bring in the market, \u201d keene says. \u201c only you know what it \u2019 s worth. \u201d once that price is set, keene says, collect the money on delivery. \u201c if you sell somebody a car or pickup truck and they can \u2019 t make the payments, you can go back and get that vehicle. you can \u2019 t go back and get your hay, \u201d keene says. \u201c it \u2019 s gone. \u201d pay attention : alabama cattle producer eric smith keeps track of a forage \u2019 s cost and income as though it were a row crop. this article published in the march, 2010 edition of southern farmer. all rights reserved. copyright farm progress cos. 2010.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4154930401417434, "token_count": 296, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.541914"} {"text": "bivalves in time and space ( bits ) : clams as tools to understand macroevolution 2011 reu project : this study is part of a collaborative effort ( see also www. bivatol. org / bits / ) to develop bivalves as a model clade for macroevolutionary studies. by integrating molecular, morphological and paleontological datasets, bits aims to test methods of molecular clock dating, ancestral state reconstruction and historical biogeography, as well as to detect spatial and temporal trends in evolution. bits researchers at the field museum concentrate on the morphological and paleontological components of the project, investigating the evolution of numerous shell and anatomical features in two of the commonest bivalve lineages - venus clams and cockles. research methods and techniques : reu participants in the project will receive an introduction to bivalve morphology and systematics, with particular focus on shell characters - i. e., those that preserve well in fossils. they will prepare specimens, document diagnostic characters with optical and scanning electron microscopy, build and analyze phylogenetic trees, and gain experience with relevant literature research and collection management techniques. curator / advisors : dr. rudiger bieler, zoology / invertebrates, in collaboration with postdoctoral fellow dr. andre sartori. reu intern : katherine anderson ecology and evolutionary biology major university of michigan, ann arbor symposium presentation title : diversity of venus clams : building an online resource for species identification symposium presentation abstract : venerids, commonly known as venus clams, are the most diverse family of marine bivalves, with over 500 extant species. they are found on every continent except antarctica, and many are edible, commercially collected and cultured, comprising an important food source worldwide. despite their prevalence and economic importance, there is still no freely accessible, online catalogue available to aid in recognition of venerid species. species identification is crucial not only for economic reasons, but also for conserving biodiversity and ensuring accuracy in scientific studies. an online catalogue consisting of individual species pages with detailed morphological descriptions and high quality photographs is being built in order to provide a resource that is both complete and available for anyone to use. specimens from the collections of the field museum of natural history were identified to species level using primary and secondary literature. following identification, the morphology of the shell of each species was thoroughly described based on characteristics of all specimens available. descriptions include details of overall shape and coloration, as well as features important for bivalve taxonomy, such as the morphology of the hinge", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5436746286003864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.546238"} {"text": "following identification, the morphology of the shell of each species was thoroughly described based on characteristics of all specimens available. descriptions include details of overall shape and coloration, as well as features important for bivalve taxonomy, such as the morphology of the hinge teeth, lunule, escutcheon and ligament. in order to aid in identification, differences among similar species that may be commonly confused were also noted on each species page. high quality photographs of the dorsal view, external and internal views of one valve, and the hinge plates of both valves were taken of a representative specimen of each species. species pages were published on ebivalvia, a collaborative database for information about bivalves, which shares its contents with the encyclopedia of life. in addition to species pages, genus pages were also created containing descriptions of characteristics shared by all species within a genus. at this time, over 100 species of venerids have been described and photographed. the species pages may become more comprehensive in the future, as information such as habitat and distribution is appended. the online catalogue not only documents the diversity of venus clams, but also provides an accurate and accessible resource for species identification that can be utilized by researchers, students and shell collectors, as well as conservation agencies and fisheries.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4942515624007416, "token_count": 256, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.546781"} {"text": "robert a. pritzker assistant curator of meteoritics and polar studies philipp heck and co - authors from the max - planck - institute for chemistry in germany had their paper on the first isotopic analysis of sulfur - rich comet dust published in the april issue of the journal meteoritics & planetary science. the dust was captured during a flyby of comet wild 2 by nasa \u2019 s stardust mission and returned to earth. the robert a. pritzker center for meteoritics and polar studies is proud to announce the newest addition to the meteorite collection. the newly named meteorite thika, recently classified as a l6 ordinary chondrite, was donated to the center by collections and research committee member terry boudreaux in mid - september. field museum researchers at the robert a. pritzker center for meteoritics and polar studies have received a second target foil from the interstellar dust collector onboard nasa ' s stardust mission - that returned the first solid extraterrestrial material to earth from beyond the moon. we announce a call for abstracts for the session p15 \u201c laboratory analysis of extraterrestrial dust returned to earth \u201d at the fall meeting 2011 of the american geophysical union ( agu ), december 5 - 9, 2011 san francisco, california, usa. collections & research committee member terry boudreaux donated a very unusual meteorite specimen to the field museum \u2019 s robert a. pritzker center for meteoritics and polar studies. the meteorite is named nwa 5492 after northwest africa where it was found. its petrology and chemical composition are very different compared to other meteorites and it cannot be classified with the existing scheme. about 470 million years ago \u2013 in a time period called ordovician \u2013 the parent asteroid of one of the l chondrites, one of the most common meteorite types, was disrupted in a collision with another body. this event led to a subsequent bombardment of earth with collisional debris for at least 10 million years. this finding is reported in a recent study in earth and planetary science letters by field museum scientists dr. birger schmitz ( research associate ), robert a. pritzker assistant curator of meteoritics and polar studies dr. philipp heck, and an international team of coauthors. right after the mifflin meteorite fell in sw wisconsin in april 2010 the robert a. pritzker assistant curator of meteoritics and polar studies dr. philipp r. heck coordinated an international study to determine the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5050543896737705, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.549521"} {"text": "on this day - 22 may 1918 theatre definitions : western front comprises the franco - german - belgian front and any military action in great britain, switzerland, scandinavia and holland. eastern front comprises the german - russian, austro - russian and austro - romanian fronts. southern front comprises the austro - italian and balkan ( including bulgaro - romanian ) fronts, and dardanelles. asiatic and egyptian theatres comprises egypt, tripoli, the sudan, asia minor ( including transcaucasia ), arabia, mesopotamia, syria, persia, afghanistan, turkestan, china, india, etc. naval and overseas operations comprises operations on the seas ( except where carried out in combination with troops on land ) and in colonial and overseas theatres, america, etc. political, etc. comprises political and internal events in all countries, including notes, speeches, diplomatic, financial, economic and domestic matters. source : chronology of the war ( 1914 - 18, london ; copyright expired ) liege and metz railways bombed by british airmen ; mannheim again attacked. raid attempted on paris by about 30 german machines, but only one reaches capital. increased artillery fighting along piave ; an attack at capo sile bridgehead repulsed. allied airmen active. naval and overseas operations air - raids on zeebrugge ; a german destroyer sunk in harbour. in east africa british engage enemy between nanungu and mahua ; capture guns and ammunition, drive germans westward. u. s. a. sedition bill passed, and 300, 000, 000 voted for ordnance.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4888556334410603, "token_count": 307, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.553276"} {"text": "photo by della chen at the crux of most debates on the future of food production is one often - contentious point of comparison : the viability of organic versus conventional farming methods. on one hand, our growing populations require an affordable, nourishing, and immediately available food supply \u2014 a demand that many point to as a reason to favor conventional, higher - yield methods. on the other, organic farming advocates argue that sustainable practices will have a further - reaching, more positive impact on local economies, communities, and the future at large than conventional methods can even begin to offer. entering the fray is writer sam fromartz, who recently posted a response on his blog to an essay by journalist / author marc gunther. sam ' s piece offers an even - handed take on why number - crunching crop yields doesn ' t paint a broad enough picture to ultimately answer the question of organic versus conventional : \" the problem with this argument is not that the yield calculations are wrong. the problem is that yield studies are inappropriate by themselves in measuring what ' s ' sustainable, ' in determining what might ' feed the world, ' and which methods actually end up using more land in a particular situation. that \u2019 s because farming does not occur in a vacuum where yield is the sole measure of success. \" he goes on to speak candidly explore the limitations of counting solely on yield calucations as indicators of success, specifically in regards to environmental impact and famer livelihood. he also highlights alternative methods to getting the most out of a single crop, like addressing pre - and post - harvest food waste. an illuminating read! sign up now and get $ 10 when we open.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48513246155744083, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.557131"} {"text": "| did you know? | | acidic drinks such as soda, energy drinks, and water with lemon erode the surface of the tooth, called enamel, which can lead to decay. instead of letting acid from drinks sit on your teeth, rinse your mouth with plain water. | if eyes are the window to the soul, then a smile offers a peek at the pancreas. just as diabetes can affect your kidneys, feet, heart, and eyes, it plays a role in your oral health, too. research in this area is young, but studies show that the disease affects the mouth by targeting the gums, increasing decay, and slowing healing. probably the greatest impact diabetes has on the mouth is in upping the severity of periodontal disease. this serious gum infection can destroy the tissues and bones that keep the teeth in place and may result in tooth loss. some signs include red, swollen, and / or bleeding gums, loose or sensitive teeth, and persistent bad breath. \u201c there is very good evidence that diabetes is a risk factor for periodontal disease, both in extent and severity, \u201d says ira lamster, dds, professor of dental medicine and dean emeritus of the college of dental medicine at columbia university medical center. | good to know | | though uncontrolled diabetes can result in oral health problems, a single episode of high or low blood glucose won \u2019 t harm your teeth. | though gum disease is a direct result of bacteria, in the form of plaque buildup on teeth and especially below the gum line, there \u2019 s no difference between the bacteria in your mouth and those in the mouth of someone without diabetes. instead, lamster says, gum disease is worse in people with diabetes because of a greater inflammatory response to the bacteria. but the link between diabetes and gum disease isn \u2019 t a one - way street. \u201c if a person has moderately advanced to advanced periodontal disease and they have diabetes, their metabolic control will be worse, \u201d lamster says. in fact, some research suggests early signs of gum disease may be an indicator of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. a 2011 study in the journal of dental research found that dentists could identify 73 percent of people with undiagnosed diabetes in part because of the presence of periodontal disease. that suggests routine cleanings could help screen for the disease. | how to floss | | 1. with floss between two teeth, curve the floss into a c shape so it \u2019 s snu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43605026770262756, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.568082"} {"text": "the presence of periodontal disease. that suggests routine cleanings could help screen for the disease. | how to floss | | 1. with floss between two teeth, curve the floss into a c shape so it \u2019 s snug against one tooth. | 2. rub floss up and down against the tooth and into the space between the tooth and gum. 3. repeat with the other tooth before moving on to the next gap between teeth. the good news is that if you treat your gum disease, you may see improvements in your glucose control. yet, according to the american diabetes association \u2019 s 2012 standards of medical care in diabetes, the quality of studies on the topic is up for debate, so how much your a1c may improve is uncertain. depending on the extent of the gum disease, a dentist may do a deep cleaning, prescribe medications, or perform surgery. dry mouth is a common problem for people with diabetes, and though it may be a result of aging or medications, lamster says it could be a complication of the disease. the autonomic nervous system controls salivary gland function, so problems with creating saliva are a form of diabetic neuropathy. ( note that nerve damage doesn \u2019 t cause any other problems in the mouth, not even tooth sensitivities or pain, which may be a result of gum disease, tooth decay, grinding teeth, tooth whitening, and so on. ) lacking spit may not sound like a big deal, but the condition does more than make your throat dry and lips chapped. \u201c saliva is one of our body \u2019 s defense systems, \u201d says thomas oates, dmd, phd, assistant dean of clinical research and vice chair of the department of periodontics at the university of texas health science center at san antonio dental school. \u201c it protects the gums from getting infected. \u201d less saliva means less protection for the teeth against acid and plaque, which leads to tooth decay. this is compounded if you eat often : \u201c there \u2019 s a lot of research that suggests frequency of eating can be a problem, \u201d oates says, though he notes that there \u2019 s no research directly linking diabetes to an increased risk of cavities. eating glucose or candy to treat lows won \u2019 t necessarily up your cavity count, but eating those foods often can. ( if you \u2019 re eating frequently to treat low blood glucose, however, talk to your doctor about ways to adjust your treatment and limit the number of lows.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.439903643875611, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.569508"} {"text": "##s won \u2019 t necessarily up your cavity count, but eating those foods often can. ( if you \u2019 re eating frequently to treat low blood glucose, however, talk to your doctor about ways to adjust your treatment and limit the number of lows. ) | experts recommend brushing for at least two minutes, concentrating on each individual tooth, including the surrounding gum. | people with diabetes are more likely to have root decay, too. receding gums, a problem that happens with age and gum disease, can expose a tooth \u2019 s root and leave an opening for decay. to stimulate the cleansing effects of saliva at times when you can \u2019 t brush or rinse your mouth with water, try chewing sugar - free gum or candy. and take healthy - mouth steps to prevent decay. for starters, get rid of plaque by brushing twice a day with a fluoride toothpaste, floss daily, and get regular teeth cleanings ( usually every six months ), when a dental hygienist will scrape plaque from your teeth. | q & a | | do i have to brush each time i treat a low with glucose? | nope, but it \u2019 s smart to rinse your mouth with water and / or chew sugar - free gum or candy. doing so will stimulate the saliva that protects teeth. it makes sense that if diabetes slows wound healing in foot ulcers, for instance, the same would be true for the mouth. but oral wounds typically don \u2019 t face the same problems as elsewhere in the body because the mouth has lots of blood flow and possibly because saliva helps fight infection. the same isn \u2019 t true of healing from dental surgery. for the past six years, oates has studied the effects of dental implants in people with diabetes and has found that they have delayed healing of the bone around the implant compared with people without diabetes. though the link between slow healing from dental surgery and diabetes is still being investigated, you can better your chances of a quick recovery by making sure your blood glucose is well controlled. in the end, you play a large role in preventing potential oral complications of diabetes, so take the time to keep your glucose in line and your mouth minty fresh.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4029873469932138, "token_count": 448, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.570909"} {"text": "the aslan base their calendar and timekeeping units on the period of kusyu ( the aslan homeworld ) around tyeyo, its star. the aslan year is the ftahea, 212. 2 eakhau ( aslan days ) long. a is 319. 98 standard days in length ; an eakhau is 36 hours long. each eakhau has a unique name ; for convenience they are numbered from one to 212 and referred to by number. to every fifth ftahea, a 213th eakhau is added to keep the calendar in sync with kusyu. the aslan also divide their ftahea into three raohfokh ( seasons ) : aihros, tralrea, and ktaho. aihros ( beginning ) is the equivalent of spring : the mating season for many animals and the time when annual plant life grows from see. tralrea ( growth ) is the long season of mild weather on kusyu ; it is the growing season ( although in this sense it referes to the growing of herd animals ) and lasts 100 eakheau. ktaho ( harvest ) is the hunting season ; it is short ( only 30 eakheau ) and a traditional time of aslan hunts. the aslan calendar began counting time when the first tlaukhu was established. the data of 3658 corresponds to the imperial date of 1120. an aslan date is stated in the same format as an imperial date. a three - digit eakhau number is followed by a hyphen and a four - digit ftahea number. for proper identification in the imperium, the date is usually followed by the word aslan. for example, 201 - 3644 aslan is the 201st day of the 3644th year of the aslan calender ; it is equivalent to 000 - 0000. the planet kusyu has only minimal axial tilt and orbital eccentricity. there is little inthe way of astronomical cause for seasons on the world, and the aslan calendar has no seasons because there is so little in its climate to cause them.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4654561347846049, "token_count": 437, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.572923"} {"text": "air force project could ' transform ' supercomputing recent advances in supercomputing haven \u2019 t just been about speed, but in developing more energy - efficient architectures, as the energy department has shown with sequoia at lawrence livermore national laboratory and work on titan at oak ridge national laboratory. the air force is heading down this path too, recently awarding a contract to wu feng, associate professor of computer science in the college of engineering at virginia tech, to speed up simulations of its unmanned micro air vehicles ( mavs ). the tiny aircraft, as small as five inches, with insect - sized models expected in the future, can be used in a variety of military and hazardous conditions. feng, a proponent of green supercomputing, plans to carry out the project with an approach to multi - and many - core parallel computing that he said will \u201c transform supercomputing, \u201d according to a virginia tech announcement. the air force project will make use of accelerator - based supercomputers such as hokiespeed, which feng designed and built in 2011 for a mere ( in supercomputing terms ) $ 1. 4 million national science foundation grant. virginia tech ' s wu feng on hokiespeed via vimeo the approach to mav simulations \u2014 conducted under a contract with a maximum of $ 6 million over five years \u2014 is a multidisciplinary effort, involving aerospace and mechanical engineers, mathematicians and computer scientists from virginia tech and north carolina state university, who by combining advances in math, algorithms and engineering will develop computational fluid dynamic codes and supporting hardware and software, virginia tech said. researchers expect to \u201c achieve substantial speed - up over current simulations and provide significantly better utilization of the underlying and co - designed hardware - software of a supercomputer, \u201d feng said. improving performance through parallel hardware and co - designed software is an emerging field, he said. \u201c furthermore, coupling hardware - software co - design with advances in algorithmic innovation offers the promise of multiplicative speed - ups, \u201d he said. as supercomputing has gotten steadily more powerful, the amount of energy the machines draw has become a concern. that \u2019 s one reason feng and kirk cameron of the virginia tech college of engineering started the green500, which ranks supercomputers, in essence, according to how much mileage they get out of the power they use. feng \u2019 s work on efficient computing dates to when he worked at los alamos national laboratory, where he built a 240 - node cluster", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5109900648018091, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.576484"} {"text": "| home > news & policies > proclamation archives | for immediate release office of the press secretary april 18, 2001 national park week, 2001 by the president of the united states of america the united states boasts an incredible wealth of natural beauty. from rugged coastlines and thick forests to arid deserts and canyons, our diverse landscapes represent a treasured heritage of which all americans can be proud. our country ' s commitment to the conservation of its open spaces runs deep. the nation founded yellowstone national park in 1872 and thereby generated renewed appreciation for the great outdoors among americans. our country ' s actions inspired other countries to follow suit by establishing their own national parks or equivalent preserves. since the establishment of the national park service in 1916, our national parks have grown to occupy a special place in the hearts of the american people. as responsible stewards, we must leave them in good condition for those who follow us. by providing additional resources for their preservation and maintenance, we can prevent the deterioration in facilities and infrastructure that threatens their future well - being. national parks are a testament to the natural wonders of our mountains, valleys, rivers, and streams. they remind us to take a break from the busy pace of modern society to experience the simpler pleasures of life and provide unique opportunities for personal recreation. whether camping in yosemite national park or boating along apostle islands national lakeshore, people of all ages can take in spectacular scenery and enjoy a relaxing time with family and friends. the national park service also serves an educational purpose, honoring our heroes and preserving important historical landmarks. by visiting the frederick douglass national historic site, the immigration station on ellis island or many other significant sites in our national parks, americans gain a deeper understanding of our national story and the extraordinary people and events that paved the way for our development and progress. national park week pays tribute to the importance of our national parks and recognizes the dedicated men and women entrusted with their care. the observance also calls attention to the need to reinvest in these national treasures by providing for their sound stewardship in the years to come. as timeless and majestic reminders of our outdoor heritage, america ' s national parks add immensely to our quality of life and represent a wonderful legacy that must be passed on to future generations. now, therefore, i, george w. bush, president of the united states of america, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the constitution and laws of the united states of america, do hereby proclaim april 23 through april 29, 2001, as national park week. i encourage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.422301225362991, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.581511"} {"text": "for plug - in car and battery makers, there \u2019 s a lesson in the obama administration \u2019 s recent decision to pull funding for research of hydrogen fuel cells for vehicles : don \u2019 t rely too heavily on the dole for too long. hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, you may recall, formed a cornerstone of what bush administration officials envisioned as a hydrogen economy. these days, many policymakers and silicon valley entrepreneurs alike are pitching the idea of a clean energy economy, in which we get around in hybrid and electric vehicles that tap renewable energy from a smart grid, rather than the long - promised hydrogen cars. as doe chief steven chu explained in a briefing on the agency \u2019 s budget proposal, \u201c we asked ourselves, \u2018 is it likely in the next 10 or 15, 20 years that we will convert to a hydrogen car economy? \u2019 the answer, we felt, was \u2018 no. \u2019 \u201d based on that conclusion, the doe decided to cut $ 100 million from its hydrogen fuel cell program for 2010 and start dedicating the research initiative to \u201c fuel cell technologies \u201d for buildings and other applications, with funding cut down to $ 68 million. ( separately, the agency awarded $ 41. 9 million last month to 12 companies working on portable fuel cells for electronics, and larger fuel cells for both backup power and vehicles. ) in a doe report earlier this year, the agency found that fuel cell costs are still too high and durability too low for the auto industry to meet the goal set out in the energy policy act of 2005 of 100, 000 hydrogen fuel cell - powered vehicles by 2010. the u. s. fuel cell industry is taking the cut as a sign that its energy will be better spent influencing congress than the department of energy. \u201c we aren \u2019 t giving up on dr. chu, \u201d u. s. fuel cell council executive director robert rose told the new york times wheels blog. while the doe has been short - staffed, he said, \u201c congress will look carefully at this. \u201d but truth be told, a careful look would find an investment of some $ 1. 2 billion over four years for development of an expensive, far - off technology and zero viable hydrogen vehicles on the market and few stations in the ground ( only about 120 nationwide ) to show for it, especially when it comes to hydrogen production and delivery systems \u2014 the core of any hydrogen highway. as the la times up to speed blog notes, chu cited a lack of infrastructure as a reason to pull funding. of course, infrastructure remains one of the big missing pieces for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48657050200394236, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.588216"} {"text": "1 peter 1 : 1 identifies the author of the book of 1 peter as the apostle peter. date of writing : the book of 1 peter was likely written between a. d. 60 and 65. purpose of writing : 1 peter is a letter from peter to the believers who had been dispersed throughout the ancient world and were under intense persecution. if anyone understood persecution, it was peter. he was beaten, threatened, punished and jailed for preaching the word of god. he knew what it took to endure without bitterness, without losing hope and in great faith living an obedient, victorious life. this knowledge of living hope in jesus was the message and christ ' s example was the one to follow. key verses : 1 peter 1 : 3, \" praise be to the god and father of our lord jesus christ! in his great mercy he has given us new birth into a living hope through the resurrection of jesus christ from the dead. \" 1 peter 2 : 9, \" but you are a chosen people, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, a people belonging to god, that you may declare the praises of him who called you out of darkness into his wonderful light. \" 1 peter 2 : 24, \" he himself bore our sins in his body on the tree, so that we might die to sins and live for righteousness ; by his wounds you have been healed. \" 1 peter 5 : 8 - 9, \" be self - controlled and alert. your enemy the devil prowls around like a roaring lion looking for someone to devour. resist him, standing firm in the faith, because you know that your brothers throughout the world are undergoing the same kind of sufferings. \" brief summary : though this time of persecution was desperate, peter reveals that it was actually a time to rejoice. he says to count it a privilege to suffer for the sake of christ, as their savior suffered for them. this letter makes reference to peter \u2019 s personal experiences with jesus and his sermons from the book of acts. peter confirms satan as the great enemy of every christian but the assurance of christ ' s future return gives the incentive of hope. connections : peter \u2019 s familiarity with the old testament law and prophets enabled him to explain various ot passages in light of the life and work of the messiah, jesus christ. in 1 peter 1 : 16, he quotes leviticus 11 : 44 : \u201c be holy, for i am holy. \u201d but he prefaces it by explaining that holiness is not achieved by keeping the law, but by the grace", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4173121035786009, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.595021"} {"text": ", jesus christ. in 1 peter 1 : 16, he quotes leviticus 11 : 44 : \u201c be holy, for i am holy. \u201d but he prefaces it by explaining that holiness is not achieved by keeping the law, but by the grace bestowed upon all who believe in christ ( v. 13 ). further, peter explains the reference to the \u201c cornerstone \u201d in isaiah 28 : 16 and psalm 118 : 22 as christ, who was rejected by the jews through their disobedience and unbelief. additional old testament references include the sinless christ ( 1 peter 2 : 22 / isaiah 53 : 9 ) and admonitions to holy living through the power of god which yields blessings ( 1 peter 3 : 10 : 12 ; psalm 34 : 12 - 16 ; 1 peter 5 : 5 ; proverbs 3 : 34 ). practical application : the assurance of eternal life is given to all christians. one way to identify with christ is to share in his suffering. to us that would be to endure insults and slurs from those who call us \" goodie two shoes \" or \" holier than thou. \" this is so minor compared to what christ suffered for us on the cross. stand up for what you know and believe is right and rejoice when the world and satan aim to hurt you. \u00a9 copyright 2002 - 2013 got questions ministries.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4809980483485637, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.596395"} {"text": "the neem tree has been called \" the village pharmacy \" because its bark, leaves, sap, fruit, seeds, and twigs have so many diverse uses in the traditional medicine of india. this member of the mahogany family has been used medicinally for at least 4, 000 years and is held in such esteem that indian poets called it sarva roga nivarini, meaning \" the one that can cure all ailments. \" mohandas gandhi encouraged scientific investigation of the neem tree as part of his program to revitalize indian traditions, which eventually let to more than 2, 000 research papers and intense commercial interest. at least 50 patents have been filed on neem and neem - based products in the united states for control of insects in food and ornamental crops. however, the indian government and many nongovernmental organizations have united to overthrow some patents of this type, which they regard as \" folk - wisdom piracy. \" one fear is that if neem is patented, indigenous people who already use it will lose the right to continue to do so. another point is the fundamental question : who owns the genetic diversity of plants? the nations where the plants come from or the transnational corporations that pay for the research into those plants? although this area of international law is rapidly evolving, a patent on the spice turmeric has already been overturned, and neem may follow soon. at least 100 bioactive substances have been found in neem, including nimbidin, azadiracthins, and other triterpenoids and limonoids. although the scientific evidence for all of neem ' s uses in healthcare remains preliminary, the intense interest in the plant will eventually lead to proper double - blind, placebo - controlled trials. ( for information on why such studies are so important, see why does this database rely on double - blind studies? ) because of the numerous parts of the neem tree used, and the many different ways these can be prepared, the only advice we can give at this time is to follow the directions on the label of the neem product you purchase. for all these reasons, as well as the lack of comprehensive safety investigation of neem products other than neem oil, we recommend that young children, pregnant or nursing women, or individuals with severe liver or kidney disease avoid use of neem. - reviewer : ebsco cam review board - review date : 07 / 2012 - - update date : 07 / 25 / 2012 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5049880931613189, "token_count": 503, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.601039"} {"text": "dr. jane lubchenco, a marine ecologist from oregon state university, has been elected to many scientific honors, one of which was the presidency of the american academy for the advancement of science. for her presidential address at the aaas annual meeting, she looked straight out at the huge assembly of scientists and delivered an unapologetic, undiluted warning : \u201c during the last few decades, humans have emerged as a new force of nature. we are modifying physical, chemical, and biological systems in new ways, at faster rates, and over larger spatial scales than ever recorded on earth. humans have unwittingly embarked upon a grand experiment with our planet. the outcome of this experiment is unknown, but has profound implications for all of life. \u201d what responsibility do scientists have, she asked, both to transmit this message and to help deal with the problem? actually scientists, and others, have been transmitting similar messages lately with clarity and urgency. here are just a few excerpts, from a long and growing list : world resources institute, 1998 : \u201c most high - quality agricultural land is already in production, and the environmental costs of converting remaining forest, grassland, and wetland habitats to cropland are well recognized. \u2026 much of the remaining soil is less productive and more fragile. \u2026 one analysis of global soil erosion estimates that \u2026 topsoil is being lost 16 to 300 times faster than it can be replaced. \u201d international food policy research institute, 1999 : \u201c the period since world war ii has seen remarkable growth in agricultural production \u2026 in the developing world. while in many farming areas this growth has apparently been sustainable, in others it derived from two unsustainable processes : the clearing of new lands of lower productive potential or higher vulnerability, and the intensification of production by mining or destroying the soil resource base. \u201d u. n. comprehensive assessment of the freshwater resources of the world, 1997 : \u201c water resources constraints and water degradation are weakening one of the resource bases on which human society is built. water shortages and pollution are causing widespread public health problems, limiting economic and agricultural development, and harming a wide range of ecosystems. they may put global food supplies in jeopardy and lead to economic stagnation in many areas of the world. \u201d world commission on forests and sustainable development, 1999 : \u201c there has been a clear global trend toward a massive loss of forested areas. \u2026 the current trends are toward an acceleration of the loss of forested area, the loss of residual primary forests, and progressive reduction in the internal quality of residual", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46532578665100877, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.609910"} {"text": ", 1999 : \u201c there has been a clear global trend toward a massive loss of forested areas. \u2026 the current trends are toward an acceleration of the loss of forested area, the loss of residual primary forests, and progressive reduction in the internal quality of residual forest stands. \u2026 much of the forest that remains is being progressively impoverished, and all is threatened. \u201d world scientists \u2019 warning to humanity, 1992 : \u201c our massive tampering with the world \u2019 s interdependent web of life \u2014 coupled with the environmental damage inflicted by deforestation, species loss, and climate change \u2014 could trigger widespread adverse effects, including unpredictable collapses of critical biological systems whose interactions and dynamics we only imperfectly understand. uncertainty over the extent of these effects cannot excuse complacency or delay in facing the threats. \u201d two oil industry geologists, colin j. campbell and jean h. laherrere, sobered everyone by saying in scientific american in 1998 : \u201c our analysis of the discovery and production of oil fields around the world suggest that within the next decade, the supply of conventional oil will be unable to keep up with demand. \u2026 global discovery peaked in the early 1960s and has been falling steadily ever since. \u2026 there is only so much crude oil in the world, and the industry has found about 90 percent of it. \u201d another industry voice, robert shapiro, ceo of the monsanto corporation : \u201c the earth can \u2019 t withstand a systematic increase of material things. if we grow by using more stuff, i \u2019 m afraid we \u2019 d better start looking for a new planet. \u201d economists are speaking up as well. the following statement was signed by 2000 economists, including six nobel laureates, in 1997 : \u201c the balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate. as economists, we believe that global climate change carries with it significant environmental, economic, social, and geopolitical risks, and that preventive steps are justified. \u201d ecological society of america, 1991 : \u201c environmental problems resulting from human activities have begun to threaten the sustainability of earth \u2019 s life support systems. \u201d the [ u. k. ] royal society and the [ u. s. ] national academy of sciences, 1992 : \u201c the future of our planet is in the balance. sustainable development can be achieved, but only if irreversible degradation of the environment can be halted in time. the next 30 years may be crucial. \u201d short of yelling and screaming, which scientists are trained not to do, i don \u2019 t see how these august people could", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4415120079195844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.612369"} {"text": "how often have you driven somewhere, perhaps for a day out in the countryside or on your way to a holiday destination, and have passed an unsightly heap of rubbish bags, a discarded armchair or a filthy sodden mattress by the side of some secluded country b - road? these piles of refuse, whether household junk or builders materials, scrap metal or garden waste are the result of fly - tipping ; the illegal dumping of waste on private ground or ground that is unlicensed to receive such waste. but it \u2019 s not just road sides that are affected by fly tipping ; inner - city alleyways, waste grounds, playing fields and even scenic areas of the british countryside are being defiled by the illegal and inconsiderate actions of the fly - tippers. the adverse consequences of fly - tipping every local authority in the uk is committed to combating fly - tipping, and research into the undesirable consequences of this practice reveals why this is necessary. the total cost to local authorities of clearing up illegally dumped waste is around \u00a375 million each year. the environment agency estimates the cost of removing fly - tipped waste from agricultural land at around \u00a350million per year. areas that are consistently subjected to fly - tipping have seen a decline in house prices and a consequent impact on local trade. aesthetic and economic considerations aside, the negligent dumping of waste has profound long - term implications for the natural environment and those that depend upon it. the vast majority ( around three - quarters ) of refuse that is fly - tipped is household waste, and much of that is food. thanks to the indiscriminate littering habit of britons, it \u2019 s estimated that the uk \u2019 s rat population is roughly the same as the human population. whilst rats may be thriving, other wildlife suffers as a consequence of fly - tipping ; pollutants entering natural water systems are responsible for the deaths of around 100, 000 marine animals each year, and around 70, 000 animals are injured or killed annually as a result of discarded rubbish. more worryingly, the potential harm that fly - tipping could cause to humans cannot be ignored. hazardous waste such as asbestos, toxic chemicals, low - level radioactive waste, medical waste and refrigerant chemicals all pose potential dangers to the atmosphere, soil and water supply. why are people fly - tipping? the collection and disposal of general household waste \u2013 and increasingly recyclable and garden waste \u2013 is covered by the council tax which pays for the weekly or fortnightly emptying", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4316946065424411, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.617628"} {"text": "atmosphere, soil and water supply. why are people fly - tipping? the collection and disposal of general household waste \u2013 and increasingly recyclable and garden waste \u2013 is covered by the council tax which pays for the weekly or fortnightly emptying of domestic rubbish bins. but larger items of waste \u2013 fridge freezers, mattresses, larger quantities of household and garden rubbish attract a fee for their removal and disposal \u2013 the so - called \u2018 landfill tax \u2019. although most local authorities charge relatively little for collecting larger household items and taking them to licensed waste management premises, it seems that an increasing number of people would rather expose themselves to the risk and inconvenience of loading up a car or van and driving it to some place away from their own premises to discreetly but inconsiderately dump it. taking action against fly - tipping fly - tipping is considered an extremely serious offence ; those prosecuted can expect fines of anything up to \u00a350, 000 and the possibility of a custodial sentence of up to five years \u2019 imprisonment. penalties are also applicable for anyone who entrusts their waste disposal to an unlicensed waste carrier or one that disposes of waste on an unlicensed site. in 2007 - 2008, local authorities carried out 1, 871 prosecutions against fly - tippers of which 95 % resulted in successful convictions. sadly this is only scratches the surface of the fly - tipping problem, but it \u2019 s becoming easier to report offenders either to the environment agency ( on 0800 80 70 60 ) or to local authorities via telephone or email. anyone who witnesses fly - tippers in action should not tackle them in person, but should note the time, date and location of the offence, a description of those involved, the type and amount of waste being dumped and \u2013 importantly \u2013 whether the site was in proximity to a water source such as a river or reservoir. this information should then be passed on to the environment agency or your local authority for further investigation. as vigilance, action and prosecutions in respect of the illegal act of fly - tipping increase, it seems bizarre that rather than finding the location of the nearest licensed refuse disposal site or paying the modest fee required for a skip or licensed rubbish disposal contractor, some people would rather risk a hefty fine or a spell behind bars for fly - tipping. john is a guest blogger from uk skip hire site skipandbin. com \u2013 helping uk consumers find the cheapest skip hire services in their area. - manchester becomes a dumping ground as fly -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.40985143208208463, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.619220"} {"text": "african american sites to break brick walls i recently received a phone call from a lady asking when beginning genealogy classes were starting up. after talking a little further to her, i realized she could be teaching the beginning genealogy classes. she had gotten her african american ancestors to the 1870 census, and like a lot of you, hit a brick wall. it was not beginning classes she needed, but a few suggestions where to look next and a whole lot of luck! here are some tips ( in no particular order ) on trying to get beyond that 1870 census : a. while you are in the 1870 census, look for others with the same surname in the same locale you are in. these names may prove helpful in the future as they are probably related. but, when you research slave history, i have been told that the last name a lot of african americans were given were the surname of the plantation owner. so, the person with the same last name may not necessarily be from your family. and along those same lines, your ancestor \u2019 s brother or sister could have a different last name depending on where they lived. b. as mentioned above, the last name, very rarely the first name, would have changed with a move from plantation to plantation. one incident i came across was this name change due to a marriage within the rice plantation household. the daughter of mr. rice married into the dunne family in the birmingham, alabama area. she was given slaves to take with her when she moved. therefore, the slave name changed from rice to dunne. as i did the genealogy for this family, i would find part of the family with the surname of rice and the other dunne. c. do not assume your ancestor was a slave. there were free black at this time ; i had a couple families in the south that were free that came from maryland. d. check out the military records. did you know that african americans found in all the wars beginning with the american revolution? the trick is to find the paperwork associated with your ancestor. when researching the civil war, do not just check out the basic civil war links, but remember the united states colored troop link as well. ( compiled service records ) e. the bureau of refugees, freedmen and abandoned lands was established by the war department on march 3, 1865. its primary function was to supervise all relief and educational activities relating to refugees and freedmen. it assumed custody of abandoned or confiscated lands or property in the former confederate states, border states, district of columbia, and indian territory. sometimes,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4564543591952123, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.624152"} {"text": ", 1865. its primary function was to supervise all relief and educational activities relating to refugees and freedmen. it assumed custody of abandoned or confiscated lands or property in the former confederate states, border states, district of columbia, and indian territory. sometimes, within these documents, family or previous residence, maybe even the plantation they lived on would be mentioned. ( for more on this topic visit bureau of refugees, freedmen and abandoned lands f. the freedman \u2019 s bank is another source that might prove helpful. the freedman \u2019 s bank savings and trust company was chartered in 1865 with the primary object to assist former slaves and african - american soldiers with their new financial responsibilities. in theory, this bank was to be a permanent financial institution for savings deposits and provide a place, safe from swindlers, to deposit money. however, mismanagement and outright fraud caused the bank to collapse in 1874 adding another tragedy to the legacy of pain endured by many african americans. when these families went to sign up, records were made on them that sometimes included family names, descriptions, former plantation homes, war history and more. so, while it was a tragedy that this endeavor failed, the records that were developed are a gold mine to their descendants. g. research the census records before 1870 in the area your ancestor \u2019 s lived and the surrounding counties. see if their surnames match with a white family of the same name. that family might be the family your ancestor \u2019 s were slaves at. spend some time researching this family and see if they have any records that might prove helpful to you. was there a marriage where a dowry was listed? if your ancestor went with this daughter, they may have been mentioned. unfortunate and painful as it is, slaves were listed as property. check out the property records, wills, and their business transactions ; property meant money and so paperwork was usually kept. h. do not neglect the newspapers. tim pinnick has written a wonderful book on finding and using african american newspapers. when a slave escaped, a mention in the newspapers giving a name and description were listed in the areas where the slave lived. directly after slavery was abolished, many african americans put ads in the papers looking for their family and friends. tim \u2019 s book will give you insight on how to locate these newspapers. i. while researching, keep in mind that a lot of african americans married and went to live with the native americans. in some instances, the native americans also had slaves. do not limit the search for just african american, errors in race", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45715794773503104, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.625208"} {"text": "newspapers. i. while researching, keep in mind that a lot of african americans married and went to live with the native americans. in some instances, the native americans also had slaves. do not limit the search for just african american, errors in race are documented so look for your ancestor \u2019 s name without listing the race if a brick wall exists. j. trans - atlantic slave trade database : it has over 35, 000 slaving voyages that forcibly embarked over 10 million africans for transport to the americas between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries. it offers researchers, students and the general public a chance to rediscover the reality of one of the largest forced movements of peoples in world history. k. slave insurance was kept on some slaves. the slave registry gives the slave names, county, other identifying information, name of slaveholder, the county of slaveholder, and who the policy was submitted by. kentucky, for example, lists many counties with slave names. l lastly, but very important, pay attention to the stories that were handed down. while the stories may have been added or taken away from during the years, they may have some vital information in them to give you clues on your family. sometimes, for native americans and african americans, these family stories are the key to discovering your ancestors. visit genealogy @ bellaonline. com for more articles from tina sansone", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4235475137932338, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.625741"} {"text": "august 4, 2004 honolulu - the public should stay out of streams, coastal, and standing waters that are contaminated by storm water ( usually brown or murky in color ). storm water can contain harmful micro - organisms ( pathogens ), from overflowing cesspools or septic tanks as well as animal feces washed into streams and storm drains. excessive storm water can also contain sewage from overflowing manholes and overwhelmed treatment facilities or chemicals from polluted runoff from commercial and industrial facilities. the department of health and the counties monitor water quality and spills. warning signs will be posted at beaches and streams if contaminants from treatment facilities reach those waters or when people should use caution if the water is brown or murky, regardless of whether warning signs are posted. on oahu, sewage or chemical spills should be reported to the city and county at 523 - 4423. questions regarding the safety of standing water, \" brown water \" in coastal and inland areas, or beach closures should be directed to the department of health clean water branch on oahu during normal business hours at 586 - 4309. for more information, contact : department of health e - mail : dayukimura @ mail. health. state. hi. us", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46162824087554655, "token_count": 256, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.627144"} {"text": "editor \u2019 s note : this story is the first of a multi - part series on the french - eversole war of perry county. part two will be published next week. the history channel \u2019 s hit miniseries, \u201c hatfields and mccoys, \u201d chronicled the feud between two families in west virginia and eastern kentucky. that famous feud is certainly the most well - known in american history, but one of the bloodiest and most destructive took place right here in hazard and perry county between 1887 and 1894. according to the days of darkness by john ed pearce, and kentucky \u2019 s famous feuds and tragedies by charles g. mutzenburg, what was dubbed the \u201c french - eversole war \u201d was apparently precipitated by a disagreement of business tactics between two hazard business owners, but the actual fighting ran much deeper than that. members of the eversole family were long - time residents of perry county, and had made their mark on the county by the time the feud errupted. a branch of the family built what is now the oldest standing structure in the county. the eversole cabin in chavies was built in the late 1700s and exists today much like it did in 1800. it was the site of skirmishes during the civil war, and remained in the family for over 80 years, until it was given to a member of the campbell family to pay off a debt. the french family had only been in the area for a generation by the time the feud began. coming from north carolina originally, the patriarch, b. fulton french, quickly established himself in the community through local commerce. in the early 1880s, the coal industry was in its infancy in the mountains across eastern kentucky, and the resource was not yet heavily mined. previous to the railroad moving into hazard in 1912, companies began buying land for little to no money since most landowners did not realize just how valuable that land would become. once the railroad moved in and the mining industry came into its own, it became apparent that there was much money to be had in buying land, and the land owners that had already sold out had been bought off for much too low a price. french was also an attorney, though he worked with the companies to buy land for obscenely low amounts, and then took it from the owners as they began mining the coal. joseph eversole, a young lawyer and local merchant, reportedly saw profiting from the misfortunes of his neighbors as an egregious offense. he tried to warn landowners", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.37000279228909483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.632317"} {"text": "then took it from the owners as they began mining the coal. joseph eversole, a young lawyer and local merchant, reportedly saw profiting from the misfortunes of his neighbors as an egregious offense. he tried to warn landowners not to sell out for such low prices. the companies then tried to silence eversole, pitting french against him. while their intial dislike of one another stemmed from mineral rights, the traditional story on how the feud began was that a cashier at french \u2019 s store had fallen for a female employee. one night he came back to the store and found this employee with french. the cashier was so enraged that he decided to warn eversole that french had threatened his life. eversole then formed and army, and so did french, and the fighting began. while this is the story that was often told in newspapers and in verbal history, it is likely not true, according to pearce, a former courier - journal writer who pieced together the history of the feud through old newspaper accounts and other sources, such as local historians. all that is actually known is that in 1887, the two business competitors moved beyond disliking one another and into feuding. hazard at the time has been described as a rough place with only 200 residents. the streets were thick with deep mud and only a few wooden plank sidewalks. it was rumored that judges would often opt out of holding trials because of the frequency of gunfights in town. as the perry county feud began, both sides began arming themselves and their employees, and eventually even hired gunmen all before the first shots were ever fired. an eastern kentucky newspaper during the time, the hazel green herald out of wolfe county, reported that in the summer before the official start of the feud the two sides clashed, with eversole \u2019 s side driving french out of hazard. french then set up a base camp in harlan, and both men began fortifying their homes, though pearce noted that the latter part of this account may not be entirely accurate. the men reportedly paid fleets of bodyguards only two dollars a day. they were able to outfit themselves so cheaply due to the rough state of affairs in hazard at the time. while the two sides had clashed on occasion, it was not until the 1887 killing of silas gayheart, a friend of french, that the feud truly began. french hired a knott county native named \u201c bad \u201d tom smith shortly after as a full - time gunman. bad tom became the most infamous person", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39750539767090903, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.634441"} {"text": "until the 1887 killing of silas gayheart, a friend of french, that the feud truly began. french hired a knott county native named \u201c bad \u201d tom smith shortly after as a full - time gunman. bad tom became the most infamous person tied to the feud, being known for his hot temper, cool, unforgiving killing, accurate shooting and epileptic fits. he had been known in hazard for some time for killing three men who were shooting at several of his friends. as legend has it, he was able to knock one man unconscious with a rock and take his gun, and kill the other two before any were able to get a shot off on him. after the killing of gayheart, the eversole group denied killing him, and based on records of the time had nothing to gain from killing him, pearce wrote. french never believed eversole \u2019 s denial, so the feud was on. after the shooting, hazard citizens were on edge despite the limited actual fighting. shots did, however, begin to ring out at night and the relatively few residents that were not involved in the feud began moving away from the town. in another instance of fighting, the french group camped on the road near hazard and waited until a large group of eversoles had convened for a meeting. the frenches drove the eversoles out of hazard that night. only a few days after this fight, a reporter from cincinnati came to hazard to cover the feud. he met up with a man that promised to take him to the people involved in the feud. unfortunately, he was only told the french \u2019 s side since the man was affiliated with the group. the wildly exaggerated story came out several days later in the cincinnati enquirer. another clash arose just days after the article came out and caused casualties on both sides of the fight. after just a few months of fighting, both sides had nearly depleted their funds and wanted to stop the battle. they both signed an official truce in 1887 that was turned in to two different judges. the peace was tense, however, and just a little over a month after the truce, both sides were at it again, and more lives would be lost.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3622967517680027, "token_count": 443, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.635299"} {"text": "charles peirce and allan marquand charles sanders peirce ( 1839 \u2013 1914 ) was a famous american philosopher, logician, mathematician, and scientist. peirce was an innovator in many fields, including philosophy of science, epistemology, metaphysics, mathematics, statistics, research methodology, and the design of experiments in astronomy, geophysics, and psychology, but he considered himself a logician first and foremost ( he was perhaps the leading logician in the world at that time ). he made major contributions to logic, but logic for him encompassed much of that which is now called epistemology and philosophy of science. he saw logic as the formal branch of semiotics, of which he is a founder. one of his striking discoveries in foundational mathematics was ( in 1880 ) how boolean algebra could be expressed via a single binary operation, either nand or its dual, nor. from 1879 till 1884 peirce was a lecturer on the logic at the new johns hopkins university. although his appointment at hopkins was in logic, he was also busy there with research in psychology and philosophy. peirce had a number of talented students in logic, whose work may be sampled in studies in logic, printed in 1883. among this bright pupils was allan marquand ( 1853 - 1924 ), at that time fellow in philosophy and ethics at hopkins, until he graduated in 1880 as ph. d. in philosophy. his thesis, supervised by peirce, was on the logic of philodemus. marquand returned to princeton in 1881 to teach latin and logic. during the 1881 - 82 academic year, he built a mechanical logical machine, that is interesting for us. the machine was presented in 1885 and described in the 1886 article a new logical machine. allan worked within the history of logic and upon trying to improve the design and function of what were then called logical machines, at least they were so called within peirce ' s circle. marquand however decided to went further and began with improvements upon the logical piano of jevon. ( it is unknown, if marquand was acquainted with the logical machine of british logician and philosopher john venn ( 1834 - 1920 ). venn speculates on the design of a logical machine, based on the machine of jevons. he even gives schematic diagrams for the construction of such a machine for four propositions, but it is not clear whether the machine was ever built. ) the logical machine of marquand ( see the nearby photo ) was designed to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5477138219708815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.639475"} {"text": "in the applet below you see 1d realisation of white and correlated noise with equidistant step in x. independent random points uniform distribution on interval ( - 1, 1 ) make the white noise ( the blue curve ). correlated random points vi ( the red curve ) are obtained by averaging of white noise in radius rc sphere, i. e. kernel ko is used vi = = - rc, rc fi + j to get a 2d fractal noise ( mountain ) you take an elastic string ( see fig. 1 ), then a random vertical displacement is applied to its middle point. the process is repeated recursively to the middle point of every new segment. the random displacement decreases m times each iteration ( usually m = 2 are used ). using fourier transformation for v ( r ), k ( r ), f ( r ) g ( k ) = g ( r ) eikr dr, we get for v ( k ) v ( k ) = k ( k ) f ( k ). i. e. averaging ( * ) means the white noise filtration by means of a filter with bandwidth k ( k ). the bandwidths for the two used filters are shown in fig. 3 ( for rc = 1 ) kg ( k ) ~ exp [ - ( rck ) 2 ], ko ~ sin ( rck ) / k. at last 2d correlated random landscape. to get a smooth potential 2d gauss kernel is used percolation in random potential landscape drag mouse to rotate 3d image ( with \" shift \" to zoom it ). the white line ( in the blue bar to the right ) corresponds to the average < v > value. the yellow line corresponds to the fermi energy \u03b5f. drag the line by mouse to change \u03b5f. see also 3d mountains and hidden surface removal algorithms.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5813932657053302, "token_count": 376, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.643327"} {"text": "after maintaining a steady pace for a century, lighting technology has begun to leap forward, fueled by tightening energy efficiency standards and hefty incentives for manufacturers. and despite a bit of price shock on some lighting products, co - op members - especially large commercial and industrial accounts - are working with their local, not - for - profit, consumer - owned power providers to see if emerging lighting options can curb rising costs. congress first enacted improved energy efficiency standards for incandescent bulbs under the federal energy independence and security act of 2007. but when new lightbulb rules began to take effect in 2012, they were met with confusion. under the law, by 2014, lightbulbs using between 40 - w to 100 - w must consume at least 28 percent less energy than traditional incandescents, which will save americans an estimated $ 6 billion to $ 10 billion in lighting costs annually. the measure also mandates that lightbulbs become 70 percent more efficient by 2020. in june of this year, the u. s. house passed an amendment to stop enforcement of these standards, mirroring a funding freeze for enforcement efforts adopted in late 2011. yet even if the provision becomes law, very little will change. congress has not repealed or adjusted existing lightbulb efficiency standards or changed the timeline for implementation. major lighting manufacturers like general electric, philips, and osram sylvania continue working to comply with the 2007 law. as the next wave of standards kicks in, traditional 75 - w incandescent lightbulbs will no longer be available as of january 1, 2013, and 40 - w and 60 - w versions will no longer be available as of january 1, 2014. in the race to fill the nation \u2019 s growing need for efficient lighting comes a new breed of illuminators, led by light - emitting diodes ( leds ). incandescent bulbs create light using a thin wire ( filament ) inside a glass bulb - a delicate connection that can easily be broken, as frustrated homeowners can attest. in contrast, leds are at the forefront of solid - state lighting - small, packed electronic chip devices. two conductive materials are placed together on a chip ( a diode ). electricity passes through the diode, releasing energy in the form of light. invented in 1960 by general electric, the first leds were red - the color depends on materials placed on the diode. yellow, green, and orange leds were created in the 1970s and the recipe for the color", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5047602426705152, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.653052"} {"text": "in the form of light. invented in 1960 by general electric, the first leds were red - the color depends on materials placed on the diode. yellow, green, and orange leds were created in the 1970s and the recipe for the color blue - the foundation for white leds - was unlocked in the mid - 1990s. originally used in remote controls, exit signs, digital watches, alarm clocks, and car signal lights, leds quickly gained momentum for large - scale lighting. by 2030, the u. s. department of energy estimates solid - state lighting technologies could reduce the amount of electricity used for lighting ( currently 13. 6 percent of the nation \u2019 s total ) by half, saving up to $ 30 billion a year in energy costs. electric cooperatives are supporting led study through the cooperative research network ( crn ), an arm of the arlington, va. - based national rural electric cooperative association. recently, crn worked with western farmers electric cooperative, a generation and transmission cooperative based in anadarko, okla., and the oklahoma state university animal science department to evaluate leds at a farrowing operation and a dairy farm in the sooner state. the project measured the effectiveness of leds in harsh environments and looked for any influence on animal behavior. t - bar m dairy ranch, outside of durant, okla., normally uses 250 - w metal halide lights in its barns. crn exchanged those bulbs in 10 fixtures with 120 - w leds. after six months, the dairy had cut energy use by 55 percent and boosted brightness by 30 percent. \u201c utility costs go up every year - that \u2019 s reality, \u201d explains tami tollenaar, who manages the dairy. \u201c to move forward in your business, you have to look for ways to be more efficient. leds are one of the things we can do to help us move forward. \u201d crn also worked with robinson family farms, a 380, 000 - head hog operation in holdenville, okla. the farm already used compact fluorescent lamps ( cfls ) but had problems because those bulbs didn \u2019 t work well in harsh conditions. \u201c lighting for a swine facility is pretty important, \u201d explains owner rich robinson. \u201c we try to convince the sows it \u2019 s spring year - round to improve their eating habits. \u201d crn switched 25 fixtures from 26 - w cfls to 15 - w leds. after six months, robinson slashed his energy use by 54 percent. \u201c i was worried because normally when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5112407055670598, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.654085"} {"text": "s spring year - round to improve their eating habits. \u201d crn switched 25 fixtures from 26 - w cfls to 15 - w leds. after six months, robinson slashed his energy use by 54 percent. \u201c i was worried because normally when you see an led it doesn \u2019 t seem to put out as much light as a 150 - watt incandescent bulb - it \u2019 s a different type of light, \u201d robinson admits. \u201c but, after installing the lights, i was surprised at how well they lit up the area. i think the leds actually outperformed the cfls. \u201d \u201c the initial cost of leds is significantly higher than conventional lighting, \u201d notes scott williams, western farmers electric commercial & industrial marketing manager. \u201c like all modern technology, you can expect the price to come down as the product develops. however, when you consider all the factors over the life cycle of a light, leds have already proved they save money. \u201d shedding light on leds curious to know if leds are right for you? homeowners can visit www. energysavers. gov / lighting to compare leds to new energy - efficient incandescent bulbs and cfls. the touchstone energy\u00ae cooperatives free app, \u201c save energy, save money \u201d for iphone, ipad, and android devices, includes a lighting calculator showing the potential savings from replacing incandescent lamps with either cfls or leds ; learn more at www. togetherwesave. com / energy - saving - app - smartphones. for more in - depth information about leds and other types of solid - state lighting, visit www. eere. energy. gov / buildings / ssl. sources : u. s. department of energy, cooperative research network, philips, energy star, u. s. energy information administration megan mckoy - noe, ccc, writes on consumer and cooperative affairs for the national rural electric cooperative association, the arlington, va. - based service organization for the nation \u2019 s 900 - plus consumer - owned, not - for - profit electric cooperatives. rob holt contributed to this article.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4574057126630905, "token_count": 434, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.655066"} {"text": "intellectual knowledge appears to be innate and privy to the few, but in fact, access to information, development of intellectual work skills, time investment, and the maintenance of intellectual appearances are key to being perceived as an intellectual. to make education more equitable, professors must go beyond knowledge transmission and instruct students in the concrete skills of knowledge acquisition and knowledge presentation. instruction in intellectual skills - acquisition implies the breakdown of the traditional professor - student relationship and of the academic intellectual hierarchy and professors must learn to cope with the consequences of adopting new pedagogies. if we wish to share the secrets of our professions, how do we prepare our students for such a democratic approach and at the same time maintain our professional status? the author, a professor of spanish language and literature, presents strategies for democratizing education and demystifying intellectual work through the application of skills - based pedagogical methodologies to the teaching of literature. the implications that these strategies have for a new type of learning and the impact that they have on social stratification will also be discussed. | keywords : | | democratizing education, demystifying intellectual work, knowledge acquisition skills, interpretative skills, teaching literature, skills based teaching | assistant professor of spanish, department of literature and languages, roosevelt university, chicago, illinois, usa there are currently no reviews of this product. write a review", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5219079661918151, "token_count": 275, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.656537"} {"text": "polonius, a character in shakespeare ' s play \" hamlet \" advises his son, \" neither a lender nor a borrower be \". with due respect to polonius and his genius, credit has become a part and parcel of our life. while most of us cannot be lenders, we are bound to be borrowers because of the system we live with. consumer credit is a scheme to receive goods and services today in lieu of the payments made in future. when you use electricity, water, or post - paid telephone services, you are using credit, as the payment for these services will be paid later. these credits are not harmful but we have to be careful about the most used consumer credit options, i. e. credit cards, buying consumer goods on credit and easy financing etc uses and misuses of credit credit can be a great help in times of need but it can also destroy your finances if used carelessly. using credit has two facets ; it gives you immediate benefits in terms of increased productivity, conveniences, or just simple satisfaction to vanity ; it also exerts financial and psychological costs. use the credit only when the advantages outweigh the cost. the uses of credit are humongous ranging from medical emergencies, education needs, and travel emergencies. credit cards are usually very handy in most of these situations. there are times when shopping stores ( pantaloon, big bazaar ) issue credit cards jointly with a bank and provide 5 % - 10 % cash back or discount. if you are a regular visitor to these stores, you should make use of this option. the only problem with this is that you end up shopping for things you do not need. in today ' s world, a credit card is handy to make reservation in airlines, train, or hotels. while credit helps in many cases where it increases productivity ; helps in medical emergency ; or builds future growth as in higher education ; its misuse can ruin the finances, make you bankrupt and dilute your creditworthiness. just because the credit card has a bigger limit, people tend to overspend. this is best avoided alongwith taking up 0 % loans on consumer goods. in addition to these habits, people have a tendency to pay just the minimum amount required. the liability becomes huge after some time. managing your credit capacity it is important to build a good credit capacity ( or rating ) by judiciously using the credit options available to us. you need to consciously build a good credit score that will enable you to get higher credit in case of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49914099623981467, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.659995"} {"text": ". managing your credit capacity it is important to build a good credit capacity ( or rating ) by judiciously using the credit options available to us. you need to consciously build a good credit score that will enable you to get higher credit in case of an emergency. instead of driving yourselves into a situation that would require external help like that of a credit counselling agency, try to nip the evil in the bud and figure ways to manage your finances effectively. using credit does allow you to spend more on goods and services now. but it also reduces the money you have for future needs as a part of your future income will be used to pay for the services or goods you are buying now. taking inspiration from what benjamin graham said, credit has become a reality of life as certain as death and taxes. to manage our credit better, we have to follow a few ground rules. here are a few beginners ' tips that can prove useful : - pay the credit card bills on time. no exception. - mind your credit scores. if you feel your card details have been compromised, take it up immediately with the bank, which has issued you the card - pay your emi regularly. any default will damage your credit score and hence creditworthiness. - do not use too many credit cards. - avoid treating credit cards as easy money. this is the money you have to pay back with high interest if you make it a habit to pay only the minimum amount due every month. - do not buy unnecessary items just because it is available on zero credit and low emi. remember its money spent! - always try to increase your down payment when you take up a loan so that your monthly liability doesn ' t eat into your savings. finally, credit doesn ' t increase your purchasing power. it just brings future purchasing power to the present and gives you a false impression that it has increased. by bankbazaar. com - an online marketplace for your personal loan and home loan needs.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.37864787331490735, "token_count": 397, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.660741"} {"text": "the muslim home \u2013 40 book by sheikh muhammed salih al - munajjid forming the household creating an atmosphere of faith in the home islamic knowledge in the home meetings at home good manners at home evils in the home the home inside and out bismillaah il - rahmaan il - raheem in the name of allaah, most gracious, most all praise be to allaah, we praise him and seek his help and forgiveness. we seek refuge with allaah from the evil of our own selves and from our evil deeds. whomsoever allaah guides, no one can lead astray, and whomsoever allaah leaves astray, no one can guide. i bear witness that there is no god but allaah alone, with no partner or associate, and i bear witness that muhammad is his slave and messenger. the home is a blessing. allaah says ( interpretation of the meaning ) : \u201c and allaah has made for you in your homes an abode \u2026 \u201d [ al - nahl 16 : 80 ] ibn katheer ( may allaah have mercy on him ) said : \u201c here allaah, may he be blessed and exalted, is mentioning his complete blessing to his slaves : he has given them homes which are a peaceful abode for them, to which they retreat as a haven which covers them and gives them all kinds of what does the home represent to each one of us? is it not the place where he eats, enjoys intimacy with his wife, sleeps and rests? is it not the place where he can be alone and can meet with his wife and is the home not the place that offers cover and protection to women? allaah tells us ( interpretation of the meaning ) : \u201c and stay in your houses, and do not display yourselves like that of the times of ignorance \u2026 \u201d [ al - ahzaab 33 : 33 ] if you think about those who are homeless, who live in shelters, or on the streets, or as refugees scattered in temporary camps, then you will realize the blessing of having a home. if you listen to a distressed homeless person saying, \u201c i have nowhere to settle, no fixed place to stay. sometimes i sleep in so and so \u2019 s house, sometimes in a cafe or park or on the sea - front, and i keep my clothes in my car \u201d, then you will realize the disruption that results from not having the blessing of a home. when allaah punished the jews of banu nadeer,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48890733675838516, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.732269"} {"text": "a cafe or park or on the sea - front, and i keep my clothes in my car \u201d, then you will realize the disruption that results from not having the blessing of a home. when allaah punished the jews of banu nadeer, he took away this blessing and expelled them from their homes, as he said ( interpretation of the meaning ) : \u201c he it is who drove out the disbelievers among the people of the scripture ( i. e. the jews of the tribe of banu al - nadeer ) from their homes at the first gathering. \u201d then he said : \u201c \u2026 they destroyed their own dwellings with their own hands and the hands of the believers. then take admonition, o you with eyes ( to see ). \u201d [ al - hashr 59 : 2 ]. there are many motives for the believer to pay attention to putting his house in order. firstly : protecting himself and his family from the fire of hell, and keeping them safe from the burning punishment : \u201c o you who believe! ward off from yourselves and your families a fire ( hell ) whose fuel is men and stones, over which are ( appointed ) angels stern ( and ) severe, who disobey not, ( from executing ) the commands they receive from allaah, but do that which they are commanded. \u201d [ al - tahreem 66 : 6 \u2013 interpretation of the meaning ]. secondly : the great responsibility borne by the head of the household on the day of reckoning. the prophet ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) said : \u201c allaah will ask every shepherd ( or responsible person ) about his flock ( those for whom he was responsible ), whether he took care of it or neglected it, until he asks a man about his household. \u201d thirdly : the home is a place to protect oneself, to keep away from evil and to keep one ' s own evil away from people. it is the refuge prescribed by islam at times of fitnah ( strife, tribulation ). the prophet ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) said : \u201c blessed is the one who controls his tongue, whose house is sufficient for him, and who weeps over his mistakes. \u201d the prophet ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) said : \u201c there are five things, whoever does one of them, allaah will be with him : visiting the sick, going out for jihaad, entering upon his leader with the intention of rebuking and respecting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4832927872290498, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.737060"} {"text": "revolves around two things : achieving our interests, which is by establishing that which is right and good, and warding off evil, by removing that which can cause it or bring it into our homes. forming the household ( 1 ) making a good choice when choosing a wife \u201c and marry those among you who are single ( i. e., a man who has no wife and a woman who has no husband ) and ( also marry ) the saalihoon ( pious, fit and capable ones ) of your ( male ) slaves and maid - servants ( female slaves ). if they be poor, allaah will enrich them out of his bounty. and allaah is all - sufficient for his creatures \u2019 needs, all - knowing ( about the state of the people ). \u201d [ al - noor 24 : 32 \u2013 interpretation of the meaning ]. the head of the household must select a righteous and suitable wife based on the following conditions described in various \u201c a woman may be married for four things : her wealth, her lineage, her beauty or her religion. choose the one who is religious, may your hands be rubbed with dust [ i. e., may you prosper ]! \u201d \u201c this world is all temporary conveniences, and the greatest joy in this life is a righteous wife. \u201d ( reported by muslim, \u201c let every one of you have a thankful heart, a remembering tongue [ remembering allaah ] and a believing wife who will help him with regard to the hereafter. \u201d ( reported by ahmad, 5 / 282, and al - tirmidhi and ibn maajah from thawbaan. saheeh al - jaami \u2019, 5231 ). according to another report : \u201c a righteous wife to help you with your worldly and religious affairs is the best treasure anyone could have. \u201d ( reported by al - bayhaqi. saheeh al - jaami \u2019, 4285 ). \u201c marry one who is loving and fertile, for i will be proud before the other prophets of your great numbers on the day of resurrection. \u201d ( reported by ahmad. saheeh al - irwa \u2019, 6 / 195 ). \u201c i advise you to marry virgins, for their wombs are more fresh, their mouths are more sweet and they are more content with little. \u201d according to another report : \u201c \u2026 and they are less likely to deceive. \u201d ( reported by ibn maajah. al - silsilah al - saheeh, 62", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4898602781947709, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.740013"} {"text": "more sweet and they are more content with little. \u201d according to another report : \u201c \u2026 and they are less likely to deceive. \u201d ( reported by ibn maajah. al - silsilah al - saheeh, 623 ). just as a righteous wife is one of the four elements of happiness, so a bad wife is one of the four elements of misery, as it says in the saheeh hadeeth : \u201c one of ( the elements of ) happiness is a righteous wife, who when you see her you feel pleased, and when you are away, you feel that you can trust her with regard to herself and your property. and one of ( the elements of ) misery is a bad wife who when you see her, you feel upset, she keeps attacking you verbally, and when you are away, you do not feel that you can trust her with regard to herself and your property. \u201d on the other hand, it is also essential to look at the situation of the prospective husband who is proposing marriage to the muslim woman, and to agree to his proposal in accordance with the following the prophet ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) said : \u201c if there comes to you one with whose religion and character you are pleased, then marry your daughter [ or sister, etc. ] to him, otherwise there will be fitnah and great corruption in the land. \u201d all of the above must be achieved through asking the right questions, verifying facts, gathering information and checking sources, so that the home will not be corrupted or destroyed. the righteous man and righteous woman together will build a righteous home, because \u201c the vegetation of a good land comes forth ( easily ) by the permission of its lord, and that which is bad, brings forth nothing but a little with difficulty \u2026 \u201d [ al - a \u2019 raaf 7 : 58 \u2013 interpretation of ( 2 ) striving to guide one \u2019 s wife if one ' s wife is righteous, this is a blessing indeed, and this is from the bounty of allaah. if she is not that righteous, then it is the duty of the head of the household to strive to guide her. any of the following scenarios may apply : a man may marry a woman who is not religious in the first place, because he himself is not religious at first, or he may have married her in the hope of guiding her, or under pressure from his relatives, for example. in these cases he must strive hard to guide her. a man must also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4822602979125721, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.741186"} {"text": "first place, because he himself is not religious at first, or he may have married her in the hope of guiding her, or under pressure from his relatives, for example. in these cases he must strive hard to guide her. a man must also realize from the outset that guidance comes from allaah, and that allaah is the one who reforms people. one of his blessings to his slave zakariya was, as he said ( interpretation of the meaning ) : \u201c \u2026 and [ we ] cured his wife for him \u2026 \u201d [ al - anbiya \u2019 21 : 90 ]. this curing or reforming may have been physical or religious. ibn \u2018 abbaas said : \u201c she was barren and could not have children, then she had a child. \u201d \u2018 ataa \u2019 said : \u201c she was harsh of tongue, and allaah reformed her. \u201d there are various means of guiding or reforming one \u2019 s wife, such as : paying attention to correcting her worship of allaah in all its aspects, as will be discussed in detail below. striving to strengthen her eemaan, such as : encouraging her to pray at night ( qiyaam al - layl ) encouraging her to read qur \u2019 aan encouraging her to memorize adhkaar and remember the appropriate times and occasions for saying them encouraging her to give charity encouraging her to read useful islamic books encouraging her to listen to useful islamic cassettes that can increase knowledge and strengthen eemaan \u2013 and continuing to supply her with them. choosing good, religious friends for her, with whom she can form ties of sisterhood and have good conversations and purposeful protecting her from evil and blocking off all avenues for it to reach her, by keeping her away from bad companions and bad creating an atmosphere of faith in making the home a place for the remembrance of allaah the prophet ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) said : \u201c the likeness of a house in which allaah is remembered and the house in which allaah is not remembered is that of the living and the dead, we must make our homes places where allaah is remembered in all kinds of ways, whether in our hearts, verbally, during prayer, by reading qur \u2019 aan, by discussing islamic issues, or by reading different kinds of islamic books. how many muslim homes nowadays are dead because there is no remembrance of allaah, as mentioned in the hadeeth. what must they be like when all that is heard therein is the music of shaytaan with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47454525907679035, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.742237"} {"text": "different kinds of islamic books. how many muslim homes nowadays are dead because there is no remembrance of allaah, as mentioned in the hadeeth. what must they be like when all that is heard therein is the music of shaytaan with instruments and singing, and backbiting, slander and gossip? what must they be like when they are filled with evil and sin, such as the haraam mixing of the sexes and wanton display between relatives who are not mahram or with neighbours who enter the home? how can the angels enter a home like this? revive your homes with all kinds of dhikr, may allaah have mercy on you! ( 4 ) make your homes a qiblah what is meant is taking the home as a place of allaah says ( interpretation of the meaning ) : \u201c and we inspired moosa and his brother ( saying ) : \u2018 take dwellings for your people in egypt, and make your dwellings as places for your worship, and perform al - salaah, and give glad tidings to the believers. \u2019 \u201d [ yoonus 10 : 87 ]. ibn \u2018 abbaas said : \u201c they were commanded to take their dwellings as places of prayer [ lit. mosques ]. \u201d ibn katheer said : \u201c this \u2013 and allaah knows best \u2013 was because of the intensity of the tribulation that they were facing from pharaoh and his people. they were commanded to pray much, as allaah says ( interpretation of the meaning ) : \u2018 o you who believe! seek help with patience and prayer \u2026 \u2019 [ al - baqarah 2 : 153 ], and as it was reported in the hadeeth that the messenger of allaah ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ), when he was distressed by something, would pray. \u201d this explains the importance of worshipping at home, especially at times when the muslims are in a position of weakness, as happens in some places where the muslims cannot pray openly in front of the kuffaar. in this context we may think of the mihraab of maryam, which was her place of worship, as allaah says ( interpretation of the meaning ) : \u201c \u2026 every time zakariya entered the mihraab to visit her, he found her supplied with sustenance \u2026 \u201d [ aal \u2018 imraan 3 : 37 ] the sahaabah ( may allaah be pleased with them ) used to be keen to pray at home \u2013 apart from the fard or obligatory", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43663902481754857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.743208"} {"text": "found her supplied with sustenance \u2026 \u201d [ aal \u2018 imraan 3 : 37 ] the sahaabah ( may allaah be pleased with them ) used to be keen to pray at home \u2013 apart from the fard or obligatory prayers ( which they prayed in congregation in the mosque ) \u2013 and there is a moving story concerning this. mahmood ibn al - rabee \u2019 al - ansaari reported that \u2018 utbaan ibn maalik \u2013 who was one of the companions of the messenger ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) and was one of the ansaar who had been present at badr \u2013 came to the messenger of allaah ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) and said : \u201c i am losing my sight, and i lead my people in prayer. when it rains, the valley between me and them gets flooded and i cannot get to their mosque to lead them in prayer. o messenger of allaah, i would like you to come to come and pray in my house so that i can take it as a place for prayer. \u201d the messenger of allaah ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) said, \u201c i will do that, in sha allaah. \u201d \u2018 utbaan said : \u201c the next day the messenger of allaah ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) and abu bakr came in the morning. the messenger of allaah ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) asked for permission to enter, and i gave him permission. he did not sit down until he entered the house, then he said, \u2018 where would you like me to pray in your house? \u2019 i showed him a corner of the house, then the messenger of allaah ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) stood up, said takbeer, and we stood in a row behind him, and he prayed two rak \u2019 ahs and gave the salaam at the end of the prayer. \u201d ( reported by al - bukhaari, al - fath, 1 / 519 ) ( 5 ) spiritual training for the members of the \u2018 aa \u2019 ishah ( may allaah be pleased with her ) said : \u201c the messenger of allaah ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) used to pray qiyaam at night, and when he prayed witr he would say, \u2018 get up and pray witr, o \u2018 aa \u2019 ishah \u2019 \u201d (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4211939149431045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.744066"} {"text": "allaah ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) used to pray qiyaam at night, and when he prayed witr he would say, \u2018 get up and pray witr, o \u2018 aa \u2019 ishah \u2019 \u201d ( reported by muslim, muslim bi sharh al - nawawi, the prophet ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) said : \u201c may allaah have mercy on a man who gets up at night and prays, then he wakes up his wife to pray, and if she refuses he throws water in her face. \u201d ( reported by ahmad and abu dawood. saheeh al - jaami \u2019, 3488 ). encouraging the women of one ' s household to give charity is another means of increasing faith. this is something very important which the prophet ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) encouraged, when he said, \u201c o women! give in charity, for i have seen that you form the majority of the inhabitants of hell. \u201d ( reported by al - bukhaari, al - fath, one of the new ideas is to have a box at home for donations to the poor and needy : whatever is put in the box belongs to them, because it is their vessel in the muslim home. if the family members see an example among them fasting on al - ayyaam al - beed ( the 13th, 14th and 15th of each hijri month ), mondays and thursdays, taasoo \u2019 aa \u2019 and \u2018 aashooraa \u2019 ( the 9th and 10th of muharram ), \u2018 arafaah, and frequently in muharram and sha \u2019 baan, this will be a motive for them to do likewise. paying attention to adhkaar and sunnah du \u2019 aa \u2019 s that have to do with the home adkhaar for entering the home : muslim reported in his saheeh that the messenger of allaah ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) said : \u201c when any one of you enters his home and mentions the name of allaah when he enters and when he eats, the shaytaan says : \u2018 you have no place to stay and nothing to eat here. \u2019 if he enters and does not mention the name of allaah when he enters, [ the shaytaan ] says, \u2018 you have a place to stay. \u2019 if he does not mention the name of allaah when he eats, [ the shaytaan says ], \u2018 you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43347715847560675, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.744932"} {"text": "the name of allaah when he enters, [ the shaytaan ] says, \u2018 you have a place to stay. \u2019 if he does not mention the name of allaah when he eats, [ the shaytaan says ], \u2018 you have a place to stay and something to eat. \u2019 \u201d ( reported by imaam ahmad, al - musnad, 3 / 346 ; abu dawood reported in his sunan that the messenger of allaah ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) said : \u201c if a man goes out of his house and says, \u2018 bismillaah, tawakkaltu \u2018 ala allaah, laa hawla wa laa quwwata illaa billaah ( in the name of allaah, i put my trust in allaah, there is no help and no strength except in allaah ), \u2019 it will be said to him, \u2018 this will take care of you, you are guided, you have what you need and you are protected. \u2019 the shaytaan will stay away from him, and another shaytaan will say to him, \u2018 what can you do with a man who is guided, provided for and protected? \u2019 \u201d ( reported by abu dawood and al - tirmidhi. saheeh al - jaami \u2019, imaam muslim reported in his saheeh that \u2018 aa \u2019 ishah ( may allaah be pleased with her ) said : \u201c when the messenger of allaah ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) entered his house, the first thing he would do was use siwaak. \u201d ( reported by muslim, kitaab al - tahaarah, chapter 15, no. 44 ). continuously reciting soorat al - baqarah in the house to ward off the shaytaan there are a number of ahaadeeth concerning this, the messenger of allaah ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) said : \u201c do not make your houses into graves. the shaytaan flees from a house in which soorat al - baqarah is recited. \u201d ( reported by the messenger of allaah ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) said : \u201c recite soorat al - baqarah in your houses, for the shaytaan does not enter a house in which soorat al - baqarah is recited. \u201d ( reported by al - haakim in al - mustadrak", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41036203568915186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.747646"} {"text": "recite soorat al - baqarah in your houses, for the shaytaan does not enter a house in which soorat al - baqarah is recited. \u201d ( reported by al - haakim in al - mustadrak. 1 / 561 ; saheeh al - jaami \u2019, concerning the virtues of the last two aayaat of this soorah, and the effect of reciting them in one \u2019 s house, he ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) said : \u201c allaah wrote a document two thousand years before he created the heavens and the earth, which is kept near the throne, and he revealed two aayaat of it with which he concluded soorat al - baqarah. if they are recited in a house for three consecutive nights, the shaytaan will not approach it. \u201d ( reported by imaam ahmad in al - musnad, 4 / 274, and others. saheeh al - jaami \u2019, 1799 ). islamic knowledge in the home ( 8 ) teaching the family this is an obligation which the head of the household must undertake, in obedience to the command of allaah ( interpretation of the meaning ) : \u201c o you who believe! ward off from yourselves and your families a fire ( hell ) whose fuel is men and stones \u2026 \u201d [ al - tahreem 66 : 6 ]. this aayah is the basic principle regarding the teaching and upbringing of one ' s family, and enjoining them to do what is good and forbidding them to do what is evil. there follow some of the comments of the mufassireen on this aayah, in so far as it pertains to the duties of the head of the household. qutaadah said : \u201c he should command them to obey allaah, and forbid them to disobey him, and direct them in accordance with the commands of allaah, and help them to do that. \u201d dahhaak and muqaatil said : \u201c it is the muslim \u2019 s duty to teach his family, including relatives and female slaves, what allaah has enjoined upon them and what he has forbidden. \u201d \u2018 ali ( may allaah be pleased with him ) said : \u201c teach them and discipline them. \u201d al - tabari ( may allaah have mercy on him ) said : \u201c we must teach our children and wives the religion and goodness, and whatever they need of good manners. if the messenger of allaah (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45962734997062515, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.748820"} {"text": "teach them and discipline them. \u201d al - tabari ( may allaah have mercy on him ) said : \u201c we must teach our children and wives the religion and goodness, and whatever they need of good manners. if the messenger of allaah ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) used to urge the teaching of female servants, who were slaves, what do you think about your children and wives, who are free? \u201d al - bukhaari ( may allaah have mercy on him ) said in his saheeh : \u201c chapter : a man \u2019 s teaching his female slaves and wife. \u201d then he quoted the hadeeth of the prophet ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) : \u201c there are three who will have two rewards : \u2026 a man who has a female slave whom he teaches good manners and teaches her well, and teaches her knowledge, and teaches her well, then he frees her and marries her : he will have two ibn hajar ( may allaah have mercy on him ) said, commenting on this hadeeth : \u201c the chapter heading refers specifically to female slaves, and to wives by analogy, i. e., teaching one \u2019 s free wife about her duties towards allaah and the sunnah of his messenger is more clearly essential than teaching one ' s female slaves. \u201d in the midst of all a man \u2019 s activities, work and other commitments, he may forget to allow himself time for teaching his wife. one solution to this is to allocate some time for the family, and even for others such as relatives, to hold a study - circle at home. he can let everyone know the time and encourage them to come regularly, so that it will be an ongoing commitment for him and for them. something similar happened at the time of the prophet ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ). al - bukhaari ( may allaah have mercy on him ) said : \u201c chapter : can the women be given a day exclusively for them to seek knowledge \u201d? and quoted the hadeeth of abu sa \u2019 eed al - khudri ( may allaah be pleased with him ) : \u201c the women said to the prophet ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) : \u2018 the men always crowd us out and we cannot reach you, so set aside a day for us when we can come to you. \u2019 so he set aside a day when he would meet them and teach ibn hajar said : \u201c a similar report was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4041860274512151, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.751756"} {"text": "the men always crowd us out and we cannot reach you, so set aside a day for us when we can come to you. \u2019 so he set aside a day when he would meet them and teach ibn hajar said : \u201c a similar report was narrated by sahl ibn abi saalih from abu hurayrah, according to which [ the prophet ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) ] said : \u2018 your appointment is in the house of so and so, \u2019 and he came to them and spoke to them. \u2019 \u201d what we learn from this is that women should be taught in their houses, and we see how keen the women of the sahaabah were to learn. directing teaching efforts to men alone, and not to women, is a serious shortcoming on the part of dai \u2019 yahs and heads of households. some readers may ask, suppose we set aside a day, and tell our families about it \u2013 what should we study in these gatherings? where do we begin? i suggest that you begin with a simple program to teach your family in general, and the women in particular, using the following the tafseer of al - \u2018 allaamah ibn sa \u2019 di, entitled tayseer al - kareem al - rahmaan fi tafseer kalaam al - mannaan, which is published in seven volumes and is written in an easy style ; you can read it or teach somes soorahs and passages from it. \u2013 you coul discuss the ahaadeeth quoted, along with the footnotes and the lessons learned from them. you could also refer to the book nuzhat hasan al - uswah bimaa thubita \u2018 an allaahi wa rasoolihi fi \u2019 l - nuswah, by al - \u2018 allaamah siddeeq hasan khaan. it is also important to teach women some of the ahkaam of fiqh, such as the rulings on tahaarah ( purity ) and menstrual and post - partum bleeding, salaah, zakaah, siyaam ( fasting ) and hajj, if she is able to go ; some of the rulings on food and drink, clothing and adornment, the sunan al - fitrah, rulings on mahaarim ( who is a mahram relative and who is not ), rulings on singing and photography, and so on. among the important sources of such information", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44867105836845655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.752927"} {"text": "adornment, the sunan al - fitrah, rulings on mahaarim ( who is a mahram relative and who is not ), rulings on singing and photography, and so on. among the important sources of such information are the fatwas ( rulings or edicts ) of the scholars, such as the collections of fatwas by shaykh \u2018 abd al - \u2018 azeez ibn baaz and shaykh muhammad ibn saalih al - \u2018 uthaymeen, and other scholars, whether they are written fatwas or fatwas recorded on tapes. another matter that may be included in a syllabus for teaching women and family members is reminding them of lessons or public lectures given by trustworthy scholars and seekers of knowledge which they can attend, so they can have a variety of excellent sources for learning. we should not forget either the radio programs of idhaa \u2019 at al - qur \u2019 aan al - kareem ; another means of teaching is reminding family members of the particular days when women can attend islamic bookstores, and taking them there, within the guidelines of sharee \u2019 ah [ i. e., proper hijaab, etc. ] ( 9 ) start building an islamic \u201c library \u201d in your another thing that will help in teaching your family and letting them develop a understanding of their religion and help them adhere to its rules, is having one \u2019 s own islamic library at home. it does not have to be extensive ; what matters is choosing good books, putting them in a place where they are readily accessible, and encouraging family members to read you could put books in a clean and tidy corner of the living room, and in a suitable place in a bedroom or guest room ; this will make it easy for any member of the family to read constantly. in order to build a library properly \u2013 and allaah loves things to be done properly \u2013 you should include references so that family members can research various matters and children can use them for their studies. you should also include books of varying levels, so that old and young, men and women can all use them. you should also have books for giving to guests, children \u2019 s friends and family visitors, but try to get books that are attractively presented, edited properly and with the sources and classification of the ahaadeeth properly given. you can make the most of islamic bookstores and exhibitions to build a home library, after consulting and seeking advice from those who have experience in the field of books. one way in which you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45122119357553725, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.753849"} {"text": "sources and classification of the ahaadeeth properly given. you can make the most of islamic bookstores and exhibitions to build a home library, after consulting and seeking advice from those who have experience in the field of books. one way in which you can help family members to find a book when they want it is to organize the books according to subject, with books of tafseer on one shelf, books of hadeeth on another, fiqh on a third, and so on. one of the family members could also compile alphabetical or subject indexes of the library, to make it easier to look for books. many of those who want to start a home library may ask for titles of islamic books. here are a few suggestions : tafseer ibn sa \u2019 di by ibn al - qayyim by ibn \u2018 uthaymeen lamahaat fi \u2018 uloom al - qur \u2019 aan by muhammad al - sabbaagh saheeh al - kalim al - tayyib \u2018 aml al - muslim fi \u2019 l - yawm wa \u2019 l - laylah ( or : al - saheeh al - musnad min adhkaar al - yawm wa \u2019 l - laylah ) and its commentary nuzhat al - muttaqeen mukhtasar saheeh al - bukhaari mukhtasar saheeh muslim by al - mundhiri and al - albaani saheeh al - jaami \u2019 al - sagheer da \u2019 eef al - jaami \u2019 al - sagheer saheeh al - targheeb wa \u2019 l - tarheeb al - sunnah wa makaanatuhaa fi \u2019 l - tashree \u2019 qawaa \u2019 id wa fawaa \u2019 id min al - arba \u2019 een al - nawawiyyah by naazim sultaan fath al - majeed sharh kitaab al - tawheed ( edited by al - arnaa \u2019 oot ) a \u2019 laam al - sunnah al - manshoorah by al - hakami ( ed. ) sharh al - \u2018 aqeedah al - tahhaawiyyah, edited by al - albaani the series on \u2018 aqeedah by umar sulaymaan al - ashqar in 8 parts by dr. yoosuf al - waabil by ibn duwiyyaan by ibn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4260613620014793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.754666"} {"text": "rahmaan ibn naasir al - sa \u2019 di shaykh \u2018 umar sulaymaan ibn ashqar shaykh muhammad ibn ahmad ibn ismaa \u2019 eel prof. muhammad muhammad husayn shaykh muhammad jameel zayno prof. husayn al - \u2018 awayishah \u2019 s books on al - raqaa \u2019 iq ( topics to soften the heart and strengthen eemaan ) by muhammad na \u2019 eem yaaseen by shaykh muhammad sa \u2019 eed al - qahtaani [ available in english translation ] al - inhiraafaat al - \u2018 aqdiyyah fi \u2019 l - qarnayn al - thaani \u2018 ashara wa \u2019 l - thaalith \u2018 ashara by \u2018 ali ibn bukhayt al - zahraani al - muslimoon wa zaahirat al - hazeemah al - nafsiyyah by \u2018 abd - allaah al - mar \u2019 ah bayn al - fiqh wa \u2019 l - qaanoon by mustafa al - sibaa \u2019 i al - usrah al - muslimah amaam al - video wa \u2019 l - tilifiziyon by marwaan kijik al - mar \u2019 ah al - muslimah i \u2019 daadaatuhaa wa mas \u2019 ooliyaatuhaa by ahmad abu bateen mas \u2019 ooliyat al - abb al - muslim fi tarbiyat waladihi by \u2018 adnaan baahaarith by ahmad al - baaraazi wa jaa \u2019 a dawr al - maajoos by \u2018 abd - allaah muhammad al - ghareeb books by shaykh bakr abu zayd abhaath al - shaykh mashoor there are many other useful, good books \u2013 what we have mentioned is only by way of example, and is by no means a complete list. there are also many useful pamphlets and booklets, but it would take too long to list everything. the muslim should consult others and think hard. whomever allaah wishes good for, he helps him to understand his religion. ( 10 ) home audio library having a cassette player in every home may be used for good or for evil. how can we use it in a manner that is pleasing to one of the ways in which we can achieve this is to have a home audio library containing good islamic tapes by scholars, fuqaha \u2019, lecturers, khateebs and preachers. listening to tapes of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45166590957669217, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.756588"} {"text": "a manner that is pleasing to one of the ways in which we can achieve this is to have a home audio library containing good islamic tapes by scholars, fuqaha \u2019, lecturers, khateebs and preachers. listening to tapes of qur \u2019 aan recitation by some imaams, for example those recorded during taraaweeh prayers, will have a great impact on family members, whether by impressing upon them the meanings of the revelation, or by helping them to memorize qur \u2019 aan because of repeated listening. it will also protect them by letting them hear qur \u2019 aanic recitation rather than the music and singing of the shaytaan, because it is not right for the words of al - rahmaan ( allaah ) to be mixed with the music of the shaytaan in the heart of the believer. tapes of fatwas may have a great effect on family members and help them to understand various rulings, which will have an impact on their daily lives. we suggest listening to tapes of fatwas given by scholars such as shaykh \u2018 abd al - \u2018 azeez ibn baaz, shaykh muhammad naasir al - deen al - albaani, shaykh muhammad al - \u2018 uthaymeen, shaykh saalih al - fawzaan, and other muslims must also pay attention to the sources from which they take fatwas, because this is the matter of religion, so look to where you take your religion from. you should take it from someone who is known to be righteous and pious, who bases his fatwas on sound ahaadeeth, who is not fanatical in his adherence to a madhhab, who follows sound evidence and adheres to a middle path without being either extreme or too lenient. ask an expert. \u201c \u2026 allaah, most gracious : ask, then about him of any acquainted ( with such things ). \u201d [ al - furqaan 25 : 59 \u2013 interpretation of the meaning \u2013 yusuf ali \u2019 s listening to lectures by those who are striving to raise the awareness of the ummah, establish proof and denounce evil, is very important for establishing individual personalities in the muslim home. there are many tapes and lectures, and the muslim needs to know the features of the sound methodology so as to distinguish sound lecturers from others and look for their tapes, which they can listen to with confidence. among these features are : the lecturer should be a believer in the \u2018 aqeedah", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4769445563171616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.757535"} {"text": "needs to know the features of the sound methodology so as to distinguish sound lecturers from others and look for their tapes, which they can listen to with confidence. among these features are : the lecturer should be a believer in the \u2018 aqeedah of the saved group, ahl al - sunnah wa \u2019 l - jamaa \u2019 ah, adhering to the sunnah and firmly rejecting bid \u2019 ah. the speaker should be moderate, neither extremist nor he should base his talks on sound ahaadeeth, and beware of weak and fabricated ahaadeeth. he should have insight into people \u2019 s situations and the realities of the ummah, and should offer the appropriate remedy for any problem, giving the people what they need. he should speak the truth as much as he can, and not utter falsehood or please the people by angering allaah. we often find that tapes for children have a great influence on them, whether by helping them to memorize qur \u2019 aan by listening to a young reader, or du \u2019 aa \u2019 s to be recited at various times of day and night, or islamic manners, or nasheeds ( religious \u201c songs \u201d with no instrumental accompaniment ) with a useful message, and so on. putting tapes in drawers in an organized fashion will make it easier to find them, and will also protect them from getting damaged or from being played with by young children. we should distribute good tapes by giving or lending them to others after listening to them. having a recorder in the kitchen will be very useful for the lady of the house, and having a recorder in the bedroom will help a person make good use of time until the last moments of the day. ( 11 ) inviting good and righteous people and seekers of knowledge to visit the home. \u201c my lord! forgive me, and my parents, and him who enters my home as a believer, and all the believing men and women \u2026 \u201d [ nooh 71 : 28 \u2013 interpretation of the meaning ]. if people of faith enter your home, it will increase in light ( noor ), and will bring many benefits because of your conversations and discussion with them. the bearer of musk will either give you some, or you will buy from him, or you will find that he has a pleasant scent. when children, brothers and parents sit with such visitors, and women listen from behind a curtain or screen to what is said, this offers an educational experience to all. if you bring good people into your home, by doing so you keep", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5235989378408668, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.758536"} {"text": "pleasant scent. when children, brothers and parents sit with such visitors, and women listen from behind a curtain or screen to what is said, this offers an educational experience to all. if you bring good people into your home, by doing so you keep bad people from coming in a wreaking havoc. ( 12 ) learning the islamic rulings with regard praying in the house with regard to men, the prophet ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) said : \u201c the best of prayer is a man \u2019 s prayer in his house \u2013 apart from the prescribed prayers. \u201d ( reported by al - bukhaari, al - fath, no. 731 ). it is obligatory to pray ( the five daily prayers ) in the mosque, except if there is a valid excuse. the messenger of allaah ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) also said : \u201c a man \u2019 s voluntary prayers in his house will bring more reward than his voluntary prayers at other people \u2019 s places, just as his obligatory prayers with the people are better than his obligatory prayers alone. \u201d ( reported by ibn abi shaybah. saheeh with regard to women, the deeper inside her home her place of prayer is, the better, because the prophet ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) said : \u201c the best prayer for women is [ that offered ] in the furthest part of their houses. \u201d ( reported by al - tabaraani. saheeh a man should not be led in prayer in his own home, and no one should sit in the place where the master of the house usually sits, except with his permission. the messenger of allaah ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) said : \u201c a man should not be led in prayer in his place of authority, and no one should sit in his place in his house, except with his permission. \u201d ( reported by al - tirmidhi, no. 2772 ). i. e., no one should go forward to lead him in prayer, even if they recite qur \u2019 aan better than he does, in a place that he owns or where he has authority, such as a householder in his home, or an imaam in a mosque. similarly, it is not permitted to sit in the private spot of the head of the master of the house, such as a bed or mattress, etc., except with his permission. seeking permission to enter. \u201c o you who believe! enter not houses", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4642291740026562, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.759476"} {"text": ", it is not permitted to sit in the private spot of the head of the master of the house, such as a bed or mattress, etc., except with his permission. seeking permission to enter. \u201c o you who believe! enter not houses other than your own, until you have asked permission and greeted those in them, that is better for you, in order that you may remember. and if you find no one therein, still, enter not until permission has been given. and if you are asked to go back, go back, for it is purer for you. and allaah is all - knower of what you do. \u201d [ al - noor 24 : 27 - 28 \u2013 interpretation of the meaning ]. \u201c \u2026 so enter houses through their proper doors \u2026 \u201d [ al - baqarah 2 : 189 \u2013 interpretation of the meaning ]. it is permissible to enter houses that are empty if one has some legitimate business there, such as a house prepared for guests. \u201c there is no sin on you that you enter ( without taking permission ) houses uninhabited ( i. e., not possessed by anybody ), ( when ) you have any interest in them. and allaah has knowledge of what you reveal and what you conceal. \u201d [ al - noor 24 : 29 \u2013 interpretation of the meaning ]. not feeling too shy to eat in the houses of friends and relatives, and in houses of friends and relatives and others to which one has the keys, if they have no objection to that. \u201c there is no restriction on the blind, nor any restriction on the lame, nor any restriction on the sick, nor on yourselves, if you eat from your houses, or the houses of your fathers, or the houses of your mothers, or the houses of your brothers, or the houses of your sisters, or the houses of your father \u2019 s brothers, or the houses of your father \u2019 s sisters, or the houses of your mother \u2019 s brothers, or the houses of your mother \u2019 s sisters, or ( from that ) whereof you hold keys, or ( from the house ) of a friend. no sin on you whether you eat together or apart \u2026 \u201d telling children and servants not to barge in to the parents \u2019 bedroom without permission at the times when people usually sleep, i. e., before fajr, at siesta time and after \u2018 isha \u2019, lest they see something inappropriate. if they see something accidentally at other times, this is forgivable, because they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4687252160557983, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.760432"} {"text": "when people usually sleep, i. e., before fajr, at siesta time and after \u2018 isha \u2019, lest they see something inappropriate. if they see something accidentally at other times, this is forgivable, because they are tawwaafeen ( those who go about in the house ) and it is difficult to stop them. allaah says ( interpretation of the meaning ) : \u201c o you who believe! let your legal slaves and slave - girls, and those among you who have not come to the age of puberty ask your permission ( before they come to your presence ) on three occasions : before fajr prayer, and while you put off your clothes for the noonday ( rest ), and after the \u2018 isha prayer. ( these ) three times are of privacy for you ; other than these times there is no sin on you or on them to move about, - attending ( helping ) you each other. thus allaah makes clear the aayaat ( verses of this qur \u2019 aan, showing proofs for the legal aspects of permission for visits, etc. ) to you. and allaah is all - knowing, all - wise. \u201d [ al - noor 24 : 57 ]. it is forbidden to look into the houses of other people without their permission. the messenger of allaah ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) said : \u201c whoever looks into someone \u2019 s house without their permission, put his eyes out, and there is no diyah or qisaas [ blood money or retaliation ] in this case. \u201d ( reported by ahmad, al - musnad, 2 / 385 ; saheeh al - jaami, 6046 ). a woman who has been divorced by talaaq for a first or second time [ and could still go back to her husband ] should not leave or be made to leave her home during the \u2018 iddah, and she should still be supported financially. allaah says ( interpretation of the meaning ) : \u201c o prophet! when you divorce women, divorce them at their \u2018 iddah ( prescribed periods ), and count ( accurately ) their \u2018 iddah ( periods ). and fear allaah your lord ( o muslims ), and turn them not out of their ( husband \u2019 s ) homes, nor shall they ( themselves ) leave, except in case they are guilty of some open illegal sexual intercourse. and those are the set limits of allaah. and whoever transgresses the set limits of allaah", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4983084264499944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.762849"} {"text": "( husband \u2019 s ) homes, nor shall they ( themselves ) leave, except in case they are guilty of some open illegal sexual intercourse. and those are the set limits of allaah. and whoever transgresses the set limits of allaah, then indeed he has wronged himself. you ( the one who divorces his wife ) know not, it may be that allaah will afterward bring some new thing to pass ( i. e., to return her back to you, if this as the first or second divorce ). \u201d [ al - talaaq 65 : 1 ] it is permissible for a man to forsake his rebellious wife inside or outside the home, according to the interests prescribed by sharee \u2019 ah in any given case. the evidence for forsaking her inside the home is the aayah ( interpretation of the meaning ) : \u201c \u2026 refuse to share their beds \u2026 \u201d [ al - nisa \u2019 4 : 34 ]. with regard to forsaking women outside the home, this is what happened when the messenger of allaah ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) forsook his wives, leaving them in their apartments and staying in a room outside the houses of his wives. ( reported by al - bukhaari, kitaab al - talaaq, baab fi \u2019 l - eelaa \u2019 ). one should not stay alone overnight in the house. ibn \u2018 umar ( may allaah be pleased with him ) reported that the prophet ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) forbade being alone and said that a man should not stay overnight alone or travel alone. ( reported by ahmad in al - musnad, 2 / 91 ). this is because of the feelings of loneliness etc., that come from being alone, and also because of the possibility of attacks by enemies or robbers, or the possibility of sickness. if one has a companion, he can help fight off attacks, and can help if one gets sick. ( see al - fath al - rabbaani, 5 / 64 ). not sleeping on the roof of a house that has no protecting wall, lest one fall. the messenger of allaah ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) said : \u201c whoever sleeps on the roof of a house that has no protecting wall, nobody is responsible for what happens to him. \u201d ( reported by abu dawood, al - sunan, no. 5041 ; saheeh al - jaami, 6113", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4585170807035792, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.763887"} {"text": "sleeps on the roof of a house that has no protecting wall, nobody is responsible for what happens to him. \u201d ( reported by abu dawood, al - sunan, no. 5041 ; saheeh al - jaami, 6113 ; its commentary is in \u2018 awn al - ma \u2019 bood, 13 / 384 ). this is because one who is asleep may roll over in his sleep, and if there is no wall he may fall off the roof and be killed. in such a case, nobody would be to blame for his death ; or his negligence would cause allaah to lift his protection from him, because he did not take the necessary precautions. the hadeeth may mean either. pet cats do not make vessels naajis ( impure ) if they drink from them, or make food naajis if they eat from it. \u2018 abd - allaah ibn abi qutaadah reported from his father that water was put out for him to make wudoo \u2019, and a cat came and lapped at the water. he took the water and did wudoo \u2019 with it, and they said, \u201c o abu qutaadah! the cat drank from it. \u201d he said, i heard the messenger of allaah ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) say : \u2018 cats are part of the household, and they are among those who go around in your houses. \u2019 \u201d ( reported by ahmad in al - musnad, 5 / 309 ; saheeh al - jaami \u2019, 3694 ). according to another report he said : \u201c they [ cats ] are not naajis ; they are among those who go around [ al - tawwaafeen wa \u2019 l - tawwaafaat \u2013 refers to children, servants, etc. ] in your houses. \u201d ( reported by ahmad in al - musnad, 5 / 309 ; saheeh ( 13 ) creating opportunities for meetings to discuss family matters. \u201c \u2026 and who ( conduct ) their affairs by mutual consultation \u2026 \u201d [ al - shoora 42 : 38 \u2013 interpretation of the meaning ]. this is a time when the family members can sit together in a suitable place to talk about issues within and without the family that affect them. this is a sign of strong ties, interaction and cooperation within the family. no doubt the man is the one whom allaah has appointed to be in charge of his \u201c flock \u2019 s \u201d affairs and he is primarily", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47990859047654105, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.764746"} {"text": "without the family that affect them. this is a sign of strong ties, interaction and cooperation within the family. no doubt the man is the one whom allaah has appointed to be in charge of his \u201c flock \u2019 s \u201d affairs and he is primarily responsible and is the decision maker, but giving room to others to contribute \u2013 especially when the children get older \u2013 is good training for them to learn to bear responsibility, as well as giving everyone the confidence of knowing that his or her opinion is valued when they are asked to express their points of view. examples of this are discussions concerning going for hajj or for \u2018 umrah during ramadaan, and other trips, travelling to visit relatives and uphold family ties, or for vacations ; organizing wedding parties and \u2018 aqeeqahs for newborns ; moving from one home to another ; and charitable projects such as finding out about the poor people in one ' s neighbourhood so the family can offer help or send food to them. families can also discuss problems faced by themselves or by relatives, and talk about how to solve them, and so on \u2026 it is worth pointing out here that there is another important kind of family meeting, which is holding frank discussions between parents and children. some of the problems of adolescence can only by solved by one - on - one conversations between parents and children, where a father talks, calmly and quietly, with his son about matters that have to do with the problems of youth and the islamic rulings pertaining to adolescence, and a mother talks to her daughter and tells her what she needs to know about islamic rulings and helps her to solve the problems that she may face at this age. the father or mother may open the discussion with words such as \u201c when i was your age \u2026 \u201d this will have a great effect in making what they say acceptable to the youngster. lack of such frank discussions will force the children to talk to bad companions, which leads to so many other evils. ( 14 ) not showing family conflicts in front of the children. it is rare for people to live together under one roof without any arguments, but reconciliation is better and correcting oneself is a virtue. what shakes the unity of the family and harms its infrastructure is when conflicts are brought out into the open before the members of the family, who then split into two or more opposing camps, not to mention the psychological harm that is done to children, especially little ones. think about a home where the father says to the child, \u201c do not speak to your mother, \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49455882907679827, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.765707"} {"text": "the family, who then split into two or more opposing camps, not to mention the psychological harm that is done to children, especially little ones. think about a home where the father says to the child, \u201c do not speak to your mother, \u201d and the mother says to him, \u201c do not speak to your father. \u201d the child is confused and filled with turmoil, and the entire family lives in an atmosphere of hostility. we should try to avoid conflict, but if it happens, we should try to hide it. we ask allaah to create love between our hearts. ( 15 ) not letting into the house anyone whose commitment to islam is not pleasing to you. the messenger of allaah ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) said : \u201c the likeness of a bad companion is like the one who works the bellows \u201d ( from a report narrated by abu dawood, 4829 ). according to a report narrated by al - bukhaari, he said, \u201c the one who works the bellows will burn your house or your clothes, or you will smell a bad odour from him. \u201d ( reported by al - bukhaari, al - fath, 4 / 323 ). indeed, he will burn your home with all kinds of corruption and evil. how often has the entry of corrupt and suspicious people into a home been the cause of enmity among the family members, or of division between husband and wife. allaah curses the one who turns a wife against her husband, or a husband against his wife, or causes enmity between a father and his children. this is how sihr ( magic, witchcraft ) is brought into people \u2019 s homes, why things are sometimes stolen, and why so often morals are corrupted : it is because a person whose commitment to islam is no good is admitted into the home. we must not let such people in, even if they are neighbours, men or women, and even if they appear to be friendly. some people keep quiet out of embarrassment, and if they see such a person at the door, they let him in, even though they know this is one of the corrupt people. in this matter, women bear a great deal of responsibility. the messenger of allaah ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) said : \u201c o people, which day is most sacred? which day is most sacred? which day is most sacred? \u201d they said, \u201c the greatest day of hajj. \u201d then he ( peace and blessings of alla", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49274869191425846, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.768936"} {"text": "be upon him ) said : \u201c o people, which day is most sacred? which day is most sacred? which day is most sacred? \u201d they said, \u201c the greatest day of hajj. \u201d then he ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) said in his friday khutbah on that day : \u201c your rights over your women are that they should not allow anyone to sit on your beds whom you dislike, or allow anyone into your homes whom you dislike. \u201d ( reported by al - tirmidhi, 1163, and other from \u2018 amr ibn al - ahwas ; saheeh al - jaami \u2019, 7880 ). muslim women, you should not feel upset if your husband or father does not let one of the female neighbours into the house because he sees that she is trying to cause trouble. be smart and be strong if someone tries to make comparisons between her husband and yours, lest that pushes you to demand things from your husband that he cannot afford. it is also your obligation to advise your husband if you notice that he has close friends who are making evil appear attractive to him. \u00a7 advice to men : try to be at home as much as you can, because the guardian \u2019 s presence at home keeps things under control and enables him to supervise the upbringing of the family and to put things right by watching and following up. for some people, the basic thing is to be always outside of the home, and only if they cannot find some place to go do they come home. this is wrong. if a man is constantly going out for purposes of worship, he must still strike a balance ; if he is going out for the purposes of sin and wasting time, or because he is too busy with matters of this world, he must reduce his work and business commitments, and put an end to idle meetings. and how evil are those people who neglect their families and stay in nightclubs \u2026! we do not want to fall in with the plans of the enemies of allaah ; we can learn a lot from the following paragraph of the minutes of the french eastern masonic lodge held in 1923 : \u201c for the purpose of separating the individual from his family, you must eliminate morals at their root, because people are inclined to cut off their family ties and do things that are forbidden, they prefer to chat idly in cafes rather than carry out their duties towards their families. \u201d ( 16 ) taking careful note of what family members are up to. who are your children \u2019 s friends? have you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4482747758652807, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.770412"} {"text": "and do things that are forbidden, they prefer to chat idly in cafes rather than carry out their duties towards their families. \u201d ( 16 ) taking careful note of what family members are up to. who are your children \u2019 s friends? have you met them before? what do your children bring home from outside? where does your daughter go, and with whom? some parents do not know that their children have in their possession bad pictures, pornographic movies and even drugs. some of them do not know that their daughter goes with the ( female ) servant to the market, then asks the servant to wait with the driver whilst she goes to her appointment or \u201c date \u201d with one of the shayaateen ( devils ), or to smoke and mess about with her bad friends. those who neglect their children will not be let off on that terrible day, nor will they be able to flee from the horrors of the day of reckoning. the prophet ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) said : \u201c allaah will ask every shepherd ( or responsible person ) about his flock ( those for whom he was responsible ), whether he took care of it or neglected it, until he asks a man about his household. \u201d ( hasan. reported by al - nisaa ' i, 292, and ibn hibbaan from anas ; saheeh al - jaami \u2019, 1775 ; al - silsilat there are some important points to note here : this supervision must be subtle. there should be no terrorizing atmosphere the child must not be made to feel that he or she is not trusted. advice and / or punishments must be measured against the ages of the children, their levels of understand and the extent of the wrongful behaviour. beware of negative methods of checking on children and making them feel that their every move is being watched. i have been told of a person who has a computer in which he records every mistake his children make in detail. if one of his children does something wrong, he sends him a memo requesting his presence, then he opens the child \u2019 s file in the computer and tells him all his previous mistakes, as well as the current note : we are not talking about a company here. the father is not the angel whose job it is to write down bad deeds. this father needs to read more about the principles of islamic upbringing and education. i also know of people at the other extreme, who refuse to get involved in their children \u2019 s affairs at all, claiming that the child will not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4199190446780288, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.771688"} {"text": "write down bad deeds. this father needs to read more about the principles of islamic upbringing and education. i also know of people at the other extreme, who refuse to get involved in their children \u2019 s affairs at all, claiming that the child will not be convinced that a mistake is a mistake or a sin is a sin unless he does it and then finds out for himself that it is a mistake. this deviant idea comes from being weaned on ideas of western philosophy and notions of absolute freedom. some of them give their child free rein, fearing that the child may start to hate them, saying \u201c i will earn his love whatever he does. \u201d some of them give the child free rein as a reaction to their own over - strict upbringings, thinking that they have to do the absolute opposite with their own children. some of them take this stupid attitude to extremes by saying, \u201c let our sons and daughters enjoy their youth as they wish. \u201d do these people not think that their children might pull on their clothes on the day of resurrection and say, \u201c o my father, why did you leave me in sin? \u201d ( 17 ) paying attention to children at home. teaching them to memorize qur \u2019 aan and islamic stories. there is nothing more beautiful than a father and his children coming together to read qur \u2019 aan, with a simple commentary, offering rewards for memorizing passages. young children have memorized soorat al - kahf from hearing it recited repeatedly by their fathers every friday. you can teach children the basics of islamic \u2018 aqeedah, for example as mentioned in the hadeeth, \u201c heed allaah \u2019 s commandments and he will protect you. \u201d you can teach children good manners and the adhkaar prescribed by islam, for example for eating, sleeping, sneezing, greeting, asking permission to enter. there is nothing more attractive or effective for children than telling them islamic stories, such as the story of nooh ( peace be upon him ) and the flood ; the story of ibraaheem ( peace be upon him ), and how he broke the idols and was thrown into the fire ; the story of moosa ( peace be upon him ) being saved from pharaoh, who was drowned ; the story of yoonus ( peace be upon him ) in the belly of the whale ; the story of yoosuf ( peace be upon him ) in brief ; the biography of muhammad ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ), such as the beginning", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4622275259100547, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.772611"} {"text": "yoonus ( peace be upon him ) in the belly of the whale ; the story of yoosuf ( peace be upon him ) in brief ; the biography of muhammad ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ), such as the beginning of his mission and his hijrah ; some of the islamic battles such as badr and al - khandaq ; other stories from the prophet \u2019 s life such as the story of the man and the camel which he did not feed properly but abused it by making it work too hard ; stories of righteous people, such as the story of \u2018 umar ibn al - khattaab ( may allaah be pleased with him ) and the woman and her hungry children in the tent ; the story of the people of al - ukhdood ( the ditch ) ; the story of the people of the garden in soorat al - qalam, and the three companions of the cave. there are many good stories which you can tell in a brief and simple manner, with a few comments. these are better for us and we have no need of the many stories that go against \u2018 aqeedah, or frightening myths that distort children \u2019 s concept of reality and make them cowardly and afraid. beware of letting your children go out with just anybody, lest they come back home uttering bad words and behaving badly. be selective when choosing children of relatives and neighbours to invite to come and play with your children at home. make sure that your children \u2019 s play is both entertaining and purposeful. give them a special playroom, or at least a cupboard for their toys, where they can keep their toys tidy. avoid toys that go against sharee \u2019 ah, like musical instruments, or toys that have crosses or them, or games containing dice. it is also a good idea to make a corner where children can practice hobbies such as carpentry, electronics and mechanics, or play some permissible computer games. with regard to the latter, we should be alert to the fact that some computer games show the worst types of pictures of women on the screen, and other games have crosses in them ; one person has even told me that there is a game that involves gambling against the computer \u2013 the player chooses one of four girls whose pictures appear on the screen to represent the other player, and if he wins, his prize is to see the worst kind of picture of the girl. separating boys and girls in their beds or sleeping arrangements. this is one of the things", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48209903396088216, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.773609"} {"text": "four girls whose pictures appear on the screen to represent the other player, and if he wins, his prize is to see the worst kind of picture of the girl. separating boys and girls in their beds or sleeping arrangements. this is one of the things that distinguish those who are committed to their religion from those who do not care. joking and showing affection. the messenger of allaah ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) used to play with children and pat their heads ; he would speak to them in a kind and gentle manner, giving the littlest one the first fruit, and even letting them ride on his back sometimes. there follow two examples of how he ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) played with al - hasan and al - husayn : abu hurayrah ( may allaah be pleased with him ) said : \u201c the messenger of allaah ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) used to stick his tongue out at hasan ibn \u2018 ali, and the child would see the redness of his tongue, and would like it and come running to him. \u201d ( reported by abu \u2019 l - shaykh in akhlaaq al - nabi ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) wa aadaabuhu ; see al - silsilat al - saheehah, no. 70 ). ya \u2019 laa ibn murrah said : \u201c we went out with the prophet ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) and we were called to eat, when we saw husayn playing in the street. the prophet ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) rushed ahead of the people, holding out his arms, and the child was running hither and thither ; the prophet ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) was laughing with him until he caught him, then he put one of the child \u2019 s hands under his chin and other other on top of his head, and kissed him. \u201d ( reported by al - bukhaari in al - adab al - mufrad, no. 364 ; saheeh ibn maajah, 1 / 29 ). ( 18 ) being strict in adhering to a schedule for meals and bedtime. some houses are like hotels where the people who live there hardly know one another and hardly ever meet. some children eat whenever they want and sleep whenever they want, which leads to them staying up late and wasting their time, or eating on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48902825234435, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.774459"} {"text": "bedtime. some houses are like hotels where the people who live there hardly know one another and hardly ever meet. some children eat whenever they want and sleep whenever they want, which leads to them staying up late and wasting their time, or eating on a full stomach. this chaos leads to a weakening of family ties and a waste of time and energy, and exacerbates the lack of discipline among family members. you could excuse those who have legitimate reasons, because students, male and female, may have different times of leaving schools and universities, and those who are employed or who run stores do not have the same work schedules, but still there is nothing nicer than a family gathering together at the table and making the most of this opportunity to ask how everyone is and to discuss useful topics. the head of the household has to be strict in setting a time for everyone to be back home, and in insisting that everyone asks permission before going out, especially those who are young, whether in terms of chronological age or mental age, as it were, for whom one might have fears. ( 19 ) re - evaluating women \u2019 s work outside the the laws of islam complement one another. when allaah commanded women to \u201c \u2026 stay in your houses \u2026 \u201d [ al - ahzaab 33 : 33 \u2013 interpretation of the meaning ], he also decreed that men, their fathers and husbands, etc., should be obliged to spend on them. the basic principle is that women should not work outside the home unless they have to. when moosa ( peace be upon him ) saw the two daughters of the righteous man keeping back their flocks and waiting to water them, he asked them : \u201c \u2026 \u2018 what is the matter with you? \u2019 they said, \u2018 we cannot water ( our flocks ) until the shepherds take ( their flocks ), and our father is a very old man. \u2019 \u201d [ al - qasas 28 : 23 \u2013 interpretation of the meaning ]. they were apologetic about the fact that they had come out to water their flocks, because the guardian [ their father ] was unable to do so due to old age. so they were keen to do away with the need to work outside the home as soon as the opportunity arose : \u201c and said one of them ( the two women ) : \u2018 o my father! hire him! verily the best of men for you to hire is the strong, the trustworthy. \u2019 \u201d [ al - qasas 28 : 26 \u2013 interpretation of the meaning ].", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5102139716200089, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.775354"} {"text": "( the two women ) : \u2018 o my father! hire him! verily the best of men for you to hire is the strong, the trustworthy. \u2019 \u201d [ al - qasas 28 : 26 \u2013 interpretation of the meaning ]. this woman made clear her desire to go back to staying at home to protect herself from the vulgarity to which she could be exposed if she worked outside the home. in modern times, when the kuffaar needed women \u2019 s labour after the two world wars, to make up for the resulting lack of men in the workforce, and there was a critical need to rebuild their economies, this coincided with the jewish plots to \u201c liberate \u201d women and advocate their rights with the aim of corrupting them and consequently corrupting society as a whole. thus the idea of women going out to work was established. in spite of the fact that the same motives were not present in our lands, and that muslim men protect their womenfolk and spend on them, the women \u2019 s liberation movement developed in the muslim world too, and even reached such an extent that women are sent abroad to study, then are expected to work so that these degrees will not go to waste. the muslim societies are not in need of such a thing on such a grand scale as is the case, and one of the signs of this is the fact that there are men who are without work whilst fields are still being opened up to women. when we say \u201c not on such a grand scale \u201d, we mean that there is a need for women to work in some fields, such as teaching, nursing and medicine, within the conditions set out by sharee \u2019 ah, and when there is a need for them to do so. but we started by saying that there is no great need, because of the fact that we notice some women going out to work when there is no need, and sometimes they work for very low wages, because they feel that they have to go out to work even when there is no need to do so, or they work in places that are not suitable, which leads to much fitnah and trouble. one of the main differences between the islamic view on women \u2019 s work and the secular view is that the basic principle in islam is to \u201c \u2026 stay in your houses \u2026 \u201d [ al - ahzaab 33 : 33 \u2013 interpretation of the meaning ], although women may go out when they need to \u2013 \u201c and permission has been given to you to go out for your needs \u201d ( hadeeth ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5047984365749023, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 32, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.776240"} {"text": "houses \u2026 \u201d [ al - ahzaab 33 : 33 \u2013 interpretation of the meaning ], although women may go out when they need to \u2013 \u201c and permission has been given to you to go out for your needs \u201d ( hadeeth ). the secular principle, on the other hand, is to go out no matter what the circumstances. to be fair, we should say that there may indeed be a need for women to work, such as a woman who is the breadwinner for her family after her husband has died or her father has become too old to work, and so on. indeed, in some societies which are not based on islamic principles, a woman may find herself forced to work to help her husband cover the living expenses of the family. a man may not propose to a woman unless she is working, and some men may even make it a condition of the marriage contract that the wife in conclusion : a woman may work if she needs to or for some islamic purpose, such as calling others to allaah in the field of teaching, or to make use of her time, as some women do who do not have with regard to the negative aspects of women working outside the home, these include : \u00a7 what often happens of things that are forbidden in islam, such as mixing with men, getting to know them and being alone with them, wearing perfume for them and starting to show one ' s adornment to strangers ( non - mahrem men ), which can ultimately lead to \u00a7 not giving the husband his rights, neglecting the house, not giving the children their proper rights. ( this is our basic point here ). \u00a7 undermining the feeling in some women \u2019 s minds that the husband is the qawwaam ( protector and maintainer ). let us take the case of a woman whose qualifications are equal to those of her husband, or even higher ( although there is nothing wrong with that in and of itself ), and who works and earns more than he does. will she feel the proper need towards her husband and obey him properly, or will she feel that she is independent of him, which could rock the household on its foundations, unless allaah wills good for her? these arguments about spending on the working wife and how much she should spend on the family may never end. \u00a7 physical exhaustion and psychological and nervous pressure which do not befit the nature of women. having briefly discussed the pros and cons of women \u2019 s work, we conclude that we have to fear allaah", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5382331640548548, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 33, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.777585"} {"text": "on the family may never end. \u00a7 physical exhaustion and psychological and nervous pressure which do not befit the nature of women. having briefly discussed the pros and cons of women \u2019 s work, we conclude that we have to fear allaah, and to weigh the matter up according to sharee \u2019 ah, and to know the circumstances in which a woman is permitted to go out to work, and when she is not. we should not be blinded by worldly gains or allow them to distract us from the truth. this advice to women is in their best interests and in the interests of the family. husbands should also stop thinking in terms of taking revenge and should not consume their wife \u2019 s wealth unjustly. ( 20 ) confidentiality : keeping family this includes a number of things, including : not disclosing intimate secrets. not disclosing marital conflicts. not disclosing any secrets the exposing of which could cause harm to the family or to any of its members. with regard to the first matter, the evidence that this is haraam is the hadeeth : \u201c one of the most evil of people in the sight of allaah on the day of resurrection will be a man who went in unto his wife and she went in unto him, then he disclosed her secret. \u201d ( reported by muslim, 4 / 157 ). the meaning of going in unto one another is that he approaches her and has intercourse with her, as in the aayah ( interpretation of the meaning ) : \u201c \u2026 while you have gone in unto one another \u2026 \u201d further evidence is to be seen in the hadeeth of asma \u2019 bint yazeed, who said that she was with the messenger of allaah ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ), when men and women were sitting with him, and he said : \u201c i think there are some men who talk about what they do with their wives, and that there are some women who talk about what they do with their husbands. \u201d the people stayed silent. [ asma \u2019 ] said : \u201c yes, by allaah, o messenger of allaah, [ women ] do that and [ men ] do that! \u201d he said, \u201c do not do that, for it is as if a male devil met a female devil in the street and had intercourse with her whilst the people were watching. \u201d ( reported by imaam ahmad, 6 / 457 ; also reported in aadaab al - zafaaf by al - albaani, p", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48274818698257826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 34, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.778586"} {"text": "met a female devil in the street and had intercourse with her whilst the people were watching. \u201d ( reported by imaam ahmad, 6 / 457 ; also reported in aadaab al - zafaaf by al - albaani, p. 144 ). according to a report narrated by abu dawood, he said : \u201c are there men among you who when they have intercourse with their wives, they close their doors and lower their curtains and ask allaah to conceal them? \u201d they said, \u201c yes. \u201d he said, \u201c and then do they sit and say, \u2018 i did such and such, and i did such and such? \u2019 \u201d they kept silent. then he turned to the women and said, \u201c are there any among you talk [ about intimate matters ]? \u201d and they kept silent. then a young girl sat up on one of her knees and craned her neck so that the messenger of allaah ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) could see her and hear her, and said, \u201c o messenger of allaah, indeed the men talk and the women talk. \u201d he said, \u201c do you know what that is like? it is like a female devil meeting a male devil in the street and having intercourse with him whilst the people are watching. \u201d ( sunan abi dawood, 2 / 627 ; saheeh al - jaami \u2019, 7037 ). with regard to the second matter, which is disclosing marital arguments outside the home, in many cases this only makes matters worse. involving outside parties in a marital conflict usually deepens the split, and it reaches a stage where the couple will only communicate via intermediaries when they should be the closest of all people to one another. this should not be resorted to except in cases where they cannot resolve matter face to face, in which case we should act in accordance with the aayah ( interpretation of the meaning ) : \u201c \u2026 appoint ( two ) arbitrators, one from his family and the other from hers ; if they both wish for peace, allaah will cause their reconciliation \u2026 \u201d [ al - nisa \u2019 4 : 35 ]. with regard to the third matter, which is harming the family or one of its members \u2013 by spreading their secrets \u2013 this is not permissible, because it is covered by the words of the prophet ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) : \u201c there should be neither harming nor reciprocating harm. \u201d ( reported", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44086553489609087, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 35, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.779925"} {"text": "by spreading their secrets \u2013 this is not permissible, because it is covered by the words of the prophet ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) : \u201c there should be neither harming nor reciprocating harm. \u201d ( reported by imaam ahmad, 1 / 313 ; al - silsilat al - saheehah, no. 250 ). an example of this was narrated in the tafseer of the aayah ( interpretation of the meaning ) : \u201c allaah sets forth an example for those who disbelieve, the wife of nooh and the wife of loot. they were under two of our righteous slaves, but they both betrayed their [ husbands ] \u2026 \u201d [ al - tahreem 66 : 10 ]. ibn katheer ( may allaah have mercy on him ) reported the following in his tafseer of this aayah : \u201c the wife of nooh used to know about his secrets, and whenever anyone believed in him, she would tell the oppressors among the people of nooh about it. as for the wife of loot, whenever loot welcomed anyone as a guest, she would tell the people of the city who used to do evil things \u201d ( tafseer ibn katheer, 8 / 198 ), i. e., to come and do immoral things to them. manners at home ( 21 ) spreading kindness in the home. \u2018 aa \u2019 ishah ( may allaah be pleased with her ) said : \u201c the messenger of allaah ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) said : \u2018 when allaah \u2013 may he be glorified \u2013 wills some good towards the people of a household, he introduces kindness among them. \u2019 \u201d ( reported by imaam ahmad in al - musnad, 6 / 71 ; saheeh al - jaami \u2019, 303 ). according to another report : \u201c when allaah loves the people of a household, he introduces kindness among them. \u201d ( reported by ibn abi al - dunya and others ; saheeh al - jaami \u2019, no. 1704 ). in other words, they start to be kind to one another. this is one of the means of attaining happiness in the home, for kindness is very beneficial between the spouses, and with the children, and brings results that cannot be achieved through harshness, as the prophet ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) said : \u201c allaah loves kindness and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5204883724088023, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 36, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.780823"} {"text": "home, for kindness is very beneficial between the spouses, and with the children, and brings results that cannot be achieved through harshness, as the prophet ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) said : \u201c allaah loves kindness and rewards it in such a way that he does not reward for harshness or for anything else. \u201d ( reported by muslim, kitaab al - birr wa \u2019 l - sillah wa \u2019 l - aadaab, no. 2592 ). ( 22 ) helping one \u2019 s wife with the housework. many men think that housework is beneath them, and some of them think that it will undermine their status and position if they help their wives with this work. the messenger of allaah ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ), however, used to \u201c sew his own clothes, mend his own shoes and do whatever other work men do in their homes. \u201d ( reported by imaam ahmad in al - musnad, 6 / 121 ; saheeh al - jaami \u2019, 4927 ). this was said by his wife \u2018 aa \u2019 ishah ( may allaah be pleased with her ), when she was asked about what the messenger of allaah ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) used to do in his house ; her response described what she herself had seen. according to another report, she said : \u201c he was like any other human being : he would clean his clothes, milk his ewe and serve himself. \u201d ( reported by imaam ahmad in al - musnad, 6 / 256 ; al - silsilat al - saheehah, 671 ). she ( may allaah be pleased with her ) was also asked about what the messenger of allaah ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) used to do in his house, and she said, \u201c he used to serve his family, then when the time for prayer came, he would go out to pray. \u201d ( reported by al - bukhaari, al - fath, 2 / 162 ). if we were to do likewise nowadays, we would achieve three things : we would be following the example of the prophet ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) we would be helping our wives we would feel more humble, not arrogant. some men demand food instantly from their wives, when the pot is on the stove and the baby is screaming to be fed ; they do not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48057142652004375, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 37, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.781865"} {"text": "of allaah be upon him ) we would be helping our wives we would feel more humble, not arrogant. some men demand food instantly from their wives, when the pot is on the stove and the baby is screaming to be fed ; they do not pick up the child or wait a little while for the food. let these ahaadeeth be a reminder and a lesson. ( 23 ) being affectionate towards and joking with the members of the family. showing affection towards one \u2019 s wife and children is one of the things that lead to creating an atmosphere of happiness and friendliness in the home. thus the messenger of allaah ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) advised jaabir to marry a virgin, saying, \u201c why did you not marry a virgin, so you could play with her and she could play with you, and you could make her laugh and she could make you laugh? \u201d ( the hadeeth is reported in a number of places in the saheehayn, such as al - bukhaari, al - fath, 9 / 121 ). the prophet ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) also said : \u201c everything in which allaah \u2019 s name is not mentioned is idleness and play, except for four things : a man playing with his wife \u2026 \u201d ( reported by al - nisaa ' i in \u2018 ushrat al - nisa \u2019, p. 87 ; also in saheeh al - jaami \u2019 ). the prophet ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) used to treat his wife \u2018 aa \u2019 ishah affectionately when doing ghusl with her, as she ( may allaah be pleased with her ) said : \u201c the messenger of allaah and i used to do ghusl together from one vessel, and he would pretend to take all the water so that i would say, \u2018 leave some for me, leave some for me, \u2019 \u201d \u2013 and both of them were in a state of janaabah ( impurity ). ( muslim bi sharh al - nawawi, 4 / 6 ). the ways in which the prophet ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) showed affection towards young children are too famous to need mentioning. he often used to show his affection towards hasan and husayn, as mentioned above. this is probably one of the reason why the children used to rejoice when he came back from travelling ; they would rush to welcome him, as reported in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44499288094985945, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 38, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.782975"} {"text": "he often used to show his affection towards hasan and husayn, as mentioned above. this is probably one of the reason why the children used to rejoice when he came back from travelling ; they would rush to welcome him, as reported in the saheeh hadeeth : \u201c whenever he came back from a journey, the children of his household would be taken out to meet him. \u201d he ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) used to hug them close to him, as \u2018 abd - allaah ibn ja ; far said : \u201c whenever the prophet ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) came back from a journey, we would be taken out to meet him. one day we met him, hasan, husayn and i. he carried one of us in front of him, and another on his back, until we entered madeenah. \u201d ( saheeh muslim, 4 / 1885 - 2772 ; see the commentary in tuhfat al - ahwadhi, 8 / 56 ). compare this with the situation in some miserable homes where there are no truthful jokes [ i. e., jokes that do not involve lying ], no affection and no mercy. whoever thinks that kissing his children goes against the dignity of fatherhood should read the following hadeeth : from abu hurayrah ( may allaah be pleased with him ) who said : \u201c the messenger of allaah ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) kissed al - hasan ibn \u2018 ali, and al - aqra \u2019 ibn haabis al - tameemi was sitting with him. al - aqra \u2019 said : \u2018 i have ten children and i have never kissed any one of them. \u2019 the messenger of allaah ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) looked at him and said : \u2018 the one who does not show mercy will not be shown mercy. \u2019 \u201d ( 24 ) resisting bad manners in the home. every member of the household is bound to have some bad characteristics, such as lying, backbiting, gossiping and so on. these bad characteristics have to be resisted and opposed. some people think that corporal punishment is the only way to deal with such things. the following hadeeth is very educational on this topic : from \u2018 aa \u2019 ishah ( may allaah be pleased with her ) who said : \u201c if the messenger of allaah ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) came to know that one of his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4364899863484577, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 39, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.786389"} {"text": "very educational on this topic : from \u2018 aa \u2019 ishah ( may allaah be pleased with her ) who said : \u201c if the messenger of allaah ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) came to know that one of his household had told a lie, he would try to ignore him until he repented. \u201d ( see al - musnad by imaam ahmad, 6 / 152. the text of the hadeeth is also in saheeh al - jaami \u2019, no. 4675 ). it is clear from the hadeeth that turning away and forsaking a person by not speaking to them, rather than resorting to punishment, is effective in such circumstances, and may be more effective than physical punishment, so let parents and caregivers think about this. ( 25 ) \u201c hang up the whip where the members of the household can see it. \u201d ( reported by abu na \u2019 eem in al - hilyah, 7 / 332 ; al - silsilat al - saheehah, no. 1446 ). hinting at punishment is an effective means of discipline, so the reason for hanging up a whip or stick in the house was explained in another report, where the prophet ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) said : \u201c hang up the whip where the members of the household can see it, for this is more effective in disciplining them. \u201d ( reported by al - tabaraani, 10 / 344 - 345 ; al - silsilat al - saheehah, no. 1447 ) seeing the means of punishment hanging up will make those who have bad intentions refrain from indulging in bad behaviour, lest they get a taste of the punishment. it will motivate them to behave themselves and be good - mannered. ibn al - anbaari said : \u201c there is nothing to suggest that it should be used for hitting, because [ the prophet ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) ] did not command anyone to do that. what he meant was : keep on disciplining them. \u201d ( see fayd al - qadeer by al - mannaawi, 4 / 325 ). hitting is not the way to discipline ; it is not to be resorted to, except when all other means are exhausted, or when it is needed to force someone to do obligatory acts of obedience, as allaah says ( interpretation of the meaning ) : \u201c \u2026 as to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46654879790009157, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 40, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.787475"} {"text": "to discipline ; it is not to be resorted to, except when all other means are exhausted, or when it is needed to force someone to do obligatory acts of obedience, as allaah says ( interpretation of the meaning ) : \u201c \u2026 as to those women on whose part you fear ill - conduct, admonish them ( first ), ( next ), refuse to share their beds, ( and last ) beat them ( lightly, if it is useful ) \u2026 \u201d [ al - nisa \u2019 4 : 34 ] \u2013 in that order. there is also the hadeeth : \u201c order your children to pray when they are seven years old, and hit them if they do not do so when they are ten. \u201d ( sunan abi dawood, 1 / 334 ; see also irwa \u2019 al - ghaleel, 1 / 266 ). as for hitting unnecessarily, this is aggression. the messenger of allaah ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) advised a woman not to marry a man because he always had his stick on his shoulder, i. e., he used to beat his wives. on the other hand, there are those who think that they should never use this method of discipline at all, following some kaafir educational theories ; this is also a mistaken opinion that goes against the evils in the home beware of non - mahrem relatives entering upon women when their husbands are and women should sit separately during family visits. aware of the dangers of having male drivers and female servants in the house. kick immoral people out of your houses. beware of the dangers of tv. beware of the evils of the telephone. have to remove everything that contains symbols of the false religions of the kuffaar or their gods and objects of worship. removing pictures of animate beings. not allow smoking in your homes. not keep dogs in your homes. avoid too much decoration in your homes ( keep it simple ). the home inside and out ( 37 ) choosing a good location and design of no doubt the true muslim pays attention to the choice and design of a home in ways that others do not. with regard to location, for example : the home should be close to a mosque. this has obvious advantages : the call to prayer will remind people of prayer and wake them up for it ; living close to the mosque will enable men to join the congregational prayers, women to listen to the qur \u2019 aan recitation and dhikr over the mosque \u2019 s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.490580182267648, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 41, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.788475"} {"text": "the call to prayer will remind people of prayer and wake them up for it ; living close to the mosque will enable men to join the congregational prayers, women to listen to the qur \u2019 aan recitation and dhikr over the mosque \u2019 s loudspeakers, and children to join study - circles for memorization of qur \u2019 aan, and so on. the home should not be in a building where there are immoral people, or in a compound where kuffaar live and where there is a mixed swimming pool and so on. the house should not overlook others or be overlooked ; if it is, he should put up curtains and make walls and fences with regard to design and lay out, for example : he should pay attention to the matter of segregating men and women when non - mahrams come to visit, e. g. separate entrances and sitting areas. if that cannot be done, then use should be made of curtains, screens and so on. covering windows, so that neighbours or people in the street will not be able to see who is in the house, especially at night when the lights are on. the toilets should not be sited in such a way that one faces the qiblah when using them. choosing a spacious house with plenty of amenities. this is for a number of reasons : \u201c allaah loves to see the signs of his blessings on his slave. \u201d ( hadeeth narrated by al - tirmidhi, no. 2819. he said : this is a hasan hadeeth ). \u201c there are three elements of happiness and three elements of misery. the elements of happiness are : a righteous wife, who when you see her she pleases you, and when you are absent from her you feel that you can trust her with regard to herself and your wealth ; a compliant riding - beast that helps you to keep up with your companions ; and a house that is spacious and has plenty of amenities. the elements of misery are : a wife who when you see her you feel upset, she keeps attacking you verbally, and when you are absent from her you do not feel that you can trust her with regard to herself and your wealth ; a stubborn riding - beast that if whip it, you get tired, and if you do not whip it, it does not help you to keep up with your companions ; and a house with few amenities. \u201d ( hadeeth narrated by al - haakim, 3 / 262 ; saheeh al - jaami \u2019, no", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46763753749069414, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 42, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.789419"} {"text": "not whip it, it does not help you to keep up with your companions ; and a house with few amenities. \u201d ( hadeeth narrated by al - haakim, 3 / 262 ; saheeh al - jaami \u2019, no. 3056 ). paying attention to health - related matters such as ventilation, natural light and so on. these matters depend on financial ability and feasibility. ( 38 ) choosing the neighbour before the house. this is a matter which has to be singled out for discussion because of its importance. nowadays neighbours have more impact on one another, because houses are closer together and people live together in buildings, apartments and compounds. the messenger of allaah ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) told us of four causes of happiness, one of which is a righteous neighbour, and four causes of misery, one of which is a bad neighbour. ( reported by abu na \u2019 eem in al - hilyah, 8 / 388 ; saheeh al - jaami \u2019, 887 ). because of the seriousness of the latter, the prophet ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) used to seek refuge with allaah from bad neighbours in his du \u2019 aa \u2019 : \u201c allaahumma innee a \u2019 oodhu bika min jaar al - soo \u2019 fi daar il - muqaamah fa inna jaar al - baadiyah yatahawwil ( o allaah, i seek refuge with you from a bad neighbour in my permanent home, for the neighbour in the desert [ i. e. on a journey ] moves on ). \u201d he commanded the muslims to seek refuge with allaah from a bad neighbour in a permanent home because the neighbour in the desert will eventually move on. ( reported by al - bukhaari in al - adab al - mufrad, no. 117 ; saheeh al - jaami \u2019, there is no room here to talk about the influence a bad neighbour may have on a couple and their children, or the kinds of nuisance he can cause, or the misery of living next to him. but applying these ahaadeeth quoted above to one ' s own life should be sufficient for the one who is possessed of understanding. another practical solution is that implemented by some good people who rent neighbouring homes for their families, so as to solve the neighbour problem. this may be an expensive solution, but a good neighbour ( 39 ) paying attention to necessary repairs in the home, and making", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49131007514541547, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 43, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.790339"} {"text": "practical solution is that implemented by some good people who rent neighbouring homes for their families, so as to solve the neighbour problem. this may be an expensive solution, but a good neighbour ( 39 ) paying attention to necessary repairs in the home, and making sure that the amenities are in good working order. among the blessings of allaah in this modern age are the \u201c mod cons \u201d that he has bestowed upon us, which make many things easier and save time, such as air - conditioners, fridges, washing - machines and so on. it is wise to have the best quality of appliances that one can afford, without being extravagant or putting oneself under financial strain. we should also be careful to distinguish between useful extras and extravagant additions that have no real value. part of caring for the home includes fixing appliances and amenities that break down. some people neglect these things, and their wives complain about homes crawling with vermin, with overflowing drains and piles of stinking garbage, filled with broken and worn out furniture. no doubt this is one of the obstacles to happiness in the home, and causes problems in the marriage and health problems. the smart person is the one who hastens to fix these things. ( 40 ) paying attention to the family \u2019 s health and safety procedures. when any member of his family got sick, the messenger of allaah ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) would blow on them and recite al - mi \u2019 wadhatayn ( last two soorahs of the qur \u2019 aan ). ( reported by muslim, no. 2192 ). when one of his family members got sick, he would call for soup, and it would be made for him, then he would tell them to drink it, and he would say, \u201c it will strengthen the heart of the one who is grieving and cleanse ( heal ) the heart of the one who is sick just as any one of you wipes the dirt from her face. \u201d ( reported by al - tirmidhi, no. 2039 ; saheeh al - jaami \u2019, no. 4646 ). one of the ways of taking safety precautions is : the messenger of allaah ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) said : \u201c when evening comes, keep your children inside, for the shayaateen ( devils ) spread out at that time. then when an hour of the night has passed, let your children go, lock the doors and mention the name of allaah, cover", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5020919805563602, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 44, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.791722"} {"text": "evening comes, keep your children inside, for the shayaateen ( devils ) spread out at that time. then when an hour of the night has passed, let your children go, lock the doors and mention the name of allaah, cover your pots and mention the name of allaah, even if you only place a stick across the top of your vessel, and extinguish your lamps. \u201d ( reported by al - bukhaari, al - fath, 10 / 88 - 89 ). according to a report narrated by muslim, he ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) said : \u201c lock your doors, cover your vessels, extinguish your lamps and tie your knots properly [ i. e., cover your jugs properly \u2013 in those days they would cover them with a piece of cloth and tie it ], for the shaytaan does not open a door that is closed, or uncover something that is covered, or untie a knot that you tie. and the mouse could set the house on fire ( i. e. it could pull out the wick of the lamp and set the house on fire ). \u201d ( reported by imaam ahmad in al - musnad, 3 / 103 ) ; saheeh al - jaami \u2019, 1080 ). the prophet ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) said : \u201c do not leave fires lit in your houses when you go to sleep. \u201d ( reported by al - bukhaari, al - fath, 11 / 85 ). and allaah knows best. may allaah bless our", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.457303661003461, "token_count": 331, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 45, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.792476"} {"text": "quant blogger half sigma and gnxp ' s jason malloy are quoted in a new york times article by amy harmon entitled \" in dna era, new worries about prejudice \" about what ' s happening now that \" genetic information is slipping out of the laboratory and into everyday life, carrying with it the inescapable message that people of different races have different dna. \" in case you are wondering, this article isn ' t written by nicholas wade, who i imagine has been put on heavy sedation by the nyt editors ever since the watson show trial. when scientists first decoded the human genome in 2000, they were quick to portray it as proof of humankind \u2019 s remarkable similarity. the dna of any two people, they emphasized, is at least 99 percent identical. but new research is exploring the remaining fraction to explain differences between people of different continental origins. scientists, for instance, have recently identified small changes in dna that account for the pale skin of europeans, the tendency of asians to sweat less and west africans \u2019 resistance to certain diseases. at the same time, genetic information is slipping out of the laboratory and into everyday life, carrying with it the inescapable message that people of different races have different dna. ancestry tests tell customers what percentage of their genes are from asia, europe, africa and the americas. the heart - disease drug bidil is marketed exclusively to african - americans, who seem genetically predisposed to respond to it. jews are offered prenatal tests for genetic disorders rarely found in other ethnic groups. such developments are providing some of the first tangible benefits of the genetic revolution. yet some social critics fear they may also be giving long - discredited racial prejudices a new potency. the notion that race is more than skin deep, they fear, could undermine principles of equal treatment and opportunity that have relied on the presumption that we are all fundamentally equal. \u201c we are living through an era of the ascendance of biology, and we have to be very careful, \u201d said henry louis gates jr., director of the w. e. b. du bois institute for african and african american research at harvard university. \u201c we will all be walking a fine line between using biology and allowing it to be abused. \u201d certain superficial traits like skin pigmentation have long been presumed to be genetic. but the ability to pinpoint their dna source makes the link between genes and race more palpable. and on mainstream blogs, in college classrooms and among the growing community of ancestry test", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5352557911520621, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.800529"} {"text": "traits like skin pigmentation have long been presumed to be genetic. but the ability to pinpoint their dna source makes the link between genes and race more palpable. and on mainstream blogs, in college classrooms and among the growing community of ancestry test - takers, it is prompting the question of whether more profound differences may also be attributed to dna. nonscientists are already beginning to stitch together highly speculative conclusions about the historically charged subject of race and intelligence from the new biological data. last month, a blogger in manhattan described a recently published study that linked several snippets of dna to high i. q. an online genetic database used by medical researchers, he told readers, showed that two of the snippets were found more often in europeans and asians than in africans. no matter that the link between i. q. and those particular bits of dna was unconfirmed, or that other high i. q. snippets are more common in africans, or that hundreds or thousands of others may also affect intelligence, or that their combined influence might be dwarfed by environmental factors. just the existence of such genetic differences between races, proclaimed the author of the half sigma blog, a 40 - year - old software developer, means \u201c the egalitarian theory, \u201d that all races are equal, \u201c is proven false. \u201d though few of the bits of human genetic code that vary between individuals have yet to be tied to physical or behavioral traits, scientists have found that roughly 10 percent of them are more common in certain continental groups and can be used to distinguish people of different races. they say that studying the differences, which arose during the tens of thousands of years that human populations evolved on separate continents after their ancestors dispersed from humanity \u2019 s birthplace in east africa, is crucial to mapping the genetic basis for disease. but many geneticists, wary of fueling discrimination and worried that speaking openly about race could endanger support for their research, are loath to discuss the social implications of their findings. still, some acknowledge that as their data and methods are extended to nonmedical traits, the field is at what one leading researcher recently called \u201c a very delicate time, and a dangerous time. \u201d \u201c there are clear differences between people of different continental ancestries, \u201d said marcus w. feldman, a professor of biological sciences at stanford university. \u201c it \u2019 s not there yet for things like i. q., but i can see it coming. and it has the potential to spark a new era of racism", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4885903695887503, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.801756"} {"text": "\u201d said marcus w. feldman, a professor of biological sciences at stanford university. \u201c it \u2019 s not there yet for things like i. q., but i can see it coming. and it has the potential to spark a new era of racism if we do not start explaining it better. \u201d dr. feldman said any finding on intelligence was likely to be exceedingly hard to pin down. but given that some may emerge, he said he wanted to create \u201c ready response teams \u201d of geneticists to put such socially fraught discoveries in perspective. the authority that dna has earned through its use in freeing falsely convicted inmates, preventing disease and reconstructing family ties leads people to wrongly elevate genetics over other explanations for differences between groups. \u201c i \u2019 ve spent the last 10 years of my life researching how much genetic variability there is between populations, \u201d said dr. david altshuler, director of the program in medical and population genetics at the broad institute in cambridge, mass. \u201c but living in america, it is so clear that the economic and social and educational differences have so much more influence than genes. people just somehow fixate on genetics, even if the influence is very small. \u201d but on the half sigma blog and elsewhere, the conversation is already flashing forward to what might happen if genetically encoded racial differences in socially desirable \u2014 or undesirable \u2014 traits are identified. \u201c if i were to believe the \u2018 facts \u2019 in this post, what should i do? \u201d one reader responded on half sigma. \u201c should i advocate discrimination against blacks because they are less smart? should i not hire them to my company because odds are i could find a smarter white person? stop trying to prove that one group of people are genetically inferior to your group. just stop. \u201d renata mcgriff, 52, a health care consultant who had been encouraging black clients to volunteer genetic information to scientists, said she and other african - americans have lately been discussing \u201c opting out of genetic research until it \u2019 s clear we \u2019 re not going to use science to validate prejudices. \u201d \u201c i don \u2019 t want the children in my family to be born thinking they are less than someone else based on their dna, \u201d added ms. mcgriff, of manhattan. such discussions are among thousands that followed the geneticist james d. watson \u2019 s assertion last month that africans are innately less intelligent than other races. dr. watson, a nobel prize winner, subsequently apologized and quit his post at the cold spring harbor laboratory on long island", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4869384461923638, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.802860"} {"text": "thousands that followed the geneticist james d. watson \u2019 s assertion last month that africans are innately less intelligent than other races. dr. watson, a nobel prize winner, subsequently apologized and quit his post at the cold spring harbor laboratory on long island. but the incident has added to uneasiness about whether society is prepared to handle the consequences of science that may eventually reveal appreciable differences between races in the genes that influence socially important traits. new genetic information, some liberal critics say, could become the latest rallying point for a conservative political camp that objects to social policies like affirmative action, as happened with \u201c the bell curve, \u201d the controversial 1994 book that examined the relationship between race and i. q. yet even some self - described liberals argue that accepting that there may be genetic differences between races is important in preparing to address them politically. \u201c let \u2019 s say the genetic data says we \u2019 ll have to spend two times as much for every black child to close the achievement gap, \u201d said jason malloy, 28, an artist in madison, wis., who wrote a defense of dr. watson for the widely read science blog gene expression. society, he said, would need to consider how individuals \u201c can be given educational and occupational opportunities that work best for their unique talents and limitations. \u201d others hope that the genetic data may overturn preconceived notions of racial superiority by, for example, showing that africans are innately more intelligent than other groups. but either way, the increased outpouring of conversation on the normally taboo subject of race and genetics has prompted some to suggest that innate differences should be accepted but, at some level, ignored. \u201c regardless of any such genetic variation, it is our moral duty to treat all as equal before god and before the law, \u201d perry clark, 44, wrote on a new york times blog. it is not necessary, argued dr. clark, a retired neonatologist in leawood, kan., who is white, to maintain the pretense that inborn racial differences do not exist. \u201c when was the last time a nonblack sprinter won the olympic 100 meters? \u201d he asked. \u201c to say that such differences aren \u2019 t real, \u201d dr. clark later said in an interview, \u201c is to stick your head in the sand and go blah blah blah blah blah until the band marches by. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4389565267486829, "token_count": 484, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.803942"} {"text": "| subject | | crown gall disease | severity varies greatly with factors such as locations of the galls, cultivars, cultural practices, and, most important, the influence of climate. the galls are typically found on roots and crowns, and sometimes on canes and stems. the disease is more common and the symptoms more severe in cold climates. latent infections of the bacterium are common in grapevines and many sources of planting stock harbor the bacteria. in california, the long term effects of crown gall are difficult to assess or predict, especially where winters are mild. even in vineyards where infection incidence is low, crown gall has the potential to cause problems when vines are grafted or budded with new scion varieties. other types of mechanical injury can also trigger the formation of galls. tom burr, cornell university video link : adobe presenter ( formerly macromedia breeze ) modules provide on - demand viewing of previously recorded powerpoint presentations with streaming video and audio on the web. they feature high - quality still images with synchronized audio and video ; automatic playback or manual navigation ; and a keyword search of slide text and notes. as flash movies they are platform independent, but they do require flash player 6 or higher, which is currently installed on most computers. these modules were produced by uc davis iet mediaworks. the speaker and presentation may be viewed in video on the following links : \u201c strategies for controlling crown gall in nursery stock \u201d - dr. tom burr, professor of plant pathology, cornell university. presented on june 20, 2006 at the grapevine clean plant workshop hosted by uc davis extension. video link : silverlight is a powerful development tool for creating engaging, interactive user experiences for web and mobile applications. silverlight is a free plug - in, powered by the. net framework and compatible with multiple browsers, devices and operating systems, bringing a new level of interactivity wherever the web works. the speaker and presentation may be viewed in video on the following link : \" biology of crown gall disease and its management of grape nurseries and vineyards \" - dr. tom burr, professor of plant pathology, cornell university. presented on october 11, 2012 at the 17th congress of the international council for the study of virus and virus - like diseases of the grapevine ( icvg ) hosted by uc davis foundation plant services. bini, f., kuczmog, a., putnoky, p., otten, l., bazzi, c., burr, t. and szegedi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4293909403574431, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.806702"} {"text": "i wanted to describe that \u300c \u3048\u3063\u3068 \u300d was similar to \" ummm \" in english when someone is trying to think about what they are going to say, but i wasn ' t even sure if that was correct. is that just a generalization? what does \u300c \u3048\u3063\u3068 \u300d actually come from? can it be considered to be a word or phrase? \u3048\u3063\u3068 is just a sound. yes, it is like \" umm \" in english and it is used when you ' re thinking of what to say, hesitating, or otherwise trying to fill the silence with something before you speak. as dono mentioned, you can find \u3048\u3063\u3068 ' s general form in the dictionary, so it can be considered a word. there is some discussion of this on the internet here, but this discussion also boils down to it just being a sound. \u3048\u3063\u3068 as just a sound is a satisfactory answer to me in terms of etymology. i ' m not sure if the \u3068 in it is related at all to the quotation particle \u3068, but i have to wonder if anyone is sure. basically your description of \u3048\u3063\u3068 as \" umm \" is fine, and the dictionaries define it as something that you say to think before saying something else. \u3048\u3063\u3068 is related to \u3048\u306a\u3044\u3068, which is no longer said. over time, it ' s just become something we say to fill the silence when thinking, like \" anno \". in the edo times you would hear people say \u3048\u306a\u3044\u3068, which would have sounded like, \" yunaito \" back then. think of how \u884c \u304b\u306a\u3044\u3068 means \" i have to go. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5133396244433495, "token_count": 342, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.808181"} {"text": "introduction / history china is a land of great diversity in geography, climate, languages, and ethnic groups. it is home to approximately 180 distinct groups, including the 12, 000 mahei who live in yunnan province of southern china. they are generally included with the hani, one of china ' s 55 national minorities, although some scholars think they may be related to the akha, who live in the same area. their origin is not known, but legends say that their nomadic ancestors gradually migrated south from a far away northern plain. since their language is of the tibeto - burmese group, some believe that they originated in tibet. where are they located? the mahei live near the myanmar border in an area that is characterized by forested mountains, abundant rainfall, and rich soil. their farmers are noted for building tiered terraces along steep mountain slopes. their small farming villages usually consist of 30 to 40 homes. centuries of isolation in the high mountain terrain have left the mahei socially and economically backward. what are their lives like? the family unit is considered to be very important among the mahei. some aspects of family life, however, differ from region to region. for instance, monogamy ( one husband, one wife ) is the rule in some areas, while having multiple spouses is common in others. \" family order \" is both patriarchal ( male dominated ) and patrilineal, meaning that a male child becomes part of the father ' s lineage, while a female will become part of her husband ' s lineage. male children are given names that are connected with their father ' s name, but females are not. the mahei are well known for their sincere hospitality. when a guest enters a mahei home, he is offered wine and strong tea. if he declines the drinks, the family will be highly offended ; if he drinks them, the host will generously serve him with the finest he has to offer. the mahei celebrate several major festivals each year, the most notable being the new year festival. this seven day event is celebrated at harvest time, during the tenth month. at noon on new year ' s day, an announcer throws three balls of blackened rice behind him to bid farewell to the old year. he then greets the new year by tossing three balls of white rice in front of him. next, he pushes the ropes of a special swing and all of the people, regardless of sex or age, begin swinging. ( they believe that this will ward off disaster and ensure a prosperous year. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5186382050422498, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.812082"} {"text": "balls of white rice in front of him. next, he pushes the ropes of a special swing and all of the people, regardless of sex or age, begin swinging. ( they believe that this will ward off disaster and ensure a prosperous year. ) that evening, the villagers stand around a bonfire eating, drinking, singing, and dancing. at midnight, the announcer cuts down the frame of the swing to signify the end of the festival and the beginning of a new work year. during times of celebration, the mahei wear attractive tribal costumes of hand - woven cotton dyed blue or black. the men wear distinctive jackets and turbans, while the women wear collarless blouses and special caps. what are their beliefs? traditionally, mahei beliefs were a combination of animism ( belief that non - human objects have spirits ), polytheism ( belief in many gods ), and ancestor worship ( praying to the dead for blessings and guidance ). trees in the \" holy hills \" were believed to be their guardian spirits. today, most still adhere to similar beliefs, however, approximately 28 % are buddhist. they are very superstitious and view certain events, such as the birth of twins or handicapped children, as unlucky. these children are killed, their parents banished, and their homes and possessions burned. they believe in the existence of many ruling spirits, such as spirits that rule over heaven and earth, spirits that protect their villages, and evil spirits that bring diseases. the mahei have three major religious leaders : the zuima ( a male elder who directs all religious activities ), the beima ( males who perform magic and exorcisms ), and nima ( fortune tellers and medicine men ). what are their needs? since china ' s government strictly forbids christianity, there are currently no missions agencies working among the mahei. the bible has not yet been translated into their language and there are no christian broadcasts in their area. intercession and missions activity are necessary for these people to hear the gospel. prayer points pray that god will reveal himself to the mahei through dreams and visions. pray that god will give the mahei believers boldness to share christ with their own people. ask god to speed the completion of evangelistic materials into the mahei language. pray that the doors of china will soon open to missionaries. ask god to strengthen, encourage, and protect the small number of mahei christians. pray that god will raise up qualified linguists to translate the bible into the mahei language", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5061388391820422, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.812992"} {"text": "koreans have a long tradition of drinking teas and tisanes for health, enjoyment and rituals. even today, drinking tea is something many koreans do every day, whether at home or at one of the country \u2019 s many elegant teahouses. tea was first introduced to the korean peninsula during sixth or seventh centuries, and was probably brought to korea by buddhist monks. written records show that kings and queens during the silla period used tea as part of their religious and ceremonial offerings. by the goryeo dynasty, tea had become very important in korea and was strongly connected with buddhism. monks cultivated tea plants at their temples, and drank tea to help concentrate during their mediations. it was also an important part of many rituals, and even the charyeceremony many koreans perform nowadays on chuseok and seollal was originally an offering of tea instead of food and alcohol. during this period, tea was so important that people wrote poems and books about it, and much of the goryeo period \u2019 s celebrated pottery was intended as tea vessels. during the joseon period, tea culture began to decline in korea, partially because of the official suppression of buddhism. still, many scholars, like the great dasan ( jeong yak - yeong ), were interested in tea and studied how to make and drink it. the joseon court had its own tea rituals, as well, both for daily tea drinking and special occasions. korean tea culture experienced a revival during the 20th century, and is once again an important part of people \u2019 s daily lives. there are several active tea plantations around the country, with some of the most famous being in boseong in jeolla province, halla mountain on jeju island, and the areas around jiri mountain. there are also some people who gather wild tea leaves for an exceptionally delicate and delicious tea. in addition to true teas, which come from the leaves of the tea plant, koreans also drink a wide variety of tisanes. these brews are made with other medicinal herbs, roots and berries for delicious and healthy drinks. some of the most popular are made from quince, ginger, green plums, jujubes, citron or ginseng. in addition to tea leaves, other plants also popular for brewing, such as mugwort, lotus, bamboo and persimmon leaves. other popular traditional \u201c teas \u201d are complex brews made with different combinations of medicinal herbs for strong and bracing brews with an edge of bitterness, which have an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40429340141516357, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.815826"} {"text": "around the nation wed november 2, 2011 climate change has calif. vintners rethinking grapes prime california wine country areas like the napa valley could soon be facing rising temperatures, according to climate change studies. so some wineries are thinking of switching to grapes that are better suited to a warmer climate. but when vineyards have staked their reputations on certain wines, adapting to climate change is a tough sell. the specific type of grape, or varietal, is how most of us think about wine. at one recent meeting of the san francisco wine lovers group, for instance, members listed pinot noirs, sauvignon blancs or cabernets among their favorite kinds of wine. all are well - known varieties grown in the california region. \" that ' s the big problem, \" says andy walker, a grape breeder at the university of california, davis. \" we ' ve spent the last 100 years emphasizing varieties, and we ' ve really marketed those names very effectively. \" the university ' s test vineyard grows hundreds of different wine grapes from around the world. the vast majority are unknown to consumers because most wineries focus on only a handful of french grapes that prefer cool climates. extreme heat can be the enemy of good wine ; it destroys acidity, and changes color and aromatics, walker explains. resistance to grape breeding according to a recent study from stanford university, about 2 degrees of warming could reduce california ' s premium wine - growing land by 30 to 50 percent. that could happen as soon as 2040. water supply is also expected to be an issue. \" i think the interesting thing for me as a breeder is to take advantage of this and say, ok, let ' s actually re - adapt varieties to california, \" walker says. but walker says grape breeding is frowned upon in the industry. most vines are grown from a branch that ' s taken off an existing plant. \" this essentially means that grapes have not really been having sex very much, \" says sean myles, a geneticist at the nova scotia agricultural college. myles says breeding is big business for other crops like corn, but wine grapes miss that opportunity to develop adaptability. \" that means that we ' re not allowing the genetic material to be shuffled anymore. that genetic material is now standing still in time, \" he says. you could cross - breed today ' s varieties to make them more heat tolerant or drought resistant. but walker says there ' s a big problem with that : once you breed your pinot", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42109853897775723, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.820912"} {"text": "genetic material is now standing still in time, \" he says. you could cross - breed today ' s varieties to make them more heat tolerant or drought resistant. but walker says there ' s a big problem with that : once you breed your pinot noir with something else, you can ' t call it pinot noir anymore. \" the last decision is the hardest, \" walker says. \" can we market this variety? \" hurdles on the marketing side walker says there are wine grapes from italy and spain that would do well in a warmer california. \" we could produce barbera instead, or negroamaro or nero d ' avola from southern italy, and we ' d be far better ahead, \" he says. nick dokoozlian, a vice president at e & j gallo winery, the largest family - owned winery in the u. s., says in most cases the company is responding to a consumer demand for a certain cultivar. the company has been testing new wine varieties and has found some promising grapes, dokoozlian says. but the problem is that they can ' t necessarily sell those varieties. \" consumers aren ' t aware of them. really, the hurdles on the marketing side are much, much more significant, \" he explains. since vines can produce for up to 30 years, dokoozlian says switching varieties is a major financial gamble. \" the wine business is an extremely capital intensive business. the financial risk of planting the wrong variety in the wrong place is pretty significant, \" he says. still, given the temperature and water supply changes projected for california, dokoozlian sees the market shifting \u2014 eventually. andy walker says it ' s up to the industry to make it happen. \" i don ' t think it ' s the consumer that ' s going to make the shift. they have to be directed, \" walker says. and that means it could be some time before we see world - class nero d ' avola from california on store shelves.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37898575791159994, "token_count": 403, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.821736"} {"text": "chapter 5 : \" conduct yourselves honorably among the gentiles \" ( 1 peter 2 : 12 ), acculturation and assimilation in 1 peter seland read this paper in edinburgh in 1998, and so it is the second essay of the book taken in chronological order. i personally found this chapter the most interesting and helpful of all. in this chapter, torrey addresses the question of the degree to which the author of 1 peter intends for the audience to be assimilated to its non - christian environment. his thesis is three fold ( 148 ). first, he does not believe the terms acculturation and assimilation have been used thus far to great advantage in analyzing the social strategies of 1 peter. secondly, those studies that have used these terms in relation to 1 peter have not tapped into the extensive use of them in the social sciences. finally, he argues that they apply to the christians of 1 peter as \" first generation christians... still in a process of being socialized into the christian world view. \" torrey suggests they are in somewhat of a \" liminal \" situation as newly converted christians. as such, he sets out to review key literature on 1 peter in relation to its social situation, to dip into relevant social scientific research on acculturation and assimilation, and then apply these findings to 1 peter. seland ' s review of relevant new testament research leads him to three key players, namely, david balch, john elliott, and john barclay. balch ' s work focused primarily on the household codes of 1 peter, and his basic thesis is that \" such codes were used in a apologetic and legitimating way in graeco - roman sources \" ( 150 ). balch - - at least in his earlier work - - characterizes such a purpose as assimilation. the audience of 1 peter is being told to integrate themselves into society. elliott disagrees. the fact that the letter calls for christians to separate from the world, as well as its missionary emphases, indicate for him that the petrine house codes are discouraging assimilation for the purpose of avoiding suffering. seland ' s critique of both is that neither use the terms assimilation and accommodation with the precision of the social sciences. barclay, on the other hand, is more precise in his terms, although his well known work, jews in the mediterranean diaspora does not address 1 peter. barclay distinguishes three terms. first, barclay uses the word assimilation in reference to the category of social interaction and the adoption of social practices from one ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48352326978211174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.832505"} {"text": "his terms, although his well known work, jews in the mediterranean diaspora does not address 1 peter. barclay distinguishes three terms. first, barclay uses the word assimilation in reference to the category of social interaction and the adoption of social practices from one ' s environment. acculturation then is used in relation to broader cultural features like the use of the same language. finally, accommodation has to do with the degree to which acculturation takes place, the level of separateness that either is or is not maintained. in the end, seland does not find this typology very helpful. he does not find barclay ' s distinction between assimilation and acculturation very clear. further, barclay ' s nomenclature does not mesh well with the social scientific use of these terms. and so seland embarks next on an exploration of recent research in the social sciences on acculturation and assimilation ( 156 - 66 ). his first stop is b. s. heisler, whose work analyzes the history of research on this topic in three stages. she dubs research up until the late 60 ' s the \" classical period. \" in this period, the process of assimilation was viewed as a one way process ending in complete assimilation. heisler dubs the second period the \" modern \" period, beginning in the seventies. in this period research focused more on conflict, particularly long term conflict, and less on equilibrium. the third period is the \" post - modern period, \" of recent origin ( which given the date of this article would be the 1990 ' s ). here we find the expectation of multicultural societies and ethnic pluralisms ( 158 ). seland mentions several other sources from which one might construct a model of acculturation / assimilation appropriate for 1 peter. these include the fields of social psychology and communication research. finally, he draws definitions of acculturation and assimilation from the international encyclopedia of the social sciences ( 160 ). acculturation : \" those changes set in motion by the coming together of societies with different cultural traditions. \" seland finds this statement in the article even more helpful : \" acculturation comprehends those phenomena which results [ sic ] when groups of individuals having different cultures come into continuous first - hand contact, with subsequent changes in the original cultural patterns of either or both groups. \" assimilation : \" a process in which persons of diverse ethnic and racial backgrounds come to interact, free of these constraints, in the life of the larger society. \" after all this background, seland ultimately turns to milton gordon '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5463609363179174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.834823"} {"text": "or both groups. \" assimilation : \" a process in which persons of diverse ethnic and racial backgrounds come to interact, free of these constraints, in the life of the larger society. \" after all this background, seland ultimately turns to milton gordon ' s 1964 model ( from the so called classical period of such research ) with a few caveats. the main caveat is a warning that gordon was wrongly \" deterministic \" in his sense of inevitability to the process of assimilation. adjustment of two groups to each other is not the only option. gordon ' s model breaks down several different categories of assimilation : 1. cultural or behavioral assimilation ( = acculturation ) - - fitting in with the host culture in a most basic way ( presumably things like learning the language, getting the appropriate documents, etc... ) 2. structural assimilation - - participating in the clubs, institutions, etc. in large numbers. gordon believed that once structural assimilation had taken place, all the forms of assimilation below would inevitably follow. 3. marital assimilation ( intermarriage ) 4. identificational assimilation ( identity by way of host society ) 5. attitude receptional assimilation ( no prejudice toward immigrants ) 6. behavior receptional assimilation ( no discrimination toward immigrants ) 7. civic assimilation ( absence of power conflict ) john berry, in 1980, built on gordon ' s categories by posing two questions : 1 ) does the immigrant group wish to maintain its distinct cultural identity and 2 ) does the immigrant group wish good relationships with the host culture ( 163 - 164 )? the result are four basic relationships to the broader culture : 1. if the immigrant group does not want to maintain a distinct identity and does want good relationships with the host culture, the result is assimilation. 2. if the immigrant group does want to maintain a distinct identity yet also wants good relationships with the host culture, the result is integration. 3. if the immigrant group does want to maintain a distinct identity yet does not want good relationships with the host culture, the result is separation. 4. finally, if the immigrant group does not want to maintain a distinct identity and at the same time does not care about good relationships with the host culture, the result is marginalization. the final part of the chapter then takes all of the preceding processing of social scientific theory and attempts to use it in relation to 1 peter. here we arrive at one of seland ' s contributions to the balch / elliott debate. the question is not really one of assimilation to greco - roman culture, as this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5900168652793747, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.836004"} {"text": "of social scientific theory and attempts to use it in relation to 1 peter. here we arrive at one of seland ' s contributions to the balch / elliott debate. the question is not really one of assimilation to greco - roman culture, as this is the cultural background of the likely gentile audience ( 169 - 170 ). the question is that of the assimilation of the audience \" to the ( still developing ) christian system of cult, beliefs, ethos and symbols \" ( 168 ). so in relation to the host culture, the question is best put as, \" how much did he, by his letter, intend his readers to retain of that culture? \" ( 173 ). first, seland argues that they are first generation christians, \" still in need of further acculturation / assimilation into the christian system \" ( 169 ). he is surely more correct than not in the light of statements such as we find in 1 peter 1 : 14 and 4 : 3. however, we remember how large an area 1 peter addresses and are careful not to presume an audience of any monolithic kind. they are primarily gentile, and it is early enough in the christian movement for the author to presume that the majority converted from paganism. they are in a precarious social location. here torrey mentions briefly what he discusses more thoroughly in chapter 2. john elliott is once again his requisite dialog partner. on the one hand, he agrees with elliott that the phrase \" aliens and exiles \" in 1 peter 2 : 11 does not refer to exile from heaven, as if the audience is on a heavenly pilgrimage ( 171 ). yet he also finds unconvincing elliott ' s sense that they were strangers to these regions even before they converted. we will discuss this thesis in the next post as we review chapter 2. i am also unconvinced of elliott ' s thesis and remain puzzled that commentators like paul achtemeier and scot mcknight have followed elliott on this issue. at the same time, i ' m still struggling with seland ' s signature idea that this language in 1 peter evokes connotations of proselyte language ( more when we come to chapter 2 ). seland is spot on when it comes to the audience being \" proselytes \" to christian judaism. but i ' m having trouble seeing that the specific terms \" aliens and exiles \" carried those overtones. indeed, i don ' t think it is safe at all to assume that the audience, especially", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5160083015393075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.836923"} {"text": "being \" proselytes \" to christian judaism. but i ' m having trouble seeing that the specific terms \" aliens and exiles \" carried those overtones. indeed, i don ' t think it is safe at all to assume that the audience, especially in such a vast area, are relatively new converts. * * * coming articles the rest of the section then explores where 1 peter might fit in relation to john berry ' s four categories. seland immediately dismisses out of hand the options of marginalization and separation. the author wishes the audience to maintain good relationships with the host society. to address the question of integration versus assimilation, he switches back to gordon ' s more detailed delineation of the process of assimilation ( 173 - 87 ). the first stage is acculturation or cultural assimilation in matters such as language. they are to live honorably among the gentiles ( 2 : 12 ) while following a \" new code of honor and shame \" ( 176 ). seland thus considers their level of acculturation to be high with some significant modifications. he does not, however, consider their assimilation to be high in any of gordon ' s other categories. the strong sense of harassment and conflict evoked in 1 peter 2 - 3 do not reflect that of high assimilation between christians and their environment structurally, and certainly not in terms of attitude or behavioral reception, let alone civic assimilation. it is assumed that some women will be married to non - believers, but it is unlikely the author would encourage such if it were possible to avoid. and while the audience is not encouraged to withdraw from its societal relations, it is clear that its self - indentification departs quite dramatically from its host environment. the conclusion, which ironically seland himself never mentions explicitly, is that the audience would best be typified by \" integration \" in berry ' s typology. more to come...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5140662070598561, "token_count": 384, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.837759"} {"text": "maybe you ' ve seen them before : blue or purple squiggles on grown - ups ' legs that look like lines on a roadmap. and maybe you thought, \" what the heck are those? \" well, they ' re veins. but wait a second \u2014 why don ' t you have them? and why do they look different from the veins on the inside of your wrist or elbow? that ' s because those grown - up veins are varicose ( say : vair - uh - kose ) veins. blood vessel basics what is a varicose vein, anyway? it ' s a vein that has become stretched and swollen with blood. to understand how that happens, let ' s learn a bit about what veins do. you have veins and arteries running through your whole body. they are tiny tubes that carry blood to and from every part of your body, from your nose down to your toes. the flow of blood starts with the pumping action of your heart. when your heart beats, it pumps your blood and moves it through all those little tubes. the arteries carry the blood from your heart out to your body, and the veins carry the blood from your body back to your heart. the blood going out to your body in the arteries is full of oxygen, which makes the blood bright red. but the blood coming back from your body in the veins is darker because your body parts have used up the oxygen in the blood. that ' s why veins look purple or blue. what causes varicose veins? it ' s a lot of work to move all that blood. to do their job, veins are full of valves that help keep the blood flowing in the right direction. valves are like tiny doors that close after the blood has passed through to keep blood moving along and to make sure it doesn ' t flow backward. as people get older, though, the valves might not work as well. when that happens, some blood can stay in a vein instead of moving forward like it should. this makes the vein swell up, and that swollen vein is a varicose vein. the veins often show up on the legs, ankles, and feet because those body parts are farthest from the heart. gravity pulls blood down into your legs and feet when you ' re standing up or sitting down. so the veins have to work extra hard to get that blood back up to the heart, and some of those veins can wear out over time. varicose veins look twisted and purple or blue, and they ' re raised", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4503507025134333, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.841255"} {"text": "up or sitting down. so the veins have to work extra hard to get that blood back up to the heart, and some of those veins can wear out over time. varicose veins look twisted and purple or blue, and they ' re raised, which means they look like they ' re sitting on top of the skin. they can be tender and painful, especially after sitting or standing still for a long time. people who have varicose veins might also have achy legs that feel heavy. varicose veins are more common in women, and people are more likely to get them as they get older. these veins can be genetic ( say : juh - neh - tik ). that means that if your mom or your sister has them, you might get them. things that put pressure on your legs and feet \u2014 like being overweight or standing for a long time every day without exercise \u2014 can also cause varicose veins. sometimes women who are pregnant get them, too. if someone you know has varicose veins, it ' s really no big deal. they ' re usually pretty harmless. but people who have problems like pain with their varicose veins will sometimes see a doctor to have them removed. to get rid of varicose veins, some of the things doctors can do is zap them with light from a special laser or use something called sclerotherapy ( say : skler - oh - thair - uh - pee ). in sclerotherapy, the doctor injects fluid into the vein that makes it shrivel up. both of these treatments are pretty common. luckily, there are things you can do now so you ' re less likely to have varicose veins when you ' re older. first, get your blood moving with regular exercise. keeping your body fit helps keep your veins fit, too! also, don ' t put a lot of pressure on your legs and feet by standing or sitting for too long without moving around. help keep your blood flowing and your body will love you for it!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3974610842530741, "token_count": 421, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.842035"} {"text": "constipation is not having a bowel movement as often as you usually do, or having a tough time going because the stool is hard and dry. it ' s a very common problem, and usually happens because a person ' s diet doesn ' t include enough fluids and fiber. constipation usually isn ' t a cause for concern \u2014 it ' s preventable and most cases can be resolved with healthy eating and exercise habits. after you chew and swallow food, it heads to your stomach. from there, it ' s on to the small intestine, then the large intestine ( or bowels ), and finally out of the body through the rectum and anus. as food moves through your digestive system, your body soaks up water and nutrients it needs from the food. what ' s left over comes out as stool. normal stool is usually soft and easy to pass, and it generally shouldn ' t be too difficult to have a bowel movement. but sometimes the bowels just don ' t move like they should. a person is considered constipated when he or she has had fewer than three bowel movements in a week ; when the stools are hard, dry, and unusually large ; or when it ' s hard for the person to have a bowel movement. unhealthy diet. most of the time, constipation is due to a diet that doesn ' t include enough water and fiber, both of which help your bowels move properly. people who eat a lot of fast food may find they ' re constipated more often. this is because fast food is full of fats ( burgers, fries, milkshakes ) and processed sugars ( candy, cookies, sugary soft drinks ). a healthier diet that includes high - fiber foods like fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can keep your stool from getting hard and dry. stress. people can get constipated when they ' re anxious about something, like a life change or a problem at home. research has shown that stress can affect how the digestive system functions and can cause constipation, as well as other conditions, like diarrhea. irritable bowel syndrome ( ibs ). some people have a condition called irritable bowel syndrome ( ibs ), which can act through stress or by eating certain \" trigger \" foods, which usually are fatty or spicy. a person with ibs may have either constipation or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4696754563244923, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.846278"} {"text": "people have a condition called irritable bowel syndrome ( ibs ), which can act through stress or by eating certain \" trigger \" foods, which usually are fatty or spicy. a person with ibs may have either constipation or diarrhea, as well as stomach pain and gas. ignoring the natural urge. avoiding going to the bathroom, even when you really have the urge to go, can cause constipation. when you ignore the urge to go, it can be harder to go later on. certain medications. sometimes, medications like antidepressants and those used to treat iron deficiencies can lead to constipation. in rare cases, constipation is a sign of other medical illnesses, so keep your doctor informed if you continue to have problems, or if the constipation lasts for 2 to 3 weeks. different people have different bathroom habits, so someone who doesn ' t have a bowel movement every day isn ' t necessarily constipated. one person might go three times a day, while another might go once every 3 days. the real sign of whether you ' re constipated is if you ' re going less than you normally do. a person with constipation might : feel full or bloated feel pain making a bowel movement have to strain to make a bowel movement notice a little blood on the toilet paper dealing with constipation to prevent and treat constipation : drink more fluids. drinking enough water and other liquids helps keep stools soft so they can move more easily through the intestines. when you don ' t drink enough, the stool can get hard and dry, and you might get stopped up. eat more fiber. foods that are high in fiber, like fruits, vegetables, and whole - grain bread, can help prevent constipation. fiber can ' t be digested, so it helps clean out the intestines by moving the bowels along, while a diet full of fatty, sugary, or starchy foods can slow the bowels down. try getting more fiber in your diet by eating apples, oatmeal, oranges, bananas, baked potatoes, and popcorn. make sure you get enough exercise. physical activity helps move food through your digestive system and nudges the bowels into action, so be sure to get plenty of exercise. it can be as simple as playing catch, cycling, or shooting a few hoops. develop a regular meal schedule", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4289963336654821, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.847207"} {"text": "\" simultaneously mitigating near - term climate change and improving human health and food security. \" well, yes. what ' s new for science doesn ' t have to be new for klimazwiebel authors and readers. but finally, good to hear that other people, too, seem to give up their 2 - degree goals and become more pragmatic and realistic! here the abstract : tropospheric ozone and black carbon ( bc ) contribute to both degraded air quality and global warming. we considered ~ 400 emission control measures to reduce these pollutants by using current technology and experience. we identified 14 measures targeting methane and bc emissions that reduce projected global mean warming ~ 0. 5\u00b0c by 2050. this strategy avoids 0. 7 to 4. 7 million annual premature deaths from outdoor air pollution and increases annual crop yields by 30 to 135 million metric tons due to ozone reductions in 2030 and beyond. benefits of methane emissions reductions are valued at $ 700 to $ 5000 per metric ton, which is well above typical marginal abatement costs ( less than $ 250 ). the selected controls target different sources and influence climate on shorter time scales than those of carbon dioxide \u2013 reduction measures. implementing both substantially reduces the risks of crossing the 2\u00b0c threshold.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5250393413351535, "token_count": 258, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.848574"} {"text": "fri september 7, 2012 the 7 coolest presidents in american history originally published on fri september 7, 2012 2 : 34 pm when former president bill clinton referred to present president barack obama at the democratic national convention as \" cool on the outside, \" clinton was underscoring the notion that obama is, well, cool. obama was elected, much has been made of his coolitude. he listens to an ipod. he slow jams the news with late - night comic jimmy fallon. he wears shades, drinks beer, taps into social media and sings al green now and then. the new yorker referred to obama as mr. cool. which got us to thinking \u2014 and asking historians \u2014 who are the seven coolest presidents in american history? 1 ) bill clinton. after all, it takes a cool guy to know a cool guy. \" obviously bill clinton, \" says julian zelizer, a presidential historian at princeton university. during the 1992 election, clinton explored new ways to reach voters, like appearing on mtv and playing the saxophone on a late night talk show. clinton ' s popularity, zelizer says, \" even in the middle of impeachment, demonstrated a kind of admiration many had for his personal style. \" 2 ) john f. kennedy. the smoothie from massachusetts \" was certainly cool in terms of charisma and demeanor, \" zelizer says. the stark contrast between kennedy and richard nixon in the 1960 debates \" might have set the standard for what it meant to be cool. \" 3 ) theodore roosevelt. though teddy was \" not cool by modern standards, \" zelizer says, \" clearly the curiosity many americans had for him as a person \u2014 famously with the teddy bear \u2014 signaled that tr was a man of his times. \" 4 ) ronald reagan. the actor - turned - politician \" attracted scads of young voters in the 1980 and 1984 elections, \" says gleaves whitney, director of the hauenstein center for presidential studies at grand valley state university in allendale, mich. reagan \" was a rock star when he went to moscow at the end of his presidency. young russians definitely thought him cool. \" so did many americans. 5 ) thomas jefferson. the polymath from virginia \" was cool in the early days of the new republic, \" whitney says. \" he broke with the aristocratic formalities of his predecessors, george washington and john adams, and introduced the revolutionary republican greeting from france \u2014 the hand shake \u2014 to welcome guests to monticello and the white house. quite hip", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.421053070090191, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.857173"} {"text": ", \" whitney says. \" he broke with the aristocratic formalities of his predecessors, george washington and john adams, and introduced the revolutionary republican greeting from france \u2014 the hand shake \u2014 to welcome guests to monticello and the white house. quite hip in his day, he was a renowned musician and elegant dancer with whom women fell in love. \" cool, of course, can have more than one definition, according to julia azari, an assistant political science professor at marquette university. on one hand, presidential cool can refer to a president ' s ability to charm others, defy convention and appear hip \u2014 exemplified by clinton ' s saxophone playing and kennedy ' s movie - grade glamour. but it also can refer to a president ' s unflappable and seemingly detached manner. in presidential politics, azari says, the two definitions are often at odds. the first definition \" sets the president up as a celebrity, but also speaks to the intimacy of his connection with not only the people but also popular, ' low ' culture. \" the second definition, she says, \" positions the president as above the fray, impervious to petty political criticism. this is a key quality to cultivate during times when presidents have to make difficult political decisions. \" 6 ) franklin d. roosevelt. using the second definition, azari says, \" i would add fdr to the list. he told critics he ' welcomed their hatred. ' \" he was \" unflappable and in control, calm in a crisis. \" 7 ) george w. bush. using the first definition, \" i ' d add george w. bush, \" azari says. \" everyone wanted to have a beer with him. too bad he doesn ' t drink. \" that likability quality seemed to serve bush well politically, she adds, \" at least in the short term. \" on a closing note, azari says, \" i think a few presidents have suffered from a seeming lack of cool \u2014 in the sense of both hipness and unflappability : herbert hoover, richard nixon and jimmy carter. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5073972333046414, "token_count": 424, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.858000"} {"text": "this is the first of several talks st. francis has with philothea about humility. in this first conversation, he tries to move her away from aspiring to superficial ( worldly ) virtues. philothea : st. francis. i just don \u2019 t understand humility. what does that mean? does it mean to hate myself? to be a doormat? does it mean to \u2026 to what? st. francis : \u201c borrow \u2026 empty vessels not a few, \u201d said eliseus to the poor widow, \u201c and pour oil into them \u201d ( 4 kings 4 ), and before we can receive the grace of god into our hearts they must be thoroughly empty of all self - glory [ vainglory ]. st. francis : the kestrel has a peculiar property of frightening away birds of prey with its looks and cries, for which reason the dove seeks it beyond all other birds, and lives fearlessly in its neighborhood ; and so humility repulses satan and preserves in us the gifts and graces of the holy spirit. for this reason all the saints, and especially the king of saints and his mother, ever honored and cherished this virtue above all others. philothea : i don \u2019 t get it. what does vainglory mean? how is it different from humility? st. francis : we call vainglory that which we seek for ourselves, either for that which is not in us, or being in us, is not our own, or being in us and our own, is not worthy to be glorified in. philothea : let me think a minute about what you just said \u2026 so that would be things such as \u2026 st. francis : noble birth, the favor bestowed by great men, [ and ] popular esteem are not in ourselves ; they either come from our forefathers or from the opinion of others. philothea : so our name or because an opinion from another makes us sound good to others, that does not mean much, or something like that??? st. francis : some are proud and conceited because they have a fine horse, a plume in their hat, or are magnificently attired, but who cannot perceive the absurdity of this, since if anyone has reason to be proud it is surely the horse, the ostrich, or the tailor! and how very contemptible it is to rest our hope of esteem in a horse, a feather, or a garment! philothea : true. it \u2019 s the same", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4862170803586019, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.869102"} {"text": "it is surely the horse, the ostrich, or the tailor! and how very contemptible it is to rest our hope of esteem in a horse, a feather, or a garment! philothea : true. it \u2019 s the same as having a car, a hairstyle, or name - brand clothes. surely, it was not me who made any of those, or, even if i did, i cannot make those things be accepted as \u201c cool. \u201d things should not define me. mmmmm \u2026 st. francis : another thinks of his well - trimmed beard and mustache, or his well - curled hair, his delicate hands, or of his accomplishments in dancing, music, and so on, but is it not very contemptible to try to enhance his worth or his reputation through such frivolous and foolish things? philothea : i get it. i know the type of people you are talking about. they used to be called fops or dandies, but they are called something else today. st. francis : others who have acquired a little science demand the respect and honor of the world on that account, as if all must needs come to learn of them and bow before them. such men we call pendants [ those who present their knowledge in an ostentatious, dogmatic, or dull manner, often placing excessive emphasis on trivial details and formal rules ]. philothea : they tell others that all people need only learn from their studies and ask them to bow before them as if they knew everything? oh, my gosh. i never thought of people making science into its own dogmatic formulation of rules with its own high priests, but i guess it can happen to people in any discipline, and you know what? that actually makes a lot of sense! everybody only has a piece of knowledge, so if a person of science, literature, politics, prayer, psychology, religion, art, or anything claims they know everything, then persuades others to follow them with certain exacting behaviors, bowing to worldly mannerisms \u2026 anyone who is this extreme is a pendant! it doesn \u2019 t matter if they believe in god or not. if they claim to know more than every other person in the world with their one piece of knowledge, if they claim that they own all the rights to human progress because they think their one piece of a whole will lead the way, then they have succumbed to pedantry. sadly, i think anybody who falls into this pedantry works to persuade themselves and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5038185282734182, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.870026"} {"text": "claim that they own all the rights to human progress because they think their one piece of a whole will lead the way, then they have succumbed to pedantry. sadly, i think anybody who falls into this pedantry works to persuade themselves and others to give up on god by calling all believers ignorant fools and hypocrites. or if they are believers themselves, they believe they are better than all others who call themselves religious. they are creating their own dogma based on one piece of knowledge. is it because they are really worried about the honors part, or the opinion of others? are they going with the fads of the day? are they so worried about being accepted that they have to say they don \u2019 t believe or twist what they do believe because they want to be considered intelligent? are they so worried about fitting in that they make up a new way to pray, to learn, to teach, to be in order to be accepted by those who really don \u2019 t believe? are they compromising their integrity just to fit in? it is really silly if you think about it because all of the knowledge that they claim to have ( and they might or might not have a piece ) they make that one small piece become the entire scheme of all things, the key to everything, a mountain out of a molehill, a piece as the whole instead of a part of a whole. besides that, all these pieces were not discovered without the knowledge and work of others, many of those others were and are believers. how sad! to think that only one discipline has all the answers to all our human questions! there has to be at least as many questions as there are people on the earth, but i am sure each person has more than one question. how can one discipline possibly answer all these questions? but one discipline, one area of study, is making that claim \u2013 that they can answer that question \u2013 that they have all the answers to every human need. talk about dogmatic! sheesh \u2026 apparently these extremes can happen to anybody, even in the area of science, art, or whatever. any discipline, any piece of knowledge can become pedantry if we are not careful. sorry, st. francis. that was just a really thought - provoking piece of information. it really just got me thinking. usually, people accuse religious folk of being this way, but it can happen to even those who claim no religion. i can see why people could lose their way with this. they see a piece and run with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47873268765046995, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.871071"} {"text": ". it really just got me thinking. usually, people accuse religious folk of being this way, but it can happen to even those who claim no religion. i can see why people could lose their way with this. they see a piece and run with it as if it were whole. a person who really searches for the length, the breadth, the width, the depth of all things, knows that he cannot know all or prove all on his own. anyone who makes that claim must be false, superficial, artificial. sorry. i didn \u2019 t mean to take up your time. go ahead. st. francis : others pride themselves on their personal beauty, and think that everyone is admiring them : all of them in their turn are utterly silly, foolish, and impertinent, and their glory in such empty things we call vain, absurd, and frivolous. philothea : yep. i know the type. so how can you tell if a person is really humble? st. francis : you may judge of real worth as of real balm, which is tried in water, and if it sinks, and remains at the bottom, it is known to be precious and costly ; and so in order to know whether a man is really wise, learned, generous, and noble, observe whether his gifts make him humble, modest and submissive. if so, they are genuine, but if they float to the surface and would fain display themselves, be sure that in proportion as they make a show, so are they less worthy. philothea : they get puffed up, arrogant, detracting all others, proud of themselves, thinking they \u201c know - it - all, \u201d can do anything they want to do, make up their own rules because they have a title, beauty, or some certificate of knowledge. st. francis : those pearls which are formed or fed in the wind and thunder leave only a pearly shell with no substance ; and so those virtues and attractive qualities which have their root and support in pride, self - sufficiency, and vanity, have but the outward show of excellence, and are without sap, marrow, and solidity. philothea : i think you just described a person who has no integrity, no sense of fellowship, and no sense of compassion. st. francis : honor, rank, and dignity are like the saffron, which flourishes and increases most when it is trodden underfoot. all the value of beauty is gone when its possessor is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5039403671667895, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.872121"} {"text": "and no sense of compassion. st. francis : honor, rank, and dignity are like the saffron, which flourishes and increases most when it is trodden underfoot. all the value of beauty is gone when its possessor is self - conscious ; to be pleasing it should be forgotten ; and science becomes contemptible when it is puffed up and degenerates into pedantry. philothea : one uppers. they do it for themselves. not for anybody else. they claim to being do it for others, but the others have to abide by their rules that work only for the piece without regard for the whole. st. francis : if we are punctilious about rank, title, and precedence, we both lay our claims open to investigation and contradiction, and render them vile and despicable. philothea : perfectionists. i \u2019 ve been there. done that. st. francis : for that honor which means something when willingly offered, becomes contemptible when it is sought after, demanded, or exacted. philothea : greedy. i have tried to take on too much sometimes, i know. st. francis : when the peacock displays his gorgeous plumes, he lays bare also his deformities ; and those flowers which are beautiful in their native soil, soon whither if we handle them. philothea : foolish. running without rest. i have also been involved with a person who was very much like you describe and our relationship winded up turning into dust. he had very superficial expectations of me that i could not live up to since these things come and go so quickly, but for him, according to others, he is considered a success because he is able to compete on that superficial plane. i am actually glad i am not there anymore. i was full of anxiety. st. francis : and as they who inhale the mandragora from afar off and for a brief space, find it very delicious, but those who inhale it near and for long become drowsy and ill : so worldly honors are acceptable to him who receives them indifferently without resting in them or seeking them eagerly, but they become very dangerous and hurtful to him who clings to and takes delight in them. philothea : i guess i should feel sorry for him, then. i am getting the sense that humility is a lot more beautiful than vainglory. st. francis : the desire and pursuit of [ authentic ] virtue tend", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4839903062809472, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.873188"} {"text": "in them. philothea : i guess i should feel sorry for him, then. i am getting the sense that humility is a lot more beautiful than vainglory. st. francis : the desire and pursuit of [ authentic ] virtue tend to render us virtuous, but the desire and pursuit of honors tend to make us odious and despicable. a really great mind will not waste itself on such empty goods as rank, honor, and form. it has higher pursuits, and leaves these for the weak and vain. he who can procure pearls will not be satisfied with shells, and those who aim at virtue do not trouble themselves about honors. philothea : so in pursuing virtue, i can learn humility, which to me has a lot more depth. st. francis : of course each man may enter into, and remain in his own sphere, without lack of humility, so long as he does it with indifference, and without effort. philothea : so, it \u2019 s okay to accept beauty, honors, titles within the context of your job or whatever, but do so with indifference for these external things so that the primary goal of seeking virtue and god is not lost. science and all those other things are good but just need to be kept in balance. st. francis : just as vessels coming from peru laden with gold and silver bring also a number of monkeys and parrots which cost nothing, and add but little to their freight, so those who aspire to be virtuous, may well accept their rightful rank and honors, but always without bestowing much care or thought to them, and without being involved in cares, vexations, disputes, and anxieties in consequence. st. francis : i am not alluding here to those invested with public dignities, nor to special and important occasions, in which everyone is bound to maintain a fitting dignity with prudence and discretion, combined with charity and courtesy. philothea : that \u2019 s good to know. it would be really rude to not uphold dignity. so the other extreme would be to hate those superficial things so much that they become the focus of your life, so then you lose humility just as in the other extreme of loving them too much. these outer things are accessories, so to concentrate on them by hating them too much or by loving them too much is imbalanced. they should be accepted and let go of like water going in and out of the hand, but the balm of virtue,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47132264275259955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.874355"} {"text": "representing the race tells the story of an enduring paradox of american race relations, through the prism of a collective biography of african american lawyers who worked in the era of segregation. practicing the law and seeking justice for diverse clients, they confronted a tension between their racial identity as black men and women and their professional identity as lawyers. both blacks and whites demanded that these attorneys stand apart from their racial community as members of the legal fraternity. yet, at the same time, they were expected to be \u201c authentic \u201d \u2014 that is, in sympathy with the black masses. this conundrum, as kenneth w. mack shows, continues to reverberate through american politics today. and the endorsements : mack reorients what we thought we knew about famous figures such as thurgood marshall, who rose to prominence by convincing local blacks and prominent whites that he was \u2014 as nearly as possible \u2014 one of them. but he also introduces a little - known cast of characters to the american racial narrative. these include loren miller, the biracial los angeles lawyer who, after learning in college that he was black, became a marxist critic of his fellow black attorneys and ultimately a leading civil rights advocate ; and pauli murray, a black woman who seemed neither black nor white, neither man nor woman, who helped invent sex discrimination as a category of law. the stories of these lawyers pose the unsettling question : what, ultimately, does it mean to \u201c represent \u201d a minority group in the give - and - take of american law and politics? representing the race is a wonderful excavation of the first era of civil rights lawyering, the product of prodigious research and a keen eye for revealing detail. ken discusses the book here. - - randall l. kennedy, author of the persistence of the color line : racial politics and the obama presidency ken mack brings to this monumental work not only a profound understanding of law, biography, history and racial relations but also an engaging narrative style that brings each of his subjects dynamically alive. it is a truly wonderful book. - - doris kearns goodwin, author of team of rivals : the political genius of abraham lincoln a stunning reinterpretation of civil rights history for a twenty - first century audience, bringing to vivid life both famous and forgotten historical lawyers. anyone who wishes to understand race relations in our modern era, including the racial politics that surrounds our first african american president, should read this book. ken mack has written a rare book that forces us to reconsider the long history of civil rights", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48839240242818915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.877103"} {"text": "if you have been reading our blog for a while, you will know that we like to use mirrors a lot in our classrooms - no, not for us! - but for our students. we love how it is a cute and easy way to teach the kids about having confidence and a high self - esteem. ( check out our whoooo ' s a good looking kid post for more ideas and printables for using mirrors to build self esteem. ) since this is the time for celebrating love, i decided to teach this lesson right around valentine ' s day. how often do you hear students talk about how much they love their family, friends, toys, pets, school, sports, or of course, you - their teacher??? all the time, right??? while i love to hear my students profess their love of everything, i especially like to hear them talk about how much love they have for themself! this does not happen as much as i would like - especially when students get older and are much more aware of peer pressure and pressure from our society. this is one of my favorite lessons to teach because it integrates reading, writing, a whole lot of self - reflection, an art project, and some very important life lessons!!! : ) i began the lesson by passing out a mini mirror to every student in the class. you can purchase some at the dollar store, ask your students to bring them to school, or even check your science supply rooms - you never know where you might find them! i then called the students to sit in a circle on the carpet and asked them to look in the mirror and share what they saw and how they feel. yes, there was giggling, whispering.... so i went first. \" on the outside, i see my blue eyes and feel happy because i like them. on the inside, i see how i am a compassionate person and i care about my students. \" the boys and girls followed my example and shared their own thoughts about what they see on the outside from looking at their reflection in the mirror and also who they are in the inside ( what the mirror does not reflect! ) we continued by sharing the positive \" inside and outside \" qualities that we notice about each other - showed some love to each other. i then read a few of my favorite picture books and had the students reflect on the \" top ten things i love about myself! \" we then learned about the different adjectives that could be used to describe our personality ( post", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48559751348715113, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.880454"} {"text": "love to each other. i then read a few of my favorite picture books and had the students reflect on the \" top ten things i love about myself! \" we then learned about the different adjectives that could be used to describe our personality ( postive ones of course! ) and create a cute, little art project that we turned into a bulletin board. check out some of the pictures that i took from our lessons : i used to teach this lesson earlier in the school year, but i wanted to wait for the \" love \" theme of february to inspire the lessons this year. ( * * * tpt customers - this was a file that we revised from our tpt store. if you already purchased the file titled, awesome adjectives that describe me!, then please redown the revised file!!! ) if you are interested in this file, click on the image below to buy the file from tpt ( it is $ 3. 50 ) : this file is also sold in our show your students the love february unit, also on tpt, for $ 8. 00. speaking of all this love.... the first two readers who leave a nice comment will get our valentine ' s unit for free! : ) please don ' t forget your email address! enjoy your weekend!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5238777055512653, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.880971"} {"text": "initrdsection : linux programmer ' s manual ( 4 ) initrdsection : linux programmer ' s manual ( 4 ) in the first boot - up phase, the kernel starts up and mounts an initial root file - system from the contents of / dev / initrd ( e. g. ram disk initialized by the boot loader ). in the second phase, additional drivers or other modules are loaded from the initial root device ' s contents. after loading the additional modules, a new root file system ( i. e. the normal root file system ) is mounted from a different device. 1. the boot loader loads the kernel program and / dev / initrd ' s contents into memory. 2. on kernel startup, the kernel uncompresses and copies the contents of the device / dev / initrd onto device / dev / ram0 and then frees the memory used by / dev / initrd. 3. the kernel then read - write mounts device / dev / ram0 as the initial root file system. 4. if the indicated normal root file system is also the initial root file - system ( e. g. / dev / ram0 ) then the kernel skips to the last step for the usual boot sequence. 5. if the executable file / linuxrc is present in the initial root file - system, / linuxrc is executed with uid 0. ( the file / linuxrc must have executable permission. the file / linuxrc can be any valid executable, including a shell script. ) 6. if / linuxrc is not executed or when / linuxrc terminates, the normal root file system is mounted. ( if / linuxrc exits with any file - systems mounted on the initial root file - system, then the behavior of the kernel is unspecified. see the notes section for the current kernel behavior. ) 7. if the normal root file has directory / initrd, device / dev / ram0 is moved from / to / initrd. otherwise if directory / initrd does not exist device / dev / ram0 is unmounted. ( when moved from / to / initrd, / dev / ram0 is not unmounted and therefore processes can remain running from / dev / ram0. if directory / initrd does not exist on the normal root file - system and any processes remain running from / dev / ram0 when / linuxrc exits, the behavior of the kernel is unspecified. see the notes section", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.45590191579306816, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.887961"} {"text": "dev / ram0. if directory / initrd does not exist on the normal root file - system and any processes remain running from / dev / ram0 when / linuxrc exits, the behavior of the kernel is unspecified. see the notes section for the current kernel behavior. ) 8. the usual boot sequence ( e. g. invocation of / sbin / init ) is performed on the normal root file system. it is also possible for the / linuxrc executable to change the normal root device. for / linuxrc to change the normal root device, / proc must be mounted. after mounting / proc, / linuxrc changes the normal root device by writing into the proc files / proc / sys / kernel / real - root - dev, / proc / sys / kernel / nfs - root - name, and / proc / sys / kernel / nfs - root - addrs. for a physical root device, the root device is changed by having / linuxrc write the new root file system device number into / proc / sys / kernel / real - root - dev. for a nfs root file system, the root device is changed by having / linuxrc write the nfs setting into files / proc / sys / kernel / nfs - root - name and / proc / sys / kernel / nfs - root - addrs and then writing 0xff ( e. g. the pseudo - nfs - device number ) into file / proc / sys / kernel / real - root - dev. for example, the following shell command line would change the normal root device to / dev / hdb1 : echo 0x365 > / proc / sys / kernel / real - root - devfor a nfs example, the following shell command lines would change the normal root device to the nfs directory / var / nfsroot on a local networked nfs server with ip number 184. 108. 40. 206 for a system with ip number 220. 127. 116. 11 and named ' idefix ' : echo / var / nfsroot > / proc / sys / kernel / nfs - root - name echo 18. 104. 22. 168 : 22. 214. 171. 124 : : 255. 255. 255. 0 : idefix \\ > / proc / sys / kernel / nfs - root - addrs echo 255 >", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4209813033374731, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.888973"} {"text": "echo 18. 104. 22. 168 : 22. 214. 171. 124 : : 255. 255. 255. 0 : idefix \\ > / proc / sys / kernel / nfs - root - addrs echo 255 > / proc / sys / kernel / real - root - dev a possible system installation scenario is as follows : 1. the loader program boots from floppy or other media with a minimal kernel ( e. g. support for / dev / ram, / dev / initrd, and the ext2 file - system ) and loads / dev / initrd with a gzipped version of the initial file - system. 2. the executable / linuxrc determines what is needed to ( 1 ) mount the normal root file - system ( i. e. device type, device drivers, file system ) and ( 2 ) the distribution media ( e. g. cd - rom, network, tape,... ). this can be done by asking the user, by auto - probing, or by using a hybrid approach. 3. the executable / linuxrc loads the necessary modules from the initial root file - system. 4. the executable / linuxrc creates and populates the root file system. ( at this stage the normal root file system does not have to be a completed system yet. ) 5. the executable / linuxrc sets / proc / sys / kernel / real - root - dev, unmount / proc, the normal root file system and any other file systems it has mounted, and then terminates. 6. the kernel then mounts the normal root file system. 7. now that the file system is accessible and intact, the boot loader can be installed. 8. the boot loader is configured to load into / dev / initrd a file system with the set of modules that was used to bring up the system. ( e. g. device / dev / ram0 can be modified, then unmounted, and finally, the image is written from / dev / ram0 to a file. ) 9. the system is now bootable and additional installation tasks can be performed. the key role of / dev / initrd in the above is to re - use the configuration data during normal system operation without requiring initial kernel selection, a large generic kernel or, recompiling the kernel. a second scenario is for installations where linux runs on systems with different hardware configurations in a single administrative network", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4293596520370447, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.889889"} {"text": "is to re - use the configuration data during normal system operation without requiring initial kernel selection, a large generic kernel or, recompiling the kernel. a second scenario is for installations where linux runs on systems with different hardware configurations in a single administrative network. in such cases, it may be desirable to use only a small set of kernels ( ideally only one ) and to keep the system - specific part of configuration information as small as possible. in this case, create a common file with all needed modules. then, only the the / linuxrc file or a file executed by / linuxrc would be different. a third scenario is more convenient recovery disks. because information like the location of the root file - system partition is not needed at boot time, the system loaded from / dev / initrd can use a dialog and / or auto - detection followed by a possible sanity check. last but not least, linux distributions on cd - rom may use initrd for easy installation from the cd - rom. the distribution can use loadlin to directly load / dev / initrd from cd - rom without the need of any floppies. the distribution could also use a lilo boot floppy and then bootstrap a bigger ram disk via / dev / initrd from the cd - rom. mknod - m 400 / dev / initrd b 1 250 chown root : disk / dev / initrdalso, support for both \" ram disk \" and \" initial ram disk \" ( e. g. config _ blk _ dev _ ram = y and config _ blk _ dev _ initrd = y ) support must be compiled directly into the linux kernel to use / dev / initrd. when using / dev / initrd, the ram disk driver cannot be loaded as a module. 2. with the current kernel, if directory / initrd does not exist, then / dev / ram0 will not be fully unmounted if / dev / ram0 is used by any process or has any file - system mounted on it. if / dev / ram0 is not fully unmounted, then / dev / ram0 will remain in memory.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4138657587661586, "token_count": 449, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.890723"} {"text": "french songwriter georges moustaki wrote milord, the most popular song for edith piaf. milord is a polite way to address traveling englishmen in france, especially in brittany and normandy. edith piaf is considered as the greatest french singer. her tragic life added to her legend as she started singing in the streets of paris in the 30s and got discovered in 1935 by louis leplee, the owner of a parisian nightclub. nicknamed \u201c mome piaf \u201d ( little sparrow ) as she was a very small woman, edith piaf became very popular not only in france, but also in the world. her tragic car accident in the 50s resulted in a lifelong addiction to morphine, one year after her true love boxer marcel cerdan had died in a tragic accident. she died of cancer in 1963 and was buried in pere lachaise cemeteray in paris. \u00ab la vie en rose, \u00bb \u00ab hymne a l \u2019 amour, \u00bb \u00ab les trois cloches, \u00bb and \u00ab non, je ne regrette rien \u00bb are her most famous songs. after the second world war ( la deuxieme guerre mondiale ) the japanese were very fond of the french writers and the french culture that was considered as very elitist. the japanese were really interested in french existentialism, structuralism and post - modernism ( existentialisme, structuralisme et post - modernisme ) and the golden age of their love for the french lasted until the 70s. their favorite writers were albert camus who wrote l \u2019 etranger, jean - paul sartre and saint - exupery ( le petit prince ) and their favorite singers were piaf, montand, aznavour, brel, m. mathieu \u2026. their interest in the french culture and the press was also the result of the anti - americanism of the japanese society and the french community. by the 80s, france remained the symbol of luxury products ( produits de luxe ) and the best cuisine in the world, but the lack of patience of its governments was an obstacle to the investments in japan by the french companies, even if the opening of the french high - speed train ( tgv ) was a blow to the japanese shinkansen high speed train.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3803534992641667, "token_count": 463, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.894354"} {"text": "commercial tracking software often secretly records where users go on the internet. if businesses don ' t set their own clear, simple privacy standards, government may need to step in with a ' do not track ' option. the ease and speed with which people can share information over the internet is perhaps the marvel of this era. the way they live and work is changing rapidly, posing new opportunities and new hazards. one area undergoing massive change is personal privacy. fluid exchanges of information mean that more knowledge about people \u2019 s lives can be shared than they realize or desire. facebook and google are two web giants that have recently faced criticism for playing fast and loose with information about their users. a significant number of apps \u2013 small software applications that users download onto their iphones or other smart phones \u2013 have been shown to be surreptitiously collecting information on their users, such as the person \u2019 s location or their list of contacts. meanwhile, the united arab emirates and saudi arabia say they will curtail the use of blackberry phones for the opposite reason \u2013 their texts and e - mails are encrypted and difficult to intercept and decipher. the uae claims this privacy feature is a threat to its national security. the development of computerized data banks \u2013 such as those storing credit - card information, medical records, or store \u201c loyalty card \u201d buying habits \u2013 continues to erode personal privacy. page 1 of 4", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5452267298153237, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.896021"} {"text": "financial statements are the backbone of a complete financial report. in fact, a financial report is not complete if the three primary financial statements are not included. but a financial report is much more than just those statements. a financial report requires disclosures. this term refers to additional information provided in a financial report. therefore, any comprehensive and ethical financial report must include not only the primary financial statements, but disclosures as well. the chief executive of a business ( usually the ceo in a publicly held corporation ) has the primary responsibility to make sure that the financial statements have been prepared according to generally accepted accounting principles ( gaap ) and the financial report provides adequate disclosures. he or she works with the chief financial officer or controller of the business to make sure that the financial report meets the standard of adequate disclosures. some common methods of disclosures include : \u2013 footnotes that provide information about the basic figures. nearly all financial statements require footnotes to provide additional information for several of the account balances in the financial statements. \u2013 supplementary financial schedules and tables that provide more details than can be included in the body of the financial statements. \u2013 other information may be required if the business is a public corporation subject to federal regulations regarding financial reporting to its stockholders. other information is voluntary and not strictly required legally or according to gaap. some disclosures are required by various governing boards and agencies. these include : \u2013 the financial accounting standards board ( fasb ) has designated many standards. its dictate regarding disclosure of the effects of stock options is one such standard. \u2013 the securities and exchange commission ( sec ) mandates disclosure of a broad range of information for publicly held companies. \u2013 international businesses have to abide by disclosure standards adopted by the international accounting standards board. there are wide varieties of business opportunities that allow you work at home. in fact a work at home business is not a new concept. there are number of old home based businesses, like a child day care, candle making, catering and much more. however the advent of internet improves the home based business options. you can consider starting a home based business if you really have passion for it. you need to have the ability to work hard, dedication and effort would provide you reward once your home business is up and running. though work at home business requires hard work, you can also enjoy the freedom and fun of working at home. you can also spend splenty of time with your family. before starting a work at home business, plan well what type of home based business would suit you.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4135211223493378, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.902329"} {"text": "requires hard work, you can also enjoy the freedom and fun of working at home. you can also spend splenty of time with your family. before starting a work at home business, plan well what type of home based business would suit you. remember what seems perfect for your neighbor or friend may not suit you. starting work at home business is not an easy task. you need to consider whether there are any risks in that business. you need to consider whether the business requires huge investment. you also need to seek the help of a mentor who can guide you well to get sure success in home based business. some essentials for starting a work at home business : once you have decided to start a home based business, you need to organize it properly so that unnecessary delays can be avoided. the following things are essential for home business success : 1. a phone with unlimited long distance calling option, caller id, voice mail, call forwarding and anonymous call rejection. 2. you must have a calendar. you can also use a online calendar like google, outlook or yahoo calendar. 3. computer software tools, high speed internet connection, flash player, adobe reader and java script etc are also important. you can use email software like outlook or outlook express for business email. 4. a good filing system is extremely important so that you can do work most efficiently. organize business mails, faxes, training materials etc in separate folders. 5. you can use instant messenger service which allows you to communicate with your online contacts and getting your questions answered since your phone line needs to be opened for incoming calls from prospects. 6. you can use any room in your home for business purposes. but organize the room well so that you can work peacefully. these simple steps can help you start home business and run it successfully.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3861857907847925, "token_count": 365, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.903192"} {"text": "that the field of medicine and health care includes significant and ongoing changes is a concept readily apparent to all. such change requires its practitioners to be aware of new diseases, new treatments and modifications of practice required in contemporary medicine. physicians in minnesota are required to attend 75 hours of \" classroom - type education \" every three years to maintain their license to practice ; similar requirements exist in other professional fields. last friday, i attended an excellent conference presented by the staffs of the university of minnesota medical school, the minnesota department of health, and the mayo clinic titled \" emerging infections. \" about 270 physicians, nurses, laboratory professionals, and public health staff spent the day being advised about the \" emerging \" ( and ongoing ) infections pertinent to our environment. as expected, the very serious outbreak of fungal meningitis related to the injection of contaminated steroid medication was thoroughly discussed. diseases due to contaminated infant formulae, the spread of tick - borne diseases, and the significant epidemic of west nile virus infection were reviewed. however, the increasing importance of a relatively new disease, hepatitis c, was a noteworthy subject of discussion. the viral diseases affecting the liver causing hepatitis ( inflammation ) and serious life - threatening conditions have an alphabetical spectrum. hepatitis a is the disease associated with food - borne illness, contaminated water supplies, and travel. hepatitis b is usually associated with perinatal transmission, blood transfusions, intravenous drug use, and sharing of body fluids, often resulting in serious acute and chronic illness. hepatitis c was \" discovered \" in 1989 following the examination of patients with hepatitis uncharacteristic of hepatitis a or b, and thus called \" non - a, non - b hepatitis. \" the disease occurs only in humans and chimpanzees and is found throughout the world, mainly in south america, east africa and china. one hundred and seventy million people are affected ; about 4 million people carry the disease in the u. s. more than 150, 000 patients are affected each year here at a cost of treatment of a billion dollars per year. unfortunately, there is no preventive therapy ( vaccine ) for hepatitis c. patients at high risk for hepatitis c include persons with intravenous drug use, cocaine snorting, tattoos, multiple sexual partners, and children with infected mothers. only 5 - 50 percent of infected patients know they are infected since they may have no symptoms. persons who are at risk and who should be tested ( screened ) for infection with hepatitis c include intravenous drug users, those persons who had", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47589348530224895, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.906061"} {"text": "step 4 : complete the evaluation plan. why should you evaluate professional development? your evaluation should address two basic questions : did the activity, including all of the components, take place as planned? did the activity achieve the intended outcomes for teachers and for students? answers to the first question will tell you whether the plan you are developing now was implemented and, if not, where and why implementation fell short. this information can help avoid problems in the future. answers to the second question will help you learn about the extent to which the activity resulted in the intended changes in teacher knowledge, skills, and performance and in the intended improvements in student learning. these evaluation results can also help pinpoint areas where additional professional development and support may be necessary. in addition, because professional development is a critical component of school improvement, evaluation results can help determine if these efforts are on track or if mid - course corrections are necessary. planning tip 11 : evaluations that focus solely on participant satisfaction and ratings of quality have limited value in assessing the impact of professional development on participants \u2019 knowledge, skills, and performance or the impact on student learning. planning tip 12 : consider seeking help from an evaluator. planning tip 13 : consider using products and artifacts from learning activities and follow up as evaluation data. planning tip 14 : elements of your evaluation plan that focus on outcomes for teachers and for students should explicitly reflect your assumptions about the pace and sequence of change. ( next page ) ( previous page )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42229465645171843, "token_count": 294, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.907639"} {"text": "the quality of mercy william shakespeare ( 1564 - 1616 ) of stratford - upon - avon is england ' s, and the world ' s, most noted playwright. shakespeare lived during the reigns of queen elizabeth l ( 1558 - 1603 ) and king james l ( 1603 - 1625 ), who commissioned the authorized king james version of the holy bible, published in 1611. william was born to john and mary shakespeare, one of eight children. the only record available is his baptism at holy trinity church on april 26, 1564. it is evident from his plays that he was moved by his studies of greek and latin classics. he married anne hathaway at age eighteen, and they had three children, susanna, and the twins hamnet and judith. the death of his only son hamnet at age eleven was devastating for shakespeare, and proved a powerful influence on his tragedy hamlet. shakespeare ' s popularity rests on his perceptive understanding of human nature. the 36 plays published in the first folio are generally divided into tragedies, such as romeo and juliet, hamlet, othello, king lear, macbeth, julius caesar, and antony and cleopatra ; comedies, as the merchant of venice, a midsummer ' s night dream, love ' s labour lost, as you like it, all ' s well that ends well, much ado about nothing, and the taming of the shrew ; the comedies known as romances such as the winter ' s tale and one of his last plays the tempest, one of the themes being the painful necessity of a father letting his daughter go ; and histories, such as king henry v, king richard the second, the life and death of king john, all is true ( on henry viii ), and king henry iv, noted for the comical character falstaff. he is also noted for his 154 sonnets, a lover ' s complaint, and other poems. this beautiful piece on mercy is from the merchant of venice, first performed in 1596 and published in 1600, when portia speaks to shylock in act iv, scene i. the quality of mercy the quality of mercy is not strained. it droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven upon the place beneath. it is twice blest : it blesseth him that gives and him that takes. tis mightiest in the mightiest ; it becomes the throned monarch better than his crown. his scepter shows the force of temporal power, the attribute to awe and majesty, wherein doth sit the dread and fear", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3881125589053541, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.910198"} {"text": "see also the browse high school calculus stars indicate particularly interesting answers or good places to begin browsing. selected answers to common questions : maximizing the volume of a box. maximizing the volume of a cylinder. volume of a tank. what is a derivative? - deriving simpson ' s rule [ 06 / 07 / 1998 ] can you show me a derivation of simpson ' s rule? - deriving the area of a sphere [ 10 / 21 / 2003 ] i know the area of a sphere is 4phi ( r ^ 2 ), but i ' m wondering how to derive that formula. i know it should be done in cylindrical coordinates, and i ' m thinking that the arc of a circle is defined as rd ( theta ) and it ' s multiplied with rd ( phi ) to get ( r ^ 2 ) d ( theta ) d ( phi ). could you please help explain this? - deriving the gamma function [ 12 / 15 / 2000 ] how can you prove that sqrt ( pi ) / 2 = ( 1 / 2 )!, and what is a fractional factorial like that equal to? - deriving the integral for the surface area of a sphere [ 06 / 28 / 2001 ] i need to find the cost per square foot of steel that makes up a tank, so i need a way to derive the surface area of part of a sphere with a given - deriving the quotient rule [ 9 / 5 / 1995 ] how do i prove this derivation : ( f / g ) ' = fg ' - fg ' / g ^ 2? - deriving trig functions ; taylor series [ 05 / 01 / 2001 ] how would i find, from first principles - no tables, no calculator - for example, 32 degrees? if i use a formula, how is it derived? - descartes ' method for tangents [ 09 / 02 / 1998 ] can you help me find the equation of the tangent of y ^ 2 = 2x using - design a more efficient soda can [ 4 / 23 / 1995 ] the problem is to design a more efficient soda can that holds the regular 12 oz. of liquid. the can needs to have the least possible surface area. - determining tangent to an ellipse, minimizing area [ 02 / 20 / 1998 ] find the equation of the tangent to the ellipse that forms, with the coordinate axes, the triangle of smallest possible area. - determining the length of a coil of ribbon [ 08 / 31 /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5340121194575594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.915552"} {"text": "is disintegrating at time ' t ' days after it was first observed to have mass 10 grams and : ( dm / dt ) = - km ( where k is a positive constant ). find the time, in days, for the substance to reduce to 1 gram in mass, given that its half life is 8 days. - differentiating under the integral sign [ 01 / 11 / 2001 ] can you give me an example of the integration method called \" differentiating under the integral sign \"? - differentiating y with respect to... y? [ 11 / 05 / 2010 ] a student familiar with differentiation struggles to take the derivative of a function with respect to the self - same variable. doctor ali puts the student back on track with a - differentiating y = x ^ x [ 11 / 3 / 1994 ] please could you differentiate y = x ^ x ( that ' s x to the power of x )? - differentiation problem [ 11 / 15 / 1997 ] a light shines from the top of a pole 50 ft. high. a ball is dropped from the same height at a point 30 ft. away from the light... - distance from a point to a plane [ 03 / 31 / 1998 ] can you show me the proof of the formula for the distance between a point and a plane? - distance to the sun [ 04 / 16 / 1999 ] find the distance from earth to the sun when t = 90 days... - does f have a local extrema at x = 0? [ 07 / 10 / 2003 ] f ( x ) = ( x ^ 3 ) / 6 + ( x ^ 2 ) / 2 + cosx - 1. does f have a local extremum at x - domain, asymptotes, intercepts of a function [ 04 / 01 / 2003 ] what is the domain of this function? what asymptotes does it have? what are the x and y intercepts? etc... - domain / range of a function [ 01 / 22 / 1997 ] how do you find the domain and range of the function f ( x ) = 2x ^ 2 - 3x + 1? ( both with and without calculus. ) - dominant terms [ 03 / 25 / 1998 ] what are dominant terms, and how do you obtain their values? - donkey grazing half a field [ 08 / 08 / 1997 ] a donkey is attached by a rope to a point on the perimeter of a circular field. how long should", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5418456684140374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.918628"} {"text": "/ 1998 ] what are dominant terms, and how do you obtain their values? - donkey grazing half a field [ 08 / 08 / 1997 ] a donkey is attached by a rope to a point on the perimeter of a circular field. how long should the rope be so that the donkey can graze exactly half the field? - double integration in polar coordinates [ 03 / 27 / 2003 ] evaluate double integral x - y / x * 2 + y * 2 over x * 2 + y * 2 equal to or less - e as a series and a limit [ 03 / 30 / 1998 ] why does e = 1 + 1 / 2! + 1 / 3! + 1 / 4! +... and lim ( 1 + 1 / n ) ^ n, as n - - - an easy definition of calculus [ 9 / 4 / 1995 ] what is calculus? - e ^ ( e ^ x ) = 2 [ 01 / 28 / 2002 ] i have been trying to solve e ^ ( e ^ x ) = 2. help! - an ellipse or a circle? - parametric equations [ 12 / 05 / 1998 ] is this parametric equation elliptical or a circle?... and how do i compute the slopes at points 0, pi / 4, pi / 2, 3pi / 2, and 2pi? - an elliptic integral [ 01 / 05 / 2003 ] - epsilon / delta definition of limits [ 08 / 26 / 1999 ] can you explain how to use the epsilon / delta definition of limits? - epsilon - delta proofs [ 09 / 28 / 2004 ] an explanation of the thinking behind two epsilon - delta proofs, one from a calculus textbook and one from an answer in our archives.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6002315440666597, "token_count": 351, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.919366"} {"text": "the nurse shortage and the doctor shortage have caused an evolution in the medical profession. many states now permit nurse practitioners to function independently of physicians. they are permitted to practice on their own. the decline in primary care md \u2019 s has caused the increase in nurse practitioners in underserved areas. today \u2019 s medical students are opting to specialize at a greater rate. there are higher profits in specialties such as dermatology, oncology and other specialties than in the traditional fields such as family practice or pediatrics. with this shortage of primary care physicians, nurses have taken the reigns and become the primary care givers in many areas. nurse practitioners are permitted to prescribe medications, order tests and perform other tasks that have been designated to physicians in the past. they are also expected to consult with a health care provider if the patient \u2019 s condition is beyond their personal expertise. many have private practices in rural communities. nurse practitioners have at least a masters degree. it is projected that in time, they will be required to hold a doctorate before being accepted into a nurse practitioner program. they have also followed the path of many physicians and have chosen to specialize in a specific area of medicine. some are practicing women \u2019 s health, psychology, pediatrics or other areas of the field. nurse practitioners receive lower fees than medical doctors. insurance companies will reimburse between sixty and eighty - five percent of the doctors fee for exactly the same care. rarely will they receive one hundred percent reimbursement. this however, does not stop the trend to further education and receive the degree of np. they serve their purpose in many different areas. patients often prefer the np because they are not as rushed as doctors and have the time to give the attention that used to be given in the general practitioners office. with the medical field specializing in many shortages, it should be obvious that the np is serving a need that doctors may not be able to fulfill in their areas.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4059074463634126, "token_count": 395, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.922018"} {"text": "welcome to medlibrary. org. for best results, we recommend beginning with the navigation links at the top of the page, which can guide you through our collection of over 14, 000 medication labels and package inserts. for additional information on other topics which are not covered by our database of medications, just enter your topic in the search box below : he co - founded the centre de documentation juive contemporaine, established to collate documentation relating to the persecution of jews during world war ii. he also assisted edgar faure at the nuremberg trial. poliakov went on to serve as director of research at the national center for scientific research ( cnrs ) from 1954 until 1971. according to historian jos sanchez, poliakov was the first scholar to critically assess the disposition of pope pius xii toward various issues connected to the holocaust. in november 1950, poliakov wrote \" the vatican and the ' jewish question ' - the record of the hitler period - and after, \" in the influential jewish journal commentary. while this article was the first to consider the attitude of the papacy during world war ii and the holocaust, it was not until 1963, when german playwright rolf hochhuth published his play der stellvertreter that discussion of poliakov ' s initial investigations in this area took on worldwide significance. - l ' etoile jaune - la situation des juifs en france sous l ' occupation - les legislations nazie et vichyssoise ( editions grancher, october 1999 - three texts : a book of 1949, an article in historia magazine in 1968 and a text of 1980 ) isbn 2 - 7339 - 0642 - 9 [ amazon - us | amazon - uk ] - harvest of hate : the nazi program for the destruction of jews in europe 1956 - the history of anti - semitism : from the time of christ to the court jews ( orig. 1955 ; this tr. 1966 ; repr. university of pennsylvania press, 2003 ) isbn 0 - 8122 - 1863 - 9 [ amazon - us | amazon - uk ] - the history of anti - semitism : from mohammed to the marranos ( orig. 1961 ; tr. 1973 ; repr. university of pennsylvania press, 2003 ) isbn 0 - 8122 - 1864 - 7 [ amazon - us | amazon - uk ], isbn 0 - 8122 - 3767 - 6 [ amazon - us | amazon - uk ] - the history of anti - semitism : from voltaire to wagner ( or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46114502848642624, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.927428"} {"text": "- 1864 - 7 [ amazon - us | amazon - uk ], isbn 0 - 8122 - 3767 - 6 [ amazon - us | amazon - uk ] - the history of anti - semitism : from voltaire to wagner ( orig. 1968 ; tr. 1975 ; repr. university of pennsylvania press, 2003 ) [ preview at google books isbn 0 - 8122 - 1865 - 5 [ amazon - us | amazon - uk ] - the history of anti - semitism : suicidal europe. 1870 - 1933 ( orig. 1977 ; tr. 1984 ; repr. university of pennsylvania press, 2003 ) [ preview at google books isbn 0 - 8122 - 3769 - 2 [ amazon - us | amazon - uk ] - the aryan myth : a history of racist and nationalistic ideas in europe ( barnes & noble books ( 1996 ) ) isbn 0 - 7607 - 0034 - 6 [ amazon - us | amazon - uk ] - jews under the italian occupation ( coauthored with jacques sabille ) ( howard fertig ; 1st american ed edition ( december, 1983 ) ) isbn 0 - 86527 - 344 - 8 [ amazon - us | amazon - uk ] - \u00ab moscou, troisieme rome \u00bb moscow, the third rome - \u00ab l ` auberge des musiciens \u00bb ( memoir ) - \u00ab l ` envers du destin \u00bb ( autobiography ) - \" de l ' antisionisme a l ' antisemitisme \" ( 1969 ) - kirkup, james ( 11 december 1997 ). \" obituary : leon poliakov \". the independent. retrieved 5 may 2011.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4388042731711029, "token_count": 337, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.928197"} {"text": "an enterocutaneous fistula is an abnormal connection between the intestines and the skin. intestinal or stomach contents can leak through this connection. the contents may leak into another part of the body or outside of the body. most enterocutaneous fistulas develop as a complication of bowel surgery. other causes include : factors that may increase your chance of enterocutaneous fistula include : - history of radiation - poor nutrition if you have any of these symptoms, do not assume it is due to a fistula. these symptoms may be caused by other conditions. your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. a physical exam will be done. you may be referred to a colon and rectal surgeon. images may be taken of your bodily structures. this can be done with : a fistula may be able to heal on its own over 2 - 8 weeks. talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan for you. treatment options include the following : nutritional support may be needed while the fistula is healing : - you may need to drink and eat high energy food for a while. - nutrition may need to be delivered through a tube connected to your stomach or intestine. - if your bowels needs to rest, nutrition may be given through your vein. - antibiotics may be prescribed to help prevent or control infection. - a drain may be attached to your wound to collect leakage from the fistula. - if the fistulas do not heal, then part of the intestine may need to be removed. - reviewer : marcin chwistek, md - review date : 03 / 2013 - - update date : 00 / 31 / 2013 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.44071202161329354, "token_count": 347, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.930013"} {"text": "previously known as manic - depressive disease, bipolar disorder is a relatively common mental health condition manifested in its classic form by alternating periods of mania \u2014 extreme high energy \u2014 and deep depression. in the \" up \" or manic phase, people may sleep little, talk fast, develop grand and unworkable plans, and sometimes behave bizarrely \u2014 for example, giving away all their money overnight. in the \" down \" phase, they may contemplate suicide. in many people with this disorder, the \" down \" phase predominates, and for that reason, the diagnosis may be missed. other, more subtle versions of the condition also exist. bipolar disorder is dangerous unless treated, leading to a high rate of suicide and injury. the mineral has been shown to dramatically improve symptoms of mania and reduce the rate of suicide. various antiseizure medications also appear to help against mania. proposed natural treatments for bipolar disorder : there are no natural treatments that can substitute for medications in the treatment of bipolar disorder. however, some might help enhance the effectiveness of standard treatment. study, 30 people with bipolar disorder took either capsules or placebo for 4 months, in addition to their regular medications. those taking fish oil had longer symptom - free periods than those taking placebo. the researchers used five different standardized tests to measure symptoms, examining levels of depression, mania, and overall progress. the people taking fish oil proved emotionally healthier than those taking placebo on all but one of these tests. another study found that ethyl - epa ( a modified form of a constituent of fish oil ) was helpful along with standard treatment for the depressed phase of bipolar disorder. however, ethyl - epa does not appear to offer benefits for rapid cycling bipolar disorder. researchers pooling the results of 10 randomized trials involving 329 patients found that omega - 3 fatty acids ( found in fish oil ) improved depressive symptoms in patient with either bipolar disorder or major depression compared to placebo. in a subsequent systematic review, researchers pooled the results of 5 trials involving 291 patients with bipolar disorder only and found that those in the omega - 3 group experienced a modest improvement in their symptoms of depression ( but not of mania ) compared to placebo. the same researchers who conducted the fish oil study have also experimented with for bipolar disorder. flaxseed oil contains alpha - linoleic acid ( ala ), an omega - 3 fatty acid related to the fatty acids in fish oil. in the researchers ' informal observations of 22 people with bipolar disorder, all but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5062987090742954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.937457"} {"text": "for bipolar disorder. flaxseed oil contains alpha - linoleic acid ( ala ), an omega - 3 fatty acid related to the fatty acids in fish oil. in the researchers ' informal observations of 22 people with bipolar disorder, all but four appeared to benefit from flaxseed oil. however, lacking a double - blind study, these results can ' t be taken as meaningful. when a double - blind study is finally performed, flaxseed oil may turn out not to be helpful at all. one somewhat questionable study reported that an herbal combination utilized in traditional chinese medicine ( \" free and easy wanderer \" ) may augment the effectiveness of carbamazepine treatment for bipolar disorder. very weak evidence suggests possible benefits with inositol may also reduce psoriasis symptoms caused by lithium. ( however, caution is advised with inositol. see herbs and supplements to use only with caution a special form of called rtms, has shown some promise for bipolar disorder. interestingly, use of an anion generator ( an air ionizer that produces negative ions ) has shown promise for mitigating the symptoms of acute mania. various supplements may help reduce side - effects of antiseizure drugs. for more information, see the articles on despite promising preliminary indications, a double - blind study failed to find that enhances the effect of the drug lithium is sometimes sold as a mineral supplement for treating bipolar disorder. however, this proposed use is based on a misunderstanding. when lithium is used medically as treatment for bipolar disorder, it is taken at doses far above any possible nutritional need. no researcher has seriously suggested that lithium causes bipolar symptoms, and low doses of lithium are unlikely to have any effect at all. herbs and supplements to use only with caution antidepressant drugs may cause manic episodes in people with bipolar disorder. for this reason, herbs and supplements with antidepressant properties might also be risky. case reports suggest that 16, 17, 18st. john ' s wort can indeed trigger manic episodes., while not normally considered to have antidepressant properties, has reportedly triggered episodes of mania in two people not previously known to have bipolar disorder. product has also been associated with an episode of mania. is often sold in the form of chromium picolinate. picolinate can alter levels of neurotransmitters. this has led to concern among some experts that chromium picolinate might be harmful to people with bipolar disorder. it has", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46515858757131473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.938562"} {"text": "hybrid vehicles keep getting bigger : first there were tiny experimental cars, then hybrid suvs began to appear on the road. and now some of delta \u2019 s next - generation boeing 737 aircraft ( like the one pictured above ) will be equipped with wheeltug hybrid motors for taxiing on the ground. these motors will improve efficiency and safety while planes maneuver around the tarmac, reducing fuel use and maintenance requirements. a substantial amount of a typical airliner \u2019 s fuel usage and engine wear occurs while the plane is still on the ground. its jet engines are used to propel it to and from runways, and it requires towing vehicles for precise positioning at the gate. using the wheeltug system, however, an aircraft can propel itself forward or backward via a pair of chorus meshcon electric motors that drive the front wheels. electric power comes from the plane \u2019 s existing auxiliary power unit, which is a much smaller gas - powered unit and requires much less fuel than the primary engines. the wheeltug system requires no modifications to the airframe aside from additional wiring, and the joystick steering control doesn \u2019 t interfere with existing cockpit designs. the manufacturer estimates that a wheeltug - equipped 737 aircraft could save nearly 100, 000 gallons of fuel per year, while avoiding the safety and maintenance concerns of jet engine use on the ground. and as airports become busier and more crowded, the system could speed turn - around times by eliminating the need for tug vehicles to position planes at their gates. ( via wheeltug plc )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5018332620411381, "token_count": 308, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.940684"} {"text": "\" u. s. picks estrella for base : 1200 - acre tract to be site for marine corps air field \" so read a headline in the 27 august 1942 paso robles press when the government negotiated proceedings to acquire 1, 249 acres of land in the estrella area, some six miles northeast of the city, for a planned marine corps air station. four months previous, government civil engineers were surveying the selected lands without explaining the reason to owners. rumors were rampant, but none of them was correct. finally, when pacific gas & electric company signed a contract to provide service by the end of the year, it became known that a navy airfield, to be known as naval auxilary air station, paso robles, was in the works, to be built on properties owned by a m boyer, otto kuehl, george matthew, john moore, the padian estate, william radloff, tillie schlecker, and lillie tuley. a contract was awarded to doudell construction company of san jose, and within four hours of its signing, men and machinery were on their way to the site. on 3 september, 2, 000 construction workers moved in to work two shifts to complete the first stage of the project by 8 april 1943. the new airfield then had two 4, 700 ' runways laid out in a \" v, \" with fuel facilities, but no hangars or maintenance buildings. a housing, administration, and storage facility was also completed across the road south of the runways, with 43 buildings and underground utilities. that same day the navy, favoring tstations in the san joaquin valley, handed everything over to the army air forces, who named it estrella army air field and placed it under the jurisdiction of the santa maria army air field, to be used to train pilots in night flying. initial staff consisted of two officers, lieutenants raymond j goetting and edgar j mccullough, and 28 enlisted men. by christmas 1943, some 1, 550 military personnel were stationed at estrella and the navy auxiliary airfield southeast of paso robles, sherwood field. these troops participated in large regional military maneuvers early in 1944. an interesting occasion was later related by lieutenant mccullogh, who told of the time when two bell p - 59s landed at estrella aaf. those were america ' s first military jets, and at the time were cloaked in secrecy, but everybody wanted to see the new airplanes that flew without propellers. mccullogh walked towards one of them", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3570836025663138, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.944757"} {"text": "59s landed at estrella aaf. those were america ' s first military jets, and at the time were cloaked in secrecy, but everybody wanted to see the new airplanes that flew without propellers. mccullogh walked towards one of them, but was ordered by one of the pilots to keep away. he then identified himself as the base ' s provost marshal ( which he wasn ' t ), and not only got to see the planes up close, but was also told that they were being used in experimental training to combat the german v - 2 rockets that were creating havoc in england. the next day, a local farmer mentioned to him that a couple of planes had come over his field so low and fast that they blew his hay off the stacks. the airfield was inactivated on 15 october 1944, and on 27 november base commander capt roger f powell announced that the facility might be turned over to the county. county officials considered the proposal and, in mid - december, the board of supervisors endorsed a feasibility study, finally agreeing to accept the property. however, it wasn ' t until 29 august 1947, that the war assets administration transferred the specific 966. 8 acres and its attendant structures and improvements with a quitclaim deed to the county of san luis obispo, with the stipulation that it be used as a public airport. a second quitclaim deed to the state on 5 august 1948 added another 90. 04 acres, where the buildings would be used for a boys ' school. then in 1973, the county, in an effort to rid its rolls of excess property, sold the air base to the city of paso robles for $ 1. 00, and the estrella army air force base officially became the town ' s municipal airport.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3852777793146928, "token_count": 354, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.945391"} {"text": "| we seem to form our picture of reality based on a pattern matching algorithm. it doesn ' t really matter if you consider that a function of neurology or as a deeper metaphysical principle, the result it about the same. if \" enough \" pieces of a reality are assembled and they are recognizable and familiar to us, we assume that the remaining details are probably also in place and that we ' re dealing with a \" real \" reality. it is perfectly possible to fool people into accepting a scenario as reality that really isn ' t, if you put enough familiar elements into place. most candid camera episodes are built on that kind of principle. an environment is set up so that it looks like you ' ve been hired for a new job, and there ' s a real office and other employees and everything. and then a surprise element is thrown in, like the arrival of a stripping telegram, or the need to handle some impossible problem, like your desk falling apart. and the \" employee \" accepts it as real, because everything else looked right. or how about experiments that were done where a comedian managed to get up in front of a medical convention and give a speech in complete giberish without anybody noticing. because he looked right, and sounded right, and even though the attendees where highly educated m. d. s they were also used to not having to understand all the details of what everybody was saying, and they were used to displaying a certain respect towards their peers. the emperor ' s new clothes. we ' re all trying to act normal, unwilling to admit we don ' t understand everything. conversely, we can also create an invisible reality, if it is constructed of elements that are so unfamiliar and unexpected that we just can ' t see it. a stage magician is usually quite adept at that. you don ' t see what he ' s really doing because you ' re not attuned to the patterns he ' s using. it is said that when captain cook ' s ship first approached the island of tahiti in the south pacific, the inhabitants could literally not see it coming. even when cook and his crew got out and pointed out their ship to the tahitians, and explained how they arrived, the natives couldn ' t see the ship at first. because it was totally unfamiliar and they didn ' t have any belief that included the possibility that somebody could arrive from the ocean in a large sailing vessel. in our modern society we tend to walk around believing that we ' re very rational and observant and we ' ve", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.6108661262543568, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.951638"} {"text": "unfamiliar and they didn ' t have any belief that included the possibility that somebody could arrive from the ocean in a large sailing vessel. in our modern society we tend to walk around believing that we ' re very rational and observant and we ' ve got a pretty good grip on what is reality. science tends to create that picture. but yet, science, however useful it is, is just a systematic way of agreeing on what a certain reality is, and how to get predictable results with it, and it tends to stay within the boundaries of those codified agreements, often ignoring anything that doesn ' t fit. science only very cautiously and gradually will expand that area. if you master these principles, and you have sufficient resources at your disposal, it is entirely possible to both create fake realities that large numbers of people will accept as the truth, as well as to create realities that are invisible to the general population. think for example of a black project that has access to sufficiently advanced principles and technologies that have been kept out of the public knowledge, out of scientific text books, and out out of the educational system. say, teleportation or time travel. you don ' t even have to worry much about leaks, because they will pretty much be self - healing. if somebody puts out a story about secret time travel experiments, it is very easy to ridicule them, and you don ' t even have to do it yourself, as there will be plenty of respectable scientists and good citizens who ' ll stand up and say that it of course is impossible and complete nonsense. somebody could even write a book with all the details and you could pick it up in the ufo section of your local bookstore, but it wouldn ' t sink into the public awareness as anything real. you can keep very big things very secret if you just make sure that enough of the components and participants are far enough removed from what is normal and expected, and the facts are generally so hard to get to, and so hard to piece together, that the whole thing becomes invisible to most people. single secrets hidden by known people can fairly easily be discovered. but complex secrets, put together from many individually incredible elements, those are much harder to bring to the light. conversely, you can make fake stories appear very real and accepted if you just make sure that you provide enough components of normal reality. like, pictures, sound, stories, information, and lots of it, and repetitive delivery of it. and that the people presenting it look like the right kind of people to do so", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.6040513100602559, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.952785"} {"text": "you just make sure that you provide enough components of normal reality. like, pictures, sound, stories, information, and lots of it, and repetitive delivery of it. and that the people presenting it look like the right kind of people to do so. reporters, scientists, government officials, etc. i ' m not really even talking about conspiracy theory particularly. a bigger view than that. conspiracies are usually imagined as something the known and accepted players are doing when you aren ' t looking. like, does george bush and tom brokaw and kenneth lay and everybody else you see on the news have secret meetings where they plan out how they ' ll fool everybody? well, maybe they do, but that ' s probably not where it is really at. whatever specific things they do will quite likely come to light sooner or later and would be too hard to hide. what matters is not what they did, but what reality we end up accepting, and which realities we ' ll ignore. the real secret stuff would probably be going on in places you don ' t even know to look at, and would be done by people you ' ve never heard of. and the people you are looking at on the news are quite likely thinking they ' re just doing the best they can with what ' s available to them. because they probably live in a manufactured reality as well. [ patterns | 2003 - 10 - 22 05 : 15 | | permalink ] more >", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5424688726969555, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.953357"} {"text": "experts from across the board joined together recently to discuss the effects that oil and natural gas drilling will have in columbiana and mahoning counties, the state, and even the nation. the experts, representing youngstown state university, the ohio department of natural resources, ohio environmental council, and ohio oil and gas energy education program, spoke during a seminar at the university. the purpose of the seminar was to generate more understanding about the drilling process and topics covered included its history - which dates back to the early 1900s, whether injection wells are related to earthquakes, whether enough water is available to continue the hydraulic fracturing process, and how the process affects the environment and economy. university professor dr. jeffrey dick, who specializes in engineering geology, hydrogeology, geophysics, and petroleum geology, said drilling has only recently \" skyrocketed \" over the last two years. he said there have been more than 270, 000 natural gas and crude oil wells drilled in ohio, and of those, 64, 000 are currently active. in what he called the eastern ohio utica fairway, there are 367 wells permitted and 137 wells already drilled. of those, 33 are producing and 30 are still in the drilling stage. columbiana county is included in that fairway, and according to the ohio department of natural resources ( odnr ), one well is currently producing in knox township. dick said the big issue isn ' t necessarily hydraulic fracturing, but what will become of the brine once the fracking is completed. fracking is a process used in drilling in which water, sand and other fluids are injected into the shale to extract the oil and gas stored there. the force of the injection causes the rock to break up, or fracture, releasing the oil and gas. dick said that due to the extent of wells being drilled the state is looking at \" billions of gallons of brine and throwback \" - the fluids left over as a result of fracking a natural gas well. the fluids are treated as wastewater and stored in injection wells, which have gained considerable attention from those who believe the wells have been linked to earthquakes, including those that occurred in youngstown in late 2011. he said there are approximately 190 injection wells in the state and doesn ' t believe the well in youngstown caused the local earthquakes but did play a role in triggering them. the underground disposal well owned by northstar disposal services was shut down by the odnr shortly after two earthquakes happened within 24 hours. the 4. 0 earthquake was the 11th to occur", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44737175369793153, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.958213"} {"text": "caused the local earthquakes but did play a role in triggering them. the underground disposal well owned by northstar disposal services was shut down by the odnr shortly after two earthquakes happened within 24 hours. the 4. 0 earthquake was the 11th to occur there since march of 2011, and the shut down was requested so officials could analyze data and see if a link existed. \" you shut off a well and the earthquakes stop, you gotta think \" there could be a link, dick said. he pointed out that ohio receives billions of gallons of brine and flowback from pennsylvania and west virginia. the states have bans on the wastewater recycling or disposal, despite having operational class 2 injection wells. \" ohio has been a no risk dumping ground for a lot of stuff, including demolition and debris, \" trent dougherty, director of legal affairs for the ohio environmental council, said. dick said that, in his opinion, class 2 injection disposal will be more difficult in the future. he said technology already exists for brine treatment facilities but the money is lacking. with regard to fracking, he said there have been no cases in which the process was found to have caused water contamination. surface spills, however, could cause contamination. \" several fluids are dangerous and you are looking at potential spills. spills are major environmental issues. a spill is going to happen, \" he said. senate bill 315 enacted by gov. john kasich this summer allowed for more safeguards for the disposal of the fluids, he noted. rhonda reda, executive director of the state ' s oil and gas energy education program, said the utica shale play in ohio is bigger than that found in saudi arabia. by 2015, the program expects output sales of oil and gas to be at nearly $ 23 billion. most of the activity will occur in 2014 and 2015, and royalties paid on oil and gas are expected to reach $ 1. 6 billion in 2015. \" we are drilling smarter and we are drilling better wells, \" she said. she cautioned that the state, and the nation, should not rely solely on one energy source, however. in 2009, the world used 100 quadrillion british thermal units of energy. by 2030, that is expected to jump to 124 quadrillion, she said. she explained that a \" large chunk \" of the energy being used can be traced back to technology such as laptops, ipads, and other items. \" all these things require energy and our energy consumption is absolutely enormous, \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4101751634273825, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.959310"} {"text": ", she said. she explained that a \" large chunk \" of the energy being used can be traced back to technology such as laptops, ipads, and other items. \" all these things require energy and our energy consumption is absolutely enormous, \" she said. the state is currently the fourth largest energy consumer in the nation, she added. university professor michael costarell, who specializes in civil and mechanical engineering and is a certified energy manager, said that although alternatives exist, or are in the preliminary stages, people continue to use what is convenient. he explained that a 40 - minute drive in a car would take longer in a solar - powered vehicle that needs to be charged after every so many miles. he said that it would take 18 hours of charge time for a natural gas car to reach the same distance as a car on eight gallons of fuel. dougherty said there should be less dependence on fossil fuels. as for how much water is being used in the drilling process, dick said that six million gallons were used by oil and gas exploration company chesapeake energy on one well in carroll county. three - hundred tons of sand were also used with the water in the fracking process on that well. although water use is significant, dick doesn ' t believe water sources will run dry as a result of the drilling. dougherty said that although there are risks to drilling, he didn ' t necessarily want to see it stopped. \" our hope is we get more enforcement dollars to make sure this is done correctly, \" he said. the seminar was hosted by the ohio newspaper association and youngstown vindicator.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41790366921329825, "token_count": 322, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.959911"} {"text": "exhibition features 36 accidental mummies they were miners, fathers, soldiers, farmers and children. they are revered by their descendents and have been visited by millions. they are rare, shocking \u2026 and completely accidental. now, for the first time ever, they are coming to the united states in an all - new touring exhibition, the accidental mummies of guanajuato. the accidental mummies of guanajuato is a 10, 000 square - foot exhibition that will debut at the detroit science center in october 2009 before touring six other u. s. destinations from 2010 - 2012. featuring 36 accidental mummies on loan from the museo de las momias de guanajuato, the exhibition combines science, history and cultural anthropology to immerse the visitor in the world of a mexican city over 100 years ago where deceased residents naturally mummified in their crypts. this will be the very first time these mummies have been seen outside of mexico \u201c death has been part of the culture of mexico, and in particular of guanajuato for centuries. our mummy museum represents our way of acknowledging the every day citizens that once walked our streets, whose bodies have transcended generations because of a natural process, \u201d said dr. eduardo romero hicks, mayor of the city of guanajuato, mexico. \u201c this presentation for the first time in the u. s. provides the opportunity for these mummies to tell their story, to show the way they lived, and in some instances the way they died. in this global world that we live in, we want to make sure that their story is heard beyond our borders. \u201d \u201c these mummies have attracted millions of visitors to guanajuato and it is an honor to bring them to the united states, \u201d said kevin prihod, president & ceo of the detroit science center. \u201c this exhibition will present a unique look into mexican culture, forensic science and the very lives of these amazing mummies. it is an experience not to be missed. \u201d only 1 in 100 bodies buried in guanajuato experiences this rare and mysterious process of natural mummification. unlike bodies that were \u201c artificially \u201d mummified through an embalming and wrapping process, accidental mummies form only in certain climates and conditions. local legend held that the bodies in guanajuato became mummified because the area \u2019 s water is rich in minerals and sulfur. however researchers believe that the hot weather warmed the crypts and dried out the bodies. the guanajuato collection", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.44730397336090555, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.963630"} {"text": "legend held that the bodies in guanajuato became mummified because the area \u2019 s water is rich in minerals and sulfur. however researchers believe that the hot weather warmed the crypts and dried out the bodies. the guanajuato collection is believed to be the largest group of mummies anywhere in the western hemisphere. visitors to the exhibition will meet some of these accidental mummies, learn about life in their thriving community, discover the modern - day forensic technology that helps scientists analyze them, and explore a culture that reveres and celebrates them. each mummy will tell his or her own story, with facial reconstructions completed by a forensic artist to give insight into their lives. \u201c through full - body ct scans at oakwood imaging center ( dearborn, mich. ), along with recent x - rays and endoscopic examinations conducted by mummy experts jerry conlogue and ronald beckett of quinnipiac university, we are making new and exciting discoveries about the mummies featured in the exhibition. we look forward to sharing our findings with our visitors, \u201d said vivian henoch, medical science content developer for the exhibition. the accidental mummies of guanajuato is a highly educational exhibition, meeting multiple objectives found in the national science education standards for grades 5 - 12. a complete educational guide including classroom activities, historical fun facts, a glossary and more will be available to school groups visiting the exhibition. the accidental mummies of guanajuato is produced by eekstein \u2019 s workshop, llc, a wholly owned subsidiary of the detroit science center that creates captivating, durable, engaging exhibits and displays for museum and corporate clients, in association with accidental mummies touring company llc.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4229582877988217, "token_count": 341, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.964302"} {"text": "building database projects by using sql server management studio a database script project is an organized set of scripts, connection information, and templates that are all associated with a database or one part of a database. microsoft sql server provides the sql server management studio for administering and designing sql server databases within the context of a script project. sql server management studio includes designers, editors, guides and wizards to assist users in developing, deploying and maintaining databases. sql server management studio is a suite of administrative tools for managing the components belonging to sql server. this integrated environment allows users to perform a variety of tasks, such as backing up data, editing queries, and automating common functions within a single interface. sql server management studio includes the following tools : code editor is a rich script editor for writing and editing scripts. the code editor replaces the query analyzer included in previous releases of sql server. sql server management studio provides four versions of the code editor ; the sql query editor, mdx query editor, xml query editor, and sql server compact 3. 5 sp2 query editor. object explorer for locating, modifying, scripting or running objects belonging to instances of sql server. template explorer for locating and scripting templates. solution explorer for organizing and storing related scripts as parts of a project. properties window for displaying the current properties of selected objects. sql server management studio supports efficient work processes by providing : disconnected access. you can write and edit scripts without connecting to an instance of sql server. scripting from any dialog box. you can create a script from any dialog box so that you can read, modify, store and reuse the scripts after you create them. nonmodal dialog boxes. when you access a ui dialog box you can browse other resources in sql server management studio without closing the dialog box. solution explorer is a utility to store and reopen database solutions. solutions organize related script projects and files. script projects store sql server script files, sql templates, connection information and other miscellaneous files. when a script is saved in a script project, users are able to : maintain version control on scripts. store results options with a script. organize related scripts in a single script project. save connection information with scripts. solution explorer is a tool for developers who are creating and reusing scripts that are related to the same project. if a similar task is required later, you can use group of scripts that were stored in a project. if you have created applications by using microsoft visual studio, you will find solution explorer very", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48302976252735086, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.968151"} {"text": "' bed - of - nails ' breast implant deters cancer cells one in eight women in the united states will develop breast cancer. of those, many will undergo surgery to remove the tumor and will require some kind of breast reconstruction afterward, often involving implants. cancer is an elusive target, though, and malignant cells return for as many as one - fifth of women originally diagnosed. but a new type of implant developed by researchers at brown university may be able to deter breast cancer cell regrowth. made from a common federally approved polymer, the implant is the first to be modified at the nanoscale in a way that causes a reduction in the blood - vessel architecture that breast cancer tumors depend upon, while also attracting healthy cells into breast tissue. thomas webster and graduate student lijuan zhang conducted this study. they published their results in the journal nanotechnology. zhang and webster created an implant with a \" bed - of - nails \" surface at the nanoscale that deters cancer cells from dwelling and thriving. this is the first such implant, say the brown investigators, with modifications at the nanoscale that cause a reduction in the blood - vessel architecture on which breast cancer tumors depend. equally as important, the nanoscale features on the implant ' s surface are hospitable to healthy cells, which means that the implant would not impede healing after surgery. webster and members of his lab have been modifying various implant surfaces to promote the regeneration of bone, cartilage, skin, and other cells. in this work, he and zhang sought to reshape an implant that could be used in breast reconstruction surgery that would not only attract healthy cells but also repel any lingering breast - cancer cells. the duo created a cast on a glass plate using 23 - nanometer - diameter polystyrene beads and polylactic - co - glycolic acid ( plga ), a biodegradable polymer approved by the fda and used widely in clinical settings, such as stitches. the result is an implant whose surface was covered with adjoining, 23 - nanometer - high pimples. the pair also created plga implant surfaces with 300 - nanometer and 400 - nanometer peaks for comparison. in lab tests after one day, the 23 - nanometer - peak surfaces showed a 15 - percent decrease in the production of a protein ( vegf ) upon which endothelial breast - cancer cells depend, compared to an implant surface with no surface modification. the 23 - nanometer surface showed greater reduction", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4718227180978565, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.975672"} {"text": "##meter - peak surfaces showed a 15 - percent decrease in the production of a protein ( vegf ) upon which endothelial breast - cancer cells depend, compared to an implant surface with no surface modification. the 23 - nanometer surface showed greater reduction in vegf concentration when compared to the 300 - nanometer and 400 - nanometer - modified implants as well. while it is unclear why the 23 - nanoneter surface appears to work best at deterring breast - cancer cells, webster thinks it may have to do something with the stiffness of malignant breast cells. when they come into contact with the bumpy surface, they are unable to fully wrap themselves around the rounded contours, depriving them of the ability to ingest the life - sustaining nutrients that permeate the surface. he likened the peak - covered surface to a bed - of - nails to cancer cells. the researchers hypothesize that even smaller surface peaks would work better at repelling cancer cells. somewhat to their surprise, webster and zhang found that that the 23 - nanometer semispherical surface yielded 15 percent more healthy endothelial breast cells compared to normal surface after one day of lab tests. this work is detailed in a paper titled, \" poly - lactic - glycolic acid surface nanotopographies selectively decrease breast adenocarcinoma cell functions. \" an abstract of this paper is available at the journal ' s website.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5041817502918218, "token_count": 299, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.979261"} {"text": "published on march 5, 2013 by amy moccasin, skin shoe worn by indigenous people of north america, excepting the sandal wearers of the southwest area. there were two general types of moccasins, the hard - soled, which was used in the eastern woodlands and the southeast cultural areas, and the soft - soled, used in the plains area. the hard - soled moccasin was made by sewing, with sinew thread, a rawhide sole to a leather upper piece ; the soft - soled moccasin was one piece of soft leather with a seam at the instep and the heel. boot or legging moccasins ( sometimes reaching the hip ) were worn from alaska to arizona and new mexico, but they were generally part of the woman \u2019 s costume. the moccasins of certain tribes were distinctive, and sometimes a moccasin track could indicate the tribe of the wearer. moccasins were usually symbolically decorated with porcupine quills and, after the coming of the europeans, with glass beads. special moccasins were used for ceremonies such as the iroquois adoption service, which required that a recruit put on iroquois moccasins to indicate that he would follow iroquois ways. native art, native american jewelry, native american rings, turquoise crafts, student loans, debt financing, native american astrology, native horoscopes, student debt, indian genealogy records, family tree, native heritage, native jobs, native study, native students, native american university, grant, native ancestry, dna test", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46298580343022244, "token_count": 323, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.981890"} {"text": "on sunday morning, england joins the rest of the uk in banning smoking inside most public spaces - from bars to clubs, restaurants, shops, offices and factories. smokers will have to head outdoors for a cigarette - or stay at home anyone wanting to light up will have to stay at home, brave the elements, or travel to the last remaining bastions of smoking in the british isles - alderney, sark or the isle of man. it ' s a move that affects most britons, from the non - smokers happy to leave the pub without smelling of cigarettes, to the millions of puffers whose habits will have to change. how many people smoke? about 10 million people in the uk smoke cigarettes, according to anti - smoking charity ash. it says a further two million - the vast majority of them men - smoke cigars, pipes or both. in 1948, when surveys were first conducted, eight out of 10 british men smoked - the highest level recorded. among women the peak was almost five out of 10, in 1966. the proportion of smokers fell rapidly during the 70s and 80s and continues to decline steadily. about one in four britons over the age of 16 now smokes, with the rate slightly higher among men than women. sweden, where fewer than one in five people partakes, has the eu ' s lowest smoking rate. greece, where almost half the adult population smokes, has the highest. a person ' s age, whether they visit pubs and even their marital status is closely connected to the likelihood that they smoke. by age group, it is 20 - to 24 - year - olds who are most likely to light up, with about a third considered smokers. as people get older they become less likely to smoke, with the rate falling to 14 % for the over 60s. about four out of 10 people who visit pubs smoke, and there is a strong link between smoking and social group, according to the office for national statistics. manual workers and their families are almost twice as likely to smoke as those with a managerial or professional background ( 31 % compared with 17 % ). and people living together are twice as likely to smoke as those who are married ( 35 % compared with 18 % ). across the country, the greatest proportion of smokers is found in the north east ( 30 % ). many smokers start early in the morning. about one third of people who get through more than 20 cigarettes a day light up within five minutes of waking. among this group, eight out of 10", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40637176102387446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:18.999628"} {"text": "is found in the north east ( 30 % ). many smokers start early in the morning. about one third of people who get through more than 20 cigarettes a day light up within five minutes of waking. among this group, eight out of 10 people say they would struggle to go 24 hours without a cigarette. among all smokers, more than half would find the task a challenge. nevertheless, seven out of 10 smokers say they would like to quit. the proportion wanting to stop is highest among those who smoke 10 to 19 cigarettes a day. it is suggested many heavy smokers believe stopping would be too difficult. the average male smoker is thought to get through 14 cigarettes a day, while women smoke 13. smoking and health hundreds of thousands of deaths could be prevented by england ' s smoking ban, medical expert sir richard peto said shortly before its introduction. anti - smoking campaigns repeatedly highlight the health risks \" half of all smokers are going to be killed by tobacco. if a million people stop smoking who wouldn ' t otherwise have done so then maybe you ' ll prevent half a million deaths. \" according to the charity cancer research, 50, 000 cancer deaths and a further 70, 000 deaths from heart disease and strokes are caused by smoking each year. it estimates that six million people have been killed in the past 50 years. supporters of a ban argue that it will protect many non - smokers from the effects of passive smoking. but it has also been suggested that many children will be more likely to be exposed to smoke, as their parents will light up at home instead. up in smoke smoking is good news for the treasury, with about \u00a34. 10 of the \u00a35. 50 cost of a packet of cigarettes taken in taxes. uk ' s best - selling cigarettes 1 ) lambert & butler king size - 13. 5 % ( imperial ) 2 ) benson & hedges gold - 7. 3 % ( gallaher ) 3 ) mayfair king size - 7. 1 % ( gallaher ) 4 ) richmond superkings - 6. 6 % ( imperial ) 5 ) richmond king size - 4. 9 % ( imperial ) 6 ) marlboro gold king size - 4. 4 % ( philip morris ) 7 ) regal king size - 3. 5 % ( imperial ) 8 ) royals king size red - 3. 4 % ( bat ) 9 ) superkings - 3. 3 % ( imperial ) 10 ) silk cut purple - 3. 2 % ( gallaher ) figures for 2004. source : ash excluding", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4227029321810787, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.003638"} {"text": "august 03, 2011 using its rapid deforestation detection system inpe found 312. 7 square kilometers were cleared in june. nearly 40 percent of deforestation occurred in the state of para. the states of mato grosso ( 26 percent ), rondonia ( 21 percent ), and amazonas ( 13 percent ) also saw significant forest loss. entering the peak deforestation months \u2014 july through september / october \u2014 deforestation in the brazilian amazon in 2011 is so far outpacing last year ' s rate, which was the lowest since annual record - keeping began in the late 1980s. most observers expected to see an increase in deforestation this year due to higher commodity prices and anticipation of changes to brazil ' s forest code, which requires private landowners to maintain forest cover on the majority of their holdings. another contributing factor is continuing dry conditions across much of the amazon basin, which increase the risk of fires spreading from agricultural areas into forest zones. brazilian government : amazon deforestation rising ( 06 / 30 / 2011 ) satellite data released today by the brazilian government confirmed a rise in amazon deforestation over this time last year. deforestation in brazil ' s amazon continues to rise ; clearing highest near belo monte dam site ( 06 / 17 / 2011 ) deforestation in the brazilian amazon continued to rise as brazil ' s congress weighed a bill that would weaken the country ' s forest code, according to new analysis by imazon. brazil confirms big jump in amazon deforestation ( 05 / 18 / 2011 ) new data from the brazilian government seems to confirm environmentalists ' fears that farmers and ranchers are clearing rainforest in anticipation of a weakening of the country ' s rules governing forest protection. wednesday, brazil ' s national space research agency ( inpe ) announced a sharp rise in deforestation in march and april relative to the same period last year. inpe ' s rapid deforestation detection system ( deter ) recorded 593 square kilometers of forest clearing during the past two months, a 473 percent increase over the 103. 5 sq km chopped down from march - april 2010. huge surge in amazon deforestation ( 05 / 17 / 2011 ) analysis by imazon, a research institute, has confirmed a huge surge in deforestation in a critical part of the brazilian amazon. brazil ' s forest code debate may determine fate of the amazon rainforest ( 05 / 05 / 2011 ) brazil ' s forest code may be about to get an overhaul. the federal code, which presently requires landowners in the amazon to keep 80 percent of their land forest ( 20 - 35 %", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41609021272400315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.007198"} {"text": "with the tragic events that have unfolded in japan following the catastrophic earthquake off the country ' s coast, some have raised the idea of using robotics to aid human efforts within disaster zones. according to antonio espingardeiro, a robotics expert at the ieee, more could have and should be done to use the possibilities offered by robots to help limit the effects of the japanese disaster and the effects of the situation at the fukushima daiichi nuclear plant. \u201c in this situation, if there was better preparation with the appropriate technology then perhaps circumstances could already be improved, \u201d he told techeye. espingardeiro believes that risks could be lowered through the increased use of robots such as unmanned aerial vehicles ( uavs ) which can, for example, be equipped with radiation sensors for the purposes of monitoring and analysing air quality. however it is a predominantly human crew that is working in the radioactive atmosphere to deal with the disaster, although preparations are being made to introduce more robotic devices for tasks such as inspecting underwater infrastructure. \u201c more needs to be done in the future to ensure that the relevant robotic technologies are available in disaster zones such as that of japan, \u201d said espingardeiro. \u201c japan has had to call for international help in order to provide appropriate robotics that can be used in the situation, with the us providing the main supply of hardware with its thermal imaging uavs and other robotic technology. \u201d according to espingardeiro, it is up to governments across the world to put more emphasis on the use of robotics in such situations to mitigate risks in the future. \u201c there is certainly a culture of change within views towards the use of robotics, but there needs to be more done to ensure that the relevant quality and quantity of hardware is available when it is needed. \u201c many governments are just starting to realise the potential of robotics in such situations. \u201d espingardeiro believes that the problem lies in the lack of suitable equipment available, alongside a lack of investment in the relevant training of personnel in the operation of robots on a large scale. one of the stumbling blocks lies in the fact that the majority of cutting edge robotics technologies are the sole preserve of militaries, which account for large numbers of the hardware. \u201c while there are maybe 10 - 15 units in use in the japanese disaster, there were for example 6, 000 robots used in the iraq war, \u201d he said. espingardeiro thinks it ' s necessary that production is moved away from the military sphere so that commercialisation will allow current technologies to become more cost effective and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4592163888015132, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.011835"} {"text": "there were for example 6, 000 robots used in the iraq war, \u201d he said. espingardeiro thinks it ' s necessary that production is moved away from the military sphere so that commercialisation will allow current technologies to become more cost effective and not just for the defence budget - backed militaries. \u201c it is natural that technologies are more expensive initially, for example a number of years ago gps was only used by the military, but i expect that robotics technology will also become more easily accessible. \u201c this will mean that rather than having a small number of units available in a particular situation which may cost over a million dollars, you might have one hundred. \u201c therefore the inherent dangers that can be found in an environment such as in japan, which could easily damage the cameras or sensors of a robot, would not cause any hesitation in use of a robot for a specific task. \" but it is very difficult to get your hands on a robot currently, even if you have the money. \" of course as espingardeiro notes, the reduction in costing is something that will gradually come down due to market prices for relevant chips, sensors and motors, but with more investment in direct development of robotics technologies he believes that the timescale for the next generation of robots could be reduced from the expected ten to fifteen years. in the longer term this will enable the use of significantly more sophisticated technology which would mean improved effectiveness in high risk situations. \u201c there are already examples of robots that have greatly increased dexterity compared to the gripper mechanisms of the current robots which are used in search and rescue missions, \u201d he says. one example espingardeiro points to is nasa \u2019 s \u2018 robonaut \u2019 which utilises highly sophisticated dexterous touch that would enable precise control far away from dangerous areas, with particular use in the japanese case. again, while this remote technology is available to some degree, more research needs to be done to solve bug problems and to make it more attainable. as another longer term contingency plan, espingardeiro believes that future nuclear reactors should place much more emphasis in their design on facilitating the use of robots. the ideas can ' t be implemented in immediate or even short term time scales, but espingardeiro says that as governments begin to fully realise the potential for robotics in disaster situations more can be done to use the technology to save lives - by sending in the robots straight away.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46905155904612644, "token_count": 490, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.012850"} {"text": "a great american historical moment is auctioned bidder pays $ 2. 1 million for a pivotal u. s. document by jay zimmer there were 48 original copies of the great emancipation proclamation, all signed by president abraham lincoln in the closing months of 1862. the civil war was raging, and at that point in the conflict, things were not going well for the union forces. lincoln \u2019 s proclamation stated that as of the first day of 1863, all slaves in states then in rebellion were free, and that all offices of the united states including the federal government and the military were mandated to protect that freedom. it was pivotal in american history. politically, lincoln had no authority in the south ; those states in rebellion had declared their own government, much as the original 13 colonies had done \u201c fourscore and seven years \u201d before. lincoln \u2019 s action was meant to sting and unsettle the confederate government, concentrate their forces on finding and returning slaves who would run away upon hearing of the measure, and become an irritant to the south \u2019 s ability to wage war. eventually it would lead to army companies composed of african american troops who would fight their former masters in the blue uniform of the united states. a hundred years later \u2013 almost exactly \u2013 another president, lyndon johnson, invoked the power of his predecessor \u2019 s proclamation saying that equality between the races was still an unfulfilled promise, as he sent his proposed the voting rights act to congress. the emancipation proclamation was lincoln \u2019 s defining moment, much as the firing of the air traffic controllers was for reagan, the cuban missile crisis for kennedy, the china trip for nixon, the camp david accord for carter. the forty - eight original copies were given by lincoln to the sanitary commission, which later morphed into the red cross. the commission sold the documents privately and used the money to care for union soldiers during the war. about half of those original copies survive, including one that was owned by the late senator robert kennedy, which was auctioned by his family several years ago. this latest copy was purchased for $ 2. 1 million dollars by david rubenstein, a managing director of the investment firm, the carlyle group. the seller \u2019 s name was not disclosed. the price paid was the second highest ( after the $ 3. 8 million paid for kennedy \u2019 s copy ) ever paid for a copy of this document.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.38997448934382584, "token_count": 482, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.015452"} {"text": "transforming scar tissue into beating heart muscle may help repair cardiac damage washington, apr 19 ( ani ) : researchers including one of indian origin have declared a research breakthrough in mice that shows promise to restore hearts damaged by heart attacks - by converting scar - forming cardiac cells into beating heart muscle. gladstone institutes scientists previously transformed such cells into cardiac muscle - like cells in petri dishes. but gladstone postdoctoral scholar li qian, phd, along with researchers in the laboratory of deepak srivastava, md, has now accomplished this transformation in living animals - and with even greater success. the results may have broad human - health implications. \" the damage from a heart attack is typically permanent because heart - muscle cells - deprived of oxygen during the attack - die and scar tissue forms, \" said dr. srivastava, who directs cardiovascular and stem cell research at gladstone, an independent and nonprofit biomedical - research institution. \" but our experiments in mice are a proof of concept that we can reprogram non - beating cells directly into fully functional, beating heart cells - offering an innovative and less invasive way to restore heart function after a heart attack. \" in laboratory experiments with mice that had experienced a heart attack, drs. qian and srivastava delivered three genes that normally guide embryonic heart development - together known as gmt - directly into the damaged region. within a month, non - beating cells that normally form scar tissue transformed into beating heart - muscle cells. within three months, the hearts were beating even stronger and pumping more blood. \" these findings could have a significant impact on heart - failure patients - whose damaged hearts make it difficult for them to engage in normal activities like walking up a flight of stairs, \" said dr. qian, who is also a california institute for regenerative medicine postdoctoral scholar and a roddenberry fellow. \" this research may result in a much - needed alternative to heart transplants - for which donors are extremely limited. and because we are reprogramming cells directly in the heart, we eliminate the need to surgically implant cells that were created in a petri dish. \" \" our next goal is to replicate these experiments and test their safety in larger mammals, such as pigs, before considering clinical trials in humans, \" said dr. srivastava, who is also a professor at the university of california, san francisco ( ucsf ), with which gladstone is affiliated. \" we hope that our research will lay the foundation for initiating cardiac repair soon after a heart attack - perhaps even", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48339088552464055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.019576"} {"text": "excessive use may make bird flu drug useless washington, jan 8 ( ians ) overuse of cheap and popular drugs like tamiflu may make the avian flu virus resistant to it. scientists in the us have warned against their use after their failure to stop the flu virus in asia. the scientists say that excessive antiviral drug can accelerate drug resistance in viruses, and that resistance can spread rapidly. the results should serve as a warning to those who consider tamiflu the great antiviral medication, researchers warned. researchers analysed almost 700 genome sequences of avian influenza strains to document where and when the virus developed resistance to a class of antiviral drugs called adamantanes and how far the resistance spread. in order to prepare for a long - feared pandemic flu outbreak, especially in the event that avian flu mutates enough to infect and be easily transmitted among humans, tamiflu has become a standard to avoid it. ' we can ' t necessarily say what we ' ve seen in adamantanes is predictive of what will happen with tamiflu. but in the larger dynamic, perhaps it serves as a cautionary tale, ' said daniel janies, study co - author and an associate professor of biomedical informatics at ohio state university. seasonal influenza in asia had developed resistance against the antiviral drug adamantanes and this was discovered in 2002 but by 2006 the drug was declared worthless as a treatment for the flu because more than 90 percent of the strains had developed a resistance to the drugs, said an ohio release. janies analysed hundreds of avian flu genomes isolated from avian, feline and human hosts between 1996 and 2007 and found that every third of the samples carried mutations enabling the virus strains to resist the effects of adamantane drugs. read more : charkhari state | sarila state | badrinath seasonal | bampa seasonal | malari seasonal | kumaon university nainital | mahdaiya state | gorakhpur university | agra university | ayurvedic university | bundelkhand university so | mds university ajmer dtso | bhopal university | university | jiwaji university | state bank of hyderabad | state bank of india | state bank of mysore colony | state bank colony | state farm colony money spinning ipl should be banned - paswan may 18, 2013 at 9 : 44 pm cbi superintendent sent to three day police remand may 18, 2013 at 9 : 42 pm siddaramaiah", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.41876612136788594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.021989"} {"text": "did you miss our g + hangout with a national geographic inventor? watch our video, then check out th culhane \u2019 s blog for detailed instructions on how to make your own motor and generator! what could you make with a scouring pad, a paper towel, drain cleaner, and an aluminum can tab? how about enough electricity to power a flashlight? join us for our next google + hangout with ng explorer and google science fair judge th culhane at his laboratory in germany for a do - it - yourself build - along event! in support of girlstart \u2019 s destember focus on science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, we \u2019 re building an electric motor, a lemon battery, and a soda can tab that produces electricity with materials mostly found at home. the best part? you can build along with th! here is the list of what you will need to get beforehand : safety first \u2026 gloves and goggles! 1. super simple electric motor c cell battery ( any battery will do, aa, or aaa or d, but c is easy to hold ) a dry wall screw a round neodymium magnet ( get the big one, splurge, they only cost 3 bucks but they spin better ) a piece of wire 2. lemon battery a penny ( for copper ) a nail ( for zinc ) various low voltage leds 3. joule thief a blue or white led ( other colors are fine, too ) 2n3904 transistor or equivalent 1k resistor ( brown - black - red ) thin wire, two colors ( magnet wire works,. 6mm ) alligator clips and / or a breadboard 4. electricity from a soda can tab aluminum can tab ( or aluminum foil ) stainless steel scouring pad a paper towel or a thin cleaning sponge to separate the stainless steel and the aluminum some drain cleaner", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48331977476783033, "token_count": 377, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.023908"} {"text": "creature feature : the bald eagle! if you ' ve ever seen a bald eagle, you ' ll have probably noticed something a little bit strange - they aren ' t bald! this is because the name actually comes from an old english word, \" balde \", meaning white. bald eagles are found in north america, and have been the national symbol of the united states since 1782. but did you know that these beautiful birds were once on the brink of extinction because of hunting and pollution? luckily, laws created almost 50 years ago have helped protect them, and they ' ve made a comeback. yeah! one of the most awesome sights in nature is a bald eagle swooping down from the sky to grab a fish. they can soar over a 3, 048m high ( that ' s over nine times the height of the eiffel tower! ), and their great eyesight lets them see fish up to 1. 6km away. when they attack, they drop down, glide just above the water, snag a fish with their feet, and fly off to eat it. babies, called eaglets, are born light grey then turn brown as they get older. when they are four to five years old, they develop their normal white heads and tails. eagle nests are called aeries. bald eagles build their nests at the very top of tall trees so the eggs will be safe. some parents come back year after year to the same nest, adding more sticks, twigs and grass each time. - these carnivorous birds can only lift about half their body weight. if they catch a fish that weighs more than that, they might hang onto it with their claws and \" swim \" to shore using their huge wings. - the average female bald eagle has a wingspan of 1. 8m to 2. 4m, and weighs 4kg. - in the wild, bald eagles can live up to 35 years old. - female bald eagles are larger than males. their bodies can grow up to 1m long, and their wingspan can be up to 2. 4m across ( that ' s about the distance from the floor to the ceiling! ). adapted from text by scot hoffman. images : getty images uk.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4416254377294887, "token_count": 452, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.026067"} {"text": "subsequent smaller folds would include the assumptions associated with the theory. the finished object might resemble a silhouette of two people connected to one another, alluding to the ongoing nurse and client interaction required for deliberative care to effectively take place. dynamic nurse - patient relationship know the theorist distinguish the theory \u201c nurse, can you give me my morphine, \u201d cried out mrs. so. \u201c can you tell how painful it is using the 0 \u2010 10 pain scale, where 0 being not painful and 10 being severely painful? \u201d replied the nurse. \u201c ummm... i think it \u2019 s about 7. can i have my morphine now? \u201d \u201c mrs. so, i think something is bothering you besides your pain. am i correct? \u201d mrs. so cried and said, \u201c i can \u2019 t help it. i \u2019 m so worried about my 3 boys. i \u2019 m not sure how they are or who \u2019 s been taking care of them. they \u2019 re still so young to be left alone. my husband is in yemen right now and he won \u2019 t be back until next month. \u201d \u201c why don \u2019 t we make a phone call to your house so you could check out on your boys? \u201d mrs. so phoned his sons. \u201c thank you nurse. i don \u2019 t think i still need that morphine. my boys are fine. our neighbour, mrs. yee, she \u2019 s watching over my boys right now. \u201d the focus of orlando \u2019 s paradigm hubs the context of a dynamic nurse - patient phenomenon constructively realized through highlighting the key concepts such as : patient behavior, nurse reaction, nurse action. 1. the nursing process is set in motion by the patient behavior. all patient behavior, verbal ( a patient \u2019 s use of language ) or non - verbal ( includes physiological symptoms, motor activity, and nonverbal communication ), no matter how insignificant, must be considered an expression of a need for help and needs to be validated. if a patient \u2019 s behavior does not effectively assessed by the nurse then a major problem in giving care would rise leading to a nurse - patient relationship failure. overtime. the more it is difficult to establish rapport to the patient once behavior is not determined. communicating effectively is vital to achieve patient \u2019 s cooperation in achieving health. remember : when a patient has a need for help that cannot be resolved without the help of another, helplessness results 2. the patient behavior stimulates a nurse reaction. in this part, the beginning of the nurse -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.588285095899383, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.036520"} {"text": "s cooperation in achieving health. remember : when a patient has a need for help that cannot be resolved without the help of another, helplessness results 2. the patient behavior stimulates a nurse reaction. in this part, the beginning of the nurse - patient relationship takes place. it is important to correctly evaluate the behavior of the patient using the nurse reactions steps to achieve positive feedback response from the patient. the steps are as follows : the nurse perceives behavior through any of the senses - > the perception leads to automatic thought - > the thought produces an automatic feeling - > the nurse shares reactions with the patient to ascertain whether perceptions are accurate or inaccurate - > the nurse consciously deliberates about personal reactions and patient input in order to produce professional deliberative actions based on mindful assessment rather than automatic reactions. remember : exploration with the patient helps validate the patient \u2019 s behavior. 3. critically considering one or two ways in implementing nurse action. when providing care, nursing action can be done either automatic or deliberative. automatic reactions stem from nursing behaviors that are performed to satisfy a directive other than the patient \u2019 s need for help. for example, the nurse who gives a sleeping pill to a patient every evening because it is ordered by the physician, without first discussing the need for the medication with the patient, is engaging in automatic, non - deliberative behavior. this is because the reason for giving the pill has more to do with following medical orders ( automatically ) than with the patient \u2019 s immediate expressed need for help. deliberative reaction is a \u201c disciplined professional response \u201d it can be argued that all nursing actions are meant to help the client and should be considered deliberative. however, correct identification of actions from the nurse \u2019 s assessment should be determined to achieve reciprocal help between nurse and patient \u2019 s health. the following criterias should be considered. - deliberative actions result from the correct identification of patient needs by validation of the nurses \u2019 s reaction to patient behavior. - the nurse explores the meaning of the action with the patient and its relevance to meeting his need. - the nurse validates the action \u2019 s effectiveness immediately after compelling it. - the nurse is free of stimuli unrelated to the patient \u2019 s need ( when action is taken ). remember : for an action to have been truly deliberative, it must undergo reflective evaluation to determine if the action helped the client by addressing the need as determined by the nurse and the client in the immediate situation. learn more about the theorymetaparadigm concepts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5156956662435246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.037532"} {"text": "action to have been truly deliberative, it must undergo reflective evaluation to determine if the action helped the client by addressing the need as determined by the nurse and the client in the immediate situation. learn more about the theorymetaparadigm concepts human / person an individual in need. unique individual behaving verbally or nonverbally. assumption is that individuals are at times able to meet their own needs and at other times unable to do so. health assumption is that being without emotional or physical discomfort and having a sense of well - being contribute to a healthy state. she further assumed that freedom from mental or physical discomfort and feelings of adequacy and well being contribute to health. she also noted that repeated experiences of having been helped undoubtedly culminate over periods of time in greater degrees of improvement environment orlando assumes it as a nursing situation that occurs when there is a nurse - patient contact and that both nurse and patient perceive, think, feel and act in the immediate situation. any aspect of the environment, even though its designed for therapeutic and helpful purposes, can cause the patient to become distressed. she stressed out that when a nurse observes a patient behavior, it should be perceived as a signal of distress. nursing a distinct profession \" providing direct assistance to individuals in whatever setting they are found for he purpose of avoiding, relieving, diminishing, or curing the individual ' s sense of helplessness \" ( orlando, 1972, p. 22 ). professional nursing is conceptualized as finding out and meeting the client \u2019 s immediate need for help. cite the applications of the theory in nursing research in nursing education - in a veterans administration ( va ) ambulatory psychiatric practice in providence, rishea, mcbride, gavin, and bauer ( 1987 ) used \u2019 s theoretical model with patients having a bipolar disorder. their research results indicate that there were : higher patient retention, reduction of emergency services, decreased hospital stay, and increased satisfaction. they recommended its use throughout the va system. currently orlando \u2019 s model is being used in a multi - million dollar research study of patients with a bipolar disorder at 12 sites in the va system ( mcbride, telephone interview, july, 2000 ). mcbride and colleagues continue its use in practice and research at the orlando veteran administration hospitalin. providence, ri - in a pilot study, potter and bockenhauer ( 2000 ) found positive results after implementing \u2019 s theory. these included : positive, patient - centered outcomes, a model for staff to use to approach patients, and a decrease", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5597002015296663, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.038528"} {"text": "providence, ri - in a pilot study, potter and bockenhauer ( 2000 ) found positive results after implementing \u2019 s theory. these included : positive, patient - centered outcomes, a model for staff to use to approach patients, and a decrease in patient \u2019 s immediate distress. the study provides variable measurements that might be used in other research studies. orlando in nursing practice ' s theory has a continuing influence on nursing education. through e - mail communication it was found that the orlando midwestern state universi tyin wichita falls, texas, is using ' s theory for teaching entering nursing students. according to greene ( e - mail communication, june, 2000 ) she became aware, when taking a doctoral course about nursing theories, that it was orlando theory used by its school. orlando - through networking the author found that for over 10 years south dakota state university in brookings, sd has been using haggerty \u2019 s ( 1985 ) description of the communication based on orlando \u2019 s theory for entering nursing students as well as re - enforcing it in their junior year ( e - mail communication, ( j. fjelland, june, 2000 ). joyce fjelland, ms, rn. after working with schmieding at boston city hospital, lois haggerty used orlando \u2019 s theory in her teaching of students and in conducting a research study of students \u2019 responses to distressed patients at boston collegein. chestnut hill, massachusetts from an icu nurse : \u201c patients have an initial ability to communicate their need for help \u201d. consider a case of an immediate post coronary artery bypass graft ( cabg ) patient. once relieved from the effects of anesthetic sedation, though intubated, you would realize his excruciating retort from the sternotomy incisional pain through implicit cues. morphine sulfate 1 to 2 mg to be given via slow iv push every 1 to 2 hours or ketorolac 15 mg iv every 6 hours is the typical pro re nata ( prn ) order of a cardiac intensivist to relieve the client from pain. automatic response of a nurse is to calm the client and encourage relaxation through deep breathing while splinting the chest with a pillow. being deliberate in your actions include knowing the pharmacokinetics of an ordered drug in relation to the client \u2019 s physiologic standing. if the creatinine level were elevated, would you administer ketorolac? if the client is on respiratory precaution, would you administer mor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5194249680738305, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.039495"} {"text": "of an ordered drug in relation to the client \u2019 s physiologic standing. if the creatinine level were elevated, would you administer ketorolac? if the client is on respiratory precaution, would you administer morphine? you would ask yourself, what other alternatives do i have to ease my client from pain? \u201c the client \u2019 s behavior is meaningful \u201d. if such \u201c need \u201d would be fittingly dealt with, the intervention is thriving. \u201c when patient \u2019 s needs are not met, they become distressed. \u201d analyze the theory a relative of a patient at the emergency room went to the nurse \u2019 s station and began complaining in a loud shouting voice that their patient being a charity case is not being given the same quality of care as that of the other patients who are under private consultants. he claimed that their patient who was hyperventilating and was complanining of difficulty of breathing due to neurocirculatory astheinia was just forced to sit in the cubicle, while the rich - looking patient was a gomey. how will you handle this kind of situation and avoid conflict? how can \u2019 s dynamic nurse - patient interaction theory be utilized in this type of situation? orlando this group blog is submitted to ms. sheila bonito, fic, in partial fulfillment of the requirements in n207. manager : aux lizares editor : maria mae juanich katrina anne limos ginno paulo maglaya diana jasmin lee acknowledgmentwe would like to acknowledge the following people : ma \u2019 am shiela bonito, for coming up with this group work which really challenged not only our knowledge, understanding and creativity but also our ability to stay connected despite the distance, ms. aux lizares, for diligently sorting out the articles, ms. maria mae juanich, for organizing the articles into a working blog, and for ms. katrina anne limos, mr. gino paulo maglaya, and ms. diana jasmin lee, for tirelessly contributing their thoughts, ideas, and resources. without all of you, this blog would have never been possible. thank you very much!!! let us learn together. have we done justice to ida j. orlando in presenting her theory this way? we would like to invite you to share with us your thoughts, feelings, comments or reactions on our blog entitled, \u201c understanding ida jean orlando - pelletier \u2019 sdynamic nurse - patient relationship. \u201d thank you for your participation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5159616244656517, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.040550"} {"text": "this way? we would like to invite you to share with us your thoughts, feelings, comments or reactions on our blog entitled, \u201c understanding ida jean orlando - pelletier \u2019 sdynamic nurse - patient relationship. \u201d thank you for your participation! regards, i. j. ( 1972 ). the discipline and teaching of nursing process : an evaluative study. : g. p. putnam. new york george, j. b. ( 2002 ). nursing process discipline : ida jean orlando. in george, j. b. ( ed. ). nursing theories : the base for professional nursing practice ( 5th ed. ). : prentice hall, pp. 189 - 208. upper saddle river, new jersey ( 2002 ). ida jean orlando ( pelletier ) : nursing process theory. in tomey, a. m., & alligood, m. r.. nurse theorists and their work ( 5th ed. ). st. louis : mosby, pp. 399 - 417. schmieding, n. j. orlando, i. j. ( 1961 ). the dynamic nurse - patient relationship, function, process and principles. new york : g. p. putnam. ] haggerty, l. a. ( 1985 ). a theoretical model for developing students \u2019 communication skills. journal of nursing education, 24 ( 7 ), 296 - 298. haggerty, l. a. ( 1987 ). an analysis of senior nursing students \u2019 immediate responses to distressed patients.. journal of advanced nursing, 12, 451 - 461. nancy m. shea, linda mcbride, christopher gavin, and mark bauer bauer, m. s. ( 2001 ). the collaborative practice model for bipolar disorder - design and implementation in a multisite randomized controlled trial. bipolar disorders 3 ( 5 ), 233 - 244. bauer, m. s., & mcbride, l. ( 2002 ). structured group psychotherapy for bipolar disorder ( 2nd ed ). new york : springer publishing co. shea, n. m., mcbride, l. gavin, c., & bauer, m. ( 1997 ). the effects of ambulatory collaboration practice model on process and outcome of care for bipolar disorder. journal of the american psychiatric nurses association 3 ( 2 ), 49 - 57. mertie. l. potter, nd, arnp, cs and barbara jo bockenhauer, ms, rnc potter, m. l. & bockenhauer, b.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5881398981040724, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.041465"} {"text": "is concept attainment? attainment is an indirect instructional strategy that uses a structured inquiry process. it is based on the work of jerome bruner. in concept attainment, students figure out the attributes of a group or category that has already been formed by the teacher. to do so, students compare and contrast examples that contain the attributes of the concept with examples that do not contain those attributes. they then separate them into two groups. concept attainment, then, is the search for and identification of attributes that can be used to distinguish examples of a given group or category from non - examples. is its purpose? attainment is designed to clarify ideas and to introduce aspects of content. it engages students into formulating a concept through the use of illustrations, word cards or specimens called examples. students who catch onto the idea before others are able to resolve the concept and then are invited to suggest their own examples, while other students are still trying to form the concept. for this reason, concept attainment is well suited to classroom use because all thinking abilities can be challenged throughout the activity. with experience, children become skilled at identifying relationships in the word cards or specimens. with carefully chosen examples, it is possible to use concept attainment to teach almost any concept in all subjects. make connections between what students know and what they will how to examine a concept from a number of perspectives how to sort out relevant information their knowledge of a concept by classifying more than one example of that concept go beyond merely associating a key term with a definition concept is learned more thoroughly and retention is improved do i do it? of concept attainment : and define a concept positive and negative examples the process to the students the examples and list the attributes a concept definition the process with the class the teacher chooses a concept to developed. ( i. e. math facts that by making list of both positive \" yes \" and negative \" no \" examples : the examples are put onto sheets of paper or examples : ( positive examples contain attributes of the concept to be taught ) i. e. 5 + 5, 11 - 1, 10x1, 3 + 4 + 4, 12 - 2, 15 - 5, ( 4x2 ) + 2, examples : ( for examples choose facts that do not have 10 as the answer ) i. e. 6 + 6, 3 + 3, 12 - 4, 3x3, 4x4, 16 - 5, 6x2, 3 + 4 + 6, 2 + ( 2x3 ), one area", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5897515324121249, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.046227"} {"text": "answer ) i. e. 6 + 6, 3 + 3, 12 - 4, 3x3, 4x4, 16 - 5, 6x2, 3 + 4 + 6, 2 + ( 2x3 ), one area of the chalkboard for the positive examples and one area for negative examples. a chart could be set up at the front of the room with two columns - one marked yes and the other marked the first card by saying, \" this is a yes. \" place it under the appropriate column. i. e. 5 + 5 is a yes the next card and say, \" this is a no. \" place it under the no column. i. e. 6 + 6 is a no this process until there are three examples under each column. the class to look at the three examples under the yes column and discuss how they are alike. ( i. e. 5 + 5, 11 - 1, 2x5 ) ask \" what do they have in common? \" the next tree examples under each column, ask the students to decide if the examples go under yes or no. this point, there are 6 examples under each column. several students will have identified the concept but it is important that they not tell it out loud to the class. they can however show that they have caught on by giving an example of their own for each column. at this point, the examples are student - generated. ask the class if anyone else has the concept in mind. students who have not yet defined the concept are still busy trying to see the similarities of the yes examples. place at least three more examples under each column that are student - generated. the process with the class. once most students have caught on, they can define the concept. once they have pointed out that everything under the yes column has an answer of 10, then print a new heading at the top of the column ( 10 facts ). the print a new heading for the no column ( not 10 facts ). can i adapt it? activity can be done on the chalkboard, chart paper or overhead projector to a large or small group. it also works well as one - on - one work. rather than starting with the teacher ' s concept, use a student ' s concept. concept attainment can be used to introduce or conclude a unit of study. on the concept attainment model all of the positive examples to the students at once and have them determine the essential attributes. all of the positive and negative examples to the students without", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5533370332112404, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.047266"} {"text": "- linking behaviour and physiology of female bonobos ( pan paniscus ) ( 2005 ) - the present study investigates sexual behaviour and the importance of dominance in female bonobos. detailed behavioural studies were carried out on four mixed - sex captive bonobo groups ; morphological data and faecal samples were collected to allow non - invasive assessment of physiological parameters. first, i addressed the background for the variability in patterns of menstrual and swelling cycles in bonobos. the duration of menstrual intervals was influenced by reproductive history. menstrual cycles and phases of maximum tumescence of the sexual swelling lasted longer in lactating females. parity did not influence cycle patterns. further, the variability of the duration of intermenstrual intervals was found to be mainly caused by variability in follicular phase length. the luteal phase, contrastingly, was much less variable and did not influence the length of intermenstrual intervals. this raises the question whether sexual swellings serve as a reliable indicator of ovulation in bonobos. hormone analyses showed that the day of ovulation could not be predicted from the onset of maximum tumescence. also detumescence of the swelling was no clear sign that ovulation had occurred. nonetheless, sexual interactions were found to vary according to the degree of tumescence, being most frequent at maximum tumescence. the frequency of sexual interactions did not change in the peri - ovulatory phase and no difference between was seen between follicular and luteal phase. this indicates that sexual swellings are not a reliable signal of ovulation. rather, they could be a graded signal that advertises the probability of ovulation which allows females to follow a mixed strategy of confusing and biasing paternity. next, the context and function of same - sex sexual interactions among female bonobos were investigated. genital rubbing took place more often between non - related than between related females. females were able to get hold of and defend monopolisable food items without the help of other females in feeding experiments. no relationship between genital rubbing and food sharing was found and no female - female coalitions were formed during these experiments. interventions in conflicts outside the feeding experiments were observed mainly in heterosexual conflicts but females supported each other irrespective of preferences for genital rubbing. the frequency of genital rubbing did not vary in dependence of the degree of genital swelling and the solicitation of genital rubbing was not asym", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4861065571240037, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.054154"} {"text": "in heterosexual conflicts but females supported each other irrespective of preferences for genital rubbing. the frequency of genital rubbing did not vary in dependence of the degree of genital swelling and the solicitation of genital rubbing was not asymmetric in dependence of the relative degree of swelling of the two partners. the degree of tumescence did not influence the frequency of received or overall aggression for a female. although most female dyads were involved in same - sex conflicts, genital rubbing was observed in less than half of the dyads after the conflict. no increase of gg rubbing occurred 15 minutes after a conflict compared to 15 minutes before. high - ranking females took the male position during genital rubbing significantly more often than low ranking ones. the direction of initiation of genital rubbing was not influenced by social status. the data do no support the hypothesis that genial rubbing serves to form or maintain alliances, to reduce competition among females or to reconcile former opponents. however, genital rubbing may be a display of social status or may serve to reduce tension. finally, the correlation of physiological parameters and social status in female bonobos was studied. i investigated whether females differ in their excretion pattern of the glucocorticoid 11 - ketoetiocholanolone ( doa ) in dependence of their social status. based on displacements, females were categorised to either high or low social status. during the feeding experiments carried out on one group, high social status transferred in access to monopolisable food, the low ranking female was not successful in monopolising the food item. however, female social status was not reflected in the faecal excretion pattern of glucocorticoid metabolites in any of the three groups analysed. in two groups the high - ranking individuals had higher levels of idoa than low - ranking individuals, in the other group it was vice versa. the fourth group did not allow this investigation as the high ranking individual was pregnant and pregnancy was found to result in elevated glucocorticoid levels. the results indicate that also in bonobo females, high social status translates into better access to monopolizable resources. status dependent differences in cortisol excretion may not exist in bonobos or may become obvious only during periods of social instability. alternatively, social status may not influence adrenocortical function but other physiological parameters of the so - called stress axes. taken together, this study provides an interdisciplinary view on bono", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.508424512975471, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.055425"} {"text": "early foragers and farmers made wine from wild grapes or other fruits. according to archaeological evidence, by 6000 bc grape wine was being made in the caucasus, and by 3200 bc domesticated grapes had become abundant in the entire near east. in mesopotamia, wine was imported from the cooler northern regions, and so came to be known as \u2018 liquor of the mountains \u2019. in egypt as in mesopotamia, wine was for nobles and priests, and mostly reserved for religious or medicinal purposes. the egyptians fermented grape juice in amphorae which they covered with cloth or leather lids and then sealed up with mud from the nile. by biblical times, wine had acquired some less dignified purposes. according to the old testament, noah planted a vineyard, and \u2018 drank of the wine, and was drunken ; and he was uncovered within his tent \u2019 ( genesis 9 : 21 ). skip to the new testament and here is jesus employed as a wine consultant : \u2018 and no man putteth new wine into old wineskins : else the wine bursts the skins, and the wine is lost as well as the skins : but new wine must be put into new skins \u2019 ( mark 2 : 22 ). many of the grape varieties that are cultivated in modern greece are similar or identical to those cultivated there in ancient times. wine played a central role in ancient greek culture, and the vine \u2014 which, as in the near east, had been domesticated by the early bronze age \u2014 was widely cultivated. the minoans, who flourished on the island of crete from c. 2700 to c. 1450 bc, imported and exported different wines, which they used not only for recreational but also for religious and ritual purposes. wine played a similarly important role for the later myceneans, who flourished on mainland greece from c. 1600 to 1100 bc. in fact, wine was so important to the greeks as to be personified by a major deity, dionysus or bacchus, and honoured with a number of annual festivals. one such festival was the anthesteria, which, held in february each year, celebrated the opening of wine jars to test the new wine. active in the 9th century bc, the poet homer often sung of wine, famously alluding to the aegean as the \u2018 wine dark sea \u2019. in the odyssey, he says that \u2018 wine can of their wits the wise beguile / make the sage frolic, and the serious smile \u2019. in the works and days, the poet hesiod, who lived in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38485461456093367, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.062402"} {"text": "dark sea \u2019. in the odyssey, he says that \u2018 wine can of their wits the wise beguile / make the sage frolic, and the serious smile \u2019. in the works and days, the poet hesiod, who lived in the 7th or 8th century bc, speaks of pruning and even of drying the grapes prior to fermentation. the greeks plainly understood that no two wines are the same, and held the wines of thassos, lesbos, chios, and mende in especially high regard ; theophrastus, a contemporary and close friend of aristotle, even demonstrated some pretty clear notions of terroir. in ancient greece, vines were left to their own devices, supported on forked props, or trained up trees. in his natural history, pliny the elder describes the ancient greek practice of using partly dehydrated gypsum prior to fermentation, and some type of lime after fermentation, to remove acidity \u2014 but this was no doubt a relatively recent or infrequent practice. the wine was neither racked nor fined, and it was not uncommon for the drinker to want to pass it through a sieve or strainer. additives such as aromatic herbs, spice, honey, or a small part of seawater were often added both to improve and preserve the wine \u2014 which could also be concentrated by boiling. finished wine was stored in amphorae lined with resin or pitch, both substances that imparted some additional and characteristic flavour. generally speaking, wine was sweeter then than it is today, reflecting not only prevalent tastes, but also the ripeness of the grapes, the use of natural yeasts in fermentation, and the lack of temperature control during fermentation. at the same time, wine did come in a wide variety of styles, some of which were markedly austere. to drink undiluted wine was considered a bad and barbarian practice \u2014 almost as bad as drinking beer like the babylonian or egyptian peasant classes. wine was diluted with two or three parts of water to produce a beverage with an alcoholic strength of around 3 - 5 %. the comedian hermippus, who flourished in the golden age of athens, described the best vintage wines as having a nose of violets, roses, and hyacinths ; however, most wine would have turned sour within a year and specific vintages are never mentioned. together with the sea - faring phoenicians, the ancient greeks disseminated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.454323651946909, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.063365"} {"text": "nose of violets, roses, and hyacinths ; however, most wine would have turned sour within a year and specific vintages are never mentioned. together with the sea - faring phoenicians, the ancient greeks disseminated the vine throughout the mediterranean, and even named southern italy oenotria or \u2018 land of vines \u2019. if wine was important to the greeks, it was even more so to the romans, who thought of it as a daily necessity of life and democratized its drinking. they established a great number of western europe \u2019 s major wine producing regions, not only to provide steady supplies for their soldiers and colonists, but also to trade with native tribes and convert them to the roman cause. in particular, the trade of hispanic wines surpassed that even of italian wines, with hispanic amphorae having been unearthed as far as britain and the limes germanicus or german frontier. in his geographica ( 7 bc ), strabo states that the vineyards of hispania beatica ( which roughly corresponds to modern andalucia ) were famous for their great beauty. the area of pompeii produced a great deal of wine, much of it destined for the city of rome, and the eruption of mount vesuvius in 79 ad led to a dramatic shortage. the people of rome panicked, uprooting food crops to plant vineyards. this led to a food shortage and wine glut, which in 92 ad compelled the emperor domitian to issue an edict banning the planting of vineyards in rome. the romans left behind a number of agricultural treatises that provide a wealth of information on roman viticulture and winemaking. in particular, cato the elder \u2019 s de agri cultura ( c. 160 bc ) served as the roman textbook of winemaking for several centuries. in de re rustica, columella surveyed the main grape varieties, which he divided into three main groups : noble varieties for great italian wines, high yielding varieties that can nonetheless produce age - worthy wines, and prolific varieties for ordinary table wine. pliny the elder, who also surveyed the main grape varieties, claimed that \u2018 classic wines can only be produced from vines grown on trees \u2019, and it is true that the greatest wines of campania, such as caecuban and falernian, nearly all came from vines trained on trees \u2014 often elms or poplars. both caecuban and falernian were white sweet wines, although there also existed a dry style of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40605609976614254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.064314"} {"text": ", such as caecuban and falernian, nearly all came from vines trained on trees \u2014 often elms or poplars. both caecuban and falernian were white sweet wines, although there also existed a dry style of falernian. undiluted falernian contained a high degree of alcohol ; so high that a candle flame could set it alight. it was deemed best to drink falernian at about 15 - 20 years old, and another classed growth called surrentine at 25 years old or more. the opimian vintage of 121 bc, named after the consul in that year lucius opimius, acquired legendary fame, with some examples still being drunk more than 100 years later. the best wines were made from the initial and highly prized free - run juice obtained from the treading of the grapes. at the other end of the spectrum were posca, a mixture of water and sour wine that had not yet turned to vinegar, and lora, a thin drink or piquette produced from a third pressing of grape skins. following the greek invention of the screw, screw presses became common on roman villas. grape juice was fermented in large clay vessels called dolia, which were often partially sunk into the ground. the wine was then racked into amphorae for storing and shipping. barrels invented by the gauls and, later still, glass bottles invented by the syrians vied as alternatives to amphorae. as in ancient greece, additives were common : chalk or marble to neutralize excess acid ; and boiled must, herbs, spice, honey, resin, or seawater to improve and preserve thin offerings. maderization was common and sought after ; at the same time, rooms destined for wine storage were sometimes built so as to face north and away from the sun. following the decline and fall of the western roman empire, the church perpetuated the knowledge of viticulture and winemaking, first and foremost to provide the blood of christ for the celebration of mass.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38062817609709954, "token_count": 413, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.065199"} {"text": "q. i can \u2019 t get my teenage son or daughter to really talk to me about their lives. i want to help them. what can i do to encourage communication? a. you are not alone. it is often difficult for parents and teens to communicate effectively. many of us have forgotten the angst of our teen years, and we unintentionally invalidate our children \u2019 s feelings or attempt to solve their problems when we should be listening and empathizing. when you observe your teens in distress, like most parents, you are eager to help them resolve emotional pain. if you can get them to talk, avoid using statements that disparage their feelings. remove from your vocabulary phrases such as \u201c you \u2019 ll get over it, \u201d \u201c don \u2019 t be so sensitive, \u201d or \u201c i don \u2019 t know why something like this would upset you. \u201d most teens are very emotional. give them room and permission to have those emotions. when they do talk, teenagers often just need to vent. while it is natural for parents to want to help with their problems or fix situations, avoid doing that. try simply listening, not offering an opinion unless asked, and empathizing with them. avoid asking your teens questions that are too broad. when they come home from a night out, don \u2019 t ask, \u201c how was your night? \u201d most young people will say \u201c fine \u201d and head toward their room or the refrigerator. instead try asking, \u201c what did you think about the movie? \u201d or \u201c what did you have for dinner? \u201d these questions often start a conversation. for more ideas on increasing communications with your teens, i highly recommend teenage as a second language by barbara greenberg and jennifer powell - lunder. q. i think my 16 - year - old daughter is sexually active, but i \u2019 m uncertain. i don \u2019 t want to encourage her, but i don \u2019 t want her to be unprotected? a. once a young person reaches a certain age, parents are no longer the decision maker about sexual activity regardless of how much control one attempts to assert or how strong a parent \u2019 s personal beliefs. the best one can hope for is that young adults will be ready in all emotional and practical aspects when they decide to become sexually active. since you suspect that your daughter is having sex, you should have an honest conversation with her to be certain that she is knowledgeable about protection and the risks of unsafe sex. hopefully, you had that conversation long ago. if not, it is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4364095753709495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.072481"} {"text": ". since you suspect that your daughter is having sex, you should have an honest conversation with her to be certain that she is knowledgeable about protection and the risks of unsafe sex. hopefully, you had that conversation long ago. if not, it is now time. your daughter and all teenagers should be informed about the dangers of unprotected sex. every year about 25 percent of sexually active teens contract a sexually transmitted disease ( std ). according to the center for disease control, 38. 9 percent of teens did not use a condom during their last encounter. many teens believe that if they use a condom it means they planned to have sex. in their minds, unplanned sex is somehow less \u201c wrong \u201d than if the sexual encounter was planned. at that point, they are not worried about diseases. one of the most devastating risks of unprotected sex for teens is the danger of being infected with the aids virus. according to the center for disease control, in 2009, over 20 percent of people diagnosed with aids were 13 to 24. the rate of teens infected with aids has increased over 50 percent since the late 1980 \u2019 s. one of the reasons for this increase is that many teens still have the belief that aids is only a homosexual disease and cannot be contracted through heterosexual contact. assure your daughter that she has many years to be sexually active. the teen years are not a time one should have to worry about protection, pregnancy, or diseases. \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 nancy ryburn holds a doctorate degree in psychology from yeshiva university in new york city where she maintained a private practice for several years. if you have questions, e - mail them to email @ example. com. the questions will not be answered personally, but could appear in a future column. there will be no identifying information and all e - mails remain confidential.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4318967687206841, "token_count": 372, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.074114"} {"text": "( physorg. com ) - - ' fossil viruses ' preserved inside the dna of mammals and insects suggest that all viruses, including relatives of hiv and ebola, could potentially be stowaways transmitted from generation to generation for millions of years, according to new research. a team from oxford university and the aaron diamond aids research center built on earlier work at oxford that discovered the fossilised remains of an ancient hiv - like virus in the genomes of animals including sloths, lemurs and rabbits. the teams new research, reported in this weeks plos genetics, shows that many more different types of viruses are endogenous capable of being transmitted from generation to generation with fossil viruses turning up in the genomes of creatures as different as mosquitoes, wallabies, and humans. many of these viruses, such as the ancestors of ebola, are far more ancient and spread across many more animal groups than anyone ever suspected, said dr aris katzourakis of oxford universitys department of zoology, an author of the report. weve demonstrated that viruses have been integrating within animal genomes for at least 100 million years. weve also shown that, in some cases, viral genes have been domesticated by their hosts, and put to use by the hosts for their own purposes, demonstrating that captured viral sequences may have played a larger than expected role in animal evolution. understanding the historical conflict between viruses and animal immune systems could lead to new approaches to combating existing viruses such as hiv and ebola. it could also help scientists to decide which viruses that cross species are likely to cause dangerous pandemics in the future. these viruses represent the tip of the iceberg of endogenous viral diversity, said dr katzourakis. we have discovered a large and diverse set of virus sequences preserved in animal genomes, which together include representatives of all known viral groups. this demonstrates a potential for endogenisation for any virus, and illustrates that viral fossil records may be uncovered for many elusive viral groups. explore further : new formula invented for microscope viewing, substitutes for federally controlled drug", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5109249849651234, "token_count": 421, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.077794"} {"text": "( phys. org ) \u2014 controlling \" mixing \" between acceptor and donor layers, or domains, in polymer - based solar cells could increase their efficiency, according to a team of researchers that included physicists from north carolina state university. their findings shed light on the inner workings of these solar cells, and could lead to further improvements in efficiency. polymer - based solar cells consist of two domains, known as the acceptor and the donor layers. excitons, the energy particles created by solar cells, must be able to travel quickly to the interface of the donor and acceptor domains in order to be harnessed as an energy source. researchers had believed that keeping the donor and acceptor layers as pure as possible was the best way to ensure that the excitons could travel unimpeded, so that solar cells could capture the maximum amount of energy. nc state physicist harald ade and his group worked with teams of scientists from the united kingdom, australia and china to examine the physical structure and improve the production of polymer - based solar cells. in findings published in two separate papers appearing this month online in advanced energy materials and advanced materials, the researchers show that some mixing of the two domains may not be a bad thing. in fact, if the morphology, or structure, of the mixed domains is small, the solar cell can still be quite efficient. according to ade, \" we had previously found that the domains in these solar cells weren ' t pure. so we looked at how additives affected the production of these cells. when you manufacture the cell, the relative rate of evaporation of the solvents and additives determines how the active layer forms and the donor and acceptor mix. ideally, you want the solvent to evaporate slowly enough so that the materials have time to separate \u2013 otherwise the layers ' gum up ' and lower the cell ' s efficiency. we utilized an additive that slowed evaporation. this controlled the mixing and domain size of the active layer, and the portions that mixed were small. \" the efficiency of those mixed layers was excellent, leading to speculation that perhaps some mixing of the donor and acceptor isn ' t a problem, as long as the domains are small. \" we ' re looking for the perfect mix here, both in terms of the solvents and additives we might use in order to manufacture polymer - based solar cells, and in terms of the physical mixing of the domains and how that may affect efficiency, \" ade says. explore further : femtosecond '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5684478140502831, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.083486"} {"text": "the solvents and additives we might use in order to manufacture polymer - based solar cells, and in terms of the physical mixing of the domains and how that may affect efficiency, \" ade says. explore further : femtosecond ' snapshots ' reveal a dramatic bond tightening in photo - excited gold complexes more information : \" from binary to ternary solvent : morphology fine - tuning of d / a blend in pdpp3t - based polymer solar cells \", advanced materials, 2012. in the past decade, great success has been achieved in bulk hetero - junction ( bhj ) polymer solar cells ( pscs ) in which donor / acceptor ( d / a ) bi - continuous interpenetrating networks can be formed and in some recent reports, power conversion efficiency ( pce ) even approach 8 %. in addition to the intrinsic properties of active layer materials, such as band gaps and molecular energy levels, morphological properties of the d / a blends including crystallinity of polymers, domain size, materials miscibility, hierarchical structures, and molecular orientation, are also of great importance for photovoltaic performance of the devices. therefore, several strategies including slow growth, solvent annealing, thermal annealing, selection of solvent or mixed solvent have been applied to modify or control of the morphology of the d / a blends. among these, binary solvent mixtures have been successfully used in morphology control. for example, the dichlorobenzene ( dcb ) or chlorobenzene ( cb ) / 1, 8 - diiodooctane ( dio ) binary solvent system has been widely applied in psc device fabrication process. by mixing a few volume percent of dio with the host solvent ( dcb or cb ), efficiencies of many kinds of polymers can be improved dramatically. besides dio, other solvents, like 1, 8 - octanedithiol ( ot ), n - methyl - 2 - pyrrolidone ( nmp ), 1 - chloronaphthalene ( cn ), chloroform ( cf ), can also be used. according to these works, it can be concluded that crystallinity, as well as domain size in the blends can be tuned effectively by using binary solvent mixtures, and thus binary solvent mixtures play a very important role in high performance pscs.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5539007198791859, "token_count": 492, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.085186"} {"text": "the prevalence of mild sleep - disordered breathing in young children may fluctuate seasonally, suggests a research abstract that will be presented monday, june 7, 2010, in san antonio, texas, at sleep 2010, the 24th annual meeting of the associated professional sleep societies llc. results indicate that in summer and fall the prevalence of mild sleep - disordered breathing in elementary - school children increased steadily from june ( 21. 6 percent ) through september ( 37. 2 percent ) and then decreased from september through november ( 6. 3 percent ). controlling for potential confounders such as age, body mass index, gender and race showed that the odds of mild sleep - disordered breathing in every month was significantly lower than in september. \" what surprised us most was the dramatic impact that season had on the prevalence of sdb, \" said principle investigator edward bixler, phd, professor and vice chair for research in the department of psychiatry at penn state university in hershey, pa. \" the results are significant because they underscore the importance of evaluating a child ' s sensitivity to seasonal allergies when diagnosing and treating a child for sdb. \" the study involved a random sample of 687 children in grades k - 5. their parents completed a brief questionnaire, and each child was evaluated between june and november during an overnight sleep study in the sleep laboratory. mild sleep - disordered breathing was defined as having an apnea - hypopnea index ( ahi ) of one to five breathing pauses per hour of sleep. in a study published in the june 2009 issue of the journal sleep, bixler and his research team reported that nasal problems such as chronic sinusitis and rhinitis are significant risk factors for mild sleep - disordered breathing in children. however, the extent to which allergies may promote a seasonal variation in sleep - disordered breathing still needs to be determined. the researchers added that the results may have implications for the development of pharmacologic treatment strategies for mild sleep - disordered breathing in children. the american academy of sleep medicine reports that approximately two percent of otherwise healthy young children have obstructive sleep apnea, a common form of sdb that occurs when soft tissue in the back of the throat collapses and blocks the airway during sleep. most children with osa have a history of snoring that tends to be loud and may include obvious pauses in breathing and gasps for breath. parents often notice that the child seems to be working hard to breathe during sleep", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4705992541305959, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.087928"} {"text": "newton ' s first law states that an object will keep doing what it is doing if left alone, in other words - the natural state of an object is static - unchanging - motion. newton ' s second law clarifies the first. acceleration, or any change in motion, is an unnatural state for an arbitrary object left to its laurels, however it is a state that clearly exists all around us. newton defines the \" thing \" that forces an object to change its state of being - a force. in this most rigorous sense, a force is defined to be that which causes a change in motion. the observation of a change in momentum necessitates that there is some force driving that change, so in this sense the two are equivalent ( there is an equals sign there after all ) - wherever you see a ( net ) force you will see an acceleration, wherever you see an acceleration you will find a force responsible for it. however, going back to the first law, acceleration is a change in the ( kinetic ) state of an object, an objects natural tendency is to statically maintain its state. the observation of an unnatural state of being would logically imply that there is a cause. intuitively it seems unnatural that accelerations would happen spontaneously and that the universe will invent a force just to balance the books if you will.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6291738368622786, "token_count": 273, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.089333"} {"text": "defects combine to make perfect devices jun 26, 2002 faulty components are usually rejected in the manufacture of computers and other high - tech devices. however, damien challet and neil johnson of oxford university say that this need not be the case. they have used statistical physics to show that the errors from defective electronic components or other imperfect objects can be combined to create near perfect devices ( d challet and n johnson 2002 phys. rev. lett. 89 028701 ). most computers are built to withstand the faults that develop in some of their components over the course of the computer \u2019 s lifetime, although these components initially contain no defects. however, many emerging nano - and microscale technologies will be inherently susceptible to defects. for example, no two quantum dots manufactured by self - assembly will be identical. each will contain a time - independent systematic defect compared to the original design. historically, sailors have had to cope with a similar problem \u2013 the inaccuracy in their clocks. to get round this they often took the average time of several clocks so that the errors in their clocks would more or less cancel out. similarly, challet and johnson consider a set of n components, each with a certain systematic error \u2013 for example the difference between the actual and registered current in a nanoscale transistor at a given applied voltage. they calculated the effect of combining the components and found that the best way to minimize the error is to select a well - chosen subset of the n components. they worked out that the optimum size of this subset for large numbers of devices should equal n / 2. on this basis, the researchers say that it should be possible to generate a continuous output of useful devices using only defective components. to find the optimum subset from each batch of defective devices, all of the defects can be measured individually and the minimum calculated with a computer. alternatively, components can be combined through trial and error until the aggregate error is minimized. once the optimum subset has been selected, fresh components can be added to replenish the original batch and the cycle started over again. challet and johnson point out that this process and the wiring together of the components will add to the overall cost of making the device. but they believe that these extra costs are likely to be outweighed by the fact that defective components can be produced cheaply en masse. hewlett packard, for example, has already built a supercomputer \u2013 known as teramac \u2013 from partially defective conventional components using adaptive wiring. \u201c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5958109655343691, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.093449"} {"text": "early teaching experiences at phystec sites ball state university cal poly, san luis obispo florida international university seattle pacific university university of arizona university of arkansas university of colorado at boulder university of minnesota university of north carolina at chapel hill western michigan university give students an opportunity to teach their peers. several phystec schools have created successful learning assistant programs that allow students to collaborate with faculty to make physics and physical science classes more interactive and engaging. students may find peer teaching to be less pressure and less of a commitment than practice classroom teaching, without sacrificing the rewarding experience of helping someone learn something new. expose student teachers to multiple grade levels. students may not know what grade level they want to teach, or may think they know and then change their minds. use early teaching experiences to prepare your pre - service teachers for student teaching. according to the american association for the advancement of science \u2019 s \u201c project 2061, \u201d \u201c first - hand experiences in schools, teaching and mentoring experiences, and fieldwork with scientists must come early in the teacher education program. these experiences prepare prospective teachers for the content of their education courses and serve as living laboratories for formal course work. \u201d arizona faculty report that teacher preparation program provides pre - service teachers with \u201c 150 hours of classroom work ( both targeted observations and teaching ) prior to student teaching, [ which makes ] their transition to student teaching \u2026 much smoother. our mentor teachers comment that our student teachers are much better prepared for student teaching than those from other programs. \u201d invite practicing teachers to participate in the design of your program. who knows better than actual teachers what preservice teachers need? arizona reports that \u201c involving secondary teachers in developing curricula for the field experiences has resulted in a rich set of classroom tasks that enhance the field experiences. \u201d use a teacher in residence or master teacher to coordinate early teaching experiences. teachers in residence are ideal early teaching experience coordinators, because they are exceptionally knowledgeable about the realities of the classroom and what preservice teachers need. in addition, they can mentor preservice teachers who are doing their student teaching, and they can sometimes use their connections with the local school district to secure excellent placements for student teachers in your program. a ball state tir, now back in the classroom, was able to do this for ball state student teachers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4885383469822775, "token_count": 473, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.097310"} {"text": "individual differences | methods | statistics | clinical | educational | industrial | professional items | world psychology | \" social style \" is the behavior that one exhibits when interacting with others. being aware of your own social style helps a person develop relationships, particularly at work. \" social styles \" is the name of a particular psychometric instrument that helps people to better understand and work with others through appreciation of their basic decision making and control needs. originally, social styles was determined by having respondents say \" yes \" or \" no \" to 150 adjectives measuring three scales : assertiveness, responsiveness, and versatility. assertiveness : the effort a person makes to influence the thinking and actions of others. or - the measure of whether a person appears to ask or tell in interactions with others. responsiveness : the extent to which a person reacts readily to influence or stimulation with a display of feelings. versatility : a type of social endorsement based, in part, on the extent to which others see the individual as competent, adaptable, and behaving appropriately. versatility measures the extent to which a person appears to be working to make relationships mutually productive. the first two trace back to robert r. blake and jane mouton ' s managerial grid model. the two social style scales revealed that by combining the two dimensions, assertiveness and responsiveness, four patters of behavior, or \" social styles \", can be identified. driving : ( tell assertive + control responsive ) these individuals are seen as strong willed and more emotionally controlled. expressive : ( tell assertive + emote responsive ) these individuals are described as outgoing and more dramatic. amiable : ( ask assertive + emote responsive ) these individuals are seen as easy going and supportive. analytical : ( ask assertive + control responsive ) these individuals are described as serious and more exacting. in 1964 dr. david w merrill and roger reid began research to create a model that could predict the success in selling and management careers. what the partners ended up discovering was that people ' s behaviors and actions are consistent. the original social style model was worked on by dr. james w. taylor, who at the time was a staff psychologist at martin corporation ( later martin marietta ) in denver. dr. merrill obtained the rights to use the social styles modeltm ( whose rights are now owned by the tracom group, a workplace performance company specializing in interpersonal skills training and performance consulting, formerly a division of reed business information, whose parent company is reed elsevier ). new", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5287169228266747, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.104635"} {"text": "the social styles modeltm ( whose rights are now owned by the tracom group, a workplace performance company specializing in interpersonal skills training and performance consulting, formerly a division of reed business information, whose parent company is reed elsevier ). new developments edit in 2004 the tracom group created a new survey that used behavior - based statements instead of an adjective checklist - because it proved to be more valid and reliable. it continues to use the assertiveness, responsiveness and versatility scales but can now provide an even greater depth of information about an individual ' s behavior - especially his / her versatility - and is much more accurate, especially when translated into a variety of languages. robert bolton, and dorothy grover bolton ( president and vice president of ridge consultants ) wrote on and expanded upon the social style model, and introduced four subtypes for each style, which are blends with other styles ( \" amiable - analytical \", etc. ) this results in 16 types that closely match the 16 types of the mbti. there are a number of other similar \" four type \" instruments, using the same two factors of expressiveness and task / people orientation. one is the platinum rule personality or \" behavioral styles \" of dr. tony alessandra. its two factors are \" indirect / direct \", corresponding to assertiveness, and \" open / guarded \" corresponding to responsiveness. the resulting four types are \" the director \", \" the socializer \", \" the relater \", and \" the thinker \". ( alessandra also similarly blended the styles into 16 types ). another is the interaction styles of dr. linda v. berens, phd : \" in charge \", \" get things going \", behind the scenes \", and \" chart the course \". these are mapped to the mbti 16 - types model by pairing introversion and extroversion with a factor called \" informing and directing \" which loosely corresponds to thinking and feeling, and also indicates people vs. task focus. others include firo - b and a five temperaments theory based on it. both use scales of \" expressed \" and \" wanted \" or \" responsive \" behavior, but the two factors span three areas, called inclusion, control and affection. both five - temperament theory and thomas kilmann conflict mode instrument ( which also uses the \" assertiveness \" scale along with \" cooperativeness \" ) add an additional \" moderate \" score in both dimensions, creating a fifth behavioral or personality type. - \u2191 reid", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4957895382542892, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.105559"} {"text": "methods | statistics | clinical | educational | industrial | professional items | world psychology | a word is a unit of language that carries meaning and consists of one or more morphemes which are linked more or less tightly together. typically a word will consist of a root or stem and zero or more affixes. words can be combined to create phrases, clauses and sentences. a word consisting of two or more stems joined together is called a compound. difficulty in defining the term edit the precise definition of what a word is depends on which language the definition is for, and the dividing line between words and phrases is not always clear. in most writing systems, a word is usually marked out in the text by interword separation such as spaces or word dividers used in some languages such as amharic. in other languages such as chinese and japanese, and in many ancient languages such as sanskrit, word boundaries are not shown. even in writing systems that use interword separation, word boundaries are not always clear ; for example, even though ice cream is written like two words, it is a single compound because it cannot be separated by another morpheme or rephrased like iced cream or cream of ice. likewise, a proper noun is a word, however long it is. a space may not be even the main morpheme boundary in a word ; the word new yorker is a compound of new york and - er, not of new and yorker. in english, many common words have historically progressed from being written as two separate words ( e. g. to day ) to hyphenated ( to - day ) to a single word ( today ), a process which is still ongoing, as in the common spelling of all right as alright. words in different classes of languages edit in synthetic languages, a single word stem ( for example, love ) may have a number of different forms ( for example, loves, loving, and loved ). however, these are not usually considered to be different words, but different forms of the same word. in these languages, words may be considered to be constructed from a number of morphemes ( such as love and - s ). in polysynthetic languages, the number of morphemes per word can become so large that the word performs the same grammatical role as a phrase or clause in less synthetic languages ( for example, in yupik, angyaghllangyugtuq means \" he wants to acquire a big boat \" ). these large - construction words are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6207931174718395, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.113698"} {"text": "word performs the same grammatical role as a phrase or clause in less synthetic languages ( for example, in yupik, angyaghllangyugtuq means \" he wants to acquire a big boat \" ). these large - construction words are still single words, because they contain only one content word ; the other morphemes are grammatical bound morphemes, which cannot stand alone. matters seem easier for analytic languages. for these languages, a word usually consists of only a root morpheme, which is often single - syllable. however, it is common even in those languages to combine roots into a compound stem. complexity of word boundaries in speech edit in spoken language, the distinction of individual words is even more complex : short words are often run together, and long words are often broken up. spoken french has some of the features of a polysynthetic language : je ne le sais pas ( \" i do not know it \" ) tends towards / \u0292\u0259n\u0259l\u0259sepa /. as the majority of the world ' s languages are not written, the scientific determination of word boundaries becomes important. determining word boundaries edit there are five ways to determine where the word boundaries of spoken language should be placed : - potential pause - a speaker is told to repeat a given sentence slowly, allowing for pauses. the speaker will tend to insert pauses at the word boundaries. however, this method is not foolproof : the speaker could easily break up polysyllabic words. - a speaker is told to say a sentence out loud, and then is told to say the sentence again with extra words added to it. thus, i have lived in this village for ten years might become i and my family have lived in this little village for about ten or so years. these extra words will tend to be added in the word boundaries of the original sentence. however, some languages have infixes, which are put inside a word. similarly, some have separable affixes ; in the german sentence \" ich komme gut zu hause an, \" the verb ankommen is separated. - minimal free forms - this concept was proposed by leonard bloomfield. words are thought of as the smallest meaningful unit of speech that can stand by themselves. this correlates phonemes ( units of sound ) to lexemes ( units of meaning ). however, some written words are not minimal free forms, as they make no sense by themselves ( for example, the and of ). - phonetic boundaries - some languages have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5227573383033257, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.114686"} {"text": "##mes ( units of sound ) to lexemes ( units of meaning ). however, some written words are not minimal free forms, as they make no sense by themselves ( for example, the and of ). - phonetic boundaries - some languages have particular rules of pronunciation that make it easy to spot where a word boundary should be. for example, in a language that regularly stresses the last syllable of a word ( like hebrew ), a word boundary is likely to fall after each stressed syllable. another example can be seen in a language that has vowel harmony ( like turkish ) : the vowels within a given word share the same quality, so a word boundary is likely to occur whenever the vowel quality changes. however, not all languages have such convenient phonetic rules, and even those that do present the occasional exceptions. - semantic units - much like the abovementioned minimal free forms, this method breaks down a sentence into its smallest semantic units. however, language often contains words that have little semantic value ( and often play a more grammatical role ), or semantic units that are compound words. in practice, linguists apply a mixture of all these methods to determine the word boundaries of any given sentence. even with the careful application of these methods, the exact definition of a word is often still elusive. - function word - lexical access - lexical decision - morphology ( language ) - nonsense word - word recognition - word meaning | this page uses creative commons licensed content from wikipedia ( view authors ). |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5547903424111285, "token_count": 303, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.115266"} {"text": "the poems translated here belong to the category of padams \u2014 short musical compositions of a light classical nature, intended to be sung and, often, danced. originally, they belonged to the professional caste of dancers and singers, devadasis or vesyas ( and their male counterparts, the nattuvanar musicians ), who were associated with both temples and royal courts in late medieval south india. padams were composed throughout india, early examples in sanskrit occurring in jayadeva ' s famous devotional poem, the gitagovinda ( twelfth century ). in south india the genre assumed a standardized form in the second half of the fifteenth century with the telugu padams composed by the great temple - poet tallapaka annamacarya, also known by the popular name annamayya, at tirupati. this form includes an opening line called pallavi that functions as a refrain, often in conjunction with the second line, anupallavi. this refrain is repeated after each of the ( usually three ) caranam verses. padams have been and are still being composed in the major languages of south india : telugu, tamil, and kannada. however, the padam tradition reached its expressive peak in telugu, the primary language for south indian classical music, during the fifteenth to eighteenth centuries in southern andhra and the tamil region. in general, telugu padams are devotional in character and thus find their place within the wider corpus of south indian bhakti poetry. the early examples by annamayya are wholly located within the context of temple worship and are directed toward the deity venkatesvara and his consort, alamelumanga, at the tirupati shrine. later poets, such as ksetrayya, the central figure in this volume, seem to have composed their songs outside the temples, but they nevertheless usually mention the deity as the male protagonist of the poem. indeed, the god ' s title \u2014 muvva gopala for ksetrayya, venugopala for his successor sarangapani \u2014 serves as an identifying \" signature, \" a mudra, for each of these poets. the god assumes here the role of a lover, seen, for the most part, through the eyes of one of his courtesans, mistresses, or wives, whose persona the poet adopts. these are, then, devotional works of an erotic cast, composed by male poets using a feminine voice and performed by women. as such, they articulate the relationship between the devotee and his god", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4287511643914081, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.129356"} {"text": "wives, whose persona the poet adopts. these are, then, devotional works of an erotic cast, composed by male poets using a feminine voice and performed by women. as such, they articulate the relationship between the devotee and his god in terms of an intensely imagined erotic experience, expressed in bold but also delicately nuanced tones. their devotional character notwithstanding, one can also read them as simple love poems. indeed, one often feels that, for ksetrayya at least, the devotional component, with its suggestive ironies, is overshadowed by the emotional and sensual immediacy of the material. the three major poets of the padam tradition tallapaka annamacarya ( 1424 - 1503 ), a telugu brahmin, represents to perfection the telugu temple - poet. legend, filling out his image, claims he refused to sing before one of the vijayanagara kings, saluva narasimharaya, so exclusively was his devotion focused upon the god. apparently supported by the temple estab - lishment at tirupati, located on the boundary between the telugu and tamil regions, annamayya composed over fourteen thousand padams to the god venkatesvara. the poems were engraved on copperplates and kept in the temple, where they were rediscovered, hidden in a locked room, in the second decade of this century. colophons on the copperplates divide annamayya ' s poems into two major types \u2014 srngarasankirtanalu, those of an erotic nature, and adhyatmasankirtanalu, \" metaphysical \" poems. annamayya ' s sons and grandsons continued to compose devotional works at tirupati, creating a tallapaka corpus of truly enormous scope. his grandson cinatirumalacarya even wrote a sastra - like normative grammar for padam poems, the sankirtanalaksanamu. we know next to nothing about the most versatile and central of the telugu padam poets, ksetrayya ( or ksetraya ). his god is muvva gopala, the cowherd of muvva ( or, alternatively, gopala of the jingling bells ), and he mentions a village called muvvapuri in some of his poems. this has led scholars to locate his birthplace in the village of muvva or movva, near kucipudi ( the center of the kucipudi dance tradition ), in krishna", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4599941882860105, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.131389"} {"text": "muvvapuri in some of his poems. this has led scholars to locate his birthplace in the village of muvva or movva, near kucipudi ( the center of the kucipudi dance tradition ), in krishna district. there is a temple in this village to krishna as the cowherd ( gopala ). still, the association of ksetrayya with muvva is far from certain, and even if that village was indeed the poet ' s first home, he is most clearly associated with places far to the south, in tamil nadu of the nayaka period. a famous padam by this poet tells us he sang two thousand padams for king tirumala nayaka of madurai, a thousand for vijayaraghava, the last nayaka king of tanjavur, and fifteen hundred, composed in forty days, before the padshah of golconda. this dates him securely to the mid - seventeenth century. of these thousands of poems, less than four hundred survive. in addition to muvva gopala, the poet sometimes mentions other deities or human patrons ( the two categories having merged in nayaka times ). thus we have poems on the gods adivaraha, kanci varada, cevvandi lingadu, tilla govindaraja, kadapa venkatesa, hemadrisvami, yadugiri celuvarayadu, vedanarayana, palagiri cennudu, tiruvalluri viraraghava, sri rangesa, madhurapurisa, satyapuri vasudeva, and sri nagasaila mallikarjuna, as well as on the kings vijayaraghava nayaka and tupakula venkatakrsna. the range of deities is sometimes used to explain this poet ' s name \u2014 ksetrayya or, in sanskritized form, ksetrajna, \" one who knows sacred places \" \u2014 so that he becomes yet another peripatetic bhakti poetsaint, singing his way from temple to temple. but this explanation smacks of popular etymology and certainly distorts the poet ' s image. despite the modern stories and improvised legends about him current today in south india, ksetrayya belongs less to the temple than to the courtesans ' quarters of the nayaka royal towns. we see him as a poet composing for, and with the assumed persona of, the sophisticated and culture", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4135682858667122, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.132311"} {"text": "current today in south india, ksetrayya belongs less to the temple than to the courtesans ' quarters of the nayaka royal towns. we see him as a poet composing for, and with the assumed persona of, the sophisticated and cultured courtesans who performed before gods and kings. this community of highly literate performers, the natural consumers of ksetrayya ' s works, provides an entirely different cultural context than annamayya ' s temple - setting. ksetrayya thus gives voice, in rather realistic vignettes taken from the ambience of the south indian courtesans he knew, to a major shift in the development of the telugu padam. if ksetrayya perhaps marks the padam tradition at its most subtle and refined, sarangapani, in the early eighteenth century, shows us its further evolution in the direction of a yet more concrete, imaginative, and sometimes coarse eroticism. he is linked with the little kingdom of karvetinagaram in the chittoor district of southern andhra and with the minor ruler makaraju venkata perumal raju ( d. 1732 ). only some two hundred padams by this poet survive in print, nearly all of them addressed to the god venugopala of karvetinagaram. a few of the poems attributed to sarangapani also appear in the ksetrayya collections, despite the palpable difference in tone between the two poets. these names by no means exhaust the list of padam composers in telugu. the maratha kings of tanjavur figure as the patron - lovers in a rich literature of padams composed at their court. similar works were sung in the palaces of zamindars throughout south india right up to modern times. with the abolition of the devadasi tradition by the british, padams, like other genres proper to this community, made their way to the concert stage. they still comprise a major part of the repertoire of classical vocal music and dance, alongside related forms such as the kirttanam ( which is never danced ). a note on the translation we have selected the poems that follow largely on the basis of our own tastes, from the large collections of padams by annamayya, ksetrayya, and sarangapani. we have also included a translation of kandukuri rudrakavi ' s janardanastakamu, a poem dating from the early sixteenth century and linked thematically ( but not formally ) with the emerging pad", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.454260480041766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.133948"} {"text": "cases at least, its syntactic linkage with the stanzas, while eliminating lengthy repetition. the headings provide simple contexts for the poems. we have attempted to avoid heavy annotation in the translations, preferring to let the poems speak for themselves. where a note seemed necessary, we have signaled its existence by placing an asterisk in the text. the source for each poem, as well as its opening phrase in telugu and the raga in which it is sung, appear beneath the translation. editions used as base texts p. t. jagannatha ravu, ed., srngara sankirtanalu ( annamacarya viracitamulu ), vol. 18 of sritallapakavari geyaracanalu. tirupati : tirumala tirupati devasthanam press, 1964. gauripeddi ramasubbasarma, ed., srngara sankirtanalu ( annamacarya viracitamulu ), vol. 12 of tallapaka padasahityamu. tirupati : tirumala tirupati devasthanam press, 1976. ( cited as gr. ) vissa apparavu, ed., ksetrayya padamulu. 2d ed. rajahmundry : saraswati power press, 1963. ( unless otherwise noted, all the ksetrayya texts are taken from this edition. ) mancala jagannatha ravu, ed., ksetrayya padamulu. hyderabad : andhra pradesh sangita nataka akadami, 1978. gidugu venkata sitapati, ed., ksetraya padamulu. madras : kubera printers ltd., 1952. ( cited as gvs. ) srinivasacakravarti, ed., ksetrayya padalu. vijayavada : jayanti pablikesansu, 1966. veturi prabhakara sastri, ed., catupadyamanimanjari. hyderabad : veturi prabhakara sastri memorial trust, 1988. nedunuri gangadharam, ed., sarangapani padamulu. rajahmundry : saraswati power press, 1963.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4881420433339853, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.136667"} {"text": "\u2022 setfree [ dropcon, options ] builds a freesystem object containing the mathematical equations required to find equilibrium conditions of the current model. the dropcon argument is used to specify the constraint ( s ) that are dropped to make the system underconstrained. \u2022 the format of dropcon is identical to that used by the constraints function. \u2022 the freesystem object is solved with solvefree. \u2022 the following options can be given : \u2022 if initialguess or initialcondition is unspecified, setfree uses the current model initial guesses, as obtained from lastsolve. \u2022 initialcondition can also be specified in solvefree. \u2022 if solution - > static is given, the model must have some nonzero applied loads for a static equilibrium position to exist. \u2022 if solution - > kinematic is given, the model must have velocity - dependent loads applied, or no equilibrium velocity can exist. \u2022 if solution - > dynamic is given, the model must have nonzero masses applied to at least one moving body with setbodies. \u2022 see also : setcouple. load the modeler2d package and define a simple model. here we build a freesystem object that can be used to simulate the underconstrained motion of the help model when the constraint that controls the rotation of the crank has been removed. before calling setfree, a velocity solution is generated with solvemech so that initial conditions for the location and velocity of each body will be available. because the help model has only one body with nonzero mass and one applied load ( the link body has a 10 - unit mass and a 10 - unit applied load in the x direction ), the instantaneous free acceleration is somewhat predictable. the x acceleration of the link body, x3dd, is equal to 1. 0. here we integrate the free acceleration of the help model with respect to time for four seconds. here is a plot of the x position of the link. the link is initially decelerating until its x coordinate reaches a local minimum, and then it accelerates the other way.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5495660158559108, "token_count": 431, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.138891"} {"text": "photo by eddie adams \u201c and she struggles to pay that first loan and then the second installment due the following week. and when she has paid completely, she can say, \u2018 i did it! \u2019 it \u2019 s not just a monetary transaction that has been completed, it is nothing less than the transformation of that person. \" founder of the grameen bank, the world \u2019 s largest and most successful microcredit institution, muhammad yunus was born in one of the poorest places on earth, the country ( then part of pakistan ) of bangladesh. as a professor of economics, he was struck by the discrepancy between the economic theory taught in universities and the abject poverty around him. recognizing the poor remained poor because they had no access to capital, no collateral for loans, and borrowing requirements so modest that it was not cost - effective for large banks to process their needs, yunus started experimenting with small collateral - free loans to landless rural peasants and impoverished women. in 1983, he founded the grameen bank. its rules were strict and tough. clients find four friends to borrow with. if any of the five default, all are held accountable, building commitment and providing community support. initial loans are as little as ten dollars, and must be repaid with 20 percent interest. nearly twenty years later, this revolutionary bank is flourishing, with more than 1, 050 branches serving 35, 000 villages and two million customers, 94 percent of them women. ninety - eight percent of grameen \u2019 s borrowers repay their loans in full, a rate of return far higher than that of the rich and powerful. more importantly, the clients are transforming their lives : from powerless and dependent to self - sufficient, independent, and politically astute. the real transformation will be felt by the next generation : a generation with better food, education, medication, and the firsthand satisfaction of taking control of their lives, thanks to yunus \u2019 s vision, creativity, and confidence. among many awards, dr. yunus was awarded the nobel peace prize in 2006 and the u. s. presidential medal of freedom in 2009. together with nelson mandela, fellow defender archbishop desmond tutu and select other prominent statesmen, human rights leaders and public figures, yunus is a member of the \u201c global elders \u201d group. when i started the grameen program to provide access to credit for the poor, i came upon two major obstacles. first, commercial banks were institutionally biased against women. secondly, they had absolutely blocked credit to the poor by demanding something", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48671961964087623, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.155010"} {"text": "\u201d group. when i started the grameen program to provide access to credit for the poor, i came upon two major obstacles. first, commercial banks were institutionally biased against women. secondly, they had absolutely blocked credit to the poor by demanding something no poor person has access to : namely, collateral. after overcoming the second issue, i addressed the first. i wanted half of the borrowers from banks in my program to be women \u2014 a challenge. at first, women were reluctant to accept loans. they said, \" no, no, i have never touched money in my life. you must go to my husband. he understands money. give the money to him. \" so i would try to explain why a loan would benefit her family. but the more i tried to approach women, the more they ran away from me. my colleagues and i worked hard to come up with a way we could build trust in women so that they would accept loans from men. we slowed down our work just to include more women, since this trust - building took time. six years later, proud that half our loans were to women, we began to see something very remarkable. money that went to families through women helped the families much more than the same amount of money going to men. unlike men, women were very cautious with money and passed benefits on to their children immediately. they had learned how to manage with scarce resources. and women had a longer vision ; they could see a way out of poverty and had the discipline to carry out their plans. perhaps because women suffer so much more from poverty than men, they are more motivated to escape it. in contrast, men were looser with money. they wanted to enjoy it right away, not wait for tomorrow. women were always building up things for the future, for themselves, their children, their families. we saw a number of such differences between men and women. we decided to make a concerted effort to attract women clients because we got much more mileage out of the same amount of money. so i created incentives for our loan officers because they had such a hard time convincing women to borrow money from the bank. today, 94 percent of our loans go to women. it has worked in ways we never anticipated. for instance, women borrowers decided to commit themselves to a set of promises that they called the \" sixteen decisions. \" these are commitments to improve the welfare of the borrowers and their families above and beyond the loans. they agreed to send their children to school, they decided to maintain discipline", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49648080910796194, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.156520"} {"text": "commit themselves to a set of promises that they called the \" sixteen decisions. \" these are commitments to improve the welfare of the borrowers and their families above and beyond the loans. they agreed to send their children to school, they decided to maintain discipline, to create unity, to act with courage, and to work hard in all their endeavors. they agreed to keep their families small, to send their children to school, to plant as many seedlings as possible, even to eat vegetables. these are some of the resolutions created by the women, not imposed by the bank. these aspirations were critical to their lives. listening to them, you see what a difference women make. a typical initial loan is something like thirty - five dollars. the night before a woman is going to accept that money from the bank, she will be tossing and turning to decide whether she is really ready for it. she is scared that maybe something terrible will happen to her. and finally in the morning her friends will come over and they will try to persuade her : \" let \u2019 s go through with it. if you don \u2019 t go, we can \u2019 t. we can \u2019 t always worry. it was not easy coming to this point. let \u2019 s go. \" and finally, with their encouragement, she will come to the bank. when she holds that money, it is such a huge amount in her hands, it is like holding the hope and treasure that she never dreamt she would achieve. she will tremble, tears will roll down her cheeks, and she won \u2019 t believe we would trust her with such a large sum. and she promises that she will pay back this money, because the money is the symbol of the trust put in her and she does not want to betray that trust. and then she struggles to pay that first loan, that first installment, which is due the following week, and the second installment, which is payable the following week, and this goes on for fifty weeks in sequence, and every time that she repays another installment she is braver! and when she finishes her fiftieth installment, the last one, and she has now paid in full, she can say, \" i did it! \" she wants to celebrate. it \u2019 s not just a monetary transaction that has been completed, it is nothing less than a transformation of that person. in the beginning of it all, she was trembling, she was tossing and turning, she felt she was nobody and she really did not exist. now she is a woman", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5046973360831137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.157554"} {"text": "that has been completed, it is nothing less than a transformation of that person. in the beginning of it all, she was trembling, she was tossing and turning, she felt she was nobody and she really did not exist. now she is a woman who feels like she is somebody. now she can almost stand up and challenge the whole world, shouting, \" i can do it, i can make it on my own. \" so it \u2019 s a process of transformation and finding self - worth, self - esteem. proving that she can take care of herself. you see, if you only look at the lending program of grameen, you have missed most of its impact. grameen is involved in a process of transformation. the sixteen decisions is an example : we found that grameen children attend school in record numbers because their mothers really take that commitment seriously. and now many of the children are continuing in colleges, universities, going on to medical schools, and so on. it is really striking to see young boys and girls go on to higher levels of education. the program has been so successful that we now foresee a big wave of students needing loans, so we recently came up with another loan product to finance higher education for all grameen children in professional schools. now they don \u2019 t have to worry about whether their parents will be able to pay for their higher education when tuition is so expensive. a recent study in bangladesh showed that children in grameen families are healthier than non - grameen children. scientific american did a study of population growth in bangladesh showing that the average number of children per family twenty years back was seven, but now it has been reduced to three. what happened? why did it happen? scientific american has spurred controversy by claiming the change is due to our program. as women become empowered, they look at themselves and at what they can do. they are making economic progress and alongside that, making decisions about their personal lives and how many children they choose to have. and of course article 16, decision 1, says that we should keep our families small. so this is an important part of the equation. at the population summit in cairo all the sessions spoke of the grameen model, because the adoption of family planning practices of women in our program is twice as high as the national average. now, we are not a population program, but this is a beneficial side effect. there are other side effects. starting seven years back we encouraged grameen borrowers to participate in the political process by voting. their first reaction was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5143145485298615, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.158799"} {"text": "the national average. now, we are not a population program, but this is a beneficial side effect. there are other side effects. starting seven years back we encouraged grameen borrowers to participate in the political process by voting. their first reaction was negative. they said, \" the candidates are all devils, so why should we vote for them? \" it was very depressing that people looked at their electoral process in that way. so we replied, \" okay, yes, they are all devils, but if you don \u2019 t go and vote, the worst devil will get elected. so go sit down in your centers, discuss who could be the worst, what could happen if he gets elected, and if you find this prospect terrible, then you have an opportunity to choose among all the devils, the least evil. \" people immediately got excited, and we had almost 100 percent participation in that first election. it was very well organized. all the grameen families met the morning of the elections, and went to the voting place together, so the politicians would take note of their large numbers, so that they were taken seriously. in the next elections we organized grameen families to vote themselves and also to bring their friends and neighbors to vote, particularly the women. the result was that in the 1996 election in bangladesh voter participation was 73 percent, the highest percentage ever. and what shocked everybody was that across the board more women voted than men. in fact, women waited for hours, because when the voting arrangements were made, the authorities had expected only half the number to show up. the outcome changed the political landscape. in the previous parliament, the fundamentalist religious party had seventeen seats ; in the 1996 election, their number was reduced to three, because women found nothing interesting in the fundamentalist party \u2019 s program. so that was very empowering, very empowering indeed. then, in last year \u2019 s local elections, we were shocked to see that many grameen members themselves got elected. so i went around and talked to those people, and asked why they chose to run for office. they said, \" you told us to select the least of the devils, and we tried, but it was such an ugly job that we got fed up, and we started looking at each other, thinking, \u2018 why are we looking for the least devil, when we are good people here? why don \u2019 t we run ourselves? \" and that started the snowball effect which ended with more than four thousand grameen members elected into local office. that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5058432466312182, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.159848"} {"text": ", \u2018 why are we looking for the least devil, when we are good people here? why don \u2019 t we run ourselves? \" and that started the snowball effect which ended with more than four thousand grameen members elected into local office. that \u2019 s amazing. and the way they talk is completely different. i never heard women in bangladesh talking like this. they are challenging the government. they say, \" the government can \u2019 t tell us how to vote. we made commitments to our electorate. \" this is the kind of thing that happens. so in health care, in political participation, in the relationship between mother and child and between husband and wife, there are transformations of society. now you can open up, you can do things, you can discover your own talent and ability and look at the world in a very different way than you looked at before. because grameen offers a chance to become part of an institution, with some financial support to do your own thing. our customers are in a kind of business relationship, but one that makes such a difference to their lives. of course there is resistance. the first resistance came from the husbands who felt insulted, humiliated, threatened that their wives were given a loan and they were not. the tension within the family structure sometimes led to violence against the women. so we paused for a while and then came up with an idea. we started meeting with the husbands and explaining the program in a way where they could see it would be beneficial to their family. and we made sure to meet with husbands and wives together so everyone understood what was expected. so that reduced a lot of initial resistance by the husbands. neighborhood men also raised objections, and cloaked the fact that they felt threatened by women \u2019 s empowerment in religious trappings. we carefully examined whether our program was in some way antireligious. but they were hiding behind religion instead of admitting that they felt bypassed. it was the male ego speaking in religious terms. our best counterargument was just to give it time. it soon became clear that our borrowers were still attending to their religious duties, at the same time earning money and becoming confident. women started confronting the religious people. they said, \" you think taking money from grameen bank is a bad idea? okay, we won \u2019 t take any more \u2014 if you give the money yourself. we don \u2019 t care who gives it to us, but without money we cannot do anything. \" and of course the religious advocates said, \" no, no, we can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5290710332784142, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.160863"} {"text": "we won \u2019 t take any more \u2014 if you give the money yourself. we don \u2019 t care who gives it to us, but without money we cannot do anything. \" and of course the religious advocates said, \" no, no, we can \u2019 t give you money. \" so that was the end of that. we also received criticism from development professionals who insisted that giving tiny loans to women who do not have knowledge and skill does not bring about structural change in the country or the village and therefore is not true development at all. they said development involves multimillion dollar loans for enormous infrastructure projects. we never expected opposition from the development quarter, but it happened, and became controversial. because what we do is not in their book. they cannot categorize us, whether right, left, conservative, or liberal. we talk free market, but at the same time we are pro - poor. they are totally confused. but if you are in a classroom situation, you wander around your abstract world, and decide microcredit programs are silly because they don \u2019 t fit into your theoretical universe. but i work with real people in the real world. so whenever academics or professionals try to draw those conclusions, i get upset and go back and work with my borrowers \u2014 and then i know who is right. the biggest smile is from one of those women who has just changed her existence. the excitement she experienced with her children, moving from one class to another, is so touching, so real that you forget what the debate was in the ballroom of the hotel with all the international experts, telling you that this is nothing. so that \u2019 s how i \u2019 ve got the strength \u2014 from people. grameen bank is now all over bangladesh, with 2. 4 million families. even in hard times, like this year \u2019 s terrible flood, people are willingly paying and we \u2019 re getting really good loans. that demonstrated the basic ability of the people to do something that they believe in, no matter what others say. people ask, what is the reason that we succeeded, that we could do it, when everybody said it couldn \u2019 t be done. i keep saying that i was stubborn. so when you ask if it took courage, i would instead say it took stubbornness. no matter what kind of beautiful explanation you give, that \u2019 s what it takes to make it happen. speak truth to power ( umbrage, 2000 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4977726624579341, "token_count": 492, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.161987"} {"text": "last week, our children and youth as well as some of you participated in an intergenerational service and shared stories about the births of three individuals - - buddha, confucius, and jesus. this week, i want to delve a little more deeply into the story of the birth of jesus. before i get too far, though, let \u2019 s get a few things straight. we don \u2019 t have to take this story literally to take it seriously. modern day biblical scholarship tells us the historical jesus probably was most likely born in or near nazareth, not bethlehem. he was probably born in a house, not in a manger. i would say that the chances that he was born on december 25 are about 1 in 365. there were most likely no shepherds, magi, or little boys playing drums while cattle lowed. but the biblical writers of the gospels of matthew and luke weren \u2019 t trying to write history. what were they trying to tell us? i think it \u2019 s like this \u2026 before, during, and after jesus \u2019 s lifetime, the jewish people were having a very difficult time. they were being violently oppressed and exploited by the roman empire. they were waiting for a leader, someone who would united the jewish people and lead them in a military rebellion against their roman oppressors. they didn \u2019 t use the word \u201c leader \u201d though. they used the title \u201c anointed one. \u201d or in hebrew, messiah. or in greek, christos. someone who had been anointed by god to lead the jewish people toward a better way of life. but when jesus came around, most people reacted the same way a lot of republican primary voters are reacting to the current crop of presidential candidates - - \u201c you \u2019 ve gotta be kidding me! can \u2019 t we do any better than this? \u201d after all, jesus looked more like a homeless person than a future king - - probably because he was a homeless person - - and he talked more about love and forgiveness than the violent overthrow of the government. to put it bluntly, he wasn \u2019 t the kind of guy most people were expecting. many years after jesus died, when the writers of the gospels of luke and matthew sat down to write his \u201c backstory, \u201d so to speak, they wrote these stories to make the point that the world sometimes doesn \u2019 t work in the way we expect it to work, that life sometimes surprises us, and that sometimes hope for our own lives and for our world comes in the most unlikely of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4489133398817423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.175037"} {"text": ", they wrote these stories to make the point that the world sometimes doesn \u2019 t work in the way we expect it to work, that life sometimes surprises us, and that sometimes hope for our own lives and for our world comes in the most unlikely of times and the most unlikely of places and in the most unlikely of ways. after all, nobody expected a savior to his people to be born to such poor parents in such humble beginnings. nobody expected such an auspicious event to be announced to shepherds, people of the lowest stature in first century jewish society. and nobody expected a baby, born during a time of oppression, exploitation, and violence, would grow up to practice and preach a gospel of love, justice, and peace. the biblical stories about jesus \u2019 s birth are all about the reversals of expectations. more than reminding us of some literal truth about jesus, their purpose is to remind us of that possibility in our own lives and in our own world. as your minister, though, i know that even during the month of december, i can only make so many biblical references with unitarian universalists before your eyes start to glaze over so they look like the frosting on christmas cookies. so let me tell another story, a much more recent story about much more recent events. it \u2019 s a bit of a convoluted story, but it begins like this \u2026 in october 2007, a young man named bradley manning, originally from a small town in oklahoma, joined the u. s. army. he trained as an intelligence analyst and was eventually sent to iraq in 2009. manning, though, was a troubled young man in many ways. he didn \u2019 t support the u. s. military \u2019 s mission in iraq. he also says he was harassed and bullied for being gay. within a few months of being sent to iraq, manning allegedly downloaded thousands of classified documents to his personal computer and eventually provided them to wikileaks, an organization that publishes leaked documents on the internet. among the documents manning allegedly provided to wikileaks were 250, 000 u. s. state department cables, some of which documented both rampant corruption and opulent spending by government leaders in the northeastern african nation of tunisia. the spread of news within tunisia about this rampant corruption and opulent spending was at least a contributing factor, if not a major factor, in the overthrow of that nation \u2019 s government in january 2011 - - less than a year ago, and the overthrow of the government of tunisia was the beginning of what has come", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4426250028371945, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.176005"} {"text": "point - - similar to the gospel writers \u2019 point, i suppose - - is that despite how much we say we know about everything, despite how boringly predictable our lives and the world in which we live sometimes seems, i want to suggest that our lives and our world are a little less predictable than we imagine. to the very best of my knowledge, i don \u2019 t remember any predictions about anything like the arab spring or occupy wall street. i especially don \u2019 t remember anybody making any predictions about the way all of this would happen. to be fair, some of you may have questions about the way i \u2019 ve told this story. if bradley manning hadn \u2019 t been harassed for his sexual orientation, would he have leaked the secret documents? if he hadn \u2019 t leaked the secret documents, would the revolution in tunisia and the rest of the arab spring still happened? if the arab spring hadn \u2019 t happened, would the occupy wall street protests have occurred? i don \u2019 t know the answer to these questions either. here \u2019 s what i do know though \u2026 in ancient greek, there are two words for time - - chronos and kairos. chronos is regular, linear, predictable time. it \u2019 s the root of the english word \u201c chronology. \u201d kairos, though, refers to special time. to use more traditional theological language, it \u2019 s when the power of the divine breaks into history to bring about something new and totally unexpected. to use less traditional language, it \u2019 s when the events of the universe, the events of history, the events of life, serendipitously conspire to bring about something totally new and totally unexpected in our lives, often in a totally unexpected way, and sometimes even something good. what i want to suggest for your consideration this morning is that too often, i suspect most of us live our lives according to a chronos mentality rather than living with a kairos mentality. the biblical stories of jesus \u2019 birth were originally written to inspire us toward a kairos mentality - - but in our 21st century culture these stories are usually not understood too literally, but even among skeptics, the stories have become so familiar to us that they \u2019 ve lost their power to jar and jolt us out of a chronos mentality. \u201c that \u2019 s the way, it was supposed to happen! \u201d we say when we hear a story about a baby being born in a manger growing up to change the world. many of the events of 2011 seem to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5086191501485062, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.178279"} {"text": "s a wonderful, sensitive, funny, and beautiful woman but has been unlucky in her relationships. after being married and divorced once and having several unsuccessful relationships, she began to wonder if she would ever find somebody to love and who would love her. then this past year, life serendipitously conspired and she did. she and her husband were married in november and she seems happier than she has ever been. i think of everything [ my wife ] and i did to become parents. for about seven years we tried becoming parents by the old - fashioned way and by some of the new - fangled ways made possible by medical science. for seven years, none of our efforts were successful. then we decided to adopt. we were told it would take about one year, but after one year, we were still childless. after two years, we were still childless. it was only after waiting nearly three years that life serendipitously conspired and we received a referral for a healthy 15 - month - old boy from medellin, colombia. [ my son ] is five now, and [ my wife ] and i couldn \u2019 t be any happier with how our lives have turned out. this past week, i had a conversation with mark miloscia. as some of you know, mark represents federal way in the state legislature and is now running for state auditor. i like mark because he has been one of the champion \u2019 s of campaign finance reform in our state, an issue that \u2019 s important to me. every year for many years now, mark has introduced a campaign finance reform bill, and it has failed, but will it always, or one day will life serendipitously conspire so that enough people realize everyone should have an equal voice in making important decisions about our country. in christian scripture, whenever anybody asks jesus when the kingdom of god will arrive, he says that nobody except god knows and one shouldn \u2019 t believe anybody who says he or she knows. instead, jesus says, always be ready for it. i don \u2019 t interpret jesus \u2019 words to be a doomsday prediction about the end times but an expression of an existential truth about human existence - - that none of us knows when or where or how life is going to serendipitously conspire to bring about something new and different and unexpected in our lives but that we should live in anticipation, in preparation, in readiness, in openness to possibility. i think the poet emily dickinson was saying", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4693094835602032, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.180249"} {"text": "going to serendipitously conspire to bring about something new and different and unexpected in our lives but that we should live in anticipation, in preparation, in readiness, in openness to possibility. i think the poet emily dickinson was saying much the same thing when she wrote, \u201c not knowing when the dawn will come, i open every door. \u201d one of the reasons i \u2019 m always excited when we welcome new members into this congregation is that i never know life is going to serendipitously conspire so that your participation in this congregation may lead to something totally unexpected and totally new in our shared lives together. i recently read about a man who saw a woman stopped along the side of the road. the woman was trying to change the tire on her car and was having trouble. he stopped to help. after helping her, he got back in his car and kept on driving. a few miles down the road he had a heart attack. then the same woman stopped her car, called for help, and performed cpr on him until an ambulance arrived, saving his life. this morning we \u2019 re selling items in the welcoming room to raise funds for another microbank. if we \u2019 re able to fund another bank, that bank may be able to make a small loan to a woman trying to run her own business. then that woman may be able to afford to send a child to school. then that child may grow up to make an incredible contribution to his community, to her nation, or even to humanity as a whole, perhaps even doing something that will save the life of somebody in this congregation. do i have any guarantees of that? absolutely none at all. but as i \u2019 ve been saying, none of us knows when, where, or how life may serendipitously conspire to bring about something totally unexpected and totally new. the most any of us can do is be ready, play our part, and not refuse to do the something we can do. my friends, not knowing when the dawn will come, let us open every door. now and always, let us live with hope, courage, perseverance, patience, and faith in the goodness of things yet to come. let us live in anticipation that somewhere, something incredible is waiting to happen, in our own lives and in the world. and if there is a time in any of our individual lives when our own hope wanes, when our own flame flickers, may it be renewed here in this religious community we share", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45584491497501517, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.181296"} {"text": "washington, dc \u2014 the u. s. department of energy ( doe ) today announced the launch of a website, doepatents, which allows search and retrieval of information from a collection of more than 20, 000 patent records. the database represents a growing collection of patents resulting from r & d supported by doe and demonstrates the department \u2019 s considerable contribution to scientific progress from the 1940s to the present. \u201c from helping the blind to see again to identifying hidden weapons through holographic computerized imaging technology, the u. s. department of energy has supported and will continue to support research addressing some of the world \u2019 s most pressing scientific challenges, \u201d under secretary for science dr. raymond l. orbach said. \u201c content within doepatents represents a truly impressive demonstration of doe research and development and technological innovation. \u201d highlighted at doepatents is a compilation of noteworthy doe innovations from the past few decades. these technologies have improved quality of life and provided national economic, health and environmental benefits. one such invention is the artificial retina, a collaborative research project between doe national laboratories, universities and the private sector aimed at restoring vision to millions of people blinded by retinal disease. another invention is the doe national renewable energy laboratory \u2019 s pioneering multi - junction solar cell. a cell based on this design set a world efficiency record in converting sunlight to electricity. the doepatents database also includes inventions of nobel laureates associated with doe or its predecessors such as enrico fermi, glenn seaborg and luis alvarez, along with other distinguished scientists. patents consists of bibliographic records, with full text where available via either a pdf file or an html link to the record at the united states patent and trademark office. the doepatents database is updated quarterly with new patent records. the website is updated on a regular basis with news and information about significant and recent inventions. resource links for inventors are included at the site, as well as recent inventions and patent news pages. doepatents was developed by the doe office of scientific and technical information ( osti ) and may be viewed at http : / / www. osti. gov / doepatents /. osti, a part of the doe office of science, accelerates discovery by making research results rapidly available to scientists and to the public. the office of science is the single largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences in the nation. jeff sherwood, doe, ( 202 ) 586 - 5806 cathey daniels, osti, ( 865 ) 576 - 9539", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5293817171841748, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.187809"} {"text": "launch date : december 02, 1997 mission project home page - http : / / www. mpe - garching. mpg. de / eqs / eqs _ home. html equator - s was a low - cost mission designed to study the earth ' s equatorial magnetosphere out to distances of 67000 km. it formed an element of the closely - coordinated fleet of satellites that compose the iastp program. based on a simple spacecraft design, it carries a science payload comprising advanced instruments that were developed for other iastp missions. unique features of equator - s were its nearly equatorial orbit and its high spin rate. it was launched as an auxiliary payload on an ariane - 4, december 2nd, 1997. the mission was intended for a two - year lifetime but stopped transmitting data on may 1, 1998. the idea of an equatorial satellite dates back to nasa ' s ggs ( global geospace science ) program, originally conceived in 1980. the equatorial element of the program was abandoned in 1986 and several subsequent attempts to rescue the mission failed, leaving a significant gap in both nasa ' s gss and the international iastp programs. the max - planck - institut fur extraterrestrische physik ( mpe ) decided to fill this gap because of its interest in gss and the opportunity for a test of an advanced instrument to measure electric fields with dual electron beams. in addition to mpe - internal funds and personnel, the realization of equator - s was possible through a 1994 grant from the german space agency dara ( meanwhile part of dlr ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.47652872514479305, "token_count": 323, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.189404"} {"text": "more on those rorquals : part i is required reading. to those who have seen this stuff before : sorry, am going through a busy phase and no time for new material ( blame dinosaurs and azhdarchoid pterosaurs \u2026 and baby girls ). oh, incidentally, i recently registered tet zoo with researchblogging : i haven \u2019 t done this before because \u2018 blogging on peer - reviewed research \u2019 is the norm at tet zoo, not the exception. it seems to take ages for posts to be uploaded to researchblogging \u2013 like, hours. is this normal? anyway \u2026 this time we look at the basics of rorqual morphology and at their feeding behaviour. the rostrum in rorquals is long and tapers to a point ( though it is comparatively broad in blue whales ) and, in contrast to other mysticetes, a stout finger - like extension of the maxillary bone extends posteriorly, overlapping the nasals and abutting the supraoccipital ( the shield - like plate that forms the rear margin of the skull ). the dorsal surfaces of the frontals ( on the top of the skull ) possess large depressions while the ventral surfaces of the zygomatic processes ( the structures that project laterally from the cheek regions ) are strongly concave, again unlike the condition in other mysticetes [ painting above by valter fogato ]. rorqual lower jaws are gigantic, beam - like bones that bow outwards along their length. the symphyseal area ( the region where the jaw tips meet ) is unfused, as is the case in all mysticetes ( even the most basal ones ) but not other cetaceans, meaning that the two halves of the jaw can stretch apart at their tips somewhat. exceeding 7 m in blue whales, rorqual lower jaws are the largest single bones in history ( ha! take that sauropoda ). a section of blue whale jaw was once \u2018 discovered \u2019 at loch ness and misidentified as the femur of a gigantic, hitherto undiscovered tetrapod. occasionally rorqual skulls have been discovered in which the long lower jaws have been stuck wedged inside various of the skull openings and with their tips protruding like tusks. people unfamiliar with cetacean skulls have then naively assumed that the skull belonged to some sort of tusked prehistoric sea monster. ben roesch once discussed the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4813029348220257, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.195915"} {"text": "inside various of the skull openings and with their tips protruding like tusks. people unfamiliar with cetacean skulls have then naively assumed that the skull belonged to some sort of tusked prehistoric sea monster. ben roesch once discussed the case of the ataka carcass of 1956 : a giant beached animal possessing divergent \u2018 tusks \u2019 that are in fact the separated halves of a rorqual \u2019 s lower jaw ( see adjacent image ). i \u2019 ve come across another case of this sort of thing. the accompanying newspaper piece, from the telegraph of june 29th 1908, features a skull trawled up by the aberdeen vessel balmedie ( sailing out of grimsby ), and thought by the article \u2019 s writer to be that of \u2018 some prehistoric monster \u2019, apparently with tongue preserved. it \u2019 s clearly a rorqual skull, and the pointed, narrow rostrum and posterior widening of the mesorostral gutter indicates that it \u2019 s a minke whale skull [ for other cases in which whale carcasses have been mistaken for ' sea monsters ' see the tecolutla monster article ]. moving back to the morphology of the rorqual lower jaw, a tall, well - developed coronoid process \u2013 way larger than that of any other mysticete \u2013 projects from each jaw bone and forms the attachment site for a tendinous part of the temporalis muscle, termed the frontomandibular stay. all of these unusual features are linked to the remarkable feeding style used by rorquals. how do they feed? predominantly by lunge - feeding ( also known as engulfment feeding ) : by opening their mouths to full gape ( c. 90\u00ba ), and then lunging into a mass of prey. those depressed areas on the frontals and zygomatic processes house particularly large temporalis and masseter muscles, the muscles involved in closing the jaw. the frontomandibular stay provides a strong mechanical linkage between the lower jaw and skull and primarily serves to amplify the mechanical advantage of the temporalis muscles. as a rorqual lunge - feeds, a huge quantity of water ( hopefully containing prey ) is engulfed within the buccal pouch, transforming the whale from \u2018 a cigar shape to the shape of an elongated, bloated tadpole \u2019 ( orton & brodie 1987, p. 2898 ). while a rorqual uses its muscles to open its jaws, the energy that powers the expansion of the bucca", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4193963525331949, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.196839"} {"text": "cigar shape to the shape of an elongated, bloated tadpole \u2019 ( orton & brodie 1987, p. 2898 ). while a rorqual uses its muscles to open its jaws, the energy that powers the expansion of the buccal pouch is essentially provided by the whale \u2019 s forward motion, and not by the jaw muscles. in other words, the engulfing process is powered solely by the speed of swimming. orton & brodie ( 1987 ) noted that the engulfed water \u2018 is not displaced forward or moved backward by internal suction, but is simply enveloped with highly compliant material \u2019 ( p. 2905 ). rorquals do not, therefore, set up a bow wave as they engulf ( update : by complete coincidence, paul brodie told me in a recent email [ 28th feb 2009 ] that he \u2019 s just completing a long - in - the - pipeline manuscript containing field data on sei whale. wow, i really look forward to seeing this ). a rorqual may engulf nearly 70 % of its total body weight in water and prey during this action, which in an adult blue whale amounts to about 70 tons ( pivorunas 1979 ). in order to cope with this, the tissues of the buccal pouch must be highly extensible and able to cope with massive distortion. the ventral surface of the pouch is covered by grooved blubber, on which the 50 - 90 grooves extend from the jaw tips to as far posteriorly as the umbilicus. the ventral grooves can be extended to 4 times their resting width, and to 1. 5 times their resting length. internal to the grooved blubber is the muscle tissue of the buccal pouch, and this is unique, containing large amounts of elastin, and consisting of an inner layer of longitudinally arranged muscle bands and an outer layer where the bands are obliquely oriented ( pivorunas 1977 ). when a rorqual lunges, delicate timing is needed, otherwise the buccal pouch will rapidly fill with seawater and not with prey. how then do rorquals get their timing just right? it seems that rorquals possess batteries of sensory organs within and around the buccal pouch : there are laminated corpuscles closely associated with the ventral grooves that might serve a sensory function, and located around the edges of the jaws, and at their tips, are a number of short ( 12. 5 mm ) vibrissae. long assumed to be vestiges from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4632729341958691, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.197855"} {"text": "associated with the ventral grooves that might serve a sensory function, and located around the edges of the jaws, and at their tips, are a number of short ( 12. 5 mm ) vibrissae. long assumed to be vestiges from the time when whale ancestors had body hair, it now seems that these structures have a role in sensing vibrations. once a mass of prey is engulfed, a rorqual then has to squeeze the water out through its baleen plates while at the same time retaining the prey. rorqual baleen plates number between 219 to 475 in each side of the jaw ( the number of plates is highly variable within species, with sei whales alone having between 219 and 402 ), and each plate ranges in length from 20 cm ( in the minkes ) to 1 m ( in the blue ). as the whale stops lunging forward, the pressure drops off, allowing deflation of the buccal pouch. passive contraction of the blubber grooves and active contraction of the muscle layer within the buccal pouch also occurs at this time [ adjacent image, showing engulfment process in fin whale, by jeremy goldbogen and nicholas pyenson and taken from the uc berkeley news site. goldbogen et al. ' s research is discussed in the next article. see also pyenson ' s site and goldbogen ' s site ]. for an outstanding sequence of photos illustrating engulfment in action, see randy morse \u2019 s photos of a feeding blue whale. so that \u2019 s the basics. but there \u2019 s so much more to the subject than this. how is it that, during lunge feeding, agile, highly reactive prey remain within the mouth cavity prior to the mouth \u2019 s closure? why do some rorquals make loud noises during lunge - feeding? why, given their giant size and theoretical high aerobic dive limit, do big rorquals not spend more time lunge - feeding beneath the surface? why do some rorquals exhibit strongly asymmetrical patterns of pigmentation? and don \u2019 t forget that not all rorquals lunge - feed. more on these issues in the following post. refs \u2013 - orton, l. s., brodie, p. f. ( 1987 ). engulfing mechanisms of fin whales canadian journal of zoology, 65, 2898 - 2907 pivorunas, a. 1977. the fibrocartilage skeleton and related structures of the ventral pouch of balaeno", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48054601965187616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.198776"} {"text": "php is considered an insecure language to develop in not because of secret backdoors put in by the php language developers, but because it was initially developed without security as a major concern and compared to other languages / web frameworks its difficult to develop securely in it. e. g., if you develop a lamp / lapp ( linux + apache + mysql / postgresql + php ) web app, you have to manually code in input / output sanitation to prevent sql injection / xss / csrf, make sure there are no subtle calls to eval user - supplied code ( like in preg _ replace with a ' / e ' ending the regexp argument ), safely deal with file uploads, make sure user passwords are securely hashed ( not plaintext ), authentication cookies are unguessable, secure ( https ) and http - only, etc. most modern web - frameworks simplify many of these issues by doing most of these things in a secure fashion ( or initially doing them insecurely and then getting secure updates ). the risk of there being a secret backdoor in an open - source php is small ; and the risk is present in every piece of software ( windows / linux / apache / nginx / iis / postgresql / oracle ) you use - - both open - source and closed - source. the open - source ones at least have the benefit that many independent eyes look at it all the time and you could examine it if you wanted. also note in principle, even after fully examining the source code and finding no backdoors and fully examining the source code of your compiler ( finding no backdoors ), if you then recompile your compiler ( bootstrap by using some untrusted existing compiler ) and then compile the safe source code with your newly compiled \" safe \" compiler, your executable code could still have backdoors brought in from using the untrusted existing compiler to compile the new compiler. see ken thompson ' s reflections on trusting trust. ( the way this is defended against in practice is by using many independent and obscure compilers from multiple sources to compile any new compiler and then compare the output ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5027528381000298, "token_count": 459, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.203230"} {"text": "the bigger picture : visual archives and the smithsonian now open to the public ( in 1922 ) - museum of the american indian on november 14, 1922, george gustav heye opened to the public the museum of the american indian, heye foundation in new york city to display his collection of native american artifacts. heye, a mining engineer, began collecting native american artifacts while working in arizona in 1896. the museum, founded in 1916, was located at audubon terrace and there was also a research branch in the bronx where collections were available for research and study. after heye ' s death in 1957, the future of the museum was in doubt. some thoughts were to transfer the collection to the american museum of natural history in new york or possibly for it to be purchased by businessman, h. ross perrot. neither of these options came to pass. it was not until the 1980s when discussions began with the smithsonian that a home would be found for the museum of the american indian. on november 18, 1989, president george h. w. bush signed legislation creating the national museum of the american indian as part of the smithsonian. today the museum consists of the george gustave heye center in new york city ( unfortunately because of hurricane sandy the heye center is temporarily closed ), the cultural resources center facility in maryland, and the museum on the mall in washington, d. c. - history of the national museum of the american indian, smithsonian institution archives", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4040314309252125, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.204659"} {"text": "written by kara fleck, simple kids editor and rockin \u2019 granola mama. as we wind down summer and prepare to say \u201c hello \u201d to fall days, here are a few ways to play, learn, and explore during the month of september. ways to play, learn, and explore in september september \u2019 s flower is the aster. the word \u201c aster \u201d comes from the ancient greek for \u201c star. \u201d sometimes the aster is called the michaelmas daisy. there are some activities and a poem for the michaelmas daisy at the flower fairies official website. while you and your kids are learning about autumn flowers, why not try your hand at a few of these felt sunflowers from living crafts? the wonderful se7en has a free printable september calendar for you. although september is the ninth month, the word september comes from the latin \u201c septi \u201d for seven because in the roman calendar it was the seventh month. talk like a pirate day is september 19th ( which also happens to be the day after my husband christopher \u2019 s birthday, what fun! ). right now you can pick up a copy of captain no beard for your kindle for 99 cents from amazon ( you can pick up the printed version, too ) \u2013 and if you are an amazon prime member you can borrow it for free! love that! the autumnal equinox occurs on september 22nd. the leaves will begin to change colors, the air will become cooler, and the hours of daylight a little shorter. here are a few fun leaf - related activities : why not try out an autumn recipe or two with your kids this month? - maple pecan baked apples : : : simple bites - pumpkin butterscotch cookies : : : joy the baker - healthy after - school snacks : popsicles : : : playful learning how will you and your kids be playing, learning, and exploring this september?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4068658817998962, "token_count": 383, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.206710"} {"text": "the cerebral cortex, a layer of neural tissue surrounding the cerebrum of the mammalian brain, has been known to play various roles in memory, language, thought, attention, and consciousness. up until now, no invertebrate equivalent to the cerebral cortex has been encountered, but detlev arendt, raju tomer, and colleagues may have found an evolutionary counterpart. the obvious answer is hidden in one simple creature \u2013 the worm. wait, what? yeah, you heard me. the marine ragworm, found at all water depths, has been shown to possess a tissue resembling that of our mysterious cerebral cortex. arendt and his colleagues used a technique called cellular profiling to determine a molecular footprint for each kind of cell in this particular type of ragworm. by utilizing this technique, they were able to uncover which genes were turned on and off in each cell, providing a means for cellular categorization. surprisingly, mushroom bodies, regions of the ragworm \u2019 s brain that are thought to control olfactory senses, show a striking similarity to tissue found in our cerebral cortex. this intriguing discovery may provide remarkable insight into the evolutionary basis of what has developed into an incredibly important cerebral structure. read more about this review here, or see the original article in cell.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5569833183809597, "token_count": 256, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.209360"} {"text": "object pool design pattern object pooling can offer a significant performance boost ; it is most effective in situations where the cost of initializing a class instance is high, the rate of instantiation of a class is high, and the number of instantiations in use at any one time is low. object pools ( otherwise known as resource pools ) are used to manage the object caching. a client with access to a object pool can avoid creating a new objects by simply asking the pool for one that has already been instantiated instead. generally the pool will be a growing pool, i. e. the pool itself will create new objects if the pool is empty, or we can have a pool, which restricts the number of objects created. it is desirable to keep all reusable objects that are not currently in use in the same object pool so that they can be managed by one coherent policy. to achieve this, the reusable pool class is designed to be a singleton class. the object pool lets others \u201c check out \u201d objects from its pool, when those objects are no longer needed by their processes, they are returned to the pool in order to be reused. however, we don \u2019 t want a process to have to wait for a particular object to be released, so the object pool also instantiates new objects as they are required, but must also implement a facility to clean up unused objects periodically. the general idea for the connection pool pattern is that if instances of a class can be reused, you avoid creating instances of the class by reusing them. < strong > reusable < / strong > - instances of classes in this role collaborate with other objects for a limited amount of time, then they are no longer needed for that collaboration. < strong > client < / strong > - instances of classes in this role use reusable objects. < strong > reusablepool < / strong > - instances of classes in this role manage reusable objects for use by client objects. usually, it is desirable to keep all reusable objects that are not currently in use in the same object pool so that they can be managed by one coherent policy. to achieve this, the reusablepool class is designed to be a singleton class. its constructor ( s ) are private, which forces other classes to call its getinstance method to get the one instance of the a client object calls a acquirereusable method when it needs a reusable object. a reusablepool object maintains a collection of reusa", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5232061038583078, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.214694"} {"text": "private, which forces other classes to call its getinstance method to get the one instance of the a client object calls a acquirereusable method when it needs a reusable object. a reusablepool object maintains a collection of reusable objects. it uses the collection of reusable objects to contain a pool of reusable objects that are not currently in use. if there are any reusable objects in the pool when the acquirereusable method is called, it removes a reusable object from the pool and returns it. if the pool is empty, then the acquirereusable method creates a reusable object if it can. if the acquirereusable method cannot create a new reusable object, then it waits until a reusable object is returned to the collection. client objects pass a reusable object to a releasereusable method when they are finished with the object. the releasereusable method returns a reusable object to the pool of reusable objects that are not in use. in many applications of the object pool pattern, there are reasons for limiting the total number of reusable objects that may exist. in such cases, the reusablepool object that creates reusable objects is responsible for not creating more than a specified maximum number of reusable objects. if reusablepool objects are responsible for limiting the number of objects they will create, then the reusablepool class will have a method for specifying the maximum number of objects to be created. that method is indicated in the above diagram as setmaxpoolsize. do you like bowling? if you do, you probably know that you should change your shoes when you getting the bowling club. shoe shelf is wonderful example of object pool. once you want to play, you \u2019 ll get your pair ( aquirereusable ) from it. after the game, you \u2019 ll return shoes back to the shelf ( objectpoolclass with private array of releasemethods in objectpool class - make sure that your objectpool is singleton rules of thumb - the factory method pattern can be used to encapsulate the creation logic for objects. however, it does not manage them after their creation, the object pool pattern keeps track of the objects it creates. - object pools are usually implemented as singletons. object pool code examples | this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - no derivative works 3. 0 unported license |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5198157520360625, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.215724"} {"text": "beat the heat : heat illness in children it has been an extremely hot summer so far in all parts of the united states. record highs are being set all over the country. today we will discuss exertional heat illness in children so you can be better prepared to identify and prevent this in our children as they continue to be active throughout the summer months. why is temperature regulation important? our bodies are made to function at an optimal core temperature of 98. 6\u00b0f ( 37\u00b0c ). the \u201c thermal neutral \u201d zone in which we operate is 36. 5 \u2013 37. 5\u00b0c. when the temperature deviates too much from that, temperature sensitive structures such as body enzymes and other proteins begin to denature, and essential processes start to fail. extreme cold slows down metabolic processes and at temperatures below 33\u00b0c we lose consciousness. in extreme heat, temperatures above 42\u00b0c are not compatible with life. how do we temperature regulate? even without activity, our body is generating heat at a rate that would increase our core temperatures by over 1\u00b0c per hour. when we are exercising hard, that heat generation can increase 10 - fold. therefore our bodies are equipped under normal circumstances to dissipate the heat. the main methods of heat dissipation are : radiation, convection, conduction, and evaporation. radiation is the primary way in which heat is dissipated when the skin temperature is greater than air, but when air temperature exceeds the skin temperature, evaporation becomes the primary method of cooling. this happens in the form of sweating ( humans ), and panting ( dogs ). when normal functions of heat dissipation are not working correctly, or when heat generation exceed heat loss, the body is in danger of a spectrum of heat - related illnesses from heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke. why are children at greater risk than adults? children are more susceptible to heat illness because they have : 1. greater surface area to body mass ratio 2. lower rate of sweating 3. higher temperature at initiation of sweating 4. slower rate of acclimatization to heat tips on beating the heat? 1. stay indoors or in a shaded area during the hottest part of the day. schedule practices or events before 11am and after 6pm. 2. pre - hydrate! dehydration increases the risk of ehi. 3. hydrate on a regular schedule during and after exercise. thirst is a poor indication of hydration status, especially in children. a good starting point", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4998313668105577, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.221623"} {"text": ". 2. pre - hydrate! dehydration increases the risk of ehi. 3. hydrate on a regular schedule during and after exercise. thirst is a poor indication of hydration status, especially in children. a good starting point is 4 to 6 ounces of fluid every 15 minutes for a 90 - lb child. 4. check the weight! checking your child \u2019 s weight before and after exercise will give you an idea if hydration was adequate. weight loss of greater than 2. 5 % indicates dehydration. 5. get acclimatized. the body can take 1 - 2 weeks to get adjusted to the heat, so avoid strenuous practices in the beginning. start light and gradually increase. 6. wear appropriate clothing. keep it light on the hottest days. 7. know the symptoms of heat exhaustion and heat stroke : heat exhaustion : athletes can be sweaty, ashen in color and complaining of weakness, headache, dizziness, irritable, nauseous or vomiting. heat stroke : athletes can have similar symptoms as heat exhaustion, but can also be dry, hot, and flushed, and will also have confusion, delayed response or other change in mental status. rectal temperature if taken will be > 104\u00b0f. 8. if your child has any medical problems that may affect their ability to temperature regulate, discuss with your pediatrician. what should you do if you suspect heat exhaustion or heat stroke? 1. get the athlete out of the sun, and indoors or into a shaded area. 2. oral hydration and cooling with active cooling techniques such as removing excess clothing, drinking cool water, sponging the body with cool water, placing ice pack in the armpits, and groin. 3. have the athlete evaluated by a medical professional as soon as possible. 4. if there is any change in responsiveness or other mental status change, be concerned about heat stroke. call 911 and initiate rapid cooling if possible. wishing everyone a safe, happy, and fun summer!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4335718516628362, "token_count": 411, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.222474"} {"text": "stats articles 2010 why any ol ' diet will work ( if your bmi is high enough ) : a case study in regression toward the mean rebecca goldin, phd, february 10, 2010 understanding regression toward the mean imagine a city where, from year to year, the overall height of the population is stable. there are no sudden growth spurts or frantic attempts by parents to give their children growth hormones, or movements of very short people in or very tall people out of the city limits. now consider the following statistical conundrum : if you measure the tall people in the city, they will tend to have children who are shorter and, similarly, the short people will tend to have children who are taller. other strange things are happening too. though the city ' s school test scores are not improving overall, the children with the worst test scores last year, appear to be doing better this year. what you are witnessing is called \" regression toward the mean, \" and it means that whenever you measure something more than once in a population, the extremes tend to move more toward the average. consider height : suppose the range of adult heights ( the minimum to maximum heights ) is four feet to seven feet, and stays the same over several generations. if we look at just those who are 7 feet tall, we will find that they have children who are shorter, since if these children grow to be taller than 7 feet, the height range of the population would change. if the range stays the same, the 7 - feet people cannot have children who are taller than themselves! you might ask : but where do we get the new 7 - feet tall people if the tallest people have shorter kids? first, a maximum height individual might have a same - heigh child. second, invariably, some tall people who are not quite at the maximum will have taller children - for example, someone 6 feet 6 inches could have a child who grows to be 7 feet tall. these kids will become the next generation of \u201c tallest. \u201d \u201c height of children \u201d is an example of a measurement that has some random fluctuation, that has nothing to do with genetics at all. regression toward the mean describes the behavior of such randomness. unfortunately, it can lead to some bias in observational studies, and understanding its effects is an important defense against false conclusions. just as we may be misled about what is happening to our society \u2019 s height if we only observe the heights of the children of very tall people ( thinking that they are shrinking ) we may be misled", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5529349924051182, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.230050"} {"text": "is an important defense against false conclusions. just as we may be misled about what is happening to our society \u2019 s height if we only observe the heights of the children of very tall people ( thinking that they are shrinking ) we may be misled about social progress and medical success if we do not recognize the phenomenon. how bias sneaks in : an experiment in regressing we can set up an experiment that illustrates the phenomenon without having to wait generations to see the result. take a random group of people and ask them each to flip a coin 100 times and record the result. we would expect to find that many people got close to 50 heads and 50 tails. but we would also find that a few people got many more heads than tails and vice versa. suppose we did the experiment again with just those who got the outlying results. let \u2019 s call someone a \u201c head - flipper \u201d if he / she got at least 60 heads, and we only include head - flippers in our second experiment. we would still expect these people to have, on average, 50 heads and 50 tails in second set of flips. the head - flippers would generally not be head - flippers any longer. as these experiments are independent of each other, we do not expect head - flippers to be particularly likely to flip heads the second time they participate in the experiment. now imagine i have noted the first set of results and decided that what the world needed was a medication that improved one ' s ability to flip tails ( imagine i ' m crazy ). of course, i am only interested in what this medicine does to head - flippers, since they are the ones with the very serious problem of over - flipping heads. what will i find if i give all the head - flippers the medicine and run my test again? amazingly, most of them will no - longer flip at least 60 heads - i will have proven success! of course, the medication is illusory, as this purported increase in tail - flipping is only in comparison to those people who were chosen because they had flipped a lot of heads. we have simply observed regression toward the mean. regression toward the mean is a fundamental notion in statistics, and important to account for in experiments. it can create bias in poorly done observational studies. if the score on the coin flips were replaced by blood pressure measurements, for example, we should expect that people with the highest blood pressure readings are also those whose pressure will go down at the next measurement, whether they are given a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5517495508780915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.231038"} {"text": "critical the second reading. the situation becomes much clearer when we look at the whole picture. by looking at the whole graph, we see there were five people below the red line, but to the right of the blue line, who had non - critically high blood pressure on the first reading, but above critical on the second. these people whose condition \u201c worsened \u201d from one reading to the next will compensate for those who \u201c improved, \u201d so that we see an average of no change. the point of a clinical trial is to get rid of the ( random ) bias introduced by regression toward the mean. a randomized clinical trial would compare groups of people with high blood pressure readings, by giving one group the medicine and the other not. it would then observe whether there is more benefit for the group that takes the medicine. alternatively, one could introduce a regimen for everyone without regard to blood pressure levels ( such as an exercise routine ) and see whether the average changes. weight loss and regression toward the mean by the same principle, the heaviest people are in a good position not to be heaviest at the next weigh - in. suppose that in february, 2010, we observe the weight of a population of people whose overall average weight and distribution of weights does not change. at the end of the year, the people with the highest bmi are likely to have decreased their weight while those with the smallest are likely to increase. these changes which are attributed to \" regression toward the mean \" should be understood to be the changes due to random fluctuations of the weight measurement - - it could be because our weights do fluctuate some without any intervention on our part, or because the scales we use have some random error. if the population as a whole does not have an increased average or change its weight distribution, then as people below the average will tend to put on weight, while those who have a very high bmi will be likely to go down in weight. [ keep in mind that the average bmi may well be over 25, classifying the average person as overweight - regression toward the mean doesn ' t do anything for the average! ] now throw \" going on a diet to lose weight \" into the picture, something that typically only overweight people do, and this effect should be exaggerated. on average, attempting to lose weight has a positive impact on losing weight. of course there are many aspects of changing bmi levels that are more complicated than we have presented here. in particular, american bmi is not standing still ; it is increasing. and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5263871109645861, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.235590"} {"text": "heel bursitis is another type of heel pain. the sufferer of this kind of heel pain experiences pain at the back of the heel when the patient moves his joint of the ankle. in the heel bursitis type of heel pain there is swelling on the sides of the achilles \u2019 tendon. in this condition the sufferer may experience pain in the heel when his feet hit the ground. heel bruises are also referred as heel bumps they are usually caused by improper shoes. the constant rubbing of the shoes against the heel. what is bursitis? bursitis is the inflammation of a bursa. normally, the bursa provides a slippery surface that has almost no friction. a problem arises when a bursa becomes inflamed. the bursa loses its gliding capabilities, and becomes more and more irritated when it is moved. when the condition called bursitis occurs, the normally slippery bursa becomes swollen and inflamed. the added bulk of the swollen bursa causes more friction within an already confined space. also, the smooth gliding bursa becomes gritty and rough. movement of an inflamed bursa is painful and irritating. \u201c itis \u201d usually refers to the inflammation of a certain part of the body, therefore bursitis refers to the constant irritation of the natural cushion that supports the heel of the foot ( the bursa ). bursitis is often associated with plantar fasciitis, which affects the arch and heel of the foot. what causes bursitis? - bursitis and plantar fasciitis can occur when a person increases their levels of physical activity or when the heel \u2019 s fat pad becomes thinner, providing less protection to the foot. - ill fitting shoes. - biomechanical problems ( e. g. mal - alignment of the foot, including over - pronation ). - rheumatoid arthritis. bursitis usually results from a repetitive movement or due to prolonged and excessive pressure. patients who rest on their elbows for long periods or those who bend their elbows frequently and repetitively ( for example, a custodian using a vacuum for hours at a time ) can develop elbow bursitis, also called olecranon bursitis. similarly in other parts of the body, repetitive use or frequent pressure can irritate a bursa and cause inflammation. another cause of bursitis is a traumatic injury. following trauma, such as a car accident or fall, a patient may develop bursitis. usually", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42802798576419854, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.240611"} {"text": "select the product you need help with - internet explorer - windows phone - more products description of the way that excel saves files article id : 814068 - view products that this article applies to. when you save an existing file in excel, excel creates a temporary file in the destination folder that you specify in the save as dialog box. the temporary file contains the whole contents of your workbook. if excel successfully saves the temporary file, the temporary file is renamed with the file name you specify in the save as dialog box. this process of saving files makes sure that the original file is not damaged. the original file is useful if the save operation is not successful. when excel saves a file, excel follow these steps : important points about saving additional informationfor additional information, click the following article numbers to view the articles in the microsoft knowledge base : ( http : / / support. microsoft. com / kb / 214073 / ) you receive an error message when you try to save a file in excel ( http : / / support. microsoft. com / kb / 289273 / ) description of the autorecover functions in excel 2002 ( http : / / support. microsoft. com / kb / 324521 / ) xl2002 : how to recover a lost worksheet or lost version of a worksheet article id : 814068 - last review : september 19, 2011 - revision : 6. 0", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44056127042618215, "token_count": 293, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.242676"} {"text": "the re - introduction of wolves in a us national park in the mid - 1990s is not helping quaking aspens ( populus tremuloides ) to become re - established, as many researchers hoped. in a study published in the journal ecology showed that the population of wolves in yellowstone park was not deterring elks from eating young trees and saplings. it was assumed that the presence of wolves would create a \u201c landscape of fear \u201d, resulting in no - go areas for elks. researchers writing in the ecological society of america \u2019 s ( esa ) journal said that the aspens were not regenerating well in the park as a result of the elk eating the young trees. however, they added that the conventional wisdom suggested that as the wolves were predators of the elk, it was thought that the elk would eventually learn to avoid high - risk areas in which the wolves were found. this would then allow plants in those areas \u2013 such as aspen \u2013 to grow big enough without being eaten and killed by the elk. and in the long - term, the thinking went, the habitat would be restored. in this latest study, lead author matthew kauffman \u2013 a us geological survey scientist \u2013 suggested the findings showed that claims of an ecosystem - wide recovery of aspen were premature. \u201c this study not only confirms that elk are responsible for the decline of aspen in yellowstone beginning in the 1890s, but also that none of the aspen groves studied after wolf restoration appear to be regenerating, even in areas risky to elk, \u201d dr kauffman explained. because the \u201c landscape of fear \u201d idea did not appear to be benefiting aspen, the team concluded that if the northern range elk population did not continue to decline ( their numbers are 40 % of what they were before wolves ), many of yellowstone \u2019 s aspen stands were unlikely to recover. \u201c a landscape - level aspen recovery is likely only to occur if wolves, in combination with other predators and climate factors, further reduce the elk population, \u201d observed dr kauffman. the paper, are wolves saving yellowstone \u2019 s aspen? a landscape - level test of a behaviorally mediated trophic cascade, has been published online in ecology. the authors of the paper are : matthew kauffman ( usgs ), jedediah brodie ( university of montana ) and erik jules ( humboldt state university ). source : esa press release filed under : animals, biodiversity, conservation, research | tagged : aspen, ecological society of america, ecology, ecosystem, elk, environment,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4247992009868008, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.254324"} {"text": "both texas a & m and the university of missouri have acclaimed veterinary colleges, and the two schools have frequently collaborated on work involving animals. a current project could have a huge impact on the beef industry. james womack, the w. p. luse endowed and distinguished professor in texas a & m \u2019 s college of veterinary medicine & biomedical sciences, has partnered with missouri colleague jerry taylor to work on a five - year grant to study bovine respiratory disease, commonly called brd. it is a $ 9. 2 million project to find ways to prevent the disease and funding comes from the department of agriculture \u2019 s national institute of food and agriculture. for cattle owners, brd is major threat \u2013 it is the leading cause of disease in beef and dairy cattle and it annually causes losses approaching $ 1 billion in the cattle industry. \u201c it \u2019 s a disease that can really be devastating for ranchers, \u201d womack says of the project. \u201c it can sometimes be fatal, but the overall lack of production from cattle that have the disease is often the biggest concern. \u201c it is the no. 1 health problem in the cattle industry. it affects about 10 percent of the cattle in the country, so when you consider all of the millions of cattle in the united states, it results in numbers that are staggering. \u201d womack says he and missouri \u2019 s taylor will look at the disease from a genetic viewpoint and examine the causes of brd, and will do dna testing on at least 6, 000 cattle. \u201c we \u2019 ll take dna samples from cattle that have the disease, and also from those that don \u2019 t, \u201d womack explains. \u201c then we \u2019 ll look at variations on over 700, 000 genomes and do a comparative study. we have known for years that individual cattle vary in their response to the pathogens that cause brd and that much of that variation is genetic. \u201c we hope this project will be a model for the power of cooperation of research and educational institutions and animal industries to make basic discoveries, train professionals in the application of these discoveries, and to translate this new knowledge into economic gain along with improved animal health and welfare. \u201d texas a & m and missouri are key partners in the project, but other schools, such as washington state, uc - davis, new mexico state, colorado state and wisconsin are also involved in the work. \u201c partnering with missouri and these schools has been excellent for all concerned, \u201d womack adds. \u201c we are proud to be associated with the missouri team and jerry taylor and their outstanding", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4615398428206544, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.262231"} {"text": "posted on february 27, 2012 by ollie dreon recently, i attended a workshop where the presenter talked about the importance of conducting course and program level assessment. \u201c we need to better assess what students are doing and to what extent they \u2019 re doing it, \u201d she explained. \u201c but the students aren \u2019 t the only ones we should be assessing. as educators, we need to reflect on our instructional techniques and learn from our work. we \u2019 re all students by nature. this should be part of our dna. \u201d the idea that \u201c we \u2019 re all students by nature \u201d really resonates with me, not only for what it says about us as a profession but also for what it says about our ability as educators to succeed in the future. more than one report has identified some challenging years ahead for educational institutions. for instance, educause recently published its 2012 horizon report which examines several emerging technologies that will play a role in our educational future. from tablet computers to learning analytics to gesture - based computing, there are some exciting technologies on the horizon. what effect will these technologies have on how we teach and how students learn? it really depends on us. \u201c the abundance of resources and relationships made easily accessible via the internet, \u201d the horizon report states \u201c is increasingly challenging us to revisit our roles as educators. \u201d but revisiting our roles as educators means that we have to assess what we \u2019 re doing, embrace our natural tendencies as students and learn. i know this isn \u2019 t a foreign concept to many of my colleagues. i \u2019 m blessed to work with so many creative people who are willing to take risks and try out new pedagogical techniques. like the many outstanding students i \u2019 ve had the pleasure to work with, they are true inspirations. but the horizon report also identifies significant obstacles for educators \u201c who are students by nature. \u201d \u201c institutional barriers, \u201d the authors write, \u201c present formidable challenges to moving forward in a constructive way \u2026. much resistance to change is simply comfort with the status quo, but in other cases, such as in promotion and tenure reviews, experimentation with or adoptions of clearly innovative applications \u2026 is often seen as outside the role of researcher or scientist. \u201d while challenges exist in almost an institution, especially institutions of higher education, i see real promise in the making. people are starting to embrace the scholarship of teaching and learning as a critical aspect of our work. while the philosophy may be new to some, it \u2019 s really just about cultivating a culture where educators and \u201c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4769568823043513, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.286739"} {"text": "i see real promise in the making. people are starting to embrace the scholarship of teaching and learning as a critical aspect of our work. while the philosophy may be new to some, it \u2019 s really just about cultivating a culture where educators and \u201c students by nature \u201d can thrive. filed under : uncategorized | leave a comment \u00bb posted on february 20, 2012 by ollie dreon innovation is another buzz word you \u2019 ll hear around the water cooler these days. everyone is promoting innovative teaching practices or trying to promote innovative solutions to the big problems facing schools, education and society. lost in the discussion of innovation, however, is the fact that being innovative requires a great deal of risk taking and possibly some failure. as a culture, we struggle with the idea of failure which limits our desire to take risks and innovate. but perspective is everything. take thomas edison. arguably one of the greatest american innovators of the 19th century, edison tried almost a thousand times to build the incandescent light bulb before eventually getting it right. when asked about failing so many times, edison reportedly replied \u201c i have not failed 1, 000 times. i have successfully discovered 1, 000 ways to not make a light bulb. \u201d it \u2019 s all about perspective. or look at michael wesch. wesch is an associate professor of cultural anthropology at kansas state university and has been an advocate for using technology instructionally to engage students actively in classroom content. wesch has given ted talks and created several technology - based videos that have gone viral. for instance, wesch \u2019 s vision of students today which describes the digital lives of collegiate students has been watched over 4 million times. he \u2019 s a world renowned technology leader and educator. last week, the chronicle of higher education featured wesch in an article titled \u201c a tech - happy professor reboots after hearing his teaching advice isn \u2019 t working. \u201d while wesch has been advising colleagues to use twitter and blogs in their teaching, his colleagues have not reported the same level of success as wesch has had. \u201c it was chaos, \u201d one of wesch \u2019 s colleagues said after implementing wesch \u2019 s strategies. \u201d it just didn \u2019 t work. \u201d but it \u2019 s all about perspective. innovation requires risk taking and involves educators learning from their efforts. rather than focusing on his colleagues \u2019 failures and dismissing technology outright, wesch chose to re - examine its use and learn from their mistakes. educators need to have a purpose for integrating technology and focus on establishing relationships with students,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.538230799539281, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.287839"} {"text": "learning from their efforts. rather than focusing on his colleagues \u2019 failures and dismissing technology outright, wesch chose to re - examine its use and learn from their mistakes. educators need to have a purpose for integrating technology and focus on establishing relationships with students, wesch now recommends. wesch \u2019 s story teaches us a lot about teaching, learning and instructional technology. but it also offers us so much more. innovation is about trying new things and promoting positive change. but we don \u2019 t always hit the mark. we learn from our mistakes. filed under : uncategorized | 2 comments \u00bb posted on february 14, 2012 by ollie dreon regular readers of the 8 blog know that i talk about collaboration a lot. over the last few years, i \u2019 ve written about wikis, google docs, crocodocs, and stixy ( and many other applications ) and discussed how different tools can be used to foster collaboration in classroom environments. but why is collaboration so important? in their book on 21st century skills, bernie trilling and charles fadel identify collaboration as a critical skill for individuals to \u201c survive and thrive in a complex and connected world. \u201d in a recent new york times article, lawrence summers, a former harvard president, writes that collaboration is the \u201c inevitable consequence of the knowledge explosion. \u201d the world is becoming a more open place, summers writes, and businesses are placing a greater value on the ability to work together. with the world becoming increasingly connected and people working and learning from a distance, collaboration needs to be a curricular focus in our courses and cultivated in our classrooms, schools and institutions. we just can \u2019 t expect students to know how to collaborate. it \u2019 s a skill that needs to be developed. but cultivating collaboration isn \u2019 t easy, especially in educational settings. like so many concepts, collaboration skills are best learned socially. students learn to collaborate by directly communicating and working with their classmates, either physically, face - to - face or virtually through technology. we as educators must support their collaboration and help them learn from their collaborative experiences. but is this happening in our schools? summers doesn \u2019 t seem to think so. examining the current state of america \u2019 s institutions of learning, summers writes, \u201c the great preponderance of work a student does is done alone at every level in the educational system \u2026 for most people, school is the last time ( students ) will be evaluated on individual effort. \u201d but cultivating collaboration isn \u2019 t just a curricular challenge. we as educators must be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48619384381238306, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.288884"} {"text": "does is done alone at every level in the educational system \u2026 for most people, school is the last time ( students ) will be evaluated on individual effort. \u201d but cultivating collaboration isn \u2019 t just a curricular challenge. we as educators must be models of collaboration ourselves. we can \u2019 t just talk the talk. we must walk the walk. we must break free of our respective silos and learn to collaborate with one another. in his book called collaboration, morten hansen identified four barriers to collaboration that institutions may face. these barrier include : - the not invented - here barrier : people are unwilling to reach out to others and reject the ideas from the outisde - the hoarding barrier : people are unwilling to provide help or keep information close at hand because they are competing with one another - the search barrier : people are not able to find what they are looking for because information is spread across the institution - the transfer barrier : people are not able to work with people, especially ones they don \u2019 t know well. i \u2019 m sure hansen \u2019 s barriers will resonate with many readers but they can be overcome. and they need to be overcome. not only to be better educational models for our students, but also so we can be more productive, more creative and more innovative. collaboration is more than a bridge between two ideas. it is the catalyst that spawns a multitude of new ideas. and that needs to be valued, cultivated and celebrated. filed under : collaboration | leave a comment \u00bb posted on february 8, 2012 by ollie dreon a few weeks ago, i discussed the new ibooks author app and also outlined some of my concerns with the end user licensing agreement for the application. if you recall, some people were interpreting the eula as apple claiming some ownership of any content that is authored using the ibooks author app, whether it is uploaded onto the ibookstore or not. they compared it to microsoft claiming some ownership of every document written with ms word or any presentation created with powerpoint. enough people expressed their concerns that apple recently modified its eula to clarify their intentions. looking at the revised eula, authors will retain all of their rights for the content of their work but are not able to sell the specific ibooks files anywhere but through the ibookstore. to check out the eula for yourself, visit the app store preview. for an in - depth analysis of the eula language, check out this post from appadvice. filed under : etexts, ipad", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5288930198405208, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.290042"} {"text": "ibookstore. to check out the eula for yourself, visit the app store preview. for an in - depth analysis of the eula language, check out this post from appadvice. filed under : etexts, ipads | leave a comment \u00bb posted on february 7, 2012 by ollie dreon after featuring apple - related topics in the last two posts on the 8 blog, many readers may be ready for something different. before moving on, however, there is one more important feature of the apple education event that i feel needs to be discussed. besides the release of the ibooks author app and the dedicated itunesu portal, apple also showcased the course management tools that are now available through itunesu. while i \u2019 m really excited that itunesu is giving educators the ability to build online courses for free, i \u2019 m a little concerned about the message apple is sending with their online tools. recent studies show that online learning is becoming a prevalent option for collegiate and k - 12 students. for instance, in its recent study on technology use by american collegiate students, educause reported that over 30 % of students have enrolled in at least one online course during the collegiate career. the national council of education statistics released a report last fall which examined online education in public secondary schools. with over 2300 school districts across the country participating, the nces reported that 55 % of schools offered some distance learning options for students and over 1. 8 million students were enrolled in some sort of online course. as the tools become easier to use, these numbers will continue to grow. and that \u2019 s where apple steps in. with the itunesu course management tools, an educator has the ability to create entire courses by wrapping posts, assignments and materials around recorded lectures. while these options are intended to help educators provide \u201c content and context \u201d to their course, the message that apple is clearly sending is that online learning is an endeavor that students should undergo independently. none of the course management tools allow students to communicate with one another or directly to educators. there is also no way for educators to provide feedback to their students or to assess their students \u2019 learning. since apple is not a degree granting institution ( at least not yet \u2026 ), i understand why it may have avoided including these features. but then again, maybe apple didn \u2019 t feel communication and assessment tools were necessary. looking at apple \u2019 s course creation guidelines, they offer several \u201c best practices \u201d for course construction. the list includes displaying content with \u201c short titles for posts and assignments", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4697280209276481, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.291004"} {"text": "when i was 15 i had a burning ambition to learn bsl ( british sign language ) i went to classes for the next two years, whilst attending school and sixth form. i had no relatives or friends who were deaf at that point, i just felt the need to be able to communicate with the deaf community. it is a beautiful language and both of my daughters know key words in makaton, and attended tiny talk classes. i now have friends and relatives who have hearing difficulties and have ( though small ) an understanding of the extremely important need to communicate effectively, and the effects of not being able to communicate can have. so fast forward to last month and being asked, as a blogger to be involved in the time to share campaign for the tots 100. i received an email that my charity would be the ear foundation, ( nottingham ) i could not be more delighted to work with such an amazing charity. the ear foundations vision : all deaf children, young people and adults have the opportunity to hear, communicate and develop spoken language using the latest technological interventions. the ear foundation \u2013 bridging the gap between clinic - based services, where today \u2019 s exciting hearing technologies, such as cochlear implants are fitted, and home, school and work where they are used in daily life. the ear foundation was first set up in 1989, the first person to receive an implant michael blatt, who still an advocate to other people thinking of having the operation. at first the ear foundation was set up to bring the new technique of cochlear implantation to the uk, making it possible for profoundly deaf children to hear. now the ear foundation is a unique charity providing support for children across the uk with cochlear implants and hearing aids, and they do this through information, community education, resources, and research & development. so what is a cochlear implant? a cochlear implant is an electronic medical device that replaces the function of the damaged inner ear. unlike hearing aids, which make sounds louder, cochlear implants do the work of damaged parts of the inner ear ( cochlea ) to send sound signals to the brain. so through the charities hard work, they are able to help children, young adults and adults. here is a summary of the work that they do : - family programme : connect & communicate in marjorie sherman house - continuing education programme in nottingham, throughout the uk, internationally and on the web - sound advice programme helping to make the most of the technology", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.475412399584167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.295008"} {"text": "here is a summary of the work that they do : - family programme : connect & communicate in marjorie sherman house - continuing education programme in nottingham, throughout the uk, internationally and on the web - sound advice programme helping to make the most of the technology - advocacy and lobbying programme supporting access to the use of appropriate hearing technologies for all who need them - family and user - led research programme providing evidence - base from our activities so how can i help as a blogger? through the connect and communicate family programme at marjorie sherman house ( nottingham ) at the programme there are a wide range of activities / opportunities to learn together with other families about hearing technologies. - small talk \u2013 babies - ready steady go \u2013 pre - school children - leaping! \u2013 primary aged children - special branch \u2013 for children with additional and complex needs and cochlear implants - xtra connections \u2013 for children with additional and complex needs \u2013 in london - to infinity \u2013 11 - 18 year olds - sound advice \u2013 adults i will be attending the small talk, babies morning on the 18th june 2012. following that i shall be writing a post to try to explain a little further some of the amazing work that the ear foundation carries out in the community. hopefully this will raise awareness of the charity in the nottingham community. i want to leave you with a link to the donation page, and fundraising page on the site, and the thought that a donation to the foundation can help support a child, young person or adult on their journey of communication. thank you for reading time to share invites parent bloggers to share an hour or more of their time with a good cause, and write about it. the aim is to help raise the profile of charities across the uk, while giving much - needed practical support to those charities, and highlighting the amazing work being done across the uk by charity volunteers. june is national volunteering month, and we \u2019 re asking as many bloggers as possible to support the time to share campaign by giving some of their time, and helping to share the word about volunteering. incoming search terms : - charity quotes - charity catchphrases - quotes on charity - the ear foundation nottingham - the hear foundation nottingham category : the blog", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.47841866726052046, "token_count": 443, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.296320"} {"text": "friends on the brain posted by adam benforado on october 27, 2011 have a lot of friends on facebook? think that makes you special? well, researchers at university college london suggest that you might just be right. according to a new study published in proceedings of the royal society b, facebook users with the largest number of pals had greater brain density in areas of the brain associated with social perception and associative memory. for anyone who has been following the debate over whether technology has been changing our brains, it \u2019 s worth a read, although the research doesn \u2019 t answer the question of whether the brain differences in the sample were an effect or a cause of individuals having more online friends. an abstract of the paper appears below : the increasing ubiquity of web - based social networking services is a striking feature of modern human society. the degree to which individuals participate in these networks varies substantially for reasons that are unclear. here, we show a biological basis for such variability by demonstrating that quantitative variation in the number of friends an individual declares on a web - based social networking service reliably predicted grey matter density in the right superior temporal sulcus, left middle temporal gyrus and entorhinal cortex. such regions have been previously implicated in social perception and associative memory, respectively. we further show that variability in the size of such online friendship networks was significantly correlated with the size of more intimate real - world social groups. however, the brain regions we identified were specifically associated with online social network size, whereas the grey matter density of the amygdala was correlated both with online and real - world social network sizes. taken together, our findings demonstrate that the size of an individual \u2019 s online social network is closely linked to focal brain structure implicated in social cognition. related situationist posts :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5724493687959931, "token_count": 367, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.300941"} {"text": "america \u2019 s housing crisis is one of the biggest problems plaguing the economy, as the country \u2019 s homes have lost $ 7 trillion in cumulative value over the last five years. four million americans are either behind on their payments or in foreclosure, and a quarter of the nation \u2019 s homeowners are underwater on their mortgage. those foreclosures have driven down home values in communities across the country. according to a new report by the center on responsible lending, however, the foreclosure crisis isn \u2019 t finished yet. in fact, with 3. 6 million households at immediate risk of losing homes, we \u2019 re not even halfway through it. even more damning from the report, though, is the fact that the housing crisis has disproportionately affected minority voters. though more whites \u2014 who make up a larger share of homeowners \u2014 have been plagued by foreclosure, the percentage of blacks and latinos affected is nearly twice as high : although the majority of affected borrowers have been white, african - american and latino borrowers are almost twice as likely to have been impacted by the crisis. approximately one quarter of all latino and african - american borrowers have lost their home to foreclosure or are seriously delinquent, compared to just under 12 percent for white borrowers. asian borrowers have fared better as a whole than latino and african - american borrowers, but they, too, have been disproportionately affected, especially in some metropolitan areas. wall street banks and lenders took advantage of consumers throughout the lead - up to the housing crisis, and this report shows that the lending, at times, was even more predatory when targeting blacks and latinos. thinkprogress reported on this disparity in 2009, when bailed - out banks were found to have pushed many minorities who qualified for prime loans into higher - priced subprime loans, which can add more than $ 100, 000 in interest payments over the life of a loan. in fact, 30. 9 percent of latinos and a whopping 41. 5 percent of blacks were given higher - priced loans by large banks, compared to just 17. 8 percent of white borrowers. as with almost everything coming out of the banking industry regarding the financial crisis, the report only makes the case stronger for the newly - created consumer financial protection bureau, the agency tasked with targeting and ending predatory lending and banking excess. discriminatory lending is illegal, and yet for years", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4025564313218004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.304500"} {"text": "this tree diagram shows the relationships between several groups of organisms. the root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the tree of life. the basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree. this ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups, which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right. you can click on the root to travel down the tree of life all the way to the root of all life, and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the tree of life all the way to individual species. close box insects have a large number of unique, derived characteristics, although none of these are externally obvious in most species. these include ( kristensen, 1991 ) : - lack of musculature beyond the first segment of antenna. - johnston ' s organ in pedicel ( second segment ) of antenna. this organ is a collection of sensory cells that detect movement of the flagellum. - a transverse bar forming the posterior tentorium inside the head - tarsi subsegmented - females with ovipositor formed by gonapophyses from segments 8 and 9 - annulated, terminal filament extending out from end of segment 11 of abdomen ( subsequently lost in most groups of insects ) one notable feature linking thysanura + pterygota is the presence of two articulations on each mandible. archaeognathans have only one mandibular condyle or articulation point ; they are \" monocondylic \". thysanura + pterygota, with their two mandibular condyles, are sometimes called dicondylia. the many other apomorphies linking dicondylia are described in kristensen ( 1991 ). it is possible that the thysanurans are not themselves monophyletic ; thysanura ( exclusive of the family lepidothricidae ) plus pterygotes may be monophyletic, with lepidothricids sister to this complex ( kristensen, 1991 ). beutel, r. g. and s. n. gorb. 2001. ultrastructure of attachment specializations of hexapods, ( arthropoda ) : evolutionary patterns inferred from a revised ordinal phylogeny. journal of zoological systematics and evolutionary research 39 : 177 - 207. bitsch, j", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5250008659484795, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.320637"} {"text": "of attachment specializations of hexapods, ( arthropoda ) : evolutionary patterns inferred from a revised ordinal phylogeny. journal of zoological systematics and evolutionary research 39 : 177 - 207. bitsch, j. and a. nel. 1999. morphology and classification of the extinct archaeognatha and related taxa ( hexapoda ). annales de la societe entomologique de france 35 : 17 - 29. boudreaux, h. b. 1979. arthropod phylogeny with special reference to insects. new york, j. wiley. carpenter, f. m. 1992. superclass hexapoda. volumes 3 and 4 of part r, arthropoda 4 of treatise on invertebrate paleontology. boulder, colorado, geological society of america. carpenter, f. m. and l. burnham. 1985. the geological record of insects. annual review of earth and planetary sciences 13 : 297 - 314. caterino, m. s., s. cho, and f. a. h. sperling. 1999. the current state of insect molecular systematics : a thriving tower of babel. annual review of entomology 45 : 1 \u2013 54. chapman, r. f. 1998. the insects : structure and function. cambridge university press, cambridge, u. k., new york. daly, h. v., j. t. doyen, and a. h. purcell iii. 1998. introduction to insect biology and diversity, 2nd edn. oxford university press, oxford. dindall, d. l. 1990. soil biology guide. new york, john wiley & sons. engel, m. s. and d. a. grimaldi. 2004. new light shed on the oldest insect. nature 427 : 627 - 630. evans, h. e. 1993. life on a little - known planet. new york, lyons & burford. gereben - krenn, b. a. and g. pass. 2000. circulatory organs of abdominal appendages in primitive insects ( hexapoda : archaeognatha, zygentoma and ephemeroptera ). acta zoologica 81 : 285 - 292. grimaldi, d. 2001. insect evolutionary history from handlirsch to hennig, and beyond. journal of paleontology 75 : 1152 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5003990040084824, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.323755"} {"text": "ephemeroptera ). acta zoologica 81 : 285 - 292. grimaldi, d. 2001. insect evolutionary history from handlirsch to hennig, and beyond. journal of paleontology 75 : 1152 - 1160. grimaldi, d. and m. s. engel. 2005. evolution of the insects. cambridge university press. hennig, w. 1981. insect phylogeny. new york, j. wiley. kjer, k. m. 2004. aligned 18s and insect phylogeny. systematic biology 53 ( 3 ) : 506 - 514. klass, k. d. 1998. the proventriculus of the dicondylia, with comments on evolution and phylogeny in dictyoptera and odonata ( insecta ). zoologischer anzeiger 237 : 15 - 42. kristensen, n. p. 1975. the phylogeny of hexapod \" orders \". a critical review of recent accounts. zeitschrift fur zoologische systematik und evolutionsforschung 13 : 1 \u2013 44. kristensen, n. p. 1981. phylogeny of insect orders. annual review of entomology 26 : 135 - 157. kristensen, n. p. 1995. forty years ' insect phylogenetic systematics. zoologische beitrage nf 36 ( 1 ) : 83 - 124. kukalova - peck, j. 1987. new carboniferous diplura, monura, and thysanura, the hexapod ground plan, and the role of thoracic lobes in the origin of wings ( insecta ). canadian journal of zoology 65 : 2327 - 2345. labandeira, c. c., and j. j. sepkoski, jr. 1993. insect diversity in the fossil record. science 261 : 310 \u2013 315. larink, o. 1997. apomorphic and plesiomorphic characteristics in archaeognatha, monura, and zygentoma. pedobiologia 41 : 3 - 8. merritt, r. w. and k. w. cummins, eds. 1984. an introduction to the aquatic insects of north america, second edition. kendall - hunt. naumann, i. d., p. b. carne, j. f. lawrence, e. s. nielsen, j. p. spradberry", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4863370914744166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.324633"} {"text": "to the aquatic insects of north america, second edition. kendall - hunt. naumann, i. d., p. b. carne, j. f. lawrence, e. s. nielsen, j. p. spradberry, r. w. taylor, m. j. whitten and m. j. littlejohn, eds. 1991. the insects of australia : a textbook for students and research workers. volume i and ii. second edition. carlton, victoria, melbourne university press. pass, g. 2000. accessory pulsatile organs : evolutionary innovations in insects. annual review of entomology 45 : 495 - 518. snodgrass, r. e. 1935. principles of insect morphology. mcgraw - hill, new york. 667 pp. snodgrass, r. e. 1952. a textbook of arthropod anatomy. comstock publishing associates, ithaca, n. y. 363 pp. stehr, f. w. 1987. immature insects, vol. 1. dubuque, iowa : kendal / hunt. 754 pp. stehr, f. w. 1991. immature insects, vol. 2. dubuque, iowa : kendal / hunt. 974 pp. wooton, r. j. 1981. paleozoic insects. annual review of entomology 26 : 319 - 344. - smithsonian institution department of entomology. - entomology department of harvard ' s museum of comparative zoology - entomology department. california academy of sciences. - the essig museum of entomology. berkeley, california. - insect division. university of michigan museum of zoology. - bishop museum hawaii entomology home - introduction to insect biology & classification. the university of queensland. - virtual exhibit on canada ' s biodiversity : insects. - entomological data information system ( edis ). staatliches museum fur naturkunde stuttgart, germany. - compendium of hexapod classes and orders. north carolina state university. - nomina insecta nearctica. a checklist of the insects of north america. - common names of insects in canada. entomological society of canada. - the canadian national collection ( cnc ) of insects, arachnids and nematodes. - singing insects of north america. by thomas j. walker ( crickets and katydids ) and thomas e. moore ( cicadas ). - entomology", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4617859417957625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.325562"} {"text": "cnc ) of insects, arachnids and nematodes. - singing insects of north america. by thomas j. walker ( crickets and katydids ) and thomas e. moore ( cicadas ). - entomology database konchu. species information database on japanese, east asian and pacific insects, spiders and mites. - a catalogue of the insects of south africa. - csiro entomology home page. - general entomology resources from scientific reference resources : - entomological society of america. - chemical ecology of insects. john a. byers, usda - ars. - elin. entomology libraries and information networks. - entomological glossary. - popular classics in entomology. colorado state university. - forensic entomology pages, international. - book of insect records. university of florida. - alien empire. companion piece to a pbs nature program. - entomology index of internet resources. iowa state university. - entomology on the www. colorado state university. - entomology on the www. michigan state university. - biosis biologybrowser : insecta. images and other media : - bugguide. net. an online community of naturalists who enjoy learning about and sharing observations of insects, spiders, and other related creatures. - hawaiian insect image galleries. bishop museum. - entomology image gallery. iowa state university. - very cool bugs. - dennis kunkel ' s microscopy. - the virtual insectary. - thais in 2000 : entomology. - reference library of digitized insect sounds. richard mankin, center for medical, agricultural and veterinary entomology, gainesville, florida. - meganeura. palaeoentomological newsletter. - eocene fossils. - fossil insects from florissant ( colorado ). peabody museum of natural history. - stewart valley fossil insects. california academy of sciences. - amber and copal : their significance in the fossil record. hooper virtual natural history museum. - the natural history of amber. 3 dot studio. - frozen dramas. swedish amber museum. - nature ' s preservative - - organic flypaper : amber gives a green light to study of ancient life. the why files. university of wisconsin. - amber home. gary platt. - baltic amber inclusions. wolfgang wiggers. - dominican amber fossils. esp designs. - the amber room. steve kurth. - thomas say ( 1787 - 1834 ), father of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4687375367707336, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.326471"} {"text": "university of wisconsin. - amber home. gary platt. - baltic amber inclusions. wolfgang wiggers. - dominican amber fossils. esp designs. - the amber room. steve kurth. - thomas say ( 1787 - 1834 ), father of american entomology. - charles darwin ( 1809 - 1882 ), aboutdarwin. com. - jean - henri fabre ( 1823 - 1915 ) e - museum. - famous entomologists on postage stamps. for young entomologists : - bugbios. shameless promotion of insect appreciation by dexter sear. - o. orkin insect zoo. national museum of natural history. smithsonian institution. - bug camp. field museum of natural history, chicago. - insectclopedia. links to websites about insects. - bugscope. educational outreach project of the world wide laboratory. - the bug club for young entomologists. uk amateur entomologists ' society. - the wonderful world of insects. - class : insecta. spencer entomological museum at the university of british columbia, vancouver, canada. page copyright \u00a9 2002 all rights reserved. citing this page : tree of life web project. 2002. insecta. insects. version 01 january 2002 ( under construction ). http : / / tolweb. org / insecta / 8205 / 2002. 01. 01 in the tree of life web project, http : / / tolweb. org /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4400069300333982, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.327680"} {"text": "5th grade oral language resources students will : \u2022 learn about the concept of whales. \u2022 access prior knowledge and build background about whales. \u2022 explore and apply the concept of whales. students will : \u2022 demonstrate an understanding of the concept of whales. \u2022 orally use words that describe different types of whales and where they live. \u2022 extend oral vocabulary by speaking about terms that describe whales and whale body parts. \u2022 use key concept words [ inlet, humpback, ocean, fins, underwater ; submerge, ascend, baleen, mammal ]. explain \u2022 use the slideshow to review the key concept words. \u2022 explain that students are going to learn about : \u2022 where whales live. \u2022 parts of a whale ' s body. model \u2022 after the host introduces the slideshow, point to the photo on screen. ask students : what kind of animal do you see in this picture? ( whale ). what do you know about these animals? ( answers will vary ). \u2022 ask students : what are the dangers facing whales? ( too much hunting, polluted environment ). \u2022 say : in this activity, we ' re going to learn about whales. how can we protect whales? ( not pollute the environment, join groups that are concerned with their safety ). guided practice \u2022 guide students through the next two slides, showing them examples of whales and the way whales live. always have the students describe how people are different from whales. apply \u2022 play the games that follow. have them discuss with their partner the different topics that appear during the talk about it feature. \u2022 after the first game, ask students to talk about what they think a whale ' s living environment is like. after the second game, have them discuss what they would like and dislike about having the body of a whale. close \u2022 ask students : how do you move in the water? \u2022 summarize for students that since whales are mammals, they have to come above water to breathe. encourage them to think about how they breathe underwater.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5168841066730945, "token_count": 406, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.331794"} {"text": "this page is based on the 1993 jepson manual. please see the jepson eflora for up - to - date information about california vascular plants. | jepson flora project : jepson interchange | | treatment from the jepson manual | | previous taxon | jepson interchange ( more information ) \u00a9copyright 1993 by the regents of the university of california print edition is available from the university of california press | the second edition of the jepson manual ( 2012 ) is available from the university of california press | | see also the jepson eflora, which parallels the second edition | perennial, shrub, tree stem : bark often peeling distinctively leaves simple, generally cauline, alternate, opposite, rarely whorled, evergreen or deciduous, often leathery, petioled or not ; stipules 0 inflorescence : raceme, panicle, cyme, or flowers solitary, generally bracted ; pedicels often with 2 bractlets flower generally bisexual, generally radial ; sepals generally 45, generally free ; petals generally 45, free or fused ; stamens 810, free, filaments rarely appendaged, anthers awned or not, dehiscent by pores or slits ; nectary generally at ovary base, disk - like ; ovary superior or inferior, chambers generally 15, placentas axile or parietal, ovules 1many per chamber, style 1, stigma head - to funnel - like or lobed fruit : capsule, drupe, berry seeds generally many, sometimes winged genera in family : \u00b1 100 genera, 3000 species : generally worldwide except deserts ; some cultivated, especially arbutus, arctostaphylos, rhododendron, vaccinium reference : [ wallace 1975 wasmann j biol 33 : 188 ; 1975 bot not 128 : 286298 ] subfamilies monotropoideae, pyroloideae, vaccinioideae sometimes treated as families. nongreen plants obtain nutrition from green plants through fungal intermediates. shrub, small, glabrous to hairy stem decumbent or prostrate, often rooting leaves opposite, appressed, evergreen, leathery or thin inflorescence : flowers solitary in upper leaf axils ; bracts 0 ; bractlets 46 ; pedicels jointed to flower flower : sepals 45, free ; petals 45, \u00b1 2 / 3 fused, generally white ; st", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48304978216738603, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.340238"} {"text": "thin inflorescence : flowers solitary in upper leaf axils ; bracts 0 ; bractlets 46 ; pedicels jointed to flower flower : sepals 45, free ; petals 45, \u00b1 2 / 3 fused, generally white ; stamens 10, anthers dehiscent by gaping pores, awns elongate ; ovary superior, chambers 5, placentas near top fruit : capsule, loculicidal seeds several per chamber species in genus : \u00b1 14 species : s & e asia, north america etymology : ( greek : mother of andromeda ) plant low, densely branched stem < 3 dm, glabrous or finely hairy leaf \u00b1 peltate, 25 mm, boat - shaped, elliptic, concave, leathery, glabrous ; lower surface not grooved ; margin entire, ciliate or minutely glandular, not rolled under inflorescence : pedicels glabrous or hairy flower : corolla widely bell - shaped, white, lobes 5 ; filaments glabrous ecology : moist, subalpine slopes, around rocks and areas of late snow elevation : 18003505 m. bioregional distribution : klamath ranges, high cascade range, high sierra nevada distribution outside california : to alaska, w canada, montana plants have been assigned to subsp. californica piper [ leaf 35 mm, margin minutely glandular - ciliate ; s carh ( lassen peak ), snh ] or subsp. ciliolata piper [ leaf 23 mm, margin with white, ephemeral hairs ; kr ], but study needed horticultural information : irr : 1, 2 & shd : 6, 7, 14, 15, 16, 17 ; sun : 4, 5 ; dfclt. | you can help us make sure that our distributional information is correct and current. if you know that a plant occurs in a wild, reproducing state in a jepson bioregion not highlighted on the map, please contact us with that information. please realize that we cannot incorporate range extensions without access to a voucher specimen, which should ( ultimately ) be deposited in an herbarium. you can send the pressed, dried collection ( with complete locality information indicated ) to us ( e - mail us for details ) or refer us to an accessioned herbarium specimen. non - occurrence of a plant in an indicated area is difficult to document, but we will especially value your input on those", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4570337774551043, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.344502"} {"text": "ufos and natural selection if there is anything that is true about the ufo phenomenon it is the observation that the hallucinated or real crafts seen over the years ( from ancient history to today ) have, like animated species of the earth, have evolved, albeit at a faster pace than the biologic entities that make up life here. flying anomalies of the past, the airships of the 1890s, the flying saucers of the 50s, and ufos, right up to now, have all assumed a physical shape just one step ahead of what mankind created to fly. some suggest that the progenitors of ufos ( aliens or \u201c divinities \u2019 ) have been using the phenomenon to enlighten humans about the possibilities of flight ; namely airfoil designs that enhance lighter - than - air craft. we pose the possibility that ufos, whether a figment of the imagination, actual aircraft ( from sources yet unknown ), or mental stimulations from the creators and / or manipulators of human beings, have evolved according to the theory of darwin : natural selection ( or survival of the fittest ). early ufos were depicted or written about as if they were chariots, sometimes astronomical phenomena ( suns, comets, meteors, et cetera ). while there was a dearth of ufo sightings during the enlightenment period [ 1700s ], the resurgence in sightings or visions picked up in the late 1800s. ( that dearth during a period of intellectual stimuli is grist for investigation. ) with the airship mystery at the turn of the century \u2013 1890 - 1899 \u2013 ufos presented an evolutionary set - back however, since earlier ufos were more aerodynamic ( sleek and futuristic ). ( this may be likened to the throwback in the evolution of man, when neanderthals appeared but couldn \u2019 t compete, evolutionarily, with cro - magnon man, the first real homo sapiens. ) the lacunae of dynamic ufo sightings, from 1900 to 1947 \u2013 there were some but not many \u2013 indicates, to us, a re - evaluation of, an adaptation by, the phenomenon. for what reason or by what instigation is anyone \u2019 s guess. nonetheless, the ufo phenomenon then progressed through the flying disk stage to the cigar shape and back to the saucer shape before settling on an egg - like configuration in the 1960s. after that the phenomenon evolved into delta or triangular shapes, some transfiguring into blobs of transient light. today the phenomenon has", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49262019579753635, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.353332"} {"text": "fri 23 sep, 2011 tags : 1920s, 1930s, agness \" aggie \" underwood, gold diggers, hazel glab, herald - examiner, los angeles record, murder, robert j. james, snake handlers, william randolph hearst los angeles has always had more than its share of creative felons, so it stands to reason that it would take an equally creative, gutsy, and dedicated reporter to cover them. one of the most revered reporters who ever worked in los angeles was agness \u201c aggie \u201d underwood. underwood began her career at the los angeles record in the 1920s. she was sharp, but there were lots of sharp people in the news business at that time. what made aggie great were her instincts. she seemed to know just how to approach a story to get the most from it. by relying on her gut feelings she managed to keep several paces ahead of her competition, and to earn a reputation for solving crimes. when the los angeles record folded in the mid - 1930s aggie, who by this time loved the newspaper business ( and needed the money ), agreed to work for william randolph hearst \u2019 s los angeles daily, the herald - examiner. her decision to join hearst \u2019 s paper was the making of her career. twelve years after joining the paper she was promoted to editor. agness underwood was the first woman in the u. s. to become the editor of a major metropolitan newspaper. aggie underwood \u2019 s work as a reporter inspired the lecture that i \u2019 m going to give on october 8, 2011, 2 p. m., in the taper auditorium at the central library in downtown los angeles. the lecture is entitled \u201c gold diggers & snake handlers : deranged l. a. crimes from the notebook of aggie underwood \u201d and it is sponsored by photo friends. photo friends is a non - profit whose mission is to promote and to preserve the photographs in the collection of the los angeles public library. i hope that you \u2019 ll join me as i examine two murder cases from 1936, both of which were covered by aggie underwood.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.36985888715439985, "token_count": 426, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.364844"} {"text": "the conflicted economics of ' star trek ' in honor of today ' s long - awaited ( by the ticker ) premiere of \" star trek, \" the 11th film in the canon and a prequel to the original series, it seemed a good time to examine the economics of star trek. as envisioned by creator gene roddenberry and first aired in 1966, \" star trek \" depicted a humanistic utopia set in the 23rd century, a time when technology had eradicated poverty and hunger and, largely, crime. because of this, roddenberry ' s universe had little need for ownership of private property or even money, and accumulation of wealth was depicted as anti - social. those who attempted it were portrayed as vulgar at best and dangerous at worst. ( think harry mudd. ) this sentiment carried forward through the following four live - action television series and the so - far 10 films. just in case roddenberry was unsure that fans were getting his point, he gave avarice its own non - human species in the second tv series, \" star trek : the next generation, \" which aired during wall street ' s ( first ) \" greed is good \" era of the late ' 80s and early ' 90s. the ferengi were savvy, snarling, sharp - toothed, big - eared short aliens who coveted nothing more than profit. ( it has been observed, and not without some justification, that the ferengi embodied disturbingly stereotypical semitic traits. ) the ferengi currency was based on something called \" gold - pressed latinum \" and their bible was the rules of acquisition, an ever - growing list of merciless rules of business, such as : \" never place friendship above profit. \" and even though star trek ' s enlightened characters competed for currency in various games - - including five - card stud - - it remains unclear, in roddenberry ' s universe, where the money came from to build those fleets of glorious star ships. as with many visionaries, from rosseau to hemingway to mailer, roddenberry was unable or unwilling to live by his principles. though he used his creation to denigrate the accumulation of personal wealth - - lecturing that the religion of technology would unshackle enlightened future humans from greed - - roddenberry was not above using a ferengi - like tactic to line his own pockets. many people know the instrumental theme song to the original star trek, the music that underlies william shatner ' s monologue", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47376997385340364, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.391167"} {"text": "humans from greed - - roddenberry was not above using a ferengi - like tactic to line his own pockets. many people know the instrumental theme song to the original star trek, the music that underlies william shatner ' s monologue that begins, \" space : the final frontier... \" what most people don ' t know is that the song has lyrics written by roddenberry - - purely as a device to secure performance royalties into perpetuity. the lyrics, which you can see here, are dreadful and were never meant to be recorded or performed. worse, they are unnecessary. and roddenberry wrote them and laid claim to the royalties after the show ' s first season. so outraged by roddenberry ' s tactic that alexander courage, the composer of the memorable theme, scored some first - season episodes of star trek and then refused to pen another note for the franchise. so even though the father of star trek created a hopeful future largely devoid of suffering and war, as a man, he turned out to be more gorden gekko than jean - luc picard. may 8, 2009 ; 4 : 58 pm et categories : the ticker | tags : ferengi, gene roddenberry, jean luc picard, star trek save & share : previous : actual u. s. unemployment : 15. 8 % next : this week : bernanke on stress tests, economic data posted by : dude11 | may 8, 2009 7 : 57 pm | report abuse posted by : enigfv | may 8, 2009 8 : 56 pm | report abuse posted by : alan _ a | may 12, 2009 11 : 45 am | report abuse posted by : drhockey | may 12, 2009 4 : 44 pm | report abuse the comments to this entry are closed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4672051229234118, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.415027"} {"text": "injectable nanogel can monitor blood - sugar levels and secrete insulin when needed. cambridge, mass. - in work that recasts archaeologists ' thinking aboutpeoples living in the western region of ancient mexico, mit researchershave shown that these people had a significant impact on other culturalgroups by producing large numbers of metal artifacts and distributing themto centers as far south as belize. because the majority of these artifacts, such as bells andtweezers, were symbols of sacred and political power, by exporting them thewest mexican peoples not only affected economic systems but also influencedreligious and ritual behavior. \" they were exporting a religious ideology, \" said dorothy hosler, associate professor of archaeology and ancient technology in the departmentof materials science and engineering. professor hosler and andrew w. macfarlane, a research affiliate in the department and an associateprofessor at florida international university, are authors of an article onthe work in the september 27 issue of science. west mexican peoples were one of many cultural groups, includingthe aztec and maya, who lived in a region archaeologists call mesoamerica. this region encompassed central and southern mexico, guatemala, belize, western honduras, and el salvador. until now, archaeologists had thoughtthat the west mexicans were relatively isolated and had little impact onother mesoamerican peoples. the new work, which links copper and bronze artifacts excavated atmany sites in mesoamerica to west mexican ore deposits, \" is the firstevidence we have that west mexican peoples were interacting intensivelywith other mesoamerican groups, \" professor hosler said. \" so it alters ourthinking about the economic and social networks in this period [ ~ a. d. 1200 - 1521 ]. \" in the summer of 1995 professor hosler spent two months in mexicocollecting ore samples from 15 deposits in west mexico, oaxaca, and easternmexico ( veracruz ). with a permit granted by mexico ' s national institute ofanthropology and history, she also took samples of 171 copper artifactsfrom a variety of mesoamerican archaeological sites. \" i came back to mitwith boxes and boxes of artifact and ore samples, \" said professor hosler, who is also a member of the mit center for archaeological materials. the researchers then determined the ratios of lead isotopes in eachsample ( isotopes of an element have different atomic weights ). lead isotopeanalysis, a standard technique, \" can be used", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.522685127503093, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.440114"} {"text": "is also a member of the mit center for archaeological materials. the researchers then determined the ratios of lead isotopes in eachsample ( isotopes of an element have different atomic weights ). lead isotopeanalysis, a standard technique, \" can be used to identify ore sources forartifacts made from copper and copper alloys by matching the isotopicsignatures of ore lead to those of the artifacts, \" the researchers write inscience. professor hosler notes that mit undergraduate jennifer pinson, nowa junior in materials science, played a key role in the analysis. \" sheworked all last year on the project ; at one point she went to florida tohand - deliver ore samples to professor macfarlane because we were afraid wemight lose them if we shipped them. \" ( the samples were analyzed atprofessor macfarlane ' s lab. ) the lead - isotope results showed that most of the mesoamericanartifacts sampled were indeed made of metal smelted from west mexican ores. these analytical data combined with historical and archaeological evidencetherefore show that the west mexicans were exporting artifacts throughoutthe mesoamerican region. among the archaeological evidence that supports this conclusion isthat \" as far as we know, other mesoamerican peoples did not develop thetechnical expertise to make these artifacts, \" professor hosler said. shenoted that west mexican bells, for example, are difficult to cast. \" last january, mit professors sam allen, linn hobbs, and i led a class in ancientmexican bell casting. the students spent two weeks trying to cast copies ofthese bells, and we don ' t have it exactly right yet. \" professor hosler concluded that although she had suspected that thewest mexicans played a major role in the production and distribution ofmetal artifacts, \" until the lead isotope analysis we had no way ofsubstantiating what we thought might be true. \" for more information about mit research on the history ofmaterials, go to : < http : / / tantalum. mit. edu / dmse _ research / crabrochure / history _ of _ materials. html >. the work reported in science was supported by a grant from grupomexico ( industrial minera mexico ), american smelting and refining company, and southern peru copper.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5036255290552785, "token_count": 486, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.444049"} {"text": "influenza pandemics are natural phenomenon that have occurred from time to time for centuries \u2013 including three times during the last century. they present a real and daunting challenge to the economic and social wellbeing of any country, as well as a serious risk to the health of its population. there are important differences between ' ordinary ' winter flu and pandemic flu. these differences explain why we regard pandemic flu as such a serious threat. pandemic influenza is one of the most severe natural challenges likely to affect the uk, but sensible and proportionate preparation and collective action by the government, essential services, businesses, the media, other public, private and voluntary organisations and communities can help to mitigate its effects. these inter - pandemic years provide a very important opportunity to develop and strengthen our preparations for the potentially devastating impact of an influenza pandemic, and the government will continue to take every practical step to prepare for and mitigate its health and wider socio - economic effects. the department of health ( dh ) [ external website ] is the lead department for planning for a human influenza pandemic. however, given the wide impacts of a pandemic all government departments are involved in planning to mitigate its impacts. this website brings together available information on a possible influenza pandemic in order to support planning at all levels of society. however well developed, plans are unlikely to be successful without the active support of individuals and communities. therefore, a key part of the response will be to encourage the public to follow government advice and adopt basic hygiene measures to manage or reduce their own risk of catching or spreading the virus. ensuring that all of us are fully aware of the necessary precautionary and response measures, are prepared to cooperate actively with them and accept responsibility for helping themselves and others must therefore be an integral part of our overall preparedness strategy.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4953454853333767, "token_count": 378, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.459230"} {"text": "older patients can donate kidneys, study finds the thousands of people waiting for a new kidney may find hope in a new study that finds older people can safely donate the organs. johns hopkins doctors found that kidney transplants performed using organs from live donors over the age of 70 are safe for the donors and help save lives of those who recieve them. although the study found that kidneys from older donors were more likely to fail within ten years of transplant when compared with kidneys from donors ages 50 to 59, patients who received older donated kidneys were no more likely to die within a decade of transplantation than those whose kidney donors were between 50 and 59. \u201c a lot of people come up to me and say, \u2018 i wish i could donate a kidney, but i \u2019 m too old \u2019, \u201d dr. dorry segev, an associate professor of surgery at the johns hopkins university school of medicine. \u201c what our study says is that if you \u2019 re in good health and you \u2019 re over 70, you \u2019 re not too old to donate a kidney to your child, your spouse, your friend, anybody. \u201d segev acknowledged that \u201c it \u2019 s better if you have a younger donor. but not everyone has a younger donor. and an older live donor is better than no live donor at all. \u201d the research looked at records from 219 living people over age 70 who donated a kidney in the united states between 1990 and 2010. the team matched those donors with healthy people in the same age group and found that the donors actually lived longer than those who had both of their kidneys. more than 90, 000 patients are on the waiting list for kidneys from deceased donors in the united states, and many die waiting for an organ to become available. in some parts of the country, the wait for a kidney can be as long as 10 years, and those who can often turn to living donors, both relatives and friends, to ask for organs. people can function normally with one working kidney.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3995761715860314, "token_count": 407, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.464353"} {"text": "banned books week is an annual event celebrating the freedom to read. typically held during the last week of september, it highlights the value of free and open access to information. banned books week brings together the entire book community \u2013 - librarians, booksellers, publishers, journalists, teachers, and readers of all types \u2013 - in shared support of the freedom to seek and to express ideas, even those some consider unorthodox or unpopular. the books featured during banned books week have all been targeted with removal or restrictions in libraries and schools. while books have been and continue to be banned, part of the banned books week celebration is the fact that, in a majority of cases, the books have remained available. this happens only thanks to the efforts of librarians, teachers, students, and community members who stand up and speak out for the freedom to read. in honor of banned books weeks, the public libraries of suffolk county are holding a contest featuring six different books over six days via live - brary social media, including facebook, twitter and pinterest. today ' s book is \" the jungle \" by upton sinclair. here \u2019 s how the contest works : http : / / bit. ly / qnal0b facebook contestants should \u201c like \u201d the post to be entered into a random drawing that day for the chance to win a book by that featured banned book author. twitter contestants should \u201c re - tweet \u201d the post to be entered into a random drawing that day for the chance to win a book by that featured banned book author. pinterest contestants should \u201c re - pin \u201d the post to be entered into a random drawing that day for the chance to win a book by that featured banned book author. finally, all users that like, re - tweet and / or re - pin will be entered into a random drawing to win a sony e - reader at the end of the week.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4295558423460767, "token_count": 388, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.474323"} {"text": "aggersborg n56 59 43 e9 15 17 fyrkat n56 37 23 e9 46 13 trelleborg n55 23 39 e11 15 55 the trelleborg fortresses include trelleborg near slagelse, fyrkat near hobro, aggersborg near l\u00f8gst\u00f8r and nonnebakken in odense, of which only the former three have been preserved for posterity. the trelleborg fortresses are characterised by having a circular rampart with a moat and four roofed gates. the fortresses have a severely geometrical street system, the inner area being divided into squares, each with four longhouses arranged in a quadrangle. the architecture of all four fortresses is uniform and strictly symmetrical, as clearly illustrated by the circular shape of the fortifications and the location of the gates at the four points of the compass - apparently without regard to the terrain. dendrochronological tests and c14 tests have shown that the trelleborg fortresses were built around 980. but the fortresses probably did not last very long, perhaps only 10 to 20 years. for example, fyrkat was destroyed by fire and was not rebuilt. as the trelleborg fortresses were all built around 980, they have traditionally been linked to harald bluetooth ' s efforts to unify denmark and norway and make the danes christian in accordance with his runic stone proclamation. another interpretation links the fortresses to the conquest of england and therefore to harald bluetooth ' s son, sweyn forkbeard. whatever the case, the fortresses must be viewed as a monumental and military manifestation of the central power of the late viking era. research and dissemination in outline. following the recognition in the 1930s of trelleborg near slagelse as a fortress complex of the past, an archaeological excavation of this discovery and the three other fortresses was subsequently carried out and completed by the mid - 1960s. the archaeological excavations are documented in several monographs and articles of a high professional standard. apart from minor exploratory digging, no further archaeological investigations of the fortresses themselves have been conducted after the completion of the extensive archaeological excavations. however, since 2007 the royal fortresses project has focused on excavations in the wetlands near the fortresses in order to possibly relate the fortresses to the naval power of their time. the three fortresses are all listed, and they are owned by the national museum of denmark ( trelleborg and fyrkat ) and the danish forest and nature agency ( ag", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4752175079091788, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.492756"} {"text": "to possibly relate the fortresses to the naval power of their time. the three fortresses are all listed, and they are owned by the national museum of denmark ( trelleborg and fyrkat ) and the danish forest and nature agency ( aggersborg ), respectively. together with the local authorities, these institutions are in charge of the necessary management of the fortresses and adjoining areas. on completion of the excavations, work was carried out at trelleborg and fyrkat to mark the ramparts, moats and holes for posts from the fortress longhouses. at aggersborg this work was restricted to the ramparts and the moat. in addition, a reconstruction of a longhouse was built outside the trelleborg fortress complex in the early 1950s and at fyrkat from 1980. besides, a museum was built at trelleborg in 1995, presenting the finds from the fortress and finds from the viking era in general. a small complex of reconstructed viking era houses was built next to the museum. about one kilometre from fyrkat a reconstruction of a viking era farm from the time of the fortress was built from 1992 to 2002. information about both the farm and the fortress is presented here. a small museum was erected at aggersborg to accommodate an exhibition about the fortress and its age, as well as welfare facilities. the three preserved fortresses all form part of the recreational areas of their respective regions. signposts have been put up, and other material to guide visitors is available. good access, parking and welfare facilities are provided at the fortresses, although the quality of the facilities varies from fortress to fortress. individual elements of the property and their mutual relationship, including to the landscape. today, the visible elements are the fortifications, which include the ring fortress and the related defences and, at trelleborg, a perimeter fort and moat. the original ramparts consisted of a complex oak - wood structure with an inner skeleton and outer lathing. as any buildings on the parapet and above the gates can only be reconstructed on a hypothetical basis, the fortresses are only visible in the landscape today in the form of reconstructed embankments without woodwork or moats. in addition, reconstructions of the longhouses traceable in the fortresses have been built at fyrkat and trelleborg, respectively. the fortresses are all located in landscapes typical of their respective regions, in river valleys and relatively close to the coast. at both trelleborg and fyrkat extensive nature restoration projects have been conducted over the last decade", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45352796842809223, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.495445"} {"text": "trelleborg, respectively. the fortresses are all located in landscapes typical of their respective regions, in river valleys and relatively close to the coast. at both trelleborg and fyrkat extensive nature restoration projects have been conducted over the last decade in order to recreate the natural conditions prevailing at the time of the fortresses. the landscapes surrounding the fortresses thus clearly demonstrate the strategic location of the fortresses and the military reasons for building them at what must be described as viking era junctions. justification de la valeur universelle exceptionelle justification of the significance ( in terms of cultural history ) of the property in a north - european or global perspective. the ring fortresses, trelleborg, aggersborg and fyrkat, represent the most prominent archaeological evidence of the monumental defences of the viking era in present - day denmark. no contemporary counterparts exist in either the nordic countries or europe. the fortresses should probably be viewed in relation to the unification of denmark and norway referred to on the large runic stone in jelling and therefore as part of the lengthy process that resulted in the integration of the nordic countries into the european community of culture and the establishment of the scandinavian states. furthermore, having been built around 980, the fortresses should be viewed in relation to the contemporary expansion of dannevirke, which forms part of the transnational application for inscription on the world heritage list. satements of authenticity and / or integrity archaeological investigations of large parts of the fortresses have been conducted and presented in several scientific publications of a high standard. the archaeological investigations documented that the fortresses were largely unaffected by later use, apart from cultivation. following the archaeological investigations, the collapsed ramparts at trelleborg and fyrkat were marked in the terrain, and the moats were cleared. at aggersborg, where the original embankments had to a wide extent been levelled by ploughing, the rampart and the moat were re - established. all these works and the marking of other structures inside or near the fortresses were conducted on the basis of the complete and detailed documentation provided as a result of the excavations. in connection with the final submission of an application for inscription on the world heritage list, efforts are being made to provide a general overview of the management and dissemination plans, establishing whether the fortresses are affected by development - related conditions and their status in terms of management. comparison with other similar properties no similar fortresses from the viking era exist. therefore, it is hardly possible to tell what inspired the construction of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4677016292215699, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.496679"} {"text": "by chris wickham london ( reuters ) - large - scale engineering projects aimed at fighting global warming could radically reduce rainfall in europe and north america, a team of scientists from four european countries have warned. geoengineering projects are controversial, even though they are largely theoretical at this point. they range from mimicking the effects of large volcanic eruptions by releasing sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere, to deploying giant mirrors in space to deflect the sun ' s rays. proponents say they could be a rapid response to rising global temperatures but environmentalists argue they are a distraction from the need to reduce man - made carbon emissions. critics also point to a lack of solid research into unintended consequences and the absence of any international governance structure for such projects, whose effects could transcend national borders. a small geoengineering experiment in the uk was recently abandoned due to a dispute over attempts by some of the team involved to patent the technology. in this new study scientists from germany, norway, france and the uk used four different computer models that mimic the earth ' s climate to see how they responded to increased levels of carbon dioxide coupled with reduced radiation from the sun. their scenario assumed a world with four times the carbon dioxide concentration of the preindustrial world, which lead author hauke schmidt says is at the upper end, but in the range of what is considered possible at the end of this century. they found that global rainfall was reduced by about 5 percent on average using all four models. \" climate engineering cannot be seen as a substitute for a policy pathway of mitigating climate change through the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, \" they said in the study, published in earth system dynamics, an open access journal of the european geosciences union. under the scenario studied, rainfall diminished by about 15 percent, or about 100 millimeters per year, compared to pre - industrial levels, in large areas of north america and northern eurasia. over central south america, all the models showed a decrease in rainfall that reached more than 20 percent in parts of the amazon region. ( editing by mark heinrich )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49470981958908733, "token_count": 427, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.506222"} {"text": "explorationcounting consonants! think about some of the words you know how to read or write. look at them in a book or write them down on a piece of paper. count the number of vowels and the number of consonants in each word you examine. what do you notice about the number of consonants versus the number of vowels? do some words have lots of consonants, while others have lots of vowels? do most words seem to have at least a few of each?? what do you think would be different if there were more or fewer consonants in each word? sources & links bickford, j. albert and david tuggy. \u201c the principle organs of articulation. \u201d the summer institute of linguistics in mexico. 05 sep. 2009 < http : / / www. sil. org / mexico / ling / glosario / e005bi - organsart. htm > \" vocal tract. \" the american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition. houghton mifflin company, 2004. 05 sep. 2009. < dictionary. com http : / / dictionary. reference. com / browse / vocal tract >. \" consonant. \" merriam - webster online dictionary. 2009. \u201d \u00a8 < http : / / www. merriam - webster. com / dictionary / consonant > \" consonant. \" encyclop\u00e6dia britannica. 2009. encyclop\u00e6dia britannica online. 05 sep. 2009 < http : / / www. britannica. com / ebchecked / topic / 133627 / consonant >", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4571888109483593, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.508431"} {"text": "the da vinci code the da vinci code is a novel by dan brown published in 2003. it has sold over 60 million copies to date and a film version was released in 2006. the book ' s popularity in part derived from its sensationalistic claims about the history of christianity, which are in large part based on an earlier non - fiction work, holy blood, holy grail, by michael baigent, richard leigh, and henry lincoln. the text of the novel is prefaced with a claim that all documents and artwork referenced in the novel really exist, and within the context of the story many of the book ' s claims are presented as being common knowledge among historians. however, the da vinci code does not represent the views of mainstream biblical scholarship, the liberal wing thereof, or informed skeptics of christianity. claims about the bible the da vinci code alleges that constantine commissioned a massive re - write of the new testament for political reasons. jesus, supposedly, really was an important historical figure, but constantine ' s rewrite made him much less human by, among other things, removing all reference to his marriage to mary magdalene and the child he had by her. it is suggested that the various non - canonical gospels could provide important insights into the life of jesus. there are a large number of new testament manuscripts dating from 200 a. d. onwards. while comparison of these various manuscripts reveals isolated instances of tampering, there is no evidence of a massive re - write in constantine ' s era or any other. also, the canonicity of the various books had been largely decided by constantine ' s era, though the status of revelation was still hotly disputed. the surviving non - canonical gospels appear to have been written after the canonical ones, and portray jesus in a much more exalted light. while the historical content of the canonical gospels is debatable, scholars agree that they are much more likely to contain historical information than the later books. the da vinci code also refers to a book called q, which it suggests may have been written by jesus himself and is currently being kept hidden away in a vault somewhere. scholars have indeed concluded that matthew and luke did indeed copy some of their works from a now - lost collection of sayings, and this is referred to in the literature as q. however, there is no reason to believe that q was written by jesus himself, nor is there any reason to think that a secret copy has survived somewhere. the priory of sion the da vinci code claims that there is a secret", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4898022601368759, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.513589"} {"text": "from lawguru wiki template : crimpro in united states constitutional law, the exclusionary rule is a legal principle holding that evidence collected or analyzed in violation of the u. s. constitution is inadmissible for a criminal prosecution in a court of law ( that is, it cannot be used in a criminal trial ). the exclusionary rule does not apply to all violations of the fourth, fifth, or sixth amendments. an example of this is the 2006 supreme court ruling hudson v. michigan, the exclusionary rule is designed to provide a remedy and disincentive, short of criminal prosecution, for prosecutors and police who illegally gather evidence in violation of the fourth and fifth amendments in the bill of rights, which provide for protection from unreasonable searches and seizure and compelled self - incrimination. the exclusionary rule applies to all citizens or aliens ( illegal or documented ) that reside within the united states. it is not applicable to aliens residing outside of u. s. borders. united states v. alvarez decided that property owned by aliens in a foreign country is admissible in court. certain persons in the u. s. receive limited protections, such as prisoners, probationers, parolees, and persons crossing u. s. borders. corporations, by virtue of being, also have limited rights under the fourth amendment ( see corporate personhood ). the fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine holds that any evidence discovered indirectly through an illegal search or seizure is inadmissible in court. the rationale is that the evidence would not have been found were it not for the violation of the fourth amendment and therefore must be suppressed because it is the \" fruit of the poisonous tree. \" if the prosecution can prove that the evidence in question would have been discovered even without the illegal search, then this evidence is admissible. this principle is known as inevitable discovery. history of the rule the exclusionary rule was created in 1914 in the case of weeks v. united states. this decision, however, created the rule only on the federal level. it was not until mapp v. ohio, 367 u. s. 643 ( 1961 ) that the exclusionary rule was also held to be binding on the states through the fourteenth amendment, which guarantees due process. this landmark decision was considered by former justice potter stewart as \" the most important search and seizure decision in [ american ] history. \" the court ' s rationale for its holding in hudson is that a search whose only illegality is the failure to announce cannot uncover any evidence that would", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5086907475722393, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.603639"} {"text": "former justice potter stewart as \" the most important search and seizure decision in [ american ] history. \" the court ' s rationale for its holding in hudson is that a search whose only illegality is the failure to announce cannot uncover any evidence that would not have been uncovered if the announcement had been properly made, and therefore the suppression of evidence is not an appropriate remedy. exceptions to the rule the exclusionary rule does not apply in a civil case, in a grand jury proceeding, or in a parole revocation hearing. in any of these circumstances, illegally obtained evidence will not be barred by the rule. furthermore, such evidence can be admitted to impeach the credibility of the defendant ' s trial testimony ; however, this exception applies only if the defendant testifies, and the evidence is relevant to call into question the truthfulness of the defendant ' s testimony. the inevitable discovery doctrine was adopted first by the united states supreme court in nix v williams in 1984. it holds that evidence obtained through an unlawful search or seizure is admissible in court if it can be established, to a very high degree of probability, that normal police investigation would have inevitably led to the discovery of the evidence. this decision was upheld because given the fact that the exclusionary rule was created specifically to deter police and state misconduct, excluding evidence that would inevitably ( hypothetically ) have been discovered otherwise would not serve to deter police misconduct. in people v. stith, the court stated that this doctrine may not be used to admit primary evidence but only secondary evidence, i. e. evidence found as a result of the primary evidence. the attenuation exception to the exclusionary rule is that evidence may be suppressed only if there is a clear causal connection between the illegal police action and the evidence. the evidence must result from the unlawful conduct. a three - pronged test was created in people v. martinez to determine whether there was sufficient attenuation of this connection ( i. e. the lack of connection between the disputed evidence and the unlawful conduct ) : ( 1 ) the time period between the illegal arrest and the ensuing confession or consensual search ; ( 2 ) the presence of intervening factors or event ; and ( 3 ) the purpose and flagrancy of the official misconduct. the independent source exception allows evidence to be admitted in court if knowledge of the evidence is gained from a separate, or independent, source that is completely unrelated to the illegality at hand. this rule was formally accepted in people v. arnau. the good - faith exception may allow", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5128788268703135, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.655303"} {"text": "the atoll is closed to the public and travel to the island is not allowed. both the us and the kingdom of hawaii annexed johnston atoll in 1858, but it was the us that mined the guano deposits until the late 1880s. johnston and sand islands were designated wildlife refuges in 1926. the us navy took over the atoll in 1934, and subsequently the us air force assumed control in 1948. the site was used for high - altitude nuclear tests in the 1950s and 1960s, and until late in 2000 the atoll was maintained as a storage and disposal site for chemical weapons. munitions destruction is now complete. cleanup and closure of the facility was completed by may 2005. toxic waste from both operations is buried on the island. the fish and wildlife service and the us air force are currently discussing future management options, in the interim johnston atoll and the three - mile naval defensive sea around it remain under the jurisdiction and administrative control of the us air force. tropical, but generally dry ; consistent northeast trade winds with little seasonal temperature variation. strategic location in the north pacific ocean ; johnston island and sand island are natural islands, which have been expanded by coral dredging ; north island ( akau ) and east island ( hikina ) are manmade islands formed from coral dredging ; egg - shaped reef is 34 km in circumference some low - growing vegetation. highest point : summit peak, at 5 meters get in by plane there is an abandoned airstrip on johnston island. by boat [ add listing ] buy there is currently no economic activity on johnston atoll. [ add listing ] sleep there are no public accommodations on johnston atoll.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.36518089308459584, "token_count": 326, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.665197"} {"text": "troubleshooting problems while in safe mode safe mode is a troubleshooting option for windows that starts your computer with only basic services and functionality. if an existing problem does not reappear when you start windows in safe mode, you can eliminate the default settings and basic device drivers as possible causes. if you haven ' t installed any new programs or hardware recently, you can use the process of elimination to help you find the problem. try starting all of the programs you commonly use, including the programs in your startup folder, one by one to see if a program might be the cause of the problem. the program might be incompatible with this version of windows. try using system restore to restore your system to a point in time when it worked correctly. for more information, see what is system restore? the driver for the device might be incompatible with this version of windows. for information about uninstalling a device driver, see tips for fixing common driver problems. if uninstalling or restoring the driver back to a previous version does not fix the problem, try uninstalling or removing the hardware, and then restarting your computer. try restarting your computer using safe mode with networking, the only safe mode option that allows networking and internet capabilities. if you can ' t connect using this option, be sure to rule out hardware issues by restarting your computer and also any network hardware you are using, such as a modem or router. for more information, see troubleshoot internet connection problems. system restore can return your system files to a previous point in time before you noticed a problem. for more information, see what is system restore? if system restore does not fix the problem, try running startup repair from your windows installation disc. for more information, see startup repair : frequently asked questions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5224039315980282, "token_count": 364, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.673168"} {"text": "wed june 6, 2012 children getting ct scans at higher risk for cancer originally published on wed june 6, 2012 7 : 29 pm audie cornish, host : new research out today indicates that a popular medical test may increase the risk for some forms of cancer. a large international study found that cat scans, which are also known as ct scans, can increase the risk for leukemia and brain cancer in children. npr ' s rob stein joins us now to talk about the new findings. and, rob, i understand the concerns about these scans have been building for a long time. so what ' s the specific source of worry here? rob stein, byline : well, the concern, really, is about radiation. x - rays emit very low levels of radiation, but ct scans use a lot of x - rays. and so that can build up and accumulate over time and expose people to fairly significant amount of radiation. and if you get enough ct scans, you get exposed to a significant amount of radiation and can potentially boost your risk for cancer. cornish : so this is the first study really, directly, to look at the safety of ct scans. and tell us exactly how they did this. stein : that ' s right. previous studies that have tried to take a look at it are really based on extrapolations of data collected for other reasons. it really was based mostly on data collected from the survivors of the bombings in hiroshima and nagasaki in world war ii. and they would extrapolate from that data to try to determine what their radiation risk was. in this study, for the first time, they looked directly at patients who are getting ct scans and then followed up to see if they developed any kinds of cancers, in this case, the - it was based on 180, 000 patients in britain who got ct scans. cornish : and these findings are pretty alarming. i mean, what exactly did they find out? stein : right. what they found was that for kids, it seemed to increase the risk for two types of cancer : leukemia and brain cancers. and based on the findings, they calculated that kids who got two or three ct scans of the head would have three times the risk of brain cancer than people got exposed to less radiation than that. and if you got five to 10 ct scans of the head, your increased risk for leukemia would be tripled. cornish : now, the takeaway from this hasn ' t been that people shouldn ' t do ct scans, but why is that? stein : well, there", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.494291141519977, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.682839"} {"text": "to 10 ct scans of the head, your increased risk for leukemia would be tripled. cornish : now, the takeaway from this hasn ' t been that people shouldn ' t do ct scans, but why is that? stein : well, there are really two reasons. one is that the risk, even though it is - seems to be elevated, is still very low. leukemia and brain tumors are fairly rare cancers. so even if you increased the risk by a factor of three, the risk is still very, very low. and on the other side of the ledger sheet is the fact that ct scans are very valuable medical tools, and they can save a lot of lives by being - enabling doctors to diagnose and treat patients very quickly. cornish : so, rob, in the end, what should we understand about the study? stein : well, really, the take - home message is that doctors should be much more selective in how to use ct scans. like everything else, ct scans can have a lot of benefits, but they can have a potential downside. and so doctors should just think twice about ct scans when they order one. there ' s an estimate that maybe 80 million ct scans are done each year in the united states, and maybe half of those may be unnecessary. so their thinking is that doctors could just pick and choose a little bit more carefully and think, do i really need to do this test? or is there another test that i could use that has less radiation? and that way, everybody will be safer. cornish : npr ' s rob stein, thank you. stein : oh, thank you, audie. transcript provided by npr, copyright national public radio.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.44088422999696664, "token_count": 343, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.690887"} {"text": "from socialist worker uk : http : / / www. socialistworker. co. uk / art. php? id = 25015 tue 7 jun 2011 women \u2019 s oppression and violence against women are features of our society. but can we get rid of them? sadie robinson looks at the roots of sexism and offers some answers the world can be a bad place to be a woman. women make up a staggering 70 percent of the world \u2019 s poor. being female shapes every aspect of women \u2019 s lives \u2014 from things like work, housing, health and education to our most intimate relationships. in britain, the most obvious evidence of women \u2019 s oppression is the 17 percent pay gap between men and women. but the most sickening signs are acts of rape and violence \u2014 and the widespread tendency to blame the victims. the shocking nature of sexual violence can make many people think that humans are inherently brutal. they despair of ever creating a world without sexual violence and systematic oppression. the level of violence against women is appalling. it \u2019 s estimated that at least 47, 000 women are raped in britain every year \u2014 while the conviction rate for reported rapes is just 6. 5 percent. but the vast majority of men do not rape women. and most men are not violent towards women. rape doesn \u2019 t happen because of men \u2019 s \u201c natural \u201d instincts. it results from the way that class society distorts sexuality and alienates people from each other and themselves. women \u2019 s oppression benefits capitalism \u2014 it plays an ideological and an economic function. people create the environments and the societies we live in \u2014 but because we feel we have no control over it, the world appears as an alien entity. we become alienated from ourselves and from each other. rape and sexual violence are some of the most extreme forms that this alienation takes. this combines with a view of sexuality that sees sex as a commodity like any other, which can be bought and sold \u2014 or taken. nearly a third of people in britain think that a woman was at least partly to blame if she was raped while she was drunk. dominant ideas about sexuality blame women for \u201c encouraging \u201d rape and treat men as little more than animals unable to control themselves. so justice secretary kenneth clarke \u2019 s recent comments, which seemed to dismiss some rapes, such as date rape, as barely rapes at all, unfortunately came as no surprise. clarke \u2019 s comments did cause an enormous outcry, and his views are heavily contested. but those at the top of society \u2014 politicians", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49994077772678036, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.709609"} {"text": "some rapes, such as date rape, as barely rapes at all, unfortunately came as no surprise. clarke \u2019 s comments did cause an enormous outcry, and his views are heavily contested. but those at the top of society \u2014 politicians, judges, those who own the media, and so on \u2014 promote sexist ideas. those who own newspapers and tv stations fill them with images depicting women as sex objects, not people in their own right. and it \u2019 s normal for rape trials to raise what a victim was wearing, if she was out late, if she had been drinking and if she \u2019 d had sex with the rapist before. of course, lots of women, and men, do challenge sexist ideas and fight for reforms to improve women \u2019 s lives. but sexist ideas are widespread because of women \u2019 s position in society and how our society distorts sexuality. the revolutionary karl marx described how the dominant ideas in any society are the ideas of the ruling class. this doesn \u2019 t mean they are the only ideas \u2014 but it means they are the strongest. but why would the ruling class want to encourage this view of women? what do they get out of it? women \u2019 s oppression hasn \u2019 t always existed. it emerged when human societies began to form into classes. marx and his collaborator frederick engels identified the family under class society as the key to women \u2019 s oppression. engels described the emergence of the family as \u201c the world historical defeat of the female sex \u201d. they saw that how people secure their basic existence shapes human behaviour and ideas. the family emerged alongside private property and the state. before that, women and men lived in hunter - gatherer societies where they did different but equal work and had an equal say in decision - making. marx and engels called this \u201c primitive communism \u201d. as societies developed, they began to produce a surplus in excess of what they needed to meet their basic needs \u2014 something that could be stored and controlled. and the production techniques that created it tended to prioritise men \u2019 s labour over women \u2019 s for the first time. once a ruling class developed the men who came to dominate wanted \u201c legitimate \u201d heirs to pass the surplus on to. control of women and sexual relationships became key to owning it. the family unit developed with an ideology that treats women as second - class citizens and as a form of property to be controlled by men. these ideas help legitimate and encourage violence against women. that doesn \u2019 t mean that nothing ever changes in class societies. a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4931268232847702, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.711469"} {"text": "family unit developed with an ideology that treats women as second - class citizens and as a form of property to be controlled by men. these ideas help legitimate and encourage violence against women. that doesn \u2019 t mean that nothing ever changes in class societies. a woman \u2019 s position in a family under capitalism is very different from how it was under feudalism. and even under capitalism women have fought to transform their lives over the past century. most women in britain today work outside the home. people have more sexual freedom than they did in the past. and changes in women \u2019 s lives and ideas have had an impact on men too. so it \u2019 s much more common for men to do jobs that would have previously been seen as women \u2019 s work such as nursing. men spend more time caring for their children today than they did in the past. housework is no longer the sole responsibility of women in many homes. huge changes have occurred within capitalism, partly due to the changing needs of the system and partly because of mass pressure and struggle from ordinary people. these changes show that the idea that men and women have fixed, unchanging roles is wrong. but important as the changes are, women \u2019 s oppression remains. and our rulers are constantly trying to roll back the gains we have made. so being a wife and mother is still seen as key to a women \u2019 s identity. society overemphasises sexual relationships \u2014 and tells women that unless they nab themselves a man they \u2019 re a failure. and women who don \u2019 t want children are still often seen as inexplicably strange. women \u2019 s oppression, like other oppressions, serves to divide the working class. instead of ordinary people seeing themselves as having a common interest against the rich, women and men can be sucked into seeing each other as the main enemy. this is highly useful for our rulers \u2014 and they know it. the family also plays a key economic function for capitalism. women are expected to maintain the current workforce and nurture the future one \u2014 while often being part of that workforce at the same time. they raise children, care for sick or elderly relatives, and maintain a household. they save capitalism a fortune by providing all of these services for free. this isn \u2019 t to say that every home and every relationship is simply a weight around women \u2019 s necks. often people value their personal relationships and home life above all else, because they seem to offer a haven from the stresses of the outside world. but that doesn \u2019 t change the role the family plays under", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49283954788848616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.713674"} {"text": "is simply a weight around women \u2019 s necks. often people value their personal relationships and home life above all else, because they seem to offer a haven from the stresses of the outside world. but that doesn \u2019 t change the role the family plays under capitalism. and for a lot of the time, people looking for comfort and sanctuary in the family are disappointed. the haven they hoped to find ends up being a pressure cooker where built - up tensions are unleashed \u2014 and women often bear the brunt of them. the key role that the family plays explains why our rulers hate criticism of it and attack anyone who falls outside it. that \u2019 s why there is homophobia, panic over single parents and pressure on single people to get married. this also shapes the way people think about rape. most women who are raped know their attacker, and violence is more likely to happen within families \u2014 yet the most common view of rape is of a shadowy stranger leaping out of a bush late at night. sexist ideas are so ingrained because women \u2019 s oppression has existed for thousands of years, since the rise of class societies. this is why it seems so natural and permanent. but some of those who argue that we can \u2019 t challenge oppression do so because they have an interest in maintaining it. and it helps them to focus on individual acts of violence, because that distracts from the systemic oppression at the heart of capitalism. we can end women \u2019 s oppression \u2014 but to do it we need to get rid of the system that props it up. oppression affects all women, but the impact is vastly different depending on class. it is key to a system that ruling class women do very well out of \u2014 which is why we can \u2019 t rely on alliances with rich women to win change. ordinary people have a common interest in getting rid of capitalism. it wrecks the lives of working class women and men. it relies on oppression to divide and weaken the working class. and it atomises us and distorts even our most intimate relationships. in the process of creating a new world, people transform themselves. they throw off what marx called the \u201c muck of ages \u201d and ideas that have survived for centuries start to fall away. and in every revolutionary movement, women come to the forefront to lead the struggle. revolution isn \u2019 t a fairytale. already this year we \u2019 ve seen revolutions in egypt and tunisia that have thrown out dictators and raised the prospect of workers \u2019 control of society. collectively, we have the power to smash the system and create real", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5271516763620481, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.716020"} {"text": "supersonic without the boom sonic booms usually mean something cool. the space shuttle is coming in for a landing or a jet fighter is flying overhead. we don \u2019 t hear them very often, so when we do it \u2019 s an event. but imagine if aircraft manufacturers designed and built a vehicle that carried passengers or cargo at supersonic speeds over land. sonic booms would be happening all the time ; and they \u2019 re loud and annoying. that \u2019 s why the concorde flew over the ocean. noise regulations in most countries wouldn \u2019 t allow it to fly over land because of the sonic booms it generated. sonic booms are keeping a new era of supersonic cruise flight from happening. for us to ever be able to enjoy the benefits of flying people or cargo over land at super - fast speeds, we have to figure out how to turn down the volume on sonic booms. nasa has been doing flight tests and simulations and ground experiments \u2014 with cool names like \u201c quiet spike, \u201d \u201c sonicbobs, \u201d \u201c sonicbrew, \u201d \u201c lancets, \u201d \u201c house vibes, \u201d \u201c low boom / no boom \u201d \u2013 to help find answers. continue reading : nasa - see also : dear reader we hope you enjoyed wordlesstech! don ' t forget to join our community on facebook", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4960661946085465, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.719661"} {"text": "this brightly colored salamander can be locally abundant where forested habitat remains intact, but quickly declines or disappears when woodlands are cleared or disturbed by cutting or invasive species. moist, closed canopy woodlands are preferred habitat. they tend to avoid swamp forests subject to flooding, and are absent in disturbed forests that have been recently grazed, burned, or harvested for timber. temporary or semi - permanent ponds either within or adjacent to the woods are critical habitat elements. spotted salamanders spend most of their time in burrows underground \u2013 up to four feet below the surface. they are occasionally found under or within rotting logs, leaf litter, and other moist places. hibernation occurs on land, usually near breeding ponds. they have granular glands that produce secretions which can repel some predators. most glands are located behind the eyes and on the tail. reproduction and growth migration to breeding ponds occurs in late may to mid - april, and is triggered by thawing of the ground and higher humidity. this species returns to the same breeding ponds each year, and uses established routes when traveling to and from breeding ponds \u2013 even entering and leaving ponds at same point each time. eggs are laid one to several days after sperm transfer. the female can lay 50 - 300 eggs in one large mass or several smaller clusters attached to sticks or vegetation, egg masses form a symbiotic relationship with some types of algae \u2013 algae provide larvae with additional oxygen, while benefiting from carbon dioxide released by embryos. eggs hatch in 20 - 60 days and metamorphose in 60 - 90 days, although some larvae may over - winter. females reach sexual maturity at 3 - 5 years old, while males reach maturity at 2 - 3 years old. they may live more than 20 years. their future depends on presence of undisturbed woodlands and associated temporary and semi - permanent ponds any human activity that opens forest canopies ( i. e. elective logging ) can lower humidity creating unsuitable conditions construction of roads running between wooded uplands and lowland breeding sites can lead to mass mortality of migratory salamanders. sometimes collected for biological supply and the pet trade, persistent exploitation could threaten local populations. acidic precipitation is another concern as eggs and larvae may be sensitive to pond acidification. - ephemeral wetlands. - permanent wetlands.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.37715182612903064, "token_count": 463, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.723386"} {"text": "scientists are issuing a stark new warning for people who have had a heart attack and continue to use popular painkillers like advil ( ibuprofen ) or celebrex ( celecoxib ) : don ' t take them unless you absolutely have to. danish researchers report that taking these nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs \u2014 or nsaids \u2014 after a heart attack greatly increases the risk of death or a second heart attack, and the risk persists for years. \" it ' s very frightening. there seems to be no safe treatment window \" for nsaids once you ' ve had a heart attack, said anne - marie schjerning olsen, a cardiologist at copenhagen university hospital gentofte who, along with colleagues, reviewed the records of nearly 100, 000 patients who had suffered a heart attack between 1997 and 2009. about 44 percent of them received at least one prescription for an nsaid. among people who didn ' t take nsaids, olsen says, the cardiovascular risk after a first heart attack declines rapidly during the first year. \" after five to 10 years it ' s almost the same \" as the general population, she says. but heart attack survivors who took any nsaid other than low - dose aspirin had a higher risk of having a second heart attack or dying. the overall death risk rose 59 percent one year after the heart attack and 63 percent five years after, she said. similarly, the risk of coronary death or a second heart attack rose 30 percent one year after the initial heart attack and 41 percent five years after. what this means in absolute terms is that during the first year there were 20 deaths per 100 people among the nsaid users, compared with only 12 deaths per 100 people among non - nsaid users. in their analysis, published in circulation, a journal of the american heart association, the danish researchers accounted for other medical conditions and medications that patients might have been taking, olsen said. they could only estimate the dosages people took, but on the average they seemed to be taking standard doses as prescribed on the label, she added. in addition to ibuprofen and celecoxib, they studied rofecoxib ( vioxx ), diclofenac ( voltaren ) and naproxen ( aleve ), of which naproxen was found to pose the least cardiovascular risk. but as olson points out, it can cause stomach bleeding. \" it ' s not easy, \" she says.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.37296198050968377, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.730106"} {"text": "##ren ) and naproxen ( aleve ), of which naproxen was found to pose the least cardiovascular risk. but as olson points out, it can cause stomach bleeding. \" it ' s not easy, \" she says. \" you have to look at each individual patient and find out what kind of pain treatment they need. \" wayne ray, a professor of preventive medicine at vanderbilt university who also has studied nsaids and heart health, said the danish study provides further evidence of the risks involved in taking these drugs after a heart attack. the danish researchers found that, compared with earlier studies, the risks are even \" a bit higher than others have found, \" he said. celecoxib and diclofenac clearly carry the highest risk ( rofecoxib was pulled from the shelves in 2004 ). \" these generally should be the last alternatives for this patient population, \" ray said. for older patients with muscle or skeletal pain, doctors should first try nondrug remedies, such as physical therapy or exercise, he said. topical medications, such as analgesic heat rubs, can also reduce pain. acetaminophen ( tylenol ) can be a good option, if taken in the proper dose, although it is risky for people with liver disease and those who drink heavily. finally, ray says, \" if nsaids are necessary, use the safest nsaid, in the lowest effective dose for the shortest time period. \" olsen, meanwhile, says that even as nsaid risks have become clear, many doctors and patients have not gotten the word. \" somehow, more education is needed, \" she says. \" we have to find how to get the message out. \" go to the aarp home page for tips on keeping healthy and sharp, and great deals.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.37604110339994457, "token_count": 375, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.731558"} {"text": "listen to this week ' s lesson about the origins of the ukulele and then take the online quiz. your lesson this week : origins of the ukulele - from madeiran guitar to hawaiian icon. your teacher is steve roberts from the blue mountains ukulele club. listen to the podcast and then take this week ' s self improvement quiz. you can also subscribe to self improvement wednesday by copying this address into your podcast application : 1. in 1879, immigrants from which archipelago reportedly entertained honoluluans with nightly street concerts? c ) tierra del fuego 2. santo, nunes and dias were primarily what type of tradesmen? d ) cabinet makers 3. what was an early name for a four - stringed madeiran guitar? 4. which is a common translation for the word ukulele? a ) flying fox b ) angry ant c ) jumping flea d ) busy bee 5. which author ' s step - daughter wrote the only known first - hand account of the hawaiian king playing the ukulele? a ) sir arthur conan doyle b ) mark twain c ) thomas hardy d ) robert louis stevenson 6. who along with his sons leonardo and julius started a production company claiming to have invented the ukulele? a ) jose do espirito santo b ) manuel nunes c ) augusto dias d ) king david kalakaua 7. which expo is historically credited with popularising the ukulele and hawaiian music on the mainland? a ) the great exhibition of 1851 b ) columbian exposition of 1893 c ) exposition universelle of 1900 d ) panama pacific international exposition of 1915 8. in the early 20th century, ukuleles began to be manufactured en masse with which affordable material? c ) koa wood answers : 1. b ) 2. d ) 3. a ) 4. c ) 5. d ) 6. b ) 7. d ) 8. a ) next week : time in the ancient world with dr anne rogerson from the university of sydney.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43717291192034, "token_count": 406, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.736307"} {"text": "in 2009 - 10 the gross value of total victorian agricultural production was $ 10, 347. 3 million, an increase of 1. 4 % ( or $ 146. 8 million ) from 2008 - 09. at the same time, the local value of victorian agricultural production increased by 0. 7 %. in 2009 - 10 livestock disposals contributed 29. 0 % to the total gross value of victorian agricultural production, followed by livestock products with 24. 2 % and fruit with 11. 7 % respectively. do you know how the value of your state or territory ' s agricultural output is determined? the gross value of agricultural commodities produced ( vacp ) is the value placed on recorded agricultural production at the wholesale prices realised in the market place. the local value is the value placed on commodities at the point of production ( i. e. farm gate ). it is calculated by deducting marketing costs from the gross value of commodities produced. marketing costs may include freight, cost of containers, commission and other marketing charges. quantity data for most agricultural commodities are collected from absagricultural surveys or the agricultural census. remaining commodity data are obtained from non - abs sources, and are comparable across time. these documents will be presented in a new window. unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a creative commons attribution 2. 5 australia licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website copyright notice. for permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4707763808591213, "token_count": 308, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.742009"} {"text": "fairness for all - the work of the immigrants ' rights project make a difference your support helps the aclu defend immigrants \u2019 rights and other civil liberties. why we defend the constitutional protections of due process and equal protection apply to everyone in the united states, including non - citizens \u2013 even those not here lawfully. however, politically disenfranchised immigrants are an especially vulnerable group and are routinely denied these basic rights embodied in our constitution and bill of rights. eroding the fundamental rights of immigrants is dangerous for us all. when the government has the power to deny legal rights and due process to one group, all americans \u2019 rights are severely threatened. due process and equal protection in the immigration process our nation has the authority to control its borders and to regulate immigration but not in a way that denies immigrants their fundamental rights. the united states must exercise the awesome power to exclude or deport immigrants in a manner consistent with the rule of law, the fundamental norms of humanity and the requirements of the constitution. unfortunately, immigrants are routinely denied their constitutional right to a day in court. moreover, immigration laws require the automatic deportation of even longtime lawful residents for many minor offenses, regardless of how long they have lived here or whether they have a citizen spouse or children. detention is increasingly being used as an immigration enforcement strategy, and immigrants, including those with legal status, are detained for prolonged periods \u2013 sometimes several years \u2013 without any legal determination that they pose a danger to society or a flight risk that would justify their detention. in addition to being cruel and unnecessary, prolonged detention makes it nearly impossible for individuals to fight their immigration cases, including those with strong claims to remain in the u. s. most immigrants held in detention have never been convicted of a crime, and those who have committed crimes have already served their sentences been released. nonetheless, immigrants in deportation proceedings, including those seeking asylum, are held in conditions almost identical and in many cases worse than the conditions imposed on prisoners serving sentences for violent criminal offenses. dozens of immigrants have died in immigration detention because of inadequate medical care and a lack of minimal standards and oversight. in states, towns, cities and counties across the u. s., there is a growing movement to introduce anti - immigrant laws that attempt to drive out undocumented immigrants and their families and punish those who employ or rent to them. in addition to violating the constitution and federal civil rights laws, these laws promote distrust of immigrants, including those here legally, and fuel xenophobia and discrimination. business owners, local law enforcement, landlords", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4812646367998113, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.753111"} {"text": "punish those who employ or rent to them. in addition to violating the constitution and federal civil rights laws, these laws promote distrust of immigrants, including those here legally, and fuel xenophobia and discrimination. business owners, local law enforcement, landlords, city employees and hospital staff are forced to take on the unfair burden of acting as immigration agents, though they lack the skills and training to determine an individual \u2019 s immigration status or the authenticity of immigration - related documentation. as a result, people who are perceived as looking or sounding foreign \u2013 whether or not they are here legally or are u. s. citizens \u2013 are refused employment, medical treatment and housing and are harassed by the police. immigration enforcement is a federal responsibility and local anti - immigrant ordinances only hurt city economies and community relations. rather than waste resources on unlawful and mean - spirited laws, responsible officials should seek to fight discrimination and ensure that their laws are fair for all of their residents. immigrant workers, who often lack knowledge of u. s. labor laws and afraid to assert their legal rights as employees, are commonly exploited by employers who refuse to pay them minimum wage or over - time. laws meant to curtail the hiring of undocumented workers often end up as major roadblocks to gainful employment for u. s. citizens and other legal residents. federal contractors and businesses in several states must check the eligibility of all potential workers \u2013 u. s. citizens and immigrants alike \u2013 against e - verify, a flawed federal database program with a high error rate. using such an error - ridden database leads to problems for lawful workers who must persuade multiple bureaucracies to fix their records if they want to keep their jobs. rather than run the risk of suffering the laws \u2019 penalties, many employers would simply rather not hire individuals they perceive as foreign - born resulting in widespread employment discrimination. looking latino and speaking spanish is far from the probable cause the police must have to question and arrest a person. yet that \u2019 s exactly what happens to many latinos in this country, whether they are u. s. citizens or non - citizens who are legal residents. these types of stops are rampant and violate the fourth amendment \u2019 s prohibition of warrantless searches and seizures, which applies to everyone regardless of immigration status. recently, the department of homeland security has expanded programs that allow certain state and local law enforcement agencies to engage in federal immigration enforcement activities. the programs have led to illegal racial profiling and civil rights abuses, including the unlawful detention and deportation of u. s. citizens and permanent residents", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.430476968276591, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.755573"} {"text": "in writing secure php, i covered a few of the most common security holes in websites. it ' s time to move on, though, to a few more advanced techniques for securing a website. as techniques for ' breaking into ' a site or crashing a site become more advanced, so must the methods used to stop those attacks. most hosting environments are very similar, and rather predictable. many web developers are also very predictable. it doesn ' t take a genius to guess that a site ' s includes ( and most dynamic sites use an includes directory for common files ) is an www. website. com / includes /. if the site owner has allowed directory listing on the server, anyone can navigate to that folder and browse files. imagine for a second that you have a database connection script, and you want to connect to the database from every page on your site. you might well place that in your includes folder, and call it something like connect. inc. however, this is very predictable - many people do exactly this. worst of all, a file with the extension \". inc \" is usually rendered as text and output to the browser, rather than processed as a php script - meaning if someone were to visit that file in a browser, they ' ll be given your database login information. placing important files in predictable places with predictable names is a recipe for disaster. placing them outside the web root can help to lessen the risk, but is not a foolproof solution. the best way to protect your important files from vulnerabilities is to place them outside the web root, in an unusually - named folder, and to make sure that error reporting is set to off ( which should make life difficult for anyone hoping to find out where your important files are kept ). you should also make sure directory listing is not allowed, and that all folders have a file named \" index. html \" in ( at least ), so that nobody can ever see the contents of a folder. never, ever, give a file the extension \". inc \". if you must have \". inc \" in the extension, use the extension \". inc. php \", as that will ensure the file is processed by the php engine ( meaning that anything like a username and password is not sent to the user ). always make sure your includes folder is outside your web root, and not named something obvious. always make sure you add a blank file named \" index. html \" to all folders like include or image folders - even if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49871782741603027, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.769723"} {"text": "to the user ). always make sure your includes folder is outside your web root, and not named something obvious. always make sure you add a blank file named \" index. html \" to all folders like include or image folders - even if you deny directory listing yourself, you may one day change hosts, or someone else may alter your server configuration - if directory listing is allowed, then your index. html file will make sure the user always receives a blank page rather than the directory listing. as well, always make sure directory listing is denied on your web server ( easily done with. htaccess or httpd. conf ). out of sheer curiosity, shortly after writing this section of this tutorial, i decided to see how many sites i could find in a few minutes vulnerable to this type of attack. using google and a few obvious search phrases, i found about 30 database connection scripts, complete with usernames and passwords. a little more hunting turned up plenty more open include directories, with plenty more database connections and even ftp details. all in, it took about ten minutes to find enough information to cause serious damage to around 50 sites, without even using these vulnerabilities to see if it were possible to cause problems for other sites sharing the same server. most site owners now require an online administration area or cms ( content management system ), so that they can make changes to their site without needing to know how to use an ftp client. often, these are placed in predictable locations ( as covered in the last article ), however placing an administration area in a hard - to - find location isn ' t enough to protect it. most cmses allow users to change their password to anything they choose. many users will pick an easy - to - remember word, often the name of a loved one or something similar with special significance to them. attackers will use something called a \" dictionary attack \" ( or \" brute force attack \" ) to break this kind of protection. a dictionary attack involves entering each word from the dictionary in turn as the password until the correct one is found. the best way to protect against this is threefold. first, you should add a turing test to a login page. have a randomly generated series of letters and numbers on the page that the user must enter to login. make sure this series changes each time the user tries to login, that it is an image ( rather than simple text ), and that it cannot be identified by an optical character recognition", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49033028875120255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.771567"} {"text": "numbers on the page that the user must enter to login. make sure this series changes each time the user tries to login, that it is an image ( rather than simple text ), and that it cannot be identified by an optical character recognition script. second, add in a simple counter. if you detect a certain number of failed logins in a row, disable logging in to the administration area until it is reactivated by someone responsible. if you only allow each potential attacker a small number of attempts to guess a password, they will have to be very lucky indeed to gain access to the protected area. this might be inconvenient for authentic users, however is usually a price worth paying. finally, make sure you track ip addresses of both those users who successfully login and those who don ' t. if you spot repeated attempts from a single ip address to access the site, you may consider blocking access from that ip address altogether. one excellent way to make sure that even if you have a problem with someone accessing your database who shouldn ' t be able to, you can limit the damage they can cause. modern databases like mysql and sql server allow you to control what a user can and cannot do. you can give users ( or not ) permission to create data, edit, delete, and more using these permissions. usually, i try and ensure that i only allow users to add and edit data. if a site requires an item be deleted, i will usually set the front end of the site to only appear to delete the item. for example, you could have a numeric field called \" item _ deleted \", and set it to 1 when an item is deleted. you can then use that to prevent users seeing these items. you can then purge these later if required, yourself, while not giving your users \" delete \" permissions for the database. if a user cannot delete or drop tables, neither can someone who finds out the user login to the database ( though obviously they can still do damage ). php contains a variety of commands with access to the operating system of the server, and that can interact with other programs. unless you need access to these specific commands, it is highly recommended that you disable them entirely. for example, the eval ( ) function allows you to treat a string as php code and execute it. this can be a useful tool on occasion. however, if using the eval ( ) function on any input from the user, the user", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5049860084688917, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.773708"} {"text": "for example, the eval ( ) function allows you to treat a string as php code and execute it. this can be a useful tool on occasion. however, if using the eval ( ) function on any input from the user, the user could cause all sorts of problems. you could be, without careful input validation, giving the user free reign to execute whatever commands he or she wants. there are ways to get around this. not using eval ( ) is a good start. however, the php. ini file gives you a way to completely disable certain functions in php - \" disable _ functions \". this directive of the php. ini file takes a comma - separated list of function names, and will completely disable these in php. commonly disabled functions include ini _ set ( ), exec ( ), fopen ( ), popen ( ), passthru ( ), readfile ( ), file ( ), shell _ exec ( ) and system ( ). it may be ( it usually is ) worth enabling safe _ mode on your server. this instructs php to limit the use of functions and operators that can be used to cause problems. if it is possible to enable safe _ mode and still have your scripts function, it is usually best to do so. finally, be completely and utterly paranoid much as i hate to bring this point up again, it still holds true ( and always will ). most of the above problems can be avoided through careful input validation. some become obvious points to address when you assume everyone is out to destroy your site. if you are prepared for the worst, you should be able to deal with anything. ready for more? try writing secure php, part 3.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4752222114865132, "token_count": 358, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.775277"} {"text": "electrical workers by shutterstock - it is undeniable that the unemployment rate would be lower if fewer government jobs had been cut. - private sector employment is important for the simple fact that state & local tax revenues fund public sector salaries. - the private sector, despite turbulent economic times and uncertainty, continues to be the engine of economic growth. editor ' s note : this article originally appeared in the new york times ' room for debate in response to the question : are government layoffs the problem? what effect have public - sector job cuts had on the economy? could governments have responded to the recession in any other way? it is undeniable that the unemployment rate would be lower, and the recovery more pronounced, if fewer government jobs had been cut. but if the private sector is \" doing fine, \" as president obama famously said, could one reason be those losses in state and local jobs? the answer is yes. during 2009 and 2010, president obama and congress spent 2. 6 percent of gross domestic product at the state and local level primarily through the american recovery and reinvestment act. but despite this huge stimulus spending, the share of g. d. p. contributed by state and local governments has collapsed since 2007. while state and local spending accounted for nearly 13 percent of g. d. p. in 2008, barely 11 percent of g. d. p. comes from state and local spending today. meanwhile, the private sector, despite the turbulent economic times and the recent uncertainty surrounding the fiscal cliff talks, has continued to be the engine of economic growth. despite shedding a large number of workers at the start of the recession, the private sector has added 5. 0 million new employees since june 2009 as state and local governments have dropped 682, 000 jobs. private sector g. d. p. has continued to grow as businesses innovate and become more productive, finding ways to survive and grow in a challenging business environment. public sector workers, particularly those involved in education, have an important role to play in the economy. in most states, they account for about 14 percent of all jobs. but real economic growth has to start in the other 86 percent of the economy, where most workers earn their living. indeed, private sector employment is important if even for the simple fact that state and local tax revenues fund public sector salaries. as of january, the unemployment rate for those classified as government workers by the bureau of labor statistics is only 4. 2 percent, compared to 8. 6 percent unemployment in the private sector. clearly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41034116761023653, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.781154"} {"text": "teaching toward a world without war elizabeth gray vining, 1902 \u2013 1999 a philadelphia native and member of germantown monthly meeting, elizabeth gray vining published her first book for young adults at the age of 22, and went on to publish over 60 more in her lifetime. at the age of 42, elizabeth wrote weekly releases on the activities of afsc for quaker papers and other religious publications, when she was selected to be the first woman to tutor the crown prince of japan. her name had been suggested to the education commission by then executive secretary clarence e. pickett, who had visited emperor hirohito and heeded his request for help in finding an american tutor for the crown prince. after listing elizabeth \u2019 s many accomplishments in a letter of recommendation, clarence pickett added that she was \u201c one of the most lovely and cultured women that i have ever known, \u201d but \u201c she would not lift a finger to seek the appointment. \u201d once chosen, the american press expressed elizabeth \u2019 s position as an opportunity to spread the values of american democracy. but she was clear that this was an opportunity to build bridges : \u201c i am not here in japan as a missionary, \u201d she declared. \u201c i will present my views and let my pupil go on from there \u2026 i hope i can contribute to the peace and understanding of the world. the emphasis will be on a world without war, and on nations working together for peace. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46977414958994335, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.784764"} {"text": "can a ray of sunshine help the critically ill? tuesday, april 3, 2012 tau researcher finds that vitamin d deficiency is associated with increased mortality in intensive care patients scientists have long believed that vitamin d, which is naturally absorbed from sunlight, has an important role in the functioning of the body ' s autoimmune system. now prof. howard amital of tel aviv university ' s sackler faculty of medicine and sheba medical center has discovered that the vitamin may also affect the outcomes of patients in intensive care. in a six - month study, prof. amital and his colleagues found that patients who had a vitamin d deficiency lived an average of 8. 9 days less than those who were found to have sufficient vitamin d. vitamin d levels also correlated with the level of white blood cells which fight disease. the study, which was published in the journal qjm : an international journal of medicine, demonstrates further research into giving patients vitamin d could confirm that it will improve their survival outcomes. adding days of life to measure the impact of vitamin d levels on the survival of critically ill patients, the researchers designed an observational study. over the course of six months, 130 patients over the age of 18 admitted to an intensive care unit of a tau - affiliated hospital and requiring mechanical ventilation were admitted to the study. patients who had taken vitamin d supplements prior to admittance were excluded from the study population. upon admittance, patients were divided into two groups based on vitamin d concentration : those who had 20 nanograms or more of the vitamin \u2014 the amount defined as the national institute of health as sufficient \u2014 and those who were vitamin d deficient based on the same criteria. in total, 107 patients suffered from vitamin d deficiency. survival curves indicate that while patients with sufficient vitamin d survived an average of 24. 2 days, those who were deemed to be deficient in vitamin d survived an average of only 15. 3 days \u2014 patients with sufficient vitamin d levels survived an average of 8. 9 days longer. they were also found to have a better wbc count. seek out sun \u2014 or supplements these findings merit further investigation, prof. amital says. he suggests that the effects of vitamin d supplementation in critically ill patients be further assessed in future studies. the initial results indicate only that vitamin d concentration may be an indicator of survival, he says. but don ' t wait until you ' re in poor health to start taking vitamin d, suggests prof. amital. vitamin d appears to enhance the function of the immune system in numerous ways, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4718266574734909, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.788333"} {"text": "background : a new type of stethoscope relies on ultrasound to enable doctors to hear the sounds of the body in extremely loud situations, such as during the transportation of patients in medevac helicopters, or wounded soldiers in blackhawk helicopters. how it works : these new ultrasound models transmit a sound signal into the patient\u0131s body. this sound is reflected back to the stethoscope at a slightly different frequency because it bounces off the internal organs, changing the sound wave pattern\u0131 essentially, the doppler effect. the difference in frequencies between the transmitted sound wave and the returning sound wave received by the instrument can be computed to determine the motion of the internal organs. this difference in frequency is then converted into audible sound. ultrasound stethoscopes produce a markedly different sound than conventional ones. an acoustic stethoscope yields a \u0131lub - dub\u0131 sound from a heartbeat with the first beat being the strongest. an ultrasound stethoscope yields a \u0131ta - da - ta\u0131 pattern with the second beat being the strongest. the problem : traditional stethoscopes transmit and amplify sound within the range of human hearing : from 20 hertz to 20, 000 hertz. most body sound, such as that of the heart and lungs, fall into the 100 to 200 hertz range. current acoustic stethoscopes detect and amplify vibrations that allow doctors to hear the heart and lungs better. however, they become difficult to use around 80 decibels \u0131 a noise level comparable to an alarm clock or a busy street, - - and are useless above 90 decibels. modern electronic stethoscopes improved that threshold to 95 decibels by replacing the earpieces with loudspeaker inserts, which provide a better seal over the ear canal. they also have electrical cables instead of the conventional tubing, decreasing acoustic noise. but this is still not sufficient to make the instruments useful in very noisy environments. the ultrasound stethoscope is nearly impervious to loud noise and can make accurate readings at noise levels up to 120 decibels, similar to the volume experienced in the front row at a rock concert. the doppler effect : both sound waves and light waves exhibit the doppler effect. just as a train whistle will sound higher as it approaches a platform and then become lower in pitch as it moves away, light emitted by a moving object is perceived to increase in frequency ( a blue shift ) if it is moving toward the observer ; if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5220762315120733, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.792763"} {"text": "why the jews? : the reason for antisemitism from the bestselling authors of \" the nine questions people ask about judaism \" comes a completely revised and updated edition of a modern classic that... show synopsis from the bestselling authors of \" the nine questions people ask about judaism \" comes a completely revised and updated edition of a modern classic that reflects the dangerous rise in antisemitism during the twenty - first century. the very word \" jew \" continues to arouse passions as does no other religious, national, or political name. why have jews been the object of the most enduring and universal hatred in history? why did hitler consider murdering jews more important than winning world war ii? why has the united nations devoted more time to tiny israel than to any other nation on earth? in this seminal study, dennis prager and joseph telushkin attempt to uncover and understand the roots of antisemitism - - from the ancient world to the holocaust to the current crisis in the middle east. this postmillennial edition of \" why the jews? \" offers new insights and unparalleled perspectives on some of the most recent, pressing developments in the contemporary world, including : - the replicating of nazi antisemitism in the arab world - the pervasive anti - zionism / antisemitism on university campuses - the rise of antisemitism in europe - why the united states and israel are linked in the minds of antisemites clear, persuasive, and thought provoking, \" why the jews? \" is must reading for anyone who seeks to understand the unique role of the jews in human history.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4696233947757658, "token_count": 337, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.796514"} {"text": "science fair project encyclopedia william bligh ( september 9, 1754 - december 7, 1817 ) was an officer of the british royal navy and colonial administrator. he is best known for the famous mutiny that occurred against his command aboard hmav bounty. after the bounty mutiny he became governor of new south wales, where his stern administration engendered another insurrection, the rum rebellion led by john macarthur. bligh was born in plymouth, a seaport in south - west england, and went to sea at the age of eight. in 1776, he was selected by captain james cook for the crew of the resolution and, in 1787, selected as commander of the hmav bounty. he would eventually rise to the rank of vice admiral in the british navy. william bligh ' s naval career consisted of a variety of appointments and assignments. a summary is as follows : - july 1, 1762 : ship ' s boy and captain ' s servant, hms monmouth - july 27, 1770 : able seaman, hms hunter - february 5 1771 : midshipman, hms hunter - september 22, 1771 : midshipman, hms crescent - september 2, 1774 : able seaman, hms ranger - september 30, 1775 : master ' s mate, hms ranger - march 20, 1776 : master, hms resolution - february 14, 1781 : master, hms belle poule - october 5, 1781 : lieutenant, hms berwick - january 1, 1782 : lieutenant, hms princess amelia - march 20, 1782 : lieutenant, hms cambridge - january 14, 1783 : joined merchant service as lieutenant - 1785 : commanding lieutenant, merchant vessel lynx - 1786 : lieutenant, merchant vessel brittania - 1787 : returns to royal navy active service - august 16, 1787 : commanding lieutenant, hmav bounty - november 14, 1790 : captain, hms falcon - december 15, 1790 : captain, hms medea - april 16, 1791 : captain, hms providence - april 30, 1795 : captain, hms calcutta - january 7, 1796 : captain, hms director - march 18, 1801 : post captain, hms glatton - april 12, 1801 : post captain, hms monarch - may 8, 1801 : post captain, hms irresistible - may 2, 1804 : post captain, hms warrior - may 14, 1805 : governor of new south wales - september 27, 1805 : post captain, hms porpoise - july 31, 1808 : commodore, hms porpoise - april 3, 1810 : commodore, hms hindostan - july 31, 1810 : appointed rear admiral of the blue - june", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3616454415938333, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.806329"} {"text": "september 27, 1805 : post captain, hms porpoise - july 31, 1808 : commodore, hms porpoise - april 3, 1810 : commodore, hms hindostan - july 31, 1810 : appointed rear admiral of the blue - june 4, 1814 : appointed vice admiral of the blue the voyage of the bounty in 1787, bligh took command of the bounty. he first sailed to tahiti to obtain breadfruit trees, then set course for the caribbean, where the breadfruit were wanted for experiments to see if breadfruit would be a successful food crop there. the bounty never reached the caribbean, as mutiny broke out onboard shortly after leaving tahiti. in later years, bligh would repeat the same voyage that the bounty had undertaken and would eventually succeed in delivering the breadfruit to the west indies. bligh ' s mission may have introduced the akee to the caribbean as well, though this is uncertain. ( akee is now called blighia sapida in binomial nomenclature after bligh ). the mutiny, which broke out during the return voyage, was led by master ' s mate fletcher christian and supported by a quarter of the crew. the mutineers provided bligh and the eighteen of his crew who remained loyal with a 23 foot ( 7 m ) launch, provisions sufficient to reach the most accessible ports, a sextant and a pocket watch, but no charts or compass. bligh disdained the obvious course of action, which would have been sailing for nearer spanish ports where they would be repatriated to britain after delays. bligh was confident in his navigational skills and considering his first responsibility to be getting word of the mutiny as soon as possible to british vessels that could pursue the mutineers, so he embarked instead on a 3618 nautical mile ( 6701 km ) voyage to timor. in the successful 41 day voyage, the only casualty was one crewman killed by hostile natives. to this day, the reasons for the mutiny are a subject of considerable debate. some feel that bligh was a cruel tyrant whose abuse of the crew led members of the crew to feel that they had no choice but to take the ship from bligh. others feel that the crew, after having been exposed to freedom and sexual excess on the island of tahiti refused to return to the \" jack tars \" existence of a seaman. they hold that the crew took the ship from bligh so that they could return to a life", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3853850341699694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.808447"} {"text": "after having been exposed to freedom and sexual excess on the island of tahiti refused to return to the \" jack tars \" existence of a seaman. they hold that the crew took the ship from bligh so that they could return to a life of comfort and pleasure on tahiti. after the bounty bligh was buried in a family plot at lambeth. this church is now the museum of garden history. his gravestone is topped by a breadfruit. bligh ' s house is marked by a plaque a block east of the museum. - caroline alexander, the bounty : the true story of the mutiny on the bounty, viking penguin, 2003, hardcover, 512 pages, isbn 067003133x - a voyage to the south sea by william bligh, 1792, from project gutenberg. the full title of bligh ' s own account of the famous mutiny is : a voyage to the south sea, undertaken by command of his majesty, for the purpose of conveying the bread - fruit tree to the west indies, in his majesty ' s ship the bounty, commanded by lieutenant william bligh. including an account of the mutiny on board the said ship, and the subsequent voyage of part of the crew, in the ship ' s boat, from tofoa, one of the friendly islands, to timor, a dutch settlement in the east indies. the whole illustrated with charts, etc. - portraits of bligh in the national portrait gallery, london. - there is a display devoted to bligh at the museum of garden history. the contents of this article is licensed from www. wikipedia. org under the gnu free documentation license. click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.378048892354655, "token_count": 351, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.809588"} {"text": "\u2022 excruciate \u2022 part of speech : verb, transitive meaning : to torment, to torture, to inflict severe physical or mental on someone. notes : today ' s good word is probably most often heard in the redundant phrase excruciating pain, in other words, extremely painful pain. the participle, excruciating, is used freely as an adjective, but there is an independent noun, excruciation. the agent noun, excruciator, is very rarely used but stands ready if needed. in play : while torture applies to systematic physical maltreatment, today ' s word refers to more casual torment : \" mallory seemed to enjoy excruciating his guests with his accordion. \" the torment may be mental or physical : \" although pamela felt quite fashionable at the cotillion, her new shoes excruciated her toes all night. \" word history : today ' s word comes from the past participle of latin excruciare \" to torture out, crucify \". it is based on ex \" out \" + cruciare \" to crucify \", a verb based on crux ( cruc - s ) \" cross \", also used by english as the crux of a problem. since the original root behind crux meant \" bent, crooked \", we might think crux related to english crook. however, the [ k ] sounds would have been reduced to [ h ] or have vanished entirely in english, so no connection can be drawn. ( we must be straight with luis alejandro apiolaza, however, and thank him for suggesting today ' s good word, lest our oversight in any way excruciate him. ) come visit our website at < http : / / www. alphadictionary. com > for more good words and other language resources!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49230485159719667, "token_count": 382, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.812765"} {"text": "restrictions of freedom the act on protection against family violence of 2003 covers the issue of violence perpetrated within families and therefore covers the case of violence towards a relative with dementia. the definition of violence is very comprehensive and includes restriction of freedom of movement and presumably various coercive measures. \u201c family violence is any use of physical force or psychological pressure against the integrity of a person ; any other behaviour of a family member which can cause or potentially cause physical or psychological pain ; causing feelings of fear or being personally endangered or feeling of offended dignity ; physical attack regardless of whether or not it results in physical injury, verbal assaults, insults, cursing, name - calling and other forms of severe disturbance ; sexual harassment ; stalking and other forms of disturbance ; illegal isolation or restriction of the freedom of movement or communication with third persons ; damage or destruction of property or attempts to do so. \u201d ( cited by the united nations division for the advancement of women, 2009 ). united nations division for the advancement of women ( 2009 ), the un secretary - general \u2019 s database on violence against women : extract on croatia. accessed online on 20 october 2011 at : http : / / webapps01. un. org / vawdatabase / searchdetail. action? measureid = 6015 & basehref = country & basehrefid = 388 last updated : mercredi 14 mars 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5492006240803764, "token_count": 280, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.815142"} {"text": "spiders : true or false? spiders evolved more than 300 million years ago, long before dinosaurs walked the earth. - true. those ancient spiders didn ' t build webs but sought the safety of burrows dug underground. there, they were shaded from the sun and protected from predators. there are as many species of mammals as there are spiders. - false. while there are about 6, 000 mammal species, scientists have identified over 43, 000 spider species so far. there may be at least as many still out there to be discovered. every spider sheds its exoskeleton, the inflexible outer shell, several times during its life. - true. most stop molting once they reach maturity, though females from some relatively primitive families of spiders continue to do so throughout their lives. spiders have poor eyesight. - true. nearly all have eight simple eyes - - consisting of one lens and a retina - - arranged in different ways but, for the most part, don ' t see very well. in most cases, spiders use other senses, like touch and smell, to help capture prey. all spiders make webs. - false. only about 50 percent of known spider species do. others hunt their prey or burrow underground. one species, argyroneta aquatica, lives underwater. all spider silk is the same. - false. spiders make many different kinds of silk, each with a property - - toughness, flexibility, stickiness - - specific to the task it performs. spiders are important predators. - true. by one estimate, the spiders on one acre of woodland alone consume more than 80 pounds ( 36 kg ) of insects a year! those insect populations would explode without predators. not all spiders have venom. - true. those in the group uloboridae don ' t. instead of subduing their prey with venom, they wrap it tightly with silk. i ' m very likely to be bitten by a spider. - false. with a few exceptions, spiders are very shy. they almost always run away rather than bite. in addition, misdiagnosis of insect bites as spider bites is very common. spiders don ' t care for their offspring. - false. many spiders do. for instance, a female wolf spider may carry an egg sac containing her young for weeks. once the spiderlings hatch, she hauls as many as 100 or more of them on her back for another week or so. like many animals, spiders are threatened by habitat destruction and introduced species. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46280326793463855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.820228"} {"text": "by amnh on don \u2019 t miss this rare view of aspects of traditional tibetan medicine in exquisite paintings from a set in the museum \u2019 s collections, based on illustrations from the late 17th century. on view in the audubon gallery on the fourth floor, these hand - painted reproductions provide a unique and rich illustrated history of early medical knowledge and procedures in tibet, as laila williamson, curator of body and spirit, explains in this video : the 64 paintings on display are believed to be among only a handful of such sets in existence. each of them was painstakingly reproduced by hand in the late 1990s by romio shrestha, a nepalese artist, and his students, who followed the tibetan tradition of copying older paintings, basing their work on two published sets of medical tangkas likely painted in the early 1900s that were copies of the original set. the originals were created in the late 1600s to illustrate the blue beryl, an important commentary on the classic tibetan medical text, the four tantras. the blue beryl was written by sangye gyatso, regent to the fifth dalai lama, who commissioned the original paintings for use as teaching aids in the medical school he founded in lhasa, tibet. the causes, diagnostic techniques, and treatments of illness, as well as human anatomy, are represented in nearly 8, 000 extraordinarily detailed images painted on canvas using vegetable and mineral dyes. the fate of the original paintings is unknown ; shrestha based his work on published sources. by amnh on each of the museum \u2019 s treasured habitat dioramas depicts a scene from a real place, cast in the light of a particular time of day. these re - creations are based on meticulous observations of scientists in the field and the on - site sketches of the artists who accompanied them. last fall, stephen c. quinn of the museum \u2019 s exhibition department took a remarkable trip to locate the exact site of the museum \u2019 s mountain gorilla diorama and record the changes that have taken place in the 80 - plus years since carl akeley \u2019 s final visit. below is quinn \u2019 s article about his journey, which originally appeared in the summer issue of rotunda, the members \u2019 magazine. when carl akeley \u2014 explorer, naturalist, artist, and taxidermist who created the museum \u2019 s akeley hall of african mammals \u2014 first encountered the mountain gorilla ( gorilla beringei beringei ) in 1921, it was a creature steeped in myth and folklore. ak", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4809903695887707, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.827997"} {"text": "naturalist, artist, and taxidermist who created the museum \u2019 s akeley hall of african mammals \u2014 first encountered the mountain gorilla ( gorilla beringei beringei ) in 1921, it was a creature steeped in myth and folklore. akeley, who was researching and collecting specimens to create the now - famous mountain gorilla diorama, was among the first to accurately document mountain gorillas as intelligent and social animals that, even then, were under grave threat from overhunting. his research inspired him to dedicate the last few years of his life to the conservation and protection of the mountain gorilla. akeley convinced king albert of belgium to set aside 200 square miles that would be their sanctuary, creating africa \u2019 s first national park, which today lies in the democratic republic of the congo, on the border with uganda and rwanda, and which has been classified a world heritage site by unesco since 1979. by amnh on you can now explore some of the objects identified at this year \u2019 s id day \u2014 including a 100 - million - year - old fossilized fish and a french navaja knife \u2014 online in the amnh id day group on flickr. you are also invited to add your own specimen photos, comments, and stories to the group. sharing your photos is easy : just join the amnh id day group and add your photos to the pool. unidentified objects are welcome \u2014 your photo might be selected for identification by a museum scientist in the coming months! click here to join the group. by amnh on blogging from west kenya, william harcourt - smith, a research associate in the division of paleontology, is directing a 20 - million - year - old paleontological site on two islands in lake victoria. one of these islands, rusinga, is best known as the site of the discovery of the first fossils of proconsul, an early ape. harcourt - smith \u2019 s multidisciplinary team includes physical anthropologists and geologists, and in addition to collecting fossils, researchers are trying to learn more about the evolutionary events and environmental conditions that may have influenced the emergence of proconsul and other early ape lineages. by amnh on the united states leads the world in frequency of tornadoes, with over 1, 000 twisters expected to hit each year, according to the nationalclimatic data center. nowhere are they more likely to occur than in florida and a large area of the south - central u. s. known as tornado alley \u2014 the eponymous subject of the heart - pounding", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.432114279386728, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.830083"} {"text": "search through the catalogue of ancient history books : buy this book thank you for supporting us by purchasing your books through ancient history encyclopedia! the hittites were an ancient anatolian people who spoke a language of the anatolian branch of the indo - european language family and established a kingdom centered at hattusa in on the central anatolian plateau in the 18th century bc. the hittite empire reached its height around 1285 bc, encompassing a large part of anatolia, north - western syria about as far... [ continue reading ] the word civilization is related to the latin word, civitas \u201d city \u201d. the term is used in several ways, generally denoting complex human cultural development. some scholars restrict the use of the term to urbanized societies, in other words, cultures that have achieved a development that has allowed them to create large and permanent settlements... [ continue reading ] babylon was probably the most famous city of ancient mesopotamia. until today the city is a symbol for wealth, power, and sin ( largely due to its treatment in the bible ). the name babylon is the greek form of babel of babili, which means \" the gate of the god \" in semitic, which again is the translation of the original sumerian name ka - dimirra... [ continue reading ] sumer ( sumerian : ki - en - gir \" land of the lords of brightness \", akkadian : sumeru ; possibly biblical shinar ) was a civilization and historical region in southern mesopotamia, iraq. it is the earliest known civilization in the world and is known as the cradle of civilization. the sumerian civilization spanned over 3000 years and began with... [ continue reading ] the term \u201c aryan \u201d has had a complicated history. the sanskrit word arya, the source of the english word, was mainly the self designation of the vedic indic people although during time it developed some secondary meanings. it has a cognate in iranian arya, where it is also a self designation. both the indic and iranian terms descend from a form arya... [ continue reading ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42817543093116056, "token_count": 428, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.835890"} {"text": "so i ' ve been reading a lot of carl jung ' s works recently. in ' dreams, memories and reflections ' as well as ' the archetypes and the collective unconscious ', he describes in great detail various communications he has made with his unconscious mind, which manifest themselves in all sorts of figures and scenes. many of the experiences he describes were prophetic in nature and in my opinion, his description of the archetypes is incredibly fascinating and links in with tony ' s idea of the daemon. in ' on the relation of analytical psychology to poetry ' jung writes : - ' the primordial image, or archetype, is a figure - - be it a daemon, a human being, or a process - - that constantly recurs in the course of history and appears wherever creative fantasy is freely expressed. essentially, therefore, it is a mythological figure.... in each of these images there is a little piece of human psychology and human fate, a remnant of the joys and sorrows that have been repeated countless times in our ancestral history.. ' concerning direct communication with this ' daemon ' archetype jung came up with a method called ' active imagination ', which he said he had used on himself and his patients to communicate with their subconscious ( their daemon ). copied from wikipedia : - active imagination is a concept developed by carl jung between 1913 and 1916. it is a meditation technique wherein the contents of one ' s unconscious are translated into images, narrative or personified as separate entities. it can serve as a bridge between the conscious ' ego ' and the unconscious and includes working with dreams and the creative self via imagination or fantasy. jung linked active imagination with the processes of alchemy in that both strive for oneness and inter - relatedness from a set of fragmented and dissociated parts. key to the process of active imagination is the goal of exerting as little influence as possible on mental images as they unfold. for example, if a person were recording a spoken visualization of a scene or object from a dream, jung ' s approach would ask the practitioner to observe the scene, watch for changes, and report them, rather than to consciously fill the scene with one ' s desired changes. one would then respond genuinely to these changes, and report any further changes in the scene. this approach is meant to ensure that the unconscious contents express themselves without overbearing influence from the conscious mind. at the same time, however, jung was insistent that some form of participation in active imagination", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5727732335148282, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.847750"} {"text": ", and report any further changes in the scene. this approach is meant to ensure that the unconscious contents express themselves without overbearing influence from the conscious mind. at the same time, however, jung was insistent that some form of participation in active imagination was essential : ' you yourself must enter into the process with your personal reactions... as if the drama being enacted before your eyes were real '. of the origination of active imagination, jung wrote : \u201c it was during advent of the year 1913 \u2013 december 12, to be exact \u2013 that i resolved upon the decisive step. i was sitting at my desk once more, thinking over my fears. then i let myself drop. suddenly it was as though the ground literally gave way beneath my feet, and i plunged into the dark depths. \u201d carl jung developed this technique as one of several that would define his distinctive contribution to the practice of psychotherapy. active imagination is a method for visualizing unconscious issues by letting them act themselves out. active imagination can be done by visualization ( which is how jung himself did it ), which can be considered similar in technique at least to shamanic journeying. active imagination can also be done by automatic writing, or by artistic activities such as dance, music, painting, sculpting, ceramics, crafts, etc. jung considered indeed that ' the patient can make himself creatively independent through this method... by painting himself he gives shape to himself '. doing active imagination permits the thoughtforms of the unconscious, or inner ' self ', and of the totality of the psyche, to act out whatever messages they are trying to communicate to the conscious mind. for jung however, this technique had the potential not only to allow communication between the conscious and unconscious aspects of the personal psyche with its various components and inter - dynamics, but also between the personal and ' collective ' unconscious ; and therefore was to be embarked upon with due care and attentiveness. indeed, he warned with respect to ' \" active imagination \"... the method is not entirely without danger, because it may carry the patient too far away from reality '. the post - jungian michael fordham was to go further, suggesting that ' active imagination, as a transitional phenomenon... can be, and often is, both in adults and children put to nefarious purposes and promotes psychopathology '. http : / / en. wikipedia. org / wiki / active _ imagination has anybody tried this method or done any further research into it?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.502491137378857, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.851178"} {"text": "one half of optics was missing at optical frequencies, electromagnetic waves interact with an ordinary optical material ( e. g., glass ) via the electronic polarizability of the material. in contrast, the corresponding magnetizability is negligible for frequencies above a few thz, or in other words, its magnetic permeability is identical to unity ( \u03bc ( \u03c9 ) = 1 ). consequently, the optical properties of an ordinary optical material are completely characterized by its electric permittivity \u03b5 ( \u03c9 ) ( or dielectric function ). as a result, we can only directly manipulate the electric component of light with an appropriate optical device while we have no immediate handle on the corresponding magnetic component. one half of optics has been missing. artificial magnetism at optical frequencies photonic metamaterials open up a way to overcome this constraint. the basic idea is to create an artificial crystal with significantly sub - wavelength periods. analogous to an ordinary optical material, such a photonic metamaterial can approximately be treated as an effective medium characterized by effective material parameters \u03b5 ( \u03c9 ) and \u03bc ( \u03c9 ). however, the proper design of the elementary building blocks ( or \" artificial atoms \" or \" meta - atoms \" ) of the photonic metamaterial allows for a non - vanishing magnetic response and even for \u03bc < 0 at optical frequencies \u2013 despite the fact that the constituent materials of the photonic metamaterial are completely non - magnetic. negative refractive index \u2026 much of the early excitement in the field has been about achieving a negative index of refraction n < 0 by simultaneous \u03b5 < 0 and \u00b5 < 0 at near - infrared or even at visible frequencies. a negative refractive index means that the phase velocity of light is opposite to the electromagnetic energy flow ( the poynting vector ). this unusual situation has inspired fascinating ideas like the so - called \" perfect lens \", which employs the fact that the optical path length between two spatially separate points can be made equal to zero, rendering the two points equivalent for the purpose of optics. \u2026 and beyond artificial magnetism is also a necessary prerequisite for obtaining strong optical activity and circular dichroism. these phenomena are based on magnetic dipoles excited by the electric component of the light field and vice versa. three - dimensional metal helices have been a corresponding paradigm building block in optical textbooks, but their nanofabrication has not been possible until quite recently. such gold - helix metamaterials can be applied as compact and broadband ( more than one octave ) circular", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.608445618558298, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.854765"} {"text": "metal helices have been a corresponding paradigm building block in optical textbooks, but their nanofabrication has not been possible until quite recently. such gold - helix metamaterials can be applied as compact and broadband ( more than one octave ) circular polarizers - the circular analogue of the good old wire - grid linear polarizer ( already used by heinrich hertz in his pioneering experiments on electromagnetic waves in karlsruhe in 1887 ) and possibly a first down - to - earth application of the deceptively simple but far - reaching ideas of photonic metamaterials. transforming optical space further flexibility for achieving certain functions arises from intentionally spatially inhomogeneous optical metamaterials. such structures can be designed using the concepts of transformation optics, which is inspired by albert einstein \u2019 s theory of general relativity. in essence, distortions of actual space ( e. g., due to heavy masses ) can equivalently be mimicked by distortions of optical space, i. e., by tailoring the local index of refraction. invisibility cloaking structures have been a demanding benchmark example for the strength of transformation optics because invisibility cloaks would have been considered \" impossible \" just five years ago. today, direct laser writing has allowed for the first three - dimensional invisibility cloaking structures. lately, even visible operation frequencies have become accessible. a complete list of publications can be found here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.609955344650297, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.855300"} {"text": "i have long thought that drawing should and would just evolve naturally in kids, and that teaching specific skills might stunt their growth and creativity. but i ' ve been changing my mind about this more and more over the last couple of years. maia has been asking for specific drawing guidance for over a year now and i ' ve debated and struggled with this in my head during this time. however, i ' ve finally made the plunge, partly because i worry that she might lose interest in art and drawing altogether if she becomes too frustrated with her ability to draw what she wants, and partly because of this passage from drawing with children : \" we don ' t expect children to play the piano, study dance, or learn a sport without showing them the basic components of these subjects. why do we expect them to understand the complexities of drawing on their own? \" and, regarding the monart method, brookes says : \" everyone loves to draw if they are given a nonthreatening environment with enough structure for success and enough freedom for creativity. that is what monart provides. the particular sequence of lessons in this book builds a safe environment as it teaches students to use an alphabet of shape to analyze and break down what they see. development of perceptual and analytical skills increases critical thinking and problem solving. easy and quick artistic success also builds self - esteem, and this confidence is transferable to other educational areas. \" sounds good, doesn ' t it? so we are beginning to work through the lessons in the drawing with children book, spreading the material and exercises from each lesson / chapter out over a week or two. my aim is to keep it fun and go with the flow, but with a specific focus on improving drawing skills. i ' ll be posting about our progress, if you ' d like to follow along. daphne will probably draw as well during this time in her own way or play quietly ( one can always hope, anyway ), but i don ' t think that she is ready or interested in this kind of instruction yet. so all that ' s by way of introduction to today ' s post... maia ' s drawing, before starting lessons in the book ( age 7. 5 ) earlier this week, maia and i each did a drawing to determine our starting level, as outlined by mona brookes. i had paper and pens set out after school on monday afternoon and we each drew a scene with a house, a tree, a person, flowers, shrubs, as well as a few other things. brookes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48440571376570507, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.859219"} {"text": ", as outlined by mona brookes. i had paper and pens set out after school on monday afternoon and we each drew a scene with a house, a tree, a person, flowers, shrubs, as well as a few other things. brookes suggests taking at least 30 minutes for the drawing, and i think we did about that, although i didn ' t set a timer. my drawing, before starting lessons in the book ( age 35. 9 ) i ' m hoping to improve my own drawing skills as well and so maia and i are doing this together. drawing with children is subtitled \" a creative method for adult beginners, too. \" and while i don ' t consider myself a beginner, it ' s been years since i ' ve done any drawing and i could definitely use some skill development and practice. mona brookes suggests that to draw well, we need to be more observant of the 5 kinds of lines that things are composed of : dots, circles, straight lines, curved lines, and angles. to determine a starting level in the monart method, she includes a shape replication exercise that maia and i both completed. maia enjoyed the exercise and was easily able to complete the drawings in all three of the stages, minus the most detailed one from the final 3rd ( probably due to a combination of difficulty and losing her interest and focus by that time ). daphne had no interest in doing the exercise. i had copied one of the stage 1 exercises for her to try if she wanted to join us, but she wasn ' t able to do it and / or had no interest in trying. i didn ' t force it, but let her draw with her rock crayons instead ( and arrange them on an upturned basket... ). with her, i will follow mona brooks ' suggestion of identifying shapes and lines in our environment for now. we still have some more to do from lesson 1, including some warm up games and exercises and then a drawing where we pull together all the shape drawing practice we ' ve been doing. it ' ll be interesting to see how both of our drawings progress in the weeks and months to come. i ' d also like to explore betty edwards ' drawing on the right side of the brain, especially for myself, but am going to focus on this book to begin with. what do you think? should drawing skills be taught systematically like this when the child is requesting help learning \" how to draw \" or should the child be left to develop her own skills naturally?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4978652751652203, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.860184"} {"text": "| born on | | 7 march 1782 at 05 : 00 ( = 05 : 00 am ) | | place | | schilpario, italy, 46n01, 10e09 | | timezone | | lmt m10e09 ( is local mean time ) | | astrology data | | 16\u00b046 ' 24\u00b005 asc. 07\u00b021 ' | italian ecclesiastic, a roman catholic priest, cardinal and classical scholar. he discovered and published many valuable manuscripts, and one of his most acclaimed finds was cicero \u2019 s \" de republica, \" 1822. at an early age, mai entered the society of jesus. in 1799, he was a novice, and in 1804, he was sent to naples. due to his proficiency in deciphering and identifying the origin of ancient writings, he was sent to work in the ambrosian library in milan in 1811 where he made his initial discoveries. the unveiling of these texts drew worldwide attention to mai, and in 1819, he left the society at the request of the pope to continue his work at the vatican library. mai was criticized for being unwilling to share his literary finds as he much preferred to enjoy them alone ; however, his passion for learning and literature gifted the world with unpublished writings from more than 350 authors. in 1838, the pope made him a cardinal, but he continued his work, searching for more treasures from the past. cardinal mai died on 9 / 08 / 1854, albano, italy. - misc. : find something 1822 ( cicero ' s \" de republica \" ) - work : new career 1799 ( novice ) - family : change residence 1804 ( sent to naples ) - work : new job 1811 at 12 : 00 midnight in milan, italy ( ambrosian library ) - social : left group 1819 ( left society of jesus ) - work : gain social status 1838 ( became cardinal ) - death, cause unspecified 8 september 1854 at 12 : 00 noon in albano, italy ( age 72 ) chart placidus equal _ h. steinbrecher quotes b. c. - vocation : religion : ecclesiastics / western ( r. c. priest and cardinal ) - vocation : education : teacher ( classical scholar ) - vocation : writers : publisher / editor ( manuscripts ) - passions : sexuality : celibacy / minimal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3977582048046082, "token_count": 482, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.864222"} {"text": "animal species : striped dolphin the striped dolphin is a small sleek compact dolphin with a striking body pattern that gives it its name. the striped dolphin is a small sleek compact dolphin with a long well defined beak, prominent dorsal fin and short tapering flippers. it is the striking body pattern that gives it its name. a bold black stripe runs the full length of the body from behind the eye to the anus. this separates the bluish grey flank from the white ventral surface. a second smaller stripe runs from the front of the eye to the behind the flipper. a third section of dark grey covers the top of the head, the dorsal fin and on towards the back of the body. the distribution of the striped dolphin is confined to warm tropical and temperate waters, where it occurs in schools of many hundreds of animals. these groups are highly visible as they stir the surface with displays of high speed swimming and aerial acrobatics. feeding and diet a widely distributed species such as this tends to include a high diversity of organisms in its diet. these include a variety of shoaling fish and cephalopods ( squid and octopus ) concentrating on those species occurring in large dense schools. these animals form very socially cohesive groups of between 100 and 500 individuals however the age structure varies. some are composed of adults only, others consist of adults and juveniles. calving occurs in late summer in smaller mixed aged schools numbering about 30 animals. the gestation period lasts about one year with the interval between such events around of four years. the striped dolphin is an abundant species. it has had some regional population losses such as those stemming from the drive fisheries practiced in japan, and the mysterious die off of more than 1000 individuals in the mediterranean. fishing industry practices still cause some deaths through entanglement and indirectly impact on some populations by depletion of their food resource. - baker, a. n. 1999. whales and dolphins of australia and new zealand : an identification guide. allen & unwin, st leonards, australia. - bryden, m., marsh, h. and shaughnessy, p. 1998. dugongs, whales, dolphins and seals. a guide to the sea mammals of australasia. allen & unwin, st leonards, australia. - menkhorst, p. 2001. a field guide to mammals of australia. oxford university press, melbourne, australia. - reeves, r. r., stewart, b. s., clapham, p. j. and powell, j", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4424844371908276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.868447"} {"text": "please note that this section reports on claims that have not yet been substantiated through scientific studies. arginine is claimed to improve fertility in men by increasing sperm count. it may also help stimulate the output of human growth hormone ( hgh ) and increase collagen in connective tissue. arginine may be helpful in reducing fatigue, improving wound healing, increasing muscle mass, and treating diabetes and liver disease. there are some indications that arginine may be useful in the fight against cancer and play a role in the treatment of hiv / aids. amino acids ( aas ) are available as individual aas or in proprietary aa combinations, as well as part of multi - vitamin formulas, proteins, and food supplements. the forms include tablets, fluids, and powders. however, adequate protein in the diet should provide a sufficient source of all amino acids. there are no conditions that increase the requirements for arginine. however, newborns do have higher requirements than adults. the use of a single amino acid supplement may lead to negative nitrogen balance, decreasing the metabolic efficiency, and increasing the workload of the kidneys. in children, taking single amino acid supplements may also harmfully affect growth parameters. always avoid taking individual amino acids in high dosage for prolonged periods. use with caution in patients with diabetes, hepatic or renal impairment, or electrolyte imbalance, as arginine may cause life - threatening hyperkalemia ( elevated potassium in the blood ). women who are pregnant or breastfeeding should not use arginine supplements. children and adolescents should not use arginine supplements. individuals with an active herpes infection also should avoid using arginine. click here for a list of reputable websites with general information on nutrition.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4528165635911506, "token_count": 359, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.870285"} {"text": "guest author - preena deepak music and dance rituals were an important aspect of temple worship in ancient india. in this pretext it was also a common hindu tradition to dedicate or commission young girls to gods. these girls called \u2018 devadasis \u2019 were then separated from their families and trained in music, dance and a unique lifestyle within temple gates unlike their counterparts outside. their life was from then on, one of service to the gods. when a devadasi attained puberty, she was married to the deity in a religious ceremony. from then on she would become a temple prostitute. indian temples always had the patronage of kings who ruled the country and in many instances devadasis became the concubines of the kings. in other cases, devadasis lived with their patron who provided them with property and wealth. marriage was forbidden for devadasis who were eternally bound to the deity. however devadasis became available to anyone who was able to \u2018 afford \u2019 their keep. the word \u2018 devadasi \u2019 means \u2018 servant of god \u2019. the girls dedicated to become devadasis were mostly from poor, lower caste families for whom devoting one child to the god only meant less pressure on the family \u2019 s meager finances. devadasis were considered blessed as entering into wedlock with the god protected them from widowhood. as a result of these reasons several young girls were pushed into prostitution, under the safe banner of religion. traces of the devadasi system can be seen in many parts of india, particularly in south indian states of andhra pradesh, karnataka and tamil nadu. it is believed that the devadasis of orissa, called \u2018 mahari \u2019 did not practice prostitution but devoted themselves to temple service and had special duties assigned to them. with the decline of monarchy in india and with the invasion of moghul and british rulers, the devadasi system began to deteriorate. christian missionaries who worked in india, social activists and reformers also had a share in putting an end to this grotesque indian custom. the indian government banned the devadasi system in 1988. however in spite of this, the devadasi system continues under cover in india. under the burden of poverty, many young girls are still commissioned as devadasis though indian temples no longer have music and dance rituals or dedication ceremonies. these girls are married to the god and then sent for prostitution in red light areas. unlike olden days, most of these girls do not have regular patrons and suffer under many men before su", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43718272828016247, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.874563"} {"text": "| risk factors is a chronic, severe, disabling brain disorder. it interferes with the way a person interprets reality. people with schizophrenia may : - hear voices or see things that others do not - become paranoid that people are plotting against them - experience cognitive deficits - withdraw socially these and other symptoms make it difficult for people with schizophrenia to have positive relationships with others. regions of the brain copyright \u00a9 nucleus medical media, inc. the cause of schizophrenia is unknown but it is associated with problems in brain structure and chemistry. there may be some genetic role. schizophrenia does not develop because of one factor. you may have a gene that increases your chance of schizophrenia, but you may not develop the disease based on your environment. environment means any outside factor like stress or infection. factors that increase your risk of schizophrenia include : - having a parent or sibling with schizophrenia - marijuana use or other drug use - father being of older age - other factors, like problems during pregnancy or birth such as infection men typically develop symptoms in their late teens or early twenties. schizophrenia in women tends to occur in their twenties or thirties. in rare cases, it is seen in childhood. symptoms often appear slowly. they may become more disturbing and bizarre over time or occur in a matter of weeks or months. symptoms may include : - hallucinations \u2014 seeing or hearing things / voices that are not there - delusions \u2014 strong but false personal beliefs that are not based in reality - disorganized thinking - disorganized speech \u2014 lack of ability to speak in a way that makes sense - catatonic behavior \u2014 slow movement, repeating rhythmic gestures, pacing, walking in circles, refusal to do things, repetitive speech - emotional flatness \u2014 flat speech, lack of facial expression, and general disinterest and withdrawal - inappropriate laughter - poor hygiene and self - care your doctor will ask you about your symptoms and medical history. a physical exam will be done. schizophrenia is diagnosed by certain symptoms that : - exist most of the time during a period of one month - cause a decreased level of functioning - continue for at least six months ( certain symptoms ) the doctor will rule out other causes, such as drug use, physical illness, or other mental health conditions. schizophrenia is not curable, but it is highly treatable. hospitalization may be required during acute episodes. symptoms are usually controlled with antipsychotic medicine. talk to your doctor about the best treatment plan for you. options may include one or more of the following : antipsychotic medicines", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5122767630710947, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.878553"} {"text": "treatable. hospitalization may be required during acute episodes. symptoms are usually controlled with antipsychotic medicine. talk to your doctor about the best treatment plan for you. options may include one or more of the following : antipsychotic medicines work by blocking certain chemicals in the brain. this helps control the abnormal thinking that occurs in people with schizophrenia. determining a medicine plan can be a complicated process. often medicines or dosages need to be changed until the right balance is found. this can take months or even years. the right balance of medication will have the least amount of side effects possible with the greatest benefit. it is important to continue taking the medication even if you are feeling better. symptoms will return once the medication has been stopped. a long - acting injection instead of daily pills may be used if you have difficulty taking regular medication. antipsychotic medication also have side effects that may make it difficult to stick to a medication routine. common side effects include : - slow and stiff movements - facial tics - protruding tongue atypical antipsychotics have fewer side effects and are better tolerated over long periods of time. however, these medication may cause weight gain, high blood sugar levels, and medications for coexisting conditions anxiety can often occur with schizophrenia. they may be treated with : - anti - anxiety medicine - mood stabilizers schizophrenia is a lifelong condition. it can be confusing and frightening for the person with the disease and for family members. individual and family therapy can address : - social skills - vocational guidance - community resources - family issues - living arrangements - emotional support if you are diagnosed with schizophrenia, follow your doctor ' s there are no guidelines for preventing schizophrenia because the cause is unknown. but studies show that early, aggressive treatment leads to better outcomes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4644328240236589, "token_count": 359, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.879324"} {"text": "cyberattacks on it systems are increasing at an exponential rate. from 2006 to 2009, organizations reported that the number of security incidents grew more than 400 percent. according to reports, many of these security breaches were introduced at the user level. along with an increase in attacks, there has also been an increase in the quantity and type of data stored on networks. given the number of staff members with varying security levels who require access to networks, organizations have had to redouble efforts to protect data and systems. yet securing the desktop, a major access point to the network, is often overlooked. following are some simple and effective ways to protect desktops \u2014 ensuring that they do not become gateways for unauthorized access to the agency network. although it ' s common practice in many organizations to limit the use of flash drives and other devices that utilize usb ports, many others do not do this. flash drives open organizations to data theft, and an infected usb device can introduce viruses. if it ' s necessary to use flash drives, it ' s best to select a secure drive with on - board antivirus software. typically, antivirus software is already installed on pcs when they arrive from the factory. this is often the first line of defense against viruses attempting to gain access via individual client devices. whether scanning e - mail attachments or preventing intrusions from infected websites, antivirus software should not be ignored. many users, however, disable their antivirus software or do not update it. these actions render the software ineffective or obsolete. scheduling automatic updates and maintaining the software are both necessary for it to remain effective and serve as a defense against the barrage of viruses that attack networks every day. most malware that enters a desktop, and ultimately the network, comes from users who have downloaded infected software or applications. restricting the ability of staff to automatically download software or applications reduces vulnerabilities at the desktop and limits the ways in which malware can access an organization ' s systems. secure kvm ( keyboard, video, mouse ) switches let users access both secure and nonsecure networks through a single set of peripherals. by keeping various networks isolated from one another, secure kvm switching devices eliminate potential data breaches. authorized workers can then access secure data with neither the threat of introducing harmful data to the secure network nor any risk of accidentally copying or transferring classified data to systems outside the secure network. additionally, many secure kvm switches can lock down usb devices, allowing only authorized devices \u2014 such as keyboards, mice and common access card readers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5371612030267785, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.882052"} {"text": "the predicted shortage arises from a number of forces : according to a recent new york times article, \" the number of training positions for medical school graduates is lagging. younger doctors are on average working fewer hours than their predecessors. and about a third of the country ' s doctors are 55 or older, and nearing retirement. \" an aging baby boom generation will need more care. our increasingly unhealthy population, with half of us adults having some kind of chronic condition, needs more care. the supply chain for producing us - trained physicians is expensive and restricted. federal health care reform will make prevention and early treatment available to more people, adding up to 300, 000 more patients into the primary care funnel. the size of the problem is significant. the association of american medical colleges estimates the shortage will total 62, 900 fewer doctors than needed by 2015, rising to over 150, 000 by 2025, and this excludes the impact of the new federal healthcare law. there are about 950, 000 us physicians today, with shortages existing already in some locations ( e. g. rural areas and even riverside county, calif. under the current way of thinking, the solution to this problem has been framed as \" how do we create more physicians? \" let me play contrarian and argue that we could find better, quicker solutions by asking two alternative questions : ( 1 ) \" how do we design our health care system to be less physician - dependent? \" ( 2 ) \" how can we use whatever physician resources we have more effectively? \" here are 10 ideas for fixing \u2013 or at least shrinking \u2013 the physician shortage, borrowed from what businesses have been doing for generations to reduce use of scarce resources. one test of health care reform is whether you see strategies like these being deployed. deploy nurses and physician assistants, who are less expensive to train, to manage more care. physician assistants can do 85 percent of the work of general physician practitioners. shift our physician payment system from a pay - per - procedure model to a pay - per - episode of care model, creating incentives for providers to reduce unnecessary procedures. hold a national conversation on end - of - life care plans. as a nation we spend too much money extending life by weeks while hurting quality of life among the very elderly and burdening resources that could be used elsewhere. reform malpractice laws to reduce defensive medical procedures while, at the same time, intensify us government efforts to reduce medicare and medicaid fraud. create financial incentives for people to stay healthy and better manage chronic health", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4122114954902903, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.887647"} {"text": "be used elsewhere. reform malpractice laws to reduce defensive medical procedures while, at the same time, intensify us government efforts to reduce medicare and medicaid fraud. create financial incentives for people to stay healthy and better manage chronic health care conditions. while women should not be charged more for health insurance than men, shouldn ' t smokers and obese people able but unwilling to exercise have to pay more for insurance? expand \" care co - ordination \" services to better manage chronic care, reducing episodes that demand costly interventions. this is especially important for those with multiple chronic diseases. use tele - medicine to create early alerts for patients and caregivers, when problems can be solved using fewer resources. medical monitoring company phillips completed a randomized trail of tele - medicine solutions in the uk, reducing emergency room admissions 20 % and mortality 45 % among 6000 patients with chronic conditions. fortunately digital healthcare is a rapidly growing us industry. combine process efficiency with technology capabilities to increase physician efficiency, allowing for lower cost, higher quality care. ibm ' s watson is being programmed to more rapidly identify differential diagnoses. extended reliance on imaging software, networked computers and robotic surgery instruments could lower costs while also helping address rural healthcare shortages. ( disclosure : i work for ibm and the views on this blog are my own do not necessarily represent this company ' s positions, strategies or views. ) dramatically alter physician payment systems and medical school tuition models to increase the supply of primary, pediatric, and internal care physicians relative to specialists. one of the inherent problems in healthcare is that supply creates it own demand. is it any wonder that the us, with far more specialists relative to primary care physicians than other nations, spends more on healthcare and has poorer population health? empower consumers to be smarter buyers of healthcare by making cost and outcome information broadly available. all of these changes demand culture change within healthcare systems and a willingness of physicians to lose some power in return for creating a far more powerful health care system that advances us population health and best deploys physician skills. it also requires an interconnected, data - intelligent and aligned ecosystem of providers, medical products companies, payers and other service providers focused on patients \u2013 advancing their health effectively and efficiently. leading healthcare systems, physicians, payers and policymakers understand this and are leading the change. kay plantes is an mit - trained economist, business strategy consultant, columnist and author. business model innovation, strategic leadership and smart economic policies are her professional passions. she was an economic advisor for former wisconsin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4727025541410965, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.888659"} {"text": "in the realm of spirituality, sri aurobindo remains an enigmatic indian personality and philosopher. he is one of the giants of modern indian spirituality, who along with vivekananda, tagore, gandhi and radhakrishnan, was responsible for putting forth indian philosophy in a comprehensive modern context, which then could be understood by the western world at large. sri aurobindo ' s work is the least known of these five, but his teachings of philosophy and spirituality have the wisdom and appeal for a longer survival, similar to those of vivekananda. sri aurobindo ' s evolution of consciousness was his life ' s experience that he documented in series of writings, in the process offering the world a critical and original philosophical system. in his formative years, aurobindo surmised that the oppression of indian thought by the ruling british had deleterious effects on it. he thus became a revolutionary incalcutta, working against the british rulers. four years before gandhi started political revolution in india, sri aurobindo had spent time in alipore jail in the year 1910, charged with sedition and conspiracy. in the prison, sri aurobindo experienced the strength of his inner consciousness and emerged as a spiritual yogi. his ashram in pondicherry has survived until today under the guidance of the spiritual mother. it is intriguing as to how a boy, who was being groomed to become an ' english gentleman ' by his father ( who seemed to loathe anything ' indian ' ) could transform into a revolutionary freedom fighter first, and then a premier world renowned yogi, with his own brand of spirituality and philosophy. his life - changing experience, according to him, was a result of an inner consciousness that took shape long before it could be expressed to the outer world. this perhaps explains his intuitive affinity towards his motherland, the culture of which was foreign to him during his childhood. sri aurobindo was the fourth child of dr. krishnadhan ghose, a surgeon, who was a district medical officer at khulna, east bengal, and swarnalatha devi ghose. he was originally named aravinda ackroyd. he was born on august 15, 1872 ( that date was to become very significant in indian history, seventy - five years later ). at age five he was sent to loretto convent school in darjeeling for two years. he then was sent to manchester, england, to be home - school", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.44832709481760225, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.905910"} {"text": "date was to become very significant in indian history, seventy - five years later ). at age five he was sent to loretto convent school in darjeeling for two years. he then was sent to manchester, england, to be home - schooled by the dewett family until he was twelve years old. high school was finished in st. paul ' s school in cambridge followed by two years of college at king ' s college, cambridge ( 1890 - 92 ). while at college he addressed the indian student group called indian majlis and advocated freedom for india from the british. his formative years had been spent with a culture alien to india, educated by the irish nuns of darjeeling first, and then by the ministers and dons of the church of england. by the time he finished college he could speak english and french fluently and also could read greek, latin and italian. he could manage to speak bengali, his mother tongue, only a bit. his affinity for his motherland had been kept alive by a radical newspaper, the bengalee, which published articles about maltreatment of indians in the hands of englishmen. the paper was committed to indian independence from the british and this fanned the affinity aravinda ackroyd had for his motherland, and gave him a patriotic sense of belonging. he returned to india in 1893 with great anticipation. upon reaching the shores of bombay, he had an intense and profound spiritual experience, ' a calm that lasted for several months ' - as he would later recount. parallel course of politics and spirituality aurobindo had already dropped the name ackroyd and joined the service of maharaja of baroda. he taught english and french at baroda college and later became vice - president of the college. during his twelve year tenure in baroda, aurobindo learnt many indian languages. he became fluent in sanskrit, marathi, gujarati and bengali. in april 1901 he married mrinalini bose, a pious hindu, barely half his age. while at baroda he wrote a series of literary works, translations and political commentaries which gave him the ability of raising the consciousness of indians, both in the political and social circles. his own mental development seemed to have progressed along two prongs. he was having unexplained spiritual experiences, seemingly accidental that pushed him more and more towards spiritual quests of higher levels. these experiences were enhanced by his meetings with sister nivedita in 1902 and an experience of ' the vacant infinite ' at the sank", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46411899900094106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.906875"} {"text": "unexplained spiritual experiences, seemingly accidental that pushed him more and more towards spiritual quests of higher levels. these experiences were enhanced by his meetings with sister nivedita in 1902 and an experience of ' the vacant infinite ' at the sankarachaya hill in kashmir in 1903. mrinalini bose, the young wife of aurobindo had not been able to join in her husband ' s spiritual journey, and their differences became more than just the differences in their ages, as he became more involved in politics and yoga. five years after his marriage to her, he wrote to her saying that he was suffering from madness. he categorized his madness at three levels. first, was that he realized his talents and resources had to be used for one purpose only i. e. for god ' s work. his second madness he describes as his quest to have a direct ' realization with god '. thirdly, to him india was the mother, the divine embodiment of sakti that propelled him towards politics. politically aurobindo was becoming more and more determined to help the cause of independence for indians from the british. he was convinced that the western influence on the indian mind was an impediment for the indian spiritual maturity. he moved to bengal in 1906 to become the principal of bengal national college. here he joined secret political societies, and orchestrated an underground organization with printing of anti - british pamphlets. the same year he assisted bipin chandra pal in founding the radical newspaper, bande mataram. later, he took over the editorship of the newspaper and succeeded bipin chandra pal as the leader of national party in bengal. he wrote several articles including the one called ' the doctrine of passive resistance, ' that later became the main instrument of gandhi in his freedom struggle to oust the british from india. for his article in bande mataram, he was arrested in 1907, on charges of sedition and then released on bail. even in his development as a political revolutionary, aurobindo went through several evolutions as well. first he was the secret revolutionary, advocating and preparing for an armed insurrection. secondly, he undertook the task of convincing the nation that its citizens deserved and could attain independence. the country was in a state of forced subjugation, and thought that the british were too powerful and indians too impotent to dream of independence. moreover, indians were under the impression that the lofty idea about independence was impractical, unattainable and almost an insane chimera", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5050183525891953, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.907912"} {"text": ", and thought that the british were too powerful and indians too impotent to dream of independence. moreover, indians were under the impression that the lofty idea about independence was impractical, unattainable and almost an insane chimera. lastly, aurobindo had come a full circle when he wrote articles and assisted in organizing people to passively resist and practice non - cooperation. aurobindo resigned from bengal national college and became a leader of the nationalist movement, giving several speeches both in bengal and western india. in january of 1908 he met vishnu bhaskar lele, a yogi in baroda, who taught him the technique of silencing the mind and experiencing the timeless brahman, a form of spiritual realization. he was again arrested in 1908 in connection with alipore conspiracy case and spent a year in jail, including in solitary confinement. he utilized his time in jail studying the geeta, meditation and practice of yoga. after his acquittal, he started publications of two weeklies - karmayoga in english and dharma in bengali. during his stay in calcutta for a period of five years as a revolutionary leader, aravinda ghose tried to prove to the indians that a politically oppressed population could not express its distinctive spiritual and cultural genius. move to pondicherry aurobindo had concluded that independence for india was inevitable, and he then embraced the spiritual evolution of the soul with the same fervor as he had in raising the consciousness of indians. in the year 1910, when aurobindo was 37 years old, he abruptly withdrew from active politics and moved to pondicherry to continue his spiritual work. there he met paul richard, a french diplomat who became an ardent fan of aurobindo. mira richard, * * his wife was a spiritual personality ( born mira alfassa on february 21, 1878 in paris ), who had mystic and psychic experiences during her adolescence. after hearing about aurobindo she met him in 1914, an encounter instantly and profoundly spiritual for both. mira richard was to become \u201c mother \u201d later, a symbol of sakti who was to play a central role in the creation of the aurobindo ashram and auroville in pondicherry. mira richard saw aurobindo as the divine hero of tomorrow and hope for all humanity. the day after her meeting with him she wrote in her diary : \u201c little by little the horizon becomes precise, the path becomes clear. and we advance to an even greater", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5016718890093164, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.908997"} {"text": "aurobindo as the divine hero of tomorrow and hope for all humanity. the day after her meeting with him she wrote in her diary : \u201c little by little the horizon becomes precise, the path becomes clear. and we advance to an even greater certitude. it matters not if there are hundreds of beings plunged in densest ignorance. he whom we saw yesterday is on earth : his presence is enough to prove that a day will come when darkness shall be transformed into light, when thy reign shall be indeed established upon earth. \u201d in 1915 paul and mira richard returned to france and later went to live in japan until 1920. then mira sailed to pondicherry to begin her spiritual mission with the man she saw as an avatar of the divine. she stayed in pondicherry in a journey with aurobindo, where each became integral part of their quest \u2013 he as the divine yogi and she as the mother sakti. after being estranged from him for more than ten years, in 1918, the ill - fated mrinalini, aurobindo \u2019 s wife, finally decided to go to pondicherry to join her husband. as fate would have it, they were never meant to see each other again. she was about to embark on her journey to pondicherry, when she contracted influenza and died. sri aurobindo lived in pondicherry until his death on december 5, 1950 at the age of seventy - eight. india attained independence that he had dreamed of, on august 15, 1947, coincidentally on his seventy - fifth birthday. the date did not go unnoticed by sri aurobindo. he mentioned it in his speech to the nation after attaining independence. he was a satisfied man, to find india finally rid itself of foreign occupation, a task he had worked so ardently during his younger years. a personal journey while indian philosophers like radhakrishnan, bhattacharya and dutta have put forward comprehensive systems of indian philosophy, they pale in comparison to aurobindo \u2019 s richness in detail and range of topics, as evident in his vast array of writings. moreover, aurobindo \u2019 s system of philosophy is autobiographical, an account of his personal experience and experiment. as he became more and more knowledgeable during his personal journey of his spiritual quest, he did not hesitate to continually revise his earlier writings and teachings. savitri : a legend and a symbol, sri aurobindo \u2019 s 24000 line epic poem about spiritual ascent and transformation of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47014346279270547, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.909952"} {"text": "his personal journey of his spiritual quest, he did not hesitate to continually revise his earlier writings and teachings. savitri : a legend and a symbol, sri aurobindo \u2019 s 24000 line epic poem about spiritual ascent and transformation of the physical world, was revised and added on to until the last days before his death. he also revised his other writings, notably the life divineand the synthesis of yoga, in order to express his more advanced experiences of his later years. all of his works except savitri ( namely the essays on the gita, the human cycle, the ideal of human unity, the secret of the veda, and the life divine as well as the synthesis of yoga ) were serialized in his philosophical publication arya. here he put forward comprehensive and systematic philosophical compilations based on his own personal experiences. unlike ramakrishna, ramana maharshi, sivananda and j. krishnamurti, who also expressed their experiences in philosophical terms, sri aurobindo was successful in developing an original critical and practical philosophical system, including theories of knowledge, existence, the self, natural order and the aim of life. integral yoga and religion at least since 1926 his spiritual eminence was well recognized and the suffix \u2018 sri \u2019 had been added to his name. it was the same year when he withdrew completely, claiming day of siddhi ( day of victory ), and left the chores of establishing the ashram and the management of the disciples to mother. through his four decades of practice of yoga ( sadhana ), sri aurobindo had published thirty volumes of systematic writings and correspondence. he consistently distinguished his spiritual discipline from traditional religion. he was worried that his work could some day be mistaken for a new religion and repeatedly asserted that he did not want it to be so. perhaps he did not want his teachings to be construed in a religious sense akin to what developed from profound spiritual experiences of gautama ( buddhism ) and jesus ( christianity ), much after their passing. \u201c our goal is not \u2026. to found a religion or a school of philosophy or a school of yoga, but to create a ground and a way which will bring down a greater truth beyond the mind but not inaccessible to the human soul and consciousness \u2026. \u201d sri aurobindo believed in the creation of divine life, in the existing human life, in its current form. he believed that it was not inaccessible for an ignorant mind, through discipline, to bring down a greater truth from beyond, to the human consciousness", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.437105525673504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.910909"} {"text": "the ignorant during one \u2019 s lifetime. he used mother to achieve his own personal spiritual journey ( and vice versa ), and considered mother as an expression of his own consciousness. but it was the mother who was truly the chief organizer of the ashram in pondicherry. the mother : architect of the future in 1951 mother founded the sri aurobindo international university to modernize and expand the scope of the sri aurobindo ashram in pondicherry. in this endeavor she also established the sri aurobindo ashram, delhi branch together with surendranath jauhar in 1956. the mother ' s international school, which is also located in the sri aurobindo ashram ( delhi branch ), has since grown into one of the biggest and most important schools of its kind in india. there was a danger that after his death, his teachings might not have the same appeal. however, mother and his other disciples successfully ran the ashram in pondicherry and then in 1968, at the age of ninety, mother began the auroville project ( with the architect roger anger ), in expectation of a new species of enlightened humans, and to accommodate such species. \u201c a new species of higher consciousness will be revealed to us, little by little and auroville wants to consciously hasten that advent. auroville wants to be the bridge between the past and the future. auroville belongs to no one and belongs to humanity as a whole. to live in auroville, one must be a willing servitor of divine consciousness. \u201d it is here where aurobindo \u2019 s vision of spiritual discipline and selfless action ( karmayoga ) are implemented. in addition, on mother \u2019 s commission, cyber - artist, musician and futurist michel montecrossa established mirapuri center in italy, which is actively spreading the ideals of sri aurobindo in the international scene. a miravillage, a satellite of mirapuri is also attracting disciples in germany. then in 1973, the year she died, she also gave her blessings to michel montecrossa to establish a cultural center and guest house for the friends of mirapuri in auroville. it is named ' new community ' and is located in the auroville settlement ' certitude, ' opposite the building called ' auroson ' s home '. throughout her life she wanted to create a new type of city for all those who wanted to develop their consciousness for a spiritually inspired evolution", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47979216664078717, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.912878"} {"text": "| \u00a9 1999 - 2013 brainpop. all rights reserved. | in this movie, children will learn about different seasons and different types of weather. they ' ll learn how earth is tilted on its axis, and how as our planet orbits the sun, seasons change in different parts of the world! review with children that we divide the year into seasons, or sets of consecutive months that have similar weather patterns and length of days. there are four seasons in many parts of the world : winter, spring, summer, and fall ( also called autumn ). other parts of the world have two seasons : wet and dry. children should observe that seasons happen in the same cycles year after year and that different types of weather occur during different seasons. which is the coldest season? which is the hottest? children should know that temperature is how hot or cold something is, and this can be measured with a thermometer. though temperatures and amount of precipitation varies across different areas, winter typically has lower temperatures than the rest of the year. snow, sleet, hail, and rain are common forms of precipitation in the winter. in snowy areas, many animals have difficulties finding food and some will even hibernate to conserve energy. children can learn more about hibernation by watching the hibernation movie. december, january, and february are considered winter months in the northern hemisphere, though some countries acknowledge november to be a part of winter. children should understand that during winter they may wear heavier clothing like coats, hats, and scarves and participate in cold - weather activities such as sledding or skiing. as the winter ends, spring begins and temperatures slowly rise as the days get longer. snow and ice melt and more rain tends to fall during this season. flowers and plants grow and bloom, and animals become active again. many animals will have their young in the spring when food is plentiful. furthermore, their young will have time to grow before experiencing a cold winter themselves. the united states marks the beginning of spring with the vernal equinox in march and the end of spring with the summer solstice in june. children should understand that in spring they may wear lighter coats and rain gear, and also begin outdoor activities like baseball, softball, or gardening. after spring is summer, which begins in june and ends around september in the united states. summer is the warmest season and has the longest days, because our part of earth is tilted toward the sun throughout the season. most areas receive the least amount of precipitation during this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5164104468153896, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.924222"} {"text": ", which begins in june and ends around september in the united states. summer is the warmest season and has the longest days, because our part of earth is tilted toward the sun throughout the season. most areas receive the least amount of precipitation during this season. children should understand that in summer they may wear shorts, skirts, shirts, hats, and sunglasses and go swimming or take a vacation. the sun stays high in the sky during the summer and children should understand the importance of using sunscreen and staying covered and cool. as the summer ends, the weather gets cooler again and the days get shorter. in the northern hemisphere, fall ( or autumn ) begins in september and ends in december with the winter solstice. during fall, leaves of some trees will turn colors and fall off. some plants bear fruit, such as apple and pear trees. autumn squash or gourds ripen, too, which is why pumpkins are abundant at halloween. some animals will begin to migrate, or move to warmer areas for the coming winter. you may want to watch the migration movie for further exploration and extension of the topic. other animals will store and eat food to prepare for hibernation or dormancy. football is a common fall sport in many schools and community programs, and other fall activities include apple - picking or collecting autumn leaves. children should understand that in fall they may wear coats and sweaters. seasons change because as the earth orbits, its hemispheres are titled towards or away from the sun. it takes earth 365 days, or one year, to go around the sun. when the northern hemisphere is tilted toward the sun, the southern hemisphere is tilted away from the sun. during this time, the northern hemisphere experiences summer, while the southern hemisphere experiences winter. the areas near the equator, the imaginary line around the middle of the earth that separates the two hemispheres, do not tilt much toward or away from the sun. this means their weather is more consistent throughout the year, and usually is quite warm. tropical countries in south america such as ecuador, colombia, and brazil, are good examples of areas that do not vary much in temperature during the year. because of the earth \u2019 s tilt and orbit around the sun, different constellations can be seen during different seasons. while people living in the northern hemisphere might see a particular constellation in the summer, people living in the southern hemisphere might see the same constellation in the winter. for children who want to learn more information about the seasons, we recommend watching other movies in the weather unit.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49785271272077053, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.925395"} {"text": "in the northern hemisphere might see a particular constellation in the summer, people living in the southern hemisphere might see the same constellation in the winter. for children who want to learn more information about the seasons, we recommend watching other movies in the weather unit. | \u00a9 1999 - 2013 brainpop. all rights reserved. | season to season as a long - term project, have your students observe and record the weather each week of the school term or year. students can take the temperature outdoors and measure the amount of precipitation with a rain or snow gauge. ( simply take a waterproof ruler and place it in a clear plastic container to create a homemade gauge. ) if possible, students can use a wind sock or anemometer to measure the amount of wind. you can have students record their observations in their notebooks or use a large class calendar or datebook. different small groups could also be responsible for recording the weather conditions each week, and reporting their findings to the class. as the seasons change, have students look at the data and make inferences about the weather. how does the weather change throughout the year? what patterns do they see? bring in examples of travel guides and brochures to your students. explain that many guides have descriptions of the weather and activities available each season. have your students pick a city or country from around the world and create a travel guide or poster. you may wish to break up the students into small groups so they can research together. students should find out about average temperatures for each season, kinds of precipitation, historical landmarks, as well as fun activities or festivals that occur during each season. if possible, hold a \u201c travel fair \u201d where students can share their work and make recommendations about which season is preferable to visit their chosen country. for example, students might like to recommend mexico in the fall to see the migrating monarch butterflies arrive or holland in the spring to view the tulips. students will learn how people have always celebrated the seasons ' annual cycle. seasonal fashion show hold a seasonal fashion show with your students. students can bring in outfits that they wear during the winter, spring, summer, and fall and model them with the class. teach students the correlation between temperature and proper attire : at 50 degrees fahrenheit ( 10 degrees celsius ), students might wear an autumn jacket over their clothes. at 80 degrees ( 27 celsius ), they might be dressed in shorts and a shirt. you can encourage students to bring in athletic jerseys and equipment that they use during each season. have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5074011078432905, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.926394"} {"text": ", students might wear an autumn jacket over their clothes. at 80 degrees ( 27 celsius ), they might be dressed in shorts and a shirt. you can encourage students to bring in athletic jerseys and equipment that they use during each season. have student volunteers describe their outfits and discuss why they are appropriate for each season. ( make sure children understand dress codes and wear appropriate cover - ups for any beachwear. ) as the world turns have small groups of students make models of earth and the sun and show how earth orbits around the sun. remind students that earth tilts at an angle as it orbits the sun. students can paint styrofoam balls to model the earth and sun ( take care to use relative sizes of balls ) or use different colors of clay. students can put in a paper clip or pencil at the poles of the earth to show the tilt, and draw a horizontal line to show the equator. modeling the earth and sun will help students visualize how the tilt and orbit cause the seasons to change. | \u00a9 1999 - 2013 brainpop. all rights reserved. | remind your child that different plants grow in different seasons. for example, apple trees bear fruit in the fall while orange trees bear fruit in the winter. despite this, your child may notice that apples and oranges are available in the grocery store all year round. why do they think that is? research the fruits and vegetables to find out the season those plants bear fruit. look for stickers and labels on the fruits and vegetables that identify the country or place of origin. how do we get apples in early summer if trees bear fruit in the fall? explain that because of earth \u2019 s tilt and orbit around the sun, different parts of the world have different seasons. explain to students that these fruits and vegetables are flown around the world. if possible, visit a local farmer \u2019 s market to explore seasonal produce together, and see if you can create a seasonal meal made from locally - grown produce. \u2018 tis the season for \u2026 together with your child, set goals that are appropriate for each season. for example, the goal for the summer might be to go camping for a weekend, remember to wear sunscreen, or learn how to dive. a goal for the spring might be to spot a nest of eggs or hatchlings, plant flowers, spring clean, or go see a baseball game. find goals that you and your family can do together and are realistic and able to be fulfilled. have your child write them down in his or her notebook or create a list", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5128859841872695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.927343"} {"text": "san antonioarticle free pass san antonio, city, seat ( 1837 ) of bexar county, south - central texas, u. s. it is situated at the headwaters of the san antonio river on the balcones escarpment, about 80 miles ( 130 km ) southwest of austin. the second most populous city in texas, it is the focus of a metropolitan area that includes alamo heights, castle hills, converse, kirby, leon valley, live oak, schertz, terrell hills, universal city, and windcrest. inc. 1809. area city, 412 square miles ( 1, 067 square km ). pop. ( 2000 ) 1, 144, 646 ; san antonio metro area, 1, 711, 703 ; ( 2010 ) 1, 327, 407 ; san antonio metro area, 2, 142, 508. spanish explorers first visited the site, then a camp of the payaya indians, in 1691. san antonio was founded may 1, 1718, when a spanish expedition from mexico established the mission san antonio de valero. the mission, later called the alamo ( spanish : \u201c cottonwood \u201d ), was one of five founded in the area and was named for st. anthony of padua. on may 5 a presidio ( military garrison ) known as san antonio de bexar was established nearby. the site, on the river \u2019 s west bank, was a stopping place on the trail through the texas wilderness between missions on the rio grande and those in east texas. in 1731 settlers from the canary islands laid out the town of san fernando de bexar near the presidio, where a civilian community had been planned when the presidio and mission were established. during its early years the settlement suffered from raids by apache and comanche tribes. the mission was secularized in 1793 and became a military post. san fernando de bexar functioned as provincial capital from 1773 to 1824, but in subsequent years its political authority waned. by 1837, when it became a county seat of the republic of texas, it had been renamed san antonio. at the time of mexican independence in 1821, san antonio was, along with goliad and nacogdoches, one of three established spanish communities in texas. in the summer of that year, stephen austin arrived in the city ( then seat of the spanish government in texas ) to follow through on a permit obtained by his father for the admission of 300 u. s. families into the territory. in december", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3825829395382375, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.932480"} {"text": ". in the summer of that year, stephen austin arrived in the city ( then seat of the spanish government in texas ) to follow through on a permit obtained by his father for the admission of 300 u. s. families into the territory. in december 1835, at the outset of the texas revolution, texan forces occupied the alamo. they remained there until march 1836, when they were massacred by mexican troops under general antonio lopez de santa anna following a 13 - day siege. the presidio ceased to exist with the independence of texas in april. in 1836 san antonio was still the foremost city of texas, with some 2, 500 inhabitants. it grew rapidly after independence, led by large numbers of german immigrants. during the last decades of the 19th century, san antonio, as the starting point for the chisholm trail, became a major cattle centre, where herds were assembled for the overland drives to the railheads in kansas. the city quickly became the commercial hub of the southwest. the arrival of the first railroad in 1877 brought migrants from the american south, and mexican immigrants settled there after the start of the mexican revolution in 1910. san antonio was a major military centre during world wars i and ii, a factor that continued to dominate its economy in subsequent decades. in 1968 a world \u2019 s exposition, known as hemisfair, was held there to commemorate the city \u2019 s 250th anniversary and to celebrate its cultural ties with latin america. in 1981 henry cisneros was elected the city \u2019 s first hispanic mayor since the mid - 19th century ; cisneros served until 1989, and in 2001 ed garza was elected the city \u2019 s second modern - era hispanic mayor. what made you want to look up \" san antonio \"? please share what surprised you most...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.3908802343558209, "token_count": 362, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.933737"} {"text": "alliance party of northern ireland ( apni ) article free pass alliance party of northern ireland ( apni ), northern ireland \u2019 s oldest interdenominational party, a small, moderate party that represents middle - class interests primarily in the eastern areas of the province. the alliance party was launched in april 1970 in an attempt to break the sectarian mold of politics in northern ireland through the pursuit of moderate policies. it was self - consciously biconfessional, attracting members from the roman catholic and protestant communities in proportion to their numbers. although there was no official leader between 1970 and 1972, oliver napier acted as de facto leader during that period. since then the party has been led by phelim o \u2019 neill ( 1972 \u2013 73 ), napier ( 1973 \u2013 84 ), john cushnahan ( 1984 \u2013 87 ), lord john alderdice ( 1989 \u2013 98 ), sean neeson ( 1998 \u2013 2001 ), and david ford ( 2001 \u2013 ), the last of whom entered the northern ireland executive in 2010 as justice minister. apni drew members from the ulster unionist party ( uup ) who were concerned that the uup was becoming too extreme. most of its founding members had not been actively involved in politics, and the party was perceived to be a middle - class phenomenon seeking the \u201c middle ground. \u201d the apni achieved its greatest electoral success in the first decade of its existence. in 1972 three sitting members of the british parliament \u2014 two protestants and one catholic \u2014 \u201c crossed the floor \u201d and joined the alliance. the party was represented by two members in the first biconfessional government of northern ireland, the power - sharing executive body of 1973 \u2013 74. in 1977 apni reached its highest electoral standing when it won 14. 3 percent of the vote. by the end of the 20th century it had not yet elected a member of the british or european parliaments, though alderdice was ennobled in 1996. in june 1998 the party won approximately 6 percent of the vote and 6 seats in the northern ireland assembly, the power - sharing legislative body created in the good friday agreement of april 1998. the apni \u2019 s support was drawn from the more affluent areas of greater belfast, and it was virtually unrepresented in the western areas of northern ireland. in the assembly elections of 2003, its overall vote share dropped, but it maintained its 6 seats ; in 2007 it rebounded slightly and captured an additional seat in the assembly. in the british general election of 2010 it won its first seat in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.38876579116437016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.940026"} {"text": "ireland. in the assembly elections of 2003, its overall vote share dropped, but it maintained its 6 seats ; in 2007 it rebounded slightly and captured an additional seat in the assembly. in the british general election of 2010 it won its first seat in the british house of commons, with naomi long winning the belfast east seat that was held by democratic unionist party leader peter robinson. in elections for the assembly in 2011, the alliance increased its representation to eight seats. by the end of the 20th century the apni had not achieved its goal of eliminating sectarianism in northern irish politics. as a party that worked within unionist - dominated political institutions in northern ireland, it did not attract sufficient support from catholics who aspired to a united ireland. because it was not a unionist party, however, it did not appeal to protestants who considered it essential to maintain northern ireland \u2019 s link to the united kingdom. as a party of moderation, it suffered from the tensions created in a climate of political violence. finally, its lack of elected representation in the british and european parliaments limited its political visibility. policy and structure the apni advocates improving cross - community relations through integrated education, a bill of rights, and reform of the security forces. its politics, apart from issues related to northern ireland, are slightly left of centre. alderdice sat on the liberal democratic benches in the house of lords after his appointment in 1996, and the party has established links with the progressive democrats in the republic of ireland ; the european liberal, democrat and reform party at the european parliament ; and the liberal international, a worldwide organization of liberal parties. the apni \u2019 s main organizational body is its party council, which consists of eight delegates from each local branch, all the party \u2019 s councillors, and the party officers. meeting annually, the party council elects the party leader, chair, and vice - chair ; selects delegates to the party executive ; and approves or amends policy documents. party manifestos are drafted by the executive committee, which deals with issues of day - to - day party policy and responds to current events in its strategy committees. the alliance party leader holds a relatively powerful position, as he or she appoints the party officers and the members of the strategy committees. what made you want to look up \" alliance party of northern ireland ( apni ) \"? please share what surprised you most...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40526398356466453, "token_count": 481, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.941033"} {"text": "height : 26. 500 cm length : 26. 500 cm room 72 : ancient cyprus bronze bowl handles from cyprus, about 850 - 750 bc decorated with lotus flowers these handles would have been riveted onto the upper sides of one or more roughly hemispherical bowls. the lotus flowers would have appeared above the rim. bronze bowls of this variety are typically cypriot and occur in cyprus between about 1050 and 750 bc. however, none of the surviving examples is as large as the bowls to which these handles must have belonged. from cyprus they were introduced to the near east, the greek world and italy. the bronze bowls perhaps derive from earlier cypriot bowls of pottery that have a single handle that is visible over the rim. a roughly hemispherical bronze bowl has a single riveted handle and a knob, in place of a lotus flower, appearing above the rim. it comes from a cypriot tomb of the mid - eleventh century bc, and may form a link between the pottery and the bronze series. v. tatton - brown, ancient cyprus, 2nd ed. ( london, the british museum press, 1997 ) m - j. chavane, ' vases de bronze du musee du chypre ', collection de la mason de lori ( 1982 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44866650238267675, "token_count": 256, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.942504"} {"text": "pop - up book of ancient egypt, \u00a314. 99 explore / online tours word into art word into art this tour brings together the work of contemporary artists from the middle east and north africa. the use of writing - quotations, words and even single letters - has emerged as a common theme in this vibrant and original art. each object presented here is inscribed in or draws its inspiration from arabic, the main script of the region used to write a variety of languages including persian. a sacred script looks at artworks which are based around the holy texts of the qu ' ran and the bible. literature and art shows how poetry and the rich literary traditions of the middle east have inspired artists in different ways. the works in deconstructing the word have been created using single words or letters. history, politics and identity examines how art has responded to crises and wars that have affected the middle east. in the entry for each work, the artist ' s country of origin is cited first after their name, and their current place of residence second. the tour includes highlights from word into art : artists of the modern middle east, a free exhibition at the british museum ( room 35 ) from 18 may to 3 september 2006. the exhibition draws mainly on works collected by the british museum, with some loaned objects. it includes pieces by about eighty different artists, some of whom are represented here. this tour shows how writing, so important as both a method of communication and an art form in the ancient and islamic cultures, continues as a powerful thread running through the art of the region today. the exhibition was part of middle east now, a season of special events which includes lectures, films, poetry readings and music. the exhibition and the season were produced in partnership with dubai holding.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4693089680401734, "token_count": 353, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.944304"} {"text": "this is a \" self delivery \" pack which has been designed specifically for national science and engineering week 2013. the science behind fingeprints is well known! what is not so well known is the link between fingerprints and footprints. right angle events have launched a new education pack called \u2018 toes for turf \u2019 comprising at least 4 hours of fun teaching material linked to key stage 1 - 4 mathematics. we have designed a fantastic scheme especially for national science & engineering week called \" toes for turf \". the science behind fingerprints is well known. what is not so well known is the science behind footprints or \" feet prints \". this activity enables students to take, classify and \" lift \" both fingerprints and foot prints. as the research on footprints is meagre, this scheme will allow students to make some discoveries about the correlation or otherwise between fingerprints and feet prints. barbara hepworth : the hospital drawings, taking place at pallant house gallery, chichester, ( 16 february - 2 june 2013 ) reveals the remarkable series of drawings and paintings made by barbara hepworth during the late 1940s, illustrating surgeons at work in operating theatres within post - war britain. featuring over 30 works, including hepworth \u2019 s sketchbook, the exhibition is the most significant presentation of this extraordinary series to date, comprising key loans from national, public and private collections. saturday, 16 february, 2013 - 10 : 00 to sunday, 5 may, 2013 - 16 : 30 scottish fisheries museum an exhibition investigating the existence of sea monsters and exploring the science behind the myths. curated by dr charles paxton of the university of st andrews, the exhibition looks at various sea monster legends and tests them scientifically to see whether such monsters could actually exist \u2013 with sometimes surprising conclusions. the exhibition comprises display panels, natural history specimens from the university and the museum \u2019 s collections, and interactive activities. all our students will be making their own enclosed garden in a plastic bottle or a plastic container. they will be doing this to demonstrate how the water cycle works on our planet. over the coming weeks the students will be able to make their own observations about what is happening in their enclosed gardens. come and take a tour around the museum to learn about five victorians who were responsible for making great advances in science and technology in the region. the tour will focus on the lives and inventions of william armstrong, charles parsons, joseph swan and george and robert stephenson. discover how stanley mills was using renewable energy over 200 years ago. learners will find out about different types of waterwheels then work in teams", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5617961126582263, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.947013"} {"text": "ah, the dreaded computer viruses! we \u2019 ve all heard about their evil powers : they range from simple pranks like pop - up messages on your screen to complete destruction of programs or data. and they \u2019 re getting slicker by the hour, trying to trick you, outsmart your antivirus program and take advantage of the security holes caused by software vulnerabilities. you definitely don \u2019 t want one getting into your precious computer! so how can you tell if you ' ve got a virus infection? if your antivirus software is effective and up to date, you \u2019 ll probably receive a message saying that the application has found a virus on your pc and has, hopefully, got rid of it. but what if your antivirus is not that efficient, hasn \u2019 t been updated in a while or is simply something you never thought you actually needed? there are some signs of infection you can watch out for : your computer stops responding or locks up frequently. you get strange error messages saying that, for example, you cannot access certain drives. your pc runs much slower than it used to. your computer crashes and then restarts every couple of minutes. some applications won \u2019 t run, some files won \u2019 t open. hardware devices ( like your printer ) no longer respond to your commands or start acting out. some menus and / or dialogue boxes look odd or distorted. there are fluctuations in the size of some files, although you haven \u2019 t accessed them in a while. your firewall warns you that unknown applications are trying to connect to the internet. your internet connection stops working or becomes very slow without there being a problem with your service provider or router. you notice files that have been deleted, encrypted or moved to a different location. the language in certain applications suddenly changes. new icons appear on your desktop out of the blue. strange sounds or music start playing from your speakers unexpectedly. your cd - rom drive tray opens and closes by itself. the unused space on your hard drive disappears. your computer opens internet sessions or applications on its own. your web browser displays pages you haven \u2019 t requested. library files for running games or programs go missing. what to do if you suspect a virus is running loose in your system : the first thing to do is turn to your line of defence : the antivirus program. if you \u2019 re using a traditional, signature - based antivirus, make sure it \u2019 s active and properly updated and scan your computer. if your antivirus program doesn \u2019 t find a virus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46554167806578733, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.952106"} {"text": "to your line of defence : the antivirus program. if you \u2019 re using a traditional, signature - based antivirus, make sure it \u2019 s active and properly updated and scan your computer. if your antivirus program doesn \u2019 t find a virus, it doesn \u2019 t necessarily mean you \u2019 ve got none. but there \u2019 s no need to go searching for it yourself. just look for another antivirus solution to run on your computer and spot the problem. you can find a free bullguard internet security trial here. if it turns out a virus did get by your antivirus, chances are it hit exactly between the updates or it \u2019 s so new, its signature hasn \u2019 t been detected yet. this is where state - of - the - art virus detection technology comes in handy and that \u2019 s what you get by using bullguard internet security \u2013 the best in behavioural detection, the latest technology in the fight against new and unknown viruses. behaviour - based detection is what makes bullguard catch 65 % more malware than traditional antivirus programs. how to avoid virus infections in the first place you can prevent most viruses from entering your system by practicing a few computer and internet safe habits : make a habit out of playing it safe. pay attention to what you download and where you download it from. never open attachments from sources you don \u2019 t know or trust. don \u2019 t connect other people \u2019 s usb drives to your computer, even if they \u2019 re your friends, as they could have a virus infection without realizing it. always have an active and updated antivirus program installed on your computer. the more effective and modern it is, the better it will protect you against the waves of malware hitting the web every day. make sure all your other software is up to date. vulnerabilities in the programs you use, like your operating system, are like unlocked backdoors for viruses, so it \u2019 s crucial to have them solved by getting constant patches and updates from the software vendor. some of them are downloaded automatically, but others need your attention and that could turn into an annoying task. so give yourself a break and use a vulnerability scanner \u2013 like the one included in bullguard internet security \u2013 to take care of your programs for you.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.490331588233467, "token_count": 455, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.953034"} {"text": "as weather gets warmer, many people take their activities outdoors to enjoy the beauty of western north carolina. health risks from biting bugs make that harder to enjoy. a few easy steps can protect us from disease - carrying mosquitoes and ticks : guarding against mosquito bites the best thing to do is stop the mosquito cycle before they can lay eggs. eliminate any standing water around your home. even very small amounts of standing water can be a breeding ground. if you have tires, flowerpots, pet bowls, toys, bird baths, tarps, containers, etc., make sure water doesn ' t sit in them longer than three days. once mosquitoes are already buzzing around, avoid bites to reduce your risk. install or repair window and door screens to keep them from coming into your home. mosquitoes are most active during the early morning or evening hours. if you plan to be outdoors, wear long - sleeved shirts and long pants. and don \u2019 t forget the mosquito repellent. those that contain deet, picaridin, or oil of lemon eucalyptus are effective in fighting off bites. la cross encephalitis is the most commonly diagnosed mosquito disease in north carolina. in fact, 75 % of cases reported in north carolina during the past decade were from people living right here in western north carolina! they also carry west nile virus. symptoms include fever, headache, tiredness, body aches ; skin rash and swollen lymph glands \u2013 although many people infected have no symptoms at all. protection from tick bites ticks are around all year long, but are more active in warm, summer months. avoiding ticks can be tricky since they are very small and often hard to spot in wooded areas and fields, which are places they are typically found. follow some easy guidelines to prevent bites : - when possible, avoid wooded and bushy areas with high grass and leaf litter. - if those areas cannot be avoided, wear a long - sleeved shirt, long pants and socks. tuck your shirt in, pull your socks over your pants, and walk in open areas, away from brush. - use an insect repellent that contains deet. finally, check yourself and children at least twice a day. the sooner you find a tick on you, the less chance it will have to bite. check for ticks under the arms, in and around the ears, inside the belly button, behind the knees, between the legs, around the waist, and especially in their hair. when you find a tick, remove it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43057576446086143, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.955809"} {"text": "innovation in education the existence of schools such as carroll represents, in and of itself, a significant educational innovation. schools that are dedicated to an atypical learning profile, in carroll \u2019 s case dyslexia, are relatively rare. a program that is designed specifically for one type of learner is also innovative in a landscape of schools that are required to serve all children in their city or town. carroll balances curriculum, instructional practices, and programs that have helped children for over 45 years at carroll with compelling new interventions resulting from both research and implementation evidence. carroll is so fortunate to be located in the greater boston area, where an incredible amount of revolutionary research is underway about how the human brain learns. carroll constantly seeks to combine the proven with the promising. the combination of interventions that carroll uses reveals this balance with a set of innovative, evidence - based programs, such as orton - gillingham, rave - o, visualizing and verbalizing, lexia learning, kurzweil, thinking reader, singapore math, thinking through math, symphony math, stern structured materials, the number race, reflexmath, cognitive development, inspiration, and scores of web - based software applications. much of our decision making about educational innovation results from our associations with some of the most accomplished researchers in the fields of education, neuroscience, and technology. the research updates section of the carroll website will keep viewers apprised of some of the research that we are following.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5494755443549278, "token_count": 293, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.958751"} {"text": "how can we \" green \" our schools to make them more environmentally sustainable? what kinds of choices should we make, and which choices will actually have an impact? how do we know that our choices are making a difference? these are the questions that frame a unique collaboration between the rhinebeck school district and educators from the cary institute of ecosystem studies. through a grant from the rhinebeck science foundation, we designed and implemented the eco - initiative, a three - year program that builds scientific and environmental literacy through all grades by mapping the ecological footprint of elementary, middle and high schools. our guiding principle was to think of the school as an ecosystem, which allows students to chart the inputs and outputs of energy and materials in a familiar system. students know they use energy, water, food and other raw materials every day, and they can see how those are transformed to wastes, such as trash and heat. but the students are less aware of where the food, water and energy come from and where their waste goes, as well as what lives in and around the grounds of their schools. through a series of meetings and workshops with rhinebeck teachers, we identified key topics for each grade level or class and developed age - appropriate investigations that would help everyone understand their impact on the environment. for example, students in fifth grade and in high school biology classes are conducting schoolyard \" eco - blitzes, \" where they catalog all the living things they find outside. the younger students excel at finding and identifying the insects, while the older students can work with math teachers to analyze the data. because the eco - initiative is a multiyear program, we can develop a database of organisms that live in the rhinebeck schools ' lawns, playgrounds and athletic fields, and we can start to ask questions about enhancing biodiversity and supporting ecosystem function. and as students advance through each grade, they can build on knowledge or investigations from previous years. at the end of each year, we publish an environmental scorecard, which will include all the collected student data and work. see last year ' s scorecard by going to www. rhinebeckcsd. org. as classes and teachers begin to make changes to their daily habits at school, we hope to see a response in our data. we are looking forward to seeing the benefits of a composting program to reduce waste output, and the impact of weekly \" power down \" days started by the environmental clubs to reduce energy usage. an easier path might have been to ask for the energy and water bills and call it a day,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4729067008725169, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.963153"} {"text": "a composting program to reduce waste output, and the impact of weekly \" power down \" days started by the environmental clubs to reduce energy usage. an easier path might have been to ask for the energy and water bills and call it a day, or to plant a few trees and declare our \" greening \" mission complete. but we wanted the students, teachers, and administrators to take ownership of the process, to figure out what their impact is, and decide what kind of sustainability initiatives made sense. by modeling an iterative process, we are showing students how science can inform their actions and lead to lasting change. we are also helping them think through some of the really difficult questions that relate to any greening initiative, such as whether it really is more \" green \" to purchase compostable lunch trays made from corn if we ' re unable to compost them on site, or whether we should install energy - efficient lightbulbs when most of the energy in the school is being used for heating and cooling. engaging in this process is complex, but we believe such engagement develops a citizenry that is thoughtfully dedicated to understanding their local environment. we are thrilled that we have been able to undertake this long - term project with the rhinebeck school district and look forward to expanding this effort to other districts.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5272746980828666, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.964590"} {"text": "with forage supplies tight in many areas, treating wheat straw with ammonia could provide a cost - effective option, according to kansas state university extension beef specialist dale blasi, phd. ammonia improves the nutritional value of low - quality forage by swelling the plant tissue to allow greater rumen microbial activity, resulting in 8 to 15 percent improvement in digestibility, 15 to 20 percent improvement in palatability and increased rate of passage through the digestive tract. also, ammonia serves as a non - protein nitrogen source, roughly doubling the crude protein value of the straw. the process typically involves covering bales with a black plastic tarp and injecting anhydrous ammonia. historically, blasi says, the recommended application rate was 3 percent anhydrous or 60 pounds per ton. but looking to reduce costs, k - state researchers have tested an application rate of 1. 5 percent or 30 pounds of ammonia per ton of straw and found little difference compared with the heavier rate. temperature and moisture content of the straw affect absorption of the ammonia. the process will take just three to five days in hot weather but up to 30 to 45 days in cold weather. anhydrous ammonia will seek out all the moisture in the stacked straw, a chemical process that aids in uniform spread of the material. eight to 10 percent moisture content in the straw is adequate, and 15 to 30 percent is better. keep the stack covered until two weeks before feeding, then remove the cover to reduce the concentration of residual ammonia. blasi recommends against ammoniation of higherquality grass hays such as brome, fescue, small grains, forage sorghums or sudan grasses, as compounds dangerous to cattle can form in these types of hay exposed to ammonia. blasi also stresses the importance of safety measures when handling anhydrous ammonia, including these tips : \u2022 wear goggles, rubber gloves and protective clothing. \u2022 work upwind when releasing anhydrous ammonia into the stack. ideally, use a de - coupler to disconnect the nurse tank away from the stack when application is complete. \u2022 have fresh water available to wash off any anhydrous ammonia that comes into contact with the skin. \u2022 check valves, hoses and tanks for leaks. \u2022 check the plastic cover on the stack for any tears in the plastic before initiating application. seal any holes afterward with duct tape. \u2022 do not smoke near anhydrous ammonia. \u2022 keep children away from the treatment area.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45711096326183515, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.968675"} {"text": "- medical directors - board of directors - contact us - meet your sponsors - social work support services - jenna ' s corner online community - family 2 family - loss, grief and bereavement program what brain tumors are common in children? most recently updated on april 10, 2013 most childhood tumors ( more than 60 % ) are located in the posterior fossa ( the back compartment of the brain ). this area is separated from the cerebral hemispheres by a tough membrane called the tentorium. the posterior fossa includes the cerebellum, the brainstem, and the fourth ventricle. tumors in this area include medulloblastomas ( also called primitive neuroectodermal tumors, or pnets ), cerebellar astrocytomas, brainstem gliomas, and ependymomas. although less common, other rare types of tumors have also been observed in this area, such as rhabdoid tumors and ganglioglioma ; these are not discussed in detail below. the remaining 30 % to 40 % of brain tumors occur within one of the two cerebral hemispheres or in the spinal cord. tumors of the hemispheres include astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, craniopharyngiomas, choroid plexus carcinomas, ependymomas, supratentorial pnets, pineoblastomas, and germ cell tumors. the most common tumors of the spinal cord are astrocytomas and ependymomas. names of tumors can be confusing. one large family of tumors \u2014 comprising half of all pediatric tumors \u2014 are gliomas, meaning they arise from glial cells or the supporting cells of the nervous system. glial cells consist of astrocytes, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes ( myelin - forming cells ). some tumors take their names from these cells. for example, an astrocyte is a type of glial cell from which astrocytomas arise, so doctors may refer to the tumor as a glioma or as an astrocytoma. one term is simply more specific than the other. tumors may also take their names from their location, such as the brainstem glioma. the sudden influx of medical terminology into your life can be intimidating. health care professionals are familiar with such terminology through years of training and experience. but these terms are new to you, so ask your child \u2019 s doctor to explain", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4635676120939432, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.975132"} {"text": "pontine gliomas. in these cases, surgery is not usually an option. radiation therapy, with or without chemotherapy, is the preferred option. a small percentage of slow - growing tumors that cause slowly progressive symptoms can be treated surgically or with chemotherapy. ependymomas : ependymomas make up 8 % to 10 % of pediatric tumors and occur at any time during childhood. they are a type of glioma involving cells lining the cerebral ventricles. seventy percent of ependymomas develop in the posterior fossa. these tumors are not always distinguishable, on scans, from medulloblastomas. they cause similar symptoms, and hydrocephalus is often involved. surgical removal of the tumor is the usual treatment of choice, followed by radiation therapy to the site of the resection. tumors of the cerebral hemispheres supratentorial gliomas : about 30 % of pediatric brain tumors are gliomas that grow in regions of the cerebral hemispheres. treatment and prognosis depend on their exact location and how quickly they are growing. some of the names for tumors in these areas are juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma, optic glioma or hypothalamic glioma ( see below ), oligodendroglioma, hemispheric astrocytoma, and ganglioglioma. many of these tumors cause seizures. surgical removal is the treatment of choice, unless the tumor is in an area that controls speech, movement, vision, or cognition. the tumor may be partially removed, with radiation therapy and / or chemotherapy as additional therapy. optic pathway gliomas : a small percentage ( 5 % ) of pediatric tumors are gliomas involving the optic nerves and the hypothalamus. these are usually slow - growing and can be treated successfully with surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy. because visual pathways and / or the hypothalamus are affected, children with these tumors often have vision and hormone problems. craniopharyngiomas : craniopharyngiomas, which are nonglial growths, account for 5 % of childhood brain tumors, usually causing growth failure because of their location near the pituitary gland. they often affect vision. treatment is often controversial because complete surgical removal may be curative but can also cause memory, vision, behavioral, and hormonal problems. partial surgical removal plus radiation therapy is an alternative. children treated for these tumors usually need long -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49548149823459997, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.978106"} {"text": "affect vision. treatment is often controversial because complete surgical removal may be curative but can also cause memory, vision, behavioral, and hormonal problems. partial surgical removal plus radiation therapy is an alternative. children treated for these tumors usually need long - term follow - up care for visual and / or hormonal problems. germ cell tumors : a small percentage of childhood brain tumors arise in the pineal or suprasellar regions, above the pituitary gland. they are most often diagnosed around the time of puberty and are more likely to affect boys than girls. these tumors often respond favorably to chemotherapy and / or radiation therapy, following surgery. choroid plexus papillomas : the choroid plexus is located within the ventricles in the brain and produces csf. choroid plexus papillomas ( benign ) and choroid plexus carcinomas ( malignant ) account for 1 % to 3 % of pediatric brain tumors. these types of tumors usually arise in infants and often cause hydrocephalus. the treatment of choice is surgery and, if the tumor is malignant, chemotherapy, and / or radiation therapy. supratentorial pnets / pineoblastomas : supratentorial pnets and pineoblastomas account for approximately 5 % of pediatric brain tumors. their symptoms depend on location and proximity to the csf spaces. treatment involves maximal surgical resection, radiation therapy to the brain and spine, and chemotherapy. - related topics - brain tumor facts and glossary - research news and reports - cbtf publications", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5115358610870393, "token_count": 327, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.978662"} {"text": "october 13, 2010 scope of law barring cells phone use while driving by : kevin e. mccarthy, principal analyst you asked whether cgs \u00a7 14 - 296aa as amended by pa 10 - 109, which generally prohibits use of cell phones and related equipment while driving ( 1 ) applies to the equipment used for family radio service ( frs ) and general mobile radio service ( gmrs ) or ( 2 ) permits a driver to drive while using the speaker function of a cell phone. frs is a type of citizen ' s band radio service while gmrs uses a type of walkie - talkie equipment. the office of legislative research is not authorized to provide legal opinions and this report should not be considered one. it appears that cgs \u00a7 14 - 296aa ( 1 ) does not prohibit using frs or gmrs equipment to make a call but does apply to using this equipment for other purposes, such as texting or sending data and ( 2 ) permits a driver to dial a number on his or her cell phone and then use the speakerphone function to hold a conversation, so long as the driver is not holding the cell phone during the conversation. applicability of law to frs and gmrs cgs \u00a7 14 - 296aa generally bars the use of two types of equipment while driving. these are ( 1 ) a hand - held mobile telephone, if used to engage in a call and ( 2 ) a mobile electronic device. a hand - held mobile telephone is a cellular, analog, wireless, or digital telephone a person uses to engage in a call while using at least one hand. \u201c engage in a call \u201d means talking into or listening on a hand - held mobile telephone, but does not include holding the telephone to turn it on or off or to initiate a function of the telephone. a mobile electronic device is any hand - held or other portable electronic equipment that can provide data communication between two or more persons. these include a text messaging device, a paging device, a personal digital assistant, a laptop computer, equipment that is capable of playing a video game or a digital video disk, or equipment on which digital photographs are taken or transmitted. they do not include any audio equipment or any equipment installed in a vehicle to provide navigation, emergency assistance to the driver, or video entertainment to the passengers in the rear seats of a vehicle. the legislative history of cgs 14 - 296aa does not address the issue of whether it applies to frs and gmrs equipment. according to the federal communications commission ( fcc ), frs is a type of citizens", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47460121835402097, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.985920"} {"text": "in the rear seats of a vehicle. the legislative history of cgs 14 - 296aa does not address the issue of whether it applies to frs and gmrs equipment. according to the federal communications commission ( fcc ), frs is a type of citizens band radio service. family, friends, and associates can use it to communicate within a neighborhood and while on group outings. frs has a communications range of less than one mile and the radio has a maximum power of no more than one - half watt. it cannot be used to make a telephone call but can be used for business - related communications. gmrs is a land - mobile radio service available for short - distance two - way communications to facilitate the activities of an adult and his or her immediate family members. in most cases it has a power capacity of no more than 50 watts. family members typically use the equipment to communicate among themselves near their residence or during recreational outings. some equipment can be used for both frs and gmrs. the fcc rules consistently refer to the equipment used by both services as \u201c radios \u201d rather than \u201c telephones. \u201d since frs cannot be connected to the public switched telephone network under 47 cfr 95. 193 ( e ), it appears that such devices do not fall within the definition of mobile telephones. however, they may fall within the definition of mobile electronic devices. fcc rules permit transmissions of data regarding the location of the frs station. the rules also permit the transmission of brief text messages. the maximum transmission time may not exceed one second, and the minimum time before the next data transmission must be not less than 30 seconds. only those frs radios that the fcc has specifically certified for such data operation may actually transmit data. so it appears that using frs equipment can be used to make calls while driving, but using it to transmit text messages or data would violate cgs \u00a7 14 - 296aa. gmrs equipment can only be connected with the public switched telephone network under very limited circumstances under 47 cfr 95. 141. it generally can only be used for voice communications, but 47 cfr 95. 181 also permits a gmrs station operator to communicate a one - way voice page to a paging receiver. it appears that gmrs equipment can be used to make calls while driving, but using it to send pages would violate cgs \u00a7 14 - 296aa. using a speakerphone it appears that cgs \u00a7 14 - 296aa does not prohibit a driver from dialing a number and then using the speakerphone function to hold a conversation, so long as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5008431751892142, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.986998"} {"text": "pages would violate cgs \u00a7 14 - 296aa. using a speakerphone it appears that cgs \u00a7 14 - 296aa does not prohibit a driver from dialing a number and then using the speakerphone function to hold a conversation, so long as the driver is not holding the cell phone during the conversation. as noted above, the law does not prohibit a driver from holding a cell phone in his or her hand to turn it on or to initiate a function, which presumably would include dialing a number. the issue was addressed at several points in the 2005 debate on the initial bill that was codified as cgs \u00a7 14 - 296aa ( shb 6722 ). in the house, then - representative witkos asked whether it would be a violation under the bill to drive while using a cell phone that has a built - in or attached speakerphone with the phone resting on his lap. representative roy, the bill ' s primary sponsor, responded that it would not be a violation because that would be hands - free operation. similarly, representative delgobbo asked for a clarification of the bill ' s scope. representative roy stated that the phrase \u201c engage in a call \u201d \u201c means talking into or listening on a hand - held mobile telephone, but does not include holding a hand - held mobile telephone to activate, deactivate, or initiate a function of such telephone. \u201d rep. delgobbo then asked whether the bill permitted a driver to dial a number from a phone that had an ear bud and then place the phone on the passenger seat. representative roy stated that this would be permissible, although if this caused the driver to have an accident, other provisions of the bill would apply. similar points were made in the senate debate. senator ciotto, senate chair of the transportation committee, agreed with senator freedman ' s characterization of the bill as \u201c just saying that you cannot hold the cell phone in your hand. \u201d senator nickerson stated that \u201c using a cell phone means holding it to the user ' s ear. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4875283759127037, "token_count": 413, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.987870"} {"text": "the un inter - agency group for child mortality estimation ( igme ) was formed in 2004 to share data on child mortality, harmonize estimates within the un system, improve methods for child mortality estimation, report on progress towards the millennium development goals and enhance country capacity to produce timely and properly assessed estimates of child mortality. the igme, led by the united nations children ' s fund ( unicef ) and the world health organization ( who ), also includes the world bank and the united nations population division of the department of economic and social affairs as full members. the igme ' s independent technical advisory group ( tag ), comprising leading academic scholars and independent experts in demography and biostatistics, provides guidance on estimation methods, technical issues and strategies for data analysis and data quality assessment. the igme updates its child mortality estimates annually after reviewing newly available data and assessing data quality. the inter - agency group for child mortality estimation ( igme ) is constituted by representatives of unicef, who, the world bank and the united nations population division. the child mortality estimates presented in this database have been reviewed by igme members. as new information becomes available, estimates in the database will be updated more frequently than those appearing in official publications and reports produced by igme members. differences between the estimates presented in the database and those in particular publications may also arise because of differences in reporting periods or in the availability of data during the production process of each publication and other evidence. levels and trends in child mortality : reports levels and trends in child mortality report 2012 levels and trends in child mortality report 2012 annex - technical notes levels and trends in child mortality report 2011 levels and trends in child mortality report 2010 plos medicine collection : child mortality estimation methods ( also available on http : / / www. ploscollections. org / childmortalityestimation. ) child mortality estimation : accelerated progress in reducing global child mortality, 1990 - 2010 kenneth hill, danzhen you, mie inoue, mikkel z. oestergaard, technical advisory group of the united nations inter - agency group for child mortality estimation child mortality estimation : methods used to adjust for bias due to aids in estimating trends in under - five mortality neff walker, kenneth hill, fengmin zhao child mortality estimation : a global overview of infant and child mortality age patterns in light of new empirical data michel guillot, patrick gerland, francais pelletier, ameed saabneh levels and trends of child mortality in 2006", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4558105724885573, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:19.990353"} {"text": "without sensors, a robot is just a machine. robots need sensors to deduce what is happening in their world and to be able to react to changing situations. this chapter introduces a variety of robotic sensors and explains their electrical use and practical application. the sensor applications presented here are not meant to be exhaustive, but merely to suggest some of the possibilities. please do not be limited by the ideas contained in this chapter! assembly instructions for the kit sensors are given in section 2. 6. the basic function of an electronic sensor is to measure some feature of the world, such as light, sound, or pressure and convert that measurement into an electrical signal, usually a voltage or current. typical sensors respond to stimuli by changing their resistance ( photocells ), changing their current flow ( phototransistors ), or changing their voltage output ( the sharp ir sensor ). the electrical output of a given sensor can easily be converted into other electrical representations. there are two basic types of sensors : analog and digital. the two are quite different in function, in application, and in how they are used with the roboboard. an analog sensor produces a continuously varying output value over its range of measurement. for example, a particular photocell might have a resistance of 1kin bright light and a resistance of 300k in complete darkness. any value between these two is possible depending on the particular light level present. digital sensors, on the other hand, have only two states, often called \" on \" and \" off. \" perhaps the simplest example of a digital sensor is the touch switch. a typical touch switch is an open circuit ( infinite resistance ) when it is not pressed, and a short circuit ( zero resistance ) when it is depressed. some sensors that produce a digital output are more complicated. these sensors produce pulse trains of transitions between the 0 volt state and the 5 volt state. with these types of sensors, the frequency characteristics or shape of this pulse train convey the sensor ' s measurement. an example of this type of sensor is the sharp modulated infrared light detector. with this sensor, the actual element measuring light is an analog device, but signal - processing circuitry is integral to the sensor produces a digital output. the roboboard contains input ports for both analog and digital sensors. while both types of ports are sensitive to voltage, each type interprets the input voltage differently and provides different data to the microprocessor. the analog ports measure the voltage and convert it to a number between 0 and 255,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5699059315299518, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.011274"} {"text": "and digital sensors. while both types of ports are sensitive to voltage, each type interprets the input voltage differently and provides different data to the microprocessor. the analog ports measure the voltage and convert it to a number between 0 and 255, corresponding to input voltage levels between 0 and 5 volts. the conversion scale is linear, so a voltage of 2. 5 volts would generate an output value of 127 or 128. the digital ports, however, convert an input voltage to just two output values, zero and one. if the voltage on a digital port is less than 2. 5 volts, the output will be 0, while if the input is greater than 2. 5 volts, the output will be 1. thus, the conversion is very nonlinear. the c library function analog ( port - # ) is used to return the value of a particular analog sensor port. for example, the ic statement sets the value of the variable val equal to the output of port # 27. many devices used as digital sensors are wired to be active low, meaning that they generate 0 volts when they are active ( or true ). the digital inputs on the roboboard have a pull - up resistor that makes the voltage input equal to 5 volts when nothing is connected. a closed or depressed touch switch connected to a digital port would change that voltage to 0 volts by shorting the input to ground. the resulting outputs : open switch, and closed switch, are the logical opposite of what we usually want. that is, we would prefer the output of the digital port to have value 0 or false normally, and change to 1 or true only when the switch hit something ( like a wall or another robot ) and was depressed. the ic library function digital ( port - # ), used to read a true - or - false value associated with a particular sensor port, performs this logical inversion of the signal measured on a digital port. hence, the depressed touch switch ( measuring 0 volts on the hardware ) causes the digital ( ) function to return a 1 ( logic true ) or logical true value. for example, the c statement returns a true value ( the number 1 ) and calls the function do _ it ( ) if the value at port # 2 was zero volts ( indicating a depressed switch ). the standard plug configuration used to connect sensors to the roboboard is shown in figure 9. 1. notice that the plug is asymmetric ( made by removing one pin from a four - pin section", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5269357964851316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.012598"} {"text": "as illustrated in figure 9. 5. touch sensors can also serve as limit switches to determine when some movable part of the robot has reached the desired position. for example, if a robot arm is driven by a motor, perhaps using a gear rack, touch switches could detect when the arm reached the limit of travel on the rack in each direction. figure 9. 6 shows how a switch is wired to a sensor input port. when the switch is open ( as it is shown in the diagram ), the sensor input is connected to the 5 volt supply by the pull - up resistor. when the switch is closed, the input is connected directly to ground, generating a 0 volt signal ( and causing current to flow through the resistor and switch ). most push - button - style switches are \" normally open, \" meaning that the switch contacts are in the open - circuit position when the switch has not been pressed. microswitches often have both normally open and normally closed contacts along with a common contact. when wiring a microswitch, it is customary to use the normally open contacts. also, this configuration is the active - low mode expected by the standard library software used to read the output values from digital sensor ports. however, you can wire the switch differently to perform some special function. in particular, several switches can be wired in series or parallel and connected to a single digital input port. for example, a touch bumper might have two switches, and the robot only needs to know if either of them ( # 1 or # 2 ) are closed. it takes less code and less time to check just one digital port and to use parallel switch wiring to implement the logic or function in hardware. as the name suggests, a mercury tilt switch contains a small amount of mercury inside a glass bulb. the operation of the switch is based on the unique properties of mercury : it is both a conductor and a liquid. when the switch tilts mercury flows to the bottom of the bulb closing the circuit between two metal pins. the mercury tilt switch can be used in any application to sense inclination. for example, the tilt switch could be used to adjust the position of an arm or ramp. most thermostats contain a mercury tilt switch mounted on a temperature sensitive spring. changes in temperature tilt the switch, turning the furnace or air conditioner on or off. a potentiometer ( or \" pot, \" for short ) is a manually - adjustable, variable resistor. it is commonly used for volume and tone controls in stereo equipment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5457448545504122, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.017052"} {"text": "tilt the switch, turning the furnace or air conditioner on or off. a potentiometer ( or \" pot, \" for short ) is a manually - adjustable, variable resistor. it is commonly used for volume and tone controls in stereo equipment. on the roboboard a 10k pot is used as a contrast dial for the lcd screen, and the roboknob of the board is also a potentiometer. in robotics, a potentiometer can be used as a position sensor. a rotary potentiometer ( the most common type ) can be used to measure the rotation of a shaft. gears can be used to connect the rotation of the shaft being measured to the potentiometer shaft. it is easiest to use if the shaft being measured does not need to rotate continuously ( like the second hand on a clock ), but rather rotates back and forth ( like the pendulum on a grandfather clock ). most potentiometers rotate only about 270 degrees ; some can be rotated continuously, but the values are the same on each rotation. by using a gear ratio other than 1 : 1, the position of a shaft that rotates more than 270 degrees can be measured. a potentiometer connected to a shaft and a lever can also be used to determine the distance to a wall and to make the robot follow a path parallel to the wall. the lever, perhaps with a small wheel on the end, would extend from the side of the robot and contact the wall ; a rubber band would provide a restoring force. if the robot moved closer to the wall, the lever would pivot, turning the shaft and the potentiometer. the control program would read the resulting voltage and adjust the robot steering to keep the voltage constant. potentiometers have three terminals. the outer two terminals are connected to a resistor and the resistance between them is constant ( the value of the potentiometer ). the center terminal is connected to a contact that slides along the resistance element as the shaft is turned, so the resistance between it and either of the other terminals varies ( one increases while the other decreases ). the assembly instructions suggest wiring the potentiometer in the voltage divider configuration, with the on - board pull - up resistor in parallel with one of the potentiometer ' s two effective resistances ( figure 9. 7 ). this will yield readings of greater precision ( although they will not be linear ) than if the pot were used as a two - terminal variable resistor. you may want to try", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5639080641050016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.018322"} {"text": ". the resistance of a photocell decreases with an increase in illumination ( an inverse relationship ). because of the wiring of the voltage divider ( the photocell is on the lower side of the voltage divider ), an increase in light will correspond to a decrease in sensor voltage and a lower analog value. the infrared reflectance sensor is a small rectangular device that contains a phototransistor ( sensitive to infrared light ) and an infrared emitter. the amount of light reflected from the emitter into the phototransistor yields a measurement of a surface ' s reflectance, for example, to determine whether the surface is black or white. the phototransistor has peak sensitivity at the wavelength of the emitter ( a near - visible infrared ), but is also sensitive to visible light and infrared light emitted by visible light sources. for this reason, the device should be shielded from ambient lighting as much as possible in order to obtain reliable results. the amount of light reflected from the emitter into the phototransistor yields a measurement of a surface ' s reflectance ( when other factors, such as the distance from the sensor to the surface, are held constant ). the reflectance sensor can also be used to measure distance, provided that the surface reflectance is constant. a reflectance sensor can be used to detect features drawn on a surface or segments on a wheel used to encode rotations of a shaft. it is important to remember that the reflectivity measurement indicates the surface ' s reflectivity at a particular wavelength of light ( the near - visible infrared ). a surface ' s properties with respect to visible light may or may not be indicators of infrared light reflectance. in general, though, surfaces that absorb visible light ( making them appear dark to the eye ) will absorb infrared light as well. the sensor part ( the phototransistor ) can be used alone as a light sensor, for example to detect the starting light, and it is usually much more sensitive than the photocell. the light falling on a phototransistor creates charge carriers in the base region of a transistor, effectively providing base current. the intensity of the light determines the effective base drive and thus the conductivity of the transistor. greater amounts of light cause greater currents to flow through the collector - emitter leads. because a transistor is an active element having current gain, the phototransistor is more sensitive than a simple photoresistor. however, the increased sensitivity comes at the price", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5318963527099934, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.021438"} {"text": "greater currents to flow through the collector - emitter leads. because a transistor is an active element having current gain, the phototransistor is more sensitive than a simple photoresistor. however, the increased sensitivity comes at the price of reduced dynamic range. dynamic range is the difference between the lowest and highest levels that can be measured. the roboboard analog sensor inputs have a range of 0 - 5 volts, and relatively small variations in light can cause the phototransistor output to change through this range. the exact range depends on the circuit used. as shown in figure 9. 8, the phototransistor is wired in a configuration similar to the voltage divider. the variable current traveling through the resistor causes a voltage drop in the pull - up resistor. this voltage is measured as the output of the device. the light emitting element ( an led ) uses a resistor to limit the current that can flow through the device to the proper value of about 10 milliamps. normally the emitter is always on, but it could be wired to one of the led output ports if you wanted to control it separately. in this way you could use the same sensor to detect the starting light ( using the phototransistor with the emitter off ) and then to follow a line on the board ( normal operation with the emitter on ). the infrared slotted optical switch is similar to the infrared reflectance sensor except that the emitter is pointed directly at the phototransistor across a small gap. as the name implies, the slotted optical switch is a digital sensor, designed to provide only two output states. the output of the switch changes if something opaque enters the gap and blocks the light path. the slotted optical switch is commonly used to build shaft encoders, which count the revolution of a shaft. a gear or other type of wheel with with holes or slots is placed in the gap between the emitter and detector. the light pulses created by the turning wheel can be detected and counted with special software to yield rotation or distance data. this detector also might be used to detect when an arm or other part of the robot has reached a particular position by attaching a piece of cardboard to the arm so that it entered the gap at the desired arm position. the slotted optical switch operates in the same fashion as the infrared reflectance sensor, with the exception that a different value of pull - up resistor must be added externally for the particular model of optical switch we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5419018115945926, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.022361"} {"text": "the gap at the desired arm position. the slotted optical switch operates in the same fashion as the infrared reflectance sensor, with the exception that a different value of pull - up resistor must be added externally for the particular model of optical switch we use. the modulated infrared light detector is a device that combines an infrared phototransistor with specialized signal processing circuitry to detect only light that is pulsing at a particular rate. the elec 201 kit includes the sharp gp1u52 sensor, which detects the presence of infrared light modulated ( pulsed ) at 40, 000 hz. normal room light, which is not modulated, does not effect the sensor, a big advantage. this type of sensor is used for the remote control function on televisions, vcrs, etc. in elec 201 this sensor is used to detect the specially modulated infrared light emitted by the beacon on the opponent robot. the software can distinguish different pulse patterns in order to distinguish between the beacons on the two robots. ( in a television remote, different pulse patterns would correspond to different functions, such a changing the channel up or down. ) the principles of operation and use are explained further in section 5. 8, which also discusses the circuit used to create the modulated infrared light for the beacon. an explanation of the software interface to the sharp sensors is given in section 10. 11. 2. the elec 201 kit contains both an analog sensor that provides information about the strength of the magnetic field and a digital sensor, a magnetic switch. a device called a hall effect sensor can be used to detect the presence and strength of magnetic fields. the hall effect sensors have an output voltage even when no magnetic field is present, and the output changes when a magnetic field is present, the direction of change depending on the polarity of the field. the digital magnetic sensors are simple switches that are open or closed. internally the switches have an arm made of magnetic material that is attracted to a magnet and moves to short out the switch contacts. these switches are commonly used as door and window position sensors in home security systems. the switch will close when it comes within 1 ' ' of its companion magnet. either sensor can be used to detect magnets or magnetic strips that may be present on the elec 201 game board table. with the magnets typically used on the game board, the hall effect sensor output voltage changes only a small amount when a field is present. the no - field voltage varies between sensors, but it is very stable for a particular sensor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5967497951538665, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.023323"} {"text": "game board table. with the magnets typically used on the game board, the hall effect sensor output voltage changes only a small amount when a field is present. the no - field voltage varies between sensors, but it is very stable for a particular sensor, so the small changes can be detected reliably to determine the presence of a magnet. hall effect sensors can be used to make magnetic shaft encoders, by mounting a small piece of magnet on a wheel that rotates past the sensor element. hall effect sensors can also be used to build a proximity sensor or bounce - free switch, which detects a magnet mounted on a moving component when it is near the sensor element. magnetic switches are used in much the same way as a touch switch, except the switch closes when it is near a magnetic, instead of when it contacts something. the digital nature of the switch makes it easier to use than the hall effect sensors, but it may be less sensitive. you should try both. they can also be used to make an inclination sensor by dangling a magnet above the sensor. the hall effect sensor included in the elec 201 kit is a digital device that operates from a 5 volts power supply. it uses about 6 ma of current for standard operation. it can sink 250 ma of current into its output, creating a logic low. the sensor cannot drive a logic high and therefore requires a pullup resistor for proper operation. the motor output drivers of the elec 201 roboboard contains circuitry that produces an output voltage related to the amount of current being used by a motor. since the motor current corresponds to the load on the motor, this signal can be used to determine if the motor is stalled and the robot is stuck. the voltage signal depends on a number of factors, including battery voltage, and must be calibrated for each application. this application is explained further in section 5. 4. 1.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5460834501296481, "token_count": 387, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.024136"} {"text": "( cnn ) - - modern football is a melting pot of cultures, as players from a variety of ethnic backgrounds share top billing as superstars. it is not always a comfortable mix, as can be seen by the recent racism rows involving john terry and luis suarez. but football ' s pantheon of stars has not always been such a rich multicultural tapestry. far from it. back in the sport ' s infancy in the late 1800s, in its homeland of white - dominated britain, there were no official leagues and only a handful of domestic cup competitions. international matches were the pinnacle of competition, with england and scotland contesting the first in 1872 - - and few were played outside the uk and ireland until the formation of fifa in 1904. and it was scotland which, in 1881, provided football with its first black international player - - british guiana - born andrew watson. \" he was the son of a glasgow merchant who traded out in the west indies and parts of south america as well, \" curator of the scottish football museum richard mcbrearty told cnn. \" it ' s a story of the time, i suppose. andrew would ' ve been born out of wedlock to a wealthy white merchant and his mother who was native to british guiana. \" social attitudes of the time meant that watson, while enjoying financial support and a good education, was never truly recognized and acknowledged by his father. \" anything that had to be signed, due to school or education, was usually done through an intermediary, \" mcbrearty explained. \" so he was recognized as being of the blood, but there was a distance. \" early records of watson show him joining glasgow team parkgrove - - which at the time enjoyed a higher profile than now - famous neighbors glasgow rangers - - in both a playing and off - pitch capacity. in his role as match secretary, watson created history by becoming the first black football administrator. in 1880 he joined queen ' s park, the biggest of the glasgow clubs and scotland ' s preeminent football power. the following year he represented scotland in his first of three international outings, captaining the country in a landmark 6 - 1 victory over england at london ' s oval ground - - now an international cricket venue. \" even to this day with some of the fantastic teams england have played over the years, such as the hungarians of 1953 and pele ' s brazil, that victory for scotland remains england ' s heaviest defeat on home soil, \" said mcbrearty. the scotland team led by watson pioneered a revolutionary passing game at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.36599523406157053, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.029789"} {"text": "played over the years, such as the hungarians of 1953 and pele ' s brazil, that victory for scotland remains england ' s heaviest defeat on home soil, \" said mcbrearty. the scotland team led by watson pioneered a revolutionary passing game at a time when football was played in a very individual manner. \" he is a hugely important figure within football. he captained scotland against england, which was absolutely the highest accolade you could have at the time. it was also at a time when scotland were very successful in international football, \" mcbrearty said. \" the way the game was played at that time, scotland were devising a short passing game. the margin of victory was because scotland were the first to promote a real team - based passing ethos. watson was right at the forefront of that. \" despite his prominent role in the national team, watson still occasionally encountered abuse which was symbolic of a less enlightened age. \" what we come across in a very polite article about watson is that he encountered ' splenetic players ' on the field. now that suggests to me that the color of his skin was a subject of attack, \" mcbrearty said. \" that ' s an insight into the fact that, even in that time, this was clearly happening and watson had to rise above that as a footballer and more widely as a human being. \" watson ' s demeanor off the pitch is something mcbrearty believes is also of note, saying he had a reputation as a gentleman. \" certainly there is widespread praise that he wins. the adoration that he has is clearly because he manages to rise above the difficulties that he encounters on the field of play. \" after leaving queen ' s park, watson headed to england to play for the now - defunct swifts club in london. mcbrearty believes watson became the first black player to play in the english fa cup during the 1882 - 83 season. watson passed away in sydney, australia in 1902 aged 44, but mcbrearty thinks the contribution he made to football has paved the way for the big - name black players we see in the game today. \" he ' s massively important to global football, not just scottish football, not just british football. he ' s one of the first few pioneers. he played international football, he captained the international team and they happened to be the best there was at that time. \" as football spreads across the globe with black players who are now among the best in the world, and you look at the legacy of fantastic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47107353937590446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.030741"} {"text": "using the code the object is called xmlwriter. it automatically replaces invalid characters such as quotation marks or greater than signs with the appropriate xml values. however, it does not throw exceptions on invalid tag names, because the application i \u2019 m writing won \u2019 t have the possibility of producing invalid tag names. if you want to add tag - name validation to the object, it should not be a difficult task. new command like so : var xml = new xmlwriter ( ) ; xmlwriter object has the following public methods : attrib ( name, value ) node ( name, value ) beginnode writes out an opening tag, giving it the name that you pass the method. below is an example, followed by the xml it would produce : endnode ends the current node ( if any are still open ). so following from the beginnode example, if we were to write xml. endnode ( ), the writer would write \u201c / > \u201d. the object is smart enough to know if you have written any text or inner nodes out and will write \u201c < / foo > \u201d if necessary. attrib writes out an attribute and value on the currently open node. below is an example, followed by the xml it would produce : xml. attrib ( \u201c bar \u201d, \u201c some value \u201d ) ; writestring writes out a string value to the xml document as illustrated below : node method writes out a named tag and value as illustrated below : xml. node ( \u201c mynode \u201d, \u201c my value \u201d ) ; close method does not necessarily need to be called, but it \u2019 s a good idea to do so. what it does is end any nodes that have not been ended. tostring method returns the entire xml document as a single string ( duh ). i \u2019 ve provided some sample code. the xmlwriter. js file contains all the code you will need to write xml. it is clean code, but uncommented. i \u2019 ve tested this code in ie 6. 0 and firefox 1. 5.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4359038543142477, "token_count": 423, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.032903"} {"text": "cascading style sheets and themes development cascading style sheets, commonly referred to as css, is commonly used to style web pages written in html and xhtml, but can be used together with any kind of xml document. it is a style sheet language used to describe the look and formatting ( presentation semantics ) of a document written in a markup language. the primary use of css is to separate document content from document presentation, such as layout, fonts and colors. this allows for tableless web design, gives the web designer more flexibility and control, and makes it possible for multiple pages to share the same formatting. the css specifications are maintained by the world wide web consortium ( w3c ). css history \u2013 the beginning before css was developed, the presentational attributes of html documents were almost always contained within the html markup. the web designer had to explicitly describe all backgrounds, font colors, borders, element alignments, etcetera. the aim of css was to allow web designers to move most of this information to a separate style sheet. style sheets have been round since the early days of sgml ( standard generalized markup language ), i. e. since the 1970s. as html became more and more widely used, html came to encompass a wide variety of stylistic possibilities to meet the demands of increasingly complex web page designs. the designers ' gained more and more control, but in the process, html became more and more complicated to write and maintain. robert cailliau, the belgian informatics engineer who together with tim berners - lee developed the world wide web, wanted to find a way to separate the structure from the presentation. he also wanted to give the user the option of choosing between three different kinds of style sheets : one for screen presentation, one suitable for printing and one for the editor. eventually, nine different style sheet languages was presented to the world wide web consortium. two of them was chosen : cascading html style sheets ( chss ) and stream - based style sheet proposal ( ssp ). chss had been suggested by norweigan web pioneer hakon wium lie, while ssp was the brainchild of dutch computer scientist ber bos. lie teamed up with computer scientists yves lafon and dave raggett to make raggett ' s arena browser support css, while lie and bos worked together to turn chss into the css standard. ( the letter h was removed since their style sheets was to be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5349666717208195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.037166"} {"text": "[ back ] ohio snakes slither into summer sun photo courtesy of metro parks the eastern garter snake is one of three garter snakes in the state. the cold - blooded reptile can be found all around central ohio, even in backyard gardens. it is one of five snakes that can be found in the area. the weather is warming up and humans are not the only ones basking in the sun. the snakes have slithered out too. the cold - blooded reptile has always been feared or revered. now is the time of year when encounters with them are common but is there really a reason to fear them? peg hanley, spokeswoman for metro parks, said none of the snakes in this part of the state are poisonous. \u201c many people think all snakes are poisonous, \u201d said hanley. \u201c they just don \u2019 t know how great they really are. \u201d hanley said another myth about snakes is that they are slimy and scaly. \u201c they are actually completely dry, \u201d she remarked. contrary to what movie makers will have you believe, snakes will not chase you. in fact, hanley said they will do their best to avoid you. they can feel the vibrations from an approaching animal and will likely hide until the perceived threat is gone. \u201c if you don \u2019 t bug them, they won \u2019 t bug you, \u201d said hanley. \u201c not all snakes have fangs either. \u201d for some snakes, it \u2019 s mating season. for others, they just want to warm up in the sun. hanley said soaking up the rays helps digestion in the reptile. the following are facts on the five snakes people most commonly encounter in central ohio. northern water snake according to the ohio department of natural resources ( odnr ), this is one of the most widely distributed and abundant snakes in ohio. they can live in just about any permanent body of water. the northern water snake is usually 24 to 42 inches in size and has extreme variation in color. it is sometimes confused with the poisonous water moccasin or the cottonmouth. this species will try to steer clear of humans but can be aggressive if aggravated. it will bite and its bite can be painful and leave deep lacerations. eastern garter snake this snake is one of three garters in the state but is the most common. it is recognized by its color pattern of three yellow stripes on a black or brown body. it is usually about four inches long and can be found in nearly every habitat, including backyard gardens. the ga", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3605630754994001, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.041103"} {"text": "this paper, submitted to astronomy education review, describes a series of activities in which students investigate and use the models of planetary motion introduced by the hellenistic astronomer claudius ptolemy in the 2nd century, by the polish astronomer nicolaus copernicus in the mid - 16th century, and by the danish astronomer tycho brahe in the late16th century. the activities involve the use of open source software to help students discover important observational facts, learn the necessary vocabulary, understand the fundamental properties of different theoretical models, and relate the theoretical models to observational data. once they understand the observations and models, students complete a series of projects in which they observe a fictitious solar system with four planets orbiting in circles around a central star and construct both ptolemaic and copernican models for that system. activities on using stellarium to observe solar and planetary motions this zip archive contains two activity handouts that guide students through using open source planetarium software ( stellarium, available at \u2026 more... download 211kb. zip published : january 4, 2013 modeling the history of astronomy poster a poster describing the same material, presented at the winter meeting of the american association of physics teachers, january 2013, new orleans, la. download 370kb. pdf published : january 11, 2013 % a todd timberlake % t modeling the history of astronomy : ptolemy, copernicus and tycho % d january 10, 2013 % u http : / / www. compadre. org / repository / document / servefile. cfm? id = 12579 & docid = 3173 % o application / pdf % 0 report % a timberlake, todd % d january 10, 2013 % t modeling the history of astronomy : ptolemy, copernicus and tycho % 8 january 10, 2013 % u http : / / www. compadre. org / repository / document / servefile. cfm? id = 12579 & docid = 3173 disclaimer : compadre offers citation styles as a guide only. we cannot offer interpretations about citations as this is an automated procedure. please refer to the style manuals in the citation source information area for clarifications.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5316761299672685, "token_count": 446, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.044197"} {"text": "a teacher ' s point of view : mutual respect and healthy discourse the recent controversy over the banning of the confederate flag and purported hate speech and conduct within the dolores schools has prompted the kind of discourse that characterizes a society that values free speech and diversity. nowhere is this more evident than in the arguments of william nelligan in recent letters to the dolores star and editorial columns for the cortez journal. it seems, however, that the majority of published opinion, including mr. nelligan ' s, weighs in against the administration ' s decision to ban controversial symbols that could be construed as politically / culturally insensitive. though, in truth, i agree with much of what mr. nelligan says, it is simplistic and erroneous to judge the district ' s actions in light of a strict interpretation of the first amendment. the responsibility of the public school system to educate our children and to prepare them to assume their roles as citizens of the united states, contributors to local and global communities, is daunting. educators not only make decisions about what to teach and how to teach it but must nurture and protect the children whose education is entrusted to us. in writing their opinions, both for the majority and in dissent, justices of the supreme court have recognized this responsibility and noted that \" the rights of students must be applied in light of the special characteristics of the school environment ( hazelwood school district v. kuhlmeir, 1988 ). \" since the 1969 decision of tinker v. des moines, the case to which mr. nelligan often referred, the court has repeatedly sided with school administrators in restricting students ' free speech, observing that \" the constitutional rights of students are not automatically co - extensive with the rights of adults in other settings ( bethal school district no. 403 v. fraser, 1986 ). \" the most recent case, frederick v. morse ( 2007 ), further restricted students ' rights to free speech, supporting an administrative decision even when there was not evidence of disruption of school activities, a condition that was imposed on schools with the development of the \" tinker test. \" the decision of dolores re - 4a administrators to ban the confederate flag and other controversial political symbols is not unconstitutional. it is a choice they have the right to make. balancing \" legitimate educational objectives and the need for school discipline against first amendment values \" requires careful consideration. perhaps the most important civics lesson that can come from this act of censorship is not what students gained or lost but how they see us - their teachers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47199910968333914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.047907"} {"text": "- about us - schools & departments - news & events - prospective students - alumni & giving - contact us - faculty resources more clues about why chimps and humans are genetically different contact : jason maderer aug 23, 2012 | atlanta, ga ninety - six percent of a chimpanzee \u2019 s genome is the same as a human \u2019 s. it \u2019 s the other four percent, and the vast differences, that pique the interest of georgia tech \u2019 s soojin yi. for instance, why do humans have a high risk of cancer, even though chimps rarely develop the disease? in research published in september \u2019 s american journal of human genetics, yi looked at brain samples of each species. she found that differences in certain dna modifications, called methylation, may contribute to phenotypic changes. the results also hint that dna methylation plays an important role for some disease - related phenotypes in humans, including cancer and autism. \u201c our study indicates that certain human diseases may have evolutionary epigenetic origins, \u201d says yi, a faculty member in the school of biology. \u201c such findings, in the long term, may help to develop better therapeutic targets or means for some human diseases. \u201c dna methylation modifies gene expression but doesn \u2019 t change a cell \u2019 s genetic information. to understand how it differs between the two species, yi and her research team generated genome - wide methylation maps of the prefrontal cortex of multiple humans and chimps. they found hundreds of genes that exhibit significantly lower levels of methylation in the human brain than in the chimpanzee brain. most of them were promoters involved with protein binding and cellular metabolic processes. \u201c this list of genes includes disproportionately high numbers of those related to diseases, \u201d said yi. \u201c they are linked to autism, neural - tube defects and alcohol and other chemical dependencies. this suggests that methylation differences between the species might have significant functional consequences. they also might be linked to the evolution of our vulnerability to certain diseases, including cancer. \u201d yi, graduate student jia zeng and postdoctoral researcher brendan hunt worked with a team of researchers from emory university and ucla. the yerkes national primate research center provided the animal samples used in the study. it was also funded by the georgia tech fund for innovation in research and education ( gt - fire ) and national science foundation grants ( mcb - 0950896 and bcs - 0751481 ). the content is solely the responsibility of the principal investigators and does not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5295005930339396, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.052784"} {"text": "when agricultural researchers in the southwest look into the future, one issue stays near the top of the list as a major priority. no matter what happens in any other ag - related area, all roads lead back to this one fact. without this one resource, farming doesn \u2019 t exist. and nowhere has this become a bigger issue than in the southwest part of the cotton belt where droughts have become a way of life through the years. in oklahoma, texas, new mexico and arizona, this has always been a major topic of discussion dating back to the dust bowl days of the 1920s and 1930s. nobody is seriously comparing today \u2019 s environment to what moviegoers saw in that famous 1940 movie, \u201c grapes of wrath, \u201d which starred henry fonda. however, when drought and new water restrictions become part of the conversation, it \u2019 s only natural for producers to become concerned. even though water issues can be found in all parts of the cotton belt, they seem to receive additional attention in the southwest where more than half of the country \u2019 s cotton is produced in texas. it is not surprising that new mexico state university and the western sustainable agriculture research and education program ( sare ) will co - host a conference in santa fe, n. m., on aug. 7 to address this issue. serious impact of drought the drought of 2011 had an impact on all of the southwest, but particularly in texas where cotton yields were reduced by about 50 percent to 3. 5 million bales. since last summer, several national stories have called attention to the growing water crisis in the region. one report published by the national academy of science says the shortage of water in california and texas could eventually have dire consequences because of a continued reliance on irrigated agriculture. stephanie walker of the new mexico state university extension plant sciences department is helping coordinate the conference, which will have attendees from 13 states and several pacific island countries. while the theme of the conference will center on water and the future of agriculture in the southwest, walker expects a healthy exchange of ideas beneficial to all parties. \u201c i won \u2019 t hold my breath that we will all get on the same page on this issue, \u201d she says. \u201c but we \u2019 ll know what we have to do. \u201c not only do we have serious water concerns here in the southwest, but on island nations they have similar water issues. water resources are very important throughout the world. \u201d some of the topics at the conference include : balancing ag and urban water use, rainwater harvesting, low - water - use crops,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4068630728104847, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.058134"} {"text": "the southwest, but on island nations they have similar water issues. water resources are very important throughout the world. \u201d some of the topics at the conference include : balancing ag and urban water use, rainwater harvesting, low - water - use crops, low - tech irrigation strategies and renewable - energy technology for water pumping. although the water battle between rural and urban interests has been going on for many years, walker is convinced that common ground must be achieved. \u201c long - term water conservation and use efficiency are in everyone \u2019 s best interests, \u201d she says. \u201c whether you are involved in the agricultural industry or living in a city, everyone needs to come together on this for the long - term benefit of our society. \u201d those are optimistic words to describe an issue that pits expanding urban population needs against farming interests. both sides need reliable water sources. finding agreement can be one of the most challenging exercises imaginable. an outsider only has to look at the san joaquin valley of california to see how volatile emotions can become. in the sjv, water issues are often influenced by factors such as winter snowpack, water allocations, politics and even the preservation of a small species of fish called the delta smelt. proactive attitudes persist nobody in the southwest \u2013 and particularly texas \u2013 is being complacent. rick kellison, project director for the texas alliance for water conservation ( tawc ), has been involved in water issues since 2005, and he is hopeful that producers across the state are more informed on how to implement water conservation measures. \u201c my first thought is that producers here and elsewhere in the united states are the best conservationists and environmentalists anywhere, \u201d he says. \u201c they have to be that way because that \u2019 s their mechanism for living on the farm. \u201d kellison says it \u2019 s a necessity that a farmer know what the water and nutrient needs are for the crop. \u201c producers do a great job in this regard and have always done a great job, \u201d he says. \u201c having said that, i think we are at a pivotal point in this discussion because we \u2019 ve been in the middle of a serious drought, and there has definitely been a decrease in the finite water source. \u201d it \u2019 s interesting to see how this issue has changed in just two years. for example, in the june 2010 issue of cotton farming, many texas ag officials discussed how the ogallala aquifer \u2019 s water levels must be protected by implementing efficient water - use policies on the farm. as it turns out", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44122801683970314, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.059152"} {"text": "two years. for example, in the june 2010 issue of cotton farming, many texas ag officials discussed how the ogallala aquifer \u2019 s water levels must be protected by implementing efficient water - use policies on the farm. as it turns out, there were no major drought problems in 2010, and a recordbreaking cotton crop was produced in texas. kellison says nobody felt any urgency to deal with water conservation. not surprisingly, the mood changed during and after the drought - plagued 2011 crop season. \u201c i see a greater awareness about things we can do better in water conservation, \u201d he says. \u201c and i \u2019 m not just talking about irrigation application. i \u2019 m talking about the entire thought process in areas such as tillage practices and anything that can seriously affect water use. \u201d kellison is particularly excited about new broad - based irrigation technology that will impact genetics, tillage, irrigation methods and timing. he also foresees other scientific breakthroughs that can help determine the rooting depth of the crop, fertility zones and identify where moisture depletion has occurred in a field. technology will once again help solve an important problem that confronts agriculture. contact tommy horton at ( 901 ) 767 - 4020 or firstname. lastname @ example. org. last year \u2019 s drought was a wakeup call for ag the recordbreaking drought in texas in 2011 is remembered in different ways. for the farmer, it was a matter of survival. for jim bordovsky, texas agrilife research scientist and engineer, it presented an opportunity for a \u201c teaching moment. \u201d he isn \u2019 t suggesting that producers haven \u2019 t always been aware of water efficiency on their farms. but, he \u2019 s confident that those same farmers now realize how important even small amounts of early season rain are for irrigated production. bordovsky is also seeing more situations where producers are considering different irrigation systems such as lepa and subsurface drip and trying not to spread water too thinly by going to half - circle irrigation. \u201c i think everyone is being more careful on when to apply water, \u201d he says. \u201c as a matter of fact, i haven \u2019 t seen any continuous irrigation. that in itself tells me that producers are quite concerned. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4617528357044255, "token_count": 459, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.059986"} {"text": "osteoporosis is a disease, more common in women, that causes bones to become fragile and more susceptible to breaking. the disease can have serious effects on women ' s health and quality of life. some women - most commonly those who don ' t have good access to health care - experience fractures that could have been prevented if their osteoporosis had been treated. at the same time, not every woman who is warned about bone thinning needs to be worried. what is osteoporosis? osteoporosis literally means porous bone. throughout life, natural process breaks down bones and builds them back up again at the microscopic level. pregnant women release bone to transfer needed minerals to the developing fetus and then build their own bone strength up again after giving birth. after age 35 - 40 all adults begin to lose bone as the breaking down process overwhelms the building process. for a few years around the time of menopause, women lose bone more quickly, possibly because they no longer need extra stores of minerals to support a developing fetus. osteoporosis occurs when the natural process of aging goes too far and bones become weak and fragile. osteoporosis has several causes - age alone can be a cause of osteoporosis, especially in people who didn ' t build up their bones to their fullest potential during childhood and young adulthood. removing women ' s ovaries increases their risk of getting osteoporosis. people who have osteoporosis are at greater risk for fracturing their bones, especially in the hip, vertebrae ( spine ) and wrist. hip fractures lead to hospitalization, can take a long time to heal, and many women never fully recover from them. the most common screening tool is a dexa x - ray scan, which measures bone mineral density in the hip or spine. dexa results compare a woman ' s bone density to that of a healthy young adult ( almost guaranteeing the scan will reveal bone loss, since everyone loses bone with age ). if a woman ' s bone density is significantly lower than a young adult ' s, she is diagnosed with osteoporosis. women diagnosed with osteoporosis are usually told they need to take prescription medication to prevent further bone loss and reduce the risk of fractures. the most common drugs are : the food and drug administration ( fda ) has approved estrogen and progestin treatment to prevent osteoporosis - - but not to treat it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5221652903541449, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.063781"} {"text": "medication to prevent further bone loss and reduce the risk of fractures. the most common drugs are : the food and drug administration ( fda ) has approved estrogen and progestin treatment to prevent osteoporosis - - but not to treat it. both estrogen alone and combinations of estrogen and progestin reduce women ' s risk of osteoporosis and bone fracture. calcitonin has been shown to prevent fractures of the spine but not of the hip and wrist. it is approved to treat women with osteoporosis, but its approval was based on weaker evidence than more recently approved drugs, and its use is not generally recommended. the fda has approved six bisphosphonates to prevent bone loss and fractures in post - menopausal women : alendronate ( fosamax ), etidronate ( didronel ), ibandronate ( boniva ), risedronate ( actonel ), tiludronate ( skelid ), and zoleldronic acid ( reclast, zometra ). some are taken daily, others are formulated for weekly or monthly use. bisphosphonates seem to have fewer risks than hormones, at least in the first five years. selective estrogen receptor modulators : the fda has approved raloxifene ( evista ) to prevent and treat osteoporosis. the drug has been tested more extensively than biophosphonates and although it reduces the risk of spine fractures, it doesn ' t seem to reduce hip fracture risk. alternatives to drugs exist for making and keeping bones strong. the national institutes of health ' s consensus statement on osteoporosis reviewed the research on osteoporosis prevention and treatment and found strong scientific evidence that calcium and vitamin d intake are crucial to develop and preserve strong bones. regular exercise ( especially resistance and high - impact activities ) contributes to the development of bone mass. other promising interventions focus on preventing fractures : balance training reduces the risk of falling, which is often responsible for broken bones in older people. in addition to thinking carefully about their own risk of experiencing a serious fracture, women need to consider safety issues when deciding whether to take osteoporosis drugs.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41335108393507936, "token_count": 461, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.064681"} {"text": "with about 217 million smartphones in our pockets, americans are more connected to the world, our families and friends than ever. we ' re also more connected to our bank accounts than ever. while that helps many consumers stay in better control of their finances and budgets, it also means that the power to spend is as easy as the click of a button, whether intended or not. these smartphones, mobile devices and the multitude of apps and other online functions also usually include never - read disclosure agreements that allow developers to sell and share sensitive consumer data. none of that is news, of course. however, what we don ' t read ( end - user license agreements, and such ) can hurt us. and although we may accept that companies will use our data in some ways, one needs look no further than t he recent outcry that resulted when online photo sharing site instagram announced that it would be selling the photo ' s of its users, without compensation to them. there are many other examples of consumers concerned over the use of their private information, which is why the federal trade commission has developed a list of recommendations that it believes developers should follow in order to help protect consumer data and diminish the chance of unintended spending. in its latest report, mobile privacy disclosures : building trust though transparency, the ftc addresses many of the potential risks consumers face : \" when people use their mobile devices, they are sharing information about their daily lives with a multitude of players. how many companies are privy to this information? how often do they access such content and how do they use it or share it? what do consumers understand about who is getting their information and how they are using it? \" in 2000, the agency started considering privacy implications related to the use of mobile devices. just last year, it hosted a mobile privacy panel discussion. the new report is based on the feedback they received from the panel and on prior studies. one of the primary focus areas of the report is on the developers of the mobile platforms and operating systems, such as apple, google, microsoft, blackberry, amazon and samsung. the report states that, because these companies give app developers and others access to user information ( location, contact lists, calendar info, photos and other data ), and because their app stores reach millions of consumers, they have an important role. as such, the report recommends they should : - provide just - in - time disclosures to consumers and obtain their affirmative express consent before allowing apps to access sensitive content like geolocation ; -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4550360657817777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.070309"} {"text": "reach millions of consumers, they have an important role. as such, the report recommends they should : - provide just - in - time disclosures to consumers and obtain their affirmative express consent before allowing apps to access sensitive content like geolocation ; - consider providing just - in - time disclosures and obtaining affirmative express consent for other content that consumers would find sensitive in many contexts, such as contacts, photos, calendar entries, or the recording of audio or video content ; - consider developing a one - stop \u201c dashboard \u201d approach to allow consumers to review the types of content accessed by the apps they have downloaded ; - consider developing icons to depict the transmission of user data ; - promote app developer best practices. for example, platforms can require developers to make privacy disclosures, reasonably enforce these requirements, and educate app developers ; - consider providing consumers with clear disclosures about the extent to which platforms review apps prior to making them available for download in the app stores and conduct compliance checks after the apps have been placed in the app stores ; - consider offering a do not track ( dnt ) mechanism for smartphone users. a mobile dnt mechanism, which a majority of the commission has endorsed, would allow consumers to choose to prevent tracking by ad networks or other third parties as they navigate among apps on their phones. the ftc has suggestions for app developers, too, suggesting that they :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.462749618642866, "token_count": 276, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.071131"} {"text": "the transmission of tv programs into the home and office via coaxial cable. the first cable tv dates back to the late 1940s, when antennas were located at the highest point in a community to deliver tv to areas that had difficulty receiving over - the - air broadcasts ( see catv ). | from tv to internet to telephony since the cable companies were already wired into millions of homes, they had great success selling internet access to its subscribers, starting in the late 1990s. unlike the telephone company ' s dsl service, internet access via the cable infrastructure does not have distance limitations. cable tv companies later added telephone service to offer the \" triple play \" ( data, voice and video service ). see cable internet. many analog and digital channels cable tv typically transmits 125 6 mhz channels using frequency division multiplexing ( fdm ) to its subscribers. each channel can hold one analog tv program, three high - definition ( hd ) digital programs or 10 standard definition ( sd ) digital programs. the digital channels provide 40 mbps of digital bandwidth, 38 of which is the actual payload. the channels are also used for video - on - demand, internet access and voice over ip ( voip ) telephone service. upstream channels use from 0 to 50 mhz, while downstream channels use 50 mhz to 750 mhz. see fdm, cmts and digital tv transition.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4864825095738904, "token_count": 275, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.072525"} {"text": "hydraulic head distribution in the plover aquifer system, vulcan sub - basin petroleum hydrogeology reveals oil leakage from traps csiro \u2019 s team of hydrogeologists have developed techniques to help solve problems in australia \u2019 s oil industry and identify safe storage options to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. 30 november 2009 | updated 14 october 2011 in the field of hydrogeology, most scientists work on shallow water resources, groundwater contamination and soil salinity problems. csiro has developed a team of hydrogeologists that have adapted special techniques for understanding hydrodynamic processes of the deep subsurface where oil and gas is generated and trapped and where co2 can be safely stored for thousands of years. this unique application of expertise helps geologists and engineers to understand why some hydrocarbon traps have leaked their oil while others have retained oil fields for millions of years. when an oil company starts producing oil and gas from a deep reservoir, only a portion of the oil can be extracted, leaving the remainder in the pore space of the rocks. csiro petroleum hydrogeologists study new ways that we can improve the percentage of oil that can be extracted from a reservoir. csiro uses this knowledge to provide services to the oil and gas industry to help understand : csiro has a team of hydrogeologists who have developed enabling technologies for understanding hydrodynamic processes of the deep subsurface. oil migration and trapping compartmentalisation of hydrocarbon deposits on production the effects of aquifer pressure depletion to evaluate geological sequestration of co2. improvement in oil recovery could greatly reduce the need to find new hydrocarbon fields. by understanding geological conditions that have retained hydrocarbons for millions of years we can then identify deep geological structures that are capable to safely store co2 for long periods of time. deep underground storage of co2 in abandoned oil fields not only provides an alternative to atmospheric emission, but also provides and opportunity to increase oil production. learn more about csiro ' s work in energy from oil & gas.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5206985388855119, "token_count": 408, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.074473"} {"text": "how to attract birds to your garden choosing the right seed and creating an inviting habitat that will attract flocks of birds to the backyard. ( page 2 of 2 ) \u2013 super - size it. elongated suet feeders provide support for woodpeckers, which tend to use their strong tails for balance as they eat. these feeders generally hold two suet cakes, one basket on each side of a board. skip to next paragraph subscribe today to the monitor where and how you feed wild birds can be just as important as what you feed them, especially if you ' re trying to attract just a few favored species. encourage small birds, for instance, by putting up specialty feeders that restrict access. \" wood feeders with vertical bars and feeders covered with wire mesh frustrate the larger birds, \" says a us. fish and wildlife service fact shees. \" tube feeders without trays also restrict access to small birds. remove the perches and you ' ve further selected only those birds capable of clinging \u2013 finches, chickadees, titmice and woodpeckers. add vertical perches to tube thistle ( nyjer ) feeders and you ' ll limit accessibility primarily to the goldfinches. \" tips on choosing seed birds can be as finicky as people about what they eat. so the varieties of birds you attract to your yard will be determined primarily by the kind of seed you offer. \" watch a feeder filled with a seed mix and you ' ll see the birds methodically drop or kick out most of the seeds to get to their favorite \u2013 sunflower, \" the us. fish and wildlife service says in a bird feeding fact sheet. \" birds will also kick out artificial ' berry ' pellets, processed seed flavored and colored to look like ' real ' fruit. \" the most effective way to attract a large variety of birds is to put out separate feeders for each food, the agency says. here is a fish and wildlife service guide matching birds with their favorite foods : cracked corn : ducks, geese, quail, mourning doves. nyjer : finches, pine siskins, chickadees, dark - eyed juncos, redpolls, doves, and sparrows. nectar : hummingbirds, cardinals, thrushes, orioles, tanagers, finches. fruit : orioles, mockingbirds, cedar waxwings, tanagers, bluebirds, jays, cardinals, thrushes. peanuts : woodpeckers, chick", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3958218539642697, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.077290"} {"text": "cardinals, thrushes, orioles, tanagers, finches. fruit : orioles, mockingbirds, cedar waxwings, tanagers, bluebirds, jays, cardinals, thrushes. peanuts : woodpeckers, chickadees, and titmice. millet : doves, blackbirds, sparrows, juncos, towhees. if you want to feed only doves, cardinals, and white - throated sparrows, then switch from black oil sunflower to safflower seed, the agency says. when is the best time to feed? many people say all year if you enjoy the sights and sounds of birds. \" birds can benefit from an additional food source in winter, but the really good time to feed is spring going into summer, \" says ms. cole. \" they ' ve got a lot of chicks just coming out ( of the nest ) and the adults will bring them to the feeders. there ' s still a lot of migration going on, too. \" many natural foods haven ' t matured yet and a lot of insects aren ' t out in force, \" cole says. \" so feeding birds at that time works well for them. \" editor ' s note : for more garden articles \u2013 at least one new one each weekday \u2013 click here. and don ' t forget to bookmark and drop by our lively garden blogs. click here for the rss feed of all our gardening content. you can also follow us on twitter.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.35151390455436154, "token_count": 306, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.077870"} {"text": "a visual arts lesson combined with language arts, where the students will create a visual poem using crayons. students are asked to make a connection to an important aspect or event their lives. have you ever wondered why children are so afraid to express themselves through poetry? possibly it is because they think a poem has to rhyme, have a certain pattern, or look a certain way. this lesson will allow children to use their imagination to create a visual poem. they will be encouraged to think independently. through this exposure to writing poems and making visual representations of their poems, the children will learn how to respond emotionally and verbally to different visual poems. in addition to this, the students will develop an appreciation for poetry and other forms of expression. creative expression : each student will create a visual poem, using colored crayons, which will illustrate an important aspect of his or her life. aesthetic valuing : the students will share their visual poems with the class, which will help them to appreciate the variations in poetry and recognize the different styles of visual poetry. 1. direct instruction - teacher will explain different types of visual poems and give examples. 2. guided discovery - students will create their own unique visual poem. 3. group process - student will share their poems with a partner. introduction - first, the teacher will read a poem to the students, and ask them if they liked the poem. what things did you like / dislike? then, the teacher will share 3 - 4 different examples of visual poems ( done by 3rd graders ) with the kids, which will show them a couple different styles. these examples will be shown on transparencies. 1. as a beginning activity to expose children to poetry, the teacher will provide the students with a worksheet. the worksheet will have 3 sentences on it, each one starting with \" i wish... \". the students will be asked to respond with 3 things they wish for. then, the students will be told that they just created a poem. 2. the teacher will engage the students in a brainstorming activity ( using a large sheet of white butcher paper ) where they discuss some of their favorite things from favorite colors, to hobbies, to important people, etc. 3. the teacher will instruct the students to create a visual poem, which illustrates something which is very important to them. 4. a piece of plain white paper will be passed out, along with a box of crayons. watercolors will be available at the art table if children elect to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5144873413067608, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.081204"} {"text": "a visual poem, which illustrates something which is very important to them. 4. a piece of plain white paper will be passed out, along with a box of crayons. watercolors will be available at the art table if children elect to use them. 5. soft instrumental music will be played in the background, as the students create their visual poems. 6. students will be paired up with a partner to share their visual poem. they will be instructed to tell the person at least 1 thing they liked about the visual poem. have the students do a poetry reading ( on a volunteer basis ), which gives them the opportunity to share their creations in front of an audience. collect the visual poems and put them together into a book. here is an example title of a book, ms. hiltel ' s 3rd grade classes ' wonderful creations! teacher collects the visual poems, and checks for visual evidence of completion of the assignment including use of color and connection to important event or aspect of students ' lives. after poems are shared in partners, each student critiques peer ' s visual poem, by stating one aspect which is particularly liked. teacher also listens to students ' comments during sharing. 1. overhead projector 2. copies of 3 - 4 poems on transparencies 3. 1 poem to read aloud 4. 1 box of crayons ( per student ) 5. watercolors, paintbrushes, plastic cups, paper towels ( for optional use ) 6. white paper ( 1 sheet per student ) 7. large piece of white butcher paper 8. soft instrumental music assigned students will collect crayons and return them to the proper place. students who used the watercolors at the art table will be responsible for cleaning up that area and putting away the watercolor boxes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5057470896832941, "token_count": 361, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.081849"} {"text": "schizophrenia is a mental illness characterized by disturbances in mood, behavior and thinking ( psychosis ). the thinking disturbance shows up as a distortion of reality, sometimes with delusions and hallucinations, and fragmented thinking that results in disturbances of speech. the mood disturbance includes ambivalence and inappropriate or constricted display of emotions. the behavior disturbance may show up as apathetic withdrawal or bizarre activity. schizophrenia is not the same thing as \u2018 split or multiple personalities \u2019 which is dissociative identity disorder ( did ). types of schizophrenia disorganized characterized by wild or silly behavior or mannerisms, inappropriate display of emotions, frequent hypochondriacal complaints and delusions and hallucinations that are transient and unorganized. catatonic typically a state of stupor, usually characterized by muscular rigidity, resistance to movement or opposite behavior to what is being asked. occasionally catatonic excitement occurs which is excited, uncontrollable motor activity. paranoid characterized by unwarranted suspicion and thinking that others have evil motives, and / or an exaggerated sense of self - importance ( delusions of grandeur ). undifferentiated psychotic symptoms are prominent but do not fall into any other subtype. residual no longer psychotic but still shows some symptoms of the disorder. typically, schizophrenia is treated with antipsychotic medications. when the older medications such as mellaril, prolizin, trilafon and thorazine are used for an extended period of time a sometimes - permanent condition called tardive dyskinesia can result. symptoms may include involuntary movements of face, mouth, tongue or limbs. stopping the medication may cause the symptoms to disappear in some but not all. medications can treat the side effects but not the tardive dyskinesia. there is a new generation of antipsychotic medications which have very little risk of tardive dyskinesia including seroquel, zyprexa, risperdal and clozaril.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5177841032945601, "token_count": 414, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.085038"} {"text": "cows get tracking collars as scientists try to work out how they make friends by mark prigg how cows make friends is to be investigated in a bizarre three - year study. scientists want to understand more about ' social networking ' within dairy herds. the aim is to help farmers improve the health and welfare of their cows, thereby increasing milk yields. social animals : researchers hope to find out how cows interact with each other and form social groups using tracking collars for the first stage of the research, high - tech ' proximity collar ' s ' have been fitted to cows on a farm in cullompton, devon. the collars use radio signals to determine how close one cow is to another, allowing scientists to map the animals \u2019 social interactions. study leader dr darren croft, from the university of exeter \u2019 s animal behaviour research group, said : ' emerging evidence on wild animal populations supports the idea that the group structure and relationships between the animals affect their health and wellbeing. ' cows are social animals that form important group structures, and the addition or removal of animals from an established group can significantly alter its dynamics. ' we want to find out just how important these group structures are. ' dairy farmers take a range of factors into account when deciding how to structure groups of cows. ' we hope that the results of our study may contribute towards a blueprint for herd management that will help farmers continue to improve the health and welfare of their cows. ' researcher natasha boyland, another member of the exeter team, said : ' we will look at the nature of the interactions to see just how relationships are formed and maintained within the herd. animals in the study will wear a special collar to track their movements around fields ' in combination with the proximity data findings and other information about the animals, such as their health status, we hope to gather evidence that can be translated into practical advice for farmers when it comes to herd management. ' the study is funded by the department for environment, food and rural affairs ( defra ) and dairyco, the levy - funded organisation that works on behalf of british dairy farmers. researchers know cows are extremely social animals, and now hope to find out how they make friends and how their social groups operate in a bid to improve farming techniques amanda ball, head of communications at dairyco, said : ' this study could help dairy farmers understand more about their cows, improve their health and welfare and may even contribute towards helping to secure the future supply of milk to consumers. ' the dairy industry is worth \u00a38 billion a year to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4846436320332038, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.087771"} {"text": "this week intel privately shared parts of its roadmap for memory technologies through 2008. intel \u2019 s progress on phase - change memory, pcm or pram, will soon be sampled to customers with mass production possible before the end of the year. phase - change memory is positioned as a replacement for flash memory, as it has non - volatile characteristics, but is faster and can be scaled to smaller dimensions. flash memory cells can degrade and become unreliable after as few as 10, 000 writes, but pcm is much more resilient at more than 100 million write cycles. for these reasons, intel believes that phase - change memory could one day replace dram. \u201c the phase - change memory gets pretty close to nirvana, \u201d said ed doller, cto of intel \u2019 s flash memory group. \u201c it will start to displace some of the ram in the system. \u201d for its implementation of phase - change memory, intel has since 2000 licensed technology from ovonyx inc.. the ovonyx technology uses the properties of chalcogenide glass, the same material found in cd - rw and dvd - rw, which can be switched between crystalline and amorphous states for binary functions. every potential pcram memory maker thus far licenses ovonyx technology. according to ovonyx \u2019 s web site, the first licensee of the technology was lockheed martin in 1999, with intel and stmicroelectronics in the following year. four years after that, nanochip signed an agreement. elpida and samsung were the next two in 2005, and qimonda marks the latest with a signing this year. ibm, macronix and qimonda detailed last december its recent developments on phase - change memory. researchers at ibm \u2019 s labs demonstrated a prototype phase - change memory device that switched more than 500 times faster than flash while using less than one - half the power to write data into a cell. the ibm device \u2019 s cross - section is a minuscule 3 by 20 nanometers in size, far smaller than flash can be built today and equivalent to the industry \u2019 s chip - making capabilities targeted for 2015. intel \u2019 s initial phase - change technology, however, is already a reality, as the chipmaker revealed that it has produced a 90 nanometer phase - change memory wafer. at the 90 nanometer process size, the power requirements to write are approximate to that required for flash. intel said that its early test work shows data retention abilities of greater than 10", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5096380378806782, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.090514"} {"text": "posted on 31 august 2010. angry or depressed about the gulf oil disaster? you \u2019 re not alone. deborah du nann winter, phd, professor of psychology at whitman college, says the emotional impacts of this massive environmental disaster are widespread. dr. du nann winter witnessed a wide variety of emotional reactions to the deepwater horizon crisis, the most striking in her opinion being anger - toward bp \u2019 s failure to adhere to regulations and cutting corners on safety precautions, and toward president obama for his apparent lack of anger. \u201c but i think all that anger projected toward the oil companies and toward the president is a way of masking the really unfathomable and profound despair that is just under the surface as we watch this catastrophe unfold, \u201d she said. also, \u201c it really isn \u2019 t appropriate to blame bp or the president for the fact that we are rapidly approaching the end of cheap oil, and these kinds of disasters are accumulating all over the world. blaming individuals by demonizing them is simply not a very good problem - solving mechanism for coping with feelings. some more effective reactions would be to rethink our relationship with oil. \u201d click here to read the full article. posted in experts, offshore drilling, southeast posted on 03 august 2010. on friday, the u. s. house of representatives voted to pass h. r. 3534, the clear act, in response to the ongoing oil disaster in the gulf of mexico. the clear act reforms the structure of the offshore drilling oversight agency to avoid clear conflicts of interest ; enhances the role of science, independent review, and other oversight agencies ; and calls for the establishment of mandatory safety and environmental management standards. the clear act also fully funds the land and water conservation fund, helping to offset the inherent risk offshore drilling poses to our wildlife and important lands and waters, and allows national wildlife refuges to collect and retain funds for damages from oil spills for the first time ever. jamie rappaport clark, executive vice president of defenders of wildlife said that with the passage, \u201c the house of representatives voted to start reforming the offshore drilling industry and to protect and restore coastal communities, wetlands and wildlife and help prevent the next offshore oil disaster. \u201c the clear act overhauls the system that failed to prevent the bp disaster. and in securing critically needed funding for the land and water conservation fund, the bill reinvests in our nation \u2019 s public lands and waters. \u201c when we authorize drilling off of america \u2019 s coasts, we allow the oil industry to hold the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4572345066869159, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.096303"} {"text": "and in securing critically needed funding for the land and water conservation fund, the bill reinvests in our nation \u2019 s public lands and waters. \u201c when we authorize drilling off of america \u2019 s coasts, we allow the oil industry to hold the ecosystems and economies of entire regions in the palm of its hand. the clear act will help put the american people back in control. we now look to the senate to pass their spill response bill next week to make these crucial reforms a reality. \u201d the legislation rides on the tail of a rocky week for the oil and gas drilling industry \u2013 with additional oil spills in michigan, new mexico and beleaguered louisiana. click here to read the full statement and learn more about the \u201c summer of oil spills. \u201d posted in commentary, offshore drilling, southeast posted on 23 june 2010. a federal judge blocked a six - month moratorium on deepwater drilling, but the obama administration has decided to appeal the judge \u2019 s decision, reports voice of america news. read the full story posted in in the news, newsroom, offshore drilling, southeast posted on 11 june 2010. the minerals management service ( mms ) continues to approve new leases after the deepwater horizon explosion that give british petroleum and other companies the right to drill even more deepwater wells in the gulf of mexico under the same inadequate oversight that led to the current oil spill, according to a new legal challenge filed by the southern environmental law center and defenders of wildlife. the groups say current policies create an incentive to allow drilling even in the face of evident risks because once a lease is issued by mms, the u. s. government is obligated to pay the lessee either the fair market value of the lease or the amount spent to obtain the bid plus costs and interest if the government cancels the lease or refuses to allow drilling. mike senatore, vice president for conservation law at defenders of wildlife, said, \u201c clueless and inept is really the only way to describe the ongoing situation at mms. this agency is at the epicenter of the worst environmental disaster in our nation \u2019 s history and yet it \u2019 s still going about business as usual. how else do you explain mms \u2019 s approval of the right to drill hundreds of new wells in the gulf, including 13 for bp, based on the same fundamentally flawed and patently illegal environmental documents used to green - light the deepwater horizon operation? \u201d mms approved new leases for deepwater tracts as recently as june 10 under the same lax oversight compl", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.38648960994848863, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.097354"} {"text": "including 13 for bp, based on the same fundamentally flawed and patently illegal environmental documents used to green - light the deepwater horizon operation? \u201d mms approved new leases for deepwater tracts as recently as june 10 under the same lax oversight complicit in the current gulf spill. read the full release. posted in offshore drilling, press releases, southeast posted on 03 june 2010. earlier today, the washington post reported that an email written by the head of the mms \u2019 supervisor of field operations for the gulf of mexico stated that \u201c until further notice we have been informed not to approve or allow any drilling no matter the water depth. \u201d however, the interior department now denies that it has extended a drilling freeze to shallow waters of the gulf of mexico, telling the washington post that \u201c shallow water drilling may continue as long as oil and gas operations satisfy the environmental and safety requirements secretary salazar outlined in his report to the president and have exploration plans that meet those requirements. there is no moratorium on shallow water drilling. \u201d but richard charter, senior policy advisor at defenders, said the risks involved with offshore oil and gas drilling have very little to do with the depth of the water. in a interview with wbai evening news, he recalls the recent drilling disaster in australia \u2019 s timor sea, in which a rig blowout led to an oil spill that gushed unchecked for 10 weeks last fall. that drilling rig was operating \u201c in very shallow water, only a few hundred feet. \u201d listen to the full show from june 2, 2010 ( segment begins at 6 : 00 ; hear richard at 7 : 20 ). posted in in the news, offshore drilling, southeast posted on 27 may 2010. the council on environmental quality ( ceq ) is seeking public input regarding its review of minerals management service ( mms ) environmental review procedures and practices under the national environmental policy act ( nepa ). ceq is reviewing and seeking public input regarding the adequacy of mms compliance with nepa at all phases of its offshore oil and gas program, specifically focusing on the use of nepa categorical exclusions. jamie rappaport clark, executive vice president of defenders of wildlife said, \u201c mms has clearly been unable to perform its duty of environmental review. this welcome analysis by ceq is the crucial first step towards fixing their broken process. \u201d read full statement. posted in commentary, offshore drilling, southeast", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45266278151857275, "token_count": 488, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.098279"} {"text": "today, nearly 40 years since president nixon declared the \u201c war on cancer \u201d with the national cancer act of 1971, we are still fighting to cure the second deadliest disease for men and women in the u. s. every year, numerous government agencies sink billions of dollars into cancer research and prevention efforts ; non - profits contribute additional millions of dollars. more than $ 200 billion has been spent fighting cancer since 1971. yet we still lose 1, 500 people every single day to cancer. it \u2019 s clear : something has to change. the way we fight cancer is not working. little progress has been made over the past many decades, and death rates have declined only slightly. the gateway for cancer research has been fighting the war on cancer for nearly 20 years. in that time, we \u2019 ve funded 71 studies \u2014 and raised $ 20 million for research focused on helping patients now. and while other organizations spend significant portions of their donations on administrative costs, the gateway is one of a few organizations in the u. s. that gives 99\u00a2 of every dollar received to research. we need answers now \u2014 our lives depend on it, and we can \u2019 t afford to wait. the work our treatment innovatorssm are doing could help someone you love with cancer. are you ready to join our movement and demand cures todaysm? \" treatment innovatorsm \" is the term we use for researchers funded by the gateway for cancer research : the men and women we support in their search for better treatments and cures that can help cancer patients today.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48631249159987316, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.100281"} {"text": ".... that indigo is one of the oldest dye stuffs in the world? for millennia this dye provided the only color fast and light fast clear blue that there was for fabrics. it was very valuable for trade and recipes were often closely guarded secrets. it has been used all over the world to make everything from intricate japanese kimonos to levi jeans for the original 49ers. the thing that is special about indigo is that in its normal state the dye molecules are insoluble in water, they will just sink to the bottom of the vat unless a chemical reducing agent is added. reducing agents steal a hydrogen atom from the dye molecule, this allows it to try and form lose bonds with the hydrogen in the water so it dissolves and creates the vat. there are all kinds of reducing agents that can be used, from yeast or live bacteria in a fermentation vat to dangerous chemicals like lye ( sodium hydroxide ). we have a somewhat safer and effective recipe using our dye house color remover ( thiorea dioxide ) and soda ash. in europe, one of the oldest reducing agents, and the cheapest, was stale urine. oral dye history is full of stories about european dye houses that would put out pots for people to donate their urine and dye houses that would be built next to taverns, which provided a steady supply. it is purported that due to the smell of the dye houses they where often restricted to the outskirts of town. this amazing dyestuff naturally occurs in indigo containing plants of the tropical genus indigofera, which grows in many countries, as well as a less concentrated form in a plant called woad, which is native to temperate europe. the most well known, indigofera tinctoria, was native to india, which may have been the earliest major player in the lucrative indigo trade. the name of the compound that makes up the dye is called indican. it is extracted from the plants buy crushing the leaves and soaking them until they ferment and release the indican, which was precipitated and dried in cakes. the cakes were than ground to a powder by the user. designs on indigo cloth are achieved with various tying techniques, such as traditional shibori and tie - dye techniques. other types of resist such as rice paste and wax are also used to protect areas of the fabric to create intricate patterns. indigo was also be used for printing and painting with use of different chemicals like arsenic trisulfide, or iron sulfate and thickeners", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4831249154010604, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.105938"} {"text": "types of resist such as rice paste and wax are also used to protect areas of the fabric to create intricate patterns. indigo was also be used for printing and painting with use of different chemicals like arsenic trisulfide, or iron sulfate and thickeners. when indigo is in solution it is a yellow green color but often the top layer of the vat is blue because it is exposed to the air. indigo is sometimes called a magic dye because of the way the fabric changes color from a yellow green to the deep blues as the air oxidizes the dye. as the dye molecules oxidize they become insoluble in water again so they don ' t wash out of the fabric. the fabric is dipped in the indigo vat to soak up some dye, and then hung in the air to oxidize where it turns blue. another feature of indigo is the ability to build up the depth of color by repeated dippings into the bath. successive dippings and airings give you darker and darker blues. shades can thus range from pale sky blue to deepest dark navy indigo. we are all familiar with the characteristic way in which indigo fades as the fabric is used and worn, such as the fade lines on your favorite jeans. this is because indigo does not actually chemically bond to the fabric. instead it becomes insoluble in water again when it reacts with the air and becomes lodged in the small spaces with the fiber. over time as the fibers are rubbed with wear it rubs out some of the dye creating faded lines. indigo dyed fabric can also do something called crocking where it rubs off on things, and you, if not properly laundered before use. if you dont want to try out for the blue man group, be sure and wash newly dyed or store bought indigo dyed fabric and clothing with hot water and synthrapol. our dharma dye fixative or retayne in a hot soak can cause the fabric to retain more of the indigo before washing, so you will get less fade on the first washing, and still no crocking after. since indigo was one of the only natural blue dyes, and the best, it was often used to over dye yellow fabrics to make greens. in museum tapestries you will often see that many plants are very bluish, this is because natural yellow dyes are more sensitive to fading from uv light than indigo and over time the indigo has become the predominate color in the fibers. these days most indigo dye in commercial use is made synthetic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5366740118758108, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.106871"} {"text": "a waxy substance found in all of the body \u2019 s cells. the body uses cholesterol for a number of important functions, such as manufacturing certain hormones. as most people know, however, too much cholesterol in the blood can be damaging to the heart and blood vessels. the liver manufactures most of the body \u2019 s cholesterol, but we also get it directly from the foods we eat. cholesterol travels through the bloodstream in the form of complex molecules called lipoproteins. there are several varieties of lipoproteins, including low - density lipoproteins ( ldl \u2019 s ) and high - density lipoproteins ( hdl \u2019 s ). ldl cholesterol, nicknamed the \u201c bad \u201d cholesterol, tends to mix with other substances in the blood and form buildups called plaques on the inner walls of blood vessels. these blood vessels can become hard and narrowed, decreasing blood flow, a condition known as atherosclerosis. plaques can also break off, form clots, and block key blood vessels, causing heart attacks and strokes. hdl \u2019 s carry cholesterol away from the arteries to the liver, where it can be removed from the body. this keeps cholesterol from building up inside blood vessels, earning hdl cholesterol the nickname \u201c good \u201d cholesterol. doctors use the levels of hdl and ldl cholesterol to help determine a person \u2019 s risk of heart disease. the more ldl cholesterol and less hdl cholesterol a person has, the greater his risk of developing heart disease. according to the cholesterol guidelines of the american diabetes association ( ada ), adults with diabetes who have ldl cholesterol levels of 130 mg / dl or greater are at high risk of heart disease, those with levels of 100 - 129 mg / dl are at borderline risk, and those with levels below 100 mg / dl are at low risk. men with hdl cholesterol levels under 35 mg / dl are at high risk, those with levels of 35 - 45 mg / dl are at borderline risk, and those with levels over 45 mg / dl are at low risk. women with hdl levels under 45 mg / dl are at high risk, those with levels of 45 - 55 mg / dl are at borderline risk, and those with levels greater than 55 mg / dl are at low risk. even small improvements in blood cholesterol levels have been shown to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5028705056698546, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.112712"} {"text": "dl are at high risk, those with levels of 45 - 55 mg / dl are at borderline risk, and those with levels greater than 55 mg / dl are at low risk. even small improvements in blood cholesterol levels have been shown to significantly lower a person \u2019 s risk of heart attack. one way to lower your ldl cholesterol and raise your hdl cholesterol is through diet. for example, the ada recommends consuming no more than 300 milligrams of cholesterol per day, and under 200 milligrams if you have high ldl cholesterol levels. ( foods high in dietary cholesterol include eggs, shellfish, and organ meats such as liver. ) the amount of fat you eat, especially saturated fat, also affects your cholesterol level, so the ada and other health organizations recommend getting no more than 30 % of your daily calories from fat and limiting saturated fat intake to 10 % or less of your daily calories. in fact, most of a person \u2019 s fat intake should come from monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats. to achieve these goals, the best diet is one that emphasizes fruits, vegetables ( including beans and other legumes ), and whole grains. regular aerobic exercise, at least three to four times a week, can also improve blood cholesterol levels, especially when performed in conjunction with a low - fat diet. walking briskly and jogging are good aerobic exercises. losing weight if you \u2019 re overweight and stopping smoking may also help by raising your hdl cholesterol levels. there are also a number of highly effective drugs for improving cholesterol levels. everyone with diabetes should have their blood cholesterol levels checked regularly. speak with your doctor and dietitian about ways to improve your blood cholesterol levels and reduce your risk of heart disease.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38811816527665954, "token_count": 385, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.113402"} {"text": "the common loon ( gavia immer ) is a highly aquatic, migratory bird distributed across north america, greenland, and iceland. the common loon is 66 cm to 91 cm in length and weighs between 2. 5 kg and 6. 1 kg. they have an average wingspan of 130 cm to 140 cm ( mcintyre and barr, 1997 ). the geographic location of the common loon during the breeding season is in forested areas surrounding freshwater, oligotrophic lakes in the northern region of north america, greenland, and iceland. during the winter months, the common loon migrates to coastal marine habitats in the southern portion of north america. migration for the winter occurs between september and december and migration for the summer occurs between march and june. migration groups can be composed of thousands of irregularly spaced individuals, a small group of individuals, or a single individual ( mcintyre and barr, 1997 ). the common loon is high specialized for swimming and diving ( perrins and middleton, 1985 ; mcintyre and barr, 1997 ). individuals spend most of their lives in the air or in water and only come to land to copulate, nest, or when ill ( mcintyre and barr, 1997 ). although most dives underwater last under a minute, the common loon is capable of remaining underwater for several minutes ( perrins and middleton, 1985 ). the species diet primarily consists of live fish, although other aquatic vertebrates and vegetation are also consumed. predators of the common loon most commonly attack young and include crows, ravens, gulls, skunks, weasels, bald eagles, and snapping turtles ( mcintyre and barr, 1997 ). the common loon is monogamous and mates typically remain together throughout the breeding season. mate replacement occurs after the death of one individual. the age at first breeding varies between four and seven years of age and breeding is annual. adults are highly aggressive in territorial defense. both sexes are capable of severely injuring or even killing conspecifics that invade their territory ( mcintyre and barr, 1997 ). clutch size is two eggs and the incubation period is about 28 days ( mcintyre and barr, 1997 ). both parents participate in incubation of the eggs. young are precocial, or well - developed, after hatching. young eat fresh food caught by the parents as opposed to food that has been regurgitated. additionally, young are capable of leaving the nest and even diving the day after hatching ( perrins and middleton, 1985 )! additional information on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5193382443850164, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.117251"} {"text": "##ing. young eat fresh food caught by the parents as opposed to food that has been regurgitated. additionally, young are capable of leaving the nest and even diving the day after hatching ( perrins and middleton, 1985 )! additional information on the skull click on the thumbnails below for labeled images of the skull in standard anatomical views. baumel, j. j., a. s. king, j. e. breazile, h. e. evans, and j. c. vanden berge ( eds. ). 1993. handbook of avian anatomy : nomina anatomica avium, second edition. publication of the nuttall ornithological club, number 23. nuttall ornithological club, cambridge, massachusetts, 779 pp. mcintyre, j. w. and j. f. barr. 1997. gavia immer. the birds of north america : life histories for the 21st century 313 : 1 - 32 perrins, c. m. and a. middleton. 1985. the encyclopedia of birds. facts on file, inc., new york, ny. pp 447. gavia immer page on the animal diversity web ( university of michigan museum of zoology ) gavia immer on the usgs patuxent bird indentification infocenter.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4558675114673908, "token_count": 276, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.117810"} {"text": "r. david lankes, ph. d. this paper examines the domain of digital reference services for and by the primary and secondary education community. data is provided to demonstrate the current understanding of education question types and education users in digital reference. it is believed this data will be of wide utility for digital library builders geared toward primary and secondary users ( k - 12 ) such as the international children ' s digital library and the national science digital library. digital reference and digital libraries for education digital reference refers to internet - based expert answering services [ lankes, 1999b ]. in such a service, a user typically poses a question to a digital reference service through a web form, e - mail or a chat interface. an expert ( such as a scientist or librarian ) uses this input to construct an answer that is both passed back to the user as well as used in some knowledge base or enhancement to a digital library collection. there is a growing body of research and development in digital reference [ janes, 2000 ; mardikian and kesselman, 1995 ; tyckoson, 2002 ; lagace and mcclennen, 1998 ; mon, 2000 ; ferguson and bunge, 1997 ], and digital reference services are being implemented within the context of digital libraries such as the national science foundation ( nsf ) national science digital library [ national research council, 1998 ]. much is known about use of digital reference in primary and secondary education ( in this article, the term \" education \" will refer simply to primary and secondary education ), and this knowledge has utility not only to digital reference services aimed at this population, but to the larger digital library community as well. specifically, the author argues that services aimed at primary and secondary users represent a revelatory case for digital reference for three reasons ; digital reference services for education are : current state of the art in order to present a picture of digital reference for education, the author first presents two major types of services in the education domain. each type is then illustrated with an exemplar service. types of digital reference services in education there are two obvious, though often overlapping, categories of digital reference services in education : library - based services, and aska services. aska services can be further divided into general services that may be of use to the education community as part of a more general mission ( such as ask joan of art\u00ae, an aska service that answers questions concerning american art for anyone who asks, but is particularly useful in art education ) and services targeted squarely at the education community", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5395762073478784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.143433"} {"text": "education community as part of a more general mission ( such as ask joan of art\u00ae, an aska service that answers questions concerning american art for anyone who asks, but is particularly useful in art education ) and services targeted squarely at the education community ( such as askeric ( sm ), though it covers all levels of education including higher and continuing education ). the author will concentrate on education aska services for this paper. for the purposes of this discussion, \" library reference \" refers to digital reference services either centered in a public, academic, school or special library, or with primary reliance on library programs. with the advent of digital reference, a great number of libraries are now offering reference service to remote patrons [ janes, 2000 ]. these services take a variety of forms, from e - mail systems, to real - time chat systems. in the library context, digital reference is referred to as virtual reference, e - reference, networked reference, live reference, online reference and even chat reference. while some in the community make a distinction in the mode of delivery and the synchronous nature of the service offered, most agree that these are all part of a single larger concept of digital reference. the library reference community also provides the most in - depth discussion of policy, evaluation [ mcclure and lankes, 2001 ] and the largest set of documented digital reference services ( as opposed to the body of systems and development work out of the aska community discussed later ). much of this work is encapsulated in the proceedings of the annual virtual reference desk ( vrd ) conferences [ virtual reference desk, 2002 ], which have a strong library emphasis. in fact, this article and the digital reference research symposium were outgrowths of the vrd conferences and other work. as a result of this intense interest in digital reference by the library community, several large - scale digital reference projects are available for use by the research and scholarly community. the collaborative digital reference service ( cdrs ) spearheaded by the library of congress and that has evolved into the questionpoint service run by oclc in cooperation with the library of congress, certainly demonstrates the breadth of library - based digital reference services spanning public, academic and international libraries. the national library of canada ' s recent introduction of virtual reference canada to work with canadian digital reference services also promises to be a major source of digital reference activity and development. other prominent digital reference efforts in the library world include knowitnow from the cleveland public library, the 24 / 7 reference service that acts as a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5390117466102347, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.144538"} {"text": "to work with canadian digital reference services also promises to be a major source of digital reference activity and development. other prominent digital reference efforts in the library world include knowitnow from the cleveland public library, the 24 / 7 reference service that acts as a statewide digital reference network for the state of california, and the recent efforts of the state library of washington. also of interest to researchers in digital reference are digital reference vendors in the library domain including lssi ' s virtual reference service. one special case that should not be overlooked is the internet public library, for while it is not based in a library setting ( it is part of the school of information at the university of michigan ), it has its roots and traditions firmly planted in the library community. library reference exemplar : kidsconnect while many library services support the education community ( of course, academic libraries serve a higher education population and public libraries answer questions of students ), few target primary and secondary education exclusively. one exception is the kidsconnect service. kidsconnect is a question - answering, help and referral service to k - 12 students on the internet [ kidsconnect, 2002 ; bennett, 1998 ]. it is a project of the american library association ' s american association of school librarians ( aasl ). kidsconnect has three missions : the first is to educate school library media specialists in the use of the internet and digital reference as part of the larger iconnect project. the second is to promote information literacy in students through digital reference [ mancall et al., 1999 ]. the third is to promote local school libraries ( and school library media specialists ) as valuable sources of information and instruction. the kidsconnect model uses a large number of volunteer school library media specialists ( primarily in the united states ). each volunteer is trained using an in - depth mentoring process, then answers questions ( ranging from one question a day to one a week ). the digital reference transaction is conducted through e - mail and web forms. data from the kidsconnect service provides valuable insight into the types of students using digital reference services as well as the types of questions they ask. the service has been widely advertised to schools, particularly to teachers and school library media specialists. this advertising has been done through the professional association for school library media specialists ( aasl ), as well as through the internet. the data presented in figures 1 - 5 are from 1996 - 1998 ; however, more recent data presented in figures 6 - 9 are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5099408245559991, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.145634"} {"text": "has been done through the professional association for school library media specialists ( aasl ), as well as through the internet. the data presented in figures 1 - 5 are from 1996 - 1998 ; however, more recent data presented in figures 6 - 9 are used to estimate the current validity of the earlier numbers. figure 1 shows the number of questions answered by kidsconnect for the years 1996 - 1998 : these numbers are very much in line, though on the high end, with current numbers of library - based digital reference services as reported at recent library meetings, including the 2002 american library association conference. figure 2 shows how these questions were distributed across differing student and adult populations : these figures demonstrate a rough equivalence between primary ( elementary and middle school ) and secondary education ( high school ). the low number of users identified as \" adult \" is explained by both the focus of the kidsconnect service ( k - 12 students ), but also that any questions kidsconnect received from teachers were routed ( sent to ) the askeric service. a more interesting finding, however, was the gender distribution of the questioners as seen in figure 3 : one interesting finding of the kidsconnect staff was the prominence of girls asking questions. while many hypotheses were put forward to explain this situation ( e - mail providing a \" safer \" environment to ask questions than the well documented male dominated classroom, for example ), no formal research was conducted to follow up on this finding. the other interesting finding from the kidsconnect data related to the topics or subjects of the questions asked of kidsconnect. the kidsconnect team utilized a \" subject line analysis \" technique whereby the subject lines of a random sample of questions were examined and classified inductively into a subject scheme. if the subject lines were felt to be uninformative ( they did not indicate topicality but instead were words or phrases like \" hello \" or \" please help \" ) the underlying question was examined. the results of this analysis are shown in figure 4 : it is clear from this figure that questions on the topic of science constituted the bulk of questions received. in order to provide a clearer picture of this category, the analysis was further refined by \" type of science questions \", as shown in figure 5 : data such as this should prove of great use to new digital reference services geared towards education, most notably the nsf ' s national smete digital library [ nsdl, 2002 ]. as mentioned before, these statistics represent somewhat dated analysis (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5170150711080261, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.146654"} {"text": "5 : data such as this should prove of great use to new digital reference services geared towards education, most notably the nsf ' s national smete digital library [ nsdl, 2002 ]. as mentioned before, these statistics represent somewhat dated analysis ( 4 years old ). in 1999, operation of the kidsconnect service moved from syracuse university to drexel university ( the previous statistics are based on syracuse data ). syracuse then transferred much of the staff and processes of kidsconnect into the virtual reference desk learning center. this project had a slightly different aim ; it had a broader focus and also worked in a network of aska services with general foci. however, the main concentration of the service was still on school library media specialists answering questions from the education community. statistics from the vrd service show a strong correlation between older kidsconnect statistics and more recent vrd usage. for example, figure 6 shows the user populations of the vrd service : note the higher \" adult \" population ( as compared with figure 2 ) reflecting the broader focus of the vrd network members. however, with this result removed, the distribution in primary and secondary education remains roughly equivalent to the earlier data, with a greater number of \" middle school \" questions. also note in figure 7 that science questions still dominate the service : once again, figure 8 provides a more fine - grained analysis of science questions : this distributions seems to hold over the three most recent years of the vrd service ( as seen in figure 9 ) : from these more recent statistics, it seems difficult to argue that there has been a massive shift in the types of education users asking questions or in the types of questions they ask. what is also clear from analyzing these two services is that the library community has many contributions to make to the digital reference research agenda specifically with respect to education as well as to digital reference research in general. it is also clear the library community contains large - scale digital reference efforts that make excellent research environments capable of being utilized in the search for generalizable knowledge. education aska services the second progenitor of current digital reference systems is aska services. aska services take their name from expert question and answer services tending to adopt names such as \" ask a scientist \" and \" ask a volcanologist \" [ lankes, 1999b ]. these services tended to originate without interaction with formal library systems and emphasized topical expertise ( as opposed to process expertise such as a librarian ' s ability to search for information ). a fuller picture of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.52015202189072, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.147652"} {"text": "a volcanologist \" [ lankes, 1999b ]. these services tended to originate without interaction with formal library systems and emphasized topical expertise ( as opposed to process expertise such as a librarian ' s ability to search for information ). a fuller picture of aska services can be drawn from two studies conducted by lankes and white [ lankes, 1999b ; lankes, 1999c ; and white, 1999 ]. lankes presents an in - depth analysis of the structure and commonalities of \" exemplary k - 12 digital reference services. \" specifically this study sought to : the outcome of this study included detailed \" blueprints \" and a tuned framework of aska services grounded in complexity theory, as seen in figure 10 : white developed an analytical framework based on systems for evaluating aska services. this framework was then applied to a variety of 11 services ( including library - based services ). unlike library digital reference services that to this point have seen modest usage, aska services, in general, have begun with large usage and have experienced continuing dramatic increases. the most recent virtual reference desk survey of aska services done in 1999 demonstrates this. survey results in table 1 show an average 44 % increase in use of these asynchronous services from 1997 to 1998, with an average answer rate of 77 % in 1998 [ lankes and shostack, forthcoming ]. table 1 : virtual reference desk survey of aska service usage compare these statistics to those of the libraries studied as part of mcclure and lankes quality study [ mcclure and lankes, 2001 ], \" in all cases the volume of digital reference questions is low, ranging from 3 to 33 per day \" [ gross et al., 2002 ]. this study covered a range of libraries in terms of size and scope ( academic, public, federal, state ). one result of the large volume encountered by aska services has been an emphasis on process, software development and automation. whereas many library services have quickly adopted real - time technologies in which one - to - one interactions require full human intervention, aska services have looked to asynchronous technologies. ( at least this has been so at their onset. see figure 11 for the distribution of questions received by askeric by mode of digital reference as an example of the predominance of asynchronous means. note that \" web \" and \" e - mail \" are both asynchronous modes. ) aska services have also looked for means of shunting users to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5317100968930822, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.148724"} {"text": "an example of the predominance of asynchronous means. note that \" web \" and \" e - mail \" are both asynchronous modes. ) aska services have also looked for means of shunting users to resources. ( see lankes for a more detailed discussion of aska services and their architectures [ lankes, 1999b ]. ) these run the gambit from sophisticated techniques such as automated searching of previously asked questions ( as in the madsci service ), to forcing users through a list of frequently asked questions before they are able to submit a question ( as in the ask a volcanologist service ). aska services have also tended to develop more in terms of software and systems. early examples include ask dr. math\u00ae, the madsci network, and how things work. though there are excellent examples of software development in the library arena [ meola and starmont, 2002 ], library services have by and large adopted software from the help desk and e - commerce community, such as lssi and 24 / 7 reference ' s use of egain\u00ae and the common use of liveperson\u00ae and netagent. while this may be changing, aska services still remain a hot bed of systems development. another common attribute with aska services is their attention to the primary and secondary education community. in the case of some services, this attention is part of a larger view of the general internet population, but in many cases, it is a special attention where education is foremost and the general population is welcome as well. this can be seen in dr. math and madsci networks. it can also be seen in services, such as askeric, which focus on education professionals. education aska service exemplar : askeric while the kidsconnect discussion sheds light on digital reference use by primary and secondary education students, askeric can shed light on use of digital reference by education professionals. askeric is a project of the u. s. department of education ' s eric program. it was initiated and is still operated by the eric clearinghouse on information & technology ( though nearly all eric components ( clearinghouses, access eric, the eric processing facility and even the parent institution of eric, the national library of education ) are involved in answering questions ). askeric has two primary components : a question / answering service staffed by eric library and education professionals ( see figure 12 for the volume of questions ), and a virtual library of lesson plans, which contains pointers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5178998466390183, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.150867"} {"text": ") are involved in answering questions ). askeric has two primary components : a question / answering service staffed by eric library and education professionals ( see figure 12 for the volume of questions ), and a virtual library of lesson plans, which contains pointers to reviewed sites on the internet and an archive of previously asked questions. a more in - depth description, though slightly dated, can be found in the author ' s dissertation [ lankes 1999b ]. the purpose of askeric is to answer questions related to all areas of the education process. the emphasis on education professionals can be seen in askeric ' s mission as well, see figure 13, by askeric ' s users. this distribution of users, with the majority being k - 12 teachers followed by graduate students ( pre - service educators are traditionally heavy users of any eric service ), is in line with askeric ' s stated mission : askeric is a personalized internet - based service providing education information to teachers, librarians, counselors, administrators, parents, and anyone interested in education throughout the united states and the world. [ askeric, 2002 ] in fact, askeric explicitly does not answer \" homework help \" questions : thank you for visiting the askeric web site! if you are a k - 12 student with a homework question, askeric may not have the resources to respond to your question. askeric is designed to provide education information to teachers, librarians, counselors, administrators, parents, students, and others throughout the united states and the world. our focus is not on the specific things you are learning in school ; instead, we specialize in research and ideas about how students of all ages learn best. as an example, we can respond to a question such as \" what is the best time of day to teach math? \", but not \" what is the formula to determine the radius of a circle? \". if you are looking for information in other specific subject areas or need homework help, you probably won ' t find askeric very helpful. instead, you may want to investigate the following sites which are designed specifically for students. [ askeric, 2002a ] all student questions received by askeric are forwarded to other services such as the virtual reference desk. what can one determine about askeric users besides their educational roles? first, one can determine the education level about which users were asking ( a k - 12 teacher was asking a question about high school, for example ) as seen in figure 14 : one can also analyze the nature of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4535321874998878, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.152080"} {"text": "users besides their educational roles? first, one can determine the education level about which users were asking ( a k - 12 teacher was asking a question about high school, for example ) as seen in figure 14 : one can also analyze the nature of the questions being asked by the professional community. askeric user surveys provide the anticipated use of the information gained as seen in figure 15 : using subject line analysis once again, figure 16 shows question types identified in askeric questions : figure 17 shows the relative stability of this question distribution over time : in figure 16 and figure 17, \" subjects \" refers to particular topics or academic disciplines taught in the classroom. ( note : information from askeric responses may be used in higher and continuing education contexts as seen in figure 18 where 18 % of answers were intended for higher or adult education. ) figure 19 shows the relative stability of these subjects over time : of particular interest in figure 19 is the predominance of \" language arts \" as a topic for educators versus \" science \" for students, as seen in figure 4 of the kidsconnect sample. one possible reason for this difference may be the abundance of science material on the internet ( particularly education - related science material ) versus instructional resources in language and english instruction. aside from the information askeric provides on digital reference use by education professionals, it also provides an exemplar of reference authoring [ lankes, 2001 ]. reference authoring refers to the capture of information in the reference process and the transformation of this information into resources that can be used outside the reference process as part of a larger digital library context. this authoring process can be from the simple, say the creation of frequently asked questions on a web site, to the complex, say the creation on the madsci knowledge base. the heart of the askeric website consists of a resource collection : in response to questions we ' ve received at askeric, our network information specialists have compiled over 3000 resources on a variety of educational issues. this collection includes internet sites, educational organizations, and electronic discussion groups. [ askeric, 2002b ] this resource collection acts not only as a set of internet links for end - users, but for askeric digital reference specialists as well. as digital reference specialists constantly comb over this collection of internet resources, eric citations, discussion groups and more, they are also finding new resources to add and old resources to delete. this means that it is the digital reference process itself that is used as collection development, annotation and expert review. askeric", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49551135710287364, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.153213"} {"text": ", eric citations, discussion groups and more, they are also finding new resources to add and old resources to delete. this means that it is the digital reference process itself that is used as collection development, annotation and expert review. askeric is only one example of aska services geared specifically to the education community. it does, however, serve as a revelatory case. in the askeric exemplar we see the predominance of asynchronous technologies, high - volume usage, and the interconnection of the reference process with systems and digital libraries. digital reference for primary and secondary education has a rich and well - documented tradition. it serves as a revelatory case for other digital reference research and provides valuable insight into digital libraries that serve the education community as well as other communities. what is apparent from this small examination of digital reference in the education context is that all levels of education use digital reference services and education questions, while covering a broad range of topics, concentrate most heavily on science ( in the case of students ) and language arts ( in the case of education professionals ). also apparent is the usefulness of education digital reference services as research environments. aska services and library reference services alike hold large data sets of question and answer transactions. these data sets can be used to evaluate how questions are asked, what topics are of interest to the education community, and what language is used by the education community, as well as used to examine myriad other facts. some of these data sets are publicly available on the internet, while others are proprietary due to privacy concerns. from this examination of digital reference services, some methodological techniques can be added to the digital reference research discussion. first among these is the concept of subject line analysis. this technique seems to provide excellent exploratory power and may provide a rapid way to compare question types across services. lastly, analysis of digital reference services targeted towards the primary and secondary education community ( or at least the study of these services ) provides a wealth of models, theories and frameworks that can be brought to bear in future research. from the lankes / sutton framework, the general digital reference model ( resulting from lankes ' complexity framework ) to white ' s evaluative framework, there are rich analytic tools that can be used in the broader digital reference and digital library domain. ask joan of art\u00ae, < http : / / americanart. si. edu / study / reference - main. html >. [ ala ] american library association", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5186679494100632, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.154244"} {"text": "analytic tools that can be used in the broader digital reference and digital library domain. ask joan of art\u00ae, < http : / / americanart. si. edu / study / reference - main. html >. [ ala ] american library association presidential committee on information literacy. ( 1989 ). final report. chicago : author. ( ed 315 028 ). [ bennett ] bennett, b. ( 1998 ). pilot testing the kidsconnect service. in lankes, r. and kasowitz, a. ( ed ), askeric starter kit : how to build and maintain digital reference services, ( pp. 147 - 150 ). syracuse, ny : eric clearinghouse on information & technology, syracuse university. 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[ lankes and sutton ] lankes, r. david and sutton, stuart a. ( 1999 ). \" developing a mission for the national education network : the challenge of seamless access. \" government information quarterly. 16 ( 2 ). [ lankes, 1999a ] lankes, r. d. ( 1999a ). \" the virtual reference desk : question interchange profile. \" white paper", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4818359993151244, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.155096"} {"text": ": the challenge of seamless access. \" government information quarterly. 16 ( 2 ). [ lankes, 1999a ] lankes, r. d. ( 1999a ). \" the virtual reference desk : question interchange profile. \" white paper for the virtual reference desk. eric clearinghouse on information & technology ; syracuse, ny. [ lankes, 1999b ] lankes, r. ( 1999b ). dissertation : building & maintaining internet information services, syracuse university. [ lankes, 1999c ] lankes, r. d. ( 1999 ). \" aska ' s lesson learned from k - 12 digital reference services. \" reference & user services quarterly. 38 ( 1 ). [ lankes and shostack ] lankes, r. and shostack, p. ( forthcoming ) \" the necessity of real - time : fact and fiction in digital reference systems. \" reference and user services quarterly. [ lankes et al. ] lankes, r. david, collins, j. and kasowitz, a. s. ( eds. ). ( 2000 ). digital reference : models for the new millennium. new york : neal - schuman. [ lankes, 2001 ] lankes, r. d. ( 2001 ). \" creating a new reference librarianship. \" vrd proceedings. ( online ) < http : / / www. vrd. org / conferences / vrd2001 / proceedings / reinventing. shtml >. [ lewis ] lewis, m. ( 2001 ). \" faking it. \" the new york times magazine, new york ; july 15, 2001. [ lita ] lita ( 1999 ). top tech trends. ( online ) < http : / / www. lita. org / committe / toptech / trendsmw99. htm >. [ mancall et al. ] mancall, j. and stafford, b. and zanger, c. ( 1999 ). iconnect : a snapshot of the first three years. knowledge quest. 28 ( 1 ), p24 - 37. [ marchionini ] marchionini, g. ( 1999 ). augmenting library services : toward the sharium. proceedings of the international symposium on digital libraries 1999 ( tsukuba, japan, september 28 - 29, 1999 ). 40 - 47. < http : / / ils. unc. edu / ~ march / sharium / isdl.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5281135787215165, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.155871"} {"text": "of the international symposium on digital libraries 1999 ( tsukuba, japan, september 28 - 29, 1999 ). 40 - 47. < http : / / ils. unc. edu / ~ march / sharium / isdl. pdf >. [ mardikian and kesselman ] mardikian, j., and kesselman, m. ( 1995 ). beyond the desk : enhanced reference staffing for the electronic library. reference services review, 23 ( 1 ), p21 - 28. [ meola and starmont ] meola, m. and starmont, s. ( 2002 ). starting and operating live virtual reference services : a how - to - do - it manual for librarians. new york : neal - schuman. [ mon ] mon, l. ( 2000 ). \" digital reference service. \" government information quarterly, 17 ( 3 ) 309 - 318. [ nsdl ] nsdl ( 2002 ). national science, technology, engineering, and mathematics education digital library ( nsdl ) ( online ) < http : / / www. ehr. nsf. gov / ehr / due / programs / nsdl > < http : / / www. nsf. gov / search97cgi / vtopic >. [ national research council ] national research council ( 1998 ). developing a digital national library for undergraduate science, mathematics, engineering, and technology education. nrc workshop, august 7 - 8, 1997. ( online ). washington, d. c. : national academy press. < http : / / books. nap. edu / books / 0309059771 / html / r1. html > ( ed425928 ). [ still and campbell ] still, j., and campbell, f. ( 1993 ). librarian in a box : the use of electronic mail for reference. reference services review, 21 ( 1 ), pp 15 - 18. [ tyckoson ] tyckoson, d. ( 2002 ). on the desirableness of personal relations between librarians and readers : the past and future of reference service. the future of reference papers, ( online ) < http : / / www. ala. org / rusa / forums / tyckoson _ forum. html >. [ white ] white, m. d., ed. ( 1999 ). analyzing electronic question / answer services : framework and evaluations of selected services. eric document ed433019. [ virtual", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5222401864424044, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.156796"} {"text": "meds for autism not well understood : study thursday feb. 23, 2012 - - children with autism may benefit from medications to treat children with attention - deficit hyperactivity disorder ( adhd ) and other related disorders, but clearer guidelines are needed, a new study shows. researchers analyzed data from more than 1, 000 u. s. teens enrolled in special education programs, to assess the use of psychiatric medications in those with autism, adhd and both conditions. patients with both autism and adhd had the highest rates of medicine use ( about 58 percent ), followed by those with adhd only ( around 49 percent ) and those with autism only ( about 34 percent ), according to study author paul shattuck, an assistant professor at washington university in st. louis, and colleagues. black teenagers with autism only or with autism and adhd were less likely to receive medications than whites. \" observations from the present study reinforce the complexity of pharmacologic treatment of challenging behavior in kids with [ autism spectrum disorders ] and adhd, \" shattuck said in a university news release. \" there needs to be a clearer guide for treating kids with both an [ autism spectrum disorder ] and adhd. \" he noted that drug treatment for autism reflects a trial - and - error approach based on associated symptoms, and there is a poor understanding of overall medication use for children with autism. \" also striking are the high rates of antipsychotic, antidepressant / anti - anxiety and stimulant medication use in these youths, \" shattuck said. \" additional studies examining the treatment of core and associated [ autism spectrum disorder ] symptoms are needed to guide the treatment of these kids. \" it is estimated that one in 110 people have autism, with the majority being boys. signs of autism include problems with communication and social interactions. the study appears in the journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology. the u. s. national institute of neurological disorders and stroke has more about autism. posted : february 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4540537596808153, "token_count": 408, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.159801"} {"text": "tuesday may 11, 2004 hamerschlag hall d - 210 with each technology generation, we are experiencing an increased rate of cosmically - induced soft errors in our chips. in the past, the impact of such errors could be minimized through protection of large memory structures. unfortunately, such techniques alone are becoming insufficient to maintain adequately low error rates. although, to a very rough approximation, the fault rate per transistor is not changing much, the increasing number of transistors is resulting in an ever increasing raw rate of bit upsets. thus, we are starting to see a dark side to moore ' s law in which the increased functionality we get with our exponentially increasing number of transistors is being countered with a exponentially increasing soft error rate. this will take increasing effort and cost to cope with. in this talk i will describe the severity of the soft error problem as well as techniques to estimate a processor ' s soft error rate. these estimates should help designers choose appropriate error protection schemes for various structures within a microprocessor. a key aspect of our soft error analysis is that some single - bit faults ( such as those occurring in the branch predictor ) will not produce an error in a program ' s output. we define a structure ' s architectural vulnerability factor ( avf ) as the probability that a fault in that particular structure will result in an error in the final output of a program. a structure ' s error rate is the product of its raw error rate, as determined by process and circuit technology, and the avf. unfortunately, computing avfs of complex structures, such as the instruction queue, can be quite involved. to guide such complex avf calculation, we identify numerous cases, such as prefetches, dynamically dead code, and wrong - path instructions, in which a fault will not affect correct execution. our simulations using these techniques show that the avfs of a mckinley - like microprocessor ' s instruction queue and execution units are 29 % and 9 %, respectively. shubu mukherjee is the director of intel ' s fact group in hudson, massachusetts. the fault aware computing technology ( fact ) group is involved with various aspects of soft error measurement, detection, and recovery techniques in current and future machines. in the past, he worked for digital equipment corporation for ten days and compaq computer corporation for three years. in compaq, he worked on fault tolerance techniques for alpha processors and was one of the architects of the alpha 21364 interconnection network. he", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5880586221367423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.162400"} {"text": "reconnecting children and naturethink back to your favorite childhood experience. for many, it \u2019 s being outside on a quest to build a fort in the woods, ride your bike, or freely explore the neighborhood. by : amy reineke, public health educator, alexandria echo press think back to your favorite childhood experience. for many, it \u2019 s being outside on a quest to build a fort in the woods, ride your bike, or freely explore the neighborhood. today, instead of hiking, biking and climbing trees, children are more likely to have limited direct experience with the outdoors and nature. if they are outside, it is more likely to be in organized sports, on playground equipment or being shuttled from activity to activity. research indicates that one of the best medicines to a stressful lifestyle is to spend time in a natural setting outdoors. children who spend time outdoors are likely to be happier, healthier, smarter, more cooperative and more creative. children need leisurely, unscripted and exploratory hours to find the wonders in their own backyards and neighborhoods. children should be discovering the beauty of the stars in the night sky to watching bugs on a warm summer \u2019 s day. according to recent research, there is evidence to suggest that the disconnect from nature creates diminished health ; obesity ; reduced cognitive, creative and problem - solving capacities ; lower school achievement ; lower self esteem, less self discipline ; and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. i recently got ahold of a book called last child in the woods : saving our children from nature deficit disorder by richard louv. he writes about a phrase he coined, nature deficit disorder, which isn \u2019 t a medical term but a social phenomenon. in his book, he brings together a new and growing body of research indicating that direct exposure to nature is essential for healthy childhood development and for the physical and emotional health of children and adults. \u201c there is very little that children do in their lives that compares with their first experience in nature, \u201d louv says. children are the stewards of the future. it \u2019 s a simple solution. get kids outside more often so they can discover the adventure of the natural world. actions to reconnect children to nature \u2022 take a child outside and create the opportunity for children to have unstructured time to play outdoors every day. \u2022 create a nature club for families and plan monthly outings with other families in your community. \u2022 start a new kind of neighborhood watch so children can play within sight of adults while still experiencing the wonder", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5213147580977379, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.167978"} {"text": "according to the u. s. environmental protection agency \u2019 s ( epa ) energy star program, lighting consumes 25 to 40 percent of the energy used in commercial buildings and is a primary source of waste heat. in addition, lighting within buildings accounts for 23 percent of national electrical consumption and, of the total national lighting energy used, commercial lighting accounts for 60 percent, residential 20 percent, industrial 16 percent, and outdoor ( street ) and other uses make up the last four percent. concerns over rising energy costs and conservation needs have owners of commercial buildings, industrial plants and residential homes demanding more energy - efficient lighting selections. according to david weigand, product manager for energy management controls at leviton manufacturing co. inc., little neck, n. y., the most major advancement in energy - efficient lighting is in the area of communication between lighting controls and other building systems. \u201c improved software is being written to provide increased integration between lighting and hvac and security systems, allowing occupants to better control their personal environments, \u201d he said. communication protocols, such as digital addressable lighting interface ( dali ), allow occupants to control every light fixture separately, either through computer or manual controls, thereby easily identifying patterns of use and increasing energy savings. \u201c in applications such as multitenant buildings, dali provides building owners and tenants with the ultimate flexibility for their lighting requirements without rewiring the space, \u201d weigand said. lamp sources, such as compact fluorescent lamps ( cfls ) have gotten small enough to fit into the same footprint as regular incandescent bulbs. they have also become bright enough to provide bright light, warm colors and near - perfect color rendition, said tim wyatt, marketing manager for maxlite, pine brook, n. j. \u201c a 15 - watt cfl will generally produce as much light as a 60 - watt incandescent bulb, which provides up to 75 percent in energy costs, \u201d wyatt said. cfls last up to 10, 000 hours, thus reducing replacement costs and further increasing overall savings. cold cathode light sources are increasingly being used for decorative, marquee and outdoor lighting applications. instead of having a filament that needs to warm up, cold cathode lights have a single rod of metal with instant starting capabilities. according to jeff mcdonald, national sales for linear fluorescent at technical consumer products inc. ( tcp ), aurora, ohio, cold cathode lights currently do have lower efficacy than either cfl or fluorescent sources. \u201c they are, however, extremely efficient compared to incande", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4959175929426905, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.175175"} {"text": ", national sales for linear fluorescent at technical consumer products inc. ( tcp ), aurora, ohio, cold cathode lights currently do have lower efficacy than either cfl or fluorescent sources. \u201c they are, however, extremely efficient compared to incandescent lights, with an only 3 - watt cold cathode light required to replace a 15 - to 20 - watt incandescent bulb, \u201d he said. the latest iteration of t8 lamps, including the t8ho, are now providing the same light output as their predecessors for less energy, or even more light output for the same energy consumption levels as before. \u201c the lighting industry is focusing on creating more efficient lamps, rather than on lamp size, \u201d said ken walma, marketing manager for lutron electronics inc., coopersburg, pa. the new t4 and t6 metal halide lamps are low - wattage alternatives to incandescent or halogen lights in a small package. \u201c these lights have smaller apertures and can be used in smaller fixtures, while saving up to three times as much energy as incandescent lights, \u201d said melissa hertel, specification marketing manager for lightolier inc., a genlyte group company in fall river, mass. light emitting diodes ( leds ) have come a long way since first used as indicator lights in cars or in consumer electronics. newly developed white leds are increasingly being used in some general lighting applications. \u201c white leds are now producing warm light in a consistent manner, \u201d wyatt said. one problem with leds, however, is that they don \u2019 t throw much light. manufacturers are currently working with the reflectors and the glass lenses to overcome this particular characteristic. \u201c by shaping the light with the reflector and the lens, manufacturers are trying to provide diffusion to create general, rather than high - beam, intense - focus light, \u201d wyatt said. in general illumination, white leds have important significance for the future because they last up to 50, 000 hours, use very little power to operate and have reduced maintenance and replacement costs. ballasts and controls according to mcdonald, the continued expansion of electronic ballasts has allowed electrical contractors to maximize energy savings or light output, depending on the ballast factor chosen for the application. \u201c electronic ballasts give the contractor more flexibility to provide the lighting environment required by the end - user while meeting both energy and illumination goals, \u201d he said. digital controllable ballasts are the next step and are being seriously discussed, said walma. \u201c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4947801211870499, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.176127"} {"text": "eden wild rice is hand harvested in canoes as required by law from northern minnesota lakes by the leech lake band of ojibwe. state and tribal law distinguish authentic wild rice as native harvested using the non - mechanized methods that have been handed down through generations for over a thousand years. eden wild rice supports the traditional culture and helps to preserve this age - old harvest. it offers the experience of true wild rice, light, fluffy, and sweet. ' best go to grain ' eden wild rice is wood fire parched, delicious 100 % whole grain. quick cooking and fluffy, not hard like paddy grown black hybrid varieties. eden wild rice was vegetarian times2009 ' best go to grain '. the only indigenous north american grain, wild rice is an annual aquatic reed grass of 12 feet with a 2 foot flowering panicle. it is of the poaceae ( gramineae ) or grain family, not a true rice of the oryza genus. it is gluten free. eden wild rice zizania palutris is authentic wild rice, strikingly different from paddy grown wild rice. domesticated, paddy grown ' wild rice ' is almost all black, very hard, takes much longer to cook, and after cooking has a tough texture. the vast majority of items labeled as wild rice are paddy grown in california and not subject to labeling laws that distinguish authentic wild rice. the real thing, as is eden wild rice, it truly amazing. most notably it is soft and delicious. there are hundreds of different wild rice varieties that have developed growing in different environs. water quality, temperature, depth and composition of mud in various lake beds impart subtle differentiations. authentic wild rice is threatened by contamination from paddy grown, domesticated strains that are grown in close to real wild rice stands, or that are shipped into these areas to be processed for better imitation. a law passed by congress may 2007 requires disclosure and environmental impact statements from anyone that may attempt to create genetically engineered wild rice. while this is well intended, the law falls short of a ban and genetically engineered contamination of wild rice remains a very real concern. in old ojibwe history their ancestors were directed by the creator to move west from their home in the east or perish. they were told to go to the land where food grows upon the water. when reaching this place their western migration should stop. finding wild rice growing upon the water they named it manoomin or ' good berry ' and resettled. only much later did european settlers call", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43960006746732205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.182228"} {"text": "go to the land where food grows upon the water. when reaching this place their western migration should stop. finding wild rice growing upon the water they named it manoomin or ' good berry ' and resettled. only much later did european settlers call it wild rice. in addition to being a sacred component of native american culture and tradition, wild rice is vital to the lakes ' ecology and their flora and fauna. wild rice stands provide habitat for waterfowl, fish, and many species that rely on it for food and the rice beds as haven and nursery. eden wild rice is harvested from the end of august through early september. the ojibwe call this ' rice harvest moon ' or ' manoominike giizis. ' law requires modern wild rice harvesting be done by native american ricers in canoes. there are two in each canoe, a poler who propels and guides the canoe and a knocker in the middle. the poler uses a forked pole about 20 feet long to protect the plants. the knocker uses two cedar sticks resembling large drumsticks to harvest the rice as the canoe passes through the reeds. alternating between left and right hands, he uses one stick to pull rice stalk over the canoe and the other to tap the rice loose from the stalk into the canoe. unripe grains stay on the stalk. some will re - seed the lake after ripening. when full the canoe is poled to shore where the rice is winnowed to remove its chaff, and parched on a wood fire roaster. this drying by wood fire roasting impart stability and flavor. according to fda, \" diets rich in whole grain and other plant foods, and low in total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol may reduce the risk of heart disease and some cancers. \" also, \" low fat diets rich in fiber - containing grain products, fruits, and vegetables may reduce the risk of some types of cancer, a disease associated with many factors. \" eden wild rice is low fat, contains no saturated fat or cholesterol, and is a good source of healthy fiber. it is very low sodium, 15mg per 1 / 4 cup serving or 3 % dv ( daily value ), an excellent source of manganese, and a good source of protein, niacin b3, magnesium, and zinc. gluten free. eden wild rice is delicious, light and fluffy whole grain that is perfect for holidays meals and year round as an en", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4574897912767473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.185646"} {"text": "response to intervention ( rti ) in iowa is an every - education decision - making framework of evidence - based practices in instruction and assessment that addresses the needs of all students starting in general education. as an every - education process, rti allows educators to judge the overall health of their educational system by examining data on all students ( general and special education ) as well as identifying students who need additional supports. those supports are provided in both small group and individual settings, and measured to determine if these supports are making a difference to ensure all learners demonstrate proficiency in the iowa core standards and leave school ready for life. many iowa schools are successfully implementing components of rti. together, we will move rti to consistent statewide implementation in every iowa classroom. video : readiness survey for scale up of response to intervention ( rti ) in iowa - a brief video describing the survey being used to gather information for the introduction and scale - up of iowa ' s response to intervention system. rti key components the iowa rti framework is made up of five components : - evidence - based curriculum and instruction shall be provided at the universal level - universal screening shall be used three times per year - evidence - based, instructional interventions at the targeted and intensive levels shall be provided to each student who needs them - progress monitoring data shall be collected and used to guide instruction - data - based decision making to be fully implementing the iowa rti framework, schools must be implementing the full range of practices associated with each of these components with fidelity. response to intervention : key components - more information about each component. rti & continuous improvement implementation of the iowa rti framework should use the continuous school improvement process of ( a ) defining the problem, ( b ) diagnosing the problem, ( c ) developing a plan, ( d ) implementing the plan, and ( e ) evaluating the results of plan implementation. we use a ten - question framework to help schools engage in this process. those ten questions are : - is our universal program sufficient? - if the universal program is not sufficient, why isn \u2019 t it sufficient? - how will needs identified in the universal program be addressed? - how will the sufficiency and effectiveness of the universal program be monitored over time? - have improvements to the universal program been effective? targeted and intensive levels - for which students is universal instruction sufficient and not sufficient, and why? - what specific targeted and intensive instruction is needed? - how will specific targeted and intensive instruction be delivered? - how will the effectiveness of targeted and intensive instruction be monitored?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47394251652585995, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.189519"} {"text": "levels - for which students is universal instruction sufficient and not sufficient, and why? - what specific targeted and intensive instruction is needed? - how will specific targeted and intensive instruction be delivered? - how will the effectiveness of targeted and intensive instruction be monitored? - which students need to move to a different level of instruction? this process helps educators think about their local needs within a data - based decision - making framework. response to intervention ( rti ) guidance ( 2011 - 12 - 16 ) - this document contains foundational information about and guidance on iowa \u2019 s rti framework. it will be updated as needed. it is recommended that you bookmark this document so you always have access to the most recent guidance. data systems and assessments overview webinar - this is a 30 minute webinar that was recorded on march 6th, 2013. it was recorded by consultants at the department of education. topics addressed include an overview of iowa rti framework, as well as iowa \u2019 s recently - purchased rti database, universal screeners, and progress monitoring assessments. data systems and assessments overview presentation slides - this presentation was used during the overview webinar conducted by the iowa department of education on march 6th, 2013. faq for data system and assessments - this faq addresses a wide range of issues related to rti. if you have a question not already addressed in the faq, you can submit a question using the post questions form. questions will be reviewed weekly and responses posted shortly thereafter. - literacy assessment reviews overview : this video provides a brief description of how the review process for universal screening and progress monitoring assessments in early literacy was conducted. literacy assessment review overview presentation slides - iowas timeline of assessment review - summary tables overview : this video provides a brief description of how to read and interpret the reviews of the universal screening and progress monitoring assessments. a summary report of iowa \u2019 s review of prek - 6 reading assessments for universal screening and progress", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4578626566592747, "token_count": 391, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.190427"} {"text": "when ford motor co. announced in 2012 that its new hybrids would use lithium - ion batteries instead of nickel - metal hydride, many experts raised an eyebrow. lithium - ion, after all, had a reputation for high cost and unknown durability, largely because the technology was still comparatively new. in contrast, approximately 95 percent of full and mild hybrids up to that time had used nickel - metal hydride. but ford engineers now say their decision to use lithium - ion was based on accelerated lab tests showing lithium - ion would actually be more durable than nickel - metal hydride over a long lifetime. the tests, combined with mountains of field performance data on nickel - metal hydride, convinced them that they could predict the eight - or 10 - year future of a chemistry that didn ' t even have five years worth of reliable field data. \" we are really confident that our key life tests are mimicking the duty cycle of some of our most stringent and abusive customers, \" kevin layden, ford ' s director of electrification programs and engineering, told design news. \" given that, we feel lithium - ion will be better than nickel - metal hydride. we expect it to be absolutely stellar. \" the complete story at design news. confidence in lithium - ion is based on so - called key life tests. the tests predict that the working capacity ( y - axis ) of lithium - ion batteries ( green line ) will be greater over a high - mileage lifetime ( x - axis ) than that of nickel - metal hydride ( yellow line ). past field data for nickel - metal hydride ( blue dots ) has shown that the testing results are conservative - - that is, batteries generally do better in the field than they do on tests. ( source : ford motor co. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4686295013937405, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.192938"} {"text": "building a solar power generator this project describes how you can build a solar power generator to generate 240v mains voltage where - ever you want it. whether you want to run small power tools in a remote shed or provide emergency power in the event of a power cut, a generator can be extremely useful. the problem with most traditional generators is that they are noisy, have to be run outside and, if you are to rely on them, need to be tested regularly and topped up with fresh fuel : all too often, a petrol or diesel powered generator hasn ' t been properly maintained or has stale fuel, and fails when it is required. petrol and diesel generators also provide very poor quality of power, with ' spikes ' and power drops. this makes them unsuitable for powering a lot of electronic equipment and can damage sensitive equipment such as pcs and flat screen tvs. the answer? a solar power generator to provide you with environmentally friendly, portable, easy to use and instant power. what is a solar powered emergency generator? a solar power generator is a battery based power supply that is charged up using solar panels. 12v lighting and mains power is taken from the batteries using an easily available inverter and this is then used to provide emergency power when needed. unlike petrol or diesel powered generators, a solar power generator can be used indoors - carried directly to where it is needed. it emits no fumes and is silent in operation. depending on the size of the battery and the amount of power required, it can provide as much or as little power as you need. there can be two types of solar power generators - an ' all in one ' solar power generator where the solar panel is part of the generator, or a split solar power generator where the solar panels are fitted to an outside wall or roof, and the rest of the generator simply plugs into the panel to recharge. all solar energy systems use the same basic materials, so no matter if you are planning a very simple system like this one, or a big off - grid house installation, the basic ' building blocks ' are the same. this means that if you are interested in understanding solar energy without spending a fortune, the skills and knowledge you gain from a small system has a direct benefit for working on much larger systems. in either case, the product is the same - only the packaging is different. a split solar power generator would work better if you are trying to provide electrical power to an outbuilding such as a shed or lock - up garage whereas an all -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4712676211092066, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.208230"} {"text": ". in either case, the product is the same - only the packaging is different. a split solar power generator would work better if you are trying to provide electrical power to an outbuilding such as a shed or lock - up garage whereas an all - in - one solar power generator is a better solution for power on - the - move. what you will need : to build a simple solar power generator, you will need the following parts : a useful kit of solar parts has been included at the end of this document. this allows you to buy everything on - line to build your own solar power generator. calculating the required size for your solar power generator there are various ways to calculate the required size for your solar power system. for this project, i ' m using a quick and simple method for working out what we need. this is fine for a simple project such as this. for bigger projects, however, you ' ll want to do this in a lot more detail. i cover solar sizing in a lot more detail in my book, solar electricity handbook, but for now, for this project, we ' ll keep things simple. the size of the various components depends on the amount of power you need to generate and the length of time you want to be able to run your generator for. a typical power cut lasts for less than one hour, and is very unlikely to last more than four hours. during that time, most households would like to be able to power their fridge / freezer and lighting. this is well within the capabilities of even a basic solar powered emergency generator. depending on the amount of power you want to generate will depend on the size of the components you are going to require. based over a 24 hour day, the typical household uses an average of between 800w - 1kw per hour. for emergency only use, most households require between 75 - 200w per hour in order to provide lighting and essential power for items like a fridge / freezer. as a general rule of thumb, for every 100watt - hours of power you require, you require 10 amp / hour of battery power. so if you require 200 watts of electricity for four hours, you will require an 80 amp / hour battery. when looking for a battery, you are looking for a lead acid leisure battery ( sometimes called caravan batteries ). these look very similar to car batteries, but have a different chemical and mechanical make - up. unfortunately, you cannot use a car battery for this job - car batteries are designed never to be fully discharged and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45970811270223144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.209349"} {"text": "leisure battery ( sometimes called caravan batteries ). these look very similar to car batteries, but have a different chemical and mechanical make - up. unfortunately, you cannot use a car battery for this job - car batteries are designed never to be fully discharged and will fail if discharged in this way. these batteries are available from battery specialists, caravanning shops and most motoring shops, including halfords. once you have worked out the size of your battery, you need to calculate the size of solar panel you need to charge it up. the size of the panel will depend on how often you plan to use your generator, how large the battery is and how much sunlight the panel will receive. if a solar panel is left outside in a south facing position at an approximate 45\u00b0 angle to the sky, it is likely to produce around 2 times it ' s quoted hourly rating per day during the winter, and between 4 - 8 times it ' s quoted hourly rating per day during the summer. if you want to be more accurate, you can use the solar irradiance calculator and the solar angle calculator on this site in order to get a better idea of how much power you can expect to generate and the best angle to place your solar panels at. you will want your solar power generator to recharge fairly quickly so that it can be fully charged when it is next required. however, if you get too large a solar panel, you ' ll be paying far more than you otherwise need and wasting most of the power that you generate. a fair compromise is normally to allow 10 - 15 days for the solar power generator to recover from a complete battery discharge. as you are probably only ever going to be using partial charges from the battery, this is a worst case scenario. you can always supplement the solar panel with an external power source to top up the batteries quicker if necessary. to calculate the size of the solar panel you require, take the amp / hour rating of the battery and multiply this by the number of volts ( normally 12 ). divide this number by 2 ( hours per solar charge per day in winter ) and divide this number by the number of days you expect the solar panel to have fully recharged a battery. then multiply the final figure by 1. 1 to take into account losses in the system. the number you have left is the size of the solar panel - in watts - which you need to buy. a 12v 80 amp / hour battery stores 960 watt - hours of electricity ( 12 x", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4483506210386684, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.210341"} {"text": "1 to take into account losses in the system. the number you have left is the size of the solar panel - in watts - which you need to buy. a 12v 80 amp / hour battery stores 960 watt - hours of electricity ( 12 x 80 = 960 ). 960 / 2 hours winter charge = 480 watt - hours 480 / 15 days = 32 watt - hours 32 x 1. 1 = 35 watt solar panel power inverters take the 12v voltage from your batteries and convert it to a 240v ac power supply. they are available in various different power outputs from 75 watts to 3kw and it is important to make sure you do not overload them. power inverters can get extremely hot in operation, so if you are planning to build them into a case, it is important to make sure they have adequate space around them so they do not over heat. when buying a power inverter, it is worth buying one that includes a low - voltage cut out. this means that when the batteries run low, the inverter switches off rather than totally draining the batteries. draining lead acid batteries completely can damage or destroy your batteries, so this is best avoided. power inverters are available from camping and caravan shops, car accessory outlets and most electrical wholesalers. they are commonly sold to motorists who want a 240v mains outlet in their car for running laptop computers. how do i measure how much power my appliances use? you can measure your power requirements using a plug - in energy monitor. these are plugged into a mains socket and the appliance you wish to measure is then plugged into the energy monitor. power drain is then monitored and shown as an average on the built - in display. if you don ' t have a plug - in energy monitor, you can find out how many watts many of your appliances use by reading the power information often printed on the back of them, or by checking the output on power adaptors. often these figures are shown in volts and amps. a transformer for a laptop pc, for instance, may have a power output of 19. 5v and a current of 4. 5 amps. multiplying these two figures together ( volts x amps ) will tell you how many watts are used per hour - in this case, my laptop consumes a maximum of 88 watts / hour of power. it is difficult to produce a table listing all the likely electrical items you will have in a home and provide an exact list", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5022192382004014, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.211333"} {"text": "how many watts are used per hour - in this case, my laptop consumes a maximum of 88 watts / hour of power. it is difficult to produce a table listing all the likely electrical items you will have in a home and provide an exact list of their power requirements : power requirements vary dramatically depending on make and model. highly efficient products can consume as little as one tenth of the power of a less energy efficient model. however, as a rough rule of thumb, here is a basic list : as can be seen, there are a lot of electrical appliances that we all have around the home that use large amounts of electricity. where possible, these need to be avoided when planning for emergency power. heating and cooking, for instance, are best done with gas rather than building a bigger and more expensive solar power generator to cope with peak demands. one of the main benefits of a generator is providing lighting. rather than running 240v lights from a solar power generator, however, it is more efficient to run 12v low - energy lights as the power does not have to run through a 240v power inverter. 8w low energy light bulbs running from a 12v power source are as bright as their 240v counterparts. choosing a solar pv panel there are two different types of solar photovoltaic ( pv ) panels - amorphous and crystalline. amorphous panels are the larger of the two panels, as they are the least efficient in direct sunlight. they do generate the most power in poor lighting conditions, however, and can even generate power from bright moonlight or streetlamps. crystalline panels are about 1 / 3rd of the size of amorphous panels, making them more portable and easier to integrate. prices tend to be higher than amorphous panels, although it does pay to shop around as it is often possible to get them for a similar price. working to a budget - where to find cheap parts with careful buying, a small solar power generator capable of providing 1 / 2kw of power can be built for under \u00a3100. shopping around, sourcing components from amazon or ebay and using second hand ( but good quality ) batteries can all help to keep costs to a minimum. a good source for second hand batteries are used ex - ups batteries that are sold on ebay regularly and tend to only go for a few pounds. beware though - they can be very heavy, so watch for postage costs! alternatively, you can buy very high capacity used lead acid batteries from fork lift truck maintenance companies. these batteries will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47885911769268563, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.212278"} {"text": "along with a few old lead - acid gel batteries that were being thrown out. depending on the materials you use, you ' re generator may look very different to mine, but ultimately will do the same thing. here is what i started out with : total cost - \u00a347. 98 step 1 - wiring up the power generator first of all, i opened up the ups and took all the parts out of the ups casing. you could choose to keep the ups casing intact - it is certainly safer than having exposed 230v power cables lying around, but i wanted to fit everything into a compact plastic tool case for ease of use. first step was to disable the ups alarm that beeps incessantly when mains power has been switched off. this was accomplished by disabling the speaker using a small screwdriver. i then connected up all the small 12v lead acid gel batteries i had in parallel, giving me a longer - lasting 12v power supply. i then wired this into the ups. a quick word about wiring up batteries in parallel when wiring up batteries in parallel, it is important to wire the batteries correctly. if you don ' t, you will find that you will not drain all the batteries at the same rate. as a result, you can end up with some batteries becoming exhausted sooner than others and this is a sure fire way to damage your batteries. the answer is to make sure you wire up the batteries like this : testing step 1 before getting to play with my solar panels, i decided it would be a good idea to make sure the power generation side worked as planned. i had two 12v batteries, one with a 14 amp / hour rating and one with a 4 amp / hour rating, giving me a total of 18 amp / hours to play with. taking into account battery performance and losses through the power inverter, i estimated that i would have approximately 200 watts of power from my emergency generator - sufficient to run emergency power in my house for two hours if necessary. typically, you don ' t want to mix and match battery sizes. ideally you want both batteries to be the same capacity, and ideally the same make and model as well. in my case, i wasn ' t too worried : the batteries were free, so if they didn ' t last quite as long as a matched pair of batteries, i wasn ' t going to lose any sleep over it. i plugged the ups into the mains and charged up the batteries. once they were charged up, i unplug", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.38784342922909687, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.214355"} {"text": "' t last quite as long as a matched pair of batteries, i wasn ' t going to lose any sleep over it. i plugged the ups into the mains and charged up the batteries. once they were charged up, i unplugged the mains supply, plugged a tv, a laptop computer and a table lamp into the ups and left it powered on until the batteries were flat. total power drain from all this equipment was 189 watts. the ups managed to run the tv, laptop computer and table lamp together for 1 hour and 4 minutes on a single charge - a total of 201 watts of usable power. step 2 - connecting up the solar panel so far, so simple. the next step was to connect up the solar panel. for this, you will need a solar panel ( obviously ) and a solar charge controller. the solar charge controller is an important piece of kit - it stops the batteries from getting overcharged by the solar panel. if you don ' t have a solar charge controller, the batteries can get overcharged, which will destroy the batteries. in a worst case scenario, overcharging the batteries could lead to explosion or fire. i used a low cost solar charger which i purchased from maplin for \u00a312. 99 ( part number l26br ). my wiring now looked something like this : testing step 2 i carried my solar power generator outside - thankfully it was a sunny day - and started prodding about with my multimeter, taking care to ensure i kept my fingers away from the 230v ac output from the ups. my solar panel was sending between 720 - 780ma of power to the batteries, which equates to around 9 watts of power at 17. 2 volts - a suitable voltage for charging up 12v batteries. based on these figures, i calculated that from a fully discharged battery, it would take between three and seven days to fully recharge my solar power generator, so long as my solar power generator was placed somewhere outside where it could receive at least some direct sunlight each day. step 3 - tidying up the next step was to tidy up the installation and fit it into my box. i wanted a system that was going to be portable, so it was important to make sure the batteries were fitted down properly. i used thick velcro strips ( available from b & q for around \u00a33 a pack ) to ensure everything was held firmly in place. i mounted my solar panel onto the outside of the box and sealed it to the box using mastic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4543159492061393, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.215335"} {"text": "properly. i used thick velcro strips ( available from b & q for around \u00a33 a pack ) to ensure everything was held firmly in place. i mounted my solar panel onto the outside of the box and sealed it to the box using mastic. my plan was to be able to use this system outside, and to make the internal workings of the system waterproof. unfortunately, i managed to break the box, so that is going to have to be put on hold for a while. i then fitted everything properly into the case to ensure there were no exposed hazardous wires. testing step 3 i double checked the power with my multimeter to ensure everything was working as it should. it was, so then i tested it properly by powering up the ups and running my power drill from it. everything worked as it should. the final product for something that cost me less than \u00a350, i have to say i ' m pretty pleased with the result. i have a portable solar power generator that i can take with me anywhere and use both inside and out. my solar power generator can be charged up quickly from the mains if necessary, or trickle charged using solar power. it can be used to provide a burst of power - up to 10 amps if necessary, or provide a smaller amount of power to keep me going in the event of a power cut for a couple of hours. it ' s totally portable, so i can take it with me if i need power on the go - like using a power drill at the bottom of the garden, for instance. and because it provides a clean power supply without chucking out noxious exhausts, it can be used inside exactly where it is needed, rather than with trailing power leads running across the floor. solar parts kit solar charge controllers combined solar panels and charge controllers return from solar power generator to diy energy saving projects page. | did you know? | solar photovoltaic prices are dropping by between a quarter and a third each year. by 2020, it is widely predicted that solar will be the cheapest way of generating electricity, almost anywhere in the world.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41846471669755386, "token_count": 428, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.216356"} {"text": "during these twelve days of christmas, you \u2019 ll see a number of e - mails about the alleged \u201c meaning \u201d behind the traditional carol \u201c the twelve days of christmas. \u201d while this is my least favorite christmas song ( shades of 99 bottles of beer on the wall ), there is compelling evidence that this was composed as an underground catechetical ditty. so the four calling birds refer to the four gospels, the six geese a - laying symbolize the six days of creation, and so on. of course there \u2019 s equally compelling evidence that this is complete baloney. see the supposed meanings and the debunking on snopes. com. whatever you believe, i have actually done some exhaustive research ( and by \u201c exhaustive \u201d i mean that i \u2019 m still completely exhausted from all the christmas services ), and have uncovered the \u201c real \u201d true meaning behind this carol. the twelve days of christmas ( the \u201c real \u201d true meaning ) a partridge in a pear tree \u2014 the rector hiding in a tree from coffee hour complaints two turtle doves \u2014 the two parishioners comprising the parish peace and justice committee three french hens \u2014 the three french ladies who sit in the front row every year at midnight mass four calling birds \u2014 four members of the commission on ministry five gold rings \u2014 five bishops caucusing at the house of bishops meeting six geese a - laying \u2014 six seminarians laying homiletical eggs in the pulpit seven swans a - swimming \u2014 seven baptisms at the easter vigil, stretching the liturgy to three hours eight maids a - milking \u2014 eight members of the hospitality committee bringing non - dairy creamer to coffee hour nine ladies dancing \u2014 the one and only time liturgical dance appeared at st. swithin \u2019 s ten lords a - leaping \u2014 inserted into the new christmas pageant from the avant garde director eleven pipers piping \u2014 the eleven funeral last year that included a bag piper playing amazing grace at the end twelve drummers drumming \u2014 the \u201c drumming circle \u201d used at the ill - fated \u201c contemporary worship service \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47086073211013957, "token_count": 415, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.219498"} {"text": "preventing finger, hand, and wrist problems the following tips may prevent finger, hand, and wrist injuries : - do exercises that strengthen your hand and arm muscles. - stop, change, or take a break from activities that cause your symptoms. - reduce the speed and force of repetitive movements in activities such as hammering, typing, knitting, quilting, sweeping, raking, racquet sports, or rowing. - change positions when holding objects, such as a book or playing cards, for any length of time. - use your whole hand to grasp an object. gripping with only your thumb and index finger can stress your wrist. - when you work with tools that vibrate, consider using special gloves that support the wrist and have vibration - absorbing padding. - wear protective gear, such as wrist guards, in sports activities. - review your work posture and body mechanics. - organize your work so that you can change your position occasionally while maintaining a comfortable posture. - position your work so you do not have to turn excessively to either side. - keep your shoulders relaxed when your arms are hanging by your sides. - when using a keyboard, keep your forearms parallel to the floor or slightly lowered and keep your fingers lower than your wrists. allow your arms and hands to move freely. take frequent breaks to stretch your fingers, hands, wrist, shoulders, and neck. if you use a wrist pad during breaks from typing, it ' s best to rest your palm or the heel of your hand on the support, rather than your wrist. | primary medical reviewer | | william h. blahd, jr., md, facep - emergency medicine | | specialist medical reviewer | | david messenger, md | | last revised | | november 4, 2010 | emedicinehealth medical reference from healthwise to learn more visit healthwise. org \u00a9 1995 - 2012 healthwise, incorporated. healthwise, healthwise for every health decision, and the healthwise logo are trademarks of healthwise, incorporated.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4340924489877245, "token_count": 406, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.223579"} {"text": "adult acute myeloid leukemia treatment ( patient ) general information about adult acute myeloid leukemia adult acute myeloid leukemia ( aml ) is a type of cancer in which the bone marrow makes abnormal myeloblasts ( a type of white blood cell ), red blood cells, or platelets. adult acute myeloid leukemia ( aml ) is a cancer of the blood and bone marrow. this type of cancer usually gets worse quickly if it is not treated. it is the most common type of acute leukemia in adults. aml is also called acute myelogenous leukemia, acute myeloblastic leukemia, acute granulocytic leukemia, and acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. normally, the bone marrow makes blood stem cells ( immature cells ) that develop into mature blood cells over time. a blood stem cell may become a myeloid stem cell or a lymphoid stem cell. the lymphoid stem cell develops into a white blood cell. the myeloid stem cell develops into one of three types of mature blood cells : in aml, the myeloid stem cells usually develop into a type of immature white blood cell called myeloblasts ( or myeloidblasts ). the myeloblasts in aml are abnormal and do not become healthy white blood cells. sometimes in aml, too many stem cells develop into abnormal red blood cells or platelets. these abnormal white blood cells, red blood cells, or platelets are also called leukemia cells or blasts. leukemia cells can build up in the bone marrow and blood so there is less room for healthy white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. when this happens, infection, anemia, or easy bleeding may occur. the leukemia cells can spread outside the blood to other parts of the body, including the central nervous system ( brain and spinal cord ), skin, and gums. this summary is about adult aml. see the following pdq summaries for information about other types of leukemia : there are different subtypes of aml. most aml subtypes are based on how mature ( developed ) the cancer cells are at the time of diagnosis and how different they are from normal cells. acute promyelocytic leukemia ( apl ) is a subtype of aml that occurs when parts of two genes stick together. apl usually occurs in middle - aged adults. symptoms of apl may include both bleeding and forming blood clots. anything that increases your risk", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4715242433901742, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.227551"} {"text": "( apl ) is a subtype of aml that occurs when parts of two genes stick together. apl usually occurs in middle - aged adults. symptoms of apl may include both bleeding and forming blood clots. anything that increases your risk of getting a disease is called a risk factor. having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer ; not having risk factors doesn ' t mean that you will not get cancer. people who think they may be at risk should discuss this with their doctor. possible risk factors for aml include the following : possible signs of adult aml include fever, feeling tired, and easy bruising or bleeding. the early signs of aml may be like those caused by the flu or other common diseases. a doctor should be consulted if any of the following problems occur : tests that examine the blood and bone marrow are used to detect ( find ) and diagnose adult aml. the following tests and procedures may be used : certain factors affect prognosis ( chance of recovery ) and treatment options. the prognosis ( chance of recovery ) and treatment options depend on : it is important that acute leukemia be treated right away. emedicinehealth public information from the national cancer institute this information is produced and provided by the national cancer institute ( nci ). the information in this topic may have changed since it was written. for the most current information, contact the national cancer institute via the internet web site at http : / / cancer. gov or call 1 - 800 - 4 - cancer this information is not intended to replace the advice of a doctor. healthwise disclaims any liability for the decisions you make based on this information. some material in cancernet\u2122 is from copyrighted publications of the respective copyright claimants. users of cancernet\u2122 are referred to the publication data appearing in the bibliographic citations, as well as to the copyright notices appearing in the original publication, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference. find out what women really need. pill identifier on rxlist - quick, easy, find a local pharmacy - including 24 hour, pharmacies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.507060327154163, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.228964"} {"text": "one of the four great ancient capitals of china, beijing \u2019 s roots can be traced back over 3, 000 years. beijing is located in the north of the country, and its name in fact means \u2018 northern capital \u2019. the city has played a vital role in china since emperor qin united china in 221 bc, and it was the capital city of the liao, jin, yuan, ming and qing dynasties which ruled china for 1, 000 years until the 20th century. the qing dynasty came to an end in 1911 due to the xinhai revolution, a movement for a chinese republic. in 1916 the new emperor, yuan shikai, died and beijing fell under the control of regional warlords. royal residences were ransacked and burned down, and the country degenerated into a semi - feudal society. it took more than three decades for china to recover and on 1st october 1949 the communist party leader, chairman mao zedong, announced the creation of the people ' s republic of china. modern day beijing is home to 17 million residents and is an integral part of china \u2019 s prosperity. beijing is a great starting point to explore this vast, populous country, and the coastal metropolis of shanghai is just 1, 000 kilometres to the south. beijing has been described as \u2018 a portal between centuries \u2019. every successive dynasty has made its mark on the city, from the ornate buildings of imperial china and the boxy architecture of the 1950 - 70s sino - soviet era to proliferation of 21st century skyscrapers. imperial china is the most eye - catching place to start, at the 15th century imperial palaces of the forbidden city. the courtyard - after - courtyard - after - courtyard of the forbidden city makes up the enormous centre of the ancient walled city of beijing. it was declared a unesco world heritage site in 1987 and is the world \u2019 s largest collection of preserved ancient wooden structures. just outside of beijing \u2019 s centre is summer palace, another unesco world heritage site and the summer retreat for the qing dynasty emperors. equally as impressive in winter, its collection of palaces, landscaped gardens, gentle hills, pavilions, temples and bridges combine to create a harmonious and breathtaking setting. the architecture of the 1950s has been put to good use in the dashanzi art district, also known as factory 798. this thriving community is housed in decommissioned bauhaus - style military factories, where art galleries, fashion designers, photographers and writers exhibit their wares to numerous visitors. modern chinese architecture is best exemplified by the beijing national stadium which attracts up to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.420431597991564, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.233085"} {"text": "##8. this thriving community is housed in decommissioned bauhaus - style military factories, where art galleries, fashion designers, photographers and writers exhibit their wares to numerous visitors. modern chinese architecture is best exemplified by the beijing national stadium which attracts up to 30, 000 visitors a day. constructed for the 2008 beijing olympics, it is better known as the birds ' nest due to the myriad of steel beams which criss - cross its exterior. the world \u2019 s largest chinatown, beijing is the ultimate destination to try chinese cuisine. street food is abundant and delicious : try little steamed \u2018 baozi \u2019 buns, peking duck or cold noodles with cucumber, tofu and sesame seeds. however, only the strongest of stomach may want to sample the roasted scorpions. head to the famous lantern - lit road of guijie street to try a hot pot ; this asian fondue is a simmering stock in which guests cook their own food. or try peking duck in chao yang park \u2013 cliched but delicious and an experience in itself. nightlife in beijing is both lively and fun, and the bar and club scenes at san li tun and hou hai run so far into the next day that \u2019 ll you be glad of beijing \u2019 s 24 - hour food culture. the great wall of china, a unesco world heritage site and one of the seven wonders of the world, embraces such broad dimensions that nothing else compares. it runs 10, 000 miles across china from east to west, and can be seen from space. the closest place to visit it is in badaling, just 75kms north of beijing. however, it pays to travel an extra 45kms to the 14th century simatai section in gubeikou : it is less touristy and the wall is in far better condition. this section is 5. 4kms long with 35 watchtowers which snake along the mountain ridges and is a truly remarkable place for sightseeing, hiking and exploration.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4507973879816737, "token_count": 401, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.235253"} {"text": "like prokaryotes, eukaryotic organisms do not want to express all of their genes all of the time. given the complexity of multicellular eukaryotes, gene regulation in these organisms needs to be very complex. this module provides a brief overview of the various levels of regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes, and takes a look at the basics of transcriptional regulation ; a detailed look at eukaryotic transcriptional regulation is beyond the scope of this course. the need for gene regulation in eukaryotes eukaryotes need to regulate their genes for different reasons than prokaryotes. in prokaryotes, gene regulation allowed them to respond to their environment efficiently and economically. while eukaryotes can respond to their environment ( we ' ll see an example of this later ), the main reason higher eukaryotes need to regulate their genes is cell specialization. whereas prokaryotes are ( relatively speaking ) simple, unicellular organisms, multicellular eukaryotes consist of hundreds of different cell types, each differentiated to serve a different specialized function. each cell type differentiates by activating a different subset of genes. ( for more on this, see the module on developmental genetics. ) because of the multitude of cell types, the regulation of gene expression required to bring about such differentiation is necessarily complex. one way this complexity is demonstrated is in multiple levels of regulation of gene expression. levels of regulation before we discuss the specifics of regulation, it is necessary to understand that \" gene expression \" covers the entire process from transcription through protein synthesis. the final measure of whether or not a gene is \" expressed \" is if the protein is produced, because it is protein that will ultimately carry out the function specified by the gene. we ' ve seen numerous examples of how eukaryotic cells are more complex than prokaryotic cells. one obvious example of this is the presence of a nucleus in eukaryotic cells, which separates transcription from translation in a way not seen in prokaryotes. furthermore, eukaryotic transcripts must be processed before they can be translated. here is a diagram outlining the steps involved in the production of a protein in eukaryotic cells : regulation can occur at any point in this pathway ; specifically, it occurs at the levels of transcription, rna processing, mrna lifetime ( longevity ), and translation. each of these types of regulation will be considered in turn. 1 | 2 | 3 | 4", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48521221815439586, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.238591"} {"text": "delia bacon, history ' s odd woman out * feminist literary scholars in search of neglected antebellum women writers have made it impossible to consider fiction without harriet beecher stowe, abolitionism without lydia maria child, transcendentalism without margaret fuller. stowe, child, and fuller were powerful intellectual forces in their own time, and their literary achievements are central to our understanding of antebellum culture now. delia bacon ' s is a different story. her repeated attempts to forge a literary career were just as repeatedly rebuffed during her lifetime, and her magnum opus, the philosophy of shakespeare ' s plays unfolded, was indeed, as nathaniel hawthorne wrote of it, a \" ponderous octavo volume, which fell with a dead thump at the feet of the public and has never been picked up \" - - unreadable then, and unreadable now. yet despite his reservations, hawthorne subvented publication of the book, and bacon somehow managed to attract new england luminaries like ralph waldo emerson and elizabeth peabody to her cause. her argument that the man \" shakespeare \" did not write \" shakespeare ' s \" plays was eccentric, to be sure, but eccentric in ways that resonated culturally. the woman who entered history as originator of the \" baconian \" theory of shakespearean authorship was no garden variety crank. mad or no ( and bacon did suffer an irreversible mental breakdown soon after the book appeared ), her thesis was tellingly inflammatory, for it rose within the framework of, yet in agonistic relation to, a particular new england local culture. the local culture in question is that of antebellum hartford and new haven, conservative centers of a calvinism in transition, theologically inflected science, and federalist - whig politics. bacon ( 1811 - 59 ) imbibed from this milieu an ambition to excel in literature that it was bound to frustrate and an eventual belief in her own divine mission that it was certain to repudiate. the philosophy of shakespeare ' s plays unfolded can be read as the attempt of an aspiring, displaced intellectual - - displaced because female and declassed - - to stage herself once and for all for the approval of people whose applause she coveted but whose rules she could never fully comprehend or follow. culture enters at every point of such a reading, controlling what it means to aspire, to be intellectual, to be displaced, to be female, to be declassed, to be applauded,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4615025331117527, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.285325"} {"text": "she could never fully comprehend or follow. culture enters at every point of such a reading, controlling what it means to aspire, to be intellectual, to be displaced, to be female, to be declassed, to be applauded, to stage oneself. bacon ' s lifelong work of inventing and reinventing herself as a female intellectual celebrity, though a marginal episode in literary and cultural history, deserves attention for the ways in which it defines the center through the very forms of its marginality. in his shakespeare ' s lives, samuel schoenbaum, the eminent scholar of shakespeare biography, interprets all the anti - stratfordians as rebels against cultural and professional expertise whose invariable substitution of some high - ranking personage for the supposedly unlettered shakespeare paradoxically indexes \" the heretic ' s revulsion against the provincial and lowly. \" schoenbaum ' s use of \" heretic \" is metaphorical, but nathaniel hawthorne thought bacon understood herself quite literally as a heretic. when she realized that her readings of the plays ran counter to the \" religious doctrines in which she had been educated, \" he says, bacon was horrified at first ; but she chose her readings over her religion - - indeed, she made her readings into her religion. shakespeare ' s plays as she read them were nothing less than a new gospel, which she had been appointed to make known ; \" she had faith that special interpositions of providence were forwarding her human efforts. \" to bacon, hawthorne noted elsewhere, \" every leaf and line \" of her work \" was sacred, for all had been written under so deep a conviction of truth as to assume, in her eyes, the aspect of inspiration. \" it is not surprising that bacon fell into such a theological mode of self - understanding ; this was the psychological terminology her culture deployed. the motif of heresy was omnipresent in the calvinist historiography that had trained her, and her writings from the start luxuriated in metaphors of martyrdom. nor, in bacon ' s case, was rejecting authority along with the provincial and lowly a true paradox. it was precisely because authority was provincial and lowly that she rejected it. although of impeccable new england lineage on both sides, delia ' s family had slid far down the social scale. david, her father, was a visionary calvinist minister who failed first in a series of frontier ministries in michigan and then as founding patriarch of a utopian theocracy in tall", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5382043546973244, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.286386"} {"text": ", delia ' s family had slid far down the social scale. david, her father, was a visionary calvinist minister who failed first in a series of frontier ministries in michigan and then as founding patriarch of a utopian theocracy in tallmadge, ohio. returning with his large family to hartford in 1812 when delia - - the fifth of seven children - - was a year old, he died in poverty five years later. the family turned to the hartford elite for patronage ; the children went to work as soon as possible. the oldest, leonard, nine years delia ' s senior, was sponsored through yale and rose to prominence as a leading clergyman in new haven. of course delia did not have leonard ' s opportunities. for some years she shuttled between a wealthy foster family in hartford and her mother ' s home in eastern new york state. she had only a year of secondary schooling ( in 1825, at catharine beecher ' s evangelical academy ) and began to teach for a living at fifteen. even as she followed the obscure route of innumerable, minimally trained new england girls, delia bacon was driven by compensatory dreams of becoming a dazzling performer who combined great social respectability with great personal distinction. these dreams were significantly underwritten by her conviction that she was a genius, a conviction that had been fostered by those around her. it was by no means aberrant for an antebellum woman to view herself as a genius. on the contrary, the association of genius with unworldliness, excitable intelligence, and expressive emotionality linked it closely with the feminine in cultural discourse. rufus griswold, for example, remarked in the preface to his anthology of american women poets that \" the moral nature of women, in its finest and richest development, partakes of some of the qualities of genius \" and that \" the most essential genius in men is marked by qualities which we may call feminine. \" the notion was so widely circulated via germaine de stael ' s beloved 1807 novel, corinne, that schoolgirls and their teachers in the northeast searched for genius in their midst almost as a matter of course. in the female student, almira hart phelps of the troy female seminary gave physical form to the quality in her description of the youthful poet lucretia davidson : \" so vivid in my mind is the recollection of her animated and enthusiastic manner at that time, the bright flashing of her dark eye, and the glow of her brilliant complexion", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4982695283888749, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.287302"} {"text": "the quality in her description of the youthful poet lucretia davidson : \" so vivid in my mind is the recollection of her animated and enthusiastic manner at that time, the bright flashing of her dark eye, and the glow of her brilliant complexion, that... it seems as if she now stood before me, the living image of youthful genius and sensibility. \" catharine beecher, delia ' s former teacher, recalled her pupil in similar terms : \" possessing an agreeable person, a pleasing and intelligent countenance, an eye of deep and earnest expression, a melodious voice, a fervid imagination, and the embryo of rare gifts of eloquence in thought and expression, she was pre - eminently one who would be pointed out as a genius. \" the girl genius, at once admired and isolated, stood in complex relation to her classmates. often she came from a lower social class than they. since it was typical of genius to exceed boundaries, those ignorant of the boundaries were most likely to transgress ; moreover, those outside the genteel circle had an obvious need, which the well - positioned did not, to insist upon themselves. paradoxically and painfully for women in a sexually asymmetric society, female excess, even when inspired, was subject to discipline and censure. ultimately, as the tragic plot of corinne so clearly demonstrated, the world preferred ordinary women and aristocrats preferred their own kind. the plot of many an antebellum women ' s novel chronicles this poignant taming and normalizing of a genius who must subside ( or grow ) into conventional womanhood if she is to gain the approbation of society. the double bind of the girl genius in a culture dominated by a female pedagogy like catharine beecher ' s is cruelly obvious in the teacher ' s recollection. success in composition became \" the highest object \" of delia bacon ' s ambition, beecher reports, even as success continually eluded her : for beecher the genius is one who, by definition, cannot win the prize ; had she more discipline - - i. e., more class - - she might win but would be, then, less a genius. given such a context, one can easily imagine bacon attempting throughout her life to combine incompatibles : to operate in the social center while remaining the genius on the margins. these goals were further inflected by the theocentric vocabulary of a milieu where orthodoxy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5284287253199067, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.288276"} {"text": "such a context, one can easily imagine bacon attempting throughout her life to combine incompatibles : to operate in the social center while remaining the genius on the margins. these goals were further inflected by the theocentric vocabulary of a milieu where orthodoxy was inseparable from social practice - - as catharine beecher ' s recollections of her pupil ' s eager ambition make so clear : \" the fear was generated in the mind of her teacher, \" she wrote, \" that the desire of human estimation especially in the form of literary ambition, might prove a snare fatal to her spiritual well - being. \" bacon ' s first published work was a book of three historical stories written in the manner of james fenimore cooper and catharine maria sedgwick. titled tales of the puritans, it appeared anonymously in 1831 when the author was just twenty years old. the book was not a success ; but derivative as it is, one can discern in it the layered political and religious tendencies that the anti - shakespeare project would make manifest. all three stories are about superior women displaced in the new world. featuring a heroine who exemplifies the fairy - tale \" princess in disguise \" motif, each plot spins a fantasy wherein a politics of class ( upper ) and gender ( female ) merges with the protestant reformation conviction, that one ' s religious sect comprises all the good in an otherwise evil world. many antebellum women ' s novels about early new england use this motif, often centering on dependent and marginalized orphans who discover lineages of wealth and high breeding, thus confounding those who have snubbed them. these novels, like bacon ' s stories, convey an uneasy tension between filiopietistic celebration of the yeoman puritans and an anglophilia that celebrates aristocracy in the person of the misfit heroine. lydia maria child ' s hobomok is the best - known example of this type. \" the regicides, \" the longest story in bacon ' s book, invents a fictional daughter for the regicide goffe, who, according to a favorite connecticut legend, hid out in hadley with his father - in - law whalley for two decades. bacon ' s word - portrait of alice, the daughter who knows nothing of her parentage, unmistakably limns the girl genius : in \" the fair puritan \" the young and beautiful lady eveline, motivated entirely by religious concerns, leaves her", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4956083898995401, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.289258"} {"text": "s word - portrait of alice, the daughter who knows nothing of her parentage, unmistakably limns the girl genius : in \" the fair puritan \" the young and beautiful lady eveline, motivated entirely by religious concerns, leaves her luxurious surroundings and loving siblings to emigrate to the new world. class and breeding isolate her from the other puritans, whom she nevertheless serves with pious ardor, and in the end she dies of a disease contracted while nursing the sick. finally, in \" castine, \" the puritan heroine frankly turns her back on the little commonwealth, linking up with a young catholic nobleman in exciting circumstances of indian capture and rescue and going back to france as his wife. though fiction - writing was not to earn her a reputation, over time delia bacon achieved a kind of intellectual celebrity as a history teacher in hartford, new haven, and new york city. as early as 1833 she began lecturing, not in a common school or even a girls ' academy but to elite girls who had completed formal schooling - - offering them a form of post - graduate instruction ; later she added classes for adult women. according to beecher, more than a hundred \" ladies \" in new haven, \" including the wives of the governor, judges, professors, and other dignitaries of society, were assembled to learn wisdom from her lips, devoting an unusual amount of time, and paying a liberal ticket for the opportunity. \" thereby bacon received, according to beecher, \" one of the highest compliments ever paid to an american lady. but even as she collected compliments, bacon was developing a critique of her culture centered on its failure to reward genius and live up to its responsibilities. her 1839 closet drama, the bride of fort edward, expanded a prize - winning newspaper story she had published eight years earlier. in the interval bacon had begun to think about the theater, in particular to conceive of it as a pedagogical space with much more potential than the classroom. suggesting that she thought of plays as illustrated lectures composed by the teacher - playwright for an audience of students, she wrote her brother leonard that she meant \" to display a grand and awful truth not in the abstract but in a form better fitted to strike the common mind - the living breathing reality. later, in the essay inaugurating her attack on shakespeare - - \" william shakespeare and his plays : an inquiry concerning them, \" published in putnam ' s in 1856 - - she would similarly refer to drama as a \" mighty instrument of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4732990170272604, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.290376"} {"text": ". later, in the essay inaugurating her attack on shakespeare - - \" william shakespeare and his plays : an inquiry concerning them, \" published in putnam ' s in 1856 - - she would similarly refer to drama as a \" mighty instrument of popular sway, \" a \" mechanism for moving and moulding the multitude. \" vivian hopkins, one of bacon ' s biographers, claims that leonard bacon criticized a draft of the bride for lack of dramatic action and theorizes that bacon recast the full - scale performance play into a closet drama in response. but in revising to take her brother ' s strictures into account, bacon attacked the commercial idea of drama on which they were based, thereby also attacking the elite he represented. the bride of fort edward centers on jane mccrea, murdered in 1777 by indian allies of general burgoyne when she was en route to fort edward to meet her tory fiance. the story, expertly sensationalized by the american side, became part of the iconography of the revolutionary war. burgoyne himself had much to do with circulating the legend, since he credited it with inspiring the demoralized patriot army that caused his defeat. in the many retellings of the saga, jane - - often dressed in bridal costume as she made her way through the dark woods - - functioned as the most banal and blatant kind of sentimentalized object. bacon ' s play carefully orchestrates a dramatic conflict between unstoppable world history and frustrated individual desire, alternating blank verse scenes dominated by helen, the fictionalized mccrea, with scenes in colloquial prose involving the american army. the preface asserts that the play means to exhibit the abstract truth of \" the apparent sacrifice of the individual in the grand movements for the race. \" the sacrifice is only apparent because helen is at once crushed by history and immortalized through her usefulness to its just purposes. even helen knows the patriot cause is just : \" let the high cause of right and freedom... prevail \", she muses, \" though i, with all this sensitive, warm, shrinking life ; with all this new - found wealth of love, and hope, he on its iron way. bacon frames helen ' s story with another, which depicts how patriot officers convert the massacred life into propaganda for the revolutionary cause. these wise and good men realize that ordinary folk, unschooled in the nuances of political theory and impervious to abstract debate, will respond immediately to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4697270167582509, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.291464"} {"text": "depicts how patriot officers convert the massacred life into propaganda for the revolutionary cause. these wise and good men realize that ordinary folk, unschooled in the nuances of political theory and impervious to abstract debate, will respond immediately to the sentimental spectacle of jane ' s death. no matter he political affiliation : she was lolled by a savage enemy. the burgoyne character says as much himself. \" a young and innocent girl, seeking the protection of our camp, is inhumanly murdered by indians in our pay. a single tale like this is enough to undo at a blow all that we have accomplished here. \" the play closes when the army of foot soldiers, previously \" melting away like a snow - wreath, views the spectacle and storms off predictably to avenge it : \" to the death! freedom for ever! \" the triangulated script, then, contains two plots : the framed drama shows how a spectacle might operate on the populace ; the frame shows how this spectacle was created by wise and astute men acting on behalf of history. only those with the power to make propaganda can appreciate this frame, and since the bridge of fort edward was published as a closet drama, not a stage play, one can assume that it was ultimately designed for such readers. the bridge of fort edward dramatizes the political and didactic work drama ought to do, if only the authorities knew how to use it properly. as the author of this drama, bacon has transformed helen ' s victimization into her own mastery. she presents the lovelorn helen sympathetically but affiliates with those who understand the divine course of history and the providential destiny of the united states. addressing an elite audience, bacon reminds it of the traditional republican responsibility to instruct the people in the arts of self - government in a manner suited to their less developed understanding. if theater in the united states was not fulfilling this task, the fault to bacon lay with those in charge who were running the theater for profit instead of principle. this would be precisely the criticism of shakespeare the man, as opposed to shakespeare the plays, she would later develop. the bride of fort edward showed that delia bacon was not satisfied with her role of purveying history to well - off women. but the play sold poorly and the wider field of action she sought eluded her. her local reputation as a teacher continued to grow until 1847, when alexander macwhorter, a young divine whom she had been seeing chastely but too often and too publicly, accused her", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49842139188436857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.292577"} {"text": "the wider field of action she sought eluded her. her local reputation as a teacher continued to grow until 1847, when alexander macwhorter, a young divine whom she had been seeing chastely but too often and too publicly, accused her of indecorous behavior. ( he seems to have been trying to escape rumors that the two were engaged. ) to support his charge, he circulated some effusive letters bacon had written him, including a few in which she pleaded with him to return her correspondence. leonard bacon acted to have macwhorter formally censured by the church. the public hearing on the issue devolved into a veritable media circus. nathaniel taylor, yale ' s most prominent theologian, supported macwhorter ; bacon was required to testify publicly on extremely short notice, and macwhorter received nothing more than a mild reproof for imprudence. both wings of the calvinist church - the town represented by her brother, and yale college represented by the tribunal - had failed delia bacon who, if by no means a fallen woman, had nonetheless completely lost control of her own public image. her reputation as a \" lady \" - on which her career so vitally depended and to which she was so centrally committed - was smashed. the debacle might have caused bacon to reject the god of her church, but it did not. nor did she attack the church hierarchy, as catharine beecher soon would. beecher claimed that she wrote truth stranger than fiction ( 1850 ) to expose the clerical hypocrisy and corruption so obvious in the case, and she was confident ( wrongly ) that, the church could not withstand her demonstration. \" the female sex are accustomed to look upon the ministers of jesus christ as their special guardians and protectors. the preservation of this grateful respect and confidence is one of the most sacred trusts committed to the ministry, \" she insisted. although she did not accept beecher ' s designation that she was a chosen agent of god ' s cleansing wrath against the fallen church, bacon certainly employed providential thinking as she attempted to understand what had happened to her. and, when she began to discern that shakespeare had not written the plays attributed to him, she could only interpret such remarkably unexpected ideas as a divine influx. she writes to beecher, a year after the public hearing, of newfound work for which she has been prepared by \" all that i have suffered, \" a \" true and only vocation \" making \" the prospect of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42460830927414667, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.293649"} {"text": "ideas as a divine influx. she writes to beecher, a year after the public hearing, of newfound work for which she has been prepared by \" all that i have suffered, \" a \" true and only vocation \" making \" the prospect of my future life not endurable merely, but more precious than it had ever been before. \" \" i have something to do yet before i die, \" she continues, \" and i would gladly suffer all that i have suffered, and think it little, if that were the cost of its accomplishment - l have work to do which is not my own, - ' day labor, ' and the night is at hand! i am tired of this mere suffering. \" in elaborating and promulgating her anti - stratford theory, bacon was ultimately far less concerned to attack shakespeare the impostor than to promulgate the message she found in the plays. her incendiary essay attacking the bard, she told hawthorne, was meant merely \" to send the old player about his business, to make way for this graver performance. \" in this graver performance, bacon boldly theorized that the plays were republican polemics produced from within elizabeth ' s and james ' s court by a secret society founded by walter ralegh and headed in the next generation by francis bacon, who was chief if not sole author of the plays. extending the thesis, she argued that if the plays were not what they had been taken to be, then neither the elizabethan age nor history itself was what it had been taken to be. the heart of bacon ' s re - reading involved rewriting history itself. this fundamentally historicist approach to the plays developed from an intellectual. self - presentation that had always been grounded in a supposed mastery of history. but now, as she thoroughly revised a period of english history that was also foundational to united states history, bacon made herself an agent in history as well as a recounter of it. the influence of shakespeare had been obvious throughout in the construction and rhythms of the bride of fort edwards ; when bacon ventured into drama she worked from her culture ' s most revered model without seeming to question his authorship. but in composing a closet drama rather than a performance play, she worked with one of several possible shakespeares available to her. writing at length about the circulation of shakespeare ' s performed plays among all social levels in the antebellum united states, lawrence levine has argued that the bard ' s popularity reflects a scene where high and low culture were not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.516105167210396, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.294646"} {"text": "patiently collecting concrete, observable facts ; then developing successively broader generalizations from these facts ; and, ultimately, constructing a theory that accounted for every single one of them. this theory was called a law of nature ; it did not presume to explain how anything had come into being but only how it functioned. perfect functioning implied the perfection of the deity, who was the cause of it all. the emergence of baconian empiricism in england just as catholicism was being disestablished there was thought to be no historical coincidence ; rather, it was the express result of protestant ideology, according to which people looked at the world through their own eyes and saw it as the product of divine benevolence. the disciplines of science were in the process of organizing themselves throughout the northeastern united states during delia bacon ' s lifetime, and all the yale professors of chemistry, astronomy, geology, and \" natural philosophy ' ( physics ) were advocates of bacon ' s system as they knew it through the mediation of scottish commonsense philosophy. delia bacon was well acquainted with these men, especially. benjamin silliman, yale ' s first professor of chemistry, and his son benjamin silliman, jr., who succeeded him in the same position. it was known that francis bacon had not fully carried out his plan of work ; delia bacon became convinced that some missing parts of the plan had been completed, specifically, the plays of \" shakespeare, \" a collection of human facts organized to display the laws of a human nature that was ineluctably progressing towards the worldwide institution of republican governments. these were heady ideas, and for some time delia bacon kept them to herself. in the meantime, she found a new field and many new admirers when she reinstituted her history classes in the - hberal precincts of unitarian boston and cambridge. eliza farrar, married to harvard ' s professor of mathematics and author of a best - selling advice book ( the young lady ' s friend, first published in 1836 ), provided here, parlor for one such course. she recalled that bacon \" ended with a fine climax that was quite thrilling.... all who saw her then must remember how handsome she was, and how gracefully she used her wand in pointing to the illustrations of her subject. i used to be reminded by her of raphael ' s sibyls, and she often spoke like an oracle. \" \" even now, \" ; her friend caroline dall remembered much later, \" it is only necessary to close", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5548727029832033, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.297080"} {"text": "of her subject. i used to be reminded by her of raphael ' s sibyls, and she often spoke like an oracle. \" \" even now, \" ; her friend caroline dall remembered much later, \" it is only necessary to close my eyes, to see once more that graceful form which always suggested the priestess of apollo, to hear again the vibrant voice which penetrated to one ' s inmost soul. her identity as a lad, v genius firmly reestablished, bacon took a truly daring next step, transforming her private classes into public lectures which she delivered in boston and then in new york. this work required presence behind the stage as well as on it, since she had to line up sponsors and supporters ahead of time. she was \" a lady of elegant appearance, \" according to the new york herald for i december 1852, \" and decidedly pretty, \" wearing \" a black velvet dress which set off her figure to advantage \" ; she delivered her lecture sitting in a chair, in a quiet and gentle manner, with a voice \" musical, earnest, and sympathetic \" and an enunciation \" clear, distinct, measured. \" at the time she was probably the first and only woman lecturing publicly on a non - reform topic, and the topic could not have been more ambitious. the herald reported - perhaps with playful irony - that \" she began by saying ' she did not come there as an advocate of what were called woman ' s rights, ' and she then proceeded to lay out and illustrate the proposition that history is a great whole, connected in all its parts. \" delia bacon came on stage in the person of a lady and performed the part of history. evidently her performance was driven by overdetermined desires for personal vindication and triumph ; but it was nothing compared to the triumph she contemplated as discoverer and publicizer of the truth about shakespeare ' s plays. bacon ' s theory about shakespeare ' s plays was already in formation when she moved to boston. she seems to have talked extensively about it at least to elizabeth peabody, for in later years, when leonard insisted that his sister ' s \" theory about the authorship of shakespeare ' s plays, and her views of lord bacon were a part of her insanity, \" peabody countered that the theory was not only evident long before the insanity but its \" criticism of those times is the most profound that has ever been written. some of the republicanism in the final formulation of the theory may well have come from peabody, just as some of its insistence on the divinity of human", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48681313231418305, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.298195"} {"text": "before the insanity but its \" criticism of those times is the most profound that has ever been written. some of the republicanism in the final formulation of the theory may well have come from peabody, just as some of its insistence on the divinity of human nature may have resulted from her exposure to local transcendentalism. but after a while, according to peabody, bacon became quite secretive about her ideas - not because she doubted them but because she was afraid of being scooped. although she used her attack on shakespeare to criticize the market mentality, she considered herself the owner as well as trustee of her theory and meant to get credit for it. she had no doubt that publication of the theory would make her world - famous. when bacon conceptualized the plays as a series of republican polemics authored chiefly by francis bacon, she did not claim kinship with him. yet the coincidence of names must have played a part in her thinking ; here was her unacknowledged forebear, an intellectual if not a blood relation. having affiliated with shakespeare in the bride of fort edward, she was now disavowing him for a far more attractive form of authority, replacing an untalented merchandiser of dramatic goods with a courtier and gentleman who was a great thinker and also, in her reading of him, a republican revolutionary. bacon ' s historicist focus, her insistence that no great literature could be merely entertaining or even purely aesthetic, in her mind privileged her reading above all others, a position that oddly adumbrates counter - aesthetic historicist criticism of the present day. she even went a step further to argue that bacon and his group would not have been content to limit their radical work to mere writing : \" there was to have been a change in the government here at one time, very different from the one which afterwards occurred, if the original plans of these men had succeeded. the ciphered language she insisted was deployed in the plays - the discourse awaiting delia bacon ' s unsealing - had been developed originally as a way for the courtiers to communicate with each other without arousing the crown ' s suspicion. because, on the one hand, the crown was too vigilant and, on the other, the people were insufficiently trained in republican principles to be trustworthy citizens in a free state, the courtiers abandoned their planned revolution. only then did the frustrated elizabethan man of action become a man of letters, who \" invented new letters in his need, letters that would go farther than the sword", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5036976846847031, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.299287"} {"text": "be trustworthy citizens in a free state, the courtiers abandoned their planned revolution. only then did the frustrated elizabethan man of action become a man of letters, who \" invented new letters in his need, letters that would go farther than the sword \" ( p. xlix ). in short, the plays developed a sophisticated republican political theory in a coded language that conveyed it ( under the very nose of the queen, whose regime the theory sought to undermine ) to an unlettered public via the sensuous immediacy of dramatic performance. if examined closely, bacon ' s argument undermines the religion ' political origins of united states history according to which the puritans were embryonic republican anti - monarchists as well as protestant martyrs. if she was night, anti - monarchism was a courtly, not a puritan, credo ; providential history as it had long been understood and taught in new england, and was increasingly taught in schools throughout the nation, was wrong. yet, what new england had been in its founding was far less important to bacon than what it had become ; her reading of the plays attacks a contemporary mercantile and mercenary elite that sought to justify itself through sham appeals to patriotism, religiob, and high culture. only such a misguided elite could possibly be satisfied with, indeed promote, an idea of the plays as documents created for mere aesthetic pleasure or, worse still, for monetary gain in the artistic marketplace. for many reasons, and in a most un - baconian manner, bacon failed to recognize or even understand the need to corroborate her theory with extrinsic evidence, and it was due to this fundamental flaw that her entire project foundered. her view of history itself was purely textual ; she thought ( like many a literary scholar today ) that a good, convincing interpretation was the same as a proof. caroline dall remembered her saying that \" she drew her evidences of francis bacon ' s authorship from two sources, the internal and the external. she found them in the plays themselves, and outside of the plays, in history. but for bacon \" history \" meant history books, and history books meant the compendium or compilation nearest to hand. for all the scholastic ingenuity she expended on interpretation, she was uninstructed in editorial procedures, naive about the material constitution of documentary evidence. bravely performative though she was, she lacked the mental furniture to live in a non - textual, material, world. she was completely", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5000658767496875, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.302523"} {"text": "on interpretation, she was uninstructed in editorial procedures, naive about the material constitution of documentary evidence. bravely performative though she was, she lacked the mental furniture to live in a non - textual, material, world. she was completely unscientific. and, of course, this deficit had in part identified her as a genius in the first place. in phelps ' s words, \" genius is of too fine, too exquisite a nature to bear the rude contact of worldly things. \" yet before one dismisses out of hand the inadequacies of an approach in which the printed word - any printed word - acquires a kind of divine status, it is worth remembering how prevalent such an approach still was in the conservative churches. although higher criticism of the bible, on which subsequent textual literary analysis was to be modeled, had certainly begun to influence the thinking of liberal religious elites, conservatives by no means generally accepted it, for it challenged the theory of inspired biblical compositions. moreover, the habit of interpreting texts typologically was still common in 91 new england. baconianism and the bible lived side by side. indeed, bacon ' s success in finding sponsors, at least initially, suggests that her rejection of shakespeare struck a chord. one might dismiss elizabeth peabody ' s enthusiasm for the cause on the grounds that peabody loved a losing fight, but what is to be said about emerson, who joined with peabody in recommending bacon ' s work to george putnam? emerson himself, in representative men, fretted over the lack of fit between shakespeare ' s works and the man known as shakespeare. and what of george putnam, who agreed to publish \" william shakespeare and his plays \"? to be sure, as peabody ' s cousin and as a publisher soliciting emerson ' s contributions, putnam may have found it politic to do the two a favor. one should not, however, neglect the evidence that his mother - elizabeth peabody ' s aunt - had intellectual habits much like delia bacon ' s. [ she ] was a believer in types and symbols, and she found not only in the scriptures but in many other things a double meaning, the first apparent and direct, the second hidden and indirect or spiritual. for the purpose of expounding these theories in regard to the interpretation of the scriptures, she began a series of commentaries on the old testament.... two octavo volumes [ were ] published, with filial respect, by her son george, in 1852 and 1853. bacon also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48369723217097194, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.303556"} {"text": "regard to the interpretation of the scriptures, she began a series of commentaries on the old testament.... two octavo volumes [ were ] published, with filial respect, by her son george, in 1852 and 1853. bacon also garnered financial support from charles butler, a new york banker, entrepreneur, and philanthropist she met through her lecture series, who backed her journey to england in 1853. she undertook the trip ostensibly to search out confirming evidence, but once she arrived, she simply wrote ever more pages of interpretation. early in her sojourn she visited bacon ' s tomb once, in the company of charles butler ; but she avoided stratford until her treatise had been published. her notion that papers testifying to the existence of the society were buried in shakespeare ' s grave seems to have developed late, in response to iterated demands for ocular proof. hawthorne was among the few in whom she confided her fresh idea, and he was responsible for circulating it after her death. proceeding mainly by ridicule and invective, \" william shakespeare and his plays \" scorned a venerated theory as a means of scorning its generators. \" oh, stupidity past finding out! \" that anybody could \" worship this monstrous incongruity, \" bacon exclaims ( \" inquiry, \" p. 119 ). this was unladylike writing to say the least ; thirty years later caroline dall wrote mournfully of the essay : \" as i go back to it, it grieves me bitterly, its coarseness and flippancy seem so unworthy of, and so unlike my friend. published anonymously, the essay adopts a voice intended to be masculine, to imply a male authority behind the disembodied neutrality of print. in a footnote, the editors sustained the masquerade by referring to the author only as a \" learned and eloquent scholar \" ( p. 98 ). in contrast to the cooperian narrative style of tales of the puritans and the shakespearean mimicry of the bride of fort edward, bacon ' s anti - stratfordian prose is orotund and numbingly repetitious - another imitative exercise, this one of the pulpit rhetoric and political oratory she had heard all her life. stripped of some of its interesting complexities, \" william shakespeare and his plays \" accomplishes its task through a series of arguments. first : shakespeare could not have written the plays attributed to him because they reflect a level of education", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.474065796178744, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.304657"} {"text": "heard all her life. stripped of some of its interesting complexities, \" william shakespeare and his plays \" accomplishes its task through a series of arguments. first : shakespeare could not have written the plays attributed to him because they reflect a level of education and cosmopolitan sophistication he lacked. second : his failure to get them printed, or even to preserve the manuscripts, indicates complete ignorance of their true significance. the shakespeare known to history was a poorly educated theatrical hack who \" exhibited these plays at his theatre in the way of his trade, and cared for them precisely as a tradesman would ; cared for them ; as he would have cared for tin kettles, or earthen pans and pots, if they had been in his line \" ( p. 124 ). bacon intends her tradesman metaphor to be taken literally. especially important for the political argument she will develop in the philosophy of shakespeare ' s plays unfolded, bacon maintains that such a self - serving commercial mentality could not possibly have conceived of patriotically disinterested lines like these : third : despite the absurdity of imagining a person like the historical shakespeare as author of such work, the reverence in which the plays have been held testifies to the world ' s sense of their value. but over time the name ascribed to them has been partly detached from the man - \" it is only the work itself that we now know by that name - the phenomenon and not its beginning ' ( p. 125 ). to square the plays ' felt experience with the man supposed to have authored them, critics have endorsed a pernicious theory of aberrant genius that obscures the plays ' complex historicity and is, as well, irrelevant to the historical shakespeare. \" condemned to refer the origin of these works to the vulgar, illiterate man who kept the theatre where they were first exhibited, \" asks bacon, \" how could we, how could any one, dare to see what is really in them? \" the only reasonable solution, again, is to dismiss shakespeare, for the plays are learned and scholarly in a way that genius is not ; this is no question of mere \" lyric inspiration \" or the merely \" dramatic genius \" of a \" bunyan or a burns \" ( pp. 131 - 32 ). the historical shakespeare was neither of the people nor of their rulers ; his was the rising spirit of market values, and so to imagine that he could have written the plays only exhibits one ' s own crass mercantilism. through this \" shakespeare \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5087654921631701, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.305612"} {"text": "historical shakespeare was neither of the people nor of their rulers ; his was the rising spirit of market values, and so to imagine that he could have written the plays only exhibits one ' s own crass mercantilism. through this \" shakespeare \" she invents, then, bacon criticizes the prevalence of market values among those who should be instructing the populace in civic virtue. what the plays need at this juncture, bacon explains are \" historical investigation and criticism \" ( p. 154 ), which she plans to offer in her anticipated major study. her theory of an authorship by disinterested aristocratic proto - republican patriots working against absolute power and inherited rank obliterates all the crypto - royalist affiliations of her earlier writings, allowing her to embrace the court without embracing its ideology, to have her royals without royalism. \" the fair puritan \" had stated more or less outrightly that the high - ranking woman who abandoned her aristocratic privilege for the puritan cause was much more admirable than the more ordinary person who had much less to lose, materially and socially, by renouncing monarchist politics. bacon ' s theory of shakespearean authorship locates this self - sacrificing idealism within the heart of the court itself, among a group of worldly and educated men who alone had the privileges requisite for writing the plays. thus, the theory of coded discourse makes courtiers into patriots willing to face martyrdom for their cause. at the center of this group of courtiers is francis bacon. identifying shakespeare ' s plays as the missing practical applications of francis bacon ' s novum organum, delia hits upon a strategy that allows her to use the advancement of learning as a gloss on the plays - a substantial revision of bacon as well as shakespeare. she admits that her approach demands \" a very different kind of study from any that we have naturally thought it worth while to spend on them, so long as we regarded them as works of pastime merely.... it is pastime no longer. it is a study, the most patient, the most profoundly earnest to which these works now invite us \" ( philosophy, pp. 175 - 76 ). \" of art as anything in itself, with an independent tribunal, and law with an ethic and ritual of its own, this inventor of the one art, that has for its end the relief of the human estate and the creator ' s glory, knows nothing \" ( p. 303 ). in the plays, she insists,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5040082716989166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.306557"} {"text": "an ethic and ritual of its own, this inventor of the one art, that has for its end the relief of the human estate and the creator ' s glory, knows nothing \" ( p. 303 ). in the plays, she insists, we want to find - and we do - \" the new method of scientific inquiry applied to the questions in which men are most deeply interested - questions which were then imperiously and instantly urged on the thoughtful mind. we want to see it applied to politics in the reign of james the first \" ( p. 187 ). bacon ' s works of scientific intellection analyzed human nature ; his imaginative works - the plays - projected his philosophy in concrete examples. the scientific insistence that human nature is entirely lawful, that humans may be perfected by learning and applying the law, is an obvious contradiction of old - style calvinism, even of those forms of perfectionism involving actions of faith and free grace. a perfectionist credo of sorts was already present in the bridge of fort edward, where it manifests itself as routine patriotic enlightenment rationalism of a sort that had long since been reconciled with calvinism in the new england churches. the philosophy of shakespeare ' s plays unfolded goes far beyond the rational patriotism of the bride, however, to sketch out a new gnosis of revealed science, through which instructed individuals might align themselves with historical progress. bypassing the bible, the philosophy ( which includes some sarcastic references to puerile semitic achievements ) substitutes a hew occult corpus for interpretation. the plays become, literally, sacred writ. \" great news for man he [ francis bacon ] brings ; the powers which are working in the human life, and not those which are working without it only, are working in obedience to laws.... good news for the state, good news for man ;... confirmations from the universal scriptures, of the revelation of the divine in the human \" ( pp. 486 - 87 ). this statement rings with the democratic individualism and the protestant inventiveness of an age of numerous new breakaway sects, at least one of which ( mormonism ) was formed around a wholly new ' sacred scripture. the prominence of textual interpretation along with an intensely anti - individualist utopian ethos differentiate bacon ' s theory from the emersonian transcendentalism that it obviously resembles and at times seems to endorse. \" good news, because that law of the greater whole, which is the worthier - that law of the common - weal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5465875751498928, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.307481"} {"text": "' s theory from the emersonian transcendentalism that it obviously resembles and at times seems to endorse. \" good news, because that law of the greater whole, which is the worthier - that law of the common - weal, which is the human law - that law which in man is reason and conscience, is in the nature of things, and not in man only ' ( p. 487 ). man ' s \" relation to the common - weal is essential to the perfection of his individual nature \" ; \" the highest good of the particular and private nature... comprehends necessarily the good of the whole in its intention \" ( pp. 477 - 78 ). francis bacon ' s project aims to realize the highest form of the polity, the perfect, the truly republican, state. the core of the philosophy of shakespeare ' s plays unfolded is comprised of extended close readings of king lear, julius caesar, and coriolanus, in which the languages of new criticism and new historicism are anachronistically and startlingly foreshadowed. framed by historical material in a long reface preface and a shorter conclusion, the three plays are read as coded attacks on the tudor and stuart monarchies rooted in francis bacon ' s supposed science of human nature, reflecting republican ideals of government by self - governing individuals. in a sequence on presence and absence, bacon argues that though king lear stands for \" pure will and tyranny in their most frantic form \" ( p. 202 ), his presence on the stage as \" insulted trampled outcast majesty ' also signifies what is absent - the people - reminding readers \" that the state is composed throughout, down to its most loathsome unimaginable depths of neglect and misery, of individual men, social units, clothed of nature with the same faculties and essential human dignities and susceptibilities to good and evil, and crowned of nature with the common sovereignty of reason \" ( pp. 204, 208 ). the emperor in julius caesar is \" the most splendid and magnanimous representative of arbitrary power... so that here it is the mere abstract question as to the expediency and propriety of permitting any one man to impose his individual will on the nation \" ( p. 326 ) ; the play ' s outcome, which dramatizes that principled patriots were \" no more fit to be trusted with absolute power than he was, nor, in fact, half so fit \" ( p", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5328841159446269, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.308549"} {"text": "on the nation \" ( p. 326 ) ; the play ' s outcome, which dramatizes that principled patriots were \" no more fit to be trusted with absolute power than he was, nor, in fact, half so fit \" ( p. 329 ), proves that neither single - man rule nor junta can produce the perfect state. only self - governing individuals can do that. still more important for delia bacon ' s argument is coriolanus ( which has recently emerged as a key text for new historicist readings of shakespeare ), wherein \" the whole question of government is seized at its source \" ( p. 350 ). the argument of this play, as bacon interprets it, is the familiar nineteenth - century insistence that until the people are instructed in the arts of self - government, they are untrustworthy electors, certain to choose a demagogue to rule over them. she explains : \" that which stops short of the weal of the whole for its end, is that which is under criticism here ; and whether it exist in ' the one, ' or ' the few, ' or \" the many, - - and these are the terms that are employed here, - - whether it exist in the civil magistracy, sustained by a popular submission, or in the power of the victorious military chief, at the head of his still extant and resistless armament, it is necessarily rejected as a principle of sovereignty and permanence \" ( pp. 353 - 541 ). an uninstructed people is especially likely to choose a military hero, whom bacon sees exemplified in coriolanus as \" the pure negation of that heroism which his author conceives of, \" a man who \" knows no common - wealth ; the wealth that is wealth in his eyes, is all his own ; the weal that he conceives of, is the weal that is warm at his own heart only \" ( p. 395 ). each play treated by delia bacon puts a bad ruler on display to ask what a ruler ' s responsibility ought to be. as an anti - populist democrat, she envisages a long period of tutelage before the people can safely take government into their own hands ; it is the task of rulers to provide the necessary instruction. among bad rulers, the military hero is perhaps most germane to the 1840s, when the pro - clay whigs - - the faction to which all the bacons seem to have adhered - - saw", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48413731320537545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.309449"} {"text": "task of rulers to provide the necessary instruction. among bad rulers, the military hero is perhaps most germane to the 1840s, when the pro - clay whigs - - the faction to which all the bacons seem to have adhered - - saw their man rejected twice in favor of military men ( william henry harrison and zachary taylor ). in depicting coriolanus, bacon says, the poet separates \" instinctive military heroism, and the principle of so - called heroic greatness, from the true principles of heroism and nobility, the true principle of subjection and sovereignty in the individual human nature and in the commonweal \" ( p. 427 ). when the party of the ruling class supports a military man because he can win popular elections, the ruling class has failed its responsibility, and history takes a backward step. in sum, the philosophy of shakespeare ' s plays unfolded tried to merge contemporary discourses of religion, science, and politics together in one historical package called \" shakespeare ' s philosophy \" - - philosophy, not commercial entertainment. delia bacon ' s history was all wrong, but her historicist reading of \" shakespeare \" was virtually unique in her culture and ambitiously self - aware. restoring francis bacon to his imagined place at the forefront of historical progress, delia bacon laid claim to a similar place for herself in her own time. her project failed ; once and for all she did not win the prize. a few months after the philosophy of shakespeare ' s plays unfolded was published in 1857, she had a complete psychological breakdown ; she was taken back to the united states by a nephew and died in an asylum less than two years later. insofar as she figures in cultural discourse at all, it is as a deranged spinster obsessed with digging up shakespeare ' s grave. but her assimilation of aesthetics to commerce ; her insistence that all intellectually valuable work had to further human progress toward political perfection ; her drive to combine religion with science ; and finally her refusal to stay in even the best place her local culture could provide for an intellectual woman - - all these invite a more generous interpretation. 1 nathaniel hawthorne, our old home : a series of sketches ( 1863 ), vol 5 of the centenary edition of the works of nathaniel hawthorne ( columbus : ohio state university press, 1970 ), pp. 114 - 15. 2 bacon was probably the second person to argue in print against shakespeare ' s authorship of the plays. the first seems to have been another american, joseph c. hart, who claimed in his romance of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4811167987571196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.310407"} {"text": ", 1970 ), pp. 114 - 15. 2 bacon was probably the second person to argue in print against shakespeare ' s authorship of the plays. the first seems to have been another american, joseph c. hart, who claimed in his romance of yachting : voyage the first ( new york : harper & bros., 1848 ) that the plays were collaboratively authored by diverse hands, the best parts written by ben jonson and the stage - manager shakespeare ' s occasional contributions identifiable by their vulgarity. bacon may have known about this book ( she was visiting in new york city at the time it appeared ), but her argument is completely different. hart debunks the plays as well as the playwright ; for bacon, the playwright is a demigod, which is why he cannot be shakespeare. for additional material on hawthorne ' s subvention of the philosophy of shakespeare ' s plays unfolded, see hawthorne ' s letters, 1853 - 1856 and letters, 1857 - 1864, ed. thomas woodson et al., vols. 17 and 18 of the centenary edition ( columbus : ohio state university press, 1987 ). 3 samuel schoenbaum, shakespeare - ' s lives ( oxford and new york : oxford university press, 1970 ), p. 608. 4 nathaniel hawthorne, english notebooks ( new york : russell & russell, 1962 ), p. 388, and our old home, pp. 108, 114. 5 for delia bacon ' s life, see : theodore bacon, delia bacon : a biographical sketch ( boston and new york : houghton, mifflin and company, 1888 ) ; catharine a. beecher, truth stranger than fiction : a narrative of recent transactions, involving inquiries in regard to the principles of honor, truth, and justice, which obtain in a distinguished american university ( boston : phillips, sampson & co., 1850 ) ; helen r. deese, \" a new england woman ' s network : elizabeth palmer peabody, caroline healey dall, and delia s. bacon, \" legacy 8 ( 1992 ) : 77 - 91 ; and vivian hopkins, prodigal puritan : a life of delia bacon ( cambridge : harvard university press, 1959 ). 6 rufus w. griswold, ed., the female poets of america ( philadelphia : a. hart, 1848 ), p. 7. 7 almira hart phelps, the female student : or, lectures to young ladies on female education, 2d. ed. ( new", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4462049849879336, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.311498"} {"text": ", ed., the female poets of america ( philadelphia : a. hart, 1848 ), p. 7. 7 almira hart phelps, the female student : or, lectures to young ladies on female education, 2d. ed. ( new york : leavitt, lord & co., 1836 ) pp. 293 - 94 : beecher, stranger than fiction, p. 17. 8 beecher, stranger than fiction, pp. 18 - 19. 9 beecher, stranger than fiction, p. 19 10 for an analysis of several of these historical novels, see my american women writers and the work of history, 1790 - 1860 ( new brunswick : rutgers university press, 1995 ), pp. 152 - 68. 11 delia bacon, tales of the puritans ( new haven : a. h. maltby, 1831 ), p. 92. for a discussion of the regicide legend, see douglas c. wilson, \" web of secrecy : goffe, whalley, and the legend of hadley, \" new england quarterly 60 ( december 1987 ) : 515 - 48. 12 for the centrality of history in antebellum women ' s intellectual education and concepts, see my american women writers and history. 13 beecher, stranger than fiction, p. 22. 14 delia bacon, quoted by hopkins, prodigal puritan, p. 59. 15 delia bacon, \" william shakespeare and his plays : an inquiry concerning them, \" reprinted in t. bacon ' s delia bacon, pp. 98 - 155, the edition i cite here and later ( quotation p. 144 ). 16 hopkins, prodigal puritan, p. 62. 17 delia bacon, the bride of fort edward ( new york : samuel coleman, 1839 ), p. 68. 18 bacon, bride of fort edward, pp. 164 - 65, 21, 174. 19 beecher, stranger than fiction, pp. 7, 270, 272. 20 t. bacon, delia bacon, pp. 168 - 69, 21 lawrence w. levine, highbrow / lowbrow : the emergence of cultural hierarchy in america ( cambridge : harvard university press, 1988 ), pp. 11 - 82. 22 on bacon ' s centrality to the scientific ideology of the antebellum era, especially among religious protestants, see dirk j. struick, yankee science in the making, rev. edition ( new york : collier, 1962 ) ; george h. daniels, american", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4793668656554663, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.312327"} {"text": "when bacon neither found evidence nor agreed to return home, butler terminated his support ; she carried on in a poverty so extreme that it may well have debilitated her both mentally and physically. this was her condition when hawthorne went to see her in 1856, at elizabeth peabody ' s urging. for butler, whose relation to the market was as conflicted in its way as bacon ' s, see john denis haeger, the investment frontier : new york businessmen and the economic development of the old northwest ( albany : state university of new york press, 1981 ), and francis hovey stoddard, the life and letters of charles butler ( new york : c. scribner, 1901 ). 32 hawthorne was completely unpersuaded by delia bacon ' s theory but greatly impressed by her intellect. in memorializing her, he found a way to turn her work into an inadvertent tribute to the bard : \" to have based such a system on fancy, and unconsciously elaborated it for herself, was almost as wonderful as really to have found it in the plays. but, in a certain sense, she did actually find it there. shakespeare has surface beneath surface, to an immeasurable depth, adapted to the plummet - line of every reader \" ( our old home, p. 106 ). having agreed to help delia bacon find a publisher for the manuscript, hawthorne finally wrote a preface for it as well as subsidizing it. for his publicizing of bacon ' s visit to shakespeare ' s grave, see my \" delia bacon, hawthorne ' s last heroine, \" nathaniel hawthorne review 20 ( 1994 ) : 1 - 10. 33 dall, what we really know, p. 104. 34 \" inquiry, \" p. 129. the lines are from henry viii, 3. 2. 441 - 59. other plays named or quoted from are romeo and juliet, a midsummer night ' s dream, coriolanus, twelfth night, julius caesar, antony and cleopatra, henry v, much ado about nothing, othello, king lear, macbeth, hamlet, and the tempest. * originally published in neq 69 ( 1996 ) : 223 - 49.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4656156913849866, "token_count": 447, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.314080"} {"text": "oil shale development oil shale, which is an organic - rich fine - grained sedimentary rock, contains significant amounts of kerogen ( a solid mixture of organic chemical compounds ) from which liquid hydrocarbons can be extracted. kerogen requires more processing to use than crude oil, which increases its cost as a crude - oil substitute both financially and in terms of its potential environmental impact. us secretary of the interior ken salazar and bureau of land management director bob abbey announced today that they will take a fresh look at commercial oil shale rules and plans issued under the previous administration and, if necessary, update them based on the latest research and technologies, to account for expected water demands in the arid west and to ensure they provide a fair return to taxpayer. the largest deposits of oil shale in the world occur in the united states in the green river formation, which covers portions of colorado, utah, and wyoming ; about 70 % of this resource lies on land owned or managed by the united states federal government. mining oil shale involves a number of potential environmental impacts, more pronounced in surface mining than in underground mining. they include acid drainage induced by the sudden rapid exposure and subsequent oxidation of formerly buried materials, the introduction of metals into surface - water and groundwater, increased erosion, sulfur - gas emissions, and air pollution caused by the production of particulates during processing, transport, and support activities. there are also concerns over the oil shale industry ' s use of water. depending on technology, above - ground retorting uses between one and five barrels of water per barrel of produced shale - oil. a 2008 programmatic environmental impact statement issued by the us bureau of land management stated that surface mining and retort operations produce 2 to 10 us gallons of waste water per 1 short ton of processed oil shale. in situ processing, according to one estimate, uses about one - tenth as much water. \" for more than a century, and through many busts, we in the west have been trying to unlock oil shale resources to help power our country, \" said secretary salazar. \" if we are to succeed this time, we must continue to encourage rd & d, determine whether the technologies would be viable on a commercial scale, and find a way to develop the resources in a way that protects water supplies in the arid west. with commercial oil shale technologies still years away, now is the time to ensure that our rules and plans reflect the latest information and will deliver a fair return to the american taxpayer. \" in november 2008, the previous administration amended 8 of the land use plans", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4897681908217955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.321788"} {"text": "with commercial oil shale technologies still years away, now is the time to ensure that our rules and plans reflect the latest information and will deliver a fair return to the american taxpayer. \" in november 2008, the previous administration amended 8 of the land use plans in colorado, utah, and wyoming to make public lands available for potential commercial - scale oil - shale development, and two other land use plans to expand the acreage available for potential tar - sands leasing in utah, where these resources are located. these actions made nearly 2 million acres available for potential development. it also issued regulations that fix the royalty rate for oil shale at 5 % for the first 5 years of commercial production, rising 1 % every year thereafter until the rate reaches a possible maximum of 12. 5 %. abbey said that over the coming months, the public will have an opportunity to provide input on whether to update the existing commercial oil shale regulations. as more is known about emerging oil shale technologies, there may be specified resource protection plans as an example. secretary salazar noted that the government accountability office ( gao ) recently determined that several fundamental questions about oil shale technologies remain unanswered, including critical questions about water demands. an october, 2010 gao report determined that : \" oil shale development could have significant impacts on the quality and quantity of water resources, but the magnitude of these impacts is unknown because technologies are years from being commercially proven, the size of a future oil shale industry is uncertain, and knowledge of current water conditions and groundwater flow is limited. \" director abbey said the blm will also conduct further environmental analysis to determine whether to amend existing land use plans for oil shale and tar sands resources. the public process associated with the planning initiative will allow the department to take a fresh look at what public lands are best suited for this kind of development. for further information : http : / / www. blm. gov / wo / st / en / info / newsroom / 2011 / february / nr _ 02 _ 15 _ 2011. html", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.43207634759507135, "token_count": 402, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.322687"} {"text": "the vlt active optics system due to the low ratio between their thickness and their diameter, the vlt primary mirrors will be rather flexible and sensitive to various disturbances, requiring permanent control of their optical shape. active optics consists in applying controlled forces to the primary mirror and in moving the secondary mirror in order to cancel out the errors. the scheme was developped by eso for the 3. 5 - m new technology telescope ( ntt ) and is now applied to the vlt. the system must essentially compensate for static or slowly varying deformations such as manufacturing errors, thermal effects, low frequency components of wind buffeting, telescope inclination,... it is also used when changing between cassegrain and nasmyth foci. a schematic view of the system is shown below. ( drawing by ed janssen, eso ) descriptionthe different elements of the active optics system of the vlt are the primary mirror, with its active support system located within the m1 cell structure, the m2 unit, the ccd shack - hartmann wavefront sensor ( wfs ) located in the sensor arm of the adapter, and the computer analysing the wavefront sensor data. there are three modes of operation, that are described below baselinethe active optics baseline operation is the correction of wavefront aberrations generated by the optics of the telescope and by slowly varying temperature inhomogeneities in or near the building. the corrections are based on an image analysis. the active optics system constantly monitors the optical quality of the image using an offset reference star as it is picked up in the field by the wavefront sensor ccd in the adapter sensor arm. the same offset star is also used by the acquisition and autoguiding ccd. the system controls the relative position and the shape of the optical elements. the primary mirror shape can be actively controlled by varying the force pattern applied by means of its support system. the latter consists of 150 computer controlled axial actuators, applying a distribution of forces at the back of the mirror. periodically the image analyzer calculates the deviation of the image from the best quality. the image analysis typically requires about 30 seconds ( 1 / 30 hz ) in order to integrate out the effect of atmospheric seeing. the computer decomposes the deviation into single optical contributions ( defocus, astigmatism, coma etc... ) and calculates the force correction which each active element has to perform to achieve the optimal quality. the set of 150 correction forces, one for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5280626901955957, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.327279"} {"text": "deviation into single optical contributions ( defocus, astigmatism, coma etc... ) and calculates the force correction which each active element has to perform to achieve the optimal quality. the set of 150 correction forces, one for each axial actuator, is computed and transmitted to the local control of the m1 cell - m3 tower for execution. the focus and coma terms are corrected by displacements of the secondary mirror. fast correctionsthe feedback scheme is the same as above but here the maximum frequency for fast corrections is 1 hz. these shorter integration times reduce the signal to noise ratio of measurements and affect both the sky coverage ( requirement of brighter guide stars in the field ) and the number of aberrations which can be corrected ( only the lowest spatial frequency ones ). open loop corrections this mode does not use feedback information from the image analyser. the open loop mode is used in the absence of any sufficiently bright guide star, or in the case of image analysis failure, or as initialization for baseline operation after a new telescope preset. for this type of operation accurately predicted forces on m1 ( dependent on telescope tube inclination ) and predicted positions ( dependent also on temperature ) are required. more technical information on the principles of active optics can be obtained in the following publications : r. wilson, f. franza, l. noethe, journal of modern optics, vol. 34 / 4, 1987, p. 485 l. noethe et al., journal of modern optics, vol. 35 / 9, 1988, p. 1427", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5642635600616261, "token_count": 319, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.327854"} {"text": "- foot ( n. ) - old english fot, from proto - germanic * fot ( cf. old saxon fot, old norse fotr, dutch voet, old high german fuoz, german fu\u00df, gothic fotus \" foot \" ), from pie * ped - ( cf. avestan pad - ; sanskrit pad -, accusative padam \" foot ; \" greek pos, attic pous, genitive podos ; latin pes, genitive pedis \" foot ; \" lithuanian padas \" sole, \" peda \" footstep \" ). plural form feet is an instance of i - mutation. of a bed, grave, etc., first recorded c. 1300. the linear measurement of 12 inches was in old english, from the length of a man ' s foot. colloquial exclamation my foot! expressing \" contemptuous contradiction \" [ oed ] is first attested 1923, probably a euphemism for my ass, in the same sense, which dates back to 1796. the metrical foot ( old english, translating latin pes, greek pous in the same sense ) is commonly taken as a reference to keeping time by tapping the foot. to get off on the right foot is from 1905 ; to put one ' s best foot foremost first recorded 1849 ( shakespeare has the better foot before, 1596 ). to put one ' s foot in ( one ' s ) mouth \" say something stupid \" is attested by 1942 ; the expression put ( one ' s ) foot in something \" make a mess of it \" is from 1823. - foot ( v. ) - c. 1400, \" dance, move on foot, \" from foot ( n. ). to foot a bill is attested from 1848, from the process of tallying the expenses and writing the figure at the bottom ( \" foot \" ) of the bill.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4713413399587191, "token_count": 391, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.330759"} {"text": "national drinking water database portland water bureau - portland, or serves 539, 200 people - test data available : 2004 - 2009 this drinking water quality report shows results of tests conducted by the water utility and provided to the environmental working group ( ewg ) by the oregon department of human resources. it is part of ewg ' s national database that includes 47, 667 drinking water utilities and 20 million test results. water utilities nationwide detected more than 300 pollutants between 2004 and 2009. more than half of these chemicals are unregulated, legal in any amount. despite this widespread contamination, the federal government invests few resources to protecting rivers, reservoirs, and groundwater from pollution in the first place. the information below summarizes test results for this utility and lists potential health concerns. for more information from your water utility, please see their consumer confidence report. contaminants exceeding health guidelines other detected contaminants contaminants not detected - 57 chemicals 1, 1, 1 - trichloroethane, 1, 1, 2 - trichloroethane, 1, 1 - dichloroethylene, 1, 2 dibromo - 3 - chloropropane ( dbcp ), 1, 2, 4 - trichlorobenzene, 1, 2 - dichloroethane, 1, 2 - dichloropropane, 2, 3, 7, 8 - tcdd ( dioxin ), 2, 4, 5 - tp ( silvex ), 2, 4 - d, alachlor ( lasso ), alpha particle activity ( excl radon and uranium ), atrazine, benzene, benzo [ a ] pyrene, beryllium ( total ), cadmium ( total ), carbofuran, carbon tetrachloride, chlordane, chromium ( total ), cis - 1, 2 - dichloroethylene, combined uranium ( mg / l ), copper, dalapon, di ( 2 - ethylhexyl ) adipate, dichloromethane ( methylene chloride ), dinoseb, diquat, endothall, endrin, ethylbenzene, ethylene dibromide ( edb ), glyphosate, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, hexachlorobenzene ( hcb ), lindane", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46617966662742244, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.336218"} {"text": ", ethylbenzene, ethylene dibromide ( edb ), glyphosate, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, hexachlorobenzene ( hcb ), lindane, mercury ( total inorganic ), methoxychlor, monochlorobenzene ( chlorobenzene ), o - dichlorobenzene, oxamyl ( vydate ), p - dichlorobenzene, pentachlorophenol, picloram, simazine, styrene, tetrachloroethylene, thallium ( total ), toluene, total polychlorinated biphenyls ( pcbs ), toxaphene, trans - 1, 2 - dichloroethylene, trichloroethylene, vinyl chloride, xylenes ( total ) | 15 | | total contaminants detected ( 2004 - 2009 ) | arsenic ( total ), barium ( total ), cyanide, lead ( total ), nitrate & nitrite, nitrate, nitrite, selenium ( total ), antimony ( total ), di ( 2 - ethylhexyl ) phthalate, hexachlorocyclopentadiene, total haloacetic acids ( haas ), total trihalomethanes ( tthms ), combined radium ( - 226 & - 228 ), gross beta particle activity ( pci / l ) ( pesticides, fertilizer, factory farms ) | 7 | | sprawl and urban pollutants | ( road runoff, lawn pesticides, human waste ) arsenic ( total ), barium ( total ), cyanide, lead ( total ), nitrate & nitrite, nitrate, nitrite, selenium ( total ), antimony ( total ), di ( 2 - ethylhexyl ) phthalate, hexachlorocyclopentadiene, combined radium ( - 226 & - 228 ), gross beta particle activity ( pci / l ) | 3 | | water treatment and distribution byproducts | ( pipes and fixtures, treatment chemicals and byproducts ) ( naturally present but increased for lands denuded by sprawl, agriculture, or industrial development ) epa has not established a maximum legal limit in tapwater for these contaminants epa violation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49418762561087887, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.337075"} {"text": "after a couple of hours i \u2019 d been thoroughly mot - ed by an ecg heart check, a blood pressure monitor and a breast exam. we discussed my insomnia and investigated both my hearing and cholesterol levels. my risk of diabetes was rock bottom and my liver seemed to be holding up despite everything i \u2019 ve thrown at it over the years. i relaxed, safe in the knowledge that everything \u2019 s ticking along nicely. however the findings of a study in scandinavia suggest when it comes to detecting heart disease or cancer, check - ups can lull patients into a false sense of security. the danish researchers studied 14 long - term medical trials over nine years. some of the 180, 000 participants were offered regular health checks while others weren \u2019 t. most trials showed no difference in ensuing death rates. heart disease and cancer caused the same number of deaths in those who had check - ups as in those who hadn \u2019 t. even when conditions were swiftly diagnosed and drugs prescribed there was no significant difference in longevity. \u201c there is ongoing debate about the value of general health check - ups in otherwise symptom - free people, \u201d says dr gill jenkins of the simplyhealth advisory research panel. don \u2019 t let your annual physical lull you into a false sense of security \u201c there is plenty of evidence that specific checks such as cervical screening are very valuable in picking up changes early on in the disease process. \u201c blood pressure screening after a certain age has evidence to support it too but for many conditions general health checks in a symptomless person have little or no value. \u201d clearly screening for certain conditions is vital. after all if my check - up had uncovered raised blood pressure, a worrying lump or a heart murmur i would have been sent for further investigation. yet the research suggests doctors should assess a patient \u2019 s personal health risks rather than simply running through a basic battery of tests. we should pay more attention to any changes in ourselves too. \u201c better health education on the importance of reporting changes in weight, skin lesions or energy levels rather than just symptoms may be more effective than routine health checks, \u201d agrees dr jenkins. \u201c check - ups should be an opportunity to make patients aware of what to look for. \u201c for instance if a patient has a family history of high cholesterol, doctors can advise on diet, exercise and prevention. \u201d the low rate of diagnosis from check - ups is why the nhs doesn \u2019 t offer routine health checks until the statistical risk of disease has increased with age. \u201c after 45 we suggest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.47374738160584484, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.340483"} {"text": "##lesterol, doctors can advise on diet, exercise and prevention. \u201d the low rate of diagnosis from check - ups is why the nhs doesn \u2019 t offer routine health checks until the statistical risk of disease has increased with age. \u201c after 45 we suggest people have their blood pressure checked even if they feel well, \u201d says dr jenkins. \u201c people ask for routine check - ups and they may be given a quick check of the important risk areas such as blood pressure, chest sounds, abdomen. \u201c yet the enormous costs involved mean it makes sense to focus on treatments and diagnostics that improve the quality or length of life. \u201d it seems the key to a successful check - up is to know your risk factors. \u201c healthcare professionals can only advise and present the information, \u201d says dr jenkins. \u201c some patients will use a clear health check to justify ongoing behaviour such as smoking and drinking no matter how carefully counselled they are. \u201d maybe i do need to rethink that wine intake before my next appointment after all. when should you have an mot? any of the following conditions should mean a trip to your gp energy levels : if your energy has dropped for no apparent reason and you haven \u2019 t been under particular stress. skin problems : moles and lesions that are bleeding, cracked or have changed shape. weight changes : if your diet hasn \u2019 t altered but you are losing or gaining weight. unexplained bleeding : between periods, after sex or on the loo, bleeding for no apparent reason can be a sign that all is not well. persistent cough : if it has lasted longer than a fortnight it might be more than a tickle.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4475804680088459, "token_count": 337, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.341112"} {"text": "thuringia - sachsen schwarzburg rudolstadt \u2013 furstentum ( principality ) populationedit this page from familysearch wiki huldigung translates into english as oath of allegiance. during feudal times when german lords governed over their people in a mixture between arbitrary action and patriarchal hegemony, the oath of allegiance on the part of the subservient population was of utmost importance. perfidy was one of the greatest crimes and was punishable. therefore, the expostulation of loyalty, faith, honor and morals served as a constant spur among the community members. when a new manor lord was installed, he required of his subjects \u201c land und erbhuldigung \u201d. with such an oath the lordship made sure of recognition and willing subordination. the oath was to be \u201c treu, hold und gewartig zu sein \u201c. this kind of oath stems from the feudal law ( lehnsrecht ). he who was in a relationship of dependence was obligated to swear an oath of allegiance. that concerned almost everybody. huldigung was as important as any act of state. with time the act of huldigung became more a formality but did not disappear until the 19th century when constitutional law was established. records can be found in \u201c huldigungslisten \u201d of urban and rural administrations. an \u201c amt \u201d ( local administration ) kept lists of the population obligated to swear the oath of allegiance. often such lists only contain names of male villagers with no additional information, other than that they may have been the heads of households, swearing the oath of allegiance for the entire family. where the male head of household was deceased, the widow may have sworn allegiance. for schwarzburg - rudolstadt huldigungslisten are in the landesarchiv rudolstadt of varied content. in the 17th century they are ordinarily lists of names. then there are tabulations with age, occupations and number of children. sometimes there are lists of people who did not participate in oaths of allegiance. people from faraway places, often whole villages, were counted into this category. on the other hand, one can find indexes with names of people who already pledged allegiance at some other place. people absent from their villages were listed and also people who usually were not registered such as members of the nobility, administrators, ministers, teachers and miners. if two manor lords were owner of a village, two", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43231718930435015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.343725"} {"text": "2 december 2008, rome - ocean warming, frequent tropical cyclones, flash floods and droughts are likely to have a devastating impact on food production systems in pacific island countries, fao warned today. climate change - related disasters are already imposing serious constraints on development in the islands, which appear to be in a \" constant mode of recovery, \" according to a new report entitled climate change and food security in pacific island countries, jointly published by fao, the secretariat of the pacific regional environment programme and the university of the south pacific. \" climate projections for the pacific island countries are bleak and indicate reduced food security, especially for households, \" said alexander muller, fao assistant director - general, natural resources management and environment department. \" it is critical to build resilience of food systems to avoid enormous future economic losses in agriculture, fisheries and forestry. countries will have to assess how vulnerable their food systems are and how they can adapt agriculture, forestry and fisheries to future climate - related disasters. there is a need to act urgently, \" he added. climate change threats agricultural production in the pacific island countries depends heavily on summer rains. climate change predictions for the region suggest prolonged variations from normal rainfall with devastating effects on agriculture, including water stress, more pests and weeds, erosion and loss of soil fertility. increasing coastal inundation, salinization and erosion as a consequence of sea - level rise and human activities may contaminate and reduce the size of productive agricultural lands and thereby threaten household and local food security, the report said. the projected sea - level rise and sea surface temperature changes will most likely result in the decline of fisheries productivity and food security. most of the ecosystems on which coastal fisheries depend will be adversely affected. fish consumption in pacific island countries is very high, with an average of 70 kilogram per person per year. fish exports account for as much as 70 percent of total exports in some countries. adapting to change pacific island countries have already committed to a number of international and regional agreements ( unfccc, kyoto protocol and the pacific plan ) for addressing climate change impacts within the context of their sustainable development strategies. but overall, the report said, the response of pacific island countries to climate change \" can be described as being project - based, ad hoc and heavily dependant on external resources. \" \" integrating climate change adaptation into national policies, strategies, programmes and budgets related to agriculture, forestry and fisheries, should become a major priority, \" alexander muller said. the report calls for a more systematic approach to climate change, with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44832798942788427, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.346636"} {"text": "i ' ve heard that the \" smog \" in nyc actually helps plants and vegetables grow better. is there any truth to this, or is it one of those things new yorkers say to make themselves feel better, like \" we have the best drinking water in the country \"? - sarah from astoria, ny i ' m sorry to burst your big apple bubble, but this is just wishful thinking. i ' ll start by blowing your mind and totally turning the question around : do plants affect the air quality in polluted cities? trees planted in urban areas have actually been proven to reduce air pollution by doing what they do naturally, which is filter the air. plants suck in carbon dioxide ( along with the pollution ) and release clean oxygen back into the environment. woohoo, new clean air! but the flipside of all this is that the plant is sucking in polluted carbon dioxide. and that pollution has gotta end up somewhere... toxins pulled in from air, water and soil can eventually be transferred to the leaves and fruit of the plant. all plants are affected differently : tomatoes, for example, harbor toxins in their leaves and not in their fruit, so you ' re safe if you ' re only eating the tomatoes and not the leaves like a weirdo. trees planted along the streets of nyc are actually chosen for their high rate of filtration. high filtering trees help clean the air better, but they also have a strong tolerance for pollution so they can survive the tough nyc air conditions. to learn more about trees planted in nyc, check out the million trees initiative - you can request a tree to be planted on your block! so, sorry sarah... your new york city garden does not like the smog. but hey, at least you don ' t live in super - smoggy los angeles! if anyone has a specific plant they ' re growing and would like to know how pollution is affecting it, comment below and i ' ll find the answer! have a question? send it to green thumb conundrums!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4340382916878559, "token_count": 418, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.348522"} {"text": "joint anglo - american working groups continue to be the focal points for technical exchanges under the 1958 mutual defence agreement for co - operation on the uses of atomic energy for defence purposes. radiation simulation and kinetic effects technology energetic materials test monitoring nuclear materials warhead electrical components and technologies non - nuclear materials nuclear counter - terrorism technology facilities nuclear weapons engineering nuclear warhead physics computational technology aircraft, missile and space system hardening laboratory plasma physics manufacturing practices nuclear weapon accident response technologyseparate arrangements exist for exchanges under the polaris sales agreement, as amended for trident. the working groups concerned are the trident working party group, the joint steering tasks group, the trident joint re - entry systems working group and the joint systems performance and assessment group. in the absence of hydronuclear and boosted - yield underground testing, a significant improvement in methodologies and experimental capabilities is needed to determine the nuclear parameters required to assess the performance and safety of stockpiled weapon systems. the united states department of energy established a committee consisting of sandia, los alamos, and lawrence livermore national laboratories and the atomic weapons establishment ( aldermasten, uk ) to determine the advanced capabilities needed to assess the nuclear primaries of strategic weapons and to define the technologies required to provide these capabilities. the nuclear weapons information project ( nwip ) is an archiving effort established in early 1993 to rescue at - risk weapon development and testing data and knowledge. the nuclear weapons information project will preserve preserve data for training future scientists, engineers, and technicians and will provide immediate critical information for emergency response to nuclear weapon incidents. the nuclear weapons information group ( nwig ) includes participants from doe sites, the department of defense ' s defense special weapons agency, and the united kingdom ' s atomic weapons establishment.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5288017884996838, "token_count": 350, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.351617"} {"text": "a brief history the bureau \u2019 s first field office in cincinnati opened in 1913 under the leadership of special agent in charge hinton g. clabaugh. over the next several years, as the bureau \u2019 s responsibilities grew, the office investigated everything from interstate prostitution to potential espionage during world war i. 1920s and 1930s in 1920, cincinnati became one of the bureau \u2019 s eight field divisions, overseeing much of the administrative work of several other offices. in 1926, the division was moved to columbus, ohio. | special agent in charge l. c. schilder in november 1929, an office in cincinnati was reopened with l. c. schilder as special agent in charge. at that time, the division \u2019 s territory was far - ranging, encompassing all of ohio and parts of kentucky and indiana. when bureau offices were established in indianapolis in 1934 and cleveland in 1935, the cincinnati division \u2019 s territory was limited to the southern judicial district of ohio. still, the division handled a large and diverse number of cases, from helping to pursue john dillinger to breaking up a number of significant interstate prostitution rings. nelson b. klein on august 16, 1935, the division lost its first agent in the line of duty \u2014 special agent nelson b. klein. the 37 - year - old klein and another agent were pursing a man named george barrett for car theft and other charges when they tracked him to the northeast border of indiana. the agents spotted barrett and asked him to surrender, but he opened fire. klein was mortally wounded, but his return fire struck barrett in both legs. the criminal was captured and ultimately convicted of the murder. he was the first person to receive the death penalty under 1934 legislation that outlawed the murder of a federal agent. world war ii and the 1950s with the advent of world war ii in 1939, the focus of the division \u2014 along with the rest of the bureau \u2014 turned to national security matters. in the coming years, the cincinnati office searched for spies, helped strengthen the security of manufacturing plants in the area, searched for draft evaders and enemy aliens, and handled other war - time responsibilities. when a band of nazi saboteurs landed on u. s. soil in 1942, cincinnati agents helped track down their various contacts. one odd case came along in 1945. a highly explosive thermite bomb was on exhibit at the gibson hotel in cincinnati when a curious newspaper boy picked it up and dropped it out of the window, scaring nearby pedestrians. cincinnati agents responded to the scene along with police and fire personnel.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3898051548904693, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.358207"} {"text": "a highly explosive thermite bomb was on exhibit at the gibson hotel in cincinnati when a curious newspaper boy picked it up and dropped it out of the window, scaring nearby pedestrians. cincinnati agents responded to the scene along with police and fire personnel. the bomb didn \u2019 t ignite, and no one was harmed. as world war ii came to an end, the cincinnati division joined the rest of the fbi in handling cold war espionage and related national security cases. meanwhile, agents continued to handle a variety of criminal investigations \u2014 such as pursuing two robbers who stole $ 160, 000 from a bank in thornville and a group of individuals who sabotaged telephone lines. in late 1947, the division \u2019 s work led to the indictment of 17 people in connection with a major prostitution ring operating in and around ohio. | cincinnati agents in 1949 | some cases were easier than others. in 1950, a fugitive named fred whiteacre stopped to stare at his own wanted poster in a federal building. he was quickly arrested by cincinnati agents. the division also worked to identify surreptitious communist influence in certain unions and to halt attempts by bookies to fix games by intimidating college basketball players. in may 1959, division agents arrested the last escaped prisoner of war from world war ii \u2014 a german soldier who had been captured in northern africa but had escaped confinement in ohio in 1945. the soldier lived and worked under an assumed identity for years, but ultimately turned himself in to the bureau. 1960s and 1970s the division continued to tackle a wide range of cases during the 1960s and 1970s. | early cincinnati field office | in 1963, agents investigated the fraudulent awarding of contracts at a local air force base. two years later, the office assisted the bureau \u2019 s disaster squad in responding to the crash of an american airlines flight that killed 58 people near cincinnati. in the late 1960s, agents tracked the radical activities of black nationalists like h. rapp brown, hoping to gain insight into the race riots taking place across the nation. in 1969, the division joined with the fbi office in new orleans and irs agents in building a successful case against organized crime figures sam dipiazza and william demming on illegal gambling, tax violation, and other charges. stronger laws in the coming years would help the fbi to more systematically take down larger mafia crime families. by 1971, a total of 117 special agents and 75 support staff in cincinnati were handling an average workload of 2, 398 criminal cases, 1, 118 national security investigations, and 169 applicant and other matters. in the late", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40090348591262126, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.359325"} {"text": "mafia crime families. by 1971, a total of 117 special agents and 75 support staff in cincinnati were handling an average workload of 2, 398 criminal cases, 1, 118 national security investigations, and 169 applicant and other matters. in the late 1970s, cincinnati agents rescued a 3 - year - old boy kidnapped from his home and arrested two brothers who plotted to blow up an ohio school. 1980s and 1990s during the next two decades, the division focused largely on cases of white - collar crime, violent crime, property crime, organized crime, and foreign espionage. in december 1982, tragedy struck when four chicago division agents were killed in an airplane accident near montgomery, ohio. the agents \u2014 terry burnett hereford, charles l. ellington, robert w. conners, and michael james lynch \u2014 were accompanying bank fraud suspect carl henry johnson and an individual from the law firm representing him to an area where agents believed johnson had stashed $ 50, 000 in embezzled money. the plane \u2014 which was piloted by two of the agents and was apparently experiencing problems with its altitude readings \u2014 crashed on approach to lunken airport. no one aboard survived. | raymond luc levasseur | on november 4, 1984, local police and cincinnati agents arrested ten most wanted fugitive raymond luc levasseur and his wife in deerfield, ohio. a founding member of a left - wing terrorist group known as the united freedom front, levasseur had been placed on the fbi \u2019 s top ten list in 1977 for his role in a series of bombings and bank robberies across the northeastern united states. he was convicted in 1986 and served in prison until 2004. on november 3, 1988, the division arrested another top ten fugitive, john edward stevens, who was sought in connection with 22 bank robberies across the country. in the late 1980s, the office handled a number of significant cases, including the collapse of the home state savings bank of cincinnati and a wide - ranging scheme to fix harness races that led to the indictment of more than a dozen conspirators. from 1986 through 1989, the cincinnati division investigated the illegal gambling activities of baseball star and cincinnati reds manager pete rose, who was later banned from the game. in the late 1980s, the division also investigated a hospital attendant named donald harvey, who claimed to have murdered as many as 87 people while working in various medical facilities in kentucky and ohio. harvey was eventually sentenced to several life terms. in the 1980s, cincinnati agents and irs investigators began investigating price - fixing in the sale of industrial diamonds used for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4071921405620123, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.360466"} {"text": "to have murdered as many as 87 people while working in various medical facilities in kentucky and ohio. harvey was eventually sentenced to several life terms. in the 1980s, cincinnati agents and irs investigators began investigating price - fixing in the sale of industrial diamonds used for cutting and grinding tools. the case \u2014 which made use of court - authorized wiretaps and the federal witness protection program \u2014 led to indictments in march 1994. in july 2001, division agents arrested danny william kincaid, the ohio leader of the white supremacist group known as aryan nations, for possessing an explosive device and a trove of other weapons. he pled guilty the following year. following the events of 9 / 11, the cincinnati division joined with the rest of the bureau in making the prevention of terrorist attacks its top priority. it strengthened its joint terrorism task force, which has components in both cincinnati and columbus, and set up a field intelligence group. the terror task force was soon involved in some key investigations. in 2003, working with agents from fbi headquarters and various partners, the cincinnati division began investigating an ohio truck driver named iyman faris. faris admitted having personal contact with several individuals tied to terrorism, and agents later learned that he had been tasked by al qaeda operatives with attacking the brooklyn bridge and other targets. he pled guilty to terrorism support charges and was sentenced to 20 years in prison in october 2003. faris also led investigators to nuradin abdi \u2014 a somali national living in columbus \u2014 who had plotted with faris to blow up a shopping mall and discussed potential missile attacks against u. s. landmarks. abdi pled guilty to various terrorism support charges in july 2007. a third co - conspirator, christopher paul, pled guilty in june 2008 to plotting to use a weapon of mass destruction against targets in the united states and europe. meanwhile, the division continued its work on criminal cases, investigating everything from mortgage fraud and other white - collar crimes to drug trafficking and child pornography. with new intelligence capabilities, new and deepened cooperation with a variety of law enforcement and intelligence partners, and new post - 9 / 11 legal authorities and resources, the cincinnati division is committed to continuing its work to protect local communities and the country from a range of national security and criminal threats.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41226614572701903, "token_count": 459, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.361462"} {"text": "following a major disaster, first responders who provide fire and medical services will not be able to meet the demand for these services. factors such as number of victims, communication failures and road blockages will prevent people from accessing emergency services they have come to expect at a moment ' s notice through 911. people will have to rely on each other for help in order to meet their immediate life saving and life sustaining needs. one also expects that under these kinds of conditions, family members, fellow employees and neighbors will spontaneously try to help each other. this was the case following the mexico city earthquake where untrained, spontaneous volunteers saved 800 people. however, 100 people lost their lives while attempting to save others. this is a high price to pay and is preventable through training. if we can predict that emergency services will not meet immediate needs following a major disaster, especially if there is no warning as in an earthquake and people will spontaneously volunteer, what can government do to prepare citizens for this eventuality? first, present citizens the facts about what to expect following a major disaster in terms of immediate services. second, give the message about their responsibility for mitigation and preparedness. third, train them in needed life saving skills with emphasis on decision making skills, rescuer safety and doing the greatest good for the greatest number. fourth, organize teams so that they are an extension of first responder services offering immediate help to victims until professional services arrive. the community emergency response team ( cert ) concept was developed and implemented by the los angeles city fire department ( lafd ) in 1985. the whittier narrows earthquake in 1987 underscored the area - wide threat of a major disaster in california. further, it confirmed the need for training civilians to meet their immediate needs. as a result, the lafd created the disaster preparedness division with the purpose of training citizens and private and government employees. the training program that lafd initiated makes good sense and furthers the process of citizens understanding their responsibility in preparing for disaster. it also increases their ability to safely help themselves, their family and their neighbors. the federal emergency management agency ( fema ) recognizes the importance of preparing citizens. the emergency management institute ( emi ) and the national fire academy adopted and expanded the cert materials believing them applicable to all hazards. the cert course will benefit any citizen who takes it. this individual will be better prepared to respond to and cope with the aftermath of a disaster. additionally, if a community wants to supplement its response capability after a disaster", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4543262863645532, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.368349"} {"text": "them applicable to all hazards. the cert course will benefit any citizen who takes it. this individual will be better prepared to respond to and cope with the aftermath of a disaster. additionally, if a community wants to supplement its response capability after a disaster, civilians can be recruited and trained as neighborhood, business and government teams that, in essence, will be auxiliary responders. these groups can provide immediate assistance to victims in their area, organize spontaneous volunteers who have not had the training and collect disaster intelligence that will assist professional responders with prioritization and allocation of resources following a disaster. since 1993 when this training was made available nationally by fema, communities in 28 states and puerto rico have conducted cert training. we recommend a number of steps to start a cert : identify the program goals that cert will meet and the resources available to conduct the program in your area. gain approval from appointed and elected officials to use cert as a means to prepare citizens to care for themselves during a disaster when services may not be adequate. this is an excellent opportunity for the government to be proactive in working with its constituency. identify and recruit potential participants. naturals for cert are community groups, business and industry workers and local government workers. train cert instructor cadre. conduct cert sessions. conduct refresher training and exercises with certs. the cert course is delivered in the community by a team of first responders who have the requisite knowledge and skills to instruct the sessions. it is suggested that the instructors complete a cert train - the - trainer ( ttt ) course conducted by their state training office for emergency management or the emergency management institute in order to learn the training techniques that are used successfully by the lafd. the cert training for community groups is usually delivered in 2 1 / 2 hour sessions, one evening a week over a 7 week period. the training consists of the following : session i, disaster preparedness : addresses hazards to which people are vulnerable in their community. materials cover actions that participants and their families take before, during and after a disaster. as the session progresses, the instructor begins to explore an expanded response role for civilians in that they should begin to consider themselves disaster workers. since they will want to help their family members and neighbors, this training can help them operate in a safe and appropriate manner. the cert concept and organization are discussed as well as applicable laws governing volunteers in that jurisdiction. session ii, disaster fire suppression : briefly covers fire chemistry, hazardous materials, fire hazards", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.451811762109063, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.369402"} {"text": ", this training can help them operate in a safe and appropriate manner. the cert concept and organization are discussed as well as applicable laws governing volunteers in that jurisdiction. session ii, disaster fire suppression : briefly covers fire chemistry, hazardous materials, fire hazards and fire suppression strategies. however, the thrust of this session is the safe use of fire extinguishers, sizing up the situation, controlling utilities and extinguishing a small fire. session iii, disaster medical operations part i : participants practice diagnosing and treating airway obstruction, bleeding and shock by using simple triage and rapid treatment techniques. session iv, disaster medical operations, part ii : covers evaluating patients by doing a head to toe assessment, establishing a medical treatment area, performing basic first aid and practicing in a safe and sanitary manner. session v, light search and rescue operations : participants learn about search and rescue planning, size - up, search techniques, rescue techniques and, most important, rescuer safety. session vi, disaster psychology and team organization : covers signs and symptoms that might be experienced by the disaster victim and worker. it addresses cert organization and management principles and the need for documentation. session vii, course review and disaster simulation : participants review their answers from a take home examination. finally, they practice the skills that they have learned during the previous six sessions in disaster activity. during each session participants are required to bring safety equipment ( gloves, goggles, mask ) and disaster supplies ( bandages, flashlight, dressings ) which will be used during the session. by doing this for each session, participants are building a disaster response kit of items that they will need during a disaster. when participants have completed this training, it is important to keep them involved and practiced in their skills. trainers should offer periodic refresher sessions to reinforce the basic training. cert teams can sponsor events such as drills, picnics, neighborhood clean up and disaster education fairs which will keep them involved and trained. cert members should receive recognition for completing their training. communities may issue id cards, vests and helmets to graduates. first responders need to be educated about the cert and their value to the community. using cert as a component of the response system when there are exercises for potential disasters can reinforce this idea. fema supports cert by conducting or sponsoring train - the - trainer and program manager courses for members of the fire, medical and emergency management community. the objectives of the ttt are to prepare attendees to promote this training in their community, conduct ttt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4714728106206943, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.370563"} {"text": "reverse osmosis, also known as hyper filtration, is the preferred method of seawater and brackish water purification. as the equipment needed to perform reverse osmosis is cost - effective, and the process requires little input energy compared to other methods of purification, reverse osmosis has become the worldwide leader among desalinization methods. developed at ucla, and used commercially since the 1970 \u2019 s, seawater reverse osmosis has served marine professionals for nearly 40 years. seawater reverse osmosis ( swro ) is used in a wide range of commercial applications. marine professionals such as commercial fisherman and offshore rig workers rely on swro to provide freshwater for routine daily tasks such as bathing, cleaning and of course, drinking. in larger applications, such as cruise ships, swro is sometimes also used. in such applications, it is necessary not only to desalinize water, but to provide quality freshwater. cruise liner restaurant professionals count on swro for water used for cooking, as well as making coffee, soda and other beverages. here, consistency is key. by way of its simple yet effective design, reverse osmosis is able to consistently satisfy the needs of those who count on it. the process itself is relatively simple and straightforward. in order to purify a liquid, the \u201c solvent \u201d ( in this case, water ) is put under pressure in excess of 250 psi for brackish water and 1000 psi for seawater, forcing it through a semi - permeable membrane. this application - specific membrane allows water molecules to pass through, but catches \u201c solutes, \u201d yielding purified water. when employed, reverse osmosis is capable of not only of de - salting water, but also removing other impurities such as bacteria, ions and particulates. if you \u2019 re considering using reverse osmosis to address your water purification needs, browse our inventory of everpure reverse osmosis filters.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5434492401137367, "token_count": 400, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.372606"} {"text": "on this day - 15 april 1918 theatre definitions : western front comprises the franco - german - belgian front and any military action in great britain, switzerland, scandinavia and holland. eastern front comprises the german - russian, austro - russian and austro - romanian fronts. southern front comprises the austro - italian and balkan ( including bulgaro - romanian ) fronts, and dardanelles. asiatic and egyptian theatres comprises egypt, tripoli, the sudan, asia minor ( including transcaucasia ), arabia, mesopotamia, syria, persia, afghanistan, turkestan, china, india, etc. naval and overseas operations comprises operations on the seas ( except where carried out in combination with troops on land ) and in colonial and overseas theatres, america, etc. political, etc. comprises political and internal events in all countries, including notes, speeches, diplomatic, financial, economic and domestic matters. source : chronology of the war ( 1914 - 18, london ; copyright expired ) fighting continues on bailleul - wulverghem line, and germans capture both places. very violent artillery action in luce valley ( somme ). finland : germans report occupation of helsingfors. macedonia : greek troops cross struma river and occupy villages in seres district. british troops take two villages south - west of demirhissar. naval and overseas operations british naval forces sink ten german armed trawlers in kattegat. austria : count czernin ' s resignation announced.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47320730473526706, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.374051"} {"text": "fletcher allen, a vermont university hospital and medical center, serves all of vermont and the northern new york region. located in burlington, fletcher allen is a regional, academic healthcare center and teaching hospital in alliance with the university of vermont. rectal prolapse in children rectal prolapse in children most commonly happens before the age of 4, and usually before age 1. boys and girls are equally likely to develop the condition. a child ' s risk of developing rectal prolapse may increase because of a structural problem in the digestive system. other conditions that increase a child ' s risk for rectal prolapse include : - increased abdominal pressure. rectal prolapse may develop in a child who frequently strains during bowel movements, such as from problems with long - term ( chronic ) constipation. pressure from forceful coughing spells, such as those caused by whooping cough ( pertussis ) or long - term lung disease from cystic fibrosis, may also lead to rectal prolapse. - short - term or long - term diarrhea. giardiasis or escherichia coli ( e. coli ) infection may cause short - term diarrhea. conditions that prevent proper food absorption, such as celiac disease or inflammatory bowel disease, may cause long - term diarrhea. - parasitic diseases. parasites such as whipworms increase the risk of prolapse. - cystic fibrosis. this disease of the mucous glands is associated with conditions throughout the body, including digestive problems. about 20 % of children with rectal prolapse will have cystic fibrosis. 1 a child who has rectal prolapse with no obvious cause may need to be tested for cystic fibrosis. - pelvic floor weakness. weakness of these muscles, which stretch across the floor of the pelvis, may be linked with damage caused by nerve disorders or spinal cord deformities ( such as spina bifida ) or may develop after pelvic surgery. - malnutrition. across the world, lack of proper nutrition may be the most common cause of rectal prolapse in children. this is especially true in underdeveloped countries. malnutrition prevents children from developing supportive tissues around the rectum. - hirschsprung ' s disease. the birth defect hirschsprung ' s disease affects muscular contractions of the bowel, which can lead to rectal prolapse.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42924933787324815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.376811"} {"text": "key ringneck snake scientific name : diadophis punctatus acricus paulson 1966 * currently accepted name * scientific names used through time - coluber punctatus \u2013 linnaeus 1766 - natrix punctatus \u2013 merrem 1820 - homalosoma punctata \u2013 wagler 1830 - calamaria punctata \u2013 schlegel 1837 - ablabes punctatus \u2013 dumeril, bibron & dumeril 1854 - diadophis punctatus acricus \u2013 paulson 1966 - diadophis punctatus \u2013 dumeril, stebbins 1985 description : average adult size is 6 inches ( 15. 2 cm ). adults are small and slender - bodied with a slate gray body. unlike other ringneck snakes, the ring normally present around the neck is indistinct or completely absent. the belly is bright orangish - yellow, fading to orange - red beneath the tail. there is a single row of half - moon spots down the center on the belly. the scales are smooth, and there are 15 - 17 dorsal scale rows at midbody. the pupil is round. juvenile color is similar to that of the adult. a. top of the head ( notice the large plate - like scales on the top of the head ) b. smooth scales c. elongated scales below the tail ( subcaudal scales ) are typically divided d. front ( face view ) of the head e. side of the head range : it is found only on the lower florida keys including big pine key, little torch key, and middle torch key. it is not found outside of florida. due to its very small range it is listed as a threatened species in the state of florida. habitat : rare, but occurs mainly in pinelands, tropical hardwood hammocks, and around limestone outcroppings. comments : harmless ( non - venomous ) and seldom bites. little is known about the key ringneck snake, but it is sometimes seen under limestone rocks and boards, and crossing roads at night. it feeds on small frogs and tadpoles, earthworms, slugs, anoles, geckos, and snakes. reproduction is thought to be similar to the southern ringneck snake.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39765463941897516, "token_count": 460, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.379137"} {"text": "queen katherine parr ' s prayers or meditacions was influenced by marguerite de navarre \u2019 s mirror of the sinful soul, a text which her stepdaughter, the future queen elizabeth i, had presented to her. katherine was the sixth wife of henry viii, highly educated, and served as an intelligent companion to the aging king. her book was written around 1546 / 7 but published after the death of henry viii, probably because of its lutheran and more radical protestant leanings. other religious writing took the form of emblems, such as those by georgette de montenay. the emblem is a literary form that reveals its message through a combination of image, motto, and poem. montenay created the first emblem book used for religious propaganda, in support of the calvinist faith. her book was republished many times in several languages. in the frontispiece portrait, de montenay is depicted as a writer with pen, ink, and paper. another writer, vittoria colonna, is known mainly for her secular love poetry and her friendship with michelangelo, but in her later life, she turned to spiritual poetry in which she expresses love for christ. he is the author of peace, rest from war, quiet is found in him. \u2020 she was influenced in her religious thinking by the english cardinal reginald pole, who resided in italy and became her mentor. although most women had never been encouraged to preach openly by established churches, quakers believed that because men and women could equally receive god \u2019 s spirit, both could preach. margaret fell, married to quaker founder george fox, justified women \u2019 s claim to speaking by looking at biblical women who testify to the truth. as examples, she cites mary magdalene and mary the mother of james who followed jesus, as well as women in the early christian church, mentioned in the book of acts. also shown are the tracts of eleanor davies, a well - educated woman who, in 1625, had a vision of the day of judgment. she associated herself with the old testament prophet daniel and began writing and publishing many prophetic tracts. a number of them were kept and bound together by her daughter, lucy huntingdon, in the volume seen above. many of the tracts show davies \u2019 own annotations in preparation for the publication of corrected versions. she denounced charles i, supported oliver cromwell, and believed that the end of the world was at hand. \u2020 ( translation by ellen moody )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41686717356106934, "token_count": 490, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.381526"} {"text": "fibrocystic breast changes what are some common fibrocystic breast changes? generalized breast lumpiness is known under many different names, such as \" fibrocystic disease \" and \" fibroid breasts. \" many of these are misnomers since physicians and researchers now believe that these are just part of the breast changes which many women undergo throughout the various stages of their lives. many physicians feel that this term has become a catchphrase for general breast lumpiness. what do fibrocystic changes feel like? fibrocystic lumpiness is also described as \" ropy \" or \" granular \" and seems to become more obvious as a woman approaches middle age and the milk producing glandular tissue gives way to softer, fatty tissue. however, women with lumpy breasts may experience many other benign breast conditions. lumpiness in the breasts may make actual lumps harder to distinguish. thus, it is important that women with lumpy breasts perform regular breast self - examinations ( bses ) and have regular physical examinations, including mammography as indicated by the national cancer institute or american cancer society ( acs ) guidelines. knowing the normal shape and feel of your own breasts is important, especially when performing examinations to detect any unusual breast changes. the u. s. preventive services task force does not recommend bses because evidence suggests bses do not lower risk for death from breast cancer. the acs says bses are an option for women older than age 20 as a means of familiarizing themselves with their breasts so they can notice changes more easily. talking with your health care provider about the benefits and limitations can help you decide if you should start performing bses. click here to view the online resources of women ' s health", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46739671407395905, "token_count": 352, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.384479"} {"text": "by terry kovel permanent - press fabrics have relieved most households of the need to iron clothing. in past centuries, ironing was an almost daily duty of a woman in the home. before about the 10th century, cloth was ironed with smooth wooden or glass pieces and a pounding stick. heat was not used until the 16th century in europe. by then, pressing irons were metal pans with long handles. a piece of charcoal was put in the pan to heat the bottom and the heated pan was rubbed over the cloth. this crude iron was gradually improved. charcoal was replaced by a heated iron rod to avoid the charcoal ashes that sometimes fell on the cloth. next came special box irons with handles and pointed fronts. they were shaped like the electric and steam irons used today. soon a solid piece of iron, also in today ' s familiar shape, was made to put on the stove to heat, then quickly used to heat and smooth cloth. by the turn of the 20th century, irons were heated by liquid gas, alcohol, gasoline or electricity. unfortunately, some of the liquid - fueled irons blew up. the electric iron was patented in 1882, but few homes had electricity back then. so the electric iron was not in general use until about 1915. since then, irons have been improved with the addition of thermostats that control heat and steam. some even became cordless and could fold up to go with travelers. all types of old ironing sticks, mangling boards and irons are collected today. nineteenth - and unusual 20th - century examples sell for hundreds of dollars. in the 1950s, an early chinese iron that looks like a small, ornate cooking pot with a handle was copied and used as a portable ashtray. these mid - 20th - century copies sell for about $ 30 today. a genuine antique chinese iron is worth hundreds of dollars. q : recently i purchased five matching maple side chairs with \" mottville, n. y. \" stamped on the back of the top slat of each chair. two of the chairs are stamped \" f. sinclair \" under \" mottville, \" while the other three are stamped \" union chair works. \" i ' ve cleaned up the chairs and given them new woven seats. please tell me the approximate age and value of the chairs, and explain the different marks. a : the union chair works factory was built in mottville, near skaneateles, n. y., in 1866, although some records say the founding of the company", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4574910709307756, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.391068"} {"text": "age and value of the chairs, and explain the different marks. a : the union chair works factory was built in mottville, near skaneateles, n. y., in 1866, although some records say the founding of the company dates back to 1859. the company ' s owners, joseph hubbard and francis a. sinclair, advertised their furniture under the brand name \" common sense \" and eventually made chairs, rockers, tables and settees. the company operated at least into the 1880s, and perhaps into the early 1900s. if all you had to do to get the chairs into tiptop shape was clean them and replace the woven seats, the set could sell for more than $ 500. q : i want to leave my collection of hummel figurines to my 14 - year - old great - granddaughter. what should i wrap them in and how should i store them? a : hummel figurines are based on the drawings of the nun m. i. \" berta \" hummel. they were first made in 1935 by the w. goebel porcelain co. of oeslau ( now part of rodental ), germany. the figurines are made of earthenware. parts that aren ' t glazed will absorb moisture, so they need to be stored in a dry place. don ' t store them in the basement, which often is damp, or in the attic, where they would be subject to extreme temperature changes, which could cause crazing. you can wrap the figurines in plain archival paper, white tissue paper or pieces of white bedsheets and pack them carefully in a box with bunches of tissue paper between them to prevent them from bumping each other when the box is moved. don ' t wrap them in newspaper. newsprint comes off and may stain the figurines. don ' t wrap them in colored paper or plastic, either. the best way to store them is in their original boxes, if you still have them. q : my mother left me an oval brooch made of blue milk glass. i think it originally belonged to her grandmother, who died in 1924. it ' s a series of little blue balls and tiny silver balls. the gold - tone border is impressed \" czechoslovakia \" in capital letters on the back. what do you think it ' s worth? a : the country of czechoslovakia was formed in 1918, when world war i ended. so your brooch was not made before 1918. the country split into the czech republic and slovakia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44524814444472793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.391975"} {"text": "letters on the back. what do you think it ' s worth? a : the country of czechoslovakia was formed in 1918, when world war i ended. so your brooch was not made before 1918. the country split into the czech republic and slovakia in 1993. costume jewelry made of czechoslovakian glass sells for a wide range of prices, depending on design and condition. your brooch could sell for $ 20 to $ 50. q : i was pleased to see your recent column about furniture designs by charles rohlfs. but being from buffalo, n. y., i was disheartened that you said rohlfs was a new york city furniture maker. he actually lived and worked in buffalo. a : thanks for speaking up for buffalo. rohlfs ( 1853 - 1936 ) was born in brooklyn, n. y., and studied design at the cooper union in manhattan. but he moved his family to buffalo in 1887, when he took a job with a stove manufacturer there. in 1897 he opened his own workshop in buffalo and created his unique furniture designs for a decade. tip : if you get gum on your oriental rug or carpet, freeze it with an ice cube in a plastic bag, then scrape it off with a plastic credit card. sign up for our weekly email, \" kovels komments. \" it includes the latest news, tips and collector ' s questions and is free if you register on our website. kovels. com provides lists of publications, clubs, appraisers, auction houses, people who sell parts or repair antiques and more. kovels. com adds to the information in this column and helps you find useful sources needed by collectors. terry kovel answers as many questions as possible through the column. by sending a letter with a question, you give full permission for use in the column or any other kovel forum. names, addresses or email addresses will not be published. we cannot guarantee the return of any photograph, but if a stamped envelope is included, we will try. the volume of mail makes personal answers or appraisals impossible. write to kovels, ( name of this newspaper ), king features syndicate, 300 w. 57th st., new york, ny 10019. current prices are recorded from antiques shows, flea markets, sales and auctions throughout the united states. prices vary in different locations because of local economic conditions. madame alexander doll, chatterbox, hard plastic and vinyl, pigtails, sleep eyes, head turns, talk button", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4584693562574626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.392895"} {"text": "from antiques shows, flea markets, sales and auctions throughout the united states. prices vary in different locations because of local economic conditions. madame alexander doll, chatterbox, hard plastic and vinyl, pigtails, sleep eyes, head turns, talk button in front, battery - operated, 1961, 24 inches, $ 55. bermuda triangle board game, made in ireland, milton bradley, 1976, 20 x 12 inches, $ 60. cookie pail, sunshine biscuits of new york, red, white and blue cardboard, pictures little cookies in toy shapes, tin cover, handle, 1950s, 11 ounces, $ 70. cambridge glass cake stand, virginia pattern, rum well in center, 1940s, 8 x 11 inches, $ 200. cameo pin, diamond accent around woman ' s neck, carved flowers at left shoulder, dress draped across front, silver filigree and scrollwork, 1920s, 1 5 / 8 x 1 1 / 2 inches, $ 275. bellows, turtleback, painted long - tailed bird, black ground, brass nozzle, american, 19th century, 17 3 / 4 inches, $ 555. show towel, silk and wool on linen, potted flowers, peacocks and trees, 2 verses, 3 rows of fringe, \" catherine derr, \" 1854, 60 x 17 3 / 4 inches, $ 705. hepplewhite card table, mahogany, poplar and chestnut, shaped top over banded inlay panels, tapered legs with string inlay, 1800 - 1815, 30 x 35 x 18 inches, $ 1, 765. newcomb college pottery jar, lid, blue matte glaze, raised flowers, vines and leaves, marked, anna francis simpson, 1919, 7 inches, $ 4, 720. chippendale tall case clock, mahogany and pine, broken - arch pediment, floral rosettes, glass door, 8 - day movement, signed john fissler, frederick town ( md. ), c. 1790, 102 1 / 2 inches, $ 4, 995. keep up with changes in the collectibles world. send for a free sample issue of our 12 - page, full - color newsletter, \" kovels on antiques and collectibles, \" filled with prices, news, information and photos, plus major news about the world of collecting. to subscribe at a bargain $ 27 for 12 issues, write kovels, p. o. box 8534, big sandy, tx 75755 ; call 800 - 82", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44731526389684084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.393742"} {"text": "( bpt ) - snow and ice affect more than 70 percent of the u. s. population, according to the federal highway administration. each winter the average driver in these areas will see more than five inches of snow on the roads. and when the snow is falling there are few things more comforting than the sight of snow plows and salt trucks making highways safe for commuters, shoppers and travelers. in the snow belt, citizens expect roads to always be cleared of snow and ice, no matter how bad the storm, says bret hodne, public works director for west des moines, iowa. to help meet those sky - high expectations, hodne orders salt months before the first snowflake falls. his motto is \" don ' t trust your climate, \" because if you plan for an average season it ' s bound to be a record - setting winter of snow and ice. snowfighters first began using salt in the 1930s for snow and ice control, but it wasn ' t until the 1960s that salt became widely adapted as one of the major weapons to keep winter roads safe. in an average iowa winter, hodne ' s department alone uses 4, 000 tons of salt and keeps twice that amount in storage. salt works by lowering the freezing point of water, and when applied on already - frozen roadways ( de - icing ) it helps to melt the ice. when salt is applied before a freeze sets in ( anti - icing ) it helps prevent liquid water from becoming ice. this is why drivers will often see salt trucks out and about before the roads start to freeze. both methods give tires more traction with the pavement, keeping roads open and safe while protecting lives and commerce. how quickly salt melts frozen water depends upon a number of variables, including temperature, time and the rate of application. fortunately, it is usually not necessary to melt all the snow and ice on a road. merely destroying or preventing the bond between pavement and frozen water is a more efficient, economical and environmentally sensitive approach. in fact, salt is the single most effective and economical method for treating roadways. according to the federal highway administration, snowy, slushy or icy pavement accounts for more than 116, 000 americans injured and more than 1, 300 killed on each year. in fact, 24 percent of all weather - related vehicle crashes occur under such wintry conditions. a study by marquette university found that effective use of road salt reduced vehicle crashes by 88 percent, injuries by 85 percent and the cost of accidents by 85 percent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4970852642507735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.397024"} {"text": "in fact, 24 percent of all weather - related vehicle crashes occur under such wintry conditions. a study by marquette university found that effective use of road salt reduced vehicle crashes by 88 percent, injuries by 85 percent and the cost of accidents by 85 percent. icy road conditions are not limited to northern states, however. sudden and unexpected snow storm and freezing rain can affect southern states as well. in january 2011, such a snowstorm hit atlanta covering roadways in a sheet of ice and shutting down routine business and traffic for five days. in response, bill shelton, road maintenance division manager of suburban cobb county, has implemented a distribution system that gets salt from storage to roads as quickly as possible. instead of storing salt and sand in just one location, shelton has spread it out to five spots throughout the county for easier access to its 2, 500 miles of roads. snow - fighters have several safety tips for winter drivers. the most important is if you can avoid driving, it is best to stay off the roads - - at least until the snow plows and salt trucks have had a chance to do their job. it is also best not to pass road - clearing trucks. drivers will also want to make sure they have tires with good traction, cleared windows and headlights with properly working windshield wipers and anti - icing fluid in order to see and be seen, and to leave a good amount of space between their vehicle and the one in front. finally, remember that taking your time and driving safely is more likely to get you to your destination. for more information please visit www. safewinterroads. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4209160000462155, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.397612"} {"text": "eastern equine encephalitis ( eee ) : in 2011 there were a large number of cases of eee seen in non - vaccinated horses in northern wisconsin. this disease is usually fatal in horses - with a 90 % mortality rate! eee is caused by a virus that infects the brain resulting in encephalitis ( inflammation of the brain ) and neurologic symptoms. this virus is transmitted via a mosquito bite. birds, horses and also people can become infected. migrating birds can readily spread the virus to new areas. fortunately, there is a vaccine available for horses. it is usually given in a combination vaccine that includes wee ( western equine encephalitis ), tetanus and west nile virus. wee & west nilevirus are also spread by mosquitoes. in wisconsin, we recommend annual vaccination in the spring - before the start of \" mosquito season \". if a horse hasn ' t been vaccinated previously, a series of two vaccines are recommended, given 3 - 4 weeks apart. call us at fredonia veterinary clinic if you have questions on vaccination recommendations for your horses or would like to schedule an appointment / farm call. for more information on eee and the cases in northern wisconsin, click on eee in wisconsin.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4807617077735572, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.398752"} {"text": "who invented fireworks article fourth of july for kids there are many different ways that the fourth of july can be celebrated. each year, families everywhere participate in some sort of activity to celebrate the fourth of july. this year, if you are searching for a way to celebrate the fourth of july, you should consider simply doing things that surround the enjoyment of your child. here, you will find many suggestions that you can use to create a fourth of july for kids. you can implement one of these suggestions this fourth of july, or all of them! one of the first ways that you can create a fourth of july for kids is to encourage children to dress in the american colors. you may even allow children to purchase an outfit that reflects the american spirit. you can allow children to create an american hat, or other accessories that they can wear. you may choose to purchase small flags that they can wave as they walk around throughout the day. you may want to teach them what the different symbols and colors on the american flag represent and encourage them to teach others throughout the day of the fourth of july. a fourth of july for kids can include teaching many patriotic songs like \u201c yankee doodle \u201d, and teaching the history of the song and why the lyrics are what they are. it is also a great idea to check out books from the library that tell the story of the fourth of july. these books should be the appropriate grade level for the child that you are sharing it with. there are numerous books, for example, that teach about the fourth of july for very small children so that they have a basic understanding of the events of the day and why we celebrate it. if you want to celebrate a fourth of july for kids, you should consider creating many arts and crafts that surround the holiday. you may want to create a firework display from paper, and american flag from fabric or poster board, and similar other things. there are many things that you can create using various items around the house that can teach children about the fourth of july. this type of tactile learning allows many children to comprehend lessons more easily. if you are going to host a fourth of july party, you should allow your child to decorate for the event using the lessons that they have learned regarding this holiday. this can prove to be a lot of fun for the child and the people who attend the event will enjoy the creativity of the child. you may also want to allow the child to create small flags or a variety of other items to give to the guests as a thank you for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4224826624476006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.402612"} {"text": "an approach to travel that, in the simplest of terms, aims to create more positive impact on the world than negative, thereby preserving at - risk destinations and cultures for the future. sustainable tourism is tourism that strives to minimize its impact on the environment, to respect local people and cultures, to offer economic benefit to local businesses and communities, and to provide a memorable experience for travellers and protects destinations for future generations. using small - scale lodging, local transportation, supporting locally - owned businesses, and incorporating community - based ecotourism projects into tours are some ways travel can work towards sustainability. a business model that recognizes and measures the social return on investment of an organization \u2019 s operations and views sustainability as a valuable part of its business. g adventures \u2019 business model is built on the inclusion of small businesses in developing nations. through this, we are able to bring economic benefits to entrepreneurs and small enterprises that otherwise would not receive them. strong, stable local economies keep tourism dollars in the communities that need them, ensuring their survival and growth. g adventures places a priority on creating positive social change whenever and wherever we can. we offer trips to countries all over the world and utilize local services and businesses whenever possible. we contribute to local economies and provide employment opportunities to underserved regions of the world that rely heavily on tourism as their principal \u2014 and in some cases, only \u2014 source of economic support. let \u2019 s face it : we travel to see things and do things ; to experience the natural and cultural wonders of our world. if those wonders are neglected, overcrowded, polluted or compromised, no one will bother to visit, and the communities that depend on tourism will die. as a travel company that depends on the natural beauty of our destinations and the well - being of the people who live there, it \u2019 s up to us to find ways to reduce our impact and help these places not only stay alive, but thrive. the planeterra foundation was established in 2003 by g adventures as a means to give back through travel. a non - profit foundation, planeterra taps into a global network of travellers to help us change the world. working with g adventures, we have created an integrated partnership founded on the principles of social enterprise, investing in the futures of the people and places we visit. operating from g adventures headquarters, planeterra is able to focus on areas we feel are important, to forge close ties with local communities around the world, and to connect small businesses and rural families directly to our supply chain. g adventures provides consistent market", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49766571757584566, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.405729"} {"text": "the characteristics of plants give us clues as to how some plants are similar to and different from others. classification of plant species depends upon common and unique features that are used to identify plants by their characteristics. scientists and plant experts have collected data on numerous plant species from studying the plants in their natural habitats and recording information about their characteristics in scientific literature and databases for future reference. what are the plant ' s features? plant features include the color, shape, size and orientation of the plant ' s leaves on the stem and the color of its stem, branches and / or trunk. is the plant evergreen, or do its leaves change color in the fall? whether the plant ' s leaves fall or not identifies the plant as deciduous or evergreen. plants are also identified by the shape and color of their fruits and the seeds they contain. fruit and seed colors include black, brown, green, orange, yellow, red and white. how does the plant grow and change? plant types are identified by their active growth seasons, which vary at different times of the year and in different parts of the world. some actively grow during the spring and summer, while others grow during the winter months. the height of the plant is an identifying characteristic that defines its variety within a species. some plants grow to a minimum height in dry soils but to a towering height in moist soil conditions. what are its growth requirements? the types of soil and soil conditions that support a plant ' s growth are identifying characteristics that define where a plant will and will not grow. soil types include varying degrees and combinations of sand, loam, silt and clay. soil ph levels and levels of potassium, phosphorus, nitrogen and salt are also characteristics that help to identify a plant. how does the plant reproduce? plants are identified by their reproduction characteristics. plants naturally reproduce by seed, through the spreading of their roots or through their bulb or corm production. some plants are propagated through cuttings as well. flowering plants bloom before the formation of their fruits and seeds. plants are identified by the shapes of their flowers and their color, whether white, yellow, orange, red, purple, brown, green or blue. plant identification includes the times when the plants are in full bloom and for how long. the fruiting characteristics of plants - - the season when the fruits form, their shape, size, color and whether the fruit is edible or poisonous - - - describe and identify plants. observe and make notes about your plant. take measurements of its leaves, its height and spread, the circ", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5132679229298669, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.408459"} {"text": "florida ' s bald eagle population is up 9 percent in the past four years, an encouraging trend for our endangered national symbol. in 1973, there were an estimated 88 florida nests. today, based on a 2011 aerial survey, the florida fish and wildlife conservation commission estimates there are 1, 457 active bald eagle nests in florida, including five in lee county and nine in sarasota county. the increase is attributed to a 2008 fwc bald eagle management plan. florida \u2019 s bald eagle population is up 9 percent in the past four years. \" bald eagles have made a remarkable recovery in florida, \" said fwc chairman kenneth wright. the fwc and audubon are working together to protect bald eagles in florida. for 20 years, audubon florida has recruited citizen - scientists to monitor eagles and their nests through the eaglewatch program in more than 40 counties, including lee and charlotte. by monitoring more than 20 percent of the state ' s nesting pairs, volunteers make a significant difference in conserving the species, officials said. find a bald eagle nest locator at myfwc. com / eagle. \" audubon is proud to have played a role in the bald eagle ' s amazing success story in florida, \" said eric draper, executive director for audubon florida. working with ranchers and other landowners to protect bald eagle habitat is another priority for audubon, with its involvement going back 50 years to the start of the cooperative kissimmee eagle sanctuary program. florida ' s greatest concentrations of bald eagle nesting territories are clustered around coastal and freshwater areas such as the kissimmee chain of lakes. in 2011, osceola and polk counties ranked first and second, respectively, for highest number of documented bald eagle nests. bald eagles almost disappeared from the lower 48 states by the mid - 20th century, with an estimated 417 pairs in the united states in 1963. the use of the now - banned pesticide ddt was causing eggshells to weaken and break under the weight of adults incubating eggs. a healthy and stable eagle population in florida depends on appropriate nesting and foraging habitats, as well as protection from disturbance during the nesting season. the bald eagle is no longer listed as an endangered or threatened species but it remains federally protected under the bald and golden eagle protection act and migratory bird treaty act, and by state rule ( f. a. c. 68a - 16. 002 ). it is illegal to feed, disturb, take or possess a bald eagle, its feathers, nest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3848001601857812, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.410950"} {"text": "who knew gcse revision involved the use of so many acronyms? this week pauline hills, an english teacher and author of our romeo and juliet titles, talks about the importance of paf for gcse english revision. paf stands for purpose, audience and format. that \u2019 s why something is written, who it \u2019 s written for and how it \u2019 s written. for months your teacher will have been discussing the terms purpose, audience and format with you, encouraging you to write for yourself in different formats such as letters, speeches or newspaper reports and teaching you the conventions of these formats. you will be familiar with the different purposes for writing through the writing triplets : argue, persuade advise ; inform, explain, describe ; analyse, review, comment ; and explore, imagine, entertain and you \u2019 ll have had the chance to write for these purposes \u2013 you may even have produced coursework for one of these purposes. you \u2019 ll have been taught to think about your audience \u2013 the person or people you are writing for \u2013 and whether it \u2019 s appropriate to adopt a formal or informal tone for your piece. for example, you wouldn \u2019 t speak to the headmaster in quite the same way that you \u2019 d speak to your best friends, would you? so, it \u2019 s easy to see why it \u2019 s important to take your audience into consideration when you \u2019 re planning your writing. having practised all of these things in class, in the english exam you \u2019 ll get to apply them not only in the writing tasks, but in the reading tasks as well. an informed response to a reading task will show that you understand the writer \u2019 s purpose and how they achieve that purpose, taking the audience into consideration within the conventions of the format they are using. so, when you \u2019 re planning your english revision remember paf \u2013 purpose, audience and format. image : felipe trucco @ flickr : cc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4888410097247537, "token_count": 387, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.413026"} {"text": "environment - search results articles about environment companies around the world are learning to embrace the environment, and the gear industry is no exception. this special section takes a look at how some gear manufacturers are doing their part to conserve resources, preserve and protect the environment, and give back to the land. what we \u2019 ve found is that adopting environmental measures is far more than just good corporate citizenship. for many gear industry companies, good environmental practices also turn out to be good for the bottom line. environmentally friendly cutting fluids aren ' t just good for the environment. they can also be good for performance. not long ago, many manufacturing managers thought sensitivity to environmental protection standards meant additional expenses, decreased productivity, and a plethora of headaches and hassles. okay, so you want to make some high quality gears for your customers, and you want to make a profit for your company, but you don ' t want to make a mess of the environment. what can you do? heat treatment industry reinforces environmental / energy conservation. design problem : develop a gear drive for a pedal - powered water craft that will be easy to manufacture, use and maintain ; that will be lightweight enough for the boat to be portable ; and that will eliminate the environmental risk of lubricants leaking into the water. one of the hot items on the public agenda these days is \" the environment. \" suddenly everyone wants to save the whales and the rain forest. politicians, rock stars, and big business have all discovered that you can ' t get anything but good press for saying that you ' re in favor of trees and marine mammals. for environmental and economic reasons, the use of coolant in machining processes is increasingly being questioned. rising coolant prices and disposal costs, as well as strains on workers and the environment, have fueled the debate. the use of coolant has given rise to a highly technical system for handling coolant in the machine ( cooling, filtering ) and protecting the environment ( filter, oil - mist collector ). in this area the latest cutting materials - used with or without coolant - have great potential for making the metal - removal process more economical. the natural progression to completely dry machining has decisive advantages for hobbing. a main limiting factor in extending the use of hard coatings to machine component application is the lack of knowledge about how these inert coatings perform under lubricated conditions using today ' s lubricants. nondestructive examination ( nde ) of ferrous and nonferrous materials has long proved", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5093709543175714, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.424045"} {"text": "component application is the lack of knowledge about how these inert coatings perform under lubricated conditions using today ' s lubricants. nondestructive examination ( nde ) of ferrous and nonferrous materials has long proved an effective maintenance and anomaly characterization tool for many industries. recent research has expanded its applicability to include the inspection of large, open gear drives. difficulties inherent in other nde methods make them time - consuming and labor - intensive. they also present the user with the environmental problem of the disposal of used oil. the eddy current method addresses these problems. the trend toward moving coordinate measuring machines to the shop floor to become an integral part of the manufacturing operations brings real time process control within the reach of many companies. putting measuring machines on the shop floor, however, subjects them to harsh environmental conditions. like any measuring system, cmms are sensitive to any ambient condition that deviates from the \" perfect \" conditions of the metrology lab. the wind turbine industry has been plagued with gearbox failures, which cause repair costs, legal expenses, lost energy production and environmental pollution. it used to be that a shop with hustle and plenty of big, fast machines could thrive using a manual system. but no more. today ' s economic environment requires more and more in the way of topnotch service and quick turnaround - which frequently means a completely integrated shop floor control system. electroless nickel ( en ) plating, a process dating back to the 1940s, is one of the predominant metal finishing methods today. it is especially suitable for the gear industry, whose end uses span innumerable other industries, providing an endless assortment of requirements, environments, materials and specifications. en plating has a broad array of functional features, which include : several trends in mechanical engineering are leading to greater surface stress on components and thus to unacceptable wear. these trends include greater stresses due to increased power densities ; the need to maintain high precision of components throughout their service life ; and the environmental imperative to reduce use of lubricants and additives. top secret code name : ginger mission : design, prototype and test a transmission for a new device. the transmission must be compact and efficient. it should have almost no backlash, and it must be able to operate in both forward and reverse. most importantly, the transmission must be quiet. in fact, it shouldn ' t sound like a transmission at all. it should blend in with the environment and sound like music or the wind. this mission, should you choose to accept", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5839517578868012, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.425106"} {"text": "forward and reverse. most importantly, the transmission must be quiet. in fact, it shouldn ' t sound like a transmission at all. it should blend in with the environment and sound like music or the wind. this mission, should you choose to accept it, is top secret. not even your employees can know what you ' re working on... why traditional lean manufacturing approaches need to be adapted for job shop environments. gearbox performance, reliability, total cost of ownership ( energy cost ), overall impact on the environment, and anticipation of additional future regulations are top - of - mind issues in the industry. optimization of the bearing set can significantly improve gearbox performance. this paper reviews the necessity for detailed specification, design and manufacture to achieve required performance in service. the precise definition of duty rating and a thorough understanding of the environmental conditions, whether it is in a marine or industrial application, is required to predict reliable performance of a gearbox through its service life. a case study relating to complex marine gears and other general practice is presented to review the techniques used by allen gears to design and develop a gearbox that integrates with the requirements of the whole machinery installation. allen gears has considerable experience in the design of a variety of industrial and marine gears ( ref. 1, 2 ). for a long time, relatively high noise levels have been generally accepted for industrial gear units in the 10 - 100 kw power range. however, due to changing environmental awareness - both in and around industrial sites - customers expectations have moved drastically towards low noise as a key differentiating factor. the cutting tool industry has undergone some serious changes in the last couple of years in both technology and the way the industry does business. the emerging technology today, as well as for the foreseeable future, is dry cutting, especially in high volume production settings. wet cutting continues to be as popular as ever with lubrication advances making it more economical and environmentally friendly. there has also developed a process called \" near dry cutting. \" this process offers many of the benefits of fluids while eliminating many of hte associated problems. three years ago, coated gears seemed to be the perfect solution for the micro marine corporation. the early designs for the gear drive of their microcat human - powered boat used a combination of thin - film dry gear coatings with lubrication and wear - resistance properties. these coatings simplified their design, provided corrosion resistance, made the gear drive environmentally safe and eliminated the need for gear drive lubrication and maintenance. it was a success story in the making. new innovations in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.536163697827615, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.426124"} {"text": "caused by churning, windage and mesh friction is important if plant operating costs and environmental impact are to be minimized. this paper concentrates on mesh friction losses and associated scuffing risk. it describes the preliminary results from using a validated, 3 - d finite element analysis ( fea ) and tooth contact analysis ( tca ) program to optimize cylindrical gears for low friction losses without compromising transmission error ( te ), noise and power density. some case studies and generic procedures for minimizing losses are presented. future development and further validation work is discussed. in today \u2019 s manufacturing environment, shorter and more efficient product development has become the norm. it is therefore important to consider every detail of the development process, with a particular emphasis on design. for green machining of gears, the most productive and important process is hobbing. in order to analyze process design for this paper, a manufacturing simulation was developed capable of calculating chip geometries and process forces based on different models. as an important tool for manufacturing technology engineers, an economic feasibility analysis is implemented as well. the aim of this paper is to show how an efficient process design \u2014 as well as an efficient process \u2014 can be designed. there are great advantages in dry hobbing, not only for friendliness toward the environment, but also for increasing productivity and for decreasing manufacturing cost. dry hobbing, however, often causes failures in hob cutting edges or problems with the surface quality of gear tooth flanks. these difficulties are not present when hobbing with cutting oil. pinching and crushing of generated chips between the hob cutting edge and the work gear tooth flank is considered a major cause of those problems. recent history has taught us that global competition has become tougher and is a major concern of american gear manufacturers from abroad have invaded american markets with products designed in an environment where management of technology has been practiced effectively. if american companies intend to compete in the changing world market, they must acquire the technologies that will allow them to do so. this article deals with certain item to be taken into consideration for gear grinding, common problems that arise in gear grinding and their solutions. the discussion will be limited to jobbing or low - batch production environments, where experimental setup and testing is not possible for economic and other reasons. in this issue of gear technology, we are focusing on using computers to their greatest advantage in gear design and manufacturing. in a sense, that ' s old news. it ' s a cliche to suggest that computers make our work life easier and more productive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5353859463157826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.428431"} {"text": "this issue of gear technology, we are focusing on using computers to their greatest advantage in gear design and manufacturing. in a sense, that ' s old news. it ' s a cliche to suggest that computers make our work life easier and more productive. no company that wishes to remain competitive in today ' s global manufacturing environment can afford to be without computers in all their manifestations. we need them in the office ; we need them next to our desks in place of drafting boards ; we need them on the shop floor. this article discusses briefly some common manufacturing problems relating to coarse pitch gears and their suggested solutions. most of the discussion will be limited to a low - quality production environment using universal machine tools. 8 gear technology advertisers will have booths at imts 92, the largest trade show in the western hemisphere. the show opens in chicago on sept. 9 and runs through the 17th. more than 800 companies from around the world will cover some 931, 000 sq. ft. of exhibit space to show the latest manufacturing technology - everything from forming and fabrication products to environmental and plant safety equipment. dictatorships can be stifling. in an autocratic organization, employees seldom participate in decisions that affect them. by establishing a collaborative environment, you allow everyone to play a role in making your organization a success. this article discusses an application driven approach to the computer - aided sizing of spur gear teeth. the methodology is bases on the index of tooth loading and environment of application of the gear. it employs handbook knowledge and empirical information to facilitate the design process for a novice. results show that the approach is in agreement with the textbook data. however, this technique requires less expert knowledge to arrive at the conclusion. the methodology has been successfully implemented as a gear tooth sizing module of a parallel axis gear drive expert system. an investigation of transmission errors and bearing contact of spur, helical, and spiral bevel gears was performed. modified tooth surfaces for these gears have been proposed in order to absorb linear transmission errors caused by gear misalignment and to localize the bearing contact. numerical examples for spur, helical, and spiral bevel gears are presented to illustrate the behavior of the modified gear surfaces with respect to misalignment and errors of assembly. the numerical results indicate that the modified surfaces will perform with a low level of transmission error in non - ideal operating environments. the two reports referred to in this article, \" the people wise organization \" and \" house divided : views on change from top management - and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5194225800123777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.429468"} {"text": "scientists at cancer research uk \u2019 s london research institute ( lri ) and the technical university of denmark have developed an rnai - based approach to determine paclitaxel response. focusing on estrogen - receptor ( er ) / progesterone - receptor ( pr ) / human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 ( her2 ; erbb2 ) - negative ( triple - negative ) disease, they sequentially deleted 829 genes involved in cells \u2019 response to the chemotherapy to see which missing or faulty genes would prevent the drug from working. their results identified six genes which, if faulty, impacted on the effectiveness of the drug in cancer cells in vitro. the team then confirmed that the same six genes in patients \u2019 breast cancer cells could be used to predict which individuals would derive the most benefit from paclitaxel. \u201c our research shows it is now possible to rapidly pinpoint genes that prevent cancer cells from being destroyed by anticancer drugs and use these same genes to predict which patients will benefit from specific types of treatment, \u201d states charles swanton, m. d., head of translational cancer therapeutics at the lri. \u201c now the challenge is to apply these methods to other drugs in cancer medicine and to help identify new drugs within clinical trials that might benefit patients who are predicted to be unresponsive to treatment. \u201d details appear in the lancet oncology in a paper titled \u201c assessment of an rna interference screen - derived mitotic and ceramide pathway metagene as a predictor of response to neoadjuvant paclitaxel for primary triple - negative breast cancer : a retrospective analysis of five clinical trials. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.499538489877677, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.431233"} {"text": "swiss company aims to fly satellites into space by ben coxworth march 15, 2013 if you want to launch a satellite in the usual way \u2013 on top of a rocket \u2013 it will typically cost you at least us $ 50, 000, 000. newly - inaugurated aerospace firm swiss space systems ( s3 ), however, claims that it will be able to put your small satellite into orbit for about 10. 6 million bucks. why so cheap? s3 is planning on flying satellites into space, using an airliner and an unmanned shuttle. the launch system would incorporate an airbus a300, an existing commercial aircraft that \u2019 s already certified for zero gravity flights. mounted on the back of the a300 would be the shuttle, and contained within it would be a satellite weighing no more than 250 kilograms ( 551 lbs ). the airliner would take off from a designated spaceport, and release the shuttle at an altitude of 10, 000 meters ( 32, 808 feet ). the shuttle would then start its engines and climb up to 80 kilometers ( 50 miles ), at which point the satellite would be launched from its cargo bay. from there, the satellite \u2019 s upper stage engine would take it into orbit, while the shuttle would glide back down to the spaceport for reuse. according to s3, not only would its system require considerably less fuel than conventional rocket launches, but also \u2013 if need be \u2013 the launch could be called off at any point, with the shuttle returning to earth still carrying its payload. additionally, because the a300 could take off from any runway capable of accommodating it, multiple spaceports could be established in a variety of locations around the world. this means that clients wouldn \u2019 t need to transport their satellites great distances in order to have them launched. the first of these spaceports is planned to open in the swiss city of payerne by 2015, with the first test launches scheduled to take place by the end of 2017. additional ports are planned for malaysia and morocco, with other locations pending. virgin galactic is said to be working on a similar system, in which satellites would be flown to a launch altitude aboard the company \u2019 s whiteknighttwo aircraft. stratolaunch systems also has something in the works, although it will require the construction of the largest aircraft ever flown. just enter your friends and your email address into the form below for multiple addresses, separate each with a comma", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4159037408017857, "token_count": 497, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.437859"} {"text": "cable and wireless cable and wireless, a british telecommunications company, of electra house, victoria embankment, london, wc2. telephone : temple bar 1222. cables : \" empiregram, estrand, london \". ( 1947 ) 1869, sir john pender founded the falmouth, gibraltar and malta cable co and the british - indian submarine telegraph co, which connected the anglo - mediterranean cable ( linking malta to alexandria using a cable manufactured by one of pender ' s companies ) to britain and india, respectively. 1870 the london to bombay telegraph line was completed in 1870 the eastern telegraph co expanded the length of its cables from 8, 860 miles on its founding to 22, 400 miles just 15 years later. the company steadily took over a number of companies founded to connect the west indies and south america, leading to a name change to the eastern and associated telegraph companies. 1928 with increasing competition from companies using radio communications it was decided to merge the communications methods of the british empire into one operating company, initially known as the imperial and international communications ltd, which would carry out these operations. the operations that were merged included the post office ' s wireless stations and its two anglo - canadian cables ( on a 25 - year lease ) as well the cable and wireless operations of eastern telegraph co, western telegraph co, eastern extension co, the pacific and european co, and marconi ' s wireless telegraph co, and 8 others, as well as interests in 18 other companies in various parts of the world. all of the shares in the new company would be held by the member companies, including marconi co for marconi ' s wireless telegraph co ' s interests. 1929 public company formed : cables and wireless ltd which would be the merger company, holding the interests in eastern telegraph co, western telegraph co, eastern extension co and marconi ' s wireless telegraph co by exchange of shares in the merger company. 1932 the third agm of cables and wireless ltd was told the company had 3 main sources of revenue : - from the telegraph and telephone traffic of imperial and international communications ltd - profits from the manufacturing business of marconi ' s wireless telegraph co - dividends received from investments in cable companies 1934 name changed to cable and wireless limited. 1945 following the labour party ' s victory in the general elections, the government announced its intention to nationalise cable and wireless. while the company would remain in being as a government - owned company, continuing to own assets and operating telecommunication services outside the uk, all assets in the uk were integrated with those of the post office", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4810112826988444, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.441964"} {"text": "government announced its intention to nationalise cable and wireless. while the company would remain in being as a government - owned company, continuing to own assets and operating telecommunication services outside the uk, all assets in the uk were integrated with those of the post office. 1947 listed exhibitor - british industries fair. the company operates world - wide commercial telegraph services. oversea telegrams and phototelegrams for the \" via imperial \" route are accepted at the company ' s kiosk where full information and tariffs are obtainable. ( olympia, ground floor, stand no. a. 1003 ) 1947 nationalisation was carried out. 1961 the undertaking comprised practically all telegraphic cable and wireless communication system of british empire, with over 153, 000 nautical miles, submarine cables and about 200 cable and wireless stations. 1979 the conservative party government, led by margaret thatcher, began privatising the nationalised industries, and the history as a private company made cable and wireless an early candidate. 1980 privatisation was announced. 1981 cable and wireless privatised in november. part of the privatisation included the granting of a licence for a uk telecommunications network, mercury communications ltd, as a rival to british telecom. 1983 was the first company in the uk to offer an alternative telephone service to british telecom ( via subsidiary mercury communications ). 1985 u. k. government announced sale of its remaining ( 22. 7 % ) stake in cable and wireless. 1997 mercury was merged with three cable operators in the uk ( videotron, nynex, and bell cablemedia ) and renamed cable and wireless communications. the company later offered cable tv to its customers but sold its cable assets to ntl in 2000. sources of information - \u2191 the times, 2 july 1930 - \u2191 the times, 10 april 1929 - \u2191 the times, 22 july 1932 - \u2191 the times, 26 april 1946 - \u2191 1947 british industries fair p53 - \u2191 1961 dun and bradstreet kbe - \u2191 the times, 4 december 1985 - \u2191 the times, october 23, 1993 - wikipedia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.448706185136528, "token_count": 414, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.442749"} {"text": "most environmental goods and services, such as clean air and water, and healthy fish and wildlife populations, are not traded in markets. their economic value - how much people would be willing to pay for them - is not revealed in market prices. the only option for assigning monetary values to them is to rely on non - market valuation methods. without these value estimates, these resources may be implicitly undervalued and decisions regarding their use and stewardship may not accurately reflect their true value to society. source : greenfacts, based on a fundamental distinction in economics is between market and non - market goods and services. goods and services in a free market economy are sold for prices that reflect a balance between the costs of production and what people are willing to pay. some environmental goods and services, such as fish and seaweed, are traded in markets, thus their value can be directly observed. conversely, a non - market good or service is something that is not bought or sold directly. therefore, a non - market good does not have an observable monetary value. examples of this include beach visits, wildlife viewing, or snorkeling at a coral reef. intrinsic value - value espanol : servicios no mercantiles de los ecosistemas francais : valeur non marchande", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4870593619340616, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.444219"} {"text": "view all by first five books explore the books that started a collection. explore the guggenheim \u2019 s 20th - century collection in this exhibition featuring 40 paintings, sculptures, and works on paper. preview the upcoming exhibition schedule. published in 2005 14 pages, fully illustrated providing an introduction to the exhibition catalogue russia!, james billington discusses the development and culture of russia, looking particularly at its geography, its religion, and its perplexing relationship with western europe. billington provides a background on russian icons, the orthodox church, the nation ' s architecture, the lineage of tsars, and the soviet era. between the birth of a popular national culture in the tsarist nineteenth century and its destruction in the soviet twentieth century, russia produced one of the world ' s most innovative explosions of artistic modernism. this extraordinarily creative period between the late 1890s and the outbreak of world war i is sometimes called the silver age, but is also more accurately described as the russian renaissance. like the earlier renaissance in the west, this belated \" rebirth \" in russia began with the rediscovery of a forgotten ancient culture. it was radically different from either the populist realism that came before or the socialist realism that came later. music looked back to real or imagined pre - christian antiquity for its leap into the pioneering, discordant modernism of igor stravinsky ' s rite of spring ( 1912 ) and sergei prokofiev ' s scythian suite ( 1914 \u2013 15 ). painters were dazzled into pure abstraction by the restoration ( newly possible ) of icons that now revealed their pure lines and colors, long obscured from view by a dark overlay from candle smoke.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5043434362984087, "token_count": 337, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.448243"} {"text": "storage disk with phase - change memory posted by hilbert hagedoorn on : 06 / 17 / 2011 09 : 30 am | 0 comment ( s ) ] researchers at the university of california in san diego have developed a prototype disk drive based on phase - change memory. full details over here. a new type of data storage technology, called phase - change memory, has proven capable of writing some types of data faster than conventional flash based storage. the tests used a hard drive based on prototype phase - change memory chips. disks based on solid - state, flash memory chips are increasingly used in computers and servers because they perform faster than conventional magnetic hard drives. the performance of the experimental phase - change disk drive, created by researchers at university of california san diego, suggests that it won ' t be long before that technology is able to give computing devices another speed boost. \" phase - change chips are not quite ready for prime time, but if the technology continues to develop, this is what [ solid state drives ] will look like in the next few years, \" says steve swanson, who built the prototype, known as onyx, with colleagues. it had a data capacity of eight gigabytes and went head - to - head with what swanson calls a \" high - end \" 80 gb flash drive made for use in servers. when it came to writing small chunks of data on the order of kilobytes in size, onyx was between 70 percent and 120 percent faster than the commercial drive. at the same time, the prototype placed significantly less computational load on the processor of the computer using it. it was also much faster at reading data than the flash drive when accessing blocks of data of any size. the kind of large volume, small read and write patterns that onyx excelled at are a hallmark of the type of calculations involved in analyzing social networks like those of twitter, says swanson. however, onyx was much slower at writing larger chunks of data than its commercially established competitor. ocz announces revodrive hybrid pci express ( pcie ) storage solution - 08 / 31 / 2011 04 : 15 pm well, it ' s official. we already reported about this product back at computex and hope to receive the first samples in two maybe three weeks. ocz technology announced the release of the revodrive hybri... ebay goes ssd and cuts storage power consumption by 78 percent - 08 / 04 / 2011 09 : 47 am ebay switched 100tb of hdd - based", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5318756627367537, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.453839"} {"text": "technology announced the release of the revodrive hybri... ebay goes ssd and cuts storage power consumption by 78 percent - 08 / 04 / 2011 09 : 47 am ebay switched 100tb of hdd - based storage to ssd and saw impressive gains in performance and power efficiency : ebay ended up replacing 100tb of hdd - based storage in a single year with the ssd - based st... wd enters smb market with small office storage servers - 07 / 13 / 2011 09 : 47 am western digital announced small office storage servers and has signed an oem software agreement with microsoft corporation to include the windows thecus d0204 portable usb 3. 0 storage device - 07 / 01 / 2010 08 : 55 am thecus technology is proud to announce its first portable storage device featuring the new usb 3. 0 standard - the d0204. with massive storage capacity in a tiny package no larger than a paperback book... corsair expands storage line with 512 gb ssd - 02 / 03 / 2010 05 : 19 pm high - capacity ssds are few in number due to the tremendous pricetage, none the less corsair will intro a 512 gb performance series rather soon. very little info is available just yet but it seems that...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46910925391957303, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.454337"} {"text": "tai chi \u2013 qi gong the chinese characters for tai chi chuan can be translated as the \u2018 supreme ultimate force \u2019. the notion of \u2018 supreme ultimate \u2019 is often associated with the chinese concept of yin - yang, the notion that one can see a dynamic duality ( male / female, active / passive, dark / light, forceful / yielding, etc. ) in all things. \u2018 force \u2019 ( or, more literally, \u2018 fist \u2019 ) can be thought of here as the means or way of achieving this ying - yang, or \u2018 supreme - ultimate \u2019 discipline. tai chi, as it is practiced in the west today, can perhaps best be thought of as a moving form of yoga and meditation combined. there are a number of so - called forms ( sometimes also called \u2018 sets \u2019 ) which consist of a sequence of movements. many of these movements are originally derived from the martial arts ( and perhaps even more ancestrally than that, from the natural movements of animals and birds ) although the way they are performed in tai chi is slowly, softly and gracefully with smooth and even transitions between them. for many practicioners the focus in doing them is not, first and foremost, martial, but as a meditative exercise for the body. for others the combat aspects of tai chi are of considerable interest. in chinese philosophy and medicine there exists the concept of \u2018 chi \u2019, a vital force that animates the body. one of the avowed aims of tai chi is to foster the circulation of this \u2018 chi \u2019 within the body, the belief being that by doing so the health and vitality of the person are enhanced. this \u2018 chi \u2019 circulates in patterns that are close related to the nervous and vascular system and thus the notion is closely connected with that of the practice of acupuncture and other oriental healing arts. another aim of tai chi is to foster a calm and tranquil mind, focused on the precise execution of these exercises. learning to do them correctly provides a practical avenue for learning about such things as balance, alignment, fine - scale motor control, rhythm of movement, the genesis of movement from the body \u2019 s vital center, and so on. thus the practice of tai chi can in some measure contribute to being able to better stand, walk, move, run, etc. in other spheres of life as well. many practitioners notice benefits in terms of correcting poor postural, alignment or movement patterns which can contribute to tension or injury. furthermore the meditative nature of the exercises is calming and relaxing in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5730288354426686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.460687"} {"text": "run, etc. in other spheres of life as well. many practitioners notice benefits in terms of correcting poor postural, alignment or movement patterns which can contribute to tension or injury. furthermore the meditative nature of the exercises is calming and relaxing in and of itself. the practical exercises of tai chi are also situated in a wider philosophical context of taoism. this is a reflective, mystical chinese tradition first associated with the scholar and mystic lao tsu, an older contemporary of confucius. he wrote and taught in the province of honan in the 6th century b. c. and authored the seminal work of taoism, the tao te ching. as a philosophy, taoism has many elements but fundamentally it espouses a calm, reflective and mystic view of the world steeped in the beauty and tranquillity of nature. for more information link the effectiveness of qigong has been proven in china by its bene\ufb01cial impact on the health of millions of people over thousands of years. developing the life force, or chi, is the focus of taoism, china \u2019 s original religion / philosophy. the taoists are the same people who brought acupuncture, chinese herbal medicine, bone setting, and the yin / yang concept to the world. for most people, the \ufb01rst and foremost bene\ufb01t of qigong lies in the relief or prevention of chronic health problems. the range of maladies that have been helped by qigong in china include cancer, internal organ ailments, poor circulation, nerve pain, back and joint problems and general physical disease. many physical problems are at least partially due to, or aggravated by, mental or emotional stress, so the importance of the inner tranquility developed through chi gung cannot be overestimated. the practice of qigong helps manage the stress, anger, depression, morbid thoughts, and general confusion that prey on your mind when your chi is not regulated and balanced. strengthening and balancing the energy of your mind enhances your ability to detect subtle nuances and to perceive the world and its patterns at ever - increasing levels of complexity. qigong is also useful on the spiritual level. the ultimate aim of all inner taoist practices is the alchemical transformation of the body, mind, and spirit, leading to union with the tao. feeling the energy of your body makes it possible for you to understand the energy of your thoughts and emotions, and this leads to comprehending the energy of the spirit. from here it is possible to fully understand the energy of meditation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5076109536725699, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.461739"} {"text": "union with the tao. feeling the energy of your body makes it possible for you to understand the energy of your thoughts and emotions, and this leads to comprehending the energy of the spirit. from here it is possible to fully understand the energy of meditation or emptiness, and through emptiness it is possible to become one with the tao. according to taoism, every human being contains \u201c the three treasures \u201d \u2014 jing ( sperm / ovary energy, or the essence of the physical body ), chi ( energy, including the thoughts and emotions ), and shen ( spirit or spiritual power ). wu ( emptiness ) gives birth to and integrates the three treasures. the taoists use the all - pervasive life energy as the basis of spiritual investigation. the ultimate goal, becoming one with the tao, has been called many things, such as \u201c enlightenment, \u201d \u201c meeting with the father in heaven, \u201d \u201c reaching nirvana, \u201d and \u201c ultimate understanding. \u201d taoists feel that it is best for one to begin with the energy of the body, then progress through emotions and thoughts to spiritual power, before going for the ultimate. what is the difference between tai chi and qigong? each answer gives a progressively more complete answer. all are only partial truths, but at least they are the most accurate answers that can be given without going into excessive detail. the accurate part of the statement is this : the invisible chi or internal power aspects included within the tai chi part of tai chi chuan derive directly from one branch of the 3, 000 - year - old taoist qigong tradition, whereas taoist qigong does not come from tai chi. however, the statement is misleading because it omits buddhist or confucian qigong, which have little in common with tai chi \u2019 s roots in taoist qigong or taoism. this answer also involves a common error in logic : since to the western ear it sounds as if the word energy is contained in both words, they must mean the same thing. right? wrong! the qi or chi of qigong means energy, the chi of tai chi does not. in tai chi the chi means \u2018 ultimate \u2019. to add to the confusion, the chi in tai chi and qigong are almost universally pronounced by westerners as \u201c chee, \u201d which is accurate for qigong and inaccurate for tai chi ( \u201c gee \u201d ) chuan. those who commonly both see and mispronounce tai chi as chee also tend to assume both mean the same thing, which they do not.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.553505645692473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.462775"} {"text": "editorials & podcasts barbara glickstein ' s, ( public health nurse and cofounder and director of the center for health media and policy at hunter college, city university of new york ) interview with npa ' s president deborah z altschuler. the barbara glickstein podcast segments are part of an educational outreach project produced by dan gingold and zach kuperstein with lashawn mcghee as editor. new studies validate old wisdom by deborah z. altschuler \u201c they use combing to validate an active infestation, quantify lice and nits by counting what the comb removes from their test subjects, as well as confirm and compare therapeutic efficacy. \u201d the march 11, 2010 new england journal of medicine published a study comparing the use of a pesticide called malathion to the use of an oral antibiotic called ivermectin to determine the efficacy of each in treating children with head lice ( pediculosis ). http : / / content. nejm. org / cgi / content / short / 362 / 10 / 896 according to this report, head lice are universal human parasites affecting over 100 million people worldwide each year. the study was conducted on children who had already been treated with topical insecticides yet continued to have live lice. \u201c infestation was confirmed and monitored by means of fine - toothed combing. \u201d adverse events for the participants included gastroenteritis, nausea, vomiting, impetigo and convulsions. the ivermectin ( antibiotic ) comparison study was performed on children as young as 2 years of age. earlier studies using malathion have been performed on children as young as 6 months of age. a list of various other new products for killing lice are being studied with future ivermectin trials scheduled for very young children. study after study reminds us that none of the experimental treatments, or those already cleared by the fda, are 100 % effective against lice and nits ( lice eggs ). this is why the product label for pediculicides ( pesticides ) recommends retreatment in 7 - 10 days. it also reminds us that children are exposed to 2 applications of pediculicides with the purchase of one treatment. therefore it is curious that the nejm article offers \u201c that in real life, the persistence of live lice one day after insecticide application strongly suggests resistance. \u201d there are many variables to account for treatment failure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46175727452858784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.471041"} {"text": ". infestations are established by lice laying eggs that hatch new lice. this is their cycle of life - \u2013 their basic biology. combing is a scientifically reliable method to remove all lice and nits \u2013 which is another way to say it can end an infestation \u2013 literally. combing is the safest and most cost effective approach that accomplishes what chemicals cannot. it enables families to be self - reliant, proactive, and preventive. it allows for regular screening and early detection which makes the combing approach even more practical and realistic. while chemical treatments, pediculicides, and broad spectrum antibiotics develop resistance and potentially adverse health effects, nothing compares to the kindness of a comb. deborah z. altschuler national pediculosis association the national pediculosis association ( npa ) is a 501 ( c ) 3 non - profit organization dedicated to the mission of setting the highest possible public health standards for children as it relates to the communicability and treatment of children with head lice. the npa is comprised of volunteers including its scientific advisory board. as part of its mission, the npa developed the licemeister\u00ae comb and makes it available on its website www. headlice. org. all proceeds from the comb allow the npa to maintain independence from product manufacturers and stay loyal to its mission to protect children from the misuse and abuse of pesticides for lice. by deborah z. altschuler \" with the exception of an occasional accolade for all the hard work that goes into being an activist, i generally find myself resenting the term. \" to paraphrase an old proverb, citizen activists will never disappoint you if you observe two rules : 1. find out what they are ; 2. expect them to be just that. many of us come naturally to advocacy in our role as parents. the activist in public health, however, can face a peculiar set of problems. regarding pediculosis, the consensus among contemporary physicians is that head lice are essentially a nuisance, leaving treatment protocols to the pharmaceutical manufacturers who market pediculicides for direct application to human skin. although it can be a positive force, the pharmaceutical industry is not a proper guardian of children ' s health. this is where the activist evolves into educator, support system and collector of personal accounts - sometimes appalling - of families and individuals who have suffered from unnecessary, unsuccessful or excessive chemical treatments. the activist", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48628975675791386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.473167"} {"text": "a proper guardian of children ' s health. this is where the activist evolves into educator, support system and collector of personal accounts - sometimes appalling - of families and individuals who have suffered from unnecessary, unsuccessful or excessive chemical treatments. the activist must do what disinterested experts will not do : investigate the origin, nature, methods and limits of knowledge in pediculosis and its management. the activist must also seek allies - often the school nurses, occasionally the press, and sometimes ( in cases where a child has suffered grievous harm ), the lawyers - when there is no mechanism in place to exchange insights, experience and research. with the exception of an occasional accolade for all the hard work that goes into being an activist, i generally find myself resenting the term. perhaps it is because of what other think an activist should be. activists are do - gooders working \" on the outside \" - people whose commitment to their cause keeps them from pursuing a \" real job \". here are some common perceptions : - activists have information - academics possess knowledge - activists have points of view - scientists have hypotheses - activists have anecdotal evidence - researchers have reports to the literature - activists provide outreach - specialists give consultations no matter what the cause, such perceptions can alienate the activist as a key player in providing society with what it requires in the way of a unified effort to deliver the truth - on pediculosis - related issues or on other important matters affecting the public ' s health. meanwhile, families must be enabled to make informed decisions and seek safer alternatives before using potentially harmful but readily available chemicals for lice and scabies. the age - old disease of pediculosis isn ' t going away. it is the activist ' s particular challenge to educate the public in spite of the relative indifference to this issue on the part of the professional communities the public turns to for advice. ultimately, the task will be accomplished when we successfully teach the \" experts \" what the \" experts \" need to be taught. that it ' s not about lice - it ' s about kids. deborah z. altschuler national pediculosis association the national pediculosis association ( npa ) is a 501 ( c ) 3 non - profit organization dedicated to the mission of setting the highest possible public health standards for children as it relates to the communicability and treatment of children with head lice. the npa is a volunteer organization. as part of its", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4846682733463075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.474236"} {"text": "what is a kidney biopsy? the word biopsy comes from the greek words bios ( life ) and opsis ( vision ) and it involves the examination of tissues removed from a living organism. a kidney ( or renal ) biopsy is where a small piece of tissue is taken from the kidney to be examined under a microscope. why is kidney biopsy performed? it is performed when there are symptoms and signs of kidney disease, but it is impossible to make a precise diagnosis with the help of blood tests, x - rays or other investigations. the usual reasons for doing a renal biopsy are - large amounts of blood and protein in the urine, with impaired kidney function, - when it is uncertain whether a mass ( tumour ) in the kidney is cancer or not, and - to determine if there is rejection of the kidney after renal transplantation. how is a kidney biopsy performed? there are four techniques for renal biopsy : - percutaneous needle - open surgical - laparoscopic, and - transjugular biopsy. the word percutaneous means \u201c through the skin \u201d. percutaneous needle biopsy is usually performed with the patient awake, while the skin over the kidney is injected with a painkiller ( local anesthesia, usually lignocaine ). the patient normally lies on his stomach, but in the case of a transplanted kidney he lies on his back. the kidney is visualized with ultrasound ( sonar ) or x - ray imaging ( computerized tomography \u2013 ct ) and a biopsy needle 1 - 2 mm in diameter is passed through the skin into the kidney. the needle has a hollow section inside, and triggering the needle takes a core of tissue 1 - 2 mm in diameter and 8 - 10 mm in length. open renal biopsy is performed with the patient asleep ( under general anaesthesia ) and lying on the side opposite to the kidney that is biopsied. a cut about 10 - 15 cm long is made in the flank, and under direct vision a small sliver of tissue about 10 by 5 mm is cut out of the kidney. bleeding is stopped by placing stitches into the kidney, sometimes also using a special type of gauze or glue that promotes blood clotting. laparoscopy is done under general anaesthesia. two small cuts 5 - 10 mm in diameter are made in the flank. through one of these cuts a tubular telescope with a camera is inserted to directly visualize the kidney, and through the other an instrument ( biopsy forceps )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49110849376203025, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.478291"} {"text": "anaesthesia. two small cuts 5 - 10 mm in diameter are made in the flank. through one of these cuts a tubular telescope with a camera is inserted to directly visualize the kidney, and through the other an instrument ( biopsy forceps ) is passed. small pieces of kidney tissue are taken with the forceps, and bleeding is stopped by burning with a laser. transjugular biopsy is where a thin catheter is inserted into the jugular vein in the neck. the catheter is passed down into the renal vein and a biopsy needle is passed through the catheter to obtain tissue cores from the inside of the kidney. a specially trained doctor ( a pathologist ) examines the kidney tissues under a microscope and makes a diagnosis based on the appearance of the cells ( histology ). how should i prepare? the doctor should explain the whole procedure to you, including the risks and possible problems ( complications ), and you should be given an informed consent form to sign. you should tell the doctor if you are taking any medicines because some of them may impair the ability of your blood to clot. the doctor will usually do a blood test to determine if you have any blood clotting disorder. you should not eat or drink anything for about 6 hours before the procedure. if it is done under local anaesthesia, there will be some pain where the local anaesthetic is injected into the skin, but you will usually not feel pain when the biopsy needle is put into the kidney itself. the doctor will ask you to take a deep breath and hold your breath, so that the kidney does not move when the needle is placed into it. this usually takes 10 - 30 seconds, during which time you should not exhale. the doctor may take several biopsy cores, each time asking you to hold your breath. you will usually be kept in hospital for some time after the procedure to see if there are any complications. what are the risks? the main risk is bleeding from the kidney, which has a very rich blood supply. the blood may accumulate around the kidney and not be recognized until a litre or more has been lost, so it is important to have your pulse and blood pressure regularly checked for 24 - 48 hours after the procedure. the blood may also go down the kidney tube ( ureter ) to the bladder, so you may see blood in your urine. if the bleeding is severe, blood transfusion may be necessary. if the bleeding continues, it may be necessary to get special x -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4516580693260092, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.480610"} {"text": "whether it \u2019 s a dull ache or a sharp stab, back pain is among the most common of all medical problems. in any three - month period, about one - fourth of u. s. adults suffer through at least one day of back pain. many people lump all back aches and pains together as a \u201c bad back. \u201d but there are actually many causes for back pain, including muscle spasms, ruptured disks, back sprains, osteoarthritis, infections, and tumors. one possible cause that rarely gets the attention it deserves is ankylosing spondylitis ( as ), a form of arthritis that \u2019 s associated with long - term inflammation of the joints in the spine. if you \u2019 ve never heard of as, you \u2019 re certainly not alone. yet it \u2019 s more prevalent than you might think. as is head of a family of diseases \u2014 also including psoriatic arthritis and reactive arthritis \u2014 that cause inflammation in the spine and joints. as many as 2. 4 million u. s. adults have one of these diseases, according to the national arthritis data workgroup. so maybe it \u2019 s time you got to know as better. ankylosing spondylitis 101 as mainly affects the spine and sacroiliac joints ( places where the spine joins the pelvis ). inflammation in these areas can cause back and hip pain and stiffness. eventually, long - lasting inflammation may lead some bones of the spine, called vertebrae, to fuse together. this makes the spine less flexible and may lead to a stooped - over posture. at times, as also affects other joints, such as those of the knees, ankles, and feet. inflammation in joints where the ribs attach to the spine may stiffen the ribcage. this limits how much the chest can expand, restricting how much air the lungs can hold. occasionally, as affects other organs, too. some people develop inflammation of the eyes or bowel. less often, the largest artery in the body, called the aorta, may become inflamed and enlarged. as a result, heart function may be impaired. how the disease progresses as is a progressive disease, which means that it tends to get worse as time goes by. typically, it starts with pain in the low back and hips. unlike many kinds of back pain, however, the discomfort of as is most severe after a rest or upon rising in the morning. exercise often helps it feel better. typically, the pain comes on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43031233340052155, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.486581"} {"text": "it starts with pain in the low back and hips. unlike many kinds of back pain, however, the discomfort of as is most severe after a rest or upon rising in the morning. exercise often helps it feel better. typically, the pain comes on slowly. once the disease is established, the symptoms may go through good and bad periods. but as the years pass, the inflammation tends to move up the spine. it gradually causes greater pain and more restricted movement. the symptoms of as vary from person to person. here \u2019 s a look at how they might progress : as your lower spine stiffens and fuses : you can \u2019 t get close to touching your fingers to the floor when bending over from a standing position. as pain and stiffness increase : you may have trouble sleeping and be bothered by fatigue. if your ribs are affected : you may find it difficult to take a deep breath. if the disease spreads higher up your spine : you may develop a stooped - shoulder posture. if the disease reaches your upper spine : you may find it hard to extend and turn your neck. if inflammation affects your hips, knees, and ankles : you may have pain and stiffness there. if inflammation affects your feet : you may have pain at your heel or the bottom of your foot. if inflammation affects your bowel : you may develop abdominal cramps and diarrhea, sometimes with blood or mucus in the stool. if inflammation affects your eyes : you may suddenly develop eye pain, sensitivity to light, and blurred vision. see your doctor immediately for these symptoms. without prompt treatment, eye inflammation can lead to permanent vision loss. why treatment is important there \u2019 s still no cure for as. but treatment can ease its symptoms and may possibly keep the disease from getting worse. for most people, treatment involves taking medication, doing exercises and stretches, and practicing good posture. for severe joint damage, surgery is sometimes an option. if you \u2019 re bothered by long - term pain and stiffness in your low back and hips, don \u2019 t just write it off to having a bum back or not being 20 anymore. see your doctor. if it turns out to be as, early treatment can make you feel more comfortable now, and it might prevent some serious problems in the future.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4357650178200413, "token_count": 459, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.487641"} {"text": "folic acid and birth defects for at least three decades researchers have suggested that low folic acid intake during pregnancy is related to birth defects such as spina bifida and anencephaly. two more recent studies, one in hungary and another in england, are even more convincing that supplementing a pregnant woman ' s diet with this b vitamin dramatically decreases her baby ' s chance of birth defects. hungarian researchers worked with almost 5000 pregnant women. every day half of the women received a multi vitamin and mineral tablet containing 800 micrograms of folic acid. the rest took a tablet with a minimum of nutrients and no folic acid. all the women took their tablets one month before conception and continued through their first trimester. the folic acid group had 40 percent less birth defects than the women given none of this vitamin and none of their babies with neural tube problems. there were six cases of neural tube defects among the newborns whose mothers who didn ' t take folic acid ( 13 ). when english investigators gave four milligrams of folic acid each day to women who had given birth to a child with a neural tube defect in the past, the results were even more pronounced. almost three - quarters of these supplemented women delivered children free from this birth defect ( 14 ). as of last september, health officials at the centers for disease control recommended that all women of childbearing age should take folic acid as a preventive measure ( 15 ). - needleman hl, gatsonis ca. low - level lead exposure and the iq of children. journal of the american medical association 1990 ; 263 ( 5 ) : 673 - 78. - anon. fatal pediatric poisoning from leaded paint - - wisconsin, 1990. journal of the american medical association 1991 ; 265 ( 16 ) : 2050 - 51. - jaroff l. controlling a childhood menace. time 1991, february 25 : 68 - 69. - sibbison jb. usa : lead in soil. the lancet 1992 ; 339 : 921 - 22. - anon. is aluminum a dementing ion? the lancet 1992 ; 339 : 713 - 14. - sherrard dj. aluminum - - much ado about something. the new england journal of medicine 1991 ; 324 ( 8 ) : 558 - 9. - farrar g et al. defective gallium - transferrin binding in alzheimer disease and down syndrome : possible mechanism for accumulation of aluminum in brain. the lancet 1990 ; 335 : 747 - 50", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46253238541824593, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.491182"} {"text": "324 ( 8 ) : 558 - 9. - farrar g et al. defective gallium - transferrin binding in alzheimer disease and down syndrome : possible mechanism for accumulation of aluminum in brain. the lancet 1990 ; 335 : 747 - 50. - rosenberg ih, miller jw. nutritional factors in physical and cognitive functions of elderly people. american journal of clinical nutrition 1992 ; 55 : 1237s - 43s. - jenner fa. vitamins in schizophrenia. the lancet 1973, october 6 : 787 - 88. - foster hd. the geography of schizophrenia : possible links with selenium and calcium deficiencies, inadequate exposure to sunlight and industrialization. journal of orthomolecular medicine 1988 ; 3 ( 3 ) : 135 - 40. - nielsen fh. nutritional requirements for boron, silicon, vanadium, nickel, and arsenic : currently knowledge and speculation. federation of american societies for experimental biology 1991 ; 5 : 2661 - 2667. - mcbride j. the making of an essential element? agricultural research 1989, april : 12 - 13. - czeizel ae, dudas i. prevention of the first occurrence of neural - tube defects by periconceptional vitamin supplementation. the new england journal of medicine 1992 ; 327 ( 26 ) : 1832 - 35. - mrc vitamin study research group. prevention of neural tube defects : results of the medical research council vitamin study 1991 ; 338 ( 8760 ) : 131 - 37. - cimons m. us advises folic acid use to reduce birth defects. los angeles times 1992, september 15 : a1 & a17.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5269195058829159, "token_count": 332, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.491865"} {"text": "for women with bleeding disorders ( including carriers ), pregnancy can be a time of heightened worry and confusion. in this issue of hemaware, we conducted e - mail interviews of two experts in the field and members of the national hemophilia foundation \u2019 s medical and scientific advisory council : andra james, md, co - director of duke university \u2019 s comprehensive thrombosis and hemostasis center, and amy shapiro, md, director of the indiana hemophilia and thrombosis center. we discussed some of the issues that most concern pregnant women with bleeding disorders. [ steps for living : family planning for the next generation ] all women with a known diagnosis should have contact with their hemophilia treatment center ( htc ) during pregnancy to ensure coordinated prenatal and postpartum care. are there any blood products or medications taken during pregnancy that might pose a risk to the baby \u2019 s health? dr. andra james : von willebrand factor concentrates are derived from purified human plasma and carry the risk of virus transmission. while a small risk of virus transmission exists, no transmission of human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv ), hepatitis b or hepatitis c has occurred with any von willebrand factor concentrates currently marketed in the united states. parvovirus b19, however, is very difficult to eradicate despite the purification process. parvovirus b19 can cause a mild disease ( fever, rash, aches and pains ) in adults, but can cause severe, life - threatening anemia in unborn babies. there is a risk that this virus could be transmitted with purified factor products and potentially harm an unborn baby. there are, however, no reports of this actually happening. blood products such as fresh frozen plasma and cryoprecipitate are tested for known viruses, but are not purified, and may allow unknown, but potentially harmful viruses to be transmitted. ddavp, a synthetic version of the hormone vasopressin, if required prior to a procedure, is generally thought to be safe for mother and fetus. tranexamic acid ( cyklokapron ) crosses the placenta, but has been used to treat bleeding during pregnancy in a limited number of cases without adverse fetal effects. there are limited data about aminocaproic acid ( amicar ) in pregnancy, but it was not found to cause birth defects in rabbits. in one case of its use during pregnancy, there were no adverse fetal effects. dr.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.467526763895356, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.499466"} {"text": "fetal effects. there are limited data about aminocaproic acid ( amicar ) in pregnancy, but it was not found to cause birth defects in rabbits. in one case of its use during pregnancy, there were no adverse fetal effects. dr. amy shapiro : since the data are so limited, amicar should only be used in circumstances in which it is thought essential, and any issues should be reported to widen our knowledge base. women with von willebrand disease ( vwd ) have a tenfold greater risk of antipartum bleeding ( bleeding during pregnancy ). what can be done to decrease this risk? dr. shapiro : we usually ask patients to maintain careful observation and provide us with early notification of bleeding. in cases where there have been previous problems, or in specific types of vwd, some form of treatment may be considered. should a woman with a bleeding disorder assume that her baby will also have a bleeding disorder? if so, what precautions should be taken during delivery? dr. shapiro : the inheritance of bleeding disorders depends on the specific disorder with which the woman is affected. based upon the specific diagnosis and the mode of inheritance, the risk to the fetus can be predicted. these issues are best addressed by a knowledgeable genetic counselor ( associated with some htcs or hospitals ). are there any concerns about using epidural anesthesia? dr. james : an epidural anesthetic provides pain relief during labor. to administer this medication, a catheter ( thin tube ) is placed into the epidural space, which is just outside of the dura, or wrapping, around the spinal cord ; repeated or continuous doses of a local anesthetic or narcotic pain reliever are then delivered through this catheter. in contrast, a spinal anesthetic provides anesthesia for cesarean delivery. its administration involves a single injection of a local anesthetic into the spinal fluid, which is located beneath the dura and surrounds the spinal cord. because bleeding in the epidural space or spinal fluid could compress the spine and cause paralysis, anesthesiologists usually refrain from giving a patient with a bleeding disorder an epidural or spinal anesthetic unless her factor levels are continuously higher than 50 iu / dl. if a woman needs pain relief while in labor and does not have levels that are continuously higher than 50 iu / dl, narcotic pain relievers can be used instead of an epidural. if she requires a cesarean delivery, a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4568518787472238, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.501604"} {"text": "if a woman needs pain relief while in labor and does not have levels that are continuously higher than 50 iu / dl, narcotic pain relievers can be used instead of an epidural. if she requires a cesarean delivery, a general anesthetic can be used instead of a spinal. is there a risk for head bleeds in newborns? is that risk increased if the baby has certain factor deficiencies? what can be done to decrease this risk? dr. shapiro : there is a risk with hemophilia a and b that is increased in infants who are born to women who are unaware of their carrier status, or when delivery requires use of instrumentation ( like forceps ) or vacuum extraction. there are specific disorders in which intracranial hemorrhage ( head bleeds ) risk is increased, but these disorders are ones in which the mother is not affected, such as factor xiii deficiency. bleeding disorders affecting women, such as vwd type 1, are not associated with a significant rate of intracranial bleeding in newborns, but this information is largely based upon general information rather than prospectively gathered study data. having a premature baby is associated with an increased risk of intracranial hemorrhage \u2014 the more premature the baby, the higher the risk of head bleeds. regular prenatal care and avoidance of risk factors known to be associated with prematurity are especially important for pregnant women with bleeding disorders and for women who will deliver an infant with a bleeding disorder. women with vwd are five times more likely to have postpartum hemorrhage ( excessive bleeding in the mother after delivery ). how would a woman recognize her postpartum bleeding as abnormal? what can she do to try to decrease the risks? dr. james : \u201c abnormal \u201d bleeding is soaking through a pad in an hour and continuing for more than an hour. during pregnancy, a woman \u2019 s von willebrand factor levels increase. women with mild type 1 may achieve levels above 50 iu / dl, the lower limit of the normal range outside of pregnancy, and may be able to be safely managed by their obstetrician / gynecologist at their local hospital. women with type 3 vwd, type 2 vwd, type 1 vwd with factor levels less than 50 iu / dl or a history of severe bleeding should be referred for prenatal care and delivery to a center where, in addition to access to specialists in high - risk obstetrics, there also is an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4452095587536682, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.502897"} {"text": "the curandera ' s garden it is not uncommon for a mexican to consult a curandera for spiritual healing while under a medical doctor ' s care. e - mail this page to your friendsx a link to % this page % was e - mailed in the 15th century florentine codex of aztec physicians, the healer is \" well versed in herbs, who knows, through experience the roots, the trees, the stones. she keeps her secrets and traditions. \" the healer is clearly female. but where the codex covers aztec physicians, the text indicates this role applies to the male gender. today the role of healer or \" curandera \" still exists in hispanic culture. it is not uncommon for a mexican to consult a curandera for spiritual healing while under a medical doctor ' s care. for the very poor with no access to modern medicine, the curandera serves both roles, blending the art of healing the mind with the administration of botanical medicines. in the mexican neighborhoods of most southwestern cities you ' ll find botanicas, which are herb stores that carry dried traditional plant cures of the curandera ' s trade. if she is fortunate enough to have a plot of land, the curandera would tend a garden of useful plants for her own fresh harvest. some of these plants are quite toxic poisons, but in her training she learned the proper dosage and preparation. many, such as morning glory and peyote, would be divination plants handed down to her from the aztec nahuatl traditions. the most common of these potent medicines is called ' tlapatl ' in nahuatl or ' toloache ' in spanish. it is the wild datura of the desert and mexico. this nightshade contains serious medicine and may be the single most powerful plant in this garden. the curandera ' s garden would also contain new world natives and some european herbs introduced by the spanish early on. maguey agave is perhaps the most ubiquitous plant in mexico because of its use in the fermentation of an alcoholic beverage known as \" pulque. \" its fiber is utilized for everything from scrub brushes to weaving cloth. the agave leaf was scraped and boiled to treat assorted venereal diseases the many benefits of \" nopal \" or prickly pear, opuntia ficus indica, are just now coming to light in the alternative medicine community. flat paddle - shaped stems of this plant are chopped and simmered down to a potent brew.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3953493836843158, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.509079"} {"text": "of \" nopal \" or prickly pear, opuntia ficus indica, are just now coming to light in the alternative medicine community. flat paddle - shaped stems of this plant are chopped and simmered down to a potent brew. it is the main component of treating maladies of the heart such as angina and edema. the mix is drunk on a daily basis as a preventative. the many forms of sagebrush, genus artemisia, are known as ' ajenjo. ' they include both native and european species, all of which are strongly bitter and potentially toxic. the herbs have been used in the old world and the new to treat intestinal parasites. they also can make up a powerful antibacterial for treating infected wounds. some very long - lived woody shrubs also fall into this curandera garden pharmacoepia. bushy apache plume, fallugia paradoxa, is a desert shrub known as ' ponil. ' aspirin - like qualities are found in its inner bark, much like that of aspen and willow. a strong tea of the root and bark is also used for hair - loss treatment. bright red ocotillo blossoms from the woody ' oqueria splendens ' are boiled, and the tea used to treat sore throat and tonsillitis. the leaves of a bright yellow trumpet flowered shrubby vine, tecoma stans, known as \" tronadora, \" are used to treat adult diabetes. it is important to remember that these uses of plants are not medical advice or recommendations. the way each is gathered, prepared and administered can range considerably. this is folk medicine handed down verbally from curandera to apprentice, and all are combined with a strong dose of love and personal attention. the curandera ' s garden is beautiful because it reflects how people have helped one another for centuries. and no one can deny that when the ocotillo turns to fire and datura perfumes the night air, the aztec gods are pleased that nahuatl ways live on in the 21st century. find an excellent compendium of plants and their uses in : los remedios, by michael moore traditional herbal remedies of the southwest red crane books maureen gilmer is a horticulturist and host of weekend gardening on diy - do it yourself network. for more information, visit www. moplants. com or diynetwork. com. distributed by scripps howard news service. on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4297481420403611, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.511761"} {"text": "some workers claimed they found it after they exploded the rock. no actual proof that it was imbedded. now that we have ways to test the thing, it ' s gone. the dorchester pot was a metal vase, which was recovered in two pieces after an explosion used to break up rock at meeting house hill, in dorchester, massachusetts in 1852. according to text reprinted by anonymous ( 1852 ) from the \" boston transcript \", a local paper, in the june 5, 1852 scientific american, the two pieces of the dorchester pot were found, not in situ within local bedrock, but loose among debris thrown out by the explosion. apparently, it was inferred from the locations of the two pieces of this pot among the explosion debris that this pot had been blasted from solid puddingstone ( conglomerate ), which is part of the roxbury conglomerate, from about 15 feet below the surface of meeting house hill ( anonymous 1852 ). the bell - shaped vessel about was described as being about 4. 5 inches ( 11. 5 cm ) high, 6. 5 inches ( 16. 5 cm ) in diameter as the base and 2. 5 inches ( 6. 4 cm ) in diameter at the top. the body of this object was said to resemble zinc alloyed with silver in color. it reportedly exhibited floral designs on its side and a wreath or vine design around its lower part, which were both inlaid with silver ( anonymous 1852 ). pureinsight ( 2006 ) also provides, without any attribution, a picture of an unknown object from an unknown source, which is used to illustrate what they apparently believe the dorchester pot looked like, as well as an age of 100, 000 years. anonymous ( 1852 ), the primary source of information about this object, provides neither any picture of nor age estimate for the dorchester pot. a web page created by archaeologists keith fitzpatrick - matthews and james doeser with the stated goal of examining fringe archaeology identifies the object as \" clearly a candlestick of obviously victorian style \" [ http : / / www. badarchaeology. net / data / o... orchester. php ] ; they presumably base this identification on the unsourced photograph of the dorchester pot mentioned above.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.44121954067897806, "token_count": 452, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.514771"} {"text": "by roy f. nichols mr. nichols, professor of history emeritus at the university of pennsylvania, delivered this presidential address at the hilton hotel at rockefeller center, new york city, december 29, 1966. american historical review 72 : 2 ( january 1967 ) : 411 - 424. forty - six years ago tonight the american historical association held a session such as this in the city of washington. upon that occasion the late edward channing delivered the address. as a young man he had been present at the first meeting of the association in 1884, and, presumably, he had heard the speech delivered by andrew d. white, the first president. as a graduate student attending my first meeting of this organization i listened to channing in 1920. ( this represents a cycle of sorts. ) when president white spoke, the world, in sharp contrast to the present, seems to have been relatively quiet. england was engrossed in the victorian age, secure in the midst of great possessions. the unification of germany and italy had been accomplished. the french republic had achieved stability. russia had recovered somewhat from the recent shock of the assassination of an autocratic tsar, and along the danube an ausgleich had produced a conglomerate dual monarchy. at home reconstruction had been officially accomplished, and the grant scandals were a thing of the past. to some the only cloud on the horizon was the possibility of the election of grover cleveland and the return of the democrats to power. white reflected to some extent this comparative calm when he urged his associates to contrive a philosophical synthesis of human affairs in a large, truth - loving, justice - loving spirit. he reminded his hearers in terms familiar today that, unless historians engaged in the study of general history and the d research would be barren and often worthless. when channing spoke to his post - world war i audience, much had happened since the days of president white. the united states had become a recognized world power, the home of hitherto almost undreamed of wealth and progress. the nation had gone to war to make the world safe for democracy, and wreaths of victory bedecked the allied standards. channing himself was just completing his fifth volume dealing with the history of the united states from 1815 to 1848 and was deep in thought about volumes and years to come. he was particularly conscious that his native massachusetts was beginning the commemoration of the third century of its experience, for the mayflower had arrived just three hundred years before. never a man of contagious optimism, channing seemed somewhat dubious that night", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4752405683020979, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.542111"} {"text": "come. he was particularly conscious that his native massachusetts was beginning the commemoration of the third century of its experience, for the mayflower had arrived just three hundred years before. never a man of contagious optimism, channing seemed somewhat dubious that night. he outlined the great progress that the nation had made in the last hundred years, but concluded with the question : in all this, in the evolution of the greatest industrial society that the world has ever seen, have we gained or have we lost? are men and women to - day happier and better off, politically, spiritually, mentally, morally, and physically, than our ancestors were in the days of james monroe, john quincy adams, john c. calhoun, henry clay, daniel webster, and andrew jackson? 1 i cannot recall that there was much evidence that the american historical association shared in these doubts and regrets ; certainly channing did not arouse any observable overt response save the hope that he might live to finish his great work. tonight we meet not in the nation ' s capital, but in its great metropolis, as we again confront the task of recording, analyzing, and interpreting an age, this time nearly half a century removed from that just alluded to. as these words are written in 1966, the task of recording, analyzing, and, interpreting this different age has become a much more demanding one. when channing spoke in 1920 we were approaching the end, had we but known it, of the progressive age. this age had dedicated itself to the dogma that man by taking thought could perform miracles. disease and misgovernment seemed to be on the way to being vanquished. a great war had been brought to a triumphant conclusion, a war not only to make the world safe for democracy but to end war itself. a great league of nations had been created to maintain all these vaunted ends. the lion and the lamb were to lie down together, and peace was to reign for a thousand years. but even in december 1920 it was evident that the lion and the lamb were not too compatible. whether the somewhat florid warren harding could carry the banner of the broken woodrow wilson could be, and was, doubted. perhaps channing himself reflected something of the malaise that was increasingly apparent. he had only finished his fifth volume, and for him, too, time was running out. at the time of channing ' s address the historical interest that had long prevailed in the profession was in the process of change. the long - time pre", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.482661788053599, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.543259"} {"text": "he had only finished his fifth volume, and for him, too, time was running out. at the time of channing ' s address the historical interest that had long prevailed in the profession was in the process of change. the long - time preoccupation with political and constitutional history was challenged by scholars holding a concept of social history represented by the editors and authors of the \" history of american life series, \" and this was being reflected in a growing number of courses and dissertations in the graduate schools. those at work in political history were aware of a novel interest displayed by some of their fellows plowing new furrows. several varieties of specialization in fields such as economic, social, and intellectual history grew increasingly attractive, and the process of fragmentation moved on apace. the capacity to generalize suffered, and the aphorism that graduate students were learning more and more about less and less was oft repeated. certainly political history bad lost some of its general interest. this fragmentation demonstrated a weakness and a need which, unless they were met, were bound to impair the capacity of american historians to synthesize and thus to interpret. as a political historian i was conscious both of the decline of activity in this field and of the growing lack of comprehension to which the fragmentation was contributing. could not some unifying tendency be developed, some counterinfluence in the way of interpretation and generalization be discovered and encouraged? but fragmentation was not the only, nor was it perhaps the major, influence on a changing historiography. it was at this time that an interest in biography was attracting historians. popularly this often included a taste for debunking, but professionally it caused scholars to become more interested in the psychiatric approach and in a more analytical study of the human beings whom they examined and portrayed. a greater realism marked the writing of the day. a third influence grew apace. the so - called behavioral disciplines were burgeoning among the social sciences, and this association was included in the social science research council in the early days of its development. social anthropology, social psychology, and sociology were developing interests and concepts that the historians slowly began to appreciate. this appreciation, undoubtedly hindered by semantic complications caused by the efforts of these scholars to invent a new terminology, led to what some historians might consider outlandish neologisms. interest was developed in group dynamics, in the behavior of small groups, in mass psychology, in competition and cooperation, and in other forms of human behavior with which the historian must on occasion", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4806716190809701, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.544659"} {"text": "to what some historians might consider outlandish neologisms. interest was developed in group dynamics, in the behavior of small groups, in mass psychology, in competition and cooperation, and in other forms of human behavior with which the historian must on occasion be concerned. the use of scientific analogies likewise continued. certain patterns of thought developed by the natural scientists had attracted or repelled social scientists and humanists since the days of isaac newton and john locke. within the memories of many of us, historians had been looking for law, for dynamic interpretation. edward p. cheyney developed a concept of law in history. henry adams professed to see in the physicists ' second law of thermodynamics the doom of man ' s intellect. others pondered over concepts of relativity, uncertainty, and the immaterial nature of matter. historians in some instances were no longer so confident that they could discover just how eigentlich things might have gewesen. during this period of fragmentation, however, the tradition of synthesis was by no means forgotten. there was a deliberate interest in continuing it and, incidentally, in arresting the chaotic influence of specialization and fragmentation upon the historian ' s capacity to generalize. various efforts were made in the early years of the twentieth century to restore the desire and the power to scan wider horizons. one of these was the use of a civilization concept such as employed in different ways by arnold toynbee, charles and mary beard, and later by william mcneill. another very significant instrument for this purpose was the culture concept borrowed not from scholars in belles - lettres, but adopted in broader terms from social anthropologists. as i have found this cultural concept one of the most useful aids available to historians in developing the synthesis, which is one of their main responsibilities, i propose to dwell upon some of its implications for members of this association. the term \" culture \" used in this sense is all - inclusive, embracing as it does all the behavior patterns employed by any given society. it also supplies the concept of a unity greater than even the sum of its definable parts. into such a synthesis can be fitted any specialized, any personal, or any national experience. each of us can relate his interest to any such concept of image, national character, or gestalt that appeals to the individual ' s sense of the all - embracing. viewing any specific problems in the light of such over - all interpretation supplies whatever each of us may do with a maximum of significance and interpretive meaning. there", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6486533164528288, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.545774"} {"text": ", or gestalt that appeals to the individual ' s sense of the all - embracing. viewing any specific problems in the light of such over - all interpretation supplies whatever each of us may do with a maximum of significance and interpretive meaning. there are various types of cultural definitions, but one in particular can be especially useful : namely, i believe, the design most indicative of the nature and the identity of any society. this is its plan of operation, the force or influence that organizes it and keeps within it a semblance of recognizable structure and order. in highly complicated societies this plan takes the form of government, the customs of rule, of the exercise of authority, of the structure of power. a culture therefore may be known as a democracy, an empire, a totalitarian state. any such designation is not merely derived from constitutional institutions, but it embraces attitudes, ideas of community identification, and social as well as political relationships. the distinguishing characteristic of the society known as the united states of america is the fact that it is a democratic culture dedicated to a self - government in which all are technically involved and in which this interest is demonstrably central to the self - identification of the people. it can be used as the hallmark of the culture. this use is appropriate likewise because a basic, if not the basic, historical problem in this culture is how a society expanding so quickly in so large an area became and has remained self - governing. the study of this problem has involved me and many others in working out the process of the evolution and the operation of this culture and has also concentrated much interest on a particular phase of it, namely the stresses and strains that eventually led to the destructive social war of 1861 - 1865, which nearly destroyed it. this culture concept, which has dominated and determined the history of the united states, is broader and older than the boundaries of the united states would imply. it has involved consideration of the european origin of folkways and institutions. the proper definition of this broader field of analysis is the anglo - american culture, including much that evolved in the british isles and was transported to america. there it was transplanted and eventually matured in a new society. the employment of this very broad culture concept is extremely useful not only in overcoming the disadvantages of fragmentation but in quickening the capacity for synthesis. likewise, it has sharpened our understanding of historical process by giving greater opportunity for more sophisticated conceptualization of certain of our historical responsibilities. setting significant chronological limits to the study of the evolution of the anglo - american", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6217263871193512, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.547133"} {"text": "but in quickening the capacity for synthesis. likewise, it has sharpened our understanding of historical process by giving greater opportunity for more sophisticated conceptualization of certain of our historical responsibilities. setting significant chronological limits to the study of the evolution of the anglo - american cultural patterns shows how old many of these patterns actually are. customs of local self - government and representative lawgiving and lawmaking processes involving the beginning of election procedures go back into the \" good customs of the realm \" of england, some of which originated among the british tribes and antedate history. folkways deriving from the various invasions of britain and from phases of the religious transformation of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries stimulated popular interest in participation in government and produced the beginnings of something like political parties. in other words, the basic patterns of community organization and self - consciousness, together with an operating power structure of self - government, were created and developed in england. during the period of the folk migration across the atlantic ocean that resulted in the establishment of the american colonies, these cultural patterns were transported across the sea. consequently, much of the time there was little invention involved : the migrants took what they knew, imported it when they could, and used it with a minimum of adjustment. this process of adaptation therefore emphasized the sense of age that characterized the customs of even those in a new world. the american phase of the anglo - american cultural evolution was separated by both time and space from the parent culture in a fashion difficult to understand in this age of television and jet propulsion. this distance and the difficulty of communication meant that the same qualities of intrepidity and enterprise that brought colonists across the sea would stimulate their long - accustomed habits of self - government to the point where they would employ another cultural pattern long in use. not only had the british developed a habit of community self - rule and a search for consensus, but there was also a pattern of violent change in government. regicide and revolution in some form had occurred in england about once a century from the days of the norman conquest, and in the seventeenth century two full - fledged revolutions, the puritan and the glorious revolution, had occurred, the latter with an interesting american phase that indicated a growing jealousy of american self - governing autonomy and promised that perhaps a light weight would be assigned to european authority. the possibly inevitable rupture came at the end of the eighteenth century when, in the interesting years of the age of reason, american colonial leaders, impatient at certain limits imposed on their cherished autonomy, found themselves involved in violence just about a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5258561705102105, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.548336"} {"text": ". the possibly inevitable rupture came at the end of the eighteenth century when, in the interesting years of the age of reason, american colonial leaders, impatient at certain limits imposed on their cherished autonomy, found themselves involved in violence just about a century after the glorious revolution of 1688. their experience with the responsibilities and confusions of complete autonomy subsequent to 1783 led the erstwhile colonies to seek a new surrogate in place of the crown and empire. they constructed a curiously wrought instrument that they invented probably at the only time and place where such a feat, up to this point, could have been contrived. they created a federal system in which the power structure was divided and modified by a series of checks and balances described in an unprecedented document, the constitution of the united states. despite their care, however, its authors did not foresee the problems involved in the choice and conduct of those exercising power, particularly executive power. the new federal republic was to have its capacity for order and definition of identity complicated by its ecology. its area was so great, its population so scattered, and its wealth and variety so fabulous that the question began to concern the thoughtful few : could such a people so situated practice the art of self - government? was the surrogate that was substituted for the crown adequate? the size of the republic and the variety of the ecological characteristics soon demonstrated that the so - called political federalism described in the constitution was much more intricate than a mere political federalism. the american society was a cultural federalism, not so much a federation of political units fused into a republic as a federation of varying groups identified by attitudes, customs, and community associations and combined in a society. this variety of elements produced differences of views that in turn could be used as points of dispute and debate in the periodic elections required to determine the exercise of power decreed by the constitutions, federal and state. as the decades of the nineteenth century wore on, it became apparent that this product of the age of reason was not too successful in dealing with all the confusions of this rapidly growing state, and the question began to arise as to whether the confusion was not reaching a point at which it would no longer be possible for even the capacity of this self - governing society to control it and to maintain orderly self - government. had conditions tending to disorder reached a degree at which it was no longer possible for men to control them? in 1861 - 1865 the outbreak of the social war seemed to indicate that such was the case - - just about one century after", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5145495510867416, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.550266"} {"text": "self - government. had conditions tending to disorder reached a degree at which it was no longer possible for men to control them? in 1861 - 1865 the outbreak of the social war seemed to indicate that such was the case - - just about one century after the last appreciable outbreak of violence, the american revolution. at the moment we happen to know much about this last episode because we have just passed through a four - year period of centennial commemoration in which many of the historical guild actively participated. and from this four - year period we have learned much about the nature of this anglo - american culture pattern, particularly its now predominantly american phase. we have learned, or we should have learned, a great deal about the antecedents of violence and the phenomena that accompanied its outbreak. perhaps in 1966 it may be well to make reference to some of these attendant circumstances. in the first place it is appropriate to point out what may not appear to be a truism to all of us : that we are too prone to think backward in history and to shape conclusions by what we find in the past. to use the example of 1861 - 1865, when the bitter war between the union and the confederacy was fought, it was easy to assume that this conflict between two well - defined forces must have been inevitable and have been inexorably building up during a long range of time variously defined. but the closest kind of study of the outbreak of the conflict and the antecedent years presents evidence that the dominant situation was confusion. there was not one south but several, and in the end the south presented by no means a united front in the confederacy. and it can hardly be said that there was any north until sumter. in fact, so great was the confusion that there were not just two alternatives, war or peace, but several. it is convenient to characterize this situation as the operation of a third force, for wherever there seems to be a convergence of two forces there are probably one or more others at work that may at any time intervene and produce a different combination. in the past this third force had on occasion been some form of compromise, and so usual had been this intervention that many in 1860 felt sure it would operate again. the confusion was too great, however, and until the last minute a variety of alternatives might have taken over. in the end i feel that a series of accidents rather than destiny, or great forces, or any deus ex machina decided the issue. eventually, after bitter and expensive conflict, the republic right", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5387285826887345, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.551656"} {"text": "minute a variety of alternatives might have taken over. in the end i feel that a series of accidents rather than destiny, or great forces, or any deus ex machina decided the issue. eventually, after bitter and expensive conflict, the republic righted itself - - but that was a century ago. this description of the concept of american self - governing culture, which we have used in our search to overcome fragmentation and to re - establish synthesis, and of the observable tendency to periodic resorts to violence to change our patterns of self - government, not only indicates an interesting paradox, but also gives us food for thought as we ponder certain problems which today ' s necessities call upon us to face and which we may illustrate by asking ourselves certain questions in this year of 1966. since that holiday season when channing asked his questions, nearly a half century ago, many more things have changed than the fashions of history writing about which we have just been thinking. many new conditions of life have appeared and have added much to the complexity of our task and thus to our responsibility. now wars seem never to end, and where there is no war there may be racial tension, for a world - wide reorientation of peoples is in process. the energy of the atom has been released ; population is exploding. time and space seem no longer to be limiting concepts ; man not only stands on the verge of outer space, but on occasions walks in its vastness. a mechanism is replacing the human brain in some forms of computation. we are told that the genetic code has been broken and that the universe has lost its parity and is lopsided. we are reminded that upon occasion when some basic irregularity, operating contrary to the accepted laws of the universe, has been discovered, such observation can be the prelude to significant new knowledge. a drift in the perihelion of the orbit of the planet mercury was eventually accounted for when the general theory of relativity was formulated. with all these aberrations and incongruities may we not be on the eve of certain discoveries in human knowledge? at any rate this wide variety of new circumstances carries us far away from the days of white and channing, and certainly into a period of new responsibility. in the light of this possible new experience we are justified in asking questions, even as channing asked them - - though they will be of a different nature. the main question that we raise is this : if we are on the verge or in the midst of certain basic changes, not only", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6274991647582896, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.552972"} {"text": "we are justified in asking questions, even as channing asked them - - though they will be of a different nature. the main question that we raise is this : if we are on the verge or in the midst of certain basic changes, not only within our culture but within the cultural structure of the world, what should be the centers of our scholarly interests? further, if we grant that there are few questions more significant than whether self - government can be maintained in the world in general and in the united states in particular, we have a closely correlated series of queries. among today ' s circumstances most vigorously suggesting questions of this character are a number connected with the power situation in our self - governing culture. the desire for power has intensified in the lives of so many people. rivalries, conflicts, tensions are everywhere and seemingly increasing. despite our pride in our capacity for self - government, we may at times wonder whether we are keeping up. there are signs that we have a confidence in our political capacity that may have been more adequate in other times, and that we may be depending upon a changing power and status. for our security ' s sake do we know enough about the history of this american self - governing culture of ours, of the nature and the location of the power that is operated within it? many calls are made upon us for the use of our power from within and without our society. and there is no certainty as to our answers to these calls. much in fact is at stake. for if we exert too little power, we may become anarchic ; if we contrive too much, we could become totalitarian. in either case we would be abandoning our basic culture pattern. do we know enough about the evolution of our power of self - government? can political institutions defined in the age of reason remain adequate in an age when reason is more in the background? do we know enough about and do we understand the process of power choice and power change as revealed in our history? do we understand our changing techniques of choice and decision making, of our attitudes toward the responsibilities of self - government, of the dynamics of our political emotions? do we have adequate information about the types of people who seek political power and how they achieve it? do we realize sufficiently the dangers involved in operating self - government in times of increasing change? do we understand the changes and the rhythms in the exercise of the powers of self - government? are we aware of the implications of the rhythm of our power distribution, caused by our custom of inducing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5081316984196047, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.554717"} {"text": "in operating self - government in times of increasing change? do we understand the changes and the rhythms in the exercise of the powers of self - government? are we aware of the implications of the rhythm of our power distribution, caused by our custom of inducing an artificial crisis every four years by putting the executive and legislative power up for possible change? do we realize that every so often confusion can increase to the point where it threatens men ' s understanding of and capacity to handle it, as in 1861 - 1865? what within the historian ' s range of recognition of events and behavior trends can he identify and interpret for society ' s benefit, because of his capacity to think in time? our experience in 1861 - 1865 was that in those times there were so many signs pointing in so many directions that the observers and the analysts of that day were quite beyond their depth. do we not have a greater capacity for observation and analysis today, and are we using it? in times such as these when there are signs of shifts in the power structure that could prove drastic, is it not essential to know the nature of the relationship between prevailing custom and the power structure? it does little good to any society to think that it is behaving as though it were independent and self - governing and then to wake up to find it is not. finally and most important, as political change is generally determined by cultural change, have we command of sufficient skill in directing human mechanisms to make certain that we calculate and operate an efficient adjustment of political to social change so that self - government can proceed with safety? when channing asked his questions in 1920 they were phrased in terms of achieving and maintaining human welfare and happiness. the questions we ask today are rather expressed in terms concerned about continuing efficient self - government and ensuring its survival. having asked these questions, how well equipped are we to answer them? to do so, we need more than a skill at simple narrative. these complex times demand sophisticated analyses that will place new obligations upon us to develop our intellectual potential. do we have it at our command? we have a much more formidable foundation of fact at our disposal upon which to erect a structure of interpretation and synthesis. so many more historical facts are now available. we know about many more individuals and types of individuals. much more information has been collected by statistical techniques. the behavioral sciences have mobilized much knowledge about human behavior. advances in the natural sciences are again tempting the historian into the alluring realms of geisteswissenschaft as he dreams of discovering genetic codes shaping the destiny of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5335001808409109, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.556152"} {"text": "been collected by statistical techniques. the behavioral sciences have mobilized much knowledge about human behavior. advances in the natural sciences are again tempting the historian into the alluring realms of geisteswissenschaft as he dreams of discovering genetic codes shaping the destiny of societies and wonders about the effects of living in a universe that has lost its parity, in an age sometimes called absurd. not only have we many more facts at our command, real or fancied, but there is new equipment in the realm of gadgets. we are entering the years of the computer. now million - dollar machines are housed in computer centers and tended by programmers. it is too soon to be very dogmatic about how useful this type of automation may be, but historians are so far behind in their reporting and analysis that we must investigate to the best of our ability its potential as an instrument of historical retrieval and conceptual discovery. we are so frustrated for want of a break - through that no device should go untried. meanwhile, we must not forget that we can experiment with certain fresh concepts, new patterns of thought. individual scholars should be concerned with much greater spans of time. evolution is an extremely slow process. its slow - moving changes involve much more of adaptation than innovation. there are much less orderly process and much more haphazard confusion in human behavior. there is a greater variety of alternative action possible in even the simplest program set by determining forces. in fact, there are much less determinism and a higher frequency of accident in the processes of change. historians, fortunately, not only have these data, these instruments, and these concepts, but a growing number of scholars are using them. within the last few years there has been a veritable renaissance in the study of this principal element in the american self - governing culture, namely the power structure and its fluctuation. numerous studies encouraged by the social science research council and its committees, supported by foundation grants, are being carried out at the harvard center for the study of the history of liberty in america, at the university of michigan consortium, at california, at illinois, at rutgers, and at the university of pennsylvania, and elsewhere. these projects are much more comprehensive in type than the more narrowly defined political and constitutional history studies current at the beginning of the century. much attention is paid to the manifold influences and subtle character of the determinants of this basic behavior. research of this type is contributing much to our ability to answer the questions we are raising in 1966. while we enjoy advantages such as these", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5405806592607212, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.557646"} {"text": "century. much attention is paid to the manifold influences and subtle character of the determinants of this basic behavior. research of this type is contributing much to our ability to answer the questions we are raising in 1966. while we enjoy advantages such as these to aid us in answering the questions we are now raising, we should, nevertheless, be aware that we are not doing all that we should to prepare the next generation to use such advantage in the quest. we may advisedly give more thought to the educational policies and programs of our graduate schools, particularly at a time when so many new such schools seem to be springing into being. more than a century ago we took over the ph. d. program from the german university system almost without thought and with little adaptation, and we have too long avoided its reconsideration. our current ph. d. training often falls between two stools. it might be a degree in course, such as a law school degree, or it might be an adventure in freedom, wherein, after an experience of discovery, the student presents his results for evaluation and judgment. the program that we usually follow, however, can well be a tertium quid. herein a certain number of requirements are set, exercises prescribed, and examinations administered. undue emphasis is placed on the learning process - - learning under observation, and surveillance if you will. there is too little opportunity to fashion concepts of the history of human behavior in the form of problems that must be formulated, analyzed, and understood. in these days of increasing enrollments in graduate schools, numbers seem to enforce a formalized program that can be administered almost by tabulation without very much individual attention. to the gifted this often means a degree that provides less than it should ; to a considerable number it may mean a degree more prestigious than they deserve. graduate faculties may well ask themselves if there should not be two degrees so that in one of them there may be real opportunity to develop more elements of sophisticated analysis, such as are suggested by these questions, while the other should concentrate upon methodology and practice both in teaching and research. also i think graduate faculties may well expand their thinking into the realms of postdoctoral facilities in universities. there should be more opportunities available to scholars who have been teaching for a while to come back to the university for a few weeks or for a term or two to study intensively new techniques and new findings and to engage in colloquia on current problems in historiography. here there would be new acquaintances and new ideas, new dialogues", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5230865518146303, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.558770"} {"text": "to the university for a few weeks or for a term or two to study intensively new techniques and new findings and to engage in colloquia on current problems in historiography. here there would be new acquaintances and new ideas, new dialogues designed to disseminate the fruits of wider experience and increased maturity in a university environment. the use of these various instruments just considered in our efforts to answer the questions we have raised should give us a sense of our increased intellectual capacity developed during the life of this association. we are peers in the realm of the mind. we have a discipline and a series of unique functions of our own. these instruments of analysis, these forms of thought are our own, and we owe them to none but ourselves. other scholars have neither devised them nor used them with any common degree of frequency. an interesting commentary is the observation that historians themselves do not use them as they might. they fail often to recognize their own philosophic strength or to achieve their intellectual potential. they have a tendency to depend upon their colleagues in other disciplines for instruments and patterns of thought. yet they have their own intellectual birthright, an autonomy they should never forget. our too common dependence upon others we may ascribe to our folklore about history. to so many history is just a story of the good and the bad, of the great and the small. in school it is something to be learned at the expense of loss of interest in the story. in graduate years it becomes an exercise in the higher criticism of sources, a carefully organized narrative based upon tested facts. and for so many that is all that it ever is, and life may be spent in producing a series of doctoral dissertations, each more careful and perhaps more specialized in a narrow field than the last. to a certain extent this is highly commendable, for the historian who can put a good narrative in literary form based upon a comprehensive survey of the sources and an accurate recording of facts has indeed done much. but we can and should do more, and it is unfortunate that we do not. simple, specialized narratives of limited national experience, though they produce much of interest, do not give the historian free play for the wide use of his mind or the development of his intellectual potential. the historian often stops too soon. his life can be, and i believe should be, one of growing capacity to discover, understand, and communicate satisfying analyses of human behavior, and not, as too often happens, a temptation to abdicate his most meaningful function. the historian should furthermore", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4835718384240595, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.559742"} {"text": "his life can be, and i believe should be, one of growing capacity to discover, understand, and communicate satisfying analyses of human behavior, and not, as too often happens, a temptation to abdicate his most meaningful function. the historian should furthermore use his wisdom and his imagination to advance hypotheses, to project himself beyond his tested data and conclusions based thereon, and to establish advanced positions in the world of research, even at the risk of having to admit on occasion that he may be wrong. as in so much of prime significance for human existence, ingenuity, daring, and cultivated strength are major essentials. as we seek the answers to these questions of 1966, we as historians are dependent on no one for our philosophical instruments ; as we think in time we devise our own, and by their use we can experience the past, reconstructed and relived in our own consciousness. we owe it to ourselves, therefore, to use these instruments of our own invention in an original fashion, confident that thereby we can discover truth perhaps obscure to others. if we do this to the extent of which we are capable, we may provide the knowledge indispensable for the successful continuance of our culture. a half century ago channing asked his troubled questions in terms of the possibility of progress ; today we ask them in terms of the possibility of survival. if we are to answer these questions with any degree of success, we must recognize that we have an intellectual capacity of our own, not fully realized, which we can develop. to do so we must declare our philosophical independence and raise the standard of our own intellectual identity. roy f. nichols 1. edward channing, \" an historical retrospect, \" american historical review, xxvi ( jan. 1921 ), 202. [ back to text ] text scanning : jstor text proofing and correction : liz townsend 8 / 1 / 00 text encoding and annotation : robert townsend 1 / 15 / 01 version \u00a9 2001, american historical association", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5085856755463081, "token_count": 408, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.560513"} {"text": "johns hopkins medicine office of communications and public affairs media contact : joanna downer april 22, 2004 genome - wide screen reveals new tricks of old genes process shows how mounds of data can be effectively managed johns hopkins scientists have successfully used new techniques to search the yeast genome for genes that help keep copied chromosomes together, protecting the integrity of the organism ' s genetic material during cell division. by combining two genome - wide screens, the researchers were able to narrow down the dozens of genes identified by the first screen to just 17 that made both cut - offs - - a number small enough to be cost - and time - efficient to consider in some detail. their report appears in the april issue of molecular biology of the cell. \" data created from new genome - scanning techniques can be overwhelming. reading all there is to know about 50 genes to figure out what new knowledge may be lurking in the haystack is very difficult, \" says forrest spencer, ph. d., associate professor in hopkins ' mckusick - nathans institute of genetic medicine. \" but by overlapping information from two screens, we were able to figure out what mother nature was trying to tell us that wasn ' t too complicated for us to understand. \" while the researchers had hoped their screens would reveal new genes and their functions, they instead identified genes previously linked to two other aspects of shepherding genetic material during cell division. fifteen of the highlighted genes were already known to help ensure the accuracy of copied dna and two help move chromosomes to opposite ends of the dividing cell. but the researchers ' results give these \" old \" genes new jobs, associating them with cohesion, the little - understood process of keeping a chromosome and its copy together until the cell is ready to split in two. if the \" sister \" chromosomes aren ' t kept together, both copies could end up on one side of the dividing cell. another problem is that the copies could undergo extra rearrangements, risking loss of important genes. \" if there ' s no cohesion, the cell will die, \" says spencer. \" however, if the process sometimes works and sometimes doesn ' t, some cells survive but their genetic material gets scrambled. \" it ' s that sometimes - yes - sometimes - no problem that spencer and her team are trying to figure out, in part because it ' s interesting biology, but also because genetic instability plays such a big role in the development of cancer in humans. no one knows exactly at what point errors enter the genetic material and aren ' t fixed, but the intricacies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5485153012964709, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.570036"} {"text": "in part because it ' s interesting biology, but also because genetic instability plays such a big role in the development of cancer in humans. no one knows exactly at what point errors enter the genetic material and aren ' t fixed, but the intricacies of chromosomes ' manipulation during cell division seem a good place to start. postdoctoral fellow cheryl warren, ph. d., started the search by screening 5, 916 yeast genes - - all at once - - for ones needed for survival in the absence of a gene called ctf4, already known to be a critical component of cohesion. twenty - six genes popped out of this screen, a type known as \" synthetic lethal \" since the yeast survive the loss of either one, but not both, genes. however, the synthetic lethal effect of some, if not many, of the genes from this screen would be due to problems other than faulty cohesion, the researchers knew. \" we had to do something else to get a manageable starting point, \" says warren. so, using a technique she developed to identify whether a gene ' s loss causes the genetic material to become scrambled, warren tested those 26 genes to see which of them seemed most likely to contribute to genetic instability through their involvement in cohesion. in these experiments, markers were scattered throughout the yeast ' s genetic material so she could easily tell if pieces of the genome moved or went missing when a gene was knocked out. only 17 of the 26 identified genes caused genetic instability when missing from the yeast genome. fifteen of those genes are involved in double - checking whether newly formed strands of dna matched the cell ' s original genetic material and calling in \" repairmen \" as needed ( a process called the \" s - phase checkpoint \" ). the other two genes are part of the machinery previously known to help move the two sets of chromosomes to opposite sides of the dividing cell. \" by using both screens, we got a number that was small enough to follow - up on, and yet large enough to reveal a trend, \" says warren. \" this is the first evidence that proteins involved in checking the dna sequence are also involved in keeping sister chromosomes together, and it ' s a great starting point for understanding more. \" the research was funded by the national human genome research institute, the national institute for general medical sciences, and the national heart, lung, and blood institute, all components of the national institutes of health. authors on the report are warren, spencer, mark eckley, marina lee, joseph hanna, adam hughes, brian pe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5346457332692016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.572575"} {"text": "anatomy and function of the heart ' s electrical system click image to enlarge the heart ' s electrical system the heart is, in the simplest terms, a pump made up of muscle tissue. like all pumps, the heart requires a source of energy and oxygen in order to function. the heart ' s pumping action is regulated by an electrical conduction system that coordinates the contraction of the various chambers of the heart. how does the heart beat? an electrical stimulus is generated by the sinus node ( also called the sinoatrial node, or sa node ). this is a small mass of specialized tissue located in the right atrium ( right upper chamber ) of the heart. the sinus node generates an electrical stimulus regularly ( 60 to 100 times per minute under normal conditions ). the atria are then activated. the electrical stimulus travels down through the conduction pathways ( similar to the way electricity flows through power lines from the power plant to your house ) and causes the heart ' s ventricles to contract and pump out blood. the right and left atria ( the two upper chambers of the heart ) are stimulated first and contract for a short period of time before the right and left ventricles ( the two lower chambers of the heart ). the electrical impulse travels from the sinus node to the atrioventricular node ( also called av node ). there, impulses are slowed down for a very short period, then continue down the conduction pathway via the bundle of his into the ventricles. the bundle of his divides into right and left pathways to provide electrical stimulation to the right and left ventricles. normally at rest, as the electrical impulse moves through the heart, the heart contracts about 60 to 100 times a minute, depending on a person ' s age. each contraction of the ventricles represents one heartbeat. the atria contract a fraction of a second before the ventricles so their blood empties into the ventricles before the ventricles contract.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49061358615307105, "token_count": 404, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.575308"} {"text": "the student ' s eyes drift to the classroom window and the teacher ' s voice fades from consciousness. the daydream begins. it ' s a familiar scene, one we have likely both experienced as students and struggled against in our students as teachers. but daydreaming is not what it might seem. recent research in both psychology and neuroscience makes clear that daydreaming is an essential part of mental processing, reasoning and, yes, even learning. 1. daydreaming is the mind ' s natural state the most common view of the human mind assumes that our normal way of thinking consists of concentrated focus upon immediate tasks at hand. but researchers have found that this is not the case. daydreaming is now considered to be the normal state of our minds, with focus appearing as a break from the more common mind wandering. a recent study has found that our mind wanders forty seven percent of the time we are awake with very few activities not equally peppered with natural periods of daydreaming. another study has shown that the parts of the brain stimulated during daydreaming consist of the \" default network \" regions of the brain that are associated with most higher level mental activity. this suggests that we have evolved specifically to be a daydreaming species. it is even more telling that those who suffer injuries to the region of the brain in which daydreaming occurs suffer from a lack of spontaneous speech and thought. the fact that daydreaming is the natural state of the human brain suggests that those who take most naturally to daydreaming will best exhibit the skills necessary for successfully navigating the human world. far from representing a lack of discipline, daydreaming is a hallmark of a healthy and active human mind. 2. critical thinking and intelligence aside from the \" default network \", one of the main regions of brain used during daydreaming consists of the \" executive network \", the region of the brain associated with complex problem solving. before this was revealed, for example through the 2009 study at the university of british columbia, it was commonly thought that the \" executive network \" was only active during focused problem solving. as this study suggests, a healthy amount of daydreaming is connected to improved critical thinking capabilities, an invaluable characteristic in successful learners. it has also been shown that daydreaming is dramatically more present in those considered to be of superior intelligence when compared with learners of average intelligence. one study suggests that the improved integration of the default and executive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5821787443026382, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.589693"} {"text": "##valuable characteristic in successful learners. it has also been shown that daydreaming is dramatically more present in those considered to be of superior intelligence when compared with learners of average intelligence. one study suggests that the improved integration of the default and executive networks developed through their continual exercise through daydreaming significantly contributes to the formation of increased intelligence. it ' s a truism that our \" dreams \", by which we usually mean our goals and desires, provide motivation in life. what is less recognized, however, is the central role played by the process of daydreaming in envisioning and imaginatively experiencing the lives we wish to lead and people we want to become. our goals and desires are what they are because we have spent time freely living through our daydreams what it would be like to achieve them. for these reasons, daydreaming in learners is related to higher levels of ambition and a deeper sense of motivation. freely imagining \" what you would do if... \" is far from idle. having envisioned scenarios and played out possible events gives us an increasing sense that we can handle them. in this way the imaginative anticipation that often occurs in daydreaming contributes as much to a robust sense of confidence as it does to a healthy motivation. think about it this way, daydreaming is a training ground for your mind where it plays through and sometimes struggles with scenarios it has not experienced or wants to react differently to in the future. though successful training certainly doesn ' t guarantee success during the real event, it does provide a mental preparedness and a firm sense that no matter what may occur we can deal with it. for this reason some of the most confident learners are also those with the healthiest daydreaming lives. 5. increased insight did you ever wonder what causes that moment of insight when something suddenly clicks or a solution becomes clear? the answer is a lot of hard work on the part of your brain that goes unnoticed. moments of insight, those sudden revelations that seem to come from nowhere, are long prepared for through the brain ' s ongoing hidden organizing and processing. daydreaming, as a mental state activating both the default and executive networks of the brain, plays an important role in that organizing and processing. what you may think is just your mind drifting is actually your mind actively forming connections between information, synthesizing what was previously only chaos, and preparing the ground for the moment when things suddenly fit into place. once we appreciate this we see that daydreami", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5320645928033443, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.590855"} {"text": "may think is just your mind drifting is actually your mind actively forming connections between information, synthesizing what was previously only chaos, and preparing the ground for the moment when things suddenly fit into place. once we appreciate this we see that daydreaming is just as productive as spending an hour working on a difficult math problem. recent work has shown that spending less time on the problem and more time letting our mind wander could contribute to getting the answer faster. benjamin baird and jonathan schooler at the university of california at santa barbara have shown, as discussed in an article in the new yorker, that spending time daydreaming after first being given a task leads to more insightful responses to the task than focus and concentration do. in his book blink : the power of thinking without thinking, malcolm gladwell discusses the phenomenon of \" thin - slicing \", the mind ' s jumping to conclusions based on surprisingly little information. despite what we tend to assume, gladwell demonstrates that jumping to conclusions based on limited information is often statistically the most reliable way to arrive at the right decision. for example, cook county hospital changed the way it diagnoses heart attacks to focus on less information. here is how gladwell describes this part of the book on his website : \" they instructed their doctors to gather less information on their patients : they encouraged them to zero in on just a few critical pieces of information about patients suffering from chest pain - like blood pressure and the ecg - while ignoring everything else, like the patient ' s age and weight and medical history. and what happened? cook county is now one of the best places in the united states at diagnosing chest pain. \" the key point about thin - slicing is that its effectiveness depends upon two factors. knowledge, especially when derived from experience, and mental integration that allows for swift access to the knowledge and experience we have gained. if we return to our image of daydreaming as the training ground of the mind, the increased integration it imposes on knowledge and experience we have collected improves our ability to successfully jump to conclusions based on little information. it makes us more successful thin - slicers and improves our split - second decision making. 7. improved problem solving what is problem solving? from what we have already said we might suggest it is an effective use of the default and executive networks of the brain resulting in increased intelligence, critical thinking, insight and thin - slicing. the argument that the integration of default and executive networks results in improved problem solving is offered by the author of daydre", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5764481123220794, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.592236"} {"text": "is an effective use of the default and executive networks of the brain resulting in increased intelligence, critical thinking, insight and thin - slicing. the argument that the integration of default and executive networks results in improved problem solving is offered by the author of daydreams at work : wake up your creative powers, amy fries, in an article at psychology today : \"... your mind - wandering capacity is like that computer program - it can get to solutions that your conscious mind just can ' t see. \" in general daydreaming makes us better thinkers. being better thinkers makes us better learners. the traditional view of daydreaming understands it as a form of escapism. we are unhappy or uninterested in where we are and so imagine we are somewhere else. it is important, this view assumes, to resist this escapist urge and instead cope with the world as it is. it turns out, however, that daydreaming is itself a central element of our mental coping mechanisms. as already mentioned, daydreaming provides the brain with the exercise course where it can secretly play out different solutions to problems. more than this, however, those precious daydreaming moments allow us the conscious rest necessary to face difficult tasks or situations with a fresh mind. yet, during these seeming moments of rest, the brain is still hard at work beneath the surface organizing potential responses without the generally awkward interference of conscious thought. researchers such as eric klinger have shown that children who weave an imaginative story around their play are likely to be happier at play and to play longer. it is easy to generalize this point to adults as well, the ability to tell ourselves imaginative stories about the world and our own lives through daydreaming makes even the tedious or downright painful parts of our life more enjoyable. in learning the ability to cope with challenging, frustrating or boring tasks is a key ingredient for success. 9. mental elasticity coping is a key element of mental elasticity, the ability to shift our thought and behavior smoothly in response to changing situations and information. daydreaming, as the practice ground for mental processing, greatly increases the mind ' s ability to smoothly shift in the face of unanticipated events and situations. so while daydreaming clearly contributes to organizing information and experience we have already learned, making the learned material more useful by improving our ability to apply it, it also enhances our response time in the face of the unexpected. recent research has shown that children with a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5362986081648803, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.593518"} {"text": "five - minute break between each segment of work. after four such segments of work and breaks you take a longer break of fifteen minutes. this technique ' s surprising ability to increase productivity depends upon the mind ' s limited power of concentration with moments of daydreaming rest needed between periods of increased mental control. what it suggests is that teachers would do well, not only to appreciate the importance of daydreaming for successful learners, but even to organize lessons so as to actively encourage short breaks for daydreaming. 13. connection to class material learning is nearly impossible if students do not feel connected to the material they are learning. students have to care about what they learn to be the most successful learners. this connection to the material involves imaginatively playing with the material through which students rearrange and experiment while finding ways to connect it to their wider concerns, life, and fantasies. for this reason students who actively daydream, especially when they are encouraged to incorporate class material into their daydreams in whatever way they like, are much more successful learners. 14. increased empathy and emotional intelligence one of the most important skills for people in general, let alone learners, is what we might call the \" moral imagination \". the moral imagination is the ability to think oneself into another person ' s shoes, to imagine what it would be like to be them. this skill is necessary if one is to expand one ' s sense of sympathy and empathy, but it is also a key element in problem - solving and reading comprehension. if a student is to understand a text or solve a problem what is required is creatively putting themselves in the place of the characters in the text, or in the sphere of life that most naturally relates to the problem to be solved. for this reason emotional intelligence, the ability to have a varied and complex emotional life through engagement with and response to the emotions of others, is a central if unexpected element of all mental processing and learning. it is just this ability to imagine our way out of our own situation and into that of another that daydreaming develops and encourages. for this reason not only are daydreamers more empathetic and emotionally open people, they are also better at comprehending literary and historical texts. 15. improved self - knowledge since the time of socrates it has been thought that coming to know ourselves is both a major goal and the foundation of all truly successful learning. we can think about daydreaming as carrying out a dialogue with ourselves. in contrast, watching television or playing video", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.518079229127858, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.597150"} {"text": "time of socrates it has been thought that coming to know ourselves is both a major goal and the foundation of all truly successful learning. we can think about daydreaming as carrying out a dialogue with ourselves. in contrast, watching television or playing video games primarily involves an external exploration or dialogue, one that can involve learning but doesn ' t often involve reflective self - discovery. if we are to be successful learners we need to have a robust sense of our interests, our goals and the talents or skills we wish to have. this intimately involves the imaginative self - exploration only a healthy daydreaming life can provide. clearing out distractions and allowing time for reflective thought is a great way to tap into your creativity. < a href = \" http : / / zenhabits. net / creative - habit / \" > being alone with your thoughts < / a > is oftentimes a prerequisite for the kind of outside - the - box that ' s necessary for artistic expression. although loneliness can be a contributing cause of depression, < a href = \" http : / / www. jstor. org / discover / 10. 2307 / 1131927? uid = 3739936 & uid = 2 & uid = 4 & uid = 3739256 & sid = 21101521304683 \" > studies have found < / a > that time spent in solitude can actually ward off depression in adolescents. a 1997 study found that although teens didn ' t describe solitude as a positive experience, many reported increased feelings of well - being afterwards. when you ' re away from people, technology, work and the myriad distractions of everyday life, you can finally take time to breathe and just be. use your alone time as a chance to clear out your cluttered mind and just get back in touch with yourself. it ' s tough to stop and take stock when you ' re constantly on the go and spending time with friends, family or classmates. taking a little \" me \" time gives you an opportunity to get away from distractions for long enough to reflect on your relationships and the course of your life so that you can determine what changes, if any, you may want to make. once you become more comfortable with the idea of being alone, doing activities like shopping, seeing a movie, or hiking by yourself can actually be enjoyable. you can do whatever < em > you < / em > want without having to adhere to anyone ' s preferences, schedule or expectations. you might discover", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5358598349066861, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.598084"} {"text": "alone, doing activities like shopping, seeing a movie, or hiking by yourself can actually be enjoyable. you can do whatever < em > you < / em > want without having to adhere to anyone ' s preferences, schedule or expectations. you might discover that spending at least one afternoon or evening per week on your own doing something you love can be totally relaxing and liberating. learning to enjoy the time you spend alone can help you to build a better relationship with yourself. voluntary solitude is a great way to get back in touch with your feelings and remember all the things that make you awesome. if you want to feel more confident and self - sufficient, first tackle your fear of being alone. time spent in solitary reflection has been linked to < a href = \" http : / / www. psychologytoday. com / blog / high - octane - women / 201201 / 6 - reasons - you - should - spend - more - time - alone \" > improved concentration < / a >, as well as higher levels of academic performance. in their book \" academically adrift : limited learning on college campuses, \" authors and sociology professors richard arum and josipa roksa < a href = \" http : / / www. bucknell. edu / x67495. xml \" > find that students who study alone < / a > are more apt to succeed and retain knowledge than those who study in groups. follow william koch on twitter : www. twitter. com / inform _ ed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46558071115194827, "token_count": 308, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.598661"} {"text": "gender distribution of advanced degrees in the humanities note to readers : please include the following reference when citing data from this page : \" american academy of arts and sciences, humanities indicators, updated ( 3 / 11 / 2013 ) with data for academic year 2010 ( july 1, 2009 \u2013 june 30, 2010 ). note on the data used to construct degree - related indicators note on the definition of advanced degrees. although master \u2019 s degrees in the humanities were awarded somewhat more often to men than women in the mid - 1960s, by 1970 gender parity had been achieved. women subsequently went on to become the majority of humanities master \u2019 s recipients, garnering 60 % of all degrees awarded in 2010 ( a slight decline from 2004 \u2019 s record high of 62 % ; figure ii - 13a ). in 2010, only education / social service professions and the health sciences awarded a substantially greater percentage of master \u2019 s degrees to women than did the humanities. business, engineering, law, and physical sciences awarded considerably smaller shares. at the master \u2019 s level, as at the bachelor ' s, the percentage of humanities degrees awarded to women has traditionally been higher than that for all fields combined, although the gap narrowed steadily over time, almost disappearing in the early years of the new century. in the mid - 1960s, the humanities, like all other academic disciplines, awarded only a small minority of doctoral degrees to women. though they fared better in the humanities than in nearly all other fields, women still received only 19 % of humanities doctorates at that time ( figure ii - 13b ). throughout the 1970s, however, this percentage increased steadily, and by the mid - 1980s women represented approximately 45 % of all new humanities doctoral degree recipients. as the 1980s continued, growth of women \u2019 s share of humanities degrees slowed, and gender parity was not reached until the mid - 1990s. thereafter, doctoral degrees continued to be distributed quite evenly between men and women, in contrast to the lower degree levels where the share of female degree recipients continued to grow. nonetheless, the percentage of humanities doctorates awarded to women has traditionally been greater than that for all fields combined. by the mid - 2000s, however, the situation was similar to that at the master \u2019 s level : the share of humanities doctorates awarded to women was approximately the same as that for all fields considered together. ( for information regarding the gender distribution of advanced degree completions in particular humanities disciplines, please see part ii, section c, undergraduate and graduate degree information for specific humanities disciplines ). note on the definition", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45894040959177085, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.612549"} {"text": "the same as that for all fields considered together. ( for information regarding the gender distribution of advanced degree completions in particular humanities disciplines, please see part ii, section c, undergraduate and graduate degree information for specific humanities disciplines ). note on the definition of advanced degrees according to the national center for education statistics \u2019 ( nces ) integrated postsecondary education data system ( ipeds ) glossary, master \u2019 s degrees are \u201c awards that require the successful completion of a program of study of at least the full - time equivalent of 1 academic year, but not more than 2 academic years of work beyond the bachelor \u2019 s the nces, which collects the degree completion data presented as part of the humanities indicators, defines first professional degrees as those awards that require completion of a program that meets all the following criteria : ( 1 ) completion of the academic requirements to begin practice in a profession ; ( 2 ) at least two years of college work prior to entering the program ; and ( 3 ) a total of at least six academic years of college work to complete the degree program, including prior required college work plus the length of the professional program itself. according to nces, the following ten fields award first professional degrees : chiropractic ( d. c. or d. c. m. ) although some fields ( e. g., library science, hospital administration, and social work ) require specialized degrees for employment at the professional level, nces does not count degrees in these fields as first professional degrees ; instead, they are treated as master \u2019 s degrees. dentistry ( d. d. s. or d. m. d. ) law ( ll. b. or j. d. ) osteopathic medicine ( d. o. ) podiatry ( d. p. m., d. p., or pod. d. ) theology ( m. div., m. h. l., b. d., or ordination ) veterinary medicine ( d. v. m. or v. m. d. ) whereas all doctorates had previously been included in a single category, for academic years 2008 \u2013 2009 and 2009 \u2013 2010 nces gave schools the option of employing a new classification system that distinguishes among three types of doctoral degrees : research / scholarship \u2014 a ph. d. or other doctoral degree that requires advanced work beyond the master \u2019 s level, including the preparation and defense of a dissertation based on original research, or the planning and execution of an original project demonstrating scholarly achievement ; schools could", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4940009317547317, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.613648"} {"text": "scholarship \u2014 a ph. d. or other doctoral degree that requires advanced work beyond the master \u2019 s level, including the preparation and defense of a dissertation based on original research, or the planning and execution of an original project demonstrating scholarly achievement ; schools could classify certain degrees that had historically been treated as first professional degrees as either \u201c professional practice \u201d doctoral degrees ( as in the case of medical degrees, for example ) or master \u2019 s degrees ( as in the case of advanced, nondoctoral degrees in theology ). professional practice \u2014 a doctoral degree conferred upon completion of a program providing the knowledge and skills for the recognition, credentialing, or licensing required for professional practice ; or other \u2014 a doctoral degree that does not meet the definition of the research / scholarship or professional practice doctorate. to ensure comparability with previous years, for 2007 \u2013 2008 and 2008 \u2013 2009 the humanities indicators counted as doctorates all of those degrees classified by postsecondary institutions as \u201c doctorate degree, \u201d \u201c doctorate degree \u2014 research / scholarship, \u201d or \u201c doctorate degree \u2014 other. \u201d the hi treated as \u201c master \u2019 s and professional degrees \u201d those degrees classified by schools as \u201c doctorate degree \u2014 professional practice, \u201d \u201c first professional degree, \u201d or \u201c master \u2019 s degree. \u201d for academic year 2010 \u2013 2011, nces eliminated the \u201c first professional degree \u201d category. the agency now requires schools to use the three - category system described above to classify all advanced degrees other than master \u2019 s degrees. back to content note on the data used to construct degree - related indicators the data that form the basis of these indicators are drawn from the u. s. department of education \u2019 s national center for education statistics \u2019 ( nces ) higher education general information system ( hegis ) and its successor, the integrated postsecondary educational data system ( ipeds ), through which institutions of higher learning report on the numbers and characteristics of students completing degree programs ( as well as a variety of other topics ; for more on this major data collection program, see http : / / nces. ed. gov / ipeds / ). the hegis / ipeds degree - completion data going back to 1966 have been made accessible to decision - makers, researchers, and the general public by the national science foundation ( nsf ) via its online data analysis tool webcaspar. the nsf has traditionally used the nces data to tabulate science and engineering degree awards as part of science and engineering indicators program, which since 1973 has issued a biennial", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5548985819447751, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.614891"} {"text": "science foundation ( nsf ) via its online data analysis tool webcaspar. the nsf has traditionally used the nces data to tabulate science and engineering degree awards as part of science and engineering indicators program, which since 1973 has issued a biennial report designed to provide public and private policymakers with a broad base of quantitative information about the u. s. science, engineering, and technology enterprise. the nsf has developed a set of standardized disciplinary categories that can be used across the various data sources it relies upon to construct its indicators. because the nsf focuses on trends in science and engineering education, its disciplinary classification is most detailed in these areas. the utility of the nsf system for the purposes of the humanities indicators ( hi ) is limited. for example, the nsf scheme does not distinguish between the academic study of the arts, considered by the hi to be part of the humanities, and art performance. the hi thus cannot include in its tally those degrees conferred in the areas of musicology, art history, film studies, and drama history / criticism. moreover, while the hi considers such disciplines as archeology, women \u2019 s studies, gay and lesbian studies, and holocaust studies to be part of the humanities field, nsf categorizes them as social sciences. additionally, nsf places interdisciplinary degrees in areas such as general humanities and liberal studies in a broad \u201c other \u201d category that includes degrees for many disciplines that are not within the purview of the humanities as conceptualized by the hi. consequently, such interdisciplinary degrees, along with those mentioned above, cannot be captured in humanities degree counts from 1966 to 1986. for 1987 and later years ( 1995 and later for data on the race / ethnicity of degree recipients ), however, nsf also categorizes earned degrees according to the more detailed classification of instructional programs ( cip ), which permits a more precise count of humanities degrees ; that is, a count that includes degrees in all those programs that are part of academic disciplines included within the scope of the humanities for the purposes of the hi. ( for an inventory of the disciplines and activities treated as part of the humanities by the hi, see the statement on the scope of the \u201c humanities \u201d for purposes of the humanities indicators. ) the cip was first developed by nces in 1980 as a way to account for the tremendous variety of degree programs offered by american institutions of higher learning and has been revised three times since its introduction, most recently in 2009 ( this version is referred to as \u201c cip 2010 \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5351980746932234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.616069"} {"text": "by nces in 1980 as a way to account for the tremendous variety of degree programs offered by american institutions of higher learning and has been revised three times since its introduction, most recently in 2009 ( this version is referred to as \u201c cip 2010 \u201d ). the cip has also been adopted by statistics canada as its standard disciplinary for the purposes of the humanities indicators the cip has several advantages over the nsf classification system. for example, because the nsf system groups degrees in the nonsectarian study of religion with those awarded in programs designed to prepare students for religious vocations and because the latter type of degree is much more common, the hi cannot include what the nsf considers to be degrees in religion in the humanities degree counts for years prior to 1987. with cip - coded data, however, academic disciplines such as comparative religion can be separated from vocational programs such as theology and thus can be included in the humanities degree tally. additionally, when using cip - coded data, the hi can include degrees in all the excluded disciplines mentioned above, from art history to holocaust studies, in its counts of humanities degrees from 1987 onward. for an inventory of the nsf and cip disciplinary categories included by the hi under the broad academic field headings ( \u201c humanities, \u201d \u201c natural sciences, \u201d etc. ) used throughout part ii of the hi, see the nsf and cip discipline code catalog. this catalog also indicates which degree programs the hi includes within specific humanities disciplines ( e. g., for the purposes of the hi, english degrees include those classified under cip as being in \u201c english language and literature, \u201d \u201c american literature, \u201d and \u201c creative writing, \u201d among others ). in constructing indicators that use ipeds data to track historical trends in the academic humanities, the hi has employed completion data that were classified using both the nsf and cip systems. in these cases, either a note accompanying the chart or a break in the trend line indicates where estimates based on the nsf classification system leave off and those based on cip begin. for those indicators reporting degree data gathered in 1987 or more recently ( 1995 or more recently for the charts and tables describing the proportions of all degrees received by members of racial / ethnic minority groups ), cip - coded data are used. in the case of several of the degree - related indicators, the humanities are compared to certain other fields such as the sciences and engineering. the nature of these fields is specified in the statement on the scope of the \u201c humanities \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49694986361649895, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.619018"} {"text": "coded data are used. in the case of several of the degree - related indicators, the humanities are compared to certain other fields such as the sciences and engineering. the nature of these fields is specified in the statement on the scope of the \u201c humanities \u201d for purposes of the humanities indicators. these broad fields do not encompass all postsecondary programs. therefore, where fields are being compared in terms of their respective shares of all degrees, the percentages will not add up to 100 %. also, none of the graphs showing change over time in the share of degrees awarded to members of traditionally underrepresented ethnic / minority groups includes a data point for the academic year 1999, because the nces did not release data for that year. the degree counts presented as part of the hi do not include \u201c second majors \u201d because nces began collecting data about these degrees only in 2001. the hi deals separately with the issue of second majors in figure ii - 1c ( \u201c humanities bachelor ' s degrees earned as \u2018 second majors, \u2019 2001 \u2013 2010 \u201d ). data on the number of students completing minors are not collected as part of ipeds, but such information was compiled for selected humanities disciplines as part of the american academy of arts and sciences \u2013 sponsored humanities departmental survey ( hds ; see the hds final report, page 8, table 12 ). back to content", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5015143187043221, "token_count": 276, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.620148"} {"text": "altair 8800 computer with 8 inch floppy disk systemthe mits altair 8800 was a microcomputer design from 1975, based on the intel 8080 cpu and sold as a mail - order kit through advertisements in popular electronics, radio - electronics and other hobbyist magazines. the designers intended to sell only a few hundred to hobbyists, and were surprised when they sold thousands in the first month. today the altair is widely recognized as the spark that led to the personal computer revolution of the next few years : the computer bus designed for the altair was to become a de facto standard in form of the s - 100 bus, and the first programming language for the machine was microsoft ' s founding product, altair basic. history while serving at the air force weapons laboratory at kirtland air force base, ed roberts and forrest m. mims iii decided to use their electronics background to produce small kits for model rocket hobbyists. in 1969, roberts and mims, along with stan cagle and robert zaller, founded micro instrumentation and telemetry systems ( mits ) in roberts ' garage in albuquerque, new mexico, and started selling radio transmitters and instruments for model rockets. the model rocket kits were a modest success and mits wanted to try a kit that would appeal to more hobbyists. the november 1970 issue of popular electronics featured the opticom, a kit from mits that would send voice over a led light beam. mims and cagle were losing interest in the kit business so roberts bought his partners out, then began developing a calculator kit. electronic arrays had just announced a set of 6 lsi ics that would make a four function calculator. the mits 816 calculator kit used the chip set and was featured on the november 1971 cover of popular electronics. this calculator kit sold for $ 175 ( $ 275 assembled. ) forrest mims wrote the assembly manual for this kit and many others over the next several years. he often accepted a copy of the kit as payment. the calculator was successful and was proceeded by several improved models. the mits 1440 calculator was featured in the july 1973 issues of radio - electronics. it had a 14 digit display, memory and square root. the kit sold for $ 200 and the assembled version was $ 250. mits later developed a programmer unit that would connect to the 816 or 1440 calculator and allow programs of 256 steps. in additions to calculators, mits made a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4733660054807496, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.632323"} {"text": "sold for $ 200 and the assembled version was $ 250. mits later developed a programmer unit that would connect to the 816 or 1440 calculator and allow programs of 256 steps. in additions to calculators, mits made a line of test equipment kits. these included an ic tester, a waveform generator, a digital voltmeter and several other instruments. to keep up with the demand, mits moved into a larger building at 6328 linn ne in albuquerque in 1973. they installed a wave soldering machine and an assembly line at the new location. in 1972, texas instruments developed its own calculator chip and started selling complete calculators at less than half the price of other commercial models. mits and many other companies were devastated by this, and roberts struggled to reduce his quarter - million - dollar debt. popular electronics january 1975 popular electronics with the altair 8800 computerin january 1972, popular electronics merged with another ziff - davis magazine, electronics world. the change in editorial staff upset many of their authors and they started writing for a competing magazine, radio - electronics. in 1972 and 1973 some of the best construction projects appeared in radio - electronics. art salsberg became editor in 1974 with goal of reclaiming the lead in projects. he was impressed with don lancaster ' s tv typewriter ( radio electronics, september 1973 ) article and wanted computer projects for popular electronics. don lancaster did an ascii keyboard for popular electronics in april 1974. they were evaluating a computer trainer project by jerry ogdin when the mark - 8 8008 based computer by jonathan titus appeared on the july 1974 cover of radio - electronics. the computer trainer was put on hold and the editors looked for a real computer system. ( popular electronics gave jerry ogdin a column, computer bits, starting in june 1975. ) one of the editors, les solomon, knew mits was working on an intel 8080 based computer project and thought roberts could provide the project for the always popular january issue. the tv typewriter and the mark - 8 computer projects were just a detailed set of plans and a set of bare printed circuit boards. the hobbyist faced the daunting task of acquiring all of the integrated circuits and other components. the editors of popular electronics wanted a complete kit in a professional looking enclosure. the typical mits product had a generic name like \" model 1600 digital voltmeter. \" ed roberts was busy finishing the design and left the naming of the computer to the editors of popular electronics. at the first", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.44675542903436244, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.634425"} {"text": "kit in a professional looking enclosure. the typical mits product had a generic name like \" model 1600 digital voltmeter. \" ed roberts was busy finishing the design and left the naming of the computer to the editors of popular electronics. at the first altair computer convention ( march 1976 ) editor les solomon told the audience that the name was inspired by his 12 - year - old daughter, lauren. \" she said why do not you call it altair - that ' s where the enterprise is going tonight. \" the star trek episode is probably amok time, as this is the only one from the original series which takes the enterprise crew to altair ( six ). a more probable version is that the altair was originally going to be named the pe - 8 ( popular electronics 8 - bit ), but les solomon thought this name to be rather dull, so les, alexander burawa ( associate editor ), and john mcveigh ( technical editor ) decided that \" it ' s a stellar event, so let ' s name it after a star. \" mcveigh suggested \" altair \", the twelfth brightest star in the sky. ed roberts and bill yates finished the first prototype in october 1974 and shipped it to popular electronics in new york via the railway express agency. however, it never arrived due to a strike by the shipping company. the first example of this groundbreaking machine isthereforelost to history. solomon already had a number of pictures of the machine and the article was based on them. roberts got to work on building a replacement. the computer on the magazine cover is an empty box with just switches and leds on the front panel. the finished altair computer had a completely different circuit board layout than the prototype shown in the magazine. the january 1975 issues appeared on newsstands a week before christmas of 1974 and the kit was officially ( if not yet practically ) available for sale. intel 8080 ed roberts had designed and manufactured programmable calculators and was familiar with the microprocessors available in 1974. the intel 4004 and intel 8008 were not powerful enough, the national semiconductor imp - 8 and imp - 16 required external hardware, the motorola 6800 was still in development so he chose the 8 - bit intel 8080. at that time, intel ' s main business was selling memory chips by the thousands to computer companies. they had no experience in selling small quantities of microprocessors. when the 8080 was introduced in april 1974, intel set the single unit price", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.45984663642106266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.636392"} {"text": "that time, intel ' s main business was selling memory chips by the thousands to computer companies. they had no experience in selling small quantities of microprocessors. when the 8080 was introduced in april 1974, intel set the single unit price at $ 360. \" that figure had a nice ring to it, \" recalled intel ' s dave house in 1984. \" besides, it was a computer, and they typically cost thousands of dollars, so we felt it was a reasonable price. \" ed roberts had experience in buying oem quantities of calculator chips and he was able to negotiate a $ 75 price for the 8080 microprocessor chips. customers would ask intel if they could get same the low prices that mits must be paying for 8080 family chips. some salesmen said that mits was getting cosmetic rejects or otherwise inferior chips. in july 1975, intel sent a letter to its sales force stating that the mits altair 8800 computer used standard intel 8080 parts and that no one should make derogatory comments about valued customers like mits. the letter was reprinted in the august 1975 issue of mits computer notes. the \" cosmetic defect \" rumor has appeared in many accounts over the years despite the fact that both mits and intel issued written denials in 1975. the launch the induction of the altair 8800 happened at just right time. for around ten years colleges had required science and engineering majors to take a course in computer programming ; typically using the fortran or basic languages. this meant there was a sizeable customer base who knew about computers. in 1970, electronic calculators were not seen outside of a laboratory but by 1974 they were a common household item. calculators and video games like pong introduced computer power to the general public. electronics hobbyists were moving on to digital projects such as digital voltmeters and frequency counters. there were intel 8008 based computer systems available in 1974 but they were not powerful enough to run a high level language like basic. the altair had enough power to be actually useful, and was designed as an expandable system that opened it up to all sorts of applications. ed roberts optimistically told his banker that he could sell 800 computers and he knew they needed to sell 200 over the next year just to break even. when readers got the january issue of popular electronics, mits was flooded with inquires and orders. they had to hire extra people just to answer the phones. in february mits received 1000 orders for the altair", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45395219712055135, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.638008"} {"text": "year just to break even. when readers got the january issue of popular electronics, mits was flooded with inquires and orders. they had to hire extra people just to answer the phones. in february mits received 1000 orders for the altair 8800. the quoted delivery time was 60 days but it was months before they could meet that. roberts focused on delivering the computer ; all of the options would wait until they could keep pace with the orders. mits claimed to have delivered 2500 altair 8800s by the end of may. the number was over 5000 by august 1975. mits had under 20 employees in january but had grown to 90 by october 1975. altair 8800 computer was profitable but expansion bus would allow mits to sell extra memory and interface boards. the system came with a \" 1024 word \" memory board populated with 256 bytes. the basic language was announced in july 1975 and it required one or two 4096 word memory boards and an interface board. mits price list, popular electronics, august 1975. | altair 8800 computer | | $ 439 | | $ 621 | | 1024 word memory board | | $ 97 | | $ 139 | | 4096 word memory board | | $ 264 | | $ 338 | | parallel interface board | | $ 92 | | $ 114 | | serial interface board ( rs - 232 ) | | $ 119 | | $ 138 | | serial interface board ( teletype ) | | $ 124 | | $ 146 | | audio cassette interface board | | $ 128 | | $ 174 | | teletype asr 33 | | n. a. | | $ 1500 | 4k basic language ( when purchased with altair, 4096 words of memory and interface board ) $ 608k basic language ( when purchased with altair, two 4096 word memory boards and interface board ) $ 75mits had no competition for the first half of 1975. their 4k memory board used dynamic ram and it had several design problems. the delay in shipping optional boards and the problems with the 4k memory board created an opportunity for outside suppliers. an enterprising altair owner, robert marsh, designed a 4k static memory that was plug - in compatible with the altair 8800 and sold for $ 255. his company was processor technology, one of the most successful altair compatible board suppliers. their advertisement in the july 1975 issue of popular electronics promised interface and prom boards in addition to the 4k memory board. they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46479866571413964, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.639264"} {"text": "8800 and sold for $ 255. his company was processor technology, one of the most successful altair compatible board suppliers. their advertisement in the july 1975 issue of popular electronics promised interface and prom boards in addition to the 4k memory board. they would later develop a popular video display board that would plug directly into the altair. a consulting company in san leandro, california, ims associates inc., wanted to purchase several altair computers but the long delivery time convinced them that they should build their own computers. in the october 1975 popular electronics, a small advertisement announced the imsai 8080 computer. the ad noted that all boards were \" plug compatible \" with the altair 8800. the computer cost $ 439 for a kit. the first 50 imsai computers shipped in december 1975. the imsai 8080 computer improved on the original altair design in several areas. it was easier to assemble, the altair required 60 wire connections between the front panel and the mother board ( backplane. ) the imsai motherboard had 18 slots. the mits motherboard consisted of 4 slots segments that had to be connected together with 100 wires. the imsai also had a larger power supply to handle the increasing number of expansion boards used in typical systems. the imsai advantage was short lived because mits had recognized these shortcomings and developed the altair 8800b which was introduced in june 1976. description in the first design of the altair, the parts needed to make a complete machine would not fit on a single motherboard, and the machine consisted of four boards stacked on top of each other with stand - offs. a further problem facing roberts was that the parts needed to make a truly useful computer weren ' t available, or wouldn ' t be designed in time for the january launch date. so during the construction of the second model, he decided to build most of the machine on removable cards, reducing the motherboard to nothing more than an interconnect between the cards, a backplane. the basic machine consisted of five cards, including the cpu on one and memory on another. he then looked for a cheap source of connectors, and came across a supply of 100 - pin edge connectors. the s - 100 bus was eventually acknowledged by the professional computer community and adopted as the ieee - 696 computer bus standard. for all intents, the altair bus consists of the pins of the intel 8080 run out onto the backplane. no specific level of thought went into the design,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4600516356382816, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.640458"} {"text": "professional computer community and adopted as the ieee - 696 computer bus standard. for all intents, the altair bus consists of the pins of the intel 8080 run out onto the backplane. no specific level of thought went into the design, which led to such disasters as shorting from various power lines of differing voltages being located next to each other. a further oddity was that the system included two unidirectional 8 - bit data buses, but only a single bidirectional 16 - bit address bus. a deal on power supplies led to the use of + 8v and + 18v, which had to be locally regulated on the cards to ttl ( + 5v ) or rs - 232 ( + 12v ) standard voltage levels. altair 8800b computer front panelthe altair shipped in a two - piece case. the backplane and power supply were mounted on a base plate, along with the front and rear of the box. the \" lid \" was shaped like a c, forming the top, left and right sides of the box. the front panel, which was inspired by the data general nova minicomputer, included a large number of toggle switches to feed binary data directly into the memory of the machine, and a number of red leds to read those values back out. programming the altair was an extremely tedious process where one toggled the switches to positions corresponding to an 8080 opcode, then used a special switch to enter the code into the machine ' s memory, and then repeated this step until all the opcodes of a presumably complete and correct program were in place. when the machine first shipped the switches and lights were the only interface, and all one could do with the machine was make programs to make the lights blink. nevertheless, many were sold in this form. roberts was already hard at work on extra cards, including a paper tape reader for storage, extra ram cards, and a rs - 232 interface to connect to a proper terminal. software main article : altair basic around this time roberts received a letter from a seattle company asking if he would be interested in buying its basic programming language for the machine. he called the company and reached a private home, where no one had heard of anything like basic. in fact the letter had been sent by bill gates and paul allen from the boston area, and they had no basic yet to offer. when they called roberts to follow up on the letter he expressed his interest, and the two started work on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.514187332637005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.642009"} {"text": "basic. in fact the letter had been sent by bill gates and paul allen from the boston area, and they had no basic yet to offer. when they called roberts to follow up on the letter he expressed his interest, and the two started work on their basic interpreter using a self - made simulator for the 8080 on a pdp - 10 minicomputer. they figured they had 30 days before someone else beat them to the punch, and once they had a version working on the simulator, allen flew to albuquerque to deliver the program, altair basic ( aka mits 4k basic ), on a paper tape. the first time it was run, it displayed \" altair basic, \" then crashed, but that was enough for them to join ; the next day, they brought in a new paper tape and it ran. the first program ever typed in, was \" 2 + 2 \", and up came the \" 4. \" gates soon joined allen and formed microsoft, then spelled \" micro - soft \". emulators simh emulates altair 8800 with both 8080 and z80. resource : part or all of the information provided in this section is brought to you via wikipedia and other similar sites. please repsect their licenses and for more information visit the homepages of these sites.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4783330195702122, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.642663"} {"text": "principal investigator ( s ) : marx, gary t. summary : this study is part of the university of california ' s five - year study of anti - semitism in the united states. as a result of the outbreak of black rioting during the summer of 1964, it was decided to expand the proposed black subsample of the national sample to a larger black oversample in order to study the climate of opinion in the black american community. these black respondents were selected by drawing five samples : one general metropolitan sample and four urban samples from chicago, new... ( view full summary ) persistent url : http : / / dx. doi. org / 10. 3886 / icpsr07002. v1 one or more data files in this study are set up in a non - standard format, such as card image format. users may need help converting these files before they can be used for analysis. these data are available only to users at icpsr member institutions. you will be asked to log in prior to downloading the data. this study was originally provided by icpsr. icpsr provides leadership and training in data access, curation, and methods of analysis for a diverse and expanding social science research community. data use tutorial ( introduction for new users )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5167637268903109, "token_count": 265, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.644069"} {"text": "evaluating the use of process mapping and visual storyboarding in the classroom stephanie munson, assistant professor, industrial design program | university of illinois, chicago kevin reeder, idsa, associate professor, industrial design program | georgia institute of technology at the 2005 eastman / idsa education conference, stephen wilcox gave a presentation on procedure mapping. the next day, kevin reeder, with stephanie munson, discussed visual storyboarding. both procedure mapping and visual storyboarding are communication methods that emphasize viewing and discussing the entire use, storage to storage, of a product. in turn, the design team uses the broad view to pinpoint areas where greater research is needed, a competitive market edge can be achieved, opportunities for innovation can be identified, and empathy for the user becomes critical. as a process communication tool, a procedure or process map / visual storyboard can be a fluid, pin - up device to communicate project concerns to all parties involved. it can example the overlap of industrial design and business marketing issues or industrial design to manufacturing. in all cases, process mapping and visual storyboarding provide a broad, overarching message to the participants in the product development process. at the 2005 eastman idsa education conference, stephen wilcox, a principal at design science, discussed the value of using information graphics to make complex forms of information understandable. as example, dr. wilcox discussed the construction of a procedure map and its function as a communication tool within the design team as well as with the client. michael lee smith, director of process improvement at ets, on corporate procedures states that \u201c process mapping is a technique for making work visible. \u201d and \u201c there has probably never been a process map developed where someone has not said, \u2018 why are we doing it that way? \u2019. \u201d chris ahoy, associate vice president at iowa state university describes a process map as \u201c a workflow diagram to bring forth a clear understanding of a process or series of parallel processes. \u201d adrian mallon in an internet article states storyboards need not take the considerable time that some think that it does, depending on how one goes about it ( \u201c storyboarding multimedia \u201d 1 ). and there are significant advantages to be considered. there is a document, which everyone can point to as a common point of reference, enabling the design team ( which includes client ) to say, \u2018 yes, that is what i meant \u2019, or \u2018 no, we \u2019 ve a problem here \u2019. problems may be spotted from the storyboard that may have proven more costly to correct at a later stage.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48417232556248574, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.647029"} {"text": "david furman, born in berdichev in 1919, was one of the 1. 1 million soviet soldiers who fought in the battle of stalingrad, the seven - month battle that turned the war on the eastern front and left one and a quarter million german and soviet soldiers dead. furman left school at the age of fourteen to become a carpenter like his father, but he was drafted into the army in 1939. he was stationed in the far east until the war broke out in 1941, when he was taken to the front. he fought at the front until 1943, when he lost his leg in battle. by the time that stalingrad began, in august 1942, furman had already received word that his entire family \u2014 his father, zelig ; his mother, leyke ; his sister, kheyved and his two brothers, moyshe and berl - - had been murdered by the nazis in berdichev. he knew what he was fighting for. in this clip, furman, whom we first met at the synagogue soup kitchen in which the interview takes place, tells about his experience in the war. viewers should note that the question posed to him is \u201c tell us something about berdichev? were you born in berdichev? tell us about the old days? tell us about your schooling? \u201d rather than talk about his childhood or his hometown, furman shares with us his proudest moment - - his military service. he rushes through his childhood and neglects his postwar life, but straightens his back, raises his chin, and lets out a smile as he tells us that he fought in stalingrad! not only that, but he pulls out of his pocket a snapshot of himself decorated with military medals, as though he expected an international camera crew to show up at the soup kitchen that day. for david furman, every day is victory day.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39988801531001955, "token_count": 382, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.649019"} {"text": "what every tech pro should know about ' green computing ' for most companies, the movement is about saving money, not the environment. but it ' s getting better at both. forget al gore and his oscar for a global warming documentary. to gauge how today ' s trendy green movement is affecting computing, skip hollywood and head to wall street. there, green computing isn ' t a save - the - planet - for - our - kids movement. it ' s about the other green : cutting operating costs as the demand for computing power soars. it ' s a movement grounded in measurable, near - term results. \" the top priority at hand is data center efficiency, \" says sabet elias, cto of investment bank lehman brothers, which last year boosted energy efficiency 25 % and set a goal of another 35 % by next year. white papersmore > > it ' s not just financial services companies, with their huge processing needs, that stand to benefit from green computing. companies in every industry, from nonprofits to consumer goods, are paying much closer attention to their power bills, as the amount spent on data center power has doubled elias wants to cut energy use 35 % at lehman brothers. still, it execs would be wise to keep an eye on more than the economics of energy - efficient computing. energy consumption has gotten so huge - - u. s. data centers consume as much power in a year as is generated by five power plants - - that policy makers are taking notice and considering more regulation. a group of government and industry leaders is trying to set a clear standard for what constitutes a \" green \" computer, a mark that it execs might find themselves held to. global warming concerns could spark a public opinion swing - - either a backlash against big data centers or a pr win for companies that can paint themselves green. it vendors are piling on, making energy efficiency central to their sales pitches and touting eco - friendly policies such as \" carbon - neutral computing. \" one under - the - radar example of what ' s changing is a long acronym you ' ll start hearing more : epeat, or the electronic product environmental assessment tool. epeat was created through an institute of electrical and electronics engineers council because companies and government agencies wanted to put green criteria in it requests for proposals. epeat got a huge boost on jan. 24 when president bush signed an executive order requiring that 95 % of electronic products procured by federal agencies meet epeat standards, as long there ' s a standard", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4710856245872666, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.653457"} {"text": "old age is not a disease as a result of advances in veterinary medicine, more knowledgeable care and improved nutrition, dogs are now living much longer, healthier lives. but, just as for humans, the passage of time has its effects, and you may begin to notice that your once - frisky pet seems to have slowed down a bit. being aware of the natural changes that can occur as your dog reaches his or her golden years, as well as what you can do to help keep your pet as healthy, active and comfortable as possible, can ensure that you both enjoy this final stage in your dog ' s life to the fullest. how - and when - will i know that my dog is getting \" old \"? as dogs move into the geriatric phase of their lives, they experience gradual changes that are remarkably like those of aging humans : hair turns grey, their bodies are not as limber and reflexes not as sharp as they once were, hearing, eyesight and the sense of smell may deteriorate and energy levels, as well as attention spans, seem to diminish. in fact, the first sign of aging is often a general decrease in activity, combined with a tendency to sleep longer and more soundly. such signs may begin to manifest themselves before 8 years in large breeds like great danes, while smaller breeds can remain youthful until 12 years and even longer. furthermore, a healthy dog, will most likely age later than one that has been affected by disease or environmental problems early in life. again, as with humans, the aging process will vary with the individual. your veterinarian will be able to judge when it ' s time to consider your pet a \" senior \". checkup time now comes twice a year as your dog ages, regular checkups at the veterinarian \u2019 s become more important than ever. in fact, at this stage of your pet \u2019 s life, it is recommended that he or she receive a thorough examination every 6 months, as adult dogs can age as much as 3 years ( in human terms ) within the period of one calendar year. besides the usual complete physical examination, your veterinarian may conduct a urine and fecal analysis as well as ultrasound or other imaging tests. furthermore, many vets now recommend minimum yearly blood screens for senior pets. keep your vet informed most importantly, you should tell your veterinarian about any noticeable change in your dog ' s physical condition or behaviour. a problem that you may assume is simply related to your pet ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4402690115094742, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.659471"} {"text": "minimum yearly blood screens for senior pets. keep your vet informed most importantly, you should tell your veterinarian about any noticeable change in your dog ' s physical condition or behaviour. a problem that you may assume is simply related to your pet ' s advanced age may actually be the result of a treatable medical condition. for example, your dog ' s reluctance to exercise may not stem from the normal decrease in energy that comes with age, but from arthritis or a heart condition both of which can be managed with the proper treatment. regular, semi - annual checkups can thus help your veterinarian work out a suitable preventative health program for your pet and catch any problems sufficiently early to provide effective treatment. working together, you can both ensure that your dog ' s senior years will be healthy and happy ones. something to chew on as your pet ages, your dog \u2019 s nutritional needs may also change. you may find that, although your pet is eating less, he still puts on weight. this could be due to a slowdown of his metabolism or a decrease in his activity. excess weight can aggravate many canine medical conditions, including heart, respiratory, skin and joint problems. to help a portly pet reduce, try feeding smaller quantities of food or gradually switch to a diet that is lower in calories. other dogs have entirely the opposite problem \u2013 they lose weight as they age, sometimes as the result of heart or periodontal disease or diabetes. in either case, ask your veterinarian for advice about your pet \u2019 s individual nutritional requirements. put comfort on the menu you should also ensure that your dog is comfortable while eating. most pet owners place food dishes and water bowls on the floor, but this may be a source of discomfort for a large or overweight dog, or for one whose arthritis makes it difficult \u2013 or even painful \u2013 to bend down. many pet supply outlets have eating tables that are specially designed with cut - outs for food and water containers and available in various heights to suit various sizes of dogs. or you can fashion your own inexpensive solution to this problem : for example, a plastic crate covered in a towel to absorb spills. senior dog food do \u2019 s & don \u2019 ts - since food with high mineral and protein content should be avoided, ask your veterinarian for recommendations about a type that \u2019 s right for your dog. - do consider, in consultation with your veterinarian, increasing the level of fibre in his diet, especially if he suffers from frequent constipation. - don", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4497020306397065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.660574"} {"text": "veterinarian for recommendations about a type that \u2019 s right for your dog. - do consider, in consultation with your veterinarian, increasing the level of fibre in his diet, especially if he suffers from frequent constipation. - don \u2019 t feed your dog between - meal snacks or table scraps. the top 10 health tips for senior dogs - take your dog to his or her veterinarian for twice - yearly checkups. - become informed about conditions and diseases common to senior dogs, be on the lookout for symptoms and, should they arise, inform your dog \u2019 s veterinarian promptly. - feed your dog the best food you can afford and consider giving him two small meals a day rather than one large one. - don \u2019 t overfeed - obesity causes many health problems and may shorten your dog \u2019 s life. - consider, on your veterinarian \u2019 s recommendation, the use of dietary supplements such as glucosamine / chondroitin for arthritis. - make sure your dog receives adequate exercise, according to his physical capacities. - look after your dog \u2019 s dental health. brush his teeth daily and have them cleaned professionally when your veterinarian so advises. - have your veterinarian do a risk assessment to determine an appropriate vaccination protocol for your dog. - do your utmost to control ticks and fleas and make sure your dog and his environment ( his bed, play area, etc. ) are always spotlessly clean. - give your dog lots of love and attention and do all you can to keep him interested, active, happy and comfortable. back to top", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3765094608241701, "token_count": 330, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.661222"} {"text": "wallace & gromit teach kids about invention and intellectual property 17 may 2012 wallace and gromit, the world - famous characters developed by british studio aardman animation, are the stars of an interactive exhibition on innovation and intellectual property ( ip ) which opened at scienceworks in melbourne on 19 may. wallace & gromit \u2019 s world of invention showcases innovation and creativity in everyday life, highlighting the important link between invention and ip protection. visitors walk through different rooms in wallace and gromit \u2019 s \u201c house \u201d, where they can view both real and imaginary innovations, learn about important australian inventors and discover how ip rights work in practice. visitors are also encouraged to get creative themselves with activities such as devising a smoothie recipe and logo, inventing household tools and singing their hearts out in the karaoke disco shower. we are the principal sponsor of the exhibition in australia and have worked with scienceworks to ensure that the exhibition contains strong and accurate ip messages that are relevant to an australian audience. we hope that the exhibition inspires a new generation of australian inventors who understand ip rights and how to use them to protect their inventions. the exhibition will be in melbourne until 11 november 2012 and then move to the powerhouse museum in sydney from 12 december 2012 until 26 may 2013. tickets are $ 19 for adults, $ 7. 50 for concession holders and $ 6 for children. we will be organising a number of events, competitions and activities associated with the exhibition so keep an eye on out for details. you can visit the scienceworks ' website for more information. last updated : 29 / 11 / 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.47133461924359926, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.663361"} {"text": "the idaho educational services for the deaf and the blind ( iesdb ) accessible instructional materials library acquires, maintains and distributes specialized instructional materials, as well as coordinates and produces textbooks in braille and large print, to assist school districts and educators to provide blind and visually impaired students with an appropriate education and equal access to the general curriculum. as an authorized user ( au ) of the national instructional materials access center ( nimac ), iesdb, at the school district ' s request, can facilitate the assignment of national instructional materials accessibility standard ( nimas ) files to accessible media producers. lea ' s can then access those converted files in audio or digital for eligible blind, visually impaired, and print disabled students. the iesdb aim library is able to offer the following resources for loan : braille writers, tape recorders, slate and styluses, pre - braille and literacy kits, tactile tools, raised lined maps, standardized tests, some assessment tools, and other materials provided by federal quota funds through the american printing house for the blind ( aph ) for eligible legally blind students. large print : dorothy ogden forms for requests are listed below, please fill out the appropriate form, sign and return to the address listed on the form. 1 - assessible formats of print, click now 2 - student data, click now 3 - book request form, click now 4 - eligibility & certification for specialized formats of print, click now", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4300998443699593, "token_count": 293, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.665027"} {"text": "21 feb 2009 gratitude is often lacking in our world today. people are so wrapped up in their own lives that they forget to appreciate what others have done for them. gratitude is a character trait that we should try to develop and nurture in our children and in each other. it \u2019 s quite simple to thank others for their support, thoughtfulness, helpfulness and caring. have you done things for others and have them go unappreciated or even unnoticed? as grounded as we may be spiritually, emotionally and or mentally, repeatedly feeling unappreciated can affect our sense of self. we all thrive and do better when we experience being appreciated, our well - being is uplifted. a little appreciation and gratitude can improve moods, situations, relationships and outcomes. when we are blessed by others in surprising and unexpected ways, there are a number of ways to show our appreciation and gratitude. simply saying, \u201c thank you \u201d is a great start. writing thank you notes is another traditional way of expressing gratitude and nice to do when you have received a gift. it \u2019 s also thoughtful to do when someone has gone out of their wat to do something special for you. when we let others know through our words or actions that we truly appreciate them, it uplifts them and causes a ripple effect of gratitude. it \u2019 s a good practice to acknowledge the ways that your family, friends and co - workers are been good to you in supportive and thoughtful ways. imagine what the our families, friendships and places of employment would be like if we showed more appreciation and gratitude. so how will you extend and show more gratitude and appreciation to others this upcoming week \u2026.. with many blessings to you and yours,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4740814305592383, "token_count": 347, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.666890"} {"text": "professor peter hayes ( northwestern u. ) specializes in thehistory of germany in the 20th century, particularly the nazi period. he did an admirable speaking job, presenting a dark and serious topic while dealing gracefully with the challenges of a late evening audience digesting its dinner and a very noisy, joyful event happening in the room next door. learn more about peter hayes at http : / / www. history. northwestern. edu / people / hayes. html. professor hayes challenged eight widely - believed \" facts \" about the holocaust, pointing out that when the public thinks it knows something, scholarship often has trouble making itself heard. his hope was that the audience at ajl might be more receptive than many others, and allow new ideas to penetrate. here are the eight misconceptions that, when examined more closely, turn out to be untrue. ( from notes scribbled during the keynote address, please forgive any errors. ) 1. anti - semitism played a major role in bringing hitler to power. apparently we ' ve put the cart before the horse. \" more germans became anti - semites because they became nazis, than became nazis because they were anti - semites. \" 2. killing jews was hitler ' s goal from the beginning. the original intention seems to have been to remove the jews from german - held territory, but it soon became apparent that by gaining territory they were gaining jewish residents. the more practical way to remove them was to kill them, but the nazis realized this only after they started taking over other countries. 3. theallies could have saved many more jews than they did. anti - immigrant sentiment was very strong at the time, and politicians who pushed for bringing in more jews would have been voted out of office. also, 3 / 4 of the six million were killed out of reach of allied intervention in northeastern europe, in a short period of time, while the germans seemed to be winning the war. 4. jews could have done more to save themselves. jews were a tiny percent of the population in all the countries where they lived, and being more assertive wouldn ' t have had much impact on the larger population ' s opinions / actions. the jewish ghetto uprisings that did happen were quickly squashed and didn ' t really save lives, so more uprisings probably wouldn ' t have saved more lives. 5. greater solidarity with or sympathy for jews in europe would have saved more jews. individual people saved other individual people, but to really raise the numbers you would have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48068468748830634, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.672823"} {"text": "really save lives, so more uprisings probably wouldn ' t have saved more lives. 5. greater solidarity with or sympathy for jews in europe would have saved more jews. individual people saved other individual people, but to really raise the numbers you would have needed institutions or governments working to save jews. more jews were saved by the collaborating french government than by individual righteous gentiles, just because governments have more power than individuals. but most of the governments in europe had been taken over by the nazis. 6. killing jews diverted resources and weakened the german war effort. it didn ' t take large numbers of guards or even trains to deal with imprisoning / killing jews, compared to the number of soldiers overall. 7. persecution of jews was driven by greed ( ie the desire to take the jews ' possessions ). taking jewish possessions was a side benefit for the nazis, not their main goal. they got more money by taking over banks in the countries they invaded than by taking jewish possessions. 8. the holocaust represents modernity and its dangers. the image of mechanized murder has been overblown. \" auschwitz was a dis - assembly line, but more like a 19th century slaughterhouse than a modern factory. \" most killing was done with simple tools : a gun, carbon dioxide from a car. and cultural genocide is certainly not a new idea. conclusion : the common denominator of all 8 myths is the desire to shield ourselves from the horror, to think that thinks could have been better or to find a place to lay blame. but these are prettifications of history. posted via web from the ajl convention blog", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4397926616741918, "token_count": 329, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.673473"} {"text": "it \u2019 s what was for dinner there are 650 species of river snails in north america which makes this continent the richest in the world for these tiny animals. many of these are shell dwelling soft bodied gastropods that live in the streams and rivers of the southeastern region of our country. within this group is a genus called leptoxis ( or more commonly known as anculosa ) which are gill breathing and operculum bearing snails that usually live in the bottom of reasonably fast flowing streams in the middle south to southern midwest. of the thirty three known members of the leptoxis genus, many are now threatened with extinction because of river impoundment and siltation and industrial / agricultural pollutions. but during the prehistoric times in the region, the natives consumed the little mollusk anculosa because it was available in enormous numbers and became what was for dinner. most of us contemporary people would not wish to gather river snails for food but beginning perhaps as far back as the paleo period ( 10, 000 bc ) the american natives did just that. possibly during the archaic period and most likely during the woodland period ( 1000 bc to ad 1000 ) most definitely during the mississippian period ( ad 1000 to 1700 ) these people did harvest and eat the various river snails found in the waterways in the southeast. as the natives became more agrarian and began living in small permanent villages near the rivers and large streams, they were adjacent to the watery homes of the apparently easy to catch snails. probably during that time of clean natural water sources there were many millions of these mollusks for the taking and the natives did take them. we know that because there have been huge mounds of discarded mollusk shells found near rivers from kentucky to alabama and virginia to georgia. they would most likely have placed the snails in steatite or ceramic pots of boiling water and waited for the heat to force the little cooked animals from their shells so they could be eaten. the empty shells would have then been discarded or used for ornaments. the freshwater anculosa snails produce the calcium carbonate body coverings by excreting consumed calcium and other minerals and which harden into the protective shells. the outside of the shells are coated with a horny epidermal called periostracum which give the shells various colors from to tans and browns to gold and blue. these hues are most likely evolutionary means for the snails to camouflage themselves from predators such as fish, turtles, water birds and humans. there have been some large caches of anculosa shells,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4825827012703032, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.680360"} {"text": "tans and browns to gold and blue. these hues are most likely evolutionary means for the snails to camouflage themselves from predators such as fish, turtles, water birds and humans. there have been some large caches of anculosa shells, which look like miniature conch or whelk shells, found in the southeast and that were purposely altered to make beads. an edge of the shell whorl would have been rubbed against an abrasive substance such as sandstone or granite until a hole was made. or a hole was bored using a rotating chipped stone drill. a sinew string or thong could then have been passed through the manufactured hole and out through the natural shell opening through which the animal moved and ate. the beads, which are normally less than an inch long from the base of the whorls to the top of the spire, could have been strung into necklaces and bracelets, hung from the earlobes or sewn onto garments by using these holes. archaeological investigations have uncovered ancient burials that had thousands of these shell beads placed with the deceased. one grouping found in tennessee had an estimated one hundred thousand of the anculosa shell beads. calcium carbonate is a hard substance that any of you who have picked up a marine shell on a beach can attest. it must have taken almost countless hours for the bead makers to rub and / or drill holes in a hundred thousand beads. and that is just one of the many riverside groupings that has been found during the last hundred or so years. these little beads, which can still be found today as bleached and patinated white / grey shells, must have had some important meanings to the natives and we shall probably never know what those meanings were. but we do know that they extracted a source of food from the little mollusk. the little gastropods houses certainly had ornamental shell usage, but the anculosa snails themselves would have been what was for dinner. burch, j. t. 1989 north american freshwter snails dillon, robert t. 2000 the ecology of the freshwater molluscs emerson, thomas j. 2009 archaic societies : diversity and complexity across the goodrich, calvin 1922 the anculosae of the alabama river drainage lewis, t. m. n. & madeline kneberg 1959 \u201c the archaic culture in the middle south \u201d, american antiquity, vol. 25, no. 2 parmalee, paul w. 1906 \u201c remains form the aztalan site \u201d, wisconsin archaelogical society webb, william s. 1974 wood", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44939651586806173, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.682699"} {"text": "information contained on this page is provided by newsusa, an independent third - party content provider. worldnow and this station make no warranties or representations in connection therewith. / national wildlife federation ) - many children are too busy tweeting to go outside and hear a real tweet. kids today spend an average of seven hours per day using electronic media but only four to seven minutes outside in unstructured outdoor play time. \" the importance of media in today ' s world is indisputable, but a sky ' s - the - limit approach to technology can have a powerful downside for kids if it ' s not tempered with something more down to earth, \" said lindsay legendre, manager of the national wildlife federation ' s be out there movement - - an effort to get more children outdoors more often. research shows that spending time outdoors makes kids grow lean and strong, enhances their imaginations and gives them time to let off steam and just be kids. the kaiser family foundation says children who spend too much time with technology are more likely to get fair or poor grades. as a result of research like this. nwf ' s be out there movement created the \" outdoor play for every day : a parent ' s guide for overcoming common obstacles to kids and outdoor play, \" which is loaded with tips and activities to help parents overcome the lure of technology and other common obstacles to getting kids outdoors. consider the following suggestions to maximize outdoor time while making peace with media and technology : * monkey see / monkey do. set a good example about limiting tech time, and your kids will be more likely to follow suit. talk to your kids, and let everyone have a say on the amount of time that screens will be used each week so ground rules are clear up front. * pay to play. encourage kids to earn screen time by balancing it with equal amounts of reading, chores or playing outside. len saunders, author of \" keeping kids fit \" and father of two, suggests that for every hour of physical activity, kids earn 30 minutes of tech time. * let ' em pick. offer kids a set amount of screen time each day and let them decide how to use it ( watch tv, play video games or surf the web ). if the weather is nice, and they want to trade their screen time for playing outdoors, they can bank their screen time for use on a rainy day. * go geocaching. take your kids on an outdoor adventure that combines popular gps technology and a treasure hunt. don ' t have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4579268244503577, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.690474"} {"text": "most packaged meals and snacks marketed to toddlers have more than the recommended amount of sodium per serving, meaning children as young as 1 are most likely eating far too much salt early in life, according to one of several studies on sodium presented this week. the studies were presented at the american heart association ' s epidemiology and prevention / nutrition, physical activity and metabolism 2013 scientific sessions in new orleans. the findings were alarming to researchers since there is evidence a child ' s sodium intake is related to the likelihood that he or she will develop hypertension as an adult. hypertension is a major risk factor of cardiovascular disease and the number - one killer of men and women in the united states. \" the good news is that commercial foods for babies, when they start complimentary feeding from 4 to 12 months... are relatively low in sodium, \" explains joyce maalouf, the study ' s lead author and a fellow at the national center for chronic disease prevention and health promotion at the centers for disease control and prevention. \" but the products marketed to toddlers were significantly higher in sodium : more than 75 % of the toddler meals and snacks had high sodium content. \" maalouf and her team reviewed more than 1, 100 products specifically marketed to babies and toddlers that were sold in grocery stores. any product that had more than 210 milligrams of sodium per serving was defined as being high in sodium, based on guidelines outlined by the institute of medicine and myplate. gov for salt intake and young children. some of the toddler meals tested had upwards of 630 milligrams of sodium per serving. meals and \" savory snacks \" had the highest amount of sodium compared to the cereal bars and fruit snacks that were tested. maalouf and her team are not releasing the brand names of the foods they tested but described the meals as being readily available in grocery stores aisles stocked with food for babies and toddlers. \" we ' re talking meals that are pre - packed... like mac and cheese, pasta with meat sauce, pizza, or chicken and vegetables, \" says maalouf. \" these are not frozen meals, they ' re usually microwavable. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4176546919074653, "token_count": 446, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.693038"} {"text": "wed december 12, 2012 scientists mourn popular wolf shot by a hunter originally published on wed december 12, 2012 1 : 34 pm the most popular wolf in yellowstone national park was shot by a hunter last week, a big blow to scientists and many wildlife enthusiasts who loved following her story. \" she was very recognizable, and she was unique and everybody knew her, \" says biologist douglas smith. the animal known as 832f had a beautiful gray coat and was the alpha female of the lamar canyon pack. smith has followed this wolf for years but only got to put a tracking collar on her in february. \" i tried to catch her for several years prior to doing it, and she was so smart we couldn ' t. we do it with a helicopter, we dart them, we fly in on them. and she used the landscape to her advantage, \" smith says. \" i watched her. and every other wolf is running, she ' s watching, figuring out the next move to get away from us. \" smith says that ' s an extraordinary wolf. \" people in this world today crave something real, and our society is lacking that, and they could come to yellowstone and see real nature unfolding in front of their eyes with this very unique personality of a wolf, and they loved her. they thought it was great, \" smith says. gray wolves were hunted and trapped to the point that there weren ' t any in the western u. s. by the 1930s. smith helped to bring wolves back to the park in the mid - 1990s and has studied them ever since. he says that closely watching wolves like 832 has taught biologists that they were wrong about the basic way wolf packs function. alpha females like 832 lead the packs \u2014 not the alpha males, as biologists long thought. \" she was clearly in charge, and actually, typically males are better hunters than females. that was not true in this case. she was a great hunter, in fact brought down elk by herself single - handedly, \" says smith. ' a level of tolerance ' wolves were only taken off the endangered species list in wyoming a few months ago, and this is the first season it ' s been legal to hunt wolves in all three states bordering yellowstone. wolf 832, who was taking a rare jaunt outside park boundaries when she was shot, is one of at least seven wolves from yellowstone that have been killed in legal hunts this year. hundreds more out of about 1, 800 in the northern rockies have also been killed. suzanne stone", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4242287868795114, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.698193"} {"text": "a rare jaunt outside park boundaries when she was shot, is one of at least seven wolves from yellowstone that have been killed in legal hunts this year. hundreds more out of about 1, 800 in the northern rockies have also been killed. suzanne stone, a wolf expert from the environmental group defenders of wildlife, says the hunting is too aggressive. \" this is not a legacy that anyone would want to have. this was one of the most successful wildlife reintroduction programs anywhere in the world. and it ' s being put in jeopardy now, \" says stone. randy newberg hunts wolves and makes hunting television programs. he says tourists love wolves, but many people who live around them don ' t like them and hate that the federal government forced wolves on them. he thinks wolf hunts are easing the animosity many local people feel toward the predator. \" having these hunting seasons has provided a level of tolerance again, \" newberg says. smith says as much as he hates to lose a wolf as valuable as 832, he agrees. \" to get support for wolves, you can ' t have people angry about them all the time, and so hunting is going to be part of the future of wolves in the west. we ' ve got to have it if we ' re going to have wolves, \" smith says.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.37615631904784286, "token_count": 266, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.698805"} {"text": "all systems secure kettering researcher develops a new communications architecture and protocol for safety critical systems in automotive applications that will make driving more safe and less costly for car companies. when you slam on your brakes unexpectedly while driving, do you worry that your car may not stop? do you wonder if your airbag will actually deploy correctly, given the infrequency of its use, or if your door might spring open during a collision, exposing your body as your car careens out of control? as a nation with highways jammed with drivers, most of us don ' t realize what sort of technology goes into safety systems on the cars we drive, such as brakes, steering and stability. we know they are probably expensive but short of that, as long as the safety system works, most of us are happy. when we lease or purchase a new vehicle, we typically assume it is safe to drive, since it has passed federal and state regulations. but the work in developing the dependable technology that helps a car stop or glide safely and smoothly over rough terrain is complex, highly sophisticated and very expensive for automakers to incorporate into your vehicle. kettering university ' s juan pimentel of the electrical and computer engineering dept. is fully aware of how difficult it is to develop dependable systems in cars. dependability is an important concept that involves safety, reliability, availability and security. what makes his most recent research exciting is that his dependable, simple and cost - efficient system not only works well with traditional combustion engines, but also with hybrid vehicles and electric propulsion systems, which may one day replace the cars we drive today. over the past several years pimentel has worked in the field of controller area networks ( can ) to develop an architecture and protocol for highly dependable ( otherwise known as safety - critical ) systems in automobiles. by definition, controller area networks work in conjunction with other electronic systems inside cars for various operations, such as braking and steering. unfortunately, there are no dependable systems on the market that are simple and inexpensive. so pimentel went about researching and developing an architecture and protocol he calls flexcan, which is based on can protocol and is suitable for highly dependable systems. pimentel also integrated safecan into his system, which deals with error detection and fault management of buses and nodes used to communicate electronically with other system components inside a vehicle. what does all this techno mumbo jumbo mean? in simple terms, pimentel has developed a highly dependable system that is simpler and cheaper for automakers to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5244369588053073, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.707730"} {"text": "of buses and nodes used to communicate electronically with other system components inside a vehicle. what does all this techno mumbo jumbo mean? in simple terms, pimentel has developed a highly dependable system that is simpler and cheaper for automakers to incorporate into their vehicle while sustaining the high quality of research necessary to create systems to protect drivers in case of emergencies. his work enhances the current can protocol used in the industry today, which is very different from what other companies and firms are currently doing. his architecture and protocol rely on commercially over the shelf ( cots ) can components available on the market. this is vastly different from other companies as they work in developing safety critical systems from scratch, which is costly and often times passed on to the automaker and thereby the consumer, due to the complexity involved in creating a system that works effectively. \" to make these systems work efficiently and effectively, one needs an approach that considers all aspects of development and usage to achieve dependability at various levels. \" for pimentel, the can protocol available in today ' s market still holds great potential and opportunity. \" i want to build on and enhance what ' s already available in terms of can systems, since the basic operation of these systems works well, \" he explained. \" but i am going about utilizing these components with a little different twist. in previous years, you had specialists who worked in various capacities for safety critical systems, but not all specialists knew what the other was doing. thus, they didn ' t have afull understanding of how these systems worked in conjunction with each other in the broad range of operation, for example, in automotive applications, or how their work in this field affected the work of other engineers. \" to address this trend, which has several pitfalls in pimentel ' s eyes, he approached the development of his system and protocol ( called flexcan and safecan ) from an interdisciplinary perspective, or what others might term a holistic approach. this method is new to safety critical systems development, one that utilizes pimentel ' s interdisciplinary training and experience. \" to make these systems work efficiently and effectively, one needs an approach that considers all aspects of development and usage to achieve dependability at various levels, \" he said. \" flexcan considers advances and component availability in the following fields : application domain, embedded systems, protocols and networks, safety and reliability, real - time systems and systems engineering. \" the development of flexcan began three years ago and is now at a stage that allows use of the system for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5580369020665401, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.708994"} {"text": "in the following fields : application domain, embedded systems, protocols and networks, safety and reliability, real - time systems and systems engineering. \" the development of flexcan began three years ago and is now at a stage that allows use of the system for evaluation purposes in the design and incorporation of safety critical systems. in the past few years, some of the projects that utilized various aspects of flexcan include simulation, target implementation, diagnostics, network management, testing and verification. on april 28, pimentel held a demonstration in kettering ' s computer networking laboratory that involved a steer - by - wire system built on flexcan and safecan. representatives from the society of automotive engineers ( sae ) attended the demonstration and have shown considerable interest in standardizing this protocol. if this proves to be the case, pimentel said a large percentage of future cars might use the protocol, which \" has tremendous, positive impact and implications for the university. \" more than 20 representatives from such firms as ford, bosch, dspace, eds, delphi, lear, vector cantech inc., ricardo, and usdi attended the demonstration. john kaniarz, a 2003 computer engineering graduate from troy, mich., currently employed by gm, collaborated with pimentel on the development of safecan and continues working with him on the ongoing development and research associated with flexcan ' s potential. he became interested in this project during his spring 2003 capstone project. other researchers at the university of aviero, portugal and the university of padova in italy are also collaborating with pimentel on further analysis and development of flexcan and safecan. to learn more about this important research, visit to see http : / / www. kettering. edu / ~ jpimente / how this new development will impact the automotive industry at a time when other efforts achieve similar objectives based on technology developed from scratch. written by gary j. erwin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4727236003105966, "token_count": 392, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.709792"} {"text": "is it an allergy? drug allergies can be a confusing area for parents because an adverse reaction to a medication does not necessarily mean that the child is allergic to that medicine. in fact most drug - related symptoms will not be caused by an allergic reaction. nevertheless, whether it \u2019 s an allergic or a non - allergic reaction, all adverse drug events should be checked out by a doctor, as they can be very serious, even life - threatening. what are the symptoms of allergic reactions? most allergic reactions occur fairly soon after taking a medicine, however, it is possible to develop an allergic reaction after several weeks on a drug, or during subsequent use of medicine. the most common symptoms of an allergy include : - skin rash - facial swelling - shortness of breath and it \u2019 s worth noting that many of these are also the symptoms of a non - allergic reaction. what is anaphylaxis? while rare, it is the most serious allergic drug reaction and is a medical emergency. anaphylaxis symptoms usually start within minutes of exposure to a drug. symptoms of a possible anaphylactic reaction include : - tightening ( constriction ) of the airways and a swollen tongue or throat, causing trouble breathing - shock, with a severe drop in blood pressure - weak, rapid pulse - nausea, vomiting or diarrhoea - dizziness, light - headedness or loss of consciousness it ' s possible to have an allergic response to a drug that caused no problem in the past. common drug allergies this is the most common drug allergy, with penicillins, cephalosporins and sulfonamides ( those containing sulpher ) the main culprits. antibiotics can also cause non - allergic side effects such as a skin rash and digestive problems. allergic reactions can occur, but rarely, after a vaccination. usually an allergic reaction is triggered by other ingredients in the vaccine such as egg or neomycin, rather than the vaccine itself. non - allergic reactions to vaccines are common, but in most cases they aren ' t severe and symptoms improve quickly. what are non - allergic reactions? an allergy involves the body \u2019 s immune system identifying a chemical or substance as harmful and creating antibodies to attack it. in most cases, what appears to be an allergy is actually a reaction that doesn ' t involve the immune system. some drug reactions that are similar to, but may not be an allergic reaction include : - breathing difficulties : nonsteroidal anti -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4682212012778833, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.714439"} {"text": "most cases, what appears to be an allergy is actually a reaction that doesn ' t involve the immune system. some drug reactions that are similar to, but may not be an allergic reaction include : - breathing difficulties : nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( nsaids ) including aspirin and ibuprofen can cause asthma - like symptoms in some people so it ' s understandable why these can be confused with an allergy. - skin rashes : medicines can affect the skin in many different way, for example, sulfonamides may cause cause a rash by making the skin burn more easily in the sun. - stomach problems : nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea are common side effects with antibiotics. - dizziness or light - headedness : many medicines can cause this by lowering blood pressure or by affecting the central nervous system. - swelling of the face, lips, tonuge or other parts of the body : some medicines for high blood pressure and heart conditions can cause these symptoms directly without involving the immune system. who \u2019 s at risk? anyone can have an allergic reaction to a medicine but there are some factors that can suggest an increase in your risk, such as : - having a past allergic reaction to the same drug or another drug. if past reactions have been mild, you could be at risk of a more severe reaction. - taking a drug similar to one that caused a reaction in the past. - having a health condition that weakens your immune system. - having hay fever or another allergy. when to seek medical help inform your doctor of any reactions as it can influence whether you can be prescribed the same medicine again. if possible, see your doctor when the allergic reaction is occurring. this will help identify the cause and make sure you get treatment if it ' s needed. obviously if there are any severe symptoms or signs of anaphylaxis, seek urgent medical attention. related allergy articles this article was written by fiona baker for kidspot, australia \u2019 s best family health resource. sources include nps medicinewise. last revised : tuesday, 15 february 2011 this article contains general information only and is not intended to replace advice from a qualified health professional. - do i have postnatal depression? - are your kids getting enough green time? - 6 ways to reduce your risk of breast cancer today - being friendly with your breasts could save your life - sunscreen shock : just how safe is sunscreen for our kids? - why mums need breakfast too - digestive distress : how to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4531169108738724, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.715445"} {"text": "- school stuff christmas is the christian holiday that celebrates the day when christ was born. today, december 25th has taken on a bit of a different spin, with jolly ol ' st. nick bringing toys to all the girls and boys of the world on this december holiday. it takes all kinds of people to make the world go ' round. some people actually like paris hilton and others race snow shovels. go figure! don ' t be surprised if you see a lot of peeps sporting red ribbons december 1st. it ' s world aids day. find out more about it here. snow isn ' t that mysterious. it ' s white and cold, right? but do you even know what snowflakes are made out of? find out here. have you ever wondered where some christmas traditions started? get the 411 on the annual festivities here! winter solstice is the first day of winter. check out all the celebrations that take place on the shortest day of the year! kwanzaa and boxing day fall on the same day. find out all about both holidays in one handy story. do you know what the largest gift was? how about how tall the largest christmas angel ornament was? or the most expensive toy? you ' d never guess what it is. keep reading to find out... skeleton racers need strength, agility and, most importantly, guts. learn about this dangerous sport. the best part about being a sports fan is cheering on your favorite team when they win and booing and taunting them when they lose.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47393015643555403, "token_count": 312, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.718934"} {"text": "seattle - - a seattle nuclear watchdog group is accusing the federal government of failing to keep the public informed of radiation from the fukushima nuclear disaster. in the days following the earthquake and tsunami in japan, the u. s. began monitoring radiation from japan ' s leaking nuclear power plants. most of the public attention went to the air monitoring which showed little or no radiation coming our way. but things were different on the rain water side. \" the level that was detected on march 24 was 41 times the drinking water standard, \" said gerry pollet from heart of america northwest. he reviewed iodine 131 numbers released by the environmental protection agency last spring. \" our government said no health levels, no health levels were exceeded. when in fact the rain water in the northwest is reaching levels 130 times the drinking water standards, \" said pollet. elevated rain water samples were collected in portland, olympia and boise, which had the highest. but epa officials say the data was there for anyone to read on their website. a spokesman sent this statement, in part : \" since iodine 131 has a very short half - life of approximately eight days, the levels seen in rainwater were expected to be relatively short in duration. \" state health agencies added that they constantly monitored public drinking water sources and never found levels even approaching the unhealthy range. even the watchdog group admits, watering plants with water exposed only briefly to those levels is unlikely to cause health problems. but they say it ' s information the public deserves to know about. the epa points out this was a brief period of elevated radiation in rainwater, and says safe drinking water standards are based on chronic exposure to radiation over a lifetime.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48154424507764454, "token_count": 341, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.720926"} {"text": "hyperactivity, also referred to as attention - deficit hyperactivity disorder or adhd ( a - d - h - d ), is a condition that occurs when excessive levels of impulsiveness, inattentiveness, and hyperactivity characterize a child ' s behavior. although children can be diagnosed as having attention deficit disorder with or without hyperactivity, most experts agree that inattention and hyperactivity generally go hand and hand. hyperactivity is far from rare, and it occurs in boys more often than in girls. the condition is usually first noticed by teachers, because the child ' s activity and restlessness tend to impair schoolwork. hyperactive children refuse to sit still, and often fidget or squirm in their seats during class. they ' re prone to outbursts of temper, find it difficult to follow instructions, and have trouble remembering their assignments. they typically disrupt class, are involved in fights, have a poor self - image, and have a hard time making friends. one unfortunate aspect of the condition is that parents and teachers sometimes blame the child ' s problems in school on lack of effort, and this only complicates matters. fortunately, hyperactive children generally respond extremely well to treatment, which may consist of counseling, special education programs, or medication. for more information, consult a local health care professional.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5063035487332125, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.722323"} {"text": "in the late 1940s, knoxville ' s black community faced various challenges and experiences. they ranged from a ku klux klan cross - burning on lay avenue to student demonstrations at knoxville college for the firing of a popular professor. there were discussions about closing the ethel beck home for colored orphans. and there were sometimes controversial efforts to improve carl cowan park in west knox county. the news sentinel of june 18, 1946, reported that city detectives believed that the kkk was responsible for the burning of a cross in the 2600 block of lay avenue the night before. \" detectives floyd raley and henry morris investigated, and the former said he was told that the demonstration was the result of a negro ' s planning to build a group of houses in the vicinity. the cross, about 10 feet tall and wrapped in soaked flammable rags, was burned near the former booker t. washington park, \" the item stated. at the time, it was reported that the knoxville klavern of the kkk had a membership of 500 to 600. a former exalted cyclops, j. t. lewis, said he got out of the organization in november 1945 because of trouble over membership. \" i had a man thrown out of the organization because he had caused trouble in the name of the klan, \" he said. the knoxville council of community agencies on june 21, 1947, recommended that the ethel beck home be discontinued and that \" its work be absorbed by the negro unit of john tarleton institute. \" at the time, the beck home, which had been established in 1919, had 14 children. the three - member knox county commission and the knox county parks board wrangled over who had the authority to let a contract for the digging of a well \" at the lowe ' s ferry pike negro park area \" in january 1949. it seems that the matter was \" settled peaceably after squires bob knott and harley bittle spoke strongly about the board getting the ' runaround ' on the matter. \" almost a year later, the knoxville journal of dec. 21, 1949, reported that the \" u. s. army engineers ' district office in nashville is considering county park board ' s request for construction of a breakwater and float at carl cowan park near lowe ' s ferry. the float will accommodate fishing and recreational boats, and the 200 - foot breakwater will protect the cove from wave action. \" meanwhile, things were a bit more turbulent at knoxville college. the news sentinel of may 19, 1949, reported that classes were \" suspended indefinitely", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3879751733957451, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.726200"} {"text": "accommodate fishing and recreational boats, and the 200 - foot breakwater will protect the cove from wave action. \" meanwhile, things were a bit more turbulent at knoxville college. the news sentinel of may 19, 1949, reported that classes were \" suspended indefinitely \u2014 authorities act as students protest firing of teacher. \" vice president john m. frazier said the student unrest began with the firing of popular professor the rev. e. a. paul, a middle - aged teacher of religion. quoted students said, \" president j. reed miller asked paul to resign. the only reason given for that request is that mr. paul is not a graduate of xenia seminary in pittsburgh. \" although paul was reluctant to discuss the situation, he confirmed that, adding that he \" is a graduate of knoxville college, gammon theological seminary in atlanta and northwestern university. \" the 250 - plus student body met in the college chapel and voted to hold demonstrations. they painted signs on the school buildings reading \" we want paul \" and \" we want paul ; frazier can go. \" the paint was washed from the buildings, but students vowed to continue their protests. classes were discontinued on orders from the executive committee of the board of trustees in pittsburgh. \" classes will be resumed as soon as the demonstrations cease completely, \" they said. robert j. booker is a freelance writer and former executive director of the beck cultural exchange center. he may be reached at 546 - 1576.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41274144629557286, "token_count": 290, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.726802"} {"text": "scientists from stanford university, the wildlife conservation society, the american museum of natural history, and other organizations are closing in on the answer to an important conservation question : how many humpback whales once existed in the north atlantic? building on previous genetic analyses to estimate the pre - whaling population of north atlantic humpback whales, the research team has found that humpbacks used to exist in numbers of more than 100, 000 individuals. the new, more accurate estimate is lower than previously calculated but still two to three times higher than pre - whaling estimates based on catch data from whaling records. known for its distinctively long pectoral fins, acrobatics, and haunting songs, the humpback whale occurs in all the world ' s oceans. current estimates for humpback whale numbers are widely debated, but some have called for the level of their international protection to be dropped. the study appears in the recently published edition of conservation genetics. the authors include : kristen ruegg and stephen palumbi of stanford university ; howard c. rosenbaum of the wildlife conservation society and the american museum of natural history ; eric c. anderson of the national marine fisheries service and university of california - santa cruz ; marcia engel of the instituto baleia jubarte / humpback whale institute, brazil ; anna rothschild of amnh ' s sackler institute for comparative genomics ; and c. scott baker of oregon state university. \" we ' re certain that humpback whales in the north atlantic have significantly recovered from commercial whaling over the past several decades of protection, but without an accurate size estimate of the pre - whaling population, the threshold of recovery remains unknown, \" said dr. kristen ruegg of stanford university and the lead author of the study. \" we now have a solid, genetically generated estimate upon which future work on this important issue can be based. \" \" our current challenge is to explain the remaining discrepancy between the historical catch data and the population estimate generated by genetic analyses, \" said dr. howard rosenbaum, study co - author and director of the wildlife conservation society ' s ocean giants program. \" the gap highlights the need for continued evaluations of whale populations, and presents new information informing the debate and challenges associated with recovery goals. \" \" we have spent a great deal of effort refining the techniques and approaches that give us this pre - whaling number, \" said dr. steve palumbi of stanford. \" it ' s worth the trouble because genetic tools give one of the only glimpses into the past", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45919038415616487, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.738520"} {"text": "a great deal of effort refining the techniques and approaches that give us this pre - whaling number, \" said dr. steve palumbi of stanford. \" it ' s worth the trouble because genetic tools give one of the only glimpses into the past we have for whales. \" reaching some 50 feet in length, the humpback whale was hunted for centuries by commercial whaling fleets in all the world ' s oceans. humpbacks had predictable migration routes and were reduced to several hundred whales in the north atlantic. the global population was reduced by possibly 90 percent of its original size. the species received protection from the international whaling commission in north atlantic waters in 1955 due to the severity of its decline. since that time, the humpback whales of the north atlantic have made a remarkable comeback ; experts estimate the current size of the north atlantic ' s humpback whale population to be more than 17, 000 animals. north atlantic humpback whales are now one of the best - studied populations of great whales in the world and the mainstay of a multi - million dollar whale - watching industry. but estimating the number of whales that existed prior to commercial whaling is a far more difficult problem, critical in determining when the total population has recovered. historical catch data from the logs of whaling vessels suggest a population size between 20, 000 - 46, 000 whales, but the current genetic analysis indicates a much larger pre - whaling population. the results of the genetic analysis indicate that the north atlantic once held between 45, 000 \u2014 235, 000 humpback whales ( with an average estimate of 112, 000 animals ). a previous study using the mitochondrial dna of humpbacks in the north atlantic suggested a higher pre - whaling population size ; an average of 240, 000 individuals. to increase the accuracy of the current analysis, the team measured nine segments in the dna sequences throughout the genome ( as opposed to just one dna segment used in the previous study ). palumbi, who participated in the first humpback genetic analysis, added : \" the international whaling commission reviewed the results of the first study and recommended we improve the method in six specific ways. we ' ve done that now and have the best - ever estimate of ancient humpback populations. \" scott baker, associate director of oregon state university ' s marine mammal institute and a co - author said : \" these genetic estimates greatly improve our understanding of the genetic diversity of humpback whales, something we need to understand the impact of past hunting and to manage whales in the uncertain future.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4691335203006073, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.739806"} {"text": "university ' s marine mammal institute and a co - author said : \" these genetic estimates greatly improve our understanding of the genetic diversity of humpback whales, something we need to understand the impact of past hunting and to manage whales in the uncertain future. \" the research team analyzed genetic samples from whales in the north atlantic as well as the southern hemisphere. southern atlantic whales were used to answer one of the six iwc questions : was there intermixing of whale populations across the equator? the samples were analyzed by sequencing specific regions of dna in known genes. by comparing the genetic diversity of today ' s population to the genetic mutation rate, ruegg and colleagues could estimate the long - term population size of humpbacks. they also showed no substantial migration of humpbacks whales across the equator between the southern and northern atlantic, and no movement from the pacific to the atlantic. the team recently used the same techniques to estimate pre - whaling numbers for the pacific gray whale and the antarctic minke whale. a difference of two to three times also was recorded between the genetic and catch estimates for the grey whale population, but were exactly on target for the antarctic minke whale, which has not been extensively hunted. wildlife conservation society : http : / / www. wcs. org this press release was posted to serve as a topic for discussion. please comment below. we try our best to only post press releases that are associated with peer reviewed scientific literature. critical discussions of the research are appreciated. if you need help finding a link to the original article, please contact us on twitter or via e - mail.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4838843772622621, "token_count": 321, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.740599"} {"text": "options when a disk does not unmount \" eject failed \" appears when attempting to unmount a drive. there can be a variety of causes for this behavior. a clue about the origin is in the error message that appears. if the wording is : \" the disk could not be unmounted. make sure that all applications and files are closed on this disk. \" the cause is likely an open program, a file transfer, or an additional user on the machine using the disk. if the wording \" resource busy \" is added to the error, close all open programs, and try again. if the message continues to appear, reboot the computer. there is usually a crashed program that can not be closed, or a cabling / power supply problem. determining the origin can be done by using the terminal program ( located in applications - - > utilities. ) type the command : where the command says \" drive \", put the name of the lacie drive that will not eject. in the example below, the drive is called \" lacie \". the listing underneath the word \" command \" shows the program occupying the drive. in this case, it ' s the \" mds \" process ( spotlight indexing ) that is causing the problem. usually, an internet search will find the program responsible for the problematic command causing the error message.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4418156812341259, "token_count": 273, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.742410"} {"text": "why we are the lasers... from our earliest beginnings in the nineteenth century when the lamp of knowledge was emblazoned on our college seal, to the one hundred and fifty years of torchlight parades, light has been a part of lasell ' s rich history. it is in this tradition of light, and the pursuit of knowledge and excellence, that our athletes bear the name lasers. lasers are by definition a source of intense energy. therefore, like a laser, our athletes are fast, focused and intense on the fields and courts of athletic endeavor. it all began with the light. legend has it that in the spring of 1851, a group of individuals gathered together and as the sun rose in the sky, illuminating bragdon hill, these individuals with a laser - like focus, made the decision to found a new school. as the founders, known as boomers, put shovels into the rocky new england soil, sparks flew and the flame of knowledge was ignited for a new generation of students. the lamp of knowledge was emblazoned into the college seal. early in the history of lasell college, the tradition of the torchlight parade took hold, with seniors marching through the campus, proudly holding high their burning torches, illuminating the academic path for future students as they passed on these symbols of light to the students who would succeed them... and the flame of knowledge continues to burn brightly here at lasell, where being \" ignorant of defeat \" is the way we live. with the intensity of a laser, lasell ' s growth and prominence has continued its boom for over 157 years, and in all that time, our torch has never dimmed - - our flame of knowledge has never stopped burning brightly - - and our seniors continue to pass the torch to those they leave behind, as through their actions and deeds they bring light to the world wherever they go. it is time to shine the light on the lasers. now is our boom - time. never before have we had more reason to hold high the lasell torch, lighting the way for the world to see. who will lead us? who will carry the torch the highest? who will bring the light, and guide the lasers to victory? who will take the burning intensity of the lasers and make it come alive? it will be our torchbearer... it will be our symbol of the light... it will be our spark to victory... it will be boomer! boomer will lead us ; boomer will light", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5191008035432569, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.745169"} {"text": "history of western political tradition a brief overview of the development of political philosohpy from socrates to marx by john a. sterling biblical origins of american political philosophy by john a. sterling. a look at the biblical and philosophical origins of self - government. christianity as an influence on the founders a look at some of the best - known founding fathers and what they said about christianity and the bible. also, what their contemporaries said about them and their faith. by john a. sterling scroll down the page for documents and quotes that demonstrate the ideological basis of american self - government 1. magna carta 2. the mayflower compact 3. declaration of the causes and necessity of taking up arms. 4. the declaration of independence 5. the u. s. constitution and bill of rights 6. the federalist papers this hyperlink takes you to the thomas information site maintained by the u. s. government. to return to the law & liberty foundation, use the back button on your browser. 7. davy crockett ' s speech on the floor of congress 1830 8. madison veto of public works law march 3, 1817 9. sermon by samuel west on the right to rebel against governors, 1789 10. offenses against god by sir william blackstone11. discourse on civil liberty by nathaniel niles, legislator, judge, & preacher, ( 1741 - 1821 ) 12. civil disobedience : a duty to disobey by jonathan mayhew, ( 1720 - 1766 ) sites on the web where you can find many more historical documentslinks the constitution society articles on religion and america ' s founding", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47967369675863664, "token_count": 323, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.747745"} {"text": "no categories available for this record. war & locale : world war ii - - european theater date of birth : by claudia farias nicanor aguilar is something of a renaissance man, both as a musician and, at an age when most people would be slowing down, an athlete. but aguilar \u2019 s proudest accomplishment involves his efforts to end discrimination in his west texas hometown after returning from the war. born jan. 10, 1917, in grand falls in rural texas, he spent most of his time helping his father, a tenant cotton farmer. the family of three brothers and two sisters helped pick cotton on 100 acres of land. in 1930, a schoolhouse was finally built for mexican american children next to a group of mesquite trees, but he left after one year to work with his father. no schools existed for mexican american children after elementary ; entry into the \" anglo \" schools was banned. aguilar learned most of his english from the anglo children with whom he played in town. one of his younger sisters, maria, was prevented from attending junior high. but then along came laura francis murphy, a teacher who was an advocate for teaching disenfranchised latino students. \" [ ms. murphy ] did a lot for the mexicans, \" aguilar said. his sister, maria, ultimately became the first hispanic to attend grand falls high school in 1942, thanks largely to ms. murphy. maria, an accomplished trumpet player with the family ' s orchestra, also won band competitions. the entire aguilar family was musically inclined. in 1927, at age 10, aguilar began playing with his father and, later, his brothers. \" we were bad, but we played good music, \" aguilar said, referring to his family ' s grand falls orchestra ensemble. the aguilars played both mexican and \" american \" music, including classics such as \" stardust. \" each family member was paid $ 1 an hour to perform at weddings and other dances. aguilar started playing drums, but didn ' t like it because he would have to read the music simultaneously and miss watching the people dancing on the dance floor. so his father put him on the violin instead, and he was able to focus on his dual interests. \" i didn ' t like the violin too well, but there i was. at least i could see the people, \" he said, laughing. he would go on to play the clarinet, saxophone and piano for the next 50 years. aguilar", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4054474726647933, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.759028"} {"text": "i didn ' t like the violin too well, but there i was. at least i could see the people, \" he said, laughing. he would go on to play the clarinet, saxophone and piano for the next 50 years. aguilar proudly displayed a framed article from a 1946 edition of a regional newspaper headlined, \" aguilar ' s brought ' big band sound ' to west texas, \" and featuring a photo of the family playing. this family bond helped inspire him to join the u. s. army ; younger brother isabino aguilar, had already enlisted. aguilar received basic training at camp hood, texas, and later fort ord, calif. he was intent on fighting in europe for his country and joining his kid brother in germany. aguilar ultimately shipped out to italy and fought with the 36th infantry division on the european front. like many veterans, aguilar is reticent in recalling war stories. in his interview, he focuses instead on the social battles he fought stateside. after the war, he found discrimination hadn \u2019 t disappeared in his hometown. \" there was the same discrimination in grand falls, if not worse, \" aguilar recalled. \" first, we ' d work for a dollar a day. after the war, they raised it to $ 2 [ for ] 10 hours. and the whites would get $ 18 ( a day ) in the petroleum [ field ]. \" virtually none of the town ' s petroleum jobs were available to latinos. aguilar managed to maintain employment for one year with a small petroleum company, but only through a friend ' s assistance. he felt he had to act to end his town ' s discriminatory climate. \" it wasn ' t right, \" he said. \" i started calling other veterans and i told them, ' we have to do something good. ' \" toward that end, they secured assistance from a league of united latin american citizens ( lulac ) associate. \" we would investigate. for example... i would see [ signs that read ] ' no mexicans, whites only. ' there was only one [ restaurant ] that would serve us. we would write reports so they could give us the reasons. some would answer us well ; others, not so well. i brought those reports to el paso and gave them to a lulac associate. i don ' t know what he did with them after that. once, a more powerful lulac associate came to see me from san antonio", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40690439153321023, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.760882"} {"text": "bushy tail \u2013 the gray squirrelfall 2010 by bill banaszewski every year, my wife \u2019 s extended family comes to our place for a holiday celebration. the younger members of the tribe quickly get bored with the indoor festivities and convince good ol \u2019 uncle bill to head outside for some winter fun. for the past several years, however, the weather has been anything but winter - like. so, instead of snowball fights, we have hiked into the woods for a wildlife adventure. two years ago, after i promised we could see all kinds of animals, we returned from our adventure, and sam \u2013 then 3 years old \u2013 was asked what he saw. he emphatically replied, \u201c nothin \u2019! \u201d this past year, i was determined to produce. however, with youngsters ranging in age from 4 to 10, we sounded like a herd of elephants tromping through the woods, even though i stressed the importance of walking quietly \u201c like indians. \u201d after 15 minutes, the questions started : \u201c where are the fox, turkey and deer, uncle bill? \u201d just as i was about to offer a litany of excuses, i enthusiastically pointed to a gray squirrel that scurried across the trail in front of us. my buddy, sam \u2013 then 4 \u2013 looked at me and rather incredulously said, \u201c we got a million of those things in our yard, \u201d as he stomped back to the house. sam \u2019 s exaggeration was only minor ; gray squirrels are indeed abundant. originally, the finger lakes region was a hardwood forest wilderness, teeming with gray squirrels. millions were believed to inhabit the forests of new york in the early 1800s. they were an absolute plague to pioneers who had established farmsteads in forest clearings \u2013 only to have the squirrels destroy their corn and other food crops. because they were so destructive and abundant, bounties were established, and hunters easily harvested a hundred squirrels a day. sixty - six different members of the squirrel family live across the united states. here in the finger lakes they include gray, red and flying squirrels ; chipmunks ; and \u2013 to the surprise of many people \u2013 woodchucks. although they are fairly common, flying squirrels are seldom seen because they are nocturnal. by the way, they don \u2019 t fly but glide from tree to tree. gray squirrels are so named for obvious reasons. however, their color ranges from gray with yellow to reddish brown tints, to white ( albino ) and black. distinct populations of black squirrels can be found", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.439035031416529, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.769117"} {"text": "t fly but glide from tree to tree. gray squirrels are so named for obvious reasons. however, their color ranges from gray with yellow to reddish brown tints, to white ( albino ) and black. distinct populations of black squirrels can be found across the region, which some mistake for a different species. they are simply gray squirrels with two recessive genes that give them their black coats. gray squirrels feed on insects, occasionally bird eggs, and a wide variety of seeds and tree buds. in the spring, i \u2019 ve watched them nip the buds of maple trees and then, in apparent pleasure, lap up the sweet sap. their main source of food is acorns, walnuts and hickory nuts. in autumn, they carry fallen acorns and nuts quite a distance and then bury them in the ground for their winter food supply. studies have determined that although they find and consume 75 percent of the cached nuts, those that are not found germinate in the spring, thus, regenerating the forest. some have suggested that gray squirrels planted almost every hickory tree in america today. ( however, even sam might say that \u2019 s an exaggeration. ) not only a problem to pioneer farmers, gray squirrels remain the subject of much complaint because they dominate bird feeders, dig up flower bulbs, and nip off the new growth of vegetables in backyard gardens. bushy tails, another name for gray squirrels, typically produce litters of three or four young in the spring and again late summer. during their winter courtship, i have observed several wild mating chases. on one occasion, nine males pursued a single female as she scrambled up and down and back and forth between two hickory trees. when she reached the end of a branch with no escape, she turned to face the onslaught, bared her teeth and screamed like a hawk. a dominant male joined the wild scramble and chased off the other would - be suitors. even when not engaged in mating chases, gray squirrels can be quite mouthy. when alarmed, their call is a rapid chucking sound, which is often accompanied by a fore and aft waving and fluttering of their tail. once i watched a gray squirrel bark at a red fox that was walking through the forest, and later, it hysterically scolded a hawk that was perched in a nearby tree. fox prey on squirrels, but they must catch them on the ground, and that is quite a feat. red tail hawks, sometimes called squirrel hawks, are more successful. nesting red tails effectively hunt squirrels", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.464267212702691, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.770578"} {"text": "a packet filtering firewall, designed to regulate incoming and outgoing packets from a network or an operating system, is akin to security personnel guarding the entrance to a commercial or residential property. such a system has very little authority, unless given additional powers, in what applications inside the operating system or network are able to do. that is where an application \u201c firewall \u201d comes into play. it is designed to ensure that applications in an operating system ( or in some instances, a network ) adhere to access control rules that govern their \u201c activities. \u201d it should be noted that an application firewall, like a stateful packet filter, is not a one - shot security solution. it merely adds an extra layer of security to a system, complementing other security protocols and systems in place. that idea also formed the main point of why your computer needs a firewall enabled. this crude sketch shows applications in an operating system when there is no application firewall to regulated their actions. they are free to wander as they please. and here is what it looks like with an application firewall activated. by the way, this screen shot and the one above, were taken from tomoyo \u2019 s website, an application firewall featured in this article : there are three such applications built into the linux kernel, and they are available as loadable modules. while they tend to be described using slightly different terminologies, and may even differ in how to operate, once activated, they have the same effect \u2013 intelligently enforcing access rights for applications they are configured to monitor. in alphabetical order, the three application firewalls are : an effective and easy - to - use linux application security system. apparmor proactively protects the operating system and applications from external or internal threats, even zero - day attacks, by enforcing good behavior and preventing even unknown application flaws from being exploited. apparmor security policies completely define what system resources individual applications can access, and with what privileges. a number of default policies are included with apparmor, and using a combination of advanced static analysis and learning - based tools, apparmor policies for even very complex applications can be deployed successfully in a matter of hours. selinux, or security - enhanced linux, was contributed to the linux kernel by the national security agency. it is the application firewall activated by default in fedora, and it has a reputation as being a bit more difficult to manage and configure than the others. the following is a brief description of selinux from its fedora", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48276349889506154, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.774990"} {"text": ". it is the application firewall activated by default in fedora, and it has a reputation as being a bit more difficult to manage and configure than the others. the following is a brief description of selinux from its fedora project page. security - enhanced linux ( selinux ) adds mandatory access control ( mac ) to the linux kernel, and is enabled by default in fedora. a general purpose mac architecture needs the ability to enforce an administratively - set security policy over all processes and files in the system, basing decisions on labels containing a variety of security - relevant information. when properly implemented, it enables a system to adequately defend itself and offers critical support for application security by protecting against the tampering with, and bypassing of, secured applications. mac provides strong separation of applications that permits the safe execution of untrustworthy applications. its ability to limit the privileges associated with executing processes limits the scope of potential damage that can result from the exploitation of vulnerabilities in applications and system services. mac enables information to be protected from legitimate users with limited authorization as well as from authorized users who have unwittingly executed malicious applications. tomoyo was launched in 2003 and its development is sponsored by japan \u2019 s ntt data corporation. it is, as far as i know, the only one that is not used by default on any linux distribution. however, that should change when the next edition of chakra edn is released. according to the official description, tomoyo is a : mandatory access control ( mac ) implementation for linux that can be used to increase the security of a system, while also being useful purely as a system analysis tool. tomoyo linux focuses on the behaviour of a system. every process is created to achieve a purpose, and like an immigration officer, tomoyo linux allows each process to declare behaviours and resources needed to achieve their purpose. when protection is enabled, tomoyo linux acts like an operation watchdog, restricting each process to only the behaviours and resources allowed by the administrator. most distributions have one of these applications activated by default. if yours does not, talk to the developer ( s ) about it. sometimes, all you need to do is install the userland utilities for managing it.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4759575179773323, "token_count": 461, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.776105"} {"text": "active sunspot shoots off intense new solar flare the solar dynamics observatory ( sdo ) captured this image of the sun during an m6. 1 flare that peaked at 7 : 44 am edt on july 5, 2012. the image is shown in the 304 angstrom wavelength, which is typically colorized in red. the sun fired off yet another intense solar flare today ( july 5 ), the latest in a series of storms from a busy sunspot being closely watched by space telescopes and astronomers. nasa ' s solar dynamics observatory snapped a daunting new image of a strong m - class solar flare that peaked this morning at 7 : 44 a. m. edt ( 1144 gmt ). the m6. 1 flare triggered a moderate radio blackout that has since subsided, according to officials at nasa and the national oceanic and atmospheric administration ( noaa ). the eruption came from a sprawling sunspot, called active region 1515, which has been particularly dynamic this week. in fact, the sunspot region has now spewed 12 m - class solar flares since july 3, nasa officials said in a statement today. the sunspot region is huge, stretching more than 62, 137 miles long ( 100, 000 kilometers ) in length, they added. this sunspot region has also produced several coronal mass ejections ( cmes ), which are clouds of plasma and charged particles that are hurled into space during solar storms. powerful cmes have the potential to disrupt satellites in their path and, when aimed directly at earth, can wreak havoc on power grids and communications infrastructure. the cmes that were triggered by this week ' s solar flares, however, are thought to be moving relatively slowly, and will likely not hit earth since the active region is located so far south on the face of the sun, nasa officials said. [ more solar flare photos from sunspot ar1515 ] but, the sunspot is slowly rotating toward earth, and scientists are still monitoring its activity. \" stay tuned for updates as region 1515 continues its march across the solar disk, \" officials at the space weather prediction center, a joint service of noaa and the national weather service, wrote in an update. x - class solar flares are the strongest sun storms, with m - class flares considered medium - strength, and c - class the weakest. today ' s m6. 1 eruption is a little over half the size of the weakest x - class flare, nasa officials said. radio blackouts can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45565277258071835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.780585"} {"text": "early embryo ' s odd behavior reveals chances of miscarriage time - lapse images of human embryos in the first two days of development. credit : kevin e. loewke amazing time - lapse videos of embryos in the very earliest stages of development could help fertility doctors prevent miscarriage, new research suggests. by watching the timing of the cells ' development, doctors could determine which cells are genetically healthy, and which have abnormal numbers of chromosomes, finds the study published today ( dec. 4 ) in the journal nature communications. \" what we ' ve shown is that by watching, you can detect some differences in the movements in the cell cycle of those [ embryos ] that are carrying errors from those that are more likely to survive, \" said study researcher renee reijo pera, who studies stem cells and early embryo development at stanford university. chromosomes are coiled packets of dna. humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, but genetic accidents can alter that number, a condition called aneuploidy. some aneuploidies cause disorders such as down syndrome, which occurs when there are three chromosomes on what should be the 21st pair. other aneuploidies are incompatible with life, causing early miscarriage or later stillbirth. extra or missing chromosomes are shockingly common, affecting up to 75 percent of all embryos, studies find. this may be why as many as 50 to 75 percent of pregnancies are so - called \" chemical pregnancies, \" meaning that an embryo spontaneously aborts right after implantation in the uterus. many women with chemical pregnancies may not even realize they were ever pregnant. there ' s little to be done about these early miscarriages in typical pregnancies. for in vitro fertilization ( ivf ), however, it ' s important to choose embryos with the best chance of life to prevent miscarrying. pera and her colleagues have already found that abnormal embryos show strange behaviors in the first four days of development. for example, the length of time it takes an abnormal embryo to complete its very first division from one cell body to two differs from the time it takes for a normal embryo to do the same. abnormal embryos also show more fragmentation, pera told livescience. fragmentation occurs when one cell in an embryo experiences a problem. in most situations, a cell with a problem simply dies. in embryos, however, these cells seem to break apart instead. often, dna - containing cell fragments will fuse with other cells", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48492026130630744, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.788509"} {"text": "fragmentation occurs when one cell in an embryo experiences a problem. in most situations, a cell with a problem simply dies. in embryos, however, these cells seem to break apart instead. often, dna - containing cell fragments will fuse with other cells in the embryo, transferring extra chromosomes to those cells. the researchers wanted to know whether they could use these odd behaviors to reliably distinguish a healthy embryo from a doomed one. they took 75 human embryos that had been frozen at the single - cell phase and cultured them in petri dishes for two days, taking a microscopic snapshot of each embryo every five minutes. [ see video of the developing embryos ] these snapshots were then strung together into time - lapse movies, which the researchers analyzed for the timing of various cell - division phases. of the 75 original cells, 53 survived four days, which represents the zygote stage of embryonic development. of those, 45 were usable for genetic analysis. about 75 percent, or 34 of the 45 cells surviving to the zygote stage, had the wrong number of chromosomes. the abnormal cells showed more variations in their cell - division cycles than normal cells, the researchers found. while normal cells all developed at similar paces, abnormal cells lagged behind or sped ahead in the divisions of the first, second and third cells. combining data about the abnormal timing with other signs that something has gone wrong ( such as fragmented dna and asymmetrical cell sizes within a developing embryo ) could reliably show which cells have the right number of chromosomes and which don ' t, the researchers report. the findings offer some insight into why early human development is so likely to go wrong, pera said. other animals don ' t have so many problems, she said. mice, for example, make mistakes in embryo development only about 1 percent of the time. researchers have long thought that perhaps humans have so many problems because women ' s eggs degrade with age, pera said. but in the current study, only 20 percent of the embryos showed these kind of errors. much more frequent were so - called mitotic errors, which occur later in development, after sperm and cell fuse and the embryo begins to divide. \" that so many errors are being made after the egg and the sperm come together, that appears to be kind of special to humans, \" pera said. a california - based biotech company has now licensed the embryo - watching technology and is going to begin testing it in fertility clinics, pera", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5159220075168285, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.789757"} {"text": "eric lomax, as a young royal signals officer, had the misfortune to get caught up, with a third of a million others, in what has been called a ' logistic imperative ', an enterprise more vulgarly known as the death railway, planned and carried through by the japanese imperial army. at any point in history a logistic imperative is something to be avoided at all costs, whether it involves cutting the americas in two or building st petersburg in a freezing swamp. it is familiar lore that on the labour - expendable rail route from siam to burma each sleeper represented a human life. more than twelve thousand of lomax ' s fellow prisoners of war died of disease and vile treatment, as did an estimated one hundred thousand ' coolies ' from neighbouring lands. lomax, for breaking his captors ' rules, had both his arms broken in a flogging to which was added water torture ; his punishment was roughly equivalent to the old - time treatment for an obstinate sailor - the cat - o ' - nine - tails and a keel - hauling. mercifully, if surprisingly, no flashbacks portraying these events were shown in the lightly fictionalised television film prisoners in time, which was based on the railway man. given what was done in the film the bridge over the river kwai, that stirring symphony of false notes, it can hardly have been an easy decision for lomax to allow his life to be re - scripted and interpreted by others. millions will have seen prisoners in time, but this well - written and well - judged book is the superior article. lrb 5 october 1995 | pdf download", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48342002340767765, "token_count": 329, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.792540"} {"text": "volume 9, issue 2 tricks of the trade in and out download this issue learning about differential equations from their symmetries application of mathsym to analyzing an ordinary differential equation in the previous section we used a scaling symmetry to help understand the solutions of a pair of differential equations. in each case, the scaling symmetry was found by inspection. here i present the computation of the complete set of point symmetries for two additional differential equations. our third example is a nonlinear ordinary differential that we analyze using its two symmetries. the final example is the partial differential equation known as the cubic nonlinear schrodinger equation. example three is the ordinary differential equation that arises in the study of nonlinear water wave equations. i also show that we can use its two symmetries to begin to learn something about the structure of its solutions. mathsym returns a system of equations, the determining equations, whose solutions generate the symmetries of equation ( 8 ). internally, the mathsym package denotes all independent variables in an equation as and dependent variables as. this way it can be run on systems of equations with arbitrary numbers of independent and dependent variables without needing to know how to treat different variable names. furthermore, constants are represented as internally and printed as. with this notation, constants are treated correctly by mathematica ' s differentiation routine dt. mathsym ' s output is the following list of determining equations. with the output from mathsym we can continue our analysis of equation ( 8 ). first, we solve the determining equations : the functions and determine two symmetries that can be used to convert equation ( 8 ) into two integrals. the reader is directed to similar computations for the blasius boundary layer equation which appear on pages 118 - 120 of. we begin by considering the symmetry that occurs because of the term. setting and produces a transformation and. we next look for two quantities that do not change under this transformation. obvious choices are and. if we assume that is a function of and write the differential equation for that arises by insisting that satisfy equation ( 8 ), we find this is a standard reduction of order for autonomous equations that may be found in a sophomore differential equations text such as. this equation in and has a symmetry that is generated by the constant appearing in equations ( 9 ) and ( 10 ). from this symmetry we can derive new variables and and consider as a function of. in terms of and, equation ( 11 ) becomes we have now converted the problem of solving the original equation into", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6422557384245795, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.798595"} {"text": "digestive diseases : food poisoning food poisoning is a common, yet distressing and sometimes life - threatening problem for millions of people in the u. s., and throughout the world. people infected with foodborne organisms may be symptom - free or may have symptoms ranging from mild intestinal discomfort to severe dehydration and bloody diarrhea. depending on the type of infection, people can even die as a result of food poisoning. more than 250 different diseases can cause food poisoning. some of the most common diseases are infections caused by bacteria, such as campylobacter, salmonella, shigella, e. coli o157 : h7, listeria, and botulism. what is campylobacter infection? campylobacter is a bacterium that causes acute diarrhea. transmission usually occurs through ingestion of contaminated food, water, or unpasteurized milk, or through contact with infected infants, pets or wild animals. is campylobacter infection a serious health concern? it can be, especially in those with weakened immune systems. in rare cases, campylobacter infection can cause additional problems such as arthritis or brain and nerve problems. occasionally, these problems occur after the diarrhea has stopped. how is campylobacter infection diagnosed and treated? if you think you may have been exposed to the infection, see your doctor. by testing a sample of your stool, the bacteria can be identified. if you are found to have the infection, you will likely recover on your own without treatment within 2 - 5 days. drink plenty of fluids to prevent becoming dehydrated. in more severe cases, antibiotics ( such as cipro ), if given early in the illness, can be used to shorten the length of time you are sick. what is salmonella? salmonella is a bacterial infection that can be passed on to humans from domestic and wild animals, including poultry, pigs, cattle, and pets. but most often, it is caused by drinking unpasteurized milk or by eating undercooked poultry and poultry products such as eggs. any food prepared on surfaces contaminated by raw chicken or turkey can also become tainted with salmonella. less often, the illness may stem from food contaminated by a food worker. salmonella can escape from the intestine and go into the blood and travel to other organs. it may become a chronic infection in some people, who can be symptom - free yet capable of spreading the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.44275116937542924, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.805911"} {"text": "written by adam on mar 16, 2006 food dictionary : chop, mince, dice, grate to chop or not to chop, that is the question. whether ' tis mincing or dicing in the mind to chiffonade the basil to outrageous perfection. to grate, perchance to shred - aye, there ' s the rub. oh fair henckel ' s - - knife on my block. be all my ingredients remembered. epicurious and hamlet, bring us this latest batch of food words.... words.... words.... words that tell us how we are cutting our ingredients. do we chop, grate, mince, dice, or shred? chop : cutting food into small, bite - sized pieces mince : to cut food into very small pieces. note : minced food is smaller than chopped food dice : to cut food into tiny cubes grate : to reduce a large piece of food to small particles or thin shreds by rubbing it against a coarse, serrated surface, shred : to cut food into narrow strips by hand or by grater or food processer. interesting. so you can grate with a grater and you can also shred with a grater.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5017100688629024, "token_count": 259, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.811158"} {"text": "there is much a pregnant woman can do to take care of herself during pregnancy. if she has any questions about diet, the use of drugs or nutritional supplements, physical activity, and sexual intercourse during pregnancy, she can talk with her doctor. diet and weight : during pregnancy, the woman ' s diet should be adequate and nutritious. if she does not consume enough nutrients for herself and the fetus, nutrients first go to nourish the fetus. however, adding about 250 calories to the daily diet is usually enough to provide nourishment for both. most of the extra calories should be protein. the diet should be well balanced and include fresh fruits, grains, and vegetables. cereals that are high in fiber and low in sugar are a good choice. in the united states, most women get enough salt in their diet, without adding salt to their food at the table. commercially prepared foods often contain excessive amounts of salt and should be consumed sparingly. dieting to lose weight during pregnancy is not recommended, even for obese women, because some weight gain is essential for the fetus to develop normally. dieting reduces the supply of nutrients to the fetus. an average - size woman should gain about 25 to 30 pounds during pregnancy. gaining more than 30 to 35 pounds puts fat on the woman and the fetus. because controlling weight gain is more difficult later in pregnancy, a woman should try to avoid gaining too much weight during the first months. on the other hand, not gaining weight can hinder the growth and development of the fetus. a woman should try to gain between 2 and 3 pounds each month during early pregnancy. sometimes a pregnant woman gains weight because she is retaining fluid. fluid may be retained because when she lies flat, the enlarging uterus interferes with blood flow from the legs back to the heart. lying on one side, preferably the left side, for 30 to 45 minutes 2 or 3 times a day may relieve this problem. wearing elastic support stockings may also help. drugs and dietary supplements : generally, avoiding drugs during pregnancy is best. however, drugs must sometimes be used ( see drug use during pregnancy ). a pregnant woman should check with her doctor before taking any drug \u2014 including nonprescription ( over - the - counter ) drugs, such as aspirin, or medicinal herbs \u2014 particularly during the first 3 months. pregnancy doubles the amount of iron needed. most pregnant women need an iron supplement because the average woman does not absorb enough iron from food", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39417322674992106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.825730"} {"text": "- the - counter ) drugs, such as aspirin, or medicinal herbs \u2014 particularly during the first 3 months. pregnancy doubles the amount of iron needed. most pregnant women need an iron supplement because the average woman does not absorb enough iron from food to meet the requirements of pregnancy. if a woman has anemia or develops anemia during pregnancy, she may need to take a larger dose of iron than other pregnant women. iron supplements may cause mild stomach upset and constipation. all pregnant women should take a folate ( folic acid ) supplement ( usually included in prenatal vitamins ) daily. ideally, the folate supplement is begun before pregnancy. a deficiency of folate increases the risk of having a baby with a birth defect of the brain or spinal cord, such as spina bifida. women who have had a baby with spina bifida should start taking a high dose of folate before they become pregnant. for some other women who may have a folate deficiency, the amount of folate in a standard prenatal vitamin is sufficient, even if the risk is somewhat increased. for example, women who are exposed to excessive ultraviolet ( uv ) light, particularly fair - skinned women, may have decreased folate levels. also, women who have taken oral contraceptives within several months before conception are more likely to develop a folate deficiency, but there is no proof that they are more likely to have a baby with spina bifida. if the diet is adequate, other vitamin supplements may not be needed, although most doctors recommend that pregnant women take a prenatal multivitamin containing iron and folate daily. many pregnant women are concerned about moderating their activities. however, most women can continue their usual activities and exercises throughout pregnancy. mildly strenuous sports, such as swimming and brisk walking, are good choices. vigorous activities, such as running and horseback riding, are also possible if done cautiously, to avoid injury, particularly to the abdomen. contact sports should be avoided. sexual desire may increase or decrease during pregnancy. sexual intercourse is safe throughout pregnancy unless a woman has vaginal bleeding, pain, leakage of amniotic fluid, or uterine contractions. in such cases, sexual intercourse should be avoided. preparing for breastfeeding : women who are planning to breastfeed do not need to do anything to prepare their nipples for breastfeeding during pregnancy ( see newborns and infants : breastfeeding ). expressing fluids from the breast manually before delivery may lead", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46638676542469887, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.826889"} {"text": "breastfeeding : women who are planning to breastfeed do not need to do anything to prepare their nipples for breastfeeding during pregnancy ( see newborns and infants : breastfeeding ). expressing fluids from the breast manually before delivery may lead to an infection of the breast ( mastitis ) or even early labor. the body prepares the areola and nipple for breastfeeding by secreting a lubricant to protect the surface. this lubricant should not be rubbed off. observing and talking with women who have breastfed successfully may be instructive and encouraging. travel during pregnancy : the safest time to travel during pregnancy is between 14 and 28 weeks. travel time should not exceed 6 hours a day. women can obtain useful tips and information about travel from their doctor, so discussing their travel plans with the doctor is a good idea. when traveling in a car, airplane, or other vehicle, pregnant women should always wear a seat belt. placing the lap belt across the hips and under the expanding abdomen and placing the shoulder belt between the breasts can help make wearing seat belts more comfortable. the belts should be snug but not uncomfortably tight. during any kind of travel, pregnant women should stretch and straighten their legs and ankles periodically. travel on airplanes is safe until about 36 weeks. the primary reason for this restriction at 36 weeks is the risk of labor and delivery in an unfamiliar environment. last full review / revision november 2007 by haywood l. brown, md", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.3854463198987958, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.827740"} {"text": "added : 06 / 17 / 2009 this site is an animation of the light dependent ( oxygen generating ) reactions of photosynthesis. note that the mechanism depicted is for prokaryotes and differs somewhat from what occurs in eukaryotes. added : 06 / 17 / 2009 this site provides an excellent presentation on this difficult topic. in topic 1, students look at the components of chemiosmosis in the bacterium paracoccus denitrificans in which they step through animations of electron transport, proton gradient, and a added : 06 / 17 / 2009 this site is an excellent introduction to thermodynamics as it applies to living organisms. in topic 1, students make decisions for a paramecium living in a petri dish that will determine if it will have enough energy to survive and reproduce. students wi added : 06 / 17 / 2009 these learning materials address the dynamic processes of photosynthesis that are found in the chloroplast. they include the light reactions ( cyclic and non - cyclic of photosystems i & ii ) and the non - light limited reactions of the calvin cycle. structure of the chloroplast is included and the many images and flash movies are provided as downloadable files. added : 06 / 17 / 2009 this website covers cell biology all in animation. cell structure with descriptions of each part, dna structure, an animated overview of water chemistry, the light and dark reactions of photosynthesis are all presented in this website. you are also able to see cells broken apart and explained, molecules in structural form, and the ph scale describing acidic and basic. added : 06 / 17 / 2009 tutorials on energy conversions, cellular respiration, photosynthesis, proteins, dna, rna, dna replication, protein synthesis, and mutation. complete with illustrations and animations. added : 06 / 17 / 2009 this website includes interactive learning with animation, movies, and tutorial links. it is created to help in teaching and the learning of science. topics include basic chemistry, mitosis, meiosis, photosynthesis, and virology. added : 06 / 17 / 2009 interactive animated tutorial that demonstrates photosynthesis, develops understanding of the organelles and compounds at work, describes the light and dark reactions and photorespiration. added : 06 / 17 / 2009 these problem sets are part of the university of arizona biology project. they are located in the biochemistry section. each problem set gives a multiple choice question ; incorrect answers take student to a tutorial", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.577679570219287, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.830922"} {"text": "while a young architectural apprentice, charles rennie mackintosh, the son of a glasgow policeman, attended evening classes at the glasgow school of art, where he met herbert macnair, frances macdonald, and her sister margaret macdonald ( who would later become mackintosh ' s wife ). together they formed \" the four, \" producing watercolors, poster designs, and small decorative objects that were published in \" the studio. \" in 1889 mackintosh was hired as a draftsman at the architectural firm of honeyman and keppie, where he would remain until 1914. it was there that he developed a unique design idiom based on the forms and materials of traditional scottish architecture. mackintosh undertook all aspects of a design commission, providing every element, from an architectural setting to small decorative objects and textiles. his best - known commissions include a building for the glasgow school of art ( built in two phases, 1897 \u2013 99 and 1907 \u2013 09 ) and hill house ( 1902 \u2013 04 ), the walter blackie residence in the glasgow suburb of helensburgh. perhaps frustrated by a lack of success at honeyman and keppie, mackintosh left glasgow in 1914, and by 1920 he had completely abandoned his architectural career. he increasingly turned to watercolor, a medium he continued to explore until his death. mackintosh designed this washstand as part of the furnishings for the blue bedroom in hous ' hill, an eighteenth - century residence in a suburb of glasgow he remodeled for kate cranston ( mrs. cochrane ) and her husband. miss cranston, one of mackintosh ' s most important clients, was the proprietress of a group of highly successful tearooms in glasgow, many of which she had mackintosh design. with its uncompromising shape and brilliant abstract panel of glass, the washstand shows the architect / designer at the height of his creative powers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43616401803587146, "token_count": 388, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.836214"} {"text": "* ( under construction ) ninety five theses and the revolution that followed by thomas leckwold martin luther ' s ninety five theses on the power and efficacy of indulgences was nailed to the castle church in wittenberg, in now modern day germany, on october 31, 1517. this document was a protest that strongly criticized the practice of selling indulgences of the roman catholic church, known here after as the church. the document was a challenge to church authority that set forth events that permanently changed the religious, political, and social factors of central europe, and led to a series of wars using the pretext of faith, and the role of the church in the political structure of western europe. luther ' s document was not meant to be a call to revolution, but the social conditions, and economic factors, along with religious convictions did set in motion a revolution and subsequent conflicts in central europe. cairo \u2019 s fortress on the mountain by david w. tschanz cairo residents call it the qal ' at al - jabal, the fortress on the mountain, or just al - qal ' ah, the fortress. the rest of the world simply calls it \u201c the citadel. \u201d for nearly a millennium it has stood as a silent sentinel, residence, and symbol of power. standing on its battlements, and looking westwards provides a view of over 4500 years of architectural marvels from the mosque of sultan hasan, just below to the pyramids of giza across the nile. from atop this fortress the awesome sweep of history is a vivid reality. it is a view that must have given even the sultans who ruled from here, cause to reflect. member article : armenian warriors, japanese samurai by dr. armen ayvazyan armenian historiography contains considerable information about ancient and medieval armenian military ideology. in the works of fifth century historians pavstos buzand and movses khorenatzi, the commands and legacy of the armenian sparapets ( commanders in chief ) to their successors articulate in detail the obligations and responsibilities of armenian warriors. their norms of conduct share striking similarities with the system of values of the japanese samurai codified during the 16th to 18th centuries, as well as with later medieval west european chivalry of the eight to 14th \u201c fight and offer your life for the armenian world just as your brave forefathers did, consciously sacrificing their lives for this homeland \u2026 \u201d member article : byzantine military pragmatism vs. imperial prejudice :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5025150036303325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.845487"} {"text": "of the eight to 14th \u201c fight and offer your life for the armenian world just as your brave forefathers did, consciously sacrificing their lives for this homeland \u2026 \u201d member article : byzantine military pragmatism vs. imperial prejudice : possible reasons for omitting the armenians from the list of hostiles in maurice \u2019 s by by dr. armen ayvazyan the problem of the various images of the armenians in byzantium has already become the subject of numerous, if sketchy, historical investigations and remarks. as a rule, students of this subject have focused on the images of those armenians who resided beyond armenia proper in the byzantine capital and peripheral provinces as either newly - arrived immigrants or old - established inhabitants. consequently, the shaping of the images of the armenians in byzantine empire was appropriately sought and analyzed in such spheres as ecclesiastical differences between armenian and greek churches, the ethnic peculiarities of everyday life as well as the rivalry in the imperial court between the armenians and greeks, the two major ethnic components of byzantine elite. in contrast, this essay aims to analyze the byzantines \u2019 image of the armenians of armenia, that is, those who continued to live in and exercise military and political authority over their homeland. accordingly, this study focuses on the geopolitical determinant in the construction of armenian images in the imperial strata of byzantine society. member article : lusty stukeley : deceiver of princes by comer plummer the day was monday, august 4, 1578. sir thomas stukeley stood in his armor on the plain of ksar el - kebir, in the heart of the kingdom of fez, with the hosts assembling for battle around him. he had collected himself by then, having shed the ordeal of the previous night, with its discomforts and frustrations. he would have been calm and reflective, as only experienced soldiers could be at such times. thomas probably knew that he was playing his final card. in a life of twists and turns the climactic moment had at last arrived. there was no maneuvering out of it. he was adrift among forces beyond his control. at last, on this battlefield, his destiny would be decided. member article : constantinople - the citadel at the gate by comer plummer, iii the art of fortification is a clear reflection of our past. it bears witness to our roots as a race of mutually hostile societies, and impresses upon us the determination of a people to defend themselves. it has existed ever since man first", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42889794679301774, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.846634"} {"text": "in the asian steppe \" making it for the first time, \" in the view of keegan, \" ' a thing in member article : the hundred years war : an analysis of the causes and conduct of the longest by patrick j. shrier the hundred years war between england and france from 1337 - 1453 is best viewed as a series of interconnected wars with the same basic objective instead of as one long war. there was not continuous fighting during the period nor did england and france keep armies constantly in the field, rather it was almost a game between the two countries with clearly defined rules as to when to fight and when to rest. the period was marked by many truces some for just a season and some lasting years. the most striking thing when one studies the wars of the period is how the english army was almost invariably superior to the french in capabilities yet somehow the english managed to lose the war. member article : the muslim horde ' s easy invasion of iberia by robert c. daniels after a short foray in july of 710 ad, muslim forces from north africa invaded the christian iberian peninsula ( modern day spain and portugal ) in the spring of 711, and within two years, with the exception of the extreme northwestern portion of the peninsula, had successfully overpowered and conquered the visigothic christian realms of iberia. not only did it take the frankish forces under charles martel to stop the muslim horde at the battle of poitiers in 732 from further intrusions into western europe, it would take nearly eight centuries for the iberian christians to re - take the peninsula from the muslims. member article : the orin war by joshua gilbert the onin war, ( so called because it occurred in the regnal year onin 1 ), was the catalyst that sparked the century long period of japanese history known as the sengoku jidai, the \" age of the country at war \". what began originally as a dispute between a father and his son - in - law, became an eleven year war that trashed the once great city of kyoto and sparked an era of bloodshed that remains famous to this day. the onin war began because of the weakness of one shogun. in 1464, ashikaga yoshimasa, the 8th member of the ashikaga clan to hold the title seii - taishogun, and a man renowned for his focus on tea parties and poetry, wanted to retire but had no son. he decided to instead make his younger brother, yoshimi, his heir", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4575347528882424, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.848849"} {"text": "##ikaga clan to hold the title seii - taishogun, and a man renowned for his focus on tea parties and poetry, wanted to retire but had no son. he decided to instead make his younger brother, yoshimi, his heir. however yoshimi was a buddhist monk, so the shogun had to first drag his brother out of the monastery in order to make him his member article : the battle of shrewsbury by john barratt by the beginning of the 15th century, the english longbowman was one of the most effective killing machines in western europe. for over half a century he had dominated the battlefields of france and northern spain, winning for england \u2019 s plantagenet monarchy an extensive continental domain. the battle of shrewsbury, described by a contemporary writer as \u201c the sorry bataille of schrvesbury between englysshmen and englysshmen \u201d, witnessed the dawn of a new and more terrible era in english warfare, when, for the first time in a major engagement, the english longbowman turned their deadly power against each other. it was a foretaste of the bloodbath which would follow half a century later in the wars of the roses, and would also provide william shakespeare with the inspiration for one of his greatest plays - king henry iv part one.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4148060215116691, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.850537"} {"text": "7. praxeological prediction praxeological knowledge makes it possible to predict with apodictic certainty the outcome of various modes of action. but, of course, such prediction can never imply anything regarding quantitative matters. quantitative problems are in the field of human action open [ p. 118 ] to no other elucidation than that by understanding. we can predict, as will be shown later, that? - - other things being equal? - - a fall in the demand for a will result in a drop in the price of a. but we cannot predict the extent of this drop. this question can be answered only by understanding. the fundamental deficiency implied in every quantitative approach to economic problems consists in the neglect of the fact that there are no constant relations between what are called economic dimensions. there is neither constancy nor continuity in the valuations and in the formation of exchange ratios between various commodities. every new datum brings about a reshuffling of the whole price structure. understanding, by trying to grasp what is going on in the minds of the men concerned, can approach the problem of forecasting future conditions. we may call its methods unsatisfactory and the positivists may arrogantly scorn it. but such arbitrary judgments must not and cannot obscure the fact that understanding is the only appropriate method of dealing with the uncertainty of future conditions. [ p. 119 ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6010932156057539, "token_count": 284, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.852761"} {"text": "nass dairy products prices ; how does that work? over the years some confusion surrounding the national agricultural statistics service ( nass ) dairy products prices ( dpp ) program and the use of these data in the class price formulas. why are nass \u2019 s dpp reports used in the agricultural marketing service \u2019 s ( ams ) class price formulas? how are the nass reports compiled? is there a magic formula used to generate the nass dpp reports? what prevents manufacturing plants from misreporting or manipulating the prices? prior to the 1996 farm bill, usda \u2019 s ams used the basic formula price ( bfp ) to determine federal order minimum class iii milk prices. price differentials were added to the bfp to establish minimum prices for class i and class ii milk. the bfp was based on a monthly survey of prices paid for manufacturing grade ( grade b ) milk in minnesota and wisconsin which established a base month price. the bfp was then calculated by adjusting the preceding month \u2019 s base month price by a formula to reflect the most recent changes in cheddar cheese prices. in 1996, due to concerns regarding the cheddar cheese price data from the now closed national cheese exchange, ams asked nass to implement a survey to provide accurate and timely information on cheddar cheese prices. nass began collecting weekly data on cheddar cheese sales, volumes and prices, and published the first set of numbers for the week ending march 7, 1997. the nass cheddar cheese prices were then used by ams as an input for computation of the bfp, until the 1996 farm bill became law. the bill changed language in the usda \u2019 s fmmo reform final rule to include the following statement, \u201c commodity prices ( cheddar cheese, butter, dry whey, and nonfat dry milk ) determined by surveys conducted by usda \u2019 s nass will be used in the formulas that replace the bfp. \u201d nass published the first set of data on butter, nonfat dry milk, and dry whey for week ending september 5, 1998. nass continues to collect and publish this information under contract for ams. each week, nass statisticians receive data from all plants in the u. s. that produce and sell more than 1 million pounds annually of any of the qualifying products ( cheddar 40 blocks, cheddar 500 barrels, butter, nonfat dry milk, and dry whey ) according to ams \u2019 s reporting criteria. there", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46499780006673985, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.857407"} {"text": "produce and sell more than 1 million pounds annually of any of the qualifying products ( cheddar 40 blocks, cheddar 500 barrels, butter, nonfat dry milk, and dry whey ) according to ams \u2019 s reporting criteria. there are several reporting criteria for each individual product. for example, all sales priced more than 30 days in advance are excluded from reporting. products of interest must meet strict grade standards ( grade aa butter, extra grade dry whey, etc ) along with several other strict pricing criteria that ensure prices represent the weekly wholesale commodity price for initial product sale. each product must adhere to strict product specifications for example cheddar cheese ; prices are only collected for 40 pound blocks and 500 barrels, eliminating price differentials for product sizes. manufacturers must also exclude specialty types of cheddar like organic, aged, or faith - based products. every wednesday, manufacturers are required by law to submit, no later than noon, their qualifying total sales volume and total dollars received for the previous 7 - day period ending on saturday. all reports received from manufacturers are summed together for total volume and total dollars then divided to calculate regional and national average prices. once each year, statisticians from nass sit down with each reporter to ensure they understand all program requirements, products specifications, and misreporting penalties. each reporter also indicates their understanding of the product specifications weekly. ams conducts on - site report verifications of all reporting plants ; they audit plants under authority from the mandatory reporting law. all plants have been through a least two verifications, with some plants experiencing as many as seven since the verification program was established. discrepancies are issued, tracked, and addressed to prevent continued misreporting. ams has broader regulatory authority if misreporting persists. prices that nass publishes each friday at 8 : 30am et represent wholesale commodity sales completed in the previous week. based on the reporting requirements and ams \u2019 s verification program, the value of the dairy products prices used in the federal market order pricing formulas are accurate. whether we agree or disagree with the current pricing process, dairymen should be confident nass is generating the most accurate components possible, based on the current laws guiding the program.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44436991442469553, "token_count": 453, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.858339"} {"text": "one of the questions we asked top sports dietitians and nutrition experts during our month - long special blog series on sports nutrition was what they thought of nutritional supplements. not surprisingly, most thought that athletes should meet their nutritional needs by eating whole, minimally processed foods, with most saying a multi - vitamin is okay to fill nutritional gaps. here ' s what each had to say on the subject of supplements ( to go read their full blogs, click on their name ) : i think the most important item is food! food provides energy, as well as vitamins, mineral and nutrients such as protein, carbohydrate and fat. that being said, some athletes may need iron, or vitamin d, or calcium, or sometimes a protein isolate, but never in place of food. i think kids should take a safe, quality multivitamin to fill the nutrient gaps in their diet. no one eats perfectly all the time, and this is a simple way to ensure certain nutrient needs are met. the type, amount and timing of meals are particularly critical throughout puberty, when nutrition can make its greatest contribution to a youth athlete ' s future overall physical stature as an adult, and getting the optimal amounts of key nutrients is extremely important. i also believe that youth athletes benefit from consuming a carbohydrate - and protein - containing meal replacement shakes / smoothies before and after exercise, since research shows doing so helps to ( 1 ) top off muscle fuel stores needed during activity, ( 2 ) replenish muscle stores after activity, and ( 3 ) support muscle repair and growth. the liquid form allows the nutrients to be rapidly absorbed and digested, which is important pre - and post - exercise. the body has a certain window of opportunity approximately an hour after exercise during which nutrient uptake is optimal, so timing is also key. most kids do not eat a balanced diet ; convenience foods are popular, fruits and vegetables are not. many kids have suboptimal levels of iron, copper, zinc, vitamin a, c, d, calcium, fiber and potassium. intense exercise boosts the needs for some of these nutrients even higher. i suggest these supplements : - multivitamin / mineral ( mvi ) to ensure the basic micronutrients are met ( teenage girls who do not eat red meat should consider a mvi with iron ) - omega 3 fish oil helps support focus, reduce inflammation and much much more - calcium with magnesium, vitamin d, boron, vitamin k supports growth and strength for bones - greens", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45602405941116, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.889061"} {"text": "who do not eat red meat should consider a mvi with iron ) - omega 3 fish oil helps support focus, reduce inflammation and much much more - calcium with magnesium, vitamin d, boron, vitamin k supports growth and strength for bones - greens : drink to reduce the oxidation associated with exercise, increase nutrients similar to vegetable intake if athletes are meeting their energy needs through whole foods, additional supplements are not needed. the only supplement i may recommend to young athletes is a standard multivitamin containing 1000 iu vitamin d, and possibly omega - 3 ' s. however, the multivitamin only serves as nutritional \" insurance \" and complement but cannnot make up for a lack of a solid nutrition foundation of a well - balanced diet of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, healthy fats, and dairy foods. the supplement industry is a scary one, as it ' s currently not regulated by the food & drug administration ( fda ). many can make health claims without any scientific evidence ; as a recent report from the fda pointed out, 20 percent included prohibited disease claims on their labels which were unsubstantiated, and others may not actually contain the ingredients ( or contain more ingredients ) than listed on the supplement facts panel. the other frightening fact is that the supplement industry is among the fastest growing industries in the country. according to the supplement business report, the dietary supplements industry surpassed $ 30 billion in 2011 sales, growing 7 % annually in a return to performance levels not seen since before the economic downturn. adulterated supplements are common, and you won ' t know for sure if a supplement is true to the label unless it has been third - party tested by a reputable company ( e. g. nsf certified for sport ). the bottom line is a fully - nourished body is a strong and powerful body! food first, always. i am not a fan of supplementing high school athletes ' diets with manufactured or engineered \u2018 nutrition supplements. ' i think there is way too much we don ' t know about these products. for every claim out there by the marketers of these products, as clinicians we see studies that show harm with supplements. in addition, of the supplements available for purchase, more than a quarter of them are illegally labeled or don ' t contain what is listed. i recommend to my olympic, professional and college athletes that they start with the basics - good hydration and sleep, and not skipping meals. they can find the nutrition they need to perform at an extremely high level through natural", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45576193204652826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.893623"} {"text": "t contain what is listed. i recommend to my olympic, professional and college athletes that they start with the basics - good hydration and sleep, and not skipping meals. they can find the nutrition they need to perform at an extremely high level through natural products. there is no need for them to look for lightning in a bottle or a pill. yes, youth & high school athletes need \" compliments \" to their healthy diet. i recommend a good multi - vitamin, especially containing adequate amounts of vitamin d, c and zinc. yes, vitamins are a \" supplement. \" make sure the products are safe and can be properly absorbed. many supplements & vitamins are cheap and ineffective because the formulations do not allow the body to break them down and absorb them properly. parents should do their research on these items and not purchase based on price alone. i do not think high school athletes need supplements. everything they need can be found in food, it just requires some forethought and planning. in fact, research in the area of youth sports and supplements, such as amino acids and creatine, is limited ; the american academy of pediatrics advises no ergogenic ( muscle - building, performance - enhancing ) supplements for youth athletes due to their unknown side effects. for young athletes who have a documented iron deficiency or a limited vitamin d or calcium intake ( due to food allergy or other ), micronutrient supplements may be indicated, but this should be reviewed with a health care provider first. nsf certified for sport multi - vitamin and protein source for smoothies ( preferably, a blend of whey, soy and casein ). no, i never recommend supplements to kids at all, especially those 18 years or younger. kids are still growing during their teens and adding a supplement is not going to make an athlete gain weight or be a better athlete any faster. protein powders, creatine, etc, is absolutely not necessary for youth athletes. most kids are lacking from a simple dietary intake standpoint, so supplements are just a waste of money for parents. ask your child what he / she eats in a day and how often and that will be your answer to improving performance or weight gain, not a supplement. a simple children ' s multi - vitamin is quite all right, however. youth and high school athletes need wholesome foods, not supplements. within the range of 1, 200 to 1, 500 calories, a student - athlete can consume all the vitamins, minerals and protein they need to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4454593187703184, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.895750"} {"text": "tip of the week making home a safe, secure environment is a priority for any parent. it ' s why we have smoke alarms and deadbolts, secure screens on second - floor windows and set the temperature of our hot water heaters to 120 degrees fahrenheit. but what about unexpected sources of danger in our homes? while it ' s impossible to anticipate and guard against every eventuality, it still pays to think about some dangers that are often overlooked. here are some accident risks that are statistically worth worrying about when you ' re working on making your home as safe as possible for your children. - tipping tvs : tvs keep getting bigger, and more of us have multiple sets in our homes. unfortunately, many of those tvs will end up on dressers, coffee tables and folding tray tables that were never intended to hold a television. even tvs placed on a stand made for displaying a set can tip over if not properly secured. there were an estimated 20, 000 injuries related to tv tip - overs in the united states in 2010, according to consumer product safety commission data. fortunately, it ' s easy to reduce the risk of a tv tipping or falling. never place any tv atop a dresser, bureau, bench, box or folding tray table. using a tv wall mount can help minimize the chance of a tv falling on and injuring a child or adult. - the laundry room : you may think of this room as one of the most harmless and useful rooms in the house, but the laundry room holds hidden dangers for children. since 2005, at least two children have died and many more have been injured in washing machine - related accidents, u. s. news and world report recently reported. in fact, cpsc data indicates that tens of thousands of injuries are attributed to washing machines and clothes dryers every year. injuries may range from burns from hot dryer elements and limb injuries from spinning parts to accidental drowning if a child becomes submerged in a filled washer tub. - exercise equipment : many americans rely on home exercise equipment to stay in shape, but some of those machines can pose a safety risk to children. a cpsc study estimated that over an eight - year period, more than 46, 000 exercise equipment - related injuries sent children 4 and younger to hospital emergency rooms. treadmills, elliptical machines and other home fitness devices can cause a range of injuries, including cuts, fractures, dislocations, burns and even amputations. the study recommended parents be aware of the risks and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46459868995509557, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.900370"} {"text": "to hospital emergency rooms. treadmills, elliptical machines and other home fitness devices can cause a range of injuries, including cuts, fractures, dislocations, burns and even amputations. the study recommended parents be aware of the risks and take steps to reduce children ' s exposure to home exercise equipment. family movie night \" wreck - it ralph, \" in theaters length : 101 minutes violence / scary rating : 2. 5 sexual - content rating : 1. 5 profanity rating : 2 drugs / alcohol rating : 1. 5 family time rating : 2. this is a decent movie for families, with some video - game style violence the only thing to be aware of. ( ratings are judged on a five - point scale, with 5 being \" bad for kids \" and 1 being \" fine for kids. \" ) \" ten tiny toes, \" by todd tarpley and marc brown ( illustrator ) synopsis : into the world came ten tiny toes, a hundred times sweeter than one could suppose. \u2026 there ' s nothing sweeter in the world than a baby ' s 10 tiny toes. from tiny feet nuzzled and tickled in the crib to bath time, playtime and those very first big steps, here is a wonderful way to commemorate the unforgettable moments in a young child ' s life. marc brown ' s adorable collage illustrations bring todd tarpley ' s rhythmic text to life in this tender read - aloud. it is a joyous celebration of the unbreakable bond of love that guides a child through each exciting milestone and beyond. - little, brown books for young readers did you know according to a study published in the journal of pediatrics, kids who have attention - deficit hyperactivity disorder ( adhd ) appear likely to benefit from just 20 minutes of exercise. gatehouse news service", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44209928828232736, "token_count": 373, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.903568"} {"text": "the central coast maritime museum association preserves and interprets the maritime history of california and beyond. our mission is to provide an easily accessible educational venue for maritime history, science and technology. restoration of the alma is under way! thanks to a generous grant from the hind foundation, the conservation, and stabilization of the historic vessel alma is under way. the alma is an important part of california \u2019 s maritime history and we are very fortunate to be able restore her for future display in morro bay. consultation with experts indicates that the alma is eligible for listing on the us department of interior ' s national register of historic places. built at san francisco ' s fisherman ' s wharf in 1927, the alma gained notoriety on the morning of december 23, 1941, when under the command of the late merle molinari of cayucos, she headed north toward piedras blancas and rescued crewmembers of the union oil tanker montebello which had been torpedoed and sunk earlier that morning by a japanese submarine. after the montebello incident, the alma assisted the war effort by patrolling local waters and towing targets for the military. in the post - war years, the alma worked the waters of estero bay as a harbor tug and became an iconic figure of the working morro bay waterfront. a 46 \u2019 tug, alma is a surviving example of a \" gas boat, \" utilitarian workboat common to california harbors in the early 20th century. the work currently underway will replace and repair decks, bulwarks, wheelhouse exterior and some interior structural members. future work will repair cracks in the ferro cement hull coating, paint exterior, fabricate display cradle, create interpretive signage, move the vessel to a display location. the costs for the project have been reduced by generous donations of time and effort from local volunteers and businesses. if you are interested in supporting the effort to restore the alma please contact us.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.41930233768740954, "token_count": 388, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.905995"} {"text": "tuvalu runs dry the telegraph reports that tuvalu ' s state of emergency was declared after existing desalination plants broke, exacerbating an already dire drought : the tuvalu red cross said it had not rained properly in the country for more than six months. meteorologists have forecast a lack of run until december. typically it gets between 200mm to 400mm [ ~ 8 to 16 inches ] of rainfall per month... [ new zealand ] was working with the red cross to deliver aid workers and supplies as quickly as possible. i wrote about the troubles facing tuvalu ' s nine tiny islands in my 2003 mother jones article all the disappearing islands. at that time tuvalu was threatening to sue earth ' s gassiest nations for emitting enough co2 to sink tuvalu for good : tuvalu is among the smallest and most remote countries on earth, with a total land mass comprising only 10 square miles / 26 square kilometers, less than half the size of manhattan and scattered over 347, 400 square miles / 899, 000 sq km of ocean \u2014 an area larger than california, oregon, and washington combined... at no point is the sandy island of funafuti higher than 13 feet above sea level, as is the case throughout the nine coral atolls of this south pacific nation of tuvalu. surrounded by the sea, the people here have been shaped by it as few others on earth. every afternoon, rain or shine, tuvaluan children romp in its unsupervised playground... inescapably, this is a nation of waterfront property ; even the plywood and corrugated - tin houses standing ' inland ' a block or two enjoy the ambiance of the ocean. no one here has ever lived a moment without hearing the thunder of surf. now tuvalu ' s freshwater aquifers may be contaminated, reports the bbc : secretary general tataua pefe advised people against drinking water from wells. \" it ' s not safe for consumption, \" he told radio australia. \" some animals have died recently and we think it ' s because of subterranean water. \" floods and rogue waves raise the saltwater table underlying the atolls, poisoning the tuvaluans ' staple crops. already some farmers have been forced to grow their [ crops ] in tin containers, and already some of the smaller motus [ islands ] have lost their coconut palms to saltwater intrusion. nor are storms a prerequisite for disaster. \" last august", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4035280084603811, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.910384"} {"text": "already some farmers have been forced to grow their [ crops ] in tin containers, and already some of the smaller motus [ islands ] have lost their coconut palms to saltwater intrusion. nor are storms a prerequisite for disaster. \" last august, \" prime minister saufatu sopoanga tells me, \" on a clear, calm day, a sudden wave surge rolled in from the sea and washed across funafuti into the lagoon, flooding houses. \" there was no apparent reason for it, and during my stay on the atoll, i find the sensation of threat to be ever present \u2014 the sea on both sides, the constant drumroll of surf, a thin strip of land between \u2014 like living on a liquid fault line. meanwhile 3 news new zealand reports the drought is affecting other pacific islands too, notably tokelau \u2014 a new zealand territory of fewer than 1, 500 people living on three coral atolls in the central pacific \u2014 which has also declared a state of emergency. at the same time the taiwan news reports a possible cholera outbreak in tuvalu. inundated by ills from afar, more and more tuvaluans are leaving their home islands \u2014 and not because they want to. from all the disappearing islands : within the coming decades, the atolls of tuvalu and elsewhere will almost certainly revert to sandbars and then nothing. although the people themselves will not go extinct, without their home islands to anchor them, their beliefs and identity probably will, scattered person by person across the rising waters... until, like atlantis, the name of tuvalu fades into myth.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.410812832300674, "token_count": 330, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.911129"} {"text": "new research from the environmental working group shows that the animal products you eat have remarkably different affects on the environment. the research shows that lamb, beef and cheese have the highest emissions. in part this is because they come from ruminant animals that constantly generate methane through their digestive process. methane ( ch4 ) \u2013 a greenhouse gas 25 times more ( ch4 ) potent than carbon dioxide ( co2 ), accounts for nearly half the emissions generated in this study \u2019 s nebraska beef production model ( see chart below ). pound for pound, ruminants also require significantly more energy - intensive feed and generate more manure than pork or chicken ( see figure 2 ). - lamb has the greatest impact, generating 39. 3 kg ( 86. 4 lbs ) of carbon dioxide equivalents ( co2e ) for each kilo eaten \u2013 about 50 percent more than beef. while beef and lamb generate comparable amounts of methane and require similar quantities of feed, lamb generates more emissions per kilo in part because it produces less edible meat relative to the sheep \u2019 s live weight. since just one percent of the meat consumed by americans is lamb, however, it contributes very little to overall u. s. greenhouse gas emissions. - beef has the second - highest emissions, generating 27. 1 kilos ( 59. 6 lbs ) of co2e per kilo consumed. that \u2019 s more than twice the emissions of pork, nearly four times that of chicken and more than 13 times that of vegetable proteins such as beans, lentils and tofu. about 30 percent of the meat consumed in america is beef. - cheese generates the third - highest emissions, 13. 5 kilos ( 29. 7 lbs ) of co2e per kilo eaten, so vegetarians who eat a lot of dairy aren \u2019 t off the hook. less dense cheese ( such as cottage ) results in fewer greenhouse gases since it takes less milk to produce it. it takes 10 pounds of milk to make 1 pound of cheese. full lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions from common proteins and vegetables the ewg are calling for us all to forgo meat and cheese one day a week, environmentally it would be the same as the country driving 91 billion fewer miles a year. the call joins a growing movement advocating once - a - week meat - free meals, from an international meatless monday campaign and a european veggie days movement to decisions by some catholic bishops to suggest a return to the no - meat fridays of old. the ewg report is the most recent in a long", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4781483022893894, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.914192"} {"text": "lockheed \u2019 s missile and space division designed the yo - 3a as a nearly silent observation aircraft. the united states army used the plane to spot nighttime enemy activity and direct artillery fire during the war in vietnam. a downward - facing periscope equipped with night vision and infrared ( heat sensing ) capabilities allowed the aircraft \u2019 s forward observer to spot activity on the jungle floor, even in nearly complete darkness. the yo - 3a and it ' s prototype, the qt - 2 represent represented the first use of aerial stealth technology in combat. unlike the stealth aircraft we know today, the qt - 2 and yo - 3a were not designed to hide from radar, but to hide from human detection. the plane \u2019 s muffler - equipped engine drove a special slow propeller that eliminated the buzzing sound typical of propeller aircraft. this let the yo - 3a operate almost unheard by people on the ground. lockheed project manager, stanley hall described the aircraft \u2019 s noise as \u201c the gentle rushing sound of the ocean surf \u201d. the museum \u2019 s aircraft, 69 - 18005, was the sixth of just 11 aircraft constructed. it served in vietnam from 1970 \u2013 1972 before it was sold to an aviation school. the museum acquired the aircraft in 2010 from mr. bruce elliot of la connor, wa. the yo - 3a exhibit tells the story of this highly unique aircraft and looks at the sources of airplane noise and ongoing efforts to quiet them down.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5173500724510435, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.916222"} {"text": "creativity and innovation. students can be encouraged to identify interesting heroes and produce creative stories, short films, and artwork to honor them that can then be shared through the my hero website. communication and collaboration. since my hero includes participants and an audience from around the world, students embark on the path of creating clear and compelling content when they create their work for publication. teachers have commented on student awareness of the impact of their work and the widespread reactions they receive. critical thinking, problem solving, and decision making. students employ online and offline critical thinking, problem - solving and decision - making tools as they evaluate their research and decide on heroes to feature in their stories, artwork, or short film. digital citizenship. as responsible global citizens, students consider heroic attributes that contribute positively to our world, and choose stories of heroism to share through their contributions to the my hero website. technology operations and concepts. students consider, identify, and employ a range of software and hardware as they develop their my hero artwork, short film, or story. by evaluating the level of understanding and competency students already have with regard to the use of technology tools, teachers can provide them with next steps and deeper challenges to encourage their mastery of nets through my hero projects. technology operations and concepts. as teachers develop their lessons for students to develop stories, artwork, or short films for the my hero project, they practice what they will be asking their students to do, thus demonstrating and improving their own technology expertise. planning and designing learning environments and experiences. for over ten years, the my hero project has collected student and adult stories focused on heroes in a variety of categories. through an online tool, ecreate, teachers can build a page of hero stories on a particular curricular theme or interdisciplinary topics, or a page of their own students \u2019 work and make them available to students. the opportunities for creating rich learning situations for students abound. teaching, learning, and the curriculum. including my hero content in lessons and challenging students to research and write hero stories for inclusion on the site constitute fine examples of using technology in a meaningful way to maximize student learning. assessment and evaluation. to evaluate student work, teachers may require students to word process their stories, email them to the teacher, edit their work electronically, and upload their stories to the my hero site. teachers can assess through observation, note taking on a laptop, or applying a rubric to online submissions. productivity and professional practice. as teachers share their my hero assignments with their colleagues via email, listservs, or forums,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49364438126925586, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.925375"} {"text": "my hero site. teachers can assess through observation, note taking on a laptop, or applying a rubric to online submissions. productivity and professional practice. as teachers share their my hero assignments with their colleagues via email, listservs, or forums, they can refine and improve the assignments they give their students. social, ethical, legal, and human issues. by allowing all students to explore the my hero project website and contribute stories, teachers address issues of equitable access, and support the idea of the power of diverse talents and experiences as students read a range of inspiring hero stories. while administrators may not be directly involved with students and teachers as they engage in developing content for the classroom and the my hero website, administrators can make a powerful statement by encouraging teachers to develop curriculum that includes using and contributing to the my hero project. leadership and vision. administrators, through their example, inspire good work. by becoming familiar with the many features of the my hero project, and allowing time for teachers to do the same, administrators provide a strong model for teachers who are working hard to integrate technology in a meaningful way in their classrooms. learning and teaching. through inspiring stories of real people, students find their place in the world, and begin to see the potential each of us has to contribute to our world. the my hero project focuses attention on good work and positive contributions, while making it easy for students and teachers to use technology tools to add more curricular - based stories to the y hero global database. productivity and professional use. the my hero project includes a number of tools for teachers, such as ecreate, that are easy to use and allow teachers to develop personalized hero web pages for classroom use. administrators can facilitate teacher and student improvement in employing technology by encouraging the use of projects such as my hero that utilize technology tools and resources embedded in curriculum. administrators can be asked to contribute a hero story to a class project! support, management, and operations. a carefully monitored project such as my hero meets the guidelines set by most schools that direct online technology use. because of the ease with which teachers from a variety of disciplines can develop a my hero project that meets their curricular goals, administrators can support this model for technology integration into curriculum. assessment and evaluation. administrators can assess some levels of student and teacher fluency with technology by viewing her / his school \u2019 s contributions to the my hero project. social, legal, and ethical issues. by promoting online projects that pay attention to the good works of the world \u2019 s citizens, require research and citing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46012992541552317, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.926760"} {"text": "teacher fluency with technology by viewing her / his school \u2019 s contributions to the my hero project. social, legal, and ethical issues. by promoting online projects that pay attention to the good works of the world \u2019 s citizens, require research and citing sources, and provide an environment for a global exchange of ideas among students and teachers such as the my hero project, administrators model support for the best uses of technology in education. the my hero project offers many opportunities for students, teachers, and administrators to practice and perfect technology standards identified by iste \u2019 s nets project. at the same time, solid curricular goals and interesting content mark my hero stories, artwork, and short films. all this in a global context makes the my hero project a powerful addition to any school \u2019 s teaching and learning practices. common core state standards : literacy in history / social studies, science, and technical subjects the common core state standards provide a consistent, clear understanding of what students are expected to learn, so teachers and parents know what they need to do to help them. the standards are designed to be robust and relevant to the real world, reflecting the knowledge and skills that our young people need for success in college and careers. the common core literacy in history / social studies, science, and technical subjects standards are specifically for 6 - 12 and begin at grade 6 ; standards for k \u2013 5 reading in history / social studies, science, and technical subjects are integrated into the k \u2013 5 reading standards. these standards in literacy work in tandem to define college and career readiness expectations \u2014 the former providing broad standards, the latter providing additional specificity. common core - media standards the common core standards are a nationwide effort to define the knowledge and skills that u. s. students should have within their k - 12 education careers, so that they will graduate high school able to succeed in entry - level, credit - bearing academic college courses and in workforce training programs. the following is a collection of the standards in english language arts that relate specifically to students ' use of media in different grade levels. as you will see, the term \" media \" can refer to online, film / tv - related or artistic materials that can be utilized as sources in the course of research projects. media can also refer to multi - media and / or artistic content that students create for class projects and presentations. one of the goals of the ccs is that students will leave their schooling with a firm grasp of 21st - century media and technology skills. in calling for students to develop skills in both the critical analysis and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4983677244044463, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.928134"} {"text": "that students create for class projects and presentations. one of the goals of the ccs is that students will leave their schooling with a firm grasp of 21st - century media and technology skills. in calling for students to develop skills in both the critical analysis and production of media, the ccs recognizes the increasing importance of media literacy in the modern world. my hero shares this view, and our media arts curricula provide teachers with the tools they need to develop their students ' mastery of media and technology. in a time when so many schools and districts have cut their fine arts programs, a project that ties art to curriculum is a welcome idea. the my hero project provides opportunities for students to create artwork on the hero theme, and produce short films on the topic as well. the national visual arts standards consist of six items and are discussed in three grade levels \u2014 k - 4, 5 - 8, and 9 - 12 \u2014 that promote developmentally appropriate student work and understanding of concepts. the six standards are as follows : understanding and applying media, techniques, and processes. using knowledge of structures and functions. choosing and evaluating a range of subject matter, symbols, and ideas. understanding the visual arts in relation to history and cultures. reflecting upon and assessing the characteristics and merits of their work and the work of others. making connections between visual arts and other disciplines.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4672209006415735, "token_count": 271, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.928780"} {"text": "dietary carbs are currently regarded as the culprit for most modern human diseases including diabetes, cardiovascular disease and neurodegenerative diseases. indeed, numerous studies demonstrate the association between over consumption of carbs and a high percentage of blood sugar problems, obesity and cognitive impairments among modern humans from all age groups. consequently, carb - bashing today is at an all - time high. many people develop carb phobia and low or no carb diets are now the darling of the media. so it seems, the two most popular dietary methods are currently carb or calorie restriction. most, if not all diets are based on either one or both methods. yet, in spite of the growing awareness of the hazards of over consumption of carbs and calories, the rate of weight gain, obesity and blood sugar related diseases is still accelerating. to make matters worse, people who follow extreme low calorie or low carb diets often face unpleasant symptoms including mental and physical fatigue, chronic cravings for carbs ( in particular sweets ), loss of libido and severe mood swings. bodybuilders, who try to slim down via low calorie low carb diets, often face similar adverse symptoms in addition to loss of muscle mass and strength. obviously, something must be wrong with the assumption that chronic carb and calorie restriction is the practical solution for most of modern disease. even though the idea of carb and calorie restriction may very well work theoretically, in practical terms ( in vivo ) it fails. the purpose of this article is to shed some light on the critical role of dietary carbs in human metabolism as well as to challenge the notion that carbs aren ' t essential for human survival. finally, conclusions are presented together with some practical methods as to how to take advantage of dietary carbs for reaching a desired metabolic potential to build lean tissue ( including muscles ), burn fat and increase energy production. maximum oxygenation is a biological term that describes maximum energy production from metabolic processes that require oxygen. active individuals, including athletes and bodybuilders, should note that maximum oxygenation is a principal key to maximum performance. the upcoming paragraph may be somewhat technical. nevertheless, understanding this topic could mean the difference between average and superior capability to build muscles and ignite energy. living organisms derive most of their energy from oxidation - reduction ( redox ) reactions, which involve the transfer of electrons to the respiratory chain complex ( an aerobic energy - yielding metabolic process", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5453187071782282, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.945663"} {"text": "between average and superior capability to build muscles and ignite energy. living organisms derive most of their energy from oxidation - reduction ( redox ) reactions, which involve the transfer of electrons to the respiratory chain complex ( an aerobic energy - yielding metabolic process that involves interaction between hydrogen protons and oxygen ). aerobic energy production requires oxygen and yields most of the energy needed for survival. in fact, the electron transfer system ( oxidative phosphorylation ) yields ten times more energy than the krebs cycle itself. dr. otto warburg, one of the world ' s foremost leading biochemists, won a nobel prize for his basic work with respiratory enzymes and cellular energy production. he discovered and characterized certain nucleotide compounds and proteins, which are necessary for the actions of the respiratory chain, which, as noted, yields most of the energy needed to maintain an optimum metabolic state. dr. warburg suggested that energy released in the oxidation of foodstuff may be conserved and transferred via a special mechanism for use in synthesis and growth. on the other hand, anaerobic respiration ( an energy yielding metabolic process that does not require oxygen ) may adversely catabolize and damage healthy tissues. dr. warburg and other researchers showed that there is indeed a relationship between anaerobic respiration, tissue destruction and cancer. dr. abram hoffer and dr. morton walker, in their book smart nutrition ( avery 1994 ), suggested that anaerobic respiration is the most primitive energy producing method compared to aerobic respiration which is a later development in the evolution of life from unicellular to multicellular organisms. it is likely that multicellular organisms did not develop until cells became aerobic. according to this theory, the switch back from aerobic to anaerobic respiration brings the cell back to a primitive condition that may cause uncontrolled cell division and a resultant catastrophic damage to the whole organism. as you ' re about to see, aerobic respiration clearly depends on dietary carb utilization and the production of substrates and enzymes that serve as energy molecules. all energy molecules are, in fact, made from nucleotides. most important, all nucleotide material, including all energy molecules, are derived from glucose that is then predominantly derived from dietary carbs. the essential role of carbs it is commonly assumed that carbs serve as fuel and nothing more. this assumption is wrong and quite misleading since it fails to recognize the main biological functions of carbs, which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5593860097041139, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.947008"} {"text": "is then predominantly derived from dietary carbs. the essential role of carbs it is commonly assumed that carbs serve as fuel and nothing more. this assumption is wrong and quite misleading since it fails to recognize the main biological functions of carbs, which go far beyond being just a sheer substrate for energy. evidently, optimum carb utilization from food is critically necessary in order to afford full activation of two vitally important metabolic pathways, which are bound together : i ) the pentose phosphate pathway and ii ) the uronic acid pathway. as you ' ll soon see, these pathways play essential roles in facilitating dna, rna and nucleotides synthesis as well as steroid hormones production, enhancing immunity and generation of energy. as such, these pathways regulate hormonal actions, rate of tissue regeneration as well as protection against dna damage and disease. most important, both pathways ' actions depend upon dietary carb consumption and utilization. the pentose phosphate pathway the pentose phosphate pathway ( ppp ) is an anabolic process that is derived from glucose metabolism and occurs mostly ( but not exclusively ) in the liver. it utilizes pentose ( a five - carbon sugar ) from and glucose ( a six - carbon sugar ). the pentose phosphate pathway ' s primary functions are : - to generate the energy molecule nadph for biosynthesis reaction in the cells - to provide ribose - 5 phosphate for the synthesis of nucleotides and nucleic acid including dna and rna - to metabolize dietary pentose from the digestion of nucleic acid - to biosynthesize steroid hormones and fatty acids ( by utilizing in nadph ) - to regenerate the most powerful antioxidant glutathione enzyme and thereby protect cells and mitochondrial dna from oxidative stress and aging - to support the production of udp glucuronic acid, that is essentially important for overall detoxification. hormonal transport production of proteoglycan and glycoproteins and the synthesis of sphingolipids ( lipids that are necessary for detox and neural protection ) the adverse effects of low calorie and low carb diets as you can see, the pentose phosphate pathway controls critical metabolic functions. however, in times of a desperate need for energy, such as during prolonged fasting or due to low calorie diets, the pentose phosphate pathway may shut down its main functions and instead switch into sheer energy production. it is likely that energy demand", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48870246339952444, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.948136"} {"text": "in times of a desperate need for energy, such as during prolonged fasting or due to low calorie diets, the pentose phosphate pathway may shut down its main functions and instead switch into sheer energy production. it is likely that energy demand is a top priority for the body and therefore, in times of desperate need for energy, the body would suppress certain important metabolic pathways to accelerate immediate energy production. in fact, 30 percent of liver glucose oxidation can occur via the pentose phosphate pathway. consequently, dietary carb utilization is a factor that can significantly influence the pentose phosphate pathway ' s actions. since the synthesis of glucose from protein or fat ( gluconeogenesis ) is in fact a limited metabolic process that occurs mostly in the liver ( muscle can ' t produce glucose ), it is reasonable to conclude that severe low carb diets, for active individuals in particular, which chronically over - restrict dietary carb consumption ( under 100g of carbs per day ), may adversely affect the pentose phosphate pathway due to insufficient glucose supply and increased energy demand. the pentose phosphate pathway ' s actions also decreases with age, a fact that may contribute to the decline in steroid hormone production, muscle waste, increased vulnerability to disease and reduced energy production. finally, it ' s important to note that insulin sensitivity is necessary for optimum glucose utilization and the activation of the pentose phosphate pathway. glucuronic acid pathway ( or uronic acid pathway ) the glucuronic acid pathway, or as it is called, uronic acid pathway, is also derived from glucose metabolism, mostly in the liver. its active compound udp glucuronic acid is a co - enzyme responsible for binding with toxins to facilitate their elimination. in that respect, udp glucuronate conjugates with endotoxins such as bilrubine ( a toxin metabolite of hemoglobin and dietary meat ) as well as sulphoric acid and thereby protects the body from endotoxicity and exposure to carcinogens. sidebar : meat eaters and coffee drinkers meat eaters and coffee drinkers should be aware of the important role that glucuronate plays in overall detox, in particular with regard to the digestion and assimilation of animal protein and the neutralization of coffee acid toxin compounds. the uronic acid pathway is a primal evolutionary metabolic process that initially synthesizes vitamin c ( ascorbic acid ) in mammals, except in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4739376783635798, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.949500"} {"text": "with regard to the digestion and assimilation of animal protein and the neutralization of coffee acid toxin compounds. the uronic acid pathway is a primal evolutionary metabolic process that initially synthesizes vitamin c ( ascorbic acid ) in mammals, except in primates including humans. nevertheless, udp glucuronic acid ' s primal actions include : - the transport of fat soluble hormones and substances to target tissues for subsequent release - the production of proteoglycans and glycoconjugated compounds such as glucosamine glycan and glycoproteins, which perform critical immune and hormonal signaling functions on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix. some proteoglycans serve as growth factor receptors. the uronic acid pathway also regulates the production of sphingolipids ( lipids which are based on a lipophilic amino alcohol backbone rather than glycerol ). sphingolipids play an important role in transduction signals, protection against toxins, viruses and bacteria, activation of cell receptors and neuroprotective actions. the glucuronic acid pathway functions depend on the pentose phosphate pathway and therefore depends on overall glucose metabolism. evidently, both pathways ' optimal actions requires sufficient dietary carb utilization. in summary, dietary carbs and glucose utilization go far beyond just sheer energy production. chronic carb or calorie over restrictions may help one lose fat in the short run. however, in the long run, such dietary methods may diminish the essentially important pentose phosphate pathway with its related udp glucuronic acid functions and thereby adversely affect critical metabolic processes including steroid hormone synthesis, nucleic acid and nucleotides production, tissue repair, removal of toxins and overall generation of energy. bodybuilders and athletes should never overlook the important role of carb utilization in muscular development and overall performance. nonetheless, the question remains - how can one practically consume carbs in order to maximize all the beneficial effects without causing insulin resistance or fat gain? how to take advantage of dietary carbs for building lean tissue, removing toxins, burning fat and igniting maximum energy - avoid prolonged low calorie or crash diets to grant sufficient energy supply necessary for optimum function of the pentose phosphate pathway and the related uronic acid pathway - avoid chronic carb over restriction due to prolonged very low or no carb diets. insufficient carb utilization may adversely affect the pentose phosphate pathway", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4847156265207814, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.953046"} {"text": "necessary for optimum function of the pentose phosphate pathway and the related uronic acid pathway - avoid chronic carb over restriction due to prolonged very low or no carb diets. insufficient carb utilization may adversely affect the pentose phosphate pathway and its related udp glucuronic acid functions. - limit your carb consumption to one meal per day, preferably at night. that way you may be able to keep high insulin sensitivity toward the end of the day and thereby afford optimum carb utilization. - you can opt to cycle between days of low carbs and days of moderate to high carbs. this method could be highly effective in protecting against insulin resistance and preventing fat gain, while maximizing carb utilization for overall regeneration of tissue and ignition of energy. for instance, you can incorporate a high carb day followed by two days of low carbs ( high fat ), followed by a moderate carb day, followed by a low carb high protein day, and so on. - minimize simple carb consumption. prioritize your dietary carb intake. always choose complex carbs with low a glycemic index and those that are naturally high in fiber. the best choices for carb food are legumes, roots, squashes, barley, oats, wild rice and quinoa. whole complex carb food releases glucose at a slower rate than simple carb food and therefore may afford better glucose utilization with a decreased risk of insulin and blood sugar fluctuation. - do not eat carbs alone, in particular grains or roots. always combine these carbs with protein or fat to decrease their glycemic effect. carbs alone may provoke an insulin spike and a consequent low blood sugar with symptoms such as dizziness, fatigue, irritability, headaches and a craving for sweets. bodybuilders and athletes should carefully design their pre - workout recovery meals to contain a high ratio of protein to carbs. - eating low glycemic whole fruits such as apples, berries or kiwis on an empty stomach is ok. nonetheless, it is highly recommended to squeeze lime or lemon juice on the top. acid slows the rate of carb absorption. the fiber in whole fruits significantly reduces the sugar impact and effectively enhances overall detox. - take multivitamin and multimineral supplements as well as efas to facilitate optimum assimilation of all essential nutrients. a lack of even one essential nutrient may lead to severe metabolic impairment and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46215654365691017, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.954748"} {"text": "sugar impact and effectively enhances overall detox. - take multivitamin and multimineral supplements as well as efas to facilitate optimum assimilation of all essential nutrients. a lack of even one essential nutrient may lead to severe metabolic impairment and compromise the ability of the body to utilize glucose and energy. b vitamins, in particular, are precursors to co - enzymes, which are vitally important for glucose and energy utilization. antioxidants are necessary for protection against oxidative free radicals and overall detox. note that active individuals, including bodybuilders and athletes, need to increase essential nutrients and antioxidant intake due to higher food consumption and increased oxygenation with their respective waste and toxin metabolites. dietary carbs should be regarded as a double edge sword. nonetheless, in times of so much confusion as to what to eat and how much, it ' s important to present another way of looking at food, including carbohydrate - rich foods. food should be regarded as a source of complete nourishment and as such, it should satisfy three requirements : - food should supply all essential and conditionally essential nutrients - food should be clean of chemical toxins. it should smell and taste well and be fully digestible. - food should supply an optimal amount of energy substrates ( including glucose ) to satisfy the body ' s metabolic needs. optimum means : the right amount needed - no less, no more! dietary carbs are a most viable source of conditionally essential glucose as well as fiber, minerals, oils and phytonutrients. carbs add unique taste, smell and aroma to food and are considered the cleanest and most digestible fuel. one should never dismiss the importance of smell, taste and overall satiety from food. hunger and satiety mark the presence of most powerful neuropeptides that aside from regulating feeding cycles, also regulate hormonal secretion, sleep - awake cycles, aggression and relaxation, regeneration of tissues ( growth ), overall energy expenditure and rate of fat burning. from that aspect, both sensation of hunger and satisfaction from food are necessary for maximum nourishment. food works as a source of nutrients and also as a neurocatalyst for other numerous critical metabolic functions that regulate the rate of growth, fat burning and energy production. chronically over restricting or eliminating dietary carbs from one ' s diet may lead to severe consequences including hormonal and neural impairments, stunted growth, sluggis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5202747432251961, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.956046"} {"text": "critical metabolic functions that regulate the rate of growth, fat burning and energy production. chronically over restricting or eliminating dietary carbs from one ' s diet may lead to severe consequences including hormonal and neural impairments, stunted growth, sluggish metabolism and advanced aging, notwithstanding chronic hunger, in particular craving for sweets, mood swings, depression and fatigue. saying all that, carbs should always be treated as the fastest to assimilate and most aggressive component of food. as noted, they should never be consumed too often during the day to avoid insulin resistance and blood sugar fluctuation. finally, use your instincts and common sense. through trial and error, you can find the right amount of carbs that your body needs. using old dietary methods such as carb depletion followed by carb the loading will enable you to periodically consume a large amount of carbs without gaining fat. remember, what you see is what you get, and in a related matter, what looks good, smells good and tastes good is generally good. regardless of what many low carb advocates say, our human body is well preprogrammed to ingest and utilize carbs. therefore, chronically over restricting or avoiding carbs may be biologically perceived by the body as a suppression of a primal need. when you go against your true nature, your body may come back with a vengeance to reclaim what was taken away from it, and it will do so by inducing an excruciating hunger with a chronic cravings for sweets, that often leads to compulsive binging on carbs and undesirable fat gain. do not deny your body from its primal need to eat carbs. do not tempt to fool your body with carb substitutes and artificial sweeteners. nothing can take the place of real dietary carbs and their critical function in your body. note : people suffering from diabetes and blood sugar related problems should consult their physician or health professional before adopting any dietary regimen. | | ori hofmekler is a modern renaissance man whose formative military experience prompted a life interest in survival science. defense nutrition ' s mission is to help people defend themselves against industrial and natural substances known for causing weight gain, hormonal disorders and cancer. find out more at www. defensenutrition. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4797010080286043, "token_count": 473, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.957996"} {"text": "national alliance on mental illness page printed from http : / / www. nami. org / ( 800 ) 950 - nami ; firstname. lastname @ example. org using virtual reality to treat ptsd dr. robert mclay with some of the virtual reality equipment used for treatment. courtesy of johns hopkins university press by taylor poor, nami education program coordinator dr. robert n. mclay \u2019 s recent book, at war with ptsd : battling post traumatic stress disorder with virtual reality ( johns hopkins university press, 2012 ), offers a valuable lesson about treating people rather than diseases. after all, as the author says, \u201c doing mental health is not just about biology. \u201d posttraumatic stress disorder ( ptsd ) is a type of anxiety disorder associated with the direct or indirect experience of a traumatic event, and often involves memory disturbances, emotional detachment, hypervigilance ( abnormally increased arousal ) or insomnia. though soldiers have endured the psychological consequences of armed combat for millennia, ptsd has gained credence only recently as a biological disease with a potentially measurable impact on the brain, a disease that can occur at any age, following any type of traumatic experience, from assault or rape to war or a natural disaster. but the increase of ptsd \u2019 s validity as a clinical diagnosis does not protect service members and veterans from the shame of the stigma they face from comrades - in - arms \u2014 and from the civilian population once they return home. at war with ptsd : battling post traumatic stress disorder with virtual reality by robert n. mclay dr. mclay emphasizes the importance of looking at where patients are coming from before starting treatment, whether that \u2019 s the battlefield, a prison, or a home with domestic abuse. he draws from countless individual testimonies ( \u201c psychiatric fables \u201d ) to illustrate the diversity of patients who are looking for different solutions and who require different approaches. maybe the same basic treatment techniques will find success with both service members and non - service members experiencing ptsd, but for those service members, the idea that \u201c somebody else gets it \u201d is important ; it \u2019 s helpful to talk to a military psychiatrist rather than a civilian doctor. however, the distinction between combat ptsd and other types of ptsd isn \u2019 t necessarily clinical. dr. mclay explains that combat ptsd is typically a version of \u201c complex ptsd, \u201d involving multiple, compounded traumatic incidents ; unlike \u201c simple ptsd, \u201d which involves a single incident. however, the unique components of combat trauma", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5136036388924363, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.964602"} {"text": ". dr. mclay explains that combat ptsd is typically a version of \u201c complex ptsd, \u201d involving multiple, compounded traumatic incidents ; unlike \u201c simple ptsd, \u201d which involves a single incident. however, the unique components of combat trauma, combined with the military atmosphere ( \u201c no problem marines can \u2019 t solve by more yelling \u201d ), demand a fine - tuned and circumspect treatment approach. dr. mclay always intended to join the military as a scientist, but \u201c put it on the back burner \u201d while at work on his b. a., m. a., ph. d. and m. d. when the navy offered him a job, he found the perfect arena for his psychiatric expertise : directing development programs for new technology to assist service members experiencing the stress of deployment. in 2008, he took a virtual reality machine with him on deployment to camp fallujah, iraq, where he tested the effectiveness of virtual reality therapy on soldiers living with ptsd in the field. from the service members he treated, he learned about the values of confronting traumatic experiences head - on, through reconstructed combat landscapes, as well as the limitations of any form of treatment in the face of stigma and skepticism. at the end of his book, dr. mclay talks about the future of ptsd treatment for service members. he asks about two components of this future : reduction in stigma and scientific improvements in treatment. regarding stigma, the current landscape remains bleak : the world of psychiatric treatment for military veterans is a murky swamp of \u201c perverse incentives \u201d, dr. mclay explained on the phone at the end of october. on the one hand, he believes initiatives to officially grant service members with ptsd eligibility for prestigious honors such as the purple heart ( an unsuccessful political cause since world war i, and one nami supports ) are well - intentioned efforts to reward bravery and to recognize that ptsd represents a real war wound, thereby reducing stigma. however, dr. mclay also believes that the difficulties of separating valid ptsd cases from \u201c malingering \u201d \u2014 faking illness to avoid duty \u2014 mean awarding the purple heart for ptsd could in fact worsen stigma as an unintended consequence. meanwhile, service members who face discrimination when they apply for disability benefits without a visible wound are unlikely to then seek treatment, and thus possibly lose those hard - won benefits. on the other hand, continuing advances in research and technology paint a brighter picture. dr. mclay has cautiously gained confidence in virtual", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4760798683299029, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.965920"} {"text": "for disability benefits without a visible wound are unlikely to then seek treatment, and thus possibly lose those hard - won benefits. on the other hand, continuing advances in research and technology paint a brighter picture. dr. mclay has cautiously gained confidence in virtual reality treatments since his return to the u. s., but is \u201c convinced vr is not going to solve all our problems. \u201d other promising possibilities include : stellate ganglion block, or an anesthetic injection to a spinal nerve cluster that alleviates pain and some other ptsd symptoms ; transcranial magnetic stimulation ( tms ), which involves producing weak electric currents in the brain ; and \u201c third location \u201d, or staged, decompression, where instead of being transported straight back into civilian society, service members returning from duty can spend a period of time in a non - combat zone outside of their home country. all of these techniques serve to widen the array of treatment options that can be personalized to reflect an individual patient \u2019 s hopes and priorities. the reason dr. mclay \u2019 s book doesn \u2019 t feel like the typical treatise on a controversial mental health diagnosis is his unassuming tone. there is no pedagogy about symptomatology or the complexities of ptsd : he seems to be simply taking the reader along for the ride as he figures out the answers \u2014 or some possible answers, at least \u2014 to the very questions he \u2019 s just asked in the text. his final message, which he reiterates on the phone, is similarly simple : the only way to reduce stigma is \u201c to get the word out \u201d about mental illness, and particularly ptsd. with the help of accessible, informative and compelling books like at war with ptsd, that goal seems more reachable than ever.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5019078220193345, "token_count": 363, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.966879"} {"text": "nami \u2019 s position ( summarized from the nami policy platform ) treatment, not punishment : nami believes that persons who have committed offenses due to states of mind or behavior caused by a brain disorder require treatment, not punishment. nami believes that a prison or jail is never an optimal therapeutic setting. nami believes that mental health systems have an obligation to develop and implement systems of appropriate care for individuals whose untreated brain disorders may cause them to engage in inappropriate or criminal behaviors. treatment while in correctional settings : nami believes that states and communities have legal and ethical obligations to provide people with brain disorders humane and effective treatment while in correctional settings. training and education : nami believes that education about brain disorders at all levels of judicial and legal systems is crucial to the appropriate disposition of cases involving offenders with brain disorders. judges, lawyers, police officers, correctional officers, parole and probation officers, law enforcement personnel, court officers, and emergency medical transport and service personnel should be required to complete at least 20 hours of training about these disorders. consumers and family members should be a part of this educational process. nami believes that, in the overwhelming majority of cases, dangerous or violent acts committed by persons with brain disorders are the result of neglect or inappropriate or inadequate treatment of their illness. nami supports the retention of the \" insanity defense \" and favors the two - prong test that includes the volitional as well as the cognitive standard. nami opposes the adoption of \" guilty but mentally ill \" statutes. nami supports systems that provide comprehensive, long - term care and supervision in hospitals and in the community to individuals found \" not guilty by reason of insanity, \" \" guilty except for insanity, or any other similar terminology used in state statutes pertaining to the insanity defense. parole and probation, transitional services : nami believes that states must adopt systems for assisting individuals with serious brain disorders who have served sentences and are eligible for release on parole with appropriate treatment and services to aid their transition back into the community. nami opposes the death penalty for persons with brain disorders. the \" criminalization \" trend is today worse than ever in 1992, nami and public citizen \u2019 s health research group released a report, entitled criminalizing the seriously mentally ill : the abuse of jails as mental hospitals, which revealed alarmingly high numbers of people with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and other severe mental illnesses incarcerated in jails across the country. most of these people had not committed major crimes, but either had been charged with misdemeanors or minor fe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5211427016422936, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.975973"} {"text": "revealed alarmingly high numbers of people with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and other severe mental illnesses incarcerated in jails across the country. most of these people had not committed major crimes, but either had been charged with misdemeanors or minor felonies directly related to the symptoms of their untreated mental illnesses, or had been charged with no crimes at all. unfortunately, the problems described in that report have worsened in the ensuing years. a report issued by the united states department of justice in 1999 revealed that 16 percent of all inmates in state and federal jails and prisons have schizophrenia, manic depressive illness ( bipolar disorder ), major depression, or another severe mental illness. this means that on any given day, there are roughly 283, 000 persons with severe mental illnesses incarcerated in federal and state jails and prisons. in contrast, there are approximately 70, 000 persons with severe mental illnesses in public psychiatric hospitals, and 30 percent of them are forensic patients. additionally, police are increasingly becoming front - line respondents to people with severe mental illnesses experiencing crises in the community. conditions in jails and prisons are often terrifying for people with severe mental illnesses. these settings are not conducive to effectively treating people with these brain disorders. many correctional facilities do not have qualified mental health professionals on staff to recognize and respond to the needs of inmates experiencing severe psychiatric symptoms. correctional facilities frequently respond to psychotic inmates by punishing them or placing them in physical restraints or administrative segregation ( isolation ), responses that may exacerbate rather than alleviate their symptoms. inmates with severe mental illnesses usually do not have access to newer, state - of - the - art, atypical antipsychotic drugs because of the costs of these medications. federal and state prisons generally do not have adequate rehabilitative services available for inmates with severe mental illnesses to aid them in their transition back into communities. these alarming trends are directly related to the inadequacies of community mental health systems and services. the widespread adoption of systems with proven effectiveness in addressing the needs of people with the most severe mental illnesses, such as assertive community treatment programs, would sharply decrease the numbers of people with severe mental illnesses involved in criminal justice systems. however, since these programs are available only sporadically throughout the country, nami \u2019 s strategies for reducing criminalization focuses both on improving community mental health services and on addressing the treatment and support needs of people with severe mental illnesses in criminal justice systems. strategies for reducing the criminalization of people with severe mental illnesses : nam", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4647432032001608, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.977144"} {"text": "nami \u2019 s strategies for reducing criminalization focuses both on improving community mental health services and on addressing the treatment and support needs of people with severe mental illnesses in criminal justice systems. strategies for reducing the criminalization of people with severe mental illnesses : nami is pursuing the following strategies for reducing the criminalization of people with severe mental illnesses : adopting programs such as the memphis police crisis intervention team ( cit ) program to train police officers who come into contact with people with severe mental illnesses in the community to recognize the signs and symptoms of these illnesses and to respond effectively and appropriately to people who are experiencing psychiatric crises. creating authority in state criminal codes for judges to divert non - violent offenders with severe mental illnesses away from incarceration into appropriate treatment. this includes authority for judges to defer entries of judgment pending completion of treatment programs and to dismiss charges and expunge the records of individuals who successfully complete treatment programs. establishing specialty \" mental health courts \" to hear all cases involving individuals with severe mental illnesses charged with misdemeanors or non - violent felonies, with the purpose of diverting as many of these cases as possible away from criminal incarceration into appropriate mental health treatment and services. in 2000, congress enacted and president clinton signed into law s. 1865, a bill authorizing grants to communities to establish demonstration mental health courts. however, the bill was enacted too late in the legislative cycle to obtain funding for these courts. therefore, one of nami \u2019 s priorities for the year 2001 is to ensure that congress appropriates funds for the implementation of s. 1865. training probate, civil, and criminal court judges and personnel about severe mental illnesses and legal issues affecting people with these illnesses. creating specialized divisions or units within departments of parole and probation with specific responsibility for coordinating and administering services for people with severe mental illnesses who are on probation. providing specialized training to parole officers about severe mental illnesses, the needs of people with these illnesses on probation, and treatment resources and benefits available to these individuals. for more information about nami \u2019 s activities on this issue or other policy areas, please call ron honberg at 703 / 516 - 7972. all media representatives, please call nami \u2019 s communications staff at 703 / 516 - 7961.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49665476069293407, "token_count": 462, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.978455"} {"text": "joined : 16 mar 2004 | posted : tue may 27, 2008 11 : 36 am post subject : assembly lines for nanotechnology. | 24 august 2007 rsc publishing - chemical technology nano production lines researchers in switzerland have built nanoscale cargo loading stations and shuttles, an important step towards assembly lines for nanotechnology. drawing of a nano conveyor belt biological assembly lines consist of kinesin proteins which carry cargo, like organelles or vesicles, and literally walk along microtubules. however, as far as man - made systems go, ' nothing comparable to a macroscopic assembly line exists at the nanoscale, ' according to viola vogel of the department of materials at the swiss federal institute of technology ( eth ) in zurich. ' imagine if you wanted to build a car by fabricating all of its components, putting them in a glass full of water and hoping that they would self - assemble spontaneously into the finished car. ' the challenge is to tune the interactions in the system so that the cargo remains stuck to the station when not needed, but can be picked up easily by the shuttle. as a test of principle, vogel and colleagues used gold nanoparticles coated in anti - biotin antibodies as cargo, and compared loading stations made of biotin - tipped dna with biotin - tipped polyethylene glycol. biotinylated microtubules, powered by kinesin motors, act as shuttles rather than conveyor belts, as they do in cells. vogel and team then tracked the fate of the gold nanoparticles with scanning electron microscopy. they found that the shuttles did indeed pick up the nanoparticles and that they held on to them, with a loss rate of about 28 % over 12 minutes. they also found that dna stations are more effective than polymer ones. ' future challenges will be to combine the main components of a transport system : pick - up of cargo from defined locations, guided transport, and controlled discharge of the load at the final destination, ' commented vogel. she went on to caution : ' the problems are always in the details of working through the engineering challenges of interfacing biological molecules with synthetic devices. ' story posted : 24th august 2007", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.58171686496884, "token_count": 453, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.980948"} {"text": "materials science research rack heats up for valuable space station science have you ever wondered how we develop new materials or find out what properties we can change in existing materials to improve them? scientists and researchers at nasa are doing just that through materials science research using the materials science research rack ( msrr ) aboard the international space station materials science research is the applied study of the properties of matter and substances. this type of research in space benefits from the microgravity environment, and it allows researchers to isolate chemical and thermal properties of materials from the effects of gravity. the msrr is about the size of a large refrigerator and contains two furnace inserts that can heat materials to temperatures of 2, 500 degrees fahrenheit. cartridges are placed inside the furnace insert one at a time for processing. once a cartridge is in place, the experiment can be run from the ground. processed samples are returned to earth as soon as possible for evaluation and comparison of their properties to samples from similarly processed cartridges on the ground. researchers have used the rack to process 16 samples of different materials since the facility launched to the space station in 2009. in late 2011, there was a loss of communications between the msrr and the computer that controls it. the automatic safety procedures on the rack caused it to shut down as designed ; but, in doing so, it also caused the temperatures inside the furnace to exceed their normal limits. these higher temperatures caused some of the material inside the furnace to become bonded to the furnace itself. this required the station crew to clean the furnace and remove the materials. to prevent such an event from happening again, shawn reagan, manager of the msrr project at nasa ' s marshall space flight center in huntsville, ala., and his team worked with marshall engineers to design a software upgrade for the msrr. this update will prevent this scenario from occurring in the future, allowing the facility to begin processing samples again. \" the msrr has been a great tool in understanding how different materials like ceramics or metals react when heat is applied to them in space, \" said reagan. \" the original design of the software that controls the msrr called for it to shut down within 30 seconds of losing communications from the main computer that controls it. through our experience over the last several years on how the msrr operates, we were able to design a much more efficient software program that will allow the furnace to stay operating for up to three hours after losing communications. this will give researchers enough time to troubleshoot any problems and prevent any contamination of the furnace due to overheating", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5399610040769396, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.990672"} {"text": "were able to design a much more efficient software program that will allow the furnace to stay operating for up to three hours after losing communications. this will give researchers enough time to troubleshoot any problems and prevent any contamination of the furnace due to overheating of materials. \" getting the msrr back online is important because applied materials science is essential for the development of new, safer, stronger and more durable materials for use throughout everyday life. one of the goals of performing research in space is to gain a better understanding of the role of gravity in the microstructural development during solidification. one of the first experiments performed on the msrr melted and solidified an aluminum and silicon alloy. this type of processing typically is used for producing commercially important products such as high temperature turbine blades. the msrr was fired up on jan. 23 and began its work processing the first of 11 new samples that will be tested over the next several months. \" everything looks great and the first sample was processed successfully, \" said reagan. \" we are really proud of our team for working through these issues with the msrr and designing this software to make it work even better. this is what science is all about - - working through challenges and coming out of those with an even better product. \" nasa ' s marshall space flight center", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5464718465451828, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.991553"} {"text": "talking points on the environment # 14 checklist for endangered species act reform congress will soon take up the issue of endangered species act reform. before congress can devise a species protection plan that will work for all species - - both humans and wildlife - - it must first : - realize that the american people want genuine species protection and that an incentive - based plan must be devised. while most americans would object to the excesses of the current endangered species act - - excessive protections afforded the flat - spired snail, for example - - most favor some form of protection for the most valued species. the best way to protect these species while protecting individual liberty is through a voluntary, incentive - based - recognize that the current endangered species act has failed. some 900 plants and animals are currently listed as either \" endangered \" or \" threatened \" under the endangered species act ( esa ) and nearly 4, 000 other species are either candidates for future listing or are in the process of being listed. since the esa ' s inception 21 years ago, only 27 species have managed to get off the \" endangered \" list. of these, seven were delisted due to extinction. the remaining delistings were due to \" data error \" ( meaning the species was wrongly listed in the first place ), court orders, or species improvement unrelated to the esa. the esa has failed at its central mission - - protecting and recovering endangered and threatened species. - understand why the endangered species act has failed. the esa has failed because it creates perverse incentives that actually encourage the destruction of species habitat. under the esa, private landowners can be barred from engaging in activities such as farming if their property is identified as potential habitat for an endangered species. since the government offers no compensation for either the revenue or property value losses that result, landowners have an incentive to make sure their land will not attract species. they also have an incentive to harvest whatever natural resources their land possesses quickly while they still have access to them, damaging habitat in the - accept that a goal of reform is to eliminate injustice, not simply to limit that injustice to a relative few. the esa is fundamentally flawed and should be replaced. piecemeal reforms - - those that simply tinker with existing law - - will do little to protect endangered species and little to help those who have been forced to foot the bill for what is essentially a public good. a species protection plan that protects both species and individuals ' constitutionally - guaranteed private property rights is possible. but protection of property rights must be absolute : reforms that solve some of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4663432137550717, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.997197"} {"text": "have been forced to foot the bill for what is essentially a public good. a species protection plan that protects both species and individuals ' constitutionally - guaranteed private property rights is possible. but protection of property rights must be absolute : reforms that solve some of the esa ' s problems while continuing to place an unjust burden on small numbers of politically - powerless americans is unethical and doomed to failure. recommendations developed based on information from david ridenour of the national center for public policy research ; myron ebell, formerly of the american land rights association ; john shanahan of the heritage foundation ; \" perverse incentives and endangered species, \" by brian seasholes of the competitive enterprise institute, the washington times, april 6, 1995 ; and nwi resource, issue date : april 12, 1995 talking points on the economy : environment # 14, published by the national center for public policy research, 501 capitol ct ne, washington, d. c. 20002 tel. ( 202 ) 543 - 4110, fax ( 202 ) 543 - 5975, [ email protected ], http : / / www. nationalcenter / inter. net. for more information about talking points on the economy : environment # 14 contact bob adams at 202 / 543 - 4110 or < < < return to the science and environment < < < return to the talking points on the environment cards page < < < return to the ncppr home page", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4981500237835439, "token_count": 293, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:20.997764"} {"text": "by william wasden jr. introduction by cle \u2013 alls ( dr. john medicine horse kelly ) the potlatch is the traditional way that north america ' s northwest aboriginal people have always celebrated important events. potlatches are the gatherings at which communities install chiefs, adopt new family members, make peace and more. these lavish affairs include feasting, speeches, gift \u2013 giving, songs and dances. but, between 1884 and 1951, the canadian government outlawed our potlatches. since then, slowly, very slowly, we have begun anew to openly conduct these crucial celebrations and all that goes with them. non \u2013 aboriginal authorities also attempted to nullify our ability to identify ourselves in our own words. now, many of us are reviving our traditional names, both individuals and entire nations. as a haida, my taas laanaagaas clan ( sandy beach people ) gave me the name of my grandfather, the rev. minister peter kelly : cle \u2013 alls ( fireweed, or the orator ). that name is an immense honour. but it is an equally immense responsibility. i use cle \u2013 alls daily now and prefer it to my english name. a growing number of people in our region do the same. years ago, the great professor franz boas ( 1858 \u2013 1942 ) and his eminent disciples laboured long and hard to document our languages and cultures. i, for one, appreciate their efforts. however, even those well \u2013 meaning people made mistakes. for example, professor boas called one first nation the kwagui\u0142. but, the proper name that covers all those people is kwakwaka ' wakw. also, see how i have spelled kwagu ' \u0142? the \" \u0142 \" symbol refers to a special sound that is like a breathy ' t ' and ' l ' combined into one. but, it does not occur in english, so professor boas chose to write the \u0142 as \" tl \". it is as close as an english \u2013 only keyboard can get. the \u0142 sound suggests an important truth : northwest coastal aboriginal languages, dances, songs, stories, sounds, words and meanings belong solely to our peoples. we treat them as heirlooms, as other north americans regard gold, silver, or diamonds. northwest cultures are unique to the kwakwaka ' wakw nation and its neighbors, the salish, tlingit, tsimshian, nisga ' a and my own people, the haida.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4891876170116282, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.009872"} {"text": "( naturalnews ) contamination of water supplies and illegal use of veterinary drugs has led to the severe contamination of chinese fish farms, with potentially serious health consequences for those who eat the fish. china produces 70 percent of the world ' s farmed fish, and since the 1980s has become the biggest seafood exporter in the world. yet this growth has only exacerbated the pollution problems already facing china ' s water sources. the high density of fish farms in regions like the fuqing province in the south has led to the discharge of huge quantities of wastewater into already compromised rivers. \" our waters here are filthy, \" said ye chao, an eel and shrimp farmer from fuqing. \" there are simply too many aquaculture farms in this area. they ' re all discharging water here, fouling up other farms. \" the chinese government has declared more than half of the rivers in the country too polluted to drink from. many sections of fuqing ' s major waterway, the long river, have been declared too toxic for any use. pollution of river and coastal waters comes from rapidly growing industries that are discharging pesticides, oil, mercury, lead, copper and agricultural runoff. this pollution has caused massive die - offs at fish farms, leading farmers to illegally mix veterinary drugs into their ponds to try and keep their fish alive. according to farmers who eventually abandoned such practices, not using drugs led to an immediate 30 percent increase in fish mortality. beyond the health risks to the fish themselves, pollution causes the accumulation of toxic substances in the bodies of the fish, which poses a health risk to people who eat them. \" there are heavy metals, mercury and flame retardants in fish samples we ' ve tested, \" said ming hung wong, a biology at hong kong baptist university. wang wu, a professor from the shanghai fisheries university, attributes the problem to unbridled growth. \" for 50 years, we ' ve blindly emphasized economic growth, \" he said. \" the only pursuit has been gdp, and now we can see that the water turns dirty and the seafood gets dangerous. \" have comments on this article? post them here : people have commented on this article.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4387359213150581, "token_count": 443, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.016444"} {"text": "national scenic riverway wisconsin & minnesota free flowing and unpolluted, the namekagon and st. croix rivers flow through some of the most scenic and least developed country in the upper midwest. today 405 kilometers ( 252 miles ) of these rivers are preserved as part of the national wild and scenic rivers system. the st. croix national scenic riverway, which includes the namekagon, was established in 1968 as one of the original eight rivers under the national wild and scenic rivers act. the lower st. croix national scenic riverway was added to the system in 1972. together they form a riverway that offers outdoor enthusiasts achance to enjoy a wilderness - like experience and a variety of outdoor recreation opportunities within easy reach of a major metropolitan area. on the upper st. croix and namekagon rivers rapids challenge the canoeist, although none of the riverway ' s waters are classified as whitewater. at the lower end, where the river widens out as lake st. croix, power and sail boating are popular. campers, picnickers, swimmers, and birdwatchers enjoy its variety of scenes throughout. anglers are attracted by the variety of fish lurking in the rivers, from trout and bass to muskellunge and sturgeon. the riverway is managed through the cooperative efforts of - the national park service, - the minnesota and wisconsin departments of natural resources, and - the northern states power company. upper st. croix and namekagon the upper st. croix and namekagon part of the riverway offers varied canoe environments on 322 kilometers ( 200 miles ) of rivers. the namekagon river begins at namekagon lake dam. it lies entirely in wisconsin, flowing 158 kilometers ( 98 miles ) south and west to join the st. croix river near danbury. the namekagon begins as a narrow trout stream closed in by forest and meanders through a wide valley for much of its length. the river occasionally widens into marshy or swamp - like areas popular for waterfowl watching. the lower namekagon passes through an area of high sandy banks with many sharp bends. this stretch offers canoeists a wilderness - like experience because there is no development visible from the river. at four areas, dams form lake - like stretches called flowages. you can end canoe trips above these flowages, to avoid the slack water, or sort below the dams, to avoid having to portage. the st. croix river is designated as the st. croix river national scenic riverway starting at a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4258705986355201, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.027785"} {"text": "dalles, which formed as meltwaters from retreating glaciers cut a deep, vertical - walled gorge through bedrock. for about 3. 2 kilometers ( 2 miles ) here the st. croix, in places 21 - 30 meters ( 70 - 100 feet ) deep, flows its fastest. the dalles mostly lie within two interstate state parks. both offer short hiking trails to geologic features, and developed campgrounds, swimming beaches, picnic areas, and boat launch ramps. on the minnesota side you can rent a canoe or take a boat tour to see the scenic dalles from the best vantage point, right on the water. as it leaves the dalles, the river becomes wider and shallower and passes between high banks for the next 32 kilometers ( 20 miles ). although development is visible from the water for 24 kilometers ( 15 miles ) on this stretch, it is popular with canoeists. the shallower water, lack of rapids, and absence of large powerboat waves make it suitable for beginning canoeists. about 35 kilometers ( 22 miles ) below the dam the apple river flows into the st. croix, creating a large sandbar. near here the river becomes deeper and slower - moving. large powerboating becomes the major use. forty - three kilometers ( 27 miles ) downstream the valley widens still more and, for the last 40 kilometers ( 25 miles ) of riverway, the river is known as lake st. croix. here you enter the state - administered area. from near stillwater, minnesota, the riverway ' s largest city, south to afton, minnesota, shoreline development is more visible and the area is classified recreational. near hudson, wisconsin, south of stillwater, the river reaches its maximum width, 2, 255 meters ( 7, 400 feet ) and sail - boating predominates. further south the river passes two developing state parks, one on either side. the general park map handed out at the visitor center is available on the park ' s map webpage. for information about topographic maps, geologic maps, and geologic data sets, please see the geologic maps page. a geology photo album has not been prepared for this park. for information on other photo collections featuring national park geology, please see the image sources page. currently, we do not have a listing for a park - specific geoscience book. the park ' s geology may be described in regional or state geology texts. parks and plates : the geology of our national parks, monuments & seashores. lillie, robert j., 2005.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44867027600970155, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.030333"} {"text": "a park - specific geoscience book. the park ' s geology may be described in regional or state geology texts. parks and plates : the geology of our national parks, monuments & seashores. lillie, robert j., 2005. w. w. norton and company. 9 \" x 10. 75 \", paperback, 550 pages, full color throughout the spectacular geology in our national parks provides the answers to many questions about the earth. the answers can be appreciated through plate tectonics, an exciting way to understand the ongoing natural processes that sculpt our landscape. parks and plates is a visual and scientific voyage of discovery! ordering from your national park cooperative associations ' bookstores helps to support programs in the parks. please visit the bookstore locator for park books and much more. st. croix national scenic riverway still has much to learn about the riverway and the species that inhabit it. park staff and researchers set up studies to establish baseline inventories and monitor population trends. inventories are a snapshot in time of a particular population. monitoring looks at those populations and track how they change over time. information about the park ' s research program is available on the park ' s research webpage. for information about permits that are required for conducting geologic research activities in national parks, see the permits information page. the nps maintains a searchable data base of research needs that have been identified by parks. a bibliography of geologic references is being prepared for each park through the geologic resources evaluation program ( gre ). please see the gre website for more information and contacts. nps geology and soils partnersassociation of american state geologists geological society of america natural resource conservation service - soils u. s. geological survey general information about the park ' s education and intrepretive programs is available on the park ' s education webpage. for resources and information on teaching geology using national park examples, see the students & teachers pages.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5118080202735669, "token_count": 396, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.031495"} {"text": "born at belbrook house, mountrath, queen ' s county, ireland, 1810 ; died at manchester, n. h., 17 september, 1884. left motherless in infancy, she was confined to the care of a maternal grant - aunt who undertook the formation of her religious character according to the method of fenelon. naturally of a gay disposition, she was carried away by the frivolities of fashionable life until her scruples led her to confide in her director. she followed his advice in offering her services to the foundress of the congregation of the sisters of mercy, whom she assisted in instructing the little inmates of the house for homeless children recently erected. assuming the plain black habit of the institution in 1828, she conducted the affairs of the home while mother mcauley and two foundress companions were making their novitiate in the presentation convent of george ' s hill preparatory to the founding of the new congregation. after their return as professed sisters of mercy she and six companions assumed the garb of the congregation. in 1837 sister mary francis xavier was appointed superior of the convent at carlow, which had been built under her supervision and was the first house of the congregation outside of dublin. in 1839 she founded the convent of naas and in 1840 that of weyford, to which soon after its establishment the public orphan asylum was affiliated. from wexford foundations have been sent out as far as australia. the convent of sligo is perhaps the most noteworthy of her irish foundations on account of its flourishing training - school for teachers. in 1843 bishop o ' connor of pittsburgh applied to carlow for a foundation for his diocese, and mother warde with a band of six left for america. at pittsburgh the sisters took charge of the cathedral sunday school and the instruction of adults. mother warde ' s power of language and sympathy allied to ardent zeal won many to the church. parochial schools and academies, visitation of the sick poor in their houses and in the poor house, visitation of the penitentiary, and the opening of the first hospital in pittsburgh followed each other in rapid succession. in 1846 a foundation was made in chicago in compliance with mother warde ' s promise to bishop quarter. in 1848 she opened a second branch house in the alleghanies on land given by the reverend demetrius gallitzin within the limits of his catholic settlement of loretto. in 1850, though the \" knownothings \" had recently burned the convent of the ursulines near boston, mother warde accepted the invitation of bishop", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.36184613940031146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.043177"} {"text": "given by the reverend demetrius gallitzin within the limits of his catholic settlement of loretto. in 1850, though the \" knownothings \" had recently burned the convent of the ursulines near boston, mother warde accepted the invitation of bishop o ' reilly of hartford to open a house in providence. after the sisters ' installation a mob surrounded the convent, threatening them with death if they would not immediately vacate the premises. mother warde exacted a promise from each of their catholic defenders that no shot would be fired except in self defence, and the sisters held possession of the convent. one of the rioters had remarked to his companions : we made our plans without reckoning the odds we shall have to contend with in the strong controlling force the presence of that nun commands. the only honourable course for us is to retreat from this ill - conceived fray. i, for one, shall not lift a hand to harm these ladies. in 1852 mother warde opened houses in hartford and new haven to which free schools were attached ; later on academies were opened and the works of mercy inaugurated. in 1854 mrs. goodloe harper, daughter of charles carroll of carrollton, donated to the congregation a house and some ground at newport, r. i., for a convent and schools. her daughter, miss emily harper, was also a generous benefactor. in 1857 free and select schools were opened at rochester, and later at buffalo, by desire of bishop timon. on 16 july, 1858, mother warde and a band of missionaries left providence for manchester, by invitation of bishop bacon of portland, and there established night schools for factory children. st. mary ' s academy was opened the same year. in 1861, at the request of bishop wood, mother warde opened a convent at philadelphia, where free schools and the works of mercy were instituted. in 1864 a foundation was sent to omaha ; in 1865 a branch house and schools were opened at bangor, maine ; in 1871 a colony of sisters was sent to yreka, california, and north whitefield mission, maine, was undertaken by mother warde, who likewise sent foundations to jersey city, bordentown, and princeton, n. j. in 1857 bishop bacon requested her to open an orphanage in portland, but a disastrous fire delayed the work until 1872, when the burlington foundation had been begun. the kavanagh school was given to the sisters by miss winifred kavanagh ; an academy was also opened at portland. on the feast of the exaltation of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40370292311161027, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.045937"} {"text": "delayed the work until 1872, when the burlington foundation had been begun. the kavanagh school was given to the sisters by miss winifred kavanagh ; an academy was also opened at portland. on the feast of the exaltation of the holy cross, 1878, mother warde sent the sisters to labour among the indians of maine at old town, pleasant point, and dana ' s point. the government builds the schools houses and pays the sisters salaries for teaching the indian children. mother warde ' s last works were the opening of an old ladies ' home and a young ladies ' academy at deering, maine. at the time of her golden jubilee in 1883 mother warde was the oldest sister of mercy living. her salient characteristics were great purity of heart, earnestness of purpose, sincerity, and large - mindedness. she was exceedingly reserved, but sympathizing and compassionate towards others. endowed with rare common - sense, she was an optimist in all things. in appearance she was of medium height, erect, and of commanding presence ; her forehead was high, and her blue eyes deeply set. life of mother m. xavier warde ( manchester ) ; annals of sisters of mercy, iii - iv. apa citation. ( 1912 ). mary francis xavier warde. in the catholic encyclopedia. new york : robert appleton company. http : / / www. newadvent. org / cathen / 15553a. htm mla citation. \" mary francis xavier warde. \" the catholic encyclopedia. vol. 15. new york : robert appleton company, 1912. < http : / / www. newadvent. org / cathen / 15553a. htm >. transcription. this article was transcribed for new advent by thomas m. barrett. dedicated to my grandmother, mary loretta ashley barrett. ecclesiastical approbation. nihil obstat. october 1, 1912. remy lafort, s. t. d., censor. imprimatur. + john cardinal farley, archbishop of new york. contact information. the editor of new advent is kevin knight. my email address is feedback732 at newadvent. org. ( to help fight spam, this address might change occasionally. ) regrettably, i can ' t reply to every letter, but i greatly appreciate your feedback \u2014 especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38737532521231677, "token_count": 495, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.047875"} {"text": "even a material 10 billion times as strong as steel has a breaking point. it seems neutron stars may shatter under extreme forces, explaining puzzling x - ray flares. neutron stars are dense remnants of stars gone supernova, packing the mass of the sun into a sphere the size of a city. their cores may be fluid, but their outer surfaces are solid and extremely tough - making graphene, the strongest material on earth, look like tissue paper by comparison. these shells may shatter, though, in the final few seconds before a pair of neutron stars merges to form a black hole - a union thought to generate explosions known as short gamma - ray bursts. david tsang of the california institute of technology in pasadena and colleagues have calculated how the mutual gravitational pull of such stars will distort their shape, creating moving tidal bulges. as the stars spiral towards each other, orbiting ever faster, they squeeze and stretch each other ever faster too. a few seconds before the stars merge, the frequency of this squeezing and stretching matches the frequency at which one of the stars vibrates most easily. this creates a resonance that boosts the vibrations dramatically, causing the star ' s crust to crack in many places - just as a wine glass may shatter when a certain note is sung, the team says ( physical review letters, doi : 10. 1103 / physrevlett. 108. 011102 ). the star ' s gravity is too powerful to let the pieces fly away, but the sudden movement can disturb its magnetic field, accelerating electrons and leading to a powerful x - ray flare. that could explain observations by nasa ' s swift satellite in which a blast of x - rays preceded some short gamma - ray bursts by a few seconds. combining observations of x - ray flares with those of gravitational waves emitted by the stars as they spiral together could fix the exact frequency at which the shattering occurs, which would reveal more about the stars ' mysterious interiors, says tsang. if you would like to reuse any content from new scientist, either in print or online, please contact the syndication department first for permission. new scientist does not own rights to photos, but there are a variety of licensing options available for use of articles and graphics we own the copyright to. have your say only subscribers may leave comments on this article. please log in. only personal subscribers may leave comments on this article", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5376779219737293, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.053655"} {"text": "how to learn 5000 words 1. choose your level for easy english news. 2. read every news article in your level once. 3. look at all new words in the dictionary. 4. read the article again. 5. if there is audio or video under the article, listen to it. listen to it many times. stop only when you understand perfectly all the words. 6. listen to old articles and check if you still understand them. if you read and listen to one article every day, your reading and listening skills can be better fast. you will learn very fast and after some time you will not have to translate into your own language. you will simply understand. why? when you learn english, you have to learn in the whole sentences and in context. you have to learn how to understand with no translations. when you listen to people in your native language, you don ' t translate. you simply understand. the same has to be in english. students who translate english texts, do exercises and do tests are very good at translating, doing exercises and doing tests, but they have usually a big problem with english listening and understanding fast in real life. in real life, nobody waits for your translation. people usually use simple and basic english when they speak but they use it fast. you have to understand with no translation like in your native language. if not, you cannot be part of communication because you are slow. these words are maybe hard but they are true. you also have to hear every new word 5 to 10 times if you want to remember it. that ' s why we use the same words in one level. if you read and hear the same words again and again, you will understand them and remember them. if you know words from one level perfectly well, you can go to a higher level and learn new words. it is important to go step by step, and read and listen to words which are used in english often. this is what we do. in our short news, we use words which are used in english often. level 1 has 1000 most important words. level 2 has 3000 words and in level 3 we use 5000 most important words. so, if you want to understand english fast and learn fast, read one article or more a day. you can improve your reading and listening fast. we are trying to do everything possible to help you learn english fast and understand it. that ' s why we prepare easy english news for you. when you use this website every day, you can learn 5000 words which you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4256755802673197, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.056690"} {"text": "xanthoma is a skin condition in which certain fats build up under the surface of the skin. xanthomas are common, particularly among older adults and people with high blood lipids. xanthomas vary in size. some are very small, while others are bigger than 3 inches in diameter. they may appear anywhere on the body, but are most often seen on the elbows, joints, tendons, knees, hands, feet, or buttocks. they may be a sign of a medical condition that involves an increase in blood lipids. such conditions include : xanthelasma palpebra, a common type of xanthoma that appears on the eyelids and may occur without any underlying medical condition, is not necessarily associated with elevated cholesterol or lipids. a xanthoma looks like a sore or bump under the skin. it ' s usually flat, soft to the touch, and yellow in color. it has sharp, distinct edges. your health care provider will examine the skin. usually, a diagnose of xanthoma can be made by looking at your skin. a biopsy of the growth will show a fatty deposit. you may have blood tests done to check lipid levels, liver function, and for diabetes. if you have a disease that causes increased blood lipids, treating the condition may help reduce the development of xanthomas. if the growth bothers you, your doctor may remove it. however, xanthomas may come back after surgery. the growth is non - cancerous and painless, but may be a sign of another medical condition. the growth may cause a change in how you look. this is called cosmetic disfiguring. call your health care provider if xanthomas develop. they may indicate an underlying disorder that needs treatment. control of blood lipids, including triglycerides and cholesterol levels, may help to reduce development of xanthomas. skin growths - fatty ; xanthelasma errors in metabolism. james wd, berger tg, elston dm, eds. andrews ' diseases of the skin : clinical dermatology. 10th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2005 : chap 26. massengale wt, nesbitt lt jr. xanthomas. in : bolognia jl, jorizzo jl, rapini rp, eds. : dermatology. 2nd ed. philadelphia, pa : mo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4921943368657731, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.061636"} {"text": "##engale wt, nesbitt lt jr. xanthomas. in : bolognia jl, jorizzo jl, rapini rp, eds. : dermatology. 2nd ed. philadelphia, pa : mosby elsevier ; 2008 : chap 91. semenkovich cf. disorders of lipid metabolism. in : goldman l, ausiello d, eds. cecil medicine. 23rd ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier. 2007 : chap 217. updated by : kevin berman, md, phd, atlanta center for dermatologic disease, atlanta, ga. review provided by verimed healthcare network. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m., inc. the information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. a licensed physician should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. call 911 for all medical emergencies. links to other sites are provided for information only - - they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. copyright 1997 - 2013, a. d. a. m., inc. duplication for commercial use must be authorized in writing by adam health solutions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47544759357038113, "token_count": 265, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.062167"} {"text": "we have been chatting about lowercase ls a lot around here lately because my son recently gained a new sight word fire ( it \u2019 s always all in caps on extinguishers, fire doors etc.. ) \u2013 and the uppercase i throws him off sometimes. so we had a brief discussion about fonts ( using your computer to show all the silly different ways to make the same letter is a great way to play with that idea ), and decided since we were talking so much about this letter we \u2019 d use it for this week \u2019 s craft. - gather your materials. you will need a full sheet of blue construction paper, some white, yellow and red as well. glue, blue markers, scissors and sea life stickers. - write a lowercase l on some white paper. - start by having your child draw waves on the paper. i was so surprised that this was my son \u2019 s favorite part, he was so into it, carefully drawing squiggly lines. - next add sea life to the ocean. this is not a must do step but i think it \u2019 s important to reinforce some learning about the sea. we took time to talk about the different animals on the stickers ( crabs, sea horses, fish and starfish ) and peeling those little stickers off is great fine motor practice. - while they are working on their ocean, cut out the red roof and yellow ray of light. - hand them the lowercase l, ask them what letter it is, sounds it makes and why you are making it into a lighthouse. - my son insisted on making red stripes on it, so i grabbed him a crayon. ( mental note where is my red marker?? can \u2019 t find it anywhere. ) - cut the l out. - add glue to your ocean - add your lighthouse, my son \u2019 s was way to the right only because he didn \u2019 t want to cover any of his stickers. place yours wherever as long as it \u2019 s vertical. - add the roof - add the ray of light and let dry. over the irish sea when i was 1 i sucked my thumb and then i went to sea i climbed aboard a pirate ship and the captain said to me \u201c let \u2019 s go this way, and that way. backwards and forwards, over the irish sea! \u201d * continue counting with rhyming words like 2 and shoe, 3 and knee etc books about the sea! stanley at sea by linda bailey made me giggle. the story is about 4 dogs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4679365240268076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.079012"} {"text": "way. backwards and forwards, over the irish sea! \u201d * continue counting with rhyming words like 2 and shoe, 3 and knee etc books about the sea! stanley at sea by linda bailey made me giggle. the story is about 4 dogs that go out to sea unintentionally when they are searching for food. while out there they start wondering when outside will end because the sea is so wide and they are so far from land. one dog suggest that outside will end when then hit a fence. sure enough they hit what they think is a fence, what readers know is a tanker and are rescued and fed steak and sausages they can eat before being returned to their owners. doggie nirvana for sure. i love that the book is presented through the dog \u2019 s perspective, it gives young kids a chance to laugh and correct the dogs ideas about the things they encounter. my very own lighthouse by francisco cunha is a book about what it \u2019 s like to watch a parent go out to sea while you wait at home for their safe return. the little girl in this book is worried about her dad who is a fisherman so her mom explains to her why there are lighthouses. she decides to make her very own so that she can keep her daddy safe. i love the authors deep understanding of childhood anxiety, and how he has her gain some control by making her very own lighthouse with toys and a star. it \u2019 s not realism ( using a star as the light ), but any child will relate to the shift in power from being afraid and having nightmares to feeling as though she is actively helping keep her dad safe. a sea - wishing day by robert heidbreder is a wonderful tale of adventure, pirates, mermaids and treasure! the best part the little boy and his canine companion never really leave his backyard in the city, instead the adventure is all in their imagination. anyone with a preschooler will appreciate this book, playing pretend is a huge part of most 3 - 5 year old \u2019 s playtime, and it should be. this book encourages, as well as celebrates that as this little boy discovers adventures on the high sea. you may also like : boat b! when i presented my son with 4 different b themes to choose from his choice was clear, \u201c boat bbbb boat, boat let \u2019 s make a boat! \u201d so we did. i have been enjoying watching him trace the letters now instead of scribbling on them randomly like he used to. it \u2019 s clear his ability to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4841017583696735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.080091"} {"text": ", \u201c boat bbbb boat, boat let \u2019 s make a boat! \u201d so we did. i have been enjoying watching him trace the letters now instead of scribbling on them randomly like he used to. it \u2019 s clear his ability to write is naturally emerging and i am tickled to see it come out like this. what new development have you seen your child do recently? leave a comment and share! - gather your materials. you will need 3 full sheets of construction paper, and one smaller blue piece for waves, glue, scissors and markers. the letter stickers are optional. - start by writing a large lowercase b on one sheet of construction paper. - have your child decorate it as they see fit. mine like i said is big into tracing, which is very interesting since i have never once done a letter tracing work sheet with him. - while they do that draw 2 sails and a boat on another sheet, as well as some waves on the smaller blue piece. - have them color the sail and boat with markers when they are done with the b. - my son insisted on cutting out the waves himself. so i grabbed his scissors too. i cut out the boat and sails while he was doing this. - glue the waves on the remaining full sheet of paper. - glue the b on and add the glue for the boat and sails. - add the sails. - add the boat. - give the boat a name - using the letter stickers and let dry. sail away by donald crews was a huge hit. i can \u2019 t say i am surprised at all my son loves this author and it \u2019 s easy to understand why. the text is simple, as is the premise of the book. readers don \u2019 t get deeply invested in the characters, they are faceless people on a sail boat, instead the focus is on the boat istself. where it goes, how the weather affects it and how it gets beck to where it started from. i have always enjoyed the use of light in donald crews books, you don \u2019 t have to explain to your child that a storm is coming or that time has passed because the light in the illustrations does the explaining for you. great boat book! toy boat by randall de seve is a story that will pull at your heart as well as make you cheer, well it made my 3 year old cheer anyway! a little boy makes his very own toy boat and plays with it, in the tub and even sleeps with it. one day when he is at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48907391549411416, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.081359"} {"text": "pull at your heart as well as make you cheer, well it made my 3 year old cheer anyway! a little boy makes his very own toy boat and plays with it, in the tub and even sleeps with it. one day when he is at the beach it floats off into the open ocean. it \u2019 s turbulent, scary and well anxious to see this tiny boat made of household things fight the waves. my son was visibly shaken by it \u2019 s unintentional freedom. with a little help from a friendly fishing boat the toy boat returns home and both boat and boy rejoice. this is a common theme for boat books - but the illustrations by loren long really help this one stand out above the others. my son cheered every time we read the part when they are reunited! more boat crafts & books pretend play activities that combine imaginative play with crafts are our favorite things to do lately. also our supplies are made up of many recycled and reusable materials. this can be done with boxes, wagons pretty much anything your child can sit in! when they are pretending go along with their suggestions and let them lead. it \u2019 s your turn to ask \u201c why? \u201d and follow along. most of all have fun. - gather your materials. we are using a laundry basket, some party streamers, a wrapping paper tube, some painters tape, pipe cleaners, a paper grocery bag, sticky back foam, markers and scissors. - start by having your child decorate the mast of the sail ( aka the wrapping paper tube ) with markers and foam. - while they are doing that, draw a sail on the inside of the grocery bag. - fold and cut two layers ( so the inside is facing out ) of sail. - decorate the sail with markers and foam. - tape the sail to the mast. i am using painters tape because my son likes the blue. any tape will work. - decorate the boat. we weaved the party streamers in and out of the little holes on the sides of our basket. i didn \u2019 t want anything sticky in the basket since my laundry does sometimes get put in it. - attach the mast. i am using pipe cleaners wrapped around the tube and tied to the basket. like i said above i didn \u2019 t want sticky tape residue on my basket. if you are using a box no biggie but this worked for us. i covered the sharp edges with painters tape which also won \u2019 t leave a residue. - all aboard! we played ferry boat, and the drink you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43430444079468444, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.082938"} {"text": "residue on my basket. if you are using a box no biggie but this worked for us. i covered the sharp edges with painters tape which also won \u2019 t leave a residue. - all aboard! we played ferry boat, and the drink you see was part of our pretend play. i had to be the lady in the ferry cafeteria and make him a drink before he got back in his honda and we docked. hey it got some banana into him too! - gather your materials. you will need construction paper, a blue marker, scissors and glue. - give your child the marker and a piece of construction paper to draw the water and waves. - while they are drawing the turbulent sea, cut out a semi circle, a long thin rectangle, two triangles and 3 small circles. - when they are done break out the glue! add the glue for the boat first. - add the semi circle boat. - next add the glue for the mast and the rectangle. - time to add the triangles - dot on three dots of glue for the port holes. - add the little circles. - sail away! \u201c the seaside switch \u201d by kathleen v. kudlinski is a book packed with information about tides and creatures in the sea. as a child i found nothing more fascinating than a tide pool and all the scurrying crabs and this book captures that. it \u2019 s main story is how the tide changes throughout the day and brings with it different animals. the book is too long for most toddlers but my son enjoyed pointing out the animals in the book. \u201d busy boats \u201d by tony mitton is a fun little book packed full of good information about boats. the text is short, rhymes and matches the illustrations perfectly. it \u2019 s hard to find non fiction books that small ones will sit for and listen to, the cartoon characters in this book will grab and keep your child \u2019 s attention, i also like how small the books are, perfect for car rides and longer travel! boats are big deals around our house, i hope you like our creation! - gather your materials. you will need a paper towel roll, the top of an egg carton, some tissue paper, glue, paint scissors and tape. - paint the egg carton. we used the dot a art paint, because it goes on with very little mess and had a playdate shortly after art time but any paint will do, just keep it thin so it doesn \u2019 t saturate the carton. - next up the paper towel roll mast", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44232023897173456, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.085676"} {"text": "art paint, because it goes on with very little mess and had a playdate shortly after art time but any paint will do, just keep it thin so it doesn \u2019 t saturate the carton. - next up the paper towel roll mast! - while your child is painting, cut the tissue paper into a sail. - glue onto the mast. - add a layer of tape on top to keep the sail in place. you don \u2019 t have to do this but i find tissue paper is so flimsy that i did 3 layers and needed glue on the bottom and tape on top. - glue the mast onto the boat, i poured a ton of glue and stuck the roll into it. let dry. - voila, your boat is beautiful and environmentally responsible! \u201d an island in the soup \u201c by mirelle levert is an award winning book, and it \u2019 s easy to see why. the story follows a little boy who refusing to eat imagines a fantasy world in his bowl of soup, it rains peas and carrots and he encounters a bad fairy but in the end he eats his delicious soup. the illustrations are perfect although the bad fairy \u2019 s unibrow is very very frightening! \u201d busy boats \u201d by tony mitton is s cute little book that uses cartoony characters to help explain all about boats and how they work. this is a perfect book for children who \u2019 s attention isn \u2019 t held by a non fiction book, but wants to know more about boats!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4324699302113519, "token_count": 303, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.086297"} {"text": "internet citizen science databases salamander study : this project has students collect data on the proximity of salamanders to a stream. during the field portion, students check under \" wood cookies \" for salamander locations. what are the abiotic conditions when salamanders are found further from the stream? explore our data to find out. ozone bio - monitoring study : ground - level ozone creates visible symptoms on sensitive plants that are exposed to this invisible air pollutant. students collect data on the percent of ozone damage covering leaves on plants growing in our monitoring garden. explore the data to find out what the symptom looks like, how quickly it progresses and how you might be able to monitor in your schoolyard. terrestrial invertebrate study : changes in climate can result in subtle shifts in phenology ( life cycle events such as when an insect emerges or when a plant blooms ). students collect data on insect orders found living in decaying leaves in our study plot. explore the data to find out if the appearance of certain insects is shifting over time. water quality study : all streams in the smokies originate in the park but even they are not pristine because of acid deposition and recreational activities in the park. compare data collected by students in the park with a stream near your schoolyard. how does the ph differ, which location gets the most stonefly larvae? lichen monitoring : lichens absorb nutrients from the air when they are wet which makes them sensitivie to acid deposition. data is collected on the perecentage of coverage of three different lichen growth forms on selected trees throughout great smoky mountains national park. are sensitive lichen growth forms being replaced by more tolerant groups? using the databases, students can compare changes over time and geography. hands on history : search photos, transcribed interviews and other first hand personal accounts of life in the region before great smoky mountains became a national park. there is also a database containing information from every cemetery and every gravestone located in the smokies. check out the teacher resource section for classroom activities. how to participate click any of the database links to explore our student citizen science research projects. are you doing a similar study in your own schoolyard? add your location to the hands on the land database to track your own research findings. just become a member of the hands on the land network of educators. - grade levels : - third grade - graduate level ( masters, phd ) - anthropology, aquatic studies, biodiversity, biology : animals, biology : plants, botany", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5228048383632098, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.089264"} {"text": "for immediate release06 - 07 to conduct aerial survey of deer in kensico basin commissioner emily lloyd of the new york city department of environmental protection ( dep ) announced today that within the next two weeks the dep is going to conduct an aerial survey of the deer population in the area surrounding the kensico reservoir the survey will use an infrared camera mounted on a single engine cessna airplane, and will be conducted at night from an altitude of approximately 1000 feet. the study will map the deer population within a 4 - mile by 6 - mile area of westchester covering the kensico drainage basin. \u201c deer can have a detrimental effect on watershed areas by reducing or eliminating forest regeneration, \u201d said commissioner lloyd. \u201c damage to the forests can lead to loose or unstable soil, which then increases the amount of soil that runs off into the water system during and after a rainfall or snow melt. more data are needed if officials are to develop an effective strategy for managing the deer herd in the county. \u201d a healthy, vigorously growing forest consumes more nutrients, reducing the amount of nutrients in watercourses and reservoirs and thereby aiding in water quality protection. a resilient forest with various sizes of trees is also able to recover faster from various events, such as damage from weather. dep has worked extensively with westchester county and pace university on the effects of whitetail deer. a conference on deer management was held at pace in november 2005, which led to the decision by dep to conduct the deer survey. survey work will be done by vision air research of boise, idaho, using a red and white cessna. the flight will be coordinated with the federal aviation administration so as to not interfere with operations at westchester county airport.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4464078179586282, "token_count": 347, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.091652"} {"text": "us youth soccer has recently adopted a sports concussion protocol. everyone should develop an awareness and watch for this type of injury. us youth soccer concussion resources us youth soccer concussion procedure and protocol us youth soccer concussion notification form crucial concussion evaluation info for coaches by dev k. mishra, m. d. how should a coach evaluate a young athlete for a possible concussion? the key word in that first sentence is \u201c possible, \u201d meaning that a coach who is not medically trained should not make the definitive diagnosis of a concussion. your job is to assess the athlete and determine whether you suspect a concussion, remove that athlete from play, and send the athlete for evaluation by a medical professional trained in sports concussion management. i highly recommend the pocket scat2 concussion assessment tool, which you can download here < http : / / www. sportconcussionlibrary. com / content / concussion - information - coaches - and - first - responders - trainerstherapists >, under the heading \" assessment tools. \" if your athlete has taken contact and has any one of the features noted on the card you should suspect a concussion and remove the athlete from play : * loss of consciousness * seizure or convulsion * \u201c pressure in head \u201d * neck pain * nausea or vomiting * blurred vision * balance problems * sensitivity to light * sensitivity to noise * feeling slowed down * feeling like \u201c in a fog \u201c * \u201c don \u2019 t feel right \u201d * difficulty concentrating * difficulty remembering * fatigue or low energy * more emotional * nervous or anxious the downloads available at the sports concussion library < http : / / www. sportconcussionlibrary. com / content / concussion - information - coaches - and - first - responders - trainerstherapists > offer more detailed information, and should be studied by coaches. if the athlete is unconscious, do not move, shake, or attempt to rouse the athlete. call for emergency medical transportation immediately. stay with the athlete until help arrives. if the athlete is unconscious it is a medical emergency. as our knowledge about concussion has improved it \u2019 s clear to us that the definition of concussion needs to change. long gone are the days when an athlete needed to be knocked unconscious or close to unconscious before it was deemed a concussion. we know now that even a headache that happens after contact to the player \u2019 s head, player \u2019 s body, or by the ground to the player \u2019 s body can be an early indicator of a concussion. essentially, the definition of concussion is quite a bit broader than it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4939390330026729, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.095910"} {"text": "a headache that happens after contact to the player \u2019 s head, player \u2019 s body, or by the ground to the player \u2019 s body can be an early indicator of a concussion. essentially, the definition of concussion is quite a bit broader than it once was. what that means for the coach is that there are going to be a lot more suspected concussions. it means that you \u2019 ll likely deal with situations where you \u2019 ll ask yourself questions such as \u201c it \u2019 s just a headache, do i really have to hold this player out after something like that? \u201d my advice to you : yes, you need to hold that player out of practice or competition and the player should seek medical attention urgently. use your best judgment and be overly cautious. the final phrasing on the scat2 card says what you need very clearly : \u201c any athlete with a suspected concussion should be immediately removed from play, urgently assessed medically, should not be left alone and should not drive a motor vehicle. \u201d ( dr. dev k. mishra is the creator of the sidelinesportsdoc. com < http : / / sidelinesportsdoc. com / > injury management program for coaches. he is an orthopedic surgeon in private practice in burlingame, calif. he is a member of the team physician pool with the u. s. soccer federation and has served as team physician at the university of california, berkeley. this article first appeared on sidelinesportsdoc. com < http : / / blog. sidelinesportsdoc. com / >. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4703342133933862, "token_count": 322, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.096724"} {"text": "oecd home \u203a environment \u203a publications & documents \u203a news release most of the action to address climate change will need to take place in developing countries, but developed countries should shoulder much of the cost, said oecd secretary - general angel gurria today in a speech at the united nations climate conference in bali. the impact of climate change and urban development could more than triple the number of people around the world exposed to coastal flooding by 2070, according to a new report by the oecd, co - authored by experts from academia and the private sector. in russia 47 million people are exposed to high concentrations of nitrous dioxide. half the population in rural tajikistan, and one - third in moldova, lack access to clean water. leaded petrol is sold legally in tajikistan and turkmenistan. many regions in the alps had the warmest november on record, delaying the arrival of snow by several weeks and worrying ski operators. as the first flurries are coating alpine slopes, questions arise : was this balmy autumn an exception or a harbinger of the effects.. nahezu alle skigebiete in deutschland und rund 70 prozent der skiregionen in osterreich mussen durch den klimawandel um die schneesicherheit furchten und damit um die wirtschaftliche grundlage des wintertourismus. klimawandel in den alpen : anpassung des wintertourismus und des naturgefahrenmanagements - nahezu alle skigebiete in deutschland und rund 70 prozent der skiregionen in osterreich mussen durch den klimawandel um die schneesicherheit furchten und damit um die wirtschaftliche grundlage des wintertourismus. in der schweiz zeigt sich ein geteiltes bild : auch in den meisten skigebieten im berner oberland, in der zentralschweiz, im waadtland the oecd global forum on sustainable development, in cooperation with the world bank and agence francaise de developpement, will discuss how governments in developing countries can work with local private water companies to provide affordable safe water and basic sanitation. oecd secretary - general angel gurria has welcomed the publication this week of the stern review to the uk government on the economic consequences of climate change. the report was compiled by sir nicholas stern, former chief", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4241398841031452, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.099627"} {"text": "hip size of mothers linked to breast cancer in daughters 02 / 21 / 11 portland, ore. in a study of the maternity records of more than 6, 000 women, david j. p. barker, m. d., ph. d., and kent thornburg, ph. d., of oregon health & science university discovered a strong correlation between the size and shape of a woman ' s hips and her daughter ' s risk of breast cancer. wide, round hips, the researchers postulated, represent markers of high sex hormone concentrations in the mother, which increase her daughter ' s vulnerability to breast cancer. a woman ' s hips are shaped at puberty when the growth of the hip bones is controlled by sex hormones but is also influenced by the level of nutrition. every woman has a unique sex hormone profile which is established at puberty and persists through her reproductive life. the study ' s findings show for the first time that the pubertal growth spurt of girls is strongly associated with the risk of breast cancer in their daughters. the study, carried out with colleagues in finland and the united kingdom, is described in an article just published online by the peer - reviewed american journal of human biology. the authors followed up on 6, 370 women born in helsinki from 1934 to 1944 whose mothers ' pelvic bones were measured during routine prenatal care. the study found that breast cancer rates were more than three times higher among the women in the cohort, born at or after term, whose mothers had wide hips they were more than seven times higher if those mothers had already given birth to one or more children. a woman ' s vulnerability to breast cancer, the study found, was greater if her mother ' s \" intercristal diameter \" - the widest distance between the wing - like structures at the top of the hip bone - was more than 30 centimeters, or 11. 8 inches. the risk also was higher if these wing - like structures were round. the breast cancer risk was 2. 5 times higher for the daughters of women in whom the widest distance was more than 3 centimeters greater than the distance at the front. barker, professor of medicine ( cardiovascular medicine ) in the ohsu school of medicine as well as professor of clinical epidemiology at the university of southampton in the u. k., is internationally known for discovering the relationship between low birth weight and the lifetime risk for coronary heart disease and other medical disorders, which the british medical journal has named the barker hypothesis. he has published more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49414187322310266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.105682"} {"text": "university of southampton in the u. k., is internationally known for discovering the relationship between low birth weight and the lifetime risk for coronary heart disease and other medical disorders, which the british medical journal has named the barker hypothesis. he has published more than 200 papers and written or edited five books about the developmental origins of chronic disease. he was honored in 2005 with the prestigious danone international prize for nutrition for his pioneering research. the ohsu study published today proposes that breast cancer is initiated in the first trimester of a pregnancy by exposure of the embryo ' s developing breast tissue to the mother ' s circulating sex hormones. the primary mammary cord, which gives rise to milk - producing breast lobules, develops in the fetus at 10 weeks. the fetal breast is known to be stimulated by circulating hormones ; the intensity of the stimulation is such that half of all newborn babies have breast secretions. \" our findings support the hypothesis that wide round hips reflect high levels of sex hormone production at puberty, which persist after puberty and adversely affect breast development of the daughters in early gestation, \" the authors commented. they could only speculate, they said, on the exact nature of this adverse effect but pointed out : \" catechol estrogen, a metabolite or estradiol, is thought to cause chromosomal instability by breaking dna strands. high catechol estrogen concentrations in the maternal circulation could produce genetic instability in differentiating breast epithelial cells, which would make the breast vulnerable to cancer in later life. \" \" epidemiological findings of this kind aren ' t designed to define precise biological or molecular mechanisms, \" said grover bagby, m. d., deputy director of the ohsu cancer institute. \" however, for those of us involved in identifying the earliest molecular causes of cancer, these fascinating results define the types of questions we need to ask. this is a wake - up call telling us to pay attention to stem cell populations at the time of birth \u2026 a good deal earlier than we might have otherwise done. it is important to consider these cell populations because only by understanding the initial cause can we begin to develop rational strategies to prevent this very common cancer. \" the daughters who were the subjects of the study were all born during 1934 - 1944 at either helsinki university central hospital or city maternity hospital, the two maternity hospitals in finland ' s capital. the occurrence of breast cancer among them was ascertained from national registers of all hospital admissions and deaths in finland. three hundred of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5257976122618722, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.107060"} {"text": "1934 - 1944 at either helsinki university central hospital or city maternity hospital, the two maternity hospitals in finland ' s capital. the occurrence of breast cancer among them was ascertained from national registers of all hospital admissions and deaths in finland. three hundred of them had had breast cancer of whom 48 died from the disease. their mean age when they were diagnosed was 54. the findings shed new light on the link between breast cancer and nutrition. \" mothers whose daughters developed breast cancer were of similar height to the other mothers, \" barker and thornburg reported. \" this suggests that they had similar nutrition through childhood. our findings do not therefore indicate that good nutrition through childhood is linked to breast cancer in the next generation. but they do show that the pubertal growth spurt of girls, which reflects the level of nutrition, is strongly associated with the risk of breast cancer in their daughters. \" the authors of the journal article besides barker and thornburg, who is director of the ohsu heart research center and professor of cardiovascular medicine in the ohsu school of medicine, were clive osmond, senior scientist at the medical research council epidemiology resource center at the university of southampton ; eero kajantie and tom j. forsen, both of finland ' s national public health institute ; and johan g. eriksson, who holds positions at both the national public health institute as well as with the university of helsinki ' s department of public health. barker and osmond have collaborated with eriksson and his finnish colleagues for the past 12 years tracing some 20, 000 men and women in the helsinki birth cohort study. the american journal of human biology is published by wiley - liss, inc., a subsidiary of john wiley & sons, inc. the full text of the study, entitled \u201c a possible link between the pubertal growth of girls and breast cancer in their daughters, \u201d is available in \u201c early view \u201d at http : / / www3. interscience. wiley. com / cgi - bin / fulltext / 116327402 / pdfstart the link to the abstract is : http : / / www3. interscience. wiley. com / cgi - bin / abstract / 116327402 / abstract", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5058698175172048, "token_count": 456, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.107990"} {"text": "research help tutorial : using academic search premier when you have a paper or project assignment that requires scholarly research, you \u2019 ll probably want to use a library article database. one of the largest databases available at our library is academic search premier. finding academic search premier first go to the library webpage. then click on articles and databases. academic search premier is at the top of the list of databases. click on the words academic search premier. using academic search premier now that you \u2019 re in the database, please note that the title of the database is listed just above the basic search box. you may think that the database is called \u201c ebsco \u201d or \u201c ebscohost \u201d but that \u2019 s the name of the company that provides the database. you may need to know that \u201c academic search premier \u201d is the title of this database when you are documenting your sources in your paper. on the basic search page, you \u2019 ll see many options for searching. two of the most important ones are on the lower left. if you click full text you \u2019 ll limit your search to only articles available online, and you \u2019 ll miss out on many articles that actually available in other databases. if you click scholarly ( peer - reviewed ) journals you \u2019 ll narrow your search to only scholarly journals. the term \u201c peer - reviewed \u201d means that experts have evaluated the article before publishing it. type a keyword or two in the basic search box, and click search. you \u2019 ll see a list of results and the number of results will be reported at the top of the left hand column. each result will be numbered and start with the title of the article, followed by the authors, journal title, as well as volumes, dates, and pages. below the information about the article will be a number of subject terms, which are like tags for each article. they may give you some ideas for alternate keyword searches. on the same results page, you \u2019 ll see on the left, several options for narrowing your search, such as subject terms and geographic areas. if you find an article on the results list that sounds interesting, you can hover your mouse over the magnifying glass icon ( at the end of the article title ) and read the abstract or summary in a pop - up box. if you are ready to read the article, you can click on pdf full text to pull up the article. from the pdf page, you can use the print and save functions at the top of the page to print the article or to save it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4407296938908068, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.111920"} {"text": ". if you are ready to read the article, you can click on pdf full text to pull up the article. from the pdf page, you can use the print and save functions at the top of the page to print the article or to save it to your computer or flash drive. emailing and citing articles if you click on the title of the article, you \u2019 ll see a list of options on the right. one of the options is email. click on the email icon, and enter your email address. you can use any email address. click send at the bottom left. another option, under the email icon, is cite. when you click on cite, you \u2019 ll see a pop - up window which lists the article in five or six different citation styles. you can copy and paste the citation you need into your paper. your instructor will tell you which style to use, such as mla. remember that you may need to narrow your search, using keyword phrases or more specific terms, such as \u201c teenage online risks. \u201d alternately, you may need to broaden your search, such as \u201c privacy. \u201d try several combinations of keywords and synonyms. you may need to use the \u201c advanced search \u201d button ( which is found under the basic search box at the top ) to do a more precise search or to search for a specific author or journal title. need more help? if you need more help, go back to the library webpage and click on ask a librarian. you \u2019 ll find the chat widget, the phone number, and the email address for the reference librarians. we \u2019 ll be glad to offer more help!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.433867993080652, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.112671"} {"text": "the r project for statistical computing is an open source language and programming environment that provides a wide variety of data manipulation, statistical analysis, and data visualization capabilities. r is a successor to the s software originally developed at bell laboratories. r is a gnu project and is freely available under the terms of the gnu general public license. the software runs on windows, mac os, and a wide variety of unix platforms. even for people who aren ' t expert statisticians, the power of r is alluring. working interactively or using an r script, with just a few lines of code a user can perform complex analyses of large data sets, produce graphics depicting the features and structure of the data, and perform statistical analyses that can quickly answer questions about the data. this article introduces r and demonstrates a small slice of its capabilities, using data from the stock market and real estate industry as input. i developed and ran the demonstrations in this article on a vision computers pc running debian linux ( sarge version, \" stable \" ). i installed r version 2. 1 using the standard debian advanced package tool ( apt ) utility. to run r interactively, open a terminal window, create a work directory, enter the directory, and execute r : figure 1. the r command window r ' s command language takes some getting used to, but knowing just a few commands provides enough knowledge to perform basic statistical analyses and generate plots for any data set that can be formatted into a one -, two -, or three - dimensional rectangular grid. r commands can be lengthy, because most functions have many optional settings parameters. so it ' s very convenient that the up and down arrow keys in the r command window recall previous command - line entries, which you can then edit. this lets you work toward your data analysis goal incrementally by modifying and extending previously entered command lines. a simple starting point is a vector or array of numbers. i downloaded historical standard and poor ' s ( s & p ) 500 stock index data and wrote a perl program to convert the data into a simple two - column table. figure 2 shows a snippet of the start of the file. figure 2. the sp500. txt file format read. table ( ) function reads an external file into an r data frame variable. to read the s & p 500 data file and make a simple plot of the close price over time, enter the following commands at the r prompt ( > dv < - read. table ( \". / sp500.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5462118903521637, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.131875"} {"text": "r data frame variable. to read the s & p 500 data file and make a simple plot of the close price over time, enter the following commands at the r prompt ( > dv < - read. table ( \". / sp500. txt \", header = 1 ) > sp500value = dv [, 2 ] > plot ( sp500value, type = \" l \" ) the first line reads the file sp500. txt into the data frame variable header = 1 setting identifies that the file has a one - line header consisting of nondata text, which r must ignore. the data frame dv is a two - dimensional array. the first index identifies the row number ( starting with 1 ), and the second identifies the column number ( starting with 1 ). the second command line tells r to assign variable sp500index to the values in the second column of the data frame. the third line tells r to plot the index data using a line ( type = \" l \" ) to connect the data points. the result appears in a new window ( figure 3 ). figure 3. the s & p 500 close price plot when you pass only one vector of data to the r plot ( ) function, it makes an x / y plot using the point index as the x value and the specified data vector points as the y value. because the data file lists the data in historical order, the plot shows the value of the s & p 500 index over time. that ' s not bad for three lines of code! however, you can make a prettier, better annotated plot easily by using the plot ( ) function ' s optional arguments. for example, to add a title, a subtitle, and axis labels, enter : > plot ( sp500value, type = \" l \", main = \" s & p 500 \", sub = \" [ 3 - jan - 1995 thru 29 - jul - 2005 ] \", xlab = \" day \", ylab = \" value \" ) this produces the plot shown in figure 4. figure 4. an annotated s & p 500 close price plot proceeding further, you could use r ' s axis classes to produce an x - axis that uses the dates stored in column 1 of the data frame for labels. see the r documentation for details. after generating a plot, r provides options for adding new data. the 90 - day moving average is plotted on stock index graphs published in the wall street journal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42754798381906145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.134958"} {"text": "dates stored in column 1 of the data frame for labels. see the r documentation for details. after generating a plot, r provides options for adding new data. the 90 - day moving average is plotted on stock index graphs published in the wall street journal. a moving average is the average value of the preceding n data items. how about displaying the moving average of the s & p 500 over the preceding 90 days? in r ' s nomenclature, a \" moving average \" is a \" filter \" ( an equation ) applied to a \" time series \" ( the s & p 500 index values ). r ' s filter ( ) function is complex, providing many different data processing options. fortunately, the actual commands for creating a 90 - day moving average data set are tiny compared with what standard programming languages might require : > coef90 = 1 / 90 > ma90 = filter ( sp500value, rep ( coef90, 90 ), sides = 1 ) the first line defines a weighting factor for the data in the filter : each day ' s s & p 500 value will represent 1 / 90 of the moving average. the second line creates the moving average data set. the rep ( ) function \" repeats \" the 1 / 90 coefficient 90 times ( including 90 days of s & p 500 data in the moving average ). the sides = 1 parameter specifies to include only the trailing data points in the moving average ( which is how financial moving averages are always calculated, because we cannot foresee the future ). add the moving average data ( variable ma90 ) to the existing plot as green line using the r > lines ( ma90, col = \" green \" ) figure 5 shows the result. figure 5. s & p 500 close price and 90 - day moving average histograms are plots that show the distribution of a set of values. it ' s easy to use r to look at the distribution of daily gains ( and losses ) for the s & p 500 in the sample data set. first, you must calculate the daily percent change for each day. you can ' t do this for the first day in the data set, so the size of the percent gains array will be one unit less than the size of the sp500value array. here ' s one method for directing r to create the daily percent gain array, based on knowledge ( gained using a unix wc command ) that the data set consists of 2, 664 total points : > yesterday = sp500value [ 1 : 2663 ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.485747212639197, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.136362"} {"text": "one method for directing r to create the daily percent gain array, based on knowledge ( gained using a unix wc command ) that the data set consists of 2, 664 total points : > yesterday = sp500value [ 1 : 2663 ] > today = sp500value [ 2 : 2664 ] > changepercent = 100 * ( today / yesterday - 1. 0 ) here, the new variable yesterday is the set of s & p 500 values ( excluding the last day ), and the new variable today is the set of s & p 500 values offset by one day ( excluding the first day ). hence, the two variables are aligned such that today [ i ] represent yesterday ' s and today ' s s & p 500 price. this allows application of an equation using yesterday ' s and today ' s prices, which is in the third line : the calculation of the percent that the s & p 500 index changed from yesterday to today. now you can plot the histogram ( figure 6 ) : > hist ( changepercent, breaks = 10, main = \" s & p 500 daily percent change \" ) figure 6. the s & p 500 daily percent change breaks parameter tells r approximately how many bins to create while sorting the data. in this case, i asked for 10 bins, but r produced a plot with 13 bins spaced 1 percent apart. r uses the suggested value as a guideline, but in its default mode chooses a bin spacing and number of bins that yields a plot that is easy to comprehend based on the input data. in this case, the data was such that a bin spacing of 1 percent produced bins with divisions on the whole numbers, and the 13 required bins was close to the requested 10 bins, so r produced its plot accordingly. experiment with different break values to see how this works. for cases where you require a specific set of bin break points, specify a list of values for the breaks parameter. in this case, r will produce bins bounded precisely at the specified values. looking at the histogram plot, you can see that in the past 10 years, on most days the s & p 500 either rose or declined by less than 1 percent ; but it rose on more days than it declined. an interesting question : does a correlation exist between the stock market ' s movement one day and its performance the next day? in other words, if the stock market rose yesterday, is it likely to rise today? to gain some", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4732238523589032, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.137616"} {"text": "days than it declined. an interesting question : does a correlation exist between the stock market ' s movement one day and its performance the next day? in other words, if the stock market rose yesterday, is it likely to rise today? to gain some insight on these questions, analyze the daily percent change data further using the following r commands : > changepercentyesterday = changepercent [ 1 : 2662 ] > changepercenttoday = changepercent [ 2 : 2663 ] > mydf < - data. frame ( x = changepercentyesterday, y = changepercenttoday ) > myfm < - lm ( y ~ x, data = mydf ) > plot ( changepercentyesterday, changepercenttoday, main = \" daily change correlation \" ) > abline ( coef ( myfm ), col = \" red \" ) > summary ( myfm ) this looks complicated, but it also illustrates how much work just a few lines of r code can do. the first two lines create today percent change variables such that changepercentyesterday [ i ] is aligned with changepercenttoday [ i ], permitting calculations and plotting using yesterday ' s change and today ' s change. the third line creates a new data frame ( mydf ) that has as its x data the values stored in changepercentyesterday and as its y data the values stored in changepercenttoday. the fourth line uses r ' s lm ( ) \" linear model \" statistical function to perform a linear fit of the data in mydf. next, it plots the raw data ( yesterday ' s change versus today ' s change ) using plot ( ), with yesterday ' s percent change plotted as the x value and today ' s percent change plotted as the y value. the abline ( ) function adds a red \" best fit \" line to the graph based on the y - intercept and slope coefficients calculated by the lm ( ) function, yielding the plot in figure 7. figure 7. the s & p 500 daily change correlation finally, the command summary ( myfm ) produces a text summary of the linear regression analysis performed by call : lm ( formula = y ~ x, data = mydf ) residuals : min 1q median 3q max - 6. 92396 - 0. 59826 0. 01474 0. 59522 5. 64824 coefficients : estimate std. error t value", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48463268438993956, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.138628"} {"text": "= mydf ) residuals : min 1q median 3q max - 6. 92396 - 0. 59826 0. 01474 0. 59522 5. 64824 coefficients : estimate std. error t value pr ( > | t | ) ( intercept ) 0. 04402 0. 02185 2. 015 0. 044 * x - 0. 01498 0. 01939 - 0. 772 0. 440 - - - signif. codes : 0 ' * * * ' 0. 001 ' * * ' 0. 01 ' * ' 0. 05 '. ' 0. 1 ' ' 1 residual standard error : 1. 127 on 2660 degrees of freedom multiple r - squared : 0. 0002243, adjusted r - squared : - 0. 0001516 f - statistic : 0. 5967 on 1 and 2660 df, p - value : 0. 4399 you probably need a background in statistics to interpret all of this accurately, but looking at the graph, there does not appear to be a strong correlation between the s & p 500 ' s yesterday and today change. what the market did yesterday doesn ' t seem to strongly affect what happens today - - though the correlation is nonzero. the negative slope of the best fit line suggests that the market had a slight tendency to reverse, or correct, a portion of the previous day ' s movement, over the 10 - year data period. r provides several options for graphical presentation of three - dimensional data, including 3 - d perspective plots, color - coded images, and contour maps. to demonstrate r ' s 3 - d capabilities, i downloaded united states house price index data published by the office of federal housing enterprise oversight ( ofheo ). the data set used for the analysis is the percent that house prices have increased over the past five years in the nine regions the ofheo defines for the united states. the ofheo presents its data in a table. however, a table doesn ' t clearly depict the geographical distribution of the \" housing bubble. \" to produce a 3 - d representation of the five - year house price index data, i created a 51 - by - 30 - element grid that approximates the geographical size and position of the nine ofheo regions. then, using a perl script, i created an input data set for r that assigns the price index for the region to each grid point. hence, the r input", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4994439854301323, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.139708"} {"text": "that approximates the geographical size and position of the nine ofheo regions. then, using a perl script, i created an input data set for r that assigns the price index for the region to each grid point. hence, the r input file consists of 51 x 30 = 1, 530 data points. for areas on the grid that are not part of the united states ( for example, the ocean ), the data values are na, which tells r not to display data for that position in the 3 - d plot. the r commands that produce an image representation of the house price data are : > dv < - read. table ( \". / ofheo5yr. gridfine \", header = false ) > z < - dv [, 1 ] > attr ( z, \" dim \" ) = c ( 51, 30 ) > image ( z, col = topo. colors ( 50 ), axes = false ) the first line reads the 1, 530 - point data file. the second line assigns the values read to variable z. next, the attr ( ) function alters the dimension ( \" dim \" ) attribute of the z variable to arrange its data in the form of a two - dimensional array with 51 rows, each containing 30 data values. finally, the image ( ) function generates an image of the z data, using 50 colors in the topo color scale to represent the varying z values. figure 8 shows the results. figure 8. the plot of five - year regional house price changes topo color scale assigns violet to low values, with blue, green, yellow, orange, and pink assigned to successively higher values. the image shows that the change in housing prices is not at all evenly distributed across the united states geographically. persp ( ) function provides another view of the same data : this code tells r to generate a 3 - d perspective image of the z data, viewing the image with no rotation ( theta = 0 ) and tilted 60 degrees from the horizontal ( phi = 60 ), with no box around the image, coloring the mesh yellow. figure 9 shows the plot. figure 9. the perspective plot of five - year regional house price changes perhaps more clearly, the perspective plot shows that the large increases in house prices in the past five years have occurred on the west coast and in the northeast, while the middle of the united states hasn ' t seen significant home price increases overall. this backs up alan greenspan ' s assertions that there is not a national housing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5153562030352802, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.141875"} {"text": "in the past five years have occurred on the west coast and in the northeast, while the middle of the united states hasn ' t seen significant home price increases overall. this backs up alan greenspan ' s assertions that there is not a national housing \" bubble, \" but there appear to be \" signs of froth in some local markets. \" r provides several options for saving your work. first, when you execute the q ( ) function to quit your session, r asks : save workspace image? [ y / n / c ] : y to save your current r session state ( so that next time you run r in that same directory, your starting status will be identical to that of the current session ). enter n to exit without saving the current session state, or c to continue the current session. r provides a capability to plot directly to png, jpeg, and pdf files through its display setting options. to plot to a file instead of to the r graphics window, execute the pdf ( ) function prior to any r plotting function. for example : > png ( \" myimage. png \" ) > persp ( z, theta = 0, phi = 60, box = false, col = \" yellow \" ) you can also invoke r by using scripts. this permits the integration of r into automated data analysis processes. here ' s an r script that reads the s & p 500 data file and produces a png image of the data : dv < - read. table ( \". / sp500. txt \", header = false ) png ( \" sp500. png \" ) plot ( dv [, 2 ], type = \" l \" ) q ( ) the command line to execute the script ( named gspc. scr ) is : r - - no - save < gspc. scr > gspc. log - - no - save flag tells r not to save the script ' s session. the text output produced by the script is sent to file gspc. log. r is a powerful, mature, and very well documented gnu open source project. though the language syntax is a bit unusual, knowing just a few commands lets you quickly generate quite impressive data products. r ' s base documentation consists of six manuals, the pdf versions of which comprise 1, 700 total pages. the documents are included with the windows r executable installation download, but they must be downloaded separately for linux / unix and macos platforms. \" an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4861163969710504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.143108"} {"text": "the world economy is being reshaped by new technologies, services, and trading relationships. much of this dynamism is fuelled by ambitious developing - world nation - states like brazil, india and south africa. as governments, businesses and regional blocs in the global south expand their horizons, they increasingly bypass rich northern states. but is this south - south cooperation any more progressive or less selfish than the more familiar and hegemonic north - south relationship? the idea of south - south cooperation started to influence the field of development studies in the late 1990s. it was fuelled by a growing realisation that poor nations might find appropriate, low - cost and sustainable solutions to their problems in other developing countries rather than in the rich north. it drew on clear examples of existing waste and alternative opportunity ; for example, if african farmers need boreholes to access water, it surely makes more sense to access indias huge pool of expertise than to send expensive european water engineers. the concept quickly spread from the seminar room to the policy chamber. by 1997, britains new department for international development ( dfid ) explicitly aimed under its first minister, clare short to withdraw from its aid programmes any requirement to use british service providers. the intention was to encourage recipient governments to spend the aid more effectively especially on solutions sourced from other developing nations. by the early 2000s, some forward - thinking developing nations themselves were incorporating this altruistic principle into their foreign policies. luis ignacio lula da silvas brazil is just beginning to make africa part of its wider effort to build the countrys global profile ; recently it granted fellow - lusophone mozambique a project to install and staff its own factory producing anti - retroviral hiv drugs, thus reducing its reliance on expensive imports. china and africa an even more potent example of south - south cooperation is the peoples republic of china. chinas presence in africa goes back centuries : archaeologists digging in the ruins of africas great medieval trading states at timbuktu and great zimbabwe have found fine porcelain and other evidence of a trading network that spanned half the world. after the prc was founded in 1949, the new state based its relations with the developing world on a defined doctrine, the five principles of peaceful coexistence ; it also used its own legacy of colonial aggression and experience of liberation to forge links with the african nation - states emerging from colonial rule. china in the 1960s lacked the resources of the cold - war superpowers, but still invested significant energies in support of independent africa. the prc, driven by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5020330526056586, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.153819"} {"text": "and experience of liberation to forge links with the african nation - states emerging from colonial rule. china in the 1960s lacked the resources of the cold - war superpowers, but still invested significant energies in support of independent africa. the prc, driven by perceived ideological, anti - imperialist affinities, dispatched chinese technicians to nominally leftist states to provide military training, modest economic aid and infrastructural monuments to socialist solidarity. the era of liberation wars in the 1970s saw china choose sides and patronise its favoured forces, as in angola. this interest receded in the 1980s as chinese development efforts were diverted inwards. but the post - tiananmen period gave earlier ideological bonds a fresh twist : the hostility of many african leaders to democratic pressures and ( especially ) western, hegemonic conceptions of human rights chimed with chinas own preconceptions. throughout the 1990s, china increased its aid to african governments and resumed its earlier rhetoric of mutual respect and concern for diversity a discourse that resounded strongly in a continent highly attuned to the perceived neo - colonial reflexes of the former ruling powers. in return, beijing received recognition of its sovereignty over taiwan, indifference to its human - rights abuses, and support in international organisations. in 2000, a new china - africa cooperation forum agreed a joint economic and social programme, one that lent a developmental and commercial slant to the five principles. china has subsequently been well in advance of the g8 by cancelling $ 10 billion of the debt it is owed by african states ; at the second sino - africa business conference in december 2003, china offered further debt relief to thirty - one african countries, as well as opening the prospect of zero - tariff trade. the tensions in what might be called chinas developmental evangelism in africa are evident. the ideological underpinnings retain some potency and the principle of non - interference in domestic politics persists. but as chinese commercial interests dominate the relationship, the strain of avoiding entanglement in ethically and politically complex questions increases. for china, insensitivity to human - rights abuses can be finessed as respecting cultural diversity, but this gets harder in a more open, regulated trading environment. rapid economic growth in china in the last decade, coupled with oil exploration and economic diversification in west - central africa, has created new links. more than 60 % of african timber exports are now destined for east asia ; 25 % of chinas oil supplies are now sourced in the gulf of guinea region. china - zimbabwe :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5147798395726918, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.155751"} {"text": "economic diversification in west - central africa, has created new links. more than 60 % of african timber exports are now destined for east asia ; 25 % of chinas oil supplies are now sourced in the gulf of guinea region. china - zimbabwe : a special relationship but china is moving beyond merely securing essential inputs to acquiring stakes in potentially productive african enterprises. zimbabwe is a prime example of the kind of place where china likes to do business. in return for bailing out robert mugabes regime with injections of cash, machinery, equipment and military supplies, chinese state - owned enterprises have assembled a portfolio of shares in some of zimbabwes prize assets. in buying a 70 % stake in the zimbabwes only electricity generation facilities at hwange and kariba, and stakes in the national railway, the chinese have stepped in where other developing nations ( even libya ) have feared to tread. and on a micro - level, chinese entrepreneurs are quickly supplanting small - scale retailers and local manufactures on harares streets. zimbabwes deteriorating political situation and asset - hungry officials may deter most private investors, but the chinese government can instruct managers of state enterprises to take the risk, rely on good intergovernmental relations to guarantee investment flow, and depend on state coffers to absorb any loss in the last resort. chinas lack of domestic political criticism, meanwhile, frees its government and companies from reputational risks and pressures that can leave western - based companies exposed. informed, responsible shareholders might be cautious about backing state - led projects in sudan or mauritania which rely on a brutally - enforced stability ; such issues have little visibility to the chinese public. chinas new hard - nosed africa policy gives it a strong incentive to circumvent the kind of multilateral aid and investment agendas promoted by britains tony blair and gordon brown at the g8 summit, with their inconvenient governance concerns and transparency provisions. as china moves towards becoming the third - largest investor in africa, its unilateralism will impact on the internal continental map. the south african alternative amidst the dynamism of the east asian economies, it is tempting to forget that the continent itself is generating an economic powerhouse. south africa, freed of its apartheid - era isolationist shackles, has become an interested and aggressive explorer of the rest of the continent. the south african model is mixed : private companies led the charge into the new mobile telecommunications sphere, household names like shoprite followed across the continent, while para - statals ( state - owned", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4592715381493971, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.156948"} {"text": "an interested and aggressive explorer of the rest of the continent. the south african model is mixed : private companies led the charge into the new mobile telecommunications sphere, household names like shoprite followed across the continent, while para - statals ( state - owned enterprises ) are also active. thabo mbekis economically liberal instincts have been contained by the job - loss fears of his leftist coalition partners, and he has commercialised rather than fully privatised key state enterprises such as the power utility eskom. this entity has reinforced mbekis peace plan for the democratic republic of congo by committing its own $ 500 - million investment to the inga dam, the 3, 500 - megawatt hydroelectric facility on the congo river. this project would undoubtedly light up the drcs cities but eskoms greatest benefit is probably tying the potentially huge electricity resource into a regional grid which would feed much - needed power supplies to south africas industrial zones. this project aptly sums up the dual nature of developing - world investment in africa. is such investment, as mbeki would have it, good for all involved or is it simply a new wave of economic colonisation which will leave most of africa with as few benefits as in the past? as the developing nations themselves come to rival the investment presence of the g8 and former colonial powers in africa, it is salutary to recall that south - south cooperation may be more efficient and less wasteful than the wests grand gestures but it is no less self - interested.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46451578535272364, "token_count": 303, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.157521"} {"text": "a tsunami is a series of waves most commonly caused by violent movement of the sea floor. in some ways, it resembles the ripples radiating outward from the spot where stone has been thrown into the water, but a tsunami can occur on an enormous scale. tsunamis are generated by any large, impulsive displacement of the sea bed level. the movement at the sea floor leading to tsunami can be produced by earthquakes, landslides and volcanic eruptions. most tsunamis, including almost all of those traveling across entire ocean basins with destructive force, are caused by submarine faulting associated with large earthquakes. these are produced when a block of the ocean floor is thrust upward, or suddenly drops, or when an inclined area of the seafloor is thrust upward or suddenly thrust sideways. in any event, a huge mass of water is displaced, producing tsunami. such fault movements are accompanied by earthquakes, which are sometimes referred to as \u201c tsunamigenic earthquakes \u201d. most tsunamigenic earthquakes take place at the great ocean trenches, where the tectonic plates that make up the earth \u2019 s surface collide and are forced under each other. when the plates move gradually or in small thrust, only small earthquakes are produced ; however, periodically in certain areas, the plates catch. the overall motion of the plates does not stop ; only the motion beneath the trench becomes hung up. such areas where the plates are hung up are known as \u201c seismic gaps \u201d for their lack of earthquakes. the forces in these gaps continue to build until finally they overcome the strength of the rocks holding back the plate motion. the built - up tension ( or comprehension ) is released in one large earthquake, instead of many smaller quakes, and these often generate large deadly tsunamis. if the sea floor movement is horizontal, a tsunami is not generated. earthquakes of magnitude larger than m 6. 5 are critical for tsunami generation. tsunamis produced by landslides : probably the second most common cause of tsunami is landslide. a tsunami may be generated by a landslide starting out above the sea level and then plunging into the sea, or by a landslide entirely occurring underwater. landslides occur when slopes or deposits of sediment become too steep and the material falls under the pull of gravity. once unstable conditions are present, slope failure can be caused by storms, earthquakes, rain, or merely continued deposit of material on the slope. certain environments are particularly susceptible to the production of landslide - generated earthquakes. river deltas and steep underwater slopes above sub - marine canyons, for instance, are likely sites for landslide - generated earthquakes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5395596859795249, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.170919"} {"text": ", or merely continued deposit of material on the slope. certain environments are particularly susceptible to the production of landslide - generated earthquakes. river deltas and steep underwater slopes above sub - marine canyons, for instance, are likely sites for landslide - generated earthquakes. tsunami produced by volcanoes : the violent geologic activity associated with volcanic eruptions can also generate devastating tsunamis. although volcanic tsunamis are much less frequent, they are often highly destructive. these may be due to submarine explosions, pyroclastic flows and collapse of volcanic caldera. ( 1 ) submarine volcanic explosions occur when cool seawater encounters hot volcanic magma. it often reacts violently, producing stream explosions. underwater eruptions at depths of less than 1500 feet are capable of disturbing the water all the way to the surface and producing tsunamis. ( 2 ) pyroclastic flows are incandescent, ground - hugging clouds, driven by gravity and fluidized by hot gases. these flows can move rapidly off an island and into the ocean, their impact displacing sea water and producing a tsunami. ( 3 ) the collapse of a volcanic caldera can generate tsunami. this may happen when the magma beneath a volcano is withdrawn back deeper into the earth, and the sudden subsidence of the volcanic edifice displaces water and produces tsunami waves. the large masses of rock that accumulate on the sides of the volcanoes may suddenly slide down slope into the sea, causing tsunamis. such landslides may be triggered by earthquakes or simple gravitational collapse. a catastrophic volcanic eruption and its ensuing tsunami waves may actually be behind the legend of the lost island civilization of atlantis. the largest volcanic tsunami in historical times and the most famous historically documented volcanic eruption took lace in the east indies - the eruption of krakatau in 1883. tsunami waves : a tsunami has a much smaller amplitude ( wave height ) offshore, and a very long wavelength ( often hundreds of kilometers long ), which is why they generally pass unnoticed at sea, forming only a passing \" hump \" in the ocean. tsunamis have been historically referred to tidal waves because as they approach land, they take on the characteristics of a violent onrushing tide rather than the sort of cresting waves that are formed by wind action upon the ocean ( with which people are more familiar ). since they are not actually related to tides the term is considered misleading and its usage is discouraged by oceanographers. these waves are different from other wind - generated ocean waves, which rarely extend below a dept of 500 feet even in large storms. tsunami waves", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4679988473702952, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.173065"} {"text": "they are not actually related to tides the term is considered misleading and its usage is discouraged by oceanographers. these waves are different from other wind - generated ocean waves, which rarely extend below a dept of 500 feet even in large storms. tsunami waves, on the contrary, involvement of water all the way to the sea floor, and as a result their speed is controlled by the depth of the sea. tsunami waves may travel as fast as 500 miles per hour or more in deep waters of an ocean basin. yet these fast waves may be only a foot of two high in deep water. these waves have greater wavelengths having long 100 miles between crests. with a height of 2 to 3 feet spread over 100 miles, the slope of even the most powerful tsunamis would be impossible to see from a ship or airplane. a tsunami may consist of 10 or more waves forming a \u2018 tsunami wave train \u2019. the individual waves follow one behind the other anywhere from 5 to 90 minutes apart. as the waves near shore, they travel progressively more slowly, but the energy lost from decreasing velocity is transformed into increased wavelength. a tsunami wave that was 2 feet high at sea may become a 30 - feet giant at the shoreline. tsunami velocity is dependent on the depth of water through which it travels ( velocity equals the square root of water depth h times the gravitational acceleration g, that is ( v = \u221agh ). the tsunami will travel approximately at a velocity of 700 kmph in 4000 m depth of sea water. in 10 m, of water depth the velocity drops to about 35 kmph. even on shore tsunami speed is 35 to 40 km / h, hence much faster than a person can run. it is commonly believed that the water recedes before the first wave of a tsunami crashes ashore. in fact, the first sign of a tsunami is just as likely to be a rise in the water level. whether the water rises or falls depends on what part of the tsunami wave train first reaches the coast. a wave crest will cause a rise in the water level and a wave trough causes a water recession. seiche ( pronounced as \u2018 saysh \u2019 ) is another wave phenomenon that may be produced when a tsunami strikes. the water in any basin will tend to slosh back and forth in a certain period of time determined by the physical size and shape of the basin. this sloshing is known as the seiche. the greater the length of the body, the longer the period of oscillation. the depth of the body also controls the period of os", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47880797453876867, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.175110"} {"text": "determined by the physical size and shape of the basin. this sloshing is known as the seiche. the greater the length of the body, the longer the period of oscillation. the depth of the body also controls the period of oscillations, with greater water depths producing shorter periods. a tsunami wave may set off seiche and if the following tsunami wave arrives with the next natural oscillation of the seiche, water may even reach greater heights than it would have from the tsunami waves alone. much of the great height of tsunami waves in bays may be explained by this constructive combination of a seiche wave and a tsunami wave arriving simultaneously. once the water in the bay is set in motion, the resonance may further increase the size of the waves. the dying of the oscillations, or damping, occurs slowly as gravity gradually flattens the surface of the water and as friction turns the back and forth sloshing motion into turbulence. bodies of water with steep, rocky sides are often the most seiche - prone, but any bay or harbour that is connected to offshore waters can be perturbed to form seiche, as can shelf waters that are directly exposed to the open sea. the presence of a well developed fringing or barrier of coral reef off a shoreline also appears to have a strong effect on tsunami waves. a reef may serve to absorb a significant amount of the wave energy, reducing the height and intensity of the wave impact on the shoreline itself. the popular image of a tsunami wave approaching shore is that of a nearly vertical wall of water, similar to the front of a breaking wave in the surf. actually, most tsunamis probably don \u2019 t form such wave fronts ; the water surface instead is very close to the horizontal, and the surface itself moves up and down. however, under certain circumstances an arriving tsunami wave can develop an abrupt steep front that will move inland at high speeds. this phenomenon is known as a bore. in general, the way a bore is created is related to the velocity of the shallow water waves. as waves move into progressively shallower water, the wave in front will be traveling more slowly than the wave behind it. this phenomenon causes the waves to begin \u201c catching up \u201d with each other, decreasing their distance apart i. e. shrinking the wavelength. if the wavelength decreases, but the height does not, then waves must become steeper. furthermore, because the crest of each wave is in deeper water than the adjacent trough, the crest begins to overtake the trough", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5203399792805332, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.177418"} {"text": "the u. s. environmental protection agency has issued action plans to address the potential health risks of two chemicals used in making polyurethane polymers, adhesives, sealants and coatings. both plans focus on \u201c the potential health effects that may result from exposures to the consumer or self - employed worker while using products containing uncured ( unreacted ) diisocyanates ( e. g., spray - applied foam sealants, adhesives, and coatings ) \u201d and from incidental exposures to the general population. the plans identify a range of actions the agency is considering under the authority of the toxic substances control act. \u201c there has been an increase in recent years in promoting the use of foams and sealants by do - it - yourself energy - conscious homeowners, and many people may now be unknowingly exposed to risks from these chemicals, \u201d said steve owens, assistant administrator for epa \u2019 s office of chemical safety and pollution prevention. | osha regulates workplace exposure to diisocyanate compounds. | the two new plans are the latest in epa \u2019 s program of chemical action plans launched in 2009. epa is also currently crafting an action plan for siloxanes. uncured compounds at issue diisocyanates are used to make polyurethane polymers. most polyurethane products, such as foam mattresses or bowling balls, are fully reacted ( cured ) and not of concern. adhesives, coatings, spray foam and other products, however, continue to react while in use and may contain \" uncured \" diisocyanates to which people may be exposed, according to epa. diisocyanates are known to cause severe skin and breathing responses in workers who have been repeatedly exposed to them. the chemicals have been documented as a leading cause of work - related asthma, and in severe cases, fatal reactions have occurred, epa says. the occupational safety and health administration currently regulates workplace exposures through permissible exposure limits. epa plans to consider the potential risks from consumer exposure to these chemicals. the spray foam industry notes that \u201c persons developing sensitivity to isocyanates may have dangerous systemic reactions to extremely small exposures, including respiratory failure. \u201d in a report on respiratory protection, it notes : \u201c mdi should be not be heated or sprayed except with strict engineering controls and personal protective equipment. \u201d possible actions to address concerns associated with tdi, mdi and related compounds include : - issuing rules to gather data on significant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46559258052339003, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.185221"} {"text": "pali proper names - i - - iccha sutta. - wishes it is which hold the world prisoner ; by subjugating them, liberty is gained. s. i. 40. - icchanangala sutta - idagalissara. - a village in south india where kulasekhara had an encampment in his fight with the sinhalese forces ( cv. lxxvi. 149 ). - iddhi sutta - iddhikatha. - the second division of the pannavagga of the - iddhipada samyutta. - the fifty - first division of the samyutta nikaya ( s. v. 254 - 93 ), consisting of eight chapters. it is the seventh section of the - iddhipada sutta / vagga - iddhivaddhana. - one of the palaces, occupied during his lay - life by sumana buddha. bua. 125 ; bu. v. 22 gives other names for his palaces. - iddhiya. - see itthiya. - idhalokika sutta - ilanga. - see sena ilanga and - illisa jataka ( no. 78 ) - ina sutta. - deals at length with the disadvantages, both material and moral, of poverty and consequent indebtedness. a. iii. 351 - 4. - inandapada. - a damila chieftain whom kulasekhara enlisted as his ally. he was a troop leader in uccankuttha. cv. lxxvii. 74ff. - indadvara. - one of the fourteen gates of pulatthipura built by parakkamabahu i. ( cv. lxxiii. 160 ). - indaka ( sutta ) - indakhila sutta. - like a tuft of cotton - wool or a ball of thistledown, wafted by every wind, are recluses and brahmins who do not understand, as they really are, the facts of ill ; like an indakhila, unshakable, unquakable, are those who do so understand. ( s. v. 443 - 5 ). - indakuta. - a peak near rajagaha, the abode of the yakkha indaka. the buddha once lived there. ( s. i. 206 ). - indapatta ( indapattana, indapattha ) - indasama. - a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45958764063166363, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.191597"} {"text": "when i heard the news that i was selected to be the new hire for the payson fire department a few years back, i was, to say the least, excited and unknowing. i had envisioned the flashing lights, red flames and as we have all seen on television, a chance to pull the lost child from that burning building. well much to my surprise 75 to 80 percent of all emergencies we encounter are actually medically related. so with that in mind, i have decided to digress from my normal articles that discuss fire and injury prevention, and discuss what we encounter and do the most. i would like to discuss over the next few months, topics that involve medical emergencies, their warning signs, emergency treatment procedures, and what to do in the first few minutes. i chose to discuss stroke as my first topic for no rhyme or reason other than it came to mind first. a stroke occurs when a blood vessel that carries oxygen and nutrients to the brain is either blocked by a clot or bursts. when that happens, part of the brain cannot get the blood ( and oxygen ) it needs, so it starts to die. about 780, 000 americans each year suffer a new or recurrent stroke. that means, on average, a stroke occurs every 40 seconds. stroke kills more than 150, 000 people a year. that ' s about one of every 16 deaths. it ' s the no. 3 cause of deathehind diseases of the heart and cancer. on average, very 3 to 4inutes someone dies of stroke. of every five deaths from stroke, two occur inen and threen women. americans will pay about $ 65. 5 billion in 2008 for stroke - related medical costs and disability. some stroke risk factors are hereditary. others are a function of natural processes. still others result from a person ' s lifestyle. you can ' t change factors related to heredity or natural processes, but those resulting from lifestyle or environment can be modified with the help of a health care professional. if you notice one or more of these signs, don ' t wait. stroke is a medical emergency. call 9 - 1 - 1 or your emergency medical services. get to a hospital right away! sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm or leg, especially on one side of the body ; sudden confusion, trouble speaking or understanding ; sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes ; sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination ; and sudden, severe headache with no known cause. be prepared for an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45399970211932905, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.197420"} {"text": "one side of the body ; sudden confusion, trouble speaking or understanding ; sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes ; sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination ; and sudden, severe headache with no known cause. be prepared for an emergency keep a list of medications and allergies in your pocketbook, wallet or purse. the payson fire department ' s \" vial of life \" is great for this. include phone numbers for relatives, friends, and physicians. not all the warning signs occur in every stroke. don ' t ignore signs of stroke, even if they go away. check the time. when did the first warning sign or symptom start? you ' ll be asked this important question later. if you have one or more stroke symptoms that last more than a few minutes, don ' t delay. immediately call 9 - 1 - 1 so emergency personnel can quickly be sent for you. if you ' re with someone who may be having stroke symptoms, expect the person to protest - enial is common. don ' t take \" no \" for an answer. insist on taking prompt action. therapy used on ischemic strokes can be effective within three hours of onset to slow or stop damage. in june 1996 the fda approved tissue plasminogen activator ( t - pa ) as the first treatment for strokes caused by arterial blockages. this \" clotbuster \" is inserted into the femoral artery near the groin and then threaded up into the brain to directly dissolve the blood clot, thereby limiting or stopping the damage to the brain cells. new research studies show that women may have traditional symptoms less often than men do, and they may be more likely to experience and report an alternative symptom first. this discrepancy may cause women to delay seeking help. don ' t wait. a woman coming into the emergency department with facial weakness is quickly sent off for brain imaging, but when the main complaint is shortness of breath or fainting, it may be that neither the woman nor even emergency room personnel suspect a stroke. in addition to or instead of the traditional stroke signs, women may also experience loss of consciousness or fainting ; shortness of breath ; falls or accidents ; sudden pain in the face, chest, arms or legs ; seizure ; sudden hiccups ; sudden nausea ; sudden tiredness ; sudden pounding or racing heartbeat ( palpitations ). for further information on the prevention, causes and treatment of stroke call the american stroke association at 1 - 888 - 4", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4880269249472433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.200203"} {"text": "cycling terminology for the amgen tour of california riders : in professional cycling the racers are generally called riders as opposed to racers or cyclists. route map : the course or path the riders will take from start to finish. some stages will have laps where riders will repeat the same few blocks within the stage. stage 8 has 5 laps before the finish. stage profile : maps the ascents and descents along a stage. it is often fun for fans to see the riders on a climb where the rider ' s speed slows slightly ( or coming around a corner ). rolling neutral start : riders begin at a start line but do not begin racing until a few blocks or miles into the route ( the distance varies ). a neutral start is used if the start area conditions are narrow, crowded, or unsafe for race conditions. a neutral start is also sometimes used as a show of respect. stages 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 7 all have neutral starts this year. kom ( king of mountain ) : first rider to the top of a designated climb on the race route. riders receive points, the rider with the most points wins the king of the mountain ( kom ) ( climber ' s ) jersey. the jersey transfers each day to the rider with the most points overall. there may be more than one kom point in a stage, stage 4 has 6 koms. sprint : first rider to a designated sprint line on the race route. riders receive points, the rider with the most points wins the sprint ( green ) jersey. the jersey transfers each day to the rider with the most points overall. there may be more than one kom point in a stage, stage 2 has 3 sprints. leader : there will be a current leader out on course while the race is taking place, but the overall leader ( yellow jersey ) is the rider with the lowest ( fastest ) overall time for all stages. the winner of each day ' s stage is called the stage winner, not the leader. feed zone : a designated area on the route where team staff must pass out food bags ( musettes ) to the riders containing food. water may be handed to riders through team cars throughout the stage. breakaway : 1 to a few riders who are leading the race and ahead of the main peloton peloton : the main pack of riders chasing the lead breakaway. podium girls : a tradition in professional cycling to have 2 beautiful women present the awards to the riders at the finish of every stage. podium : each day the top three", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.514003361874411, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.212621"} {"text": "peloton peloton : the main pack of riders chasing the lead breakaway. podium girls : a tradition in professional cycling to have 2 beautiful women present the awards to the riders at the finish of every stage. podium : each day the top three riders finishing the stage are awarded 1st, 2nd, 3rd prizes on the podium. then the 6 overall classification jerseys are awarded. classification jerseys : awards for best type of rider in a field. this year the tour of california will feature 6 classifications : leader ( fastest overall time, yellow jersey ), most courageous ( by vote, white jersey ), mountain ( climber, red polka dot jersey ), sprint ( fastest sprinter, green jersey ), best young rider ( under the age of 23, orange jersey ), most aggressive ( most combative / competitive, black jersey ). as the stage race progresses the overall classification winner is presented with his jersey after each stage and will wear the jersey at the start of the next day ' s stage. view the official 2012 jerseys. stage race : a cycling race consisting of more than one day of racing, where points and time is tallied every day to determine an overall winner at the end of the race. the 2012 amgen tour of california will have 8 stages. bib number or dossard : please read an earlier pedal dancer post : word of the day : dossard", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48268080316051815, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.213321"} {"text": "leiomyosarcoma of stomach, small and large intestine in dogs leiomyosarcoma is an uncommon cancerous tumor, which, in this case, arises from the smooth muscles of the stomach and intestines. it is an extremely dangerous and painful disease that affects mostly older dogs ( more than six years old ), though all breeds are equally predisposed to leimyosarcoma. moreover, the cancer has a tendency to metastasize to other sites in the gastrointestinal tract and other body organs. symptoms and types most symptoms are related to gastrointestinal tract, including : - weight loss - blood in stool ( hematochezia ) - gas ( flatulence ) - stomach growling, or rumbling sound ( borborygmus ) - feeling of incomplete defecation ( fenesmus ) the exact cause for this cancer is currently unknown. you will need to give a thorough history of your dog \u2019 s health, including the onset and nature of the symptoms. he or she will then perform a complete physical examination, as well a biochemistry profile, urinalysis, and complete blood count ( cbc ) - - the results of which are usually within normal ranges. however, in some dogs with advanced forms of the disease, few abnormalities, including anemia, abnormally highly number of white blood cells ( leukocytosis ), and abnormally low glucose levels ( hypoglycemia ) may be noted. other diagnostic procedures include abdominal x - rays and ultrasounds, which help to identify changes in the stomach and intestinal walls, such as thickening of the wall. contrast radiography, meanwhile, is used to enhance visualization of tissue and improve localization of the tumor. endoscopy is another valuable tool for direct visualization of the affected areas. this is performed with an endoscope, a rigid or flexible tube inserted into the esophagus down to the stomach and intestines. as well as visually inspecting the region, the veterinarian will remove a sample of the affected area ( stomach and / or intestine ) for biopsy to confirm diagnosis. surgery remains the treatment of choice, which involves resection of the tumor mass along with some normal tissue. however, the extent of metastasis ( such as in the liver ) is a critical factor for final prognosis. living and management in cases of metastasis to other body organs, prognosis is very poor, where survival may only be a few months", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4410986017114339, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.220795"} {"text": "of metastasis ( such as in the liver ) is a critical factor for final prognosis. living and management in cases of metastasis to other body organs, prognosis is very poor, where survival may only be a few months. surgery may improve survival rates in some animals, but will require complete removal of the tumor mass. following the surgery, you will have to take your dog for routine checkups, x - rays, and abdominal ultrasound every three months. some dogs may also require special, easily digestible diets, as well as painkillers to alleviate soreness. strictly adhere to the veterinarian ' s guidelines watch for recurrence of vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal distention, and abdominal pain in the dog. the growth of pathogens away from the original site of the disease an increase in the number of white blood cells ( abnormal ) low amounts of glucose in the blood the occurrence or invasion of pathogens away from the point where they originally occurred the prediction of a disease \u2019 s outcome in advance an in - depth examination of the properties of urine ; used to determine the presence or absence of illness a procedure of imaging internal body structures by exposing film passing stool with blood in it the digestive tract containing the stomach and intestine the movement of gas in the gut that causes noise. the process of removing tissue to examine it, usually for medical reasons. the exiting of excrement from the body ; bowel movements. the process of making something larger by dilating or stretching it the tube that extends from the mouth to the stomach a type of instrument that is used to look inside the body a condition of the blood in which normal red blood cell counts or hemoglobin are lacking.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48163015432554174, "token_count": 352, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.221612"} {"text": "european decorative arts and sculpture portions of an armor garnituremade in augsburg, germany, europe artist / maker unknown, german. attributed patron : holy roman emperor maximilian ii, ruled 1564 - 1576. etched and partially blackened and gilded steel ; brass ; leather ( replaced ) ; velvet ( replaced ) 1977 - 167 - 20a - - jbequest of carl otto kretzschmar von kienbusch, 1977 an armor garniture is a complete suit of armor with a set of exchange elements designed to adapt the basic unit to different uses, such as tournament or battle. this armor is part of a great garniture that included over five hundred pieces. it is believed to have belonged to the holy roman emperor maximilian ii ( ruled 1564 to 1576 ). the other related components of the garniture are preserved in the historisches museum der stadt in vienna, austria. social tags [? ] 1500 ' s [ x ] armor [ x ] arms and armor [ x ] augsburg [ x ] etched [ x ] european [ x ] germany [ x ] steel [ x ] vicscottiii [ x ] [ add your own tags ] * works in the collection are moved off view for many different reasons. although gallery locations on the website are updated regularly, there is no guarantee that this object will be on display on the day of your visit.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4173489473773149, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.223931"} {"text": "quarks are completely confined within protons and neutrons : a phenomenon that we do not completely understand. the artist ' s view below represents the two interlinked phenomena that drive confinement : the long - range correlations in the physical vacuum that surround the proton and excludes the color - field emanating from quarks and the extremely strong gluon - fields between the quarks. to make progress on confinement we need to separate these two effects and study each individually. one way to do this is to make a much larger system of quarks and gluons where the role of the vacuum at the surface of the larger system is much reduced. such a large system can be produced by compressing or heating nuclear matter so that the neutrons and protons begin to overlap. as the boundaries between each neutron and proton disappear, a large volume of a new state of matter should be formed - the quark gluon plasma ( qgp ). the strong interactions between quarks and gluons dominate the properties of the qgp, and because of the larger volume of the system, the influence of the correlated vacuum is much reduced. collisions between two heavy nuclei take place at relativistic heavy ion collider ( rhic ). our first results from phenix indicate that the plasma may be formed in these reactions. leading the evidence for the qgp is the reduced yield of particles at high transverse momenta ( pt ). these particles predominantly come from rare, high - momentum collisions between quarks and gluons ( partons ) that occur in the hot, early stage of the reaction. as high momentum partons travel through the forming plasma, they are predicted to lose a considerable fraction of their energy. outside the collision zone high - momentum partons fragment into hadrons, and any energy - loss in the plasma softens the hadronic spectrum, i. e. lowers the measured yield of hadrons at high - pt. the first high - pt spectra from au + au collisions measured by phenix at rhic were published in 2001 with the key observation that the high - pt spectra are softer in central than in peripheral collisions. because a central reaction would produce a larger volume of qgp, this result is consistent with the hard - scattered parton losing energy in a qgp. the overall caution remains that a heavy - ion reaction is a very complex, challenging environment. a strong case for the existence and properties of the qgp must rely on a broad range of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6760318182196545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.227981"} {"text": "sheet music - purpose and use sheet music can be used as a record of, a guide to, or a means to perform, a piece of music. although it does not take the place of the sound of a performed work, sheet music can be studied to create a performance and to elucidate aspects of the music that may not be obvious from mere listening. authoritative musical information about a piece can be gained by studying the written sketches and early versions of compositions that the composer might have retained, as well as the final autograph score and personal markings on proofs and printed scores. comprehending sheet music requires a special form of literacy : the ability to read musical notation. nevertheless, an ability to read or write music is not a requirement to compose music. many composers have been capable of producing music in printed form without the capacity themselves to read or write in musical notation \u2014 as long as an amanuensis of some sort is available. examples include the blind 18th - century composer john stanley and the 20th - century composers and lyricists lionel bart, irving berlin and paul mccartney. the skill of sight reading is the ability of a musician to perform an unfamiliar work of music upon viewing the sheet music for the first time. sight reading ability is expected of professional musicians and serious amateurs who play classical music and related forms. an even more refined skill is the ability to look at a new piece of music and hear most or all of the sounds ( melodies, harmonies, timbres, etc. ) in one ' s head without having to play the piece. with the exception of solo performances, where memorization is expected, classical musicians ordinarily have the sheet music at hand when performing. in jazz music, which is mostly improvised, sheet music \u2014 called a lead sheet in this context \u2014 is used to give basic indications of melodies, chord changes, and arrangements. handwritten or printed music is less important in other traditions of musical practice, however. although much popular music is published in notation of some sort, it is quite common for people to learn a piece by ear. this is also the case in most forms of western folk music, where songs and dances are passed down by oral \u2014 and aural \u2014 tradition. music of other cultures, both folk and classical, is often transmitted orally, though some non - western cultures developed their own forms of musical notation and sheet music as well. although sheet music is often thought of as being a platform for new music and an aid to composition ( i. e., the composer writes the music down )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5097438481891164, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.241897"} {"text": "- special reports - the magazine mount everest is located in southern asia ' s great himalayan mountain range, straddling the border of tibet and nepal. global positioning indicates the mountain continues to grow a few fractions of an inch each year and to move slightly to the northeast due to the shifting of tectonic plates. mount everest is the highest point on earth. satellite - based technology pinpointed its height at 29, 035 feet in 1999. everest ' s upper slopes are so high that the atmosphere there contains just one - third of the breathable oxygen found at sea level. at 28, 250 feet, mount k - 2 in kashmir is the world ' s second - highest peak. mount everest was named after sir george everest, a british surveyor who spent 25 years of his life mapping the indian subcontinent. everest most likely never saw the mountain himself, but his triangulation theories allowed successors to locate its summit in 1852. in tibet, the mountain ' s name is chomolungma, or ` ` goddess mother of the world. ' ' in nepal, the mountain ' s name is sagarmatha, or ` ` goddess of the sky. ' ' sir edmund hillary and tenzing norgay became the first recorded climbers to scale everest in 1953. nepalese guide appa sherpa holds the record for most successful ascents at 17. new zealand mountaineer mark inglis became the first double amputee to reach the summit in 2006. in may, 71 - year - old katsusuke yanagisawa reportedly became the oldest man ever to climb the mountain. about 200 climbers have died while making attempts on everest, including several this year. sources : kalamazoo gazette, may 31, 2007.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4329878586039441, "token_count": 353, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.244665"} {"text": "the uncanny valley appears pretty frequently in these pages, at least in presentation \u2014 like the disembodied baby head above, for instance, or the wonderfully horrible telenoid. these robots and others represent the gulf in our robot affinity that gapes open when machines approach a certain level of human likeness. masahiro mori described this phenomenon 42 years ago, when he was a robotics professor at the tokyo institute of technology. his paper was largely unnoticed for decades, but more recently it has become a touchstone for robotics, especially as they become more lifelike. but the paper was never published in english in its entirety, for whatever reason. now here it is, in a new translation approved by mori and appearing in ieee spectrum. mori notes the eerie sensation that arises when we are tricked into thinking an artificial limb is real, and then realize it \u2019 s not \u2014 it \u201c becomes uncanny, \u201d and we lose our affinity for it. he expresses this phenomenon in a graph. \u201c i have noticed that, in climbing toward the goal of making robots appear human, our affinity for them increases until we come to a valley, which i call the uncanny valley, \u201d the new translation reads. he also charts our affinities and lack thereof for still and moving objects, noting that our affinity is pretty high for a stuffed animal or a humanoid robot. but movement is key to our affinity \u2014 a humanoid robot would not move like a human, so it would be incredibly creepy, he says. \u201c imagine a craftsman being awakened suddenly in the dead of night. he searches downstairs for something among a crowd of mannequins in his workshop. if the mannequins started to move, it would be like a horror story, \u201d he writes. a still corpse is also down in the valley. at the deepest point : zombies. five amazing, clean technologies that will set us free, in this month ' s energy - focused issue. also : how to build a better bomb detector, the robotic toys that are raising your children, a human catapult, the world ' s smallest arcade, and much more.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5248533708910862, "token_count": 426, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.247319"} {"text": "\" green \" energy, it ' s all green... so it ' s clean! public power ' s \" green \" energy - why choose \" green \" energy? public power is now offering 100 % \" green \" energy. \" green \" programs are helping america become energy independent. public power offers 100 % green energy, whereas our standard rate provides only 20 % green energy. customers who enroll with our \" green \" energy program will receive a certificate from public power acknowledging their contribution to america ' s future. if you had a choice?... what is \" green \" energy? in the united states, most of our electricity is generated by pollution sources like coal - fired plants, which pollute our environment with millions of tons of carbon dioxide ( co2 ). people can now power their homes a cleaner way ; with \" green \" energy, 100 % of a home ' s monthly electric will be generated from alternative renewable energy sources that have a zero imprint on our environment. green energy is produced in a way that has less of a negative environmental impact than conventional sources such as the burning of fossil fuels. examples of green energy include solar, wind, geothermal and hydro. the use of green energy reduces negative impacts to the environment and decreases harmful greenhouse gas emissions. we all contribute to the release of harmful greenhouse gases ; the good news is that it ' s not too late to make a difference and reduce the harmful effects of common daily activities such as driving our cars, air travel, and cooling and heating our homes. a higher standard public power is promoting renewable portfolio standards ( rps ) in order to get an increased usage of renewable energy and the development of renewable products. an rps is a statewide benchmark for the percentage of electricity that must come from green, renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, biomass, and geothermal. continued development of renewable resources is largely driven by the adoption of these standards. by purchasing our \" green \" energy product you would be helping promote renewable portfolio standards. public power is a proud supporter of rps with our commitment to offer up to 16 % renewable energy in all of our markets. how does \" green \" energy work? green energy is derived from naturally - occurring sources. this energy can be replenished as wind, solar, and hydroelelectric power. to help spread the sale of green energy, a system was established that separates green energy into separate parts. green energy is separated by : the electricity produced by a renewable generator and the renewable \" attributes \" of that generation. these", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.520436714086554, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.254143"} {"text": "experimental fusion research pppl fusion research centers on the national spherical torus experiment ( nstx ), which is undergoing a $ 94 million upgrade that will make it the most powerful experimental fusion facility, or tokamak, of its type in the world when work is completed in 2014. experiments will test the ability of the upgraded spherical facility to maintain a high - performance plasma under conditions of extreme heat and power. results could strongly influence the design of future fusion reactors. the laboratory develops components and scientific data for iter, which represents the largest step to date toward the development of a commercial fusion reactor. iter, whose name is latin for \u201c the way, \u201d is being built in cadarache, france, by the european union, the united states, china, india, japan, korea and russia. the facility is designed to produce 500 million watts of fusion power for at least 400 seconds by the late 2020s to demonstrate the feasibility of fusion as a source of energy. pppl conducts research on the use of liquid lithium to help keep fusion reactions hot. the laboratory \u2019 s lithium tokamak experiment ( ltx ) is the world \u2019 s first experimental fusion facility to have liquid lithium covering all its walls to absorb plasma particles that escape from magnetic confinement. the shiny metal keeps the particles from re - entering the plasma as a cold gas, retains impurities that can cool the plasma and halt fusion reactions, and prevents damage to the plasma - facing walls. included in this research are experiments led by princeton university engineer bruce koel on the behavior of lithium and other wall materials.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.553533959658526, "token_count": 318, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.257321"} {"text": "almost as soon as moving pictures began telling stories, they drew upon literature for ideas \u2014 popular poems, shakespeare \u2019 s plays, and later novels and short stories provided the basis for many films, and continue to do so to this day. finding in - depth criticism about these films, and the works that inspired them, can be challenging \u2014 until now. this guide will help you find critical essays on movies, their literary sources, and the art of film adaptation. the first step is finding films that have been adapted from literary works. the following resources are an excellent place to start : based on the book this site, from the mid - continent public library, allows you to look up novel / film combinations. you can search by author, book title, movie title, or the year the film was released. movie adaptation database from the university of california at berkeley, a searchable database for movie and book titles. the literary filmography : 6, 200 adaptations of books, short stories and other nondramatic works. leonard mustazza. entries are listed alphabetically by title of the original work and include the author, year of first publication, literary prizes, and a brief synopsis, followed by film title, credits, and availability on vhs or dvd. sources include books, short stories, newspaper and magazine articles, and poems. covers english - language works only. there are two approaches to finding criticism about a particular book or author : check the library catalog. doing a subject search on the author \u2019 s name ( last, first ) will bring up books about the writer \u2019 s life and works. see the humanities department research guide literary criticism for high school and college students to find online and print resources, as well as helpful information about writing a research paper. adaptations : from short story to big screen. stephanie harrison. do a title search to pull up information about a particular film. under the heading \u201c awards & reviews, \u201d click on the link for \u201c external reviews \u201d for links to different reviewers. a gateway to reviews of movies past and present. the reviews come from a variety of media outlets, including the new york times and roger ebert, and occasionally include foreign press sources. this online version annually indexes 150 film and television periodicals from 30 countries cover - to - cover and 200 other periodicals selectively for articles on film and television. the periodicals range from the scholarly to the popular. contains citations to articles, film reviews and book reviews published between 1976 - 2001. found a good citation in the indexes above, and want to get hold of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40297847271634024, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.260403"} {"text": "mathematics for the environment published january 18th 2011 by chapman and hall / crc \u2013 679 pages published january 18th 2011 by chapman and hall / crc \u2013 679 pages mathematics for the environment shows how to employ simple mathematical tools, such as arithmetic, to uncover fundamental conflicts between the logic of human civilization and the logic of nature. these tools can then be used to understand and effectively deal with economic, environmental, and social issues. with elementary mathematics, the book seeks answers to a host of real - life questions, including : a truly interdisciplinary, concrete study of mathematics, this classroom - tested text discusses the importance of certain mathematical principles and concepts, such as fuzzy logic, feedback, deductive systems, fractions, and logarithms, in various areas other than pure mathematics. it teaches students how to make informed choices using fundamental mathematical tools, encouraging them to find solutions to critical real - world problems. the book can be recommended to all those readers who are interested in applied mathematics as well as to those who do not think of themselves as mathematicians yet being interested in laws and relationships in which mathematics may be a helpful tool. \u2014 herbert s. buscher, zentralblatt math 1211 the book is heavily referenced \u2026 there are many detailed exercises designed to highlight how mathematics can be used to explain natural phenomena and human behavior and its consequences. \u2026 this book could serve as a text for courses in applied mathematics and a resource for study material in many other subject areas \u2026 \u2014 maa reviews, july 2011 mathematics is connected to everything else earth \u2019 s climate and some basic principles one of the greatest crimes of the 20th century edison \u2019 s algorithm : listening to nature \u2019 s feedback fuzzy logic, filters, the bigger picture principle consequences of the crime : suburbia \u2019 s topology a toxic consequence of the crime hubbert \u2019 s peak and the end of cheap oil resource wars : oil and water the co2 greenhouse law of svante arrhenius economic instability : ongoing causes necessary conditions for economic success the mathematical structure of ponzi schemes dishonest assessment of risk one reason why usury should again be illegal what is mathematics? more basics the definition of mathematics used in this book the logic of nature and the logic of civilization cycles and scales in nature and mathematics the art of estimating we all soak in a synthetic chemical soup thomas latimer \u2019 s unfortunate experience what \u2019 s in the synthetic chemical soup? synthetic flows and assumptions the flow of information about synthetic flows you cannot do just one thing : two examples mathematics : food, soil, water,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5386767432976002, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.270860"} {"text": "in a synthetic chemical soup thomas latimer \u2019 s unfortunate experience what \u2019 s in the synthetic chemical soup? synthetic flows and assumptions the flow of information about synthetic flows you cannot do just one thing : two examples mathematics : food, soil, water, air, free speech the \" hour glass \" industrial agriculture machine industrial agriculture logic vs. the logic of life fast foods, few foods, and fossil fuels genetic engineering : one mathematical perspective toxic sludge is good for you! oceans : rising acidity and disappearing life stocks, flows and distributions of food my definition of food choices : central vs. diverse decision making mathematics and energy how much solar energy is there? solar energy is there, do we know how to get it? nuclear power : is it too cheap to meter? net primary productivity and ecological footprints npp, soil, biofuels, and the super grid the brower \u2013 cousteau model of the earth how heavily do we weigh upon the earth? mining and damming : massive rearrangements fish, forests, deserts, and soil : revisited the cousteau \u2013 brower earth model fuzzy logic, sharp logic, frames, and bigger pictures sharp ( aristotelian ) logic : a standard syllogism measuring truth values : fuzzy / measured logic definitions, assumptions and the frame of debate humans in denial \u2014 nature cannot be fooled \u2014 gravity exists the bigger picture principle the dunbar number the sustainability hypothesis : is it true? the dunbar number public relations, political power, and the organization of society political uses of fear confronting fear ( and apathy ) : organizing your community for self - preservation and sustainability math and nature : the nature of math one pattern viewed via geometry and numbers : mathese the square numbers of pythagoras the language of mathematics : mathese a general expression in mathese : a formula for odd numbers an important word in mathese : \u03c3 sentences in mathese : equations with \u03c3 and a dummy variable induction, deduction, mathematical research, and mathematical proofs what is a mathematical proof? what is a deductive system? originalidad es volver al origen axioms and atoms molecules and atoms ; the atomic number and the atomic mass number of an atom scaling and our first two axioms for numbers our first axiom for numbers number 1 : its definition, properties, uniqueness the definition of multiplicative inverse our second axiom for numbers if \u2026, then \u2026. our first proofs return to the problem : how many protons in one gram of protons? what is a mole?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6413201409388112, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.272057"} {"text": "definition, properties, uniqueness the definition of multiplicative inverse our second axiom for numbers if \u2026, then \u2026. our first proofs return to the problem : how many protons in one gram of protons? what is a mole? scaling up from the atomic to the human scale five more axioms for numbers associativity, identity, and inverses for + commutativity of + and * what patterns can be deduced in our deductive system? playing the mathematics game rules for playing the mathematics game the usual rules for fractions are part of our deductive system can you tell the difference between true and false patterns? one of the oldest mathematical patterns a short story and some numberless mathematics relations defined as collections of ordered pairs transitive and reflexive relations relations that are functions a set of social rules for the warlpiri people the section rule the mother relation rules the marriage rules the father relation rules cultural contexts in which mathematics is done counting social security numbers among other things permutations : order matters there are n! permutations of n distinct objects counting connections : order does not matter equivalence relations and counting using equivalence relations to count combinations : order does not matter additional counting problems box models : population, money, recycling some population numbers counting people in the world a fundamental axiom of population ecology counting people in the united states basic mathematical patterns in population growth schwartz charts are box - flow models our first population model : simple boxes and flows three basic operations : addition, multiplication, and exponentiation defining logarithm functions computing formulas for doubling times logarithms to any base further study : more complicated models and chaos theory the world \u2019 s human population : one box box models : money, recycling, epidemics some obvious laws humans continue to ignore a linear multiplier effect : some mathematics of money multiplier effects arising from cycles : the mathematics of recycling a simple model of an influenza epidemic chance : health, surveillance, spies, and voting chance : health and news if you test hiv positive, are you infected? chance and the \" news surveillance, spies, snitches, loss of privacy, and life is someone watching you? why? living with a police escort? i \u2019 m not worried, i \u2019 ve done nothing wrong identity theft, encryption, torture, planespotting encryption mathematics and identity protection extraordinary rendition = kidnapping and torture planespotting : a self - organizing countermeasure the cia did not anticipate bigger pictures and the cia voting in the 21st century stealing elections is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6557349922991256, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.273174"} {"text": "encryption, torture, planespotting encryption mathematics and identity protection extraordinary rendition = kidnapping and torture planespotting : a self - organizing countermeasure the cia did not anticipate bigger pictures and the cia voting in the 21st century stealing elections is a time honored tradition a simple solution exists two modest proposals what exactly is economics? it takes the longest time to think of the simplest things a preview of two laws of nature three kinds of economists the human economy depends on nature \u2019 s flows of energy and entropy nature \u2019 s services and human wealth : important calculations how we treat each other : how we treat nature \u2014 the tragedy of the commons mathematical concepts and economics new mathematical patterns : self - organizing systems finding a niche : habits and habitats the concept of money financial wealth and real wealth is financial collapse possible now? follow the money are you paying more or less than your fair share of taxes? financial growth vs. fish growth fractional reserve banking : an amazing mathematical trick distributed vs. centralized control and decision making farms : to be run by few or by many? utilities : muni or investor - owned? linux vs. microsoft medicine for people or for profit or both? a little history an example of the need for fuzzy logic : the definition of poverty energy and thermodynamics energy and the first law of thermodynamics the first law of thermodynamics entropy and the second law of thermodynamics early statements of the second law of thermodynamics algebraic statement of the second law of thermodynamics so what is entropy and can we measure it? some applications of the second law of thermodynamics : power plants and hurricanes hiking up a mountain understanding entropy with a little mathematics the financial mathematics of loans, debts, and compound interest simple and compound interest : a review how much does a debt really cost you? buying on time and / or installment plans. amortization. the four important numbers : p, r, r, n examples of individual debt : rent - to - own, credit cards, and loans information flow in the 21st century investigative journalism requires cash thesis : the range of debate is too narrow now time series test and multiple source test measuring the range of debate distractions and illusions media literacy : censorship and propaganda filters and censors censorship : external and internal conclusion and epilog : where are the adults? martin walter is a professor in the department of mathematics at the university of colorado at boulder. dr. walter is a sloan, woodrow wilson, and national science foundation fellow", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6310107425240097, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.274489"} {"text": "right now, the accelerator is stopped for the annual maintenance shutdown. this is the opportunity to fix all problems that occurred during the past year both on the accelerator and the experiments. the detectors are opened and all accessible malfunctioning equipment is being repaired or replaced. in the 27 - km long lhc tunnel, surveyors are busy getting everything realigned to a high precision, while various repairs and maintenance operations are on their way. by early march, all magnets will have been cooled down again and prepared for operation. the experimentalists are not only working on their detectors but also improving all aspects of their software : the detector simulations, event reconstruction algorithms, particle identification schemes and analysis techniques are all being revised. by late march, the lhc will resume colliding protons with the goal of delivering about 16 inverse femtobarns of data, compared to 5 inverse femtobarns in 2011. this will enable the experiments to improve the precision of all measurements achieved so far, push all searches for new phenomena slightly further and explore areas not yet tackled. the hope is to discover particles associated with new physics revealing the existence of new phenomena. the cms and atlas physicists are looking for dozens of hypothetical particles, the higgs boson being the most publicized but only one of many. when protons collide in the lhc accelerator, the energy released materializes in the form of massive but unstable particles. this is a consequence of the well - known equation e = mc2, which simply states that energy ( represented by e ) and mass ( m ) are equivalent, each one can change into the other. the symbol c2 represents the speed of light squared and acts like a conversion factor. this is why in particle physics we measure particle masses in units of energy like gev ( giga electronvolt ) or tev ( tera electronvolt ). one electronvolt is the energy acquired by an electron through a potential difference of one volt. it is therefore easier to create lighter particles since less energy is required. over the past few decades, we have already observed the lighter particles countless times in various experiments. so we know fairly well how many events containing them we should observe. we can tell when new particles are created when we see more events of a certain topology than what we expect from those well - known phenomena, which we refer to as the background. we can claim that something additional and new is also occurring when we see an excess of events. of course, the bigger the excess, the easier", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6325960756291421, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.279927"} {"text": "certain topology than what we expect from those well - known phenomena, which we refer to as the background. we can claim that something additional and new is also occurring when we see an excess of events. of course, the bigger the excess, the easier it is to claim something new is happening. this is the reason why we accumulate so many events, each one being a snap - shots of the debris coming out of a proton - proton collisions. we want to be sure the excess cannot be due to some random fluctuation. some of the particles we are looking for are expected to have a mass in the order of a few hundred gev. this is the case for the higgs boson and we already saw possible signs of its presence last year. if the observed excess continues to grow as we collect more data in 2012, it will be enough to claim the higgs boson discovery beyond any doubt in 2012 or rule it out forever. other hypothetical particles may have masses as large as a few thousand gev or equivalently, a few tev. in 2011, the accelerator provided 7 tev of energy at the collision point. the more energy the accelerator has, the higher the reach in masses, just like one cannot buy a 7000 chf car with 5000 chf. so to create a pair of particles with a mass of 3. 5 tev ( or 3500 gev ), one needs to provide at least 7 tev to produce them. but since some of the energy is shared among many particles, the effective limit is lower than the accelerator energy. there are ongoing discussions right now to decide if the lhc will be operating at 8 tev this year instead of 7 tev as in 2011. the decision will be made in early february. if cern decides to operate at 8 tev, the chances of finding very heavy particles will slightly increase, thanks to the extra energy available. this will be the case for searches for particles like the w \u2019 or z \u2019, a heavier version of the well - known w and z bosons. for these, collecting more data in 2012 will probably not be enough to push the current limits much farther. we will need to wait until the lhc reaches full energy at 13 or 14 tev in 2015 to push these searches higher than in 2011 where limits have already been placed around 1 tev. for lhcb and alice, the main goal is not to find new particles. lhcb aims at making extremely precise measurements to see if there are any weak points in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6058914371521262, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.280943"} {"text": "higher than in 2011 where limits have already been placed around 1 tev. for lhcb and alice, the main goal is not to find new particles. lhcb aims at making extremely precise measurements to see if there are any weak points in the current theoretical model, the standard model of particle physics. for this, more data will make a whole difference. already in 2011, they saw the first signs of cp - violation involving charm quarks and hope to confirm this observation. this measurement could shed light on why matter overtook antimatter as the universe expanded after the big bang when matter and antimatter must have been created in equal amounts. they will also investigate new techniques and new channels. meanwhile, alice has just started analyzing the 2011 data taken in november with lead ion collisions. the hope is to better understand how the quark - gluon plasma formed right after the big bang. this year, a special run involving collisions of protons and lead ions should bring a new twist in this investigation. exploring new corners, testing new ideas, improving the errors on all measurements and most likely the final answer on the higgs, that is what we are in with the lhc for in 2012. let \u2019 s hope that in 2012 the oriental dragon, symbol of perseverance and success, will see our efforts bear fruit. to be alerted of new postings, follow me on twitter : @ gagnonpauline or sign - up on this mailing list to receive and e - mail notification.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5808365749550793, "token_count": 306, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.281565"} {"text": "this paper provides observations of physical fitness testing in texas schools and physical education teachers ' insights about large - scale testing using the fitnessgram [ r ] assessment ( cooper institute, 2007 ) as mandated by texas senate bill 530. in the first study, undergraduate and graduate students who were trained to observe and assess student fitness testing in grades 3 through 12 provided observations. in the second study, physical education teachers responded to selected interview questions during a focus group discussion. from the observations and responses, specific themes emerged related to teachers knowledge and training about conducting fitness testing and managing data, students ' knowledge and motivation, support and resources far conducting fitness assessments, and complexity of the fitness situation. key words : behaviors, perceptions, physical education teachers physical fitness and physical activity levels in children and adolescents have long been a topic of interest, especially to physical educators, exercise scientists, health agencies, and private organizations dealing with sport and fitness ( safrit, 1990 ). knowledge that children and adolescents in the united states are more obese and possibly less physically fit than their counterparts in other developed nations has been highlighted for more than two decades ( see dinubile, 1993 ; freedson, cureton, & heath, 2000 ; seefeldt & vogel, 1989 ). a number of nationwide youth fitness school - based physical education programs have been developed over the past 50 years, during which time several reports critically examined the strengths and weaknesses of the fitness batteries used in the programs ( e. g., freedson et al., 2000 ; keating, 2003 ; safrit, 1990 ; safrit & wood, 1995 ). hence, examining physical education classes or fitness assessment protocols to improve the experiences of all those involved is not a new concept ( e. g., stewart, boyce, elliot, & block, 2005 ). the beneficial impact of fitness testing programs, components, and certain test items has met with some skepticism due to the increased number of overweight children and adolescents and overweight, inactive adults ( keating, 2003 ; u. s. department of health and human services [ usdhhs ], 2008 ). findings from a few studies suggested that high physical fitness during childhood and young adulthood is related to a healthy risk factor profile later in life ; however, youth physical activity levels do not necessarily influence cardiovascular disease in later life ( harris & cale, 2006 ; twisk, kemper, & van mechelen, 2002a, 2002b ). education, government, healthcare, and business institutions, as well as parents and families should share", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5235256116743192, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.288814"} {"text": "cardiovascular disease in later life ( harris & cale, 2006 ; twisk, kemper, & van mechelen, 2002a, 2002b ). education, government, healthcare, and business institutions, as well as parents and families should share the responsibility for u. s. children ' s and adolescents ' health and fitness ( austin, fung, cohen - bearak, wardle, & cheung, 2006 ). positive attempts to make large - scale changes include legislation such as texas senate bill ( sb ) 19, requiring students in publicly funded elementary and middle schools to participate in physical activity ; sb 42, that schools implement a coordinated health program ; or sb 530, mandating fitness testing of grade 3 - 12 students ( e. g., kelder et al., 2009 ). however, there is limited information about the issues and barriers teachers and administrators face when making these changes ( e. g., green & thurston, 2002 ). by documenting testing errors and best practices during large - scale fitness testing, a comprehensive understanding may guide future endeavors to ensure accountability and success. thus, this paper reports on teachers ' experiences during the texas state - mandated physical fitness assessments conducted in the second year of implementation. through anecdotal reports, experiences, and observations from physical education teachers and trained college students who conducted the mandated fitness testing, we provide an understanding of the issues and barriers to conducting physical fitness assessments and maintaining annual statewide physical fitness data. this paper entails two separate studies, ( a ) the observations of undergraduate and graduate students trained to use the fitnessgram [ r ] / activitygram [ r ] assessment tools ( cooper institute, 2007 ) and ( b ) physical education teachers ' thoughts and opinions about the state - mandated fitness testing program and the fitnessgram / activitygram assessment tools. the themes and the concerns that emerged from these investigations are presented here to aid future large - scale fitness testing. study 1 : testing observations the research team included one graduate student and eight undergraduate students enrolled in the department of kinesiology, health promotion, and recreation at the university of north texas ( morrow, martin, & jackson, 2010 ). all were trained in fitnessgram test administration, which included reading the training manual, watching an accompanying dvd demonstration, completing the online certification, hands - on training at the cooper institute and the university of north texas, and practice testing at two local middle schools prior to beginning the study. in addition, team members were trained to use standardized testing forms that listed specific criteria for fitnessgram test items", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5124896739123903, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.289820"} {"text": "hands - on training at the cooper institute and the university of north texas, and practice testing at two local middle schools prior to beginning the study. in addition, team members were trained to use standardized testing forms that listed specific criteria for fitnessgram test items ( e. g., 15 - m pacer [ progressive aerobic cardiovascular endurance run ], 20 - m pacer, curl - up, pull - up, etc. ). they also practiced observing and recording errors in the testing procedures. expertly trained testing teams of two to four people traveled to schools to either observe teachers administer the fitness test items twice within a 2 - week period or observe teachers administer the fitness test items and then within 2 weeks re - administer the same test items ( for additional information on the protocol see morrow, martin, & jackson, 2010 ). hence, at least two team members were present in each session to record observations of teacher - administered testing or to conduct the testing. they recorded daily observations journals and test results on the standardized fitnessgram testing forms. recruiting and scheduling schools schools were recruited through telephone, email, fliers, and in - person meetings with teachers and district physical education representatives. elementary school teachers showed the most interest in study participation and signed up quickly for the research. they were placed in one of two groups : the teacher - administered fitness group, or the teacher - administered followed by expert team - administered fitness group. many elementary school physical education teachers already incorporated fitness testing elements into their curriculum and devoted entire units to teaching the fitnessgram test battery ; these factors provided an ideal opportunity for them to schedule time to participate in the study. recruiting middle and high school teachers and their students was difficult due, in part, to the physical education and physical activity requirements defined in sb 530 ( morrow, martin, & jackson, 2010 ), which are different from those for elementary schools. the physical activity requirements for elementary school ( first through fifth grades ) are 30 min / day or 135 min / week ( 45 min three times per week ) or 225 min over 2 weeks ( 45 min three times the first week, and 45 min twice the second week ). only four of six semesters of physical education were required in middle school ( sixth through eighth grades ), and the high school physical education requirement was 1. 5 years. not all students were required to enroll in physical education at the middle and ' high school levels. at some schools, nonphysical education students were released from other classes to complete the mandated physical education fitness testing. conversely, other schools opted to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5037618651304125, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.290826"} {"text": "for over ten years, raising a reader has been a leader in evidence - based literacy programming for young children. outcome data demonstrate that raising a reader effectively develops family reading habits and, by doing so, helps young children enter school ready to learn. raising a reader affiliates across the nation reflect the unique needs of their communities, enhance use of existing community services ( particularly local libraries ), and have a lasting impact on the lives of the children and families they touch. - 75 % increase in the number of parents who shared books with children five or more times per week ( norfolk, va ; 2004 ) - raising a reader five - year - olds in head start scored 69 % higher in pre - reading and 59 % higher in book knowledge than other head start five - year - old or older children. ( san francisco county, ca ; 2003 ) - 350 % increase in the percentage of spanish - speaking parents taking their preschool children to the library at least once per month ( santa clara county, ca ; 2001 ) \u201c one of my greatest concerns is that very young, low income families often have nothing but a television as a means of receiving information and enjoyment. often the reading / language skills assessed inchildren of these families are at the lower end of normal \u2014 rar turns this around! \u201d - - educator, multnomah county, or \u201c one local mother told us that her 8 year - old could not read and that she herself did not graduate from high school, but that her 4 year - old was learning to read because of raising a reader. she also shared that because of raising a reader, she was learning to read and she had been inspired to go back to school to get her ged. \u201d - - sarah bishop, united way of southampton roads, norfolk, va \u201c a family who participated in the library event had never taken their children to the library. the parents now have a library card and have returned to the library on their own. \u201d - - jeanne chisena, northeast michigan community service agency ( nemcsa ), alpena, mi \u201c raising a reader gives spanish speaking parents the ability to practice reading basic english in the privacy of their home which begins to build confidence to read outside the home. \u201d - - dawn ryan, preschool teacher, aspen, co raising a reader does more than just give children books in the hopes they will be read. rar helps families learn to share books so they can understand the delight that comes with reading ( \u2018 book cuddling \u2019 ) and the power they have to help", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.39656651587911784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.293295"} {"text": "mapping tutorial : zoom and navigation the tools for moving around inside the map are in the first section, on the left - hand side of the toolbar. zoom : click - drag with the mouse to zoom in graphically. click on the icon, then click - drag on the zone that you wish to enlarge. see also the navigation map section above. if the mouse has a scroll wheel, this will allow you to zoom in and out. move map : click - drag with the mouse to move around inside the map. click on the icon, then click - drag on the map to move in the desired direction. using this button is optional ; you can move around the map just with a click - and - drag. reframe : returns to the initial extent of the map. after zooming or moving around, click on the icon to return to the initial view of the map. search : locate a geographic unit by typing in its name or part of its name. click on the icon, type in the name or part of the name of the geographic unit you wish to locate, and then click on search. a list of geographic units containing the search term will appear. choose the geographic unit that you wish to see on the map from this list. see next : selection \u00bb see previous : \u00ab views and geographic levels", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4566940822431208, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.294734"} {"text": "there has been a flurry of recent commentary concerning amazon drought \u2013 some of it good, some of it not so good. the good stuff has revolved around a recently - completed interesting field experiment that was run out of the woods hole research center ( not to be confused with the woods hole oceanographic institution ), where they have been examining rainforest responses to drought \u2013 basically by using a very large rainproof tent to divert precipitation at ground level ( the trees don \u2019 t get covered up ). as one might expect, a rainforest without rain does not do well! but exactly what happens when and how the biosphere responds are poorly understood. this 6 year long field experiment may provide a lot of good new data on plant strategies for dealing with drought which will be used to improve the models and our understanding of the system. the not - so - good part comes when this experiment is linked too directly to the ongoing drought in the southern amazon. in the experiment, older tree mortality increased markedly after the third year of no rain at all ( with around 1 in 10 trees dying ). since parts of the amazon are now entering a second year of drought ( possibly related to a persistent northward excursion of the itcz ), the assumption in the independent story ( with the headline \u2018 one year to save the amazon \u2019 ) was that trees will start dying forest - wide next year should the drought continue. this is incorrect for a number of reasons. firstly, drought conditions are not the same as no rain at all \u2013 the rainfall deficit in the middle of the amazon is significant, but not close to 100 %! secondly, the rainfall deficits are quite regionally variable, so a forest - wide response is highly unlikely. also, the trees won \u2019 t all die in just one more year and could recover, depending on yearly variation in climate. while this particular article is exaggerated, there are, however, some issues that should provoke genuine concern. worries about the effects of the prolonged drought ( and other natural and human - related disturbances ) in the amazon are indeed widespread and are partly related to the idea that there may be a \u2018 tipping point \u2019 for the rainforest ( see this recent article for some background ). this idea is exemplified in a study last year ( hutrya et al, 2005 ) which looked at the sharp transition between forest and savannah and related that to the coupling of drought incidence and wild fires with the forest ecosystem. modelling work has suggested that the amazon may have two vegetation / regional climate equilibria due to vegetation and climate tending to reinforce each other", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48518910991474495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.305706"} {"text": "transition between forest and savannah and related that to the coupling of drought incidence and wild fires with the forest ecosystem. modelling work has suggested that the amazon may have two vegetation / regional climate equilibria due to vegetation and climate tending to reinforce each other if one is pushed in a particular direction ( oyama and nobre, 2003 ). the two alternative states could be one rainforested and wet like today, the other mainly savannah and dry in the eastern amazon. thus there is a fear that too much drought or disturbance could flip parts of the forest into a more savannah - like state. however, there is a great deal of uncertainty in where these thresholds may lie and how likely they are to be crossed, and the rate at which change will occur. models go from predicting severe and rapid change ( cox et al, 2004 ), to relatively mild changes ( friedlingstein et al ( 2003 ) ). locally these responses can be dramatic, but of course, these changes also have big implications for total carbon cycle feedback and so have global consequences as well. part of that uncertainty is related to the very responses that are being monitored in the whrc experiment and so while i would hesitate to make a direct link, indirectly these results may have big consequences for what we think may happen to the amazon in the future. special thanks to nancy kiang for taking the time to discuss this with me. update : whrc comments on the articles below.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4767742975075302, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.306397"} {"text": "11 things to do with teens in the justice system this week, i ' m highlighting posts from our first year to help you focus on creative ways to help teens in the justice system and in recovery learn skills that will help them live crime - free and drug - free lives. here ' s 11 things you can do with teens in your justice system : - read books together. don ' t scoff - this really works, even with kids who aren ' t great readers. the model i have in mind is changing lives through literature. find out why the chief juvenile probation officer in bristol county, ma loves the program. on a related note, many teens also benefit from writing poetry. - reward teens when they do things right. a community - based prevention program in canada and maine, where police hand out \" positive tickets \" to kids caught doing things right, and not just when they break the law, has shown encouraging results. can it be modified for your community - - or your juvenile program? - teach them to cook. teens in a culinary program in a juvenile probation camp in l. a. county made a gourmet meal for area bigwigs. - give them cameras so they can tell their own stories. teach them to use digital media - - who knows? they might end up making a powerful documentary film, as these inmates in a juvenile jail did. - teach them yoga. a program in oakland, ca, offers 70 yoga classes per week to at - risk youth ( follow the link and scroll down to the ninth bullet ) ; they learn self - control and calm. - put them to work at a museum. a program in the u. k. hooked up youth in the justice system with a local vintage car museum. - connect them with a caring adult. try the 4c coalition at the reclaiming futures site in seattle for a mentoring program that targets kids in the justice system - - similarly, or contact our reclaiming futures site in dayton, ohio, which has recruited over 100 \" natural helpers \" from the community to work with teens in trouble with the law. - put them to work reforming the juvenile justice system. for example, the center for court innovation had youth in the system collect information from famlies, youth, and juvenile justice system professionals about why it is that so many teens and caregivers caught up in the system have no idea how it works. what they came up with wasn ' t child ' s play : their recommendations - - if followed - - could dramatically improve outcomes. - ask", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43560989280828866, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.310310"} {"text": "it is that so many teens and caregivers caught up in the system have no idea how it works. what they came up with wasn ' t child ' s play : their recommendations - - if followed - - could dramatically improve outcomes. - ask teens to map community resources. organize teens to do something positive for their peers and their community by mapping positive activities for youth and other resources they need. - train youth to do anti - violence outreach. don ' t think it can be done? that ' s exactly what clemmie greenlee has done in nashville. - train them to support their peers in recovery. connecticut turning to youth & families is building networks of teens and young adults who help their peers be successful in recovery from drugs and alcohol. ( and they ' re happy to consult with you. ) - here ' s a good example of what * not * to do with teens in the justice system : increase their exposure to the justice system, which increases their risk to recidivate. but that ' s exactly what a & e ' s new reality tv show, \" beyond ' scared straight, ' \" is doing. the show puts teens in contact with adult prison inmates in an attempt to terrify them into \u201c going straight. \" check out these facts about the program from the coalition for juvenile justice ( cjj ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.476895784419621, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.310821"} {"text": "extreme weather map shows 3, 527 monthly weather records shattered in 2012 top ten states with greatest percentage of locations with record - breaking heat : tn, wi, mn, il, in, nv, wv, me, co, md new york, jan. 15, 2013 / prnewswire - usnewswire / \u2014 in 2012, there were at least 3, 527 monthly weather records for heat, rain and snow broken by extreme weather events that hit communities throughout the u. s., according to an updated interactive extreme weather mapping tool and year - end review released today by the natural resources defense council. the 2012 tally exceeds the 3, 251 records smashed in 2011 and catalogues these record - breaking extreme events in all 50 states. new this year, the interactive map at www. nrdc. org / extremeweather also ranks all 50 states for the percentage of weather stations reporting at least one monthly heat record broken in 2012. the ten states showing the highest percentage with new heat records are : tennessee ( 36 % ), wisconsin ( 31 % ), minnesota ( 30 % ), illinois ( 29 % ), indiana ( 28 % ), nevada ( 27 % ), west virginia ( 26 % ), maine ( 26 % ), colorado ( 25 % ), and maryland ( 24 % ). especially hard - hit regions include the upper midwest, northeast, northern great plains, and rocky mountain states. \u201c 2012 \u2032 s unparalleled record - setting heat demonstrates what climate change looks like, \u201d said kim knowlton, nrdc senior scientist. \u201c this extreme weather has awoken communities across the country to the need for preparedness and protection. we know how to reduce local risks, improve our lives and create more resilient communities. now our leaders must act. \u201d because these monthly weather records compete against prior records set over at least the last 30 years at each location, the 3, 527 monthly records - broken highlight notable patterns of extreme weather in the u. s. and in fact, from 1980 through 2011, the frequency of weather - related extreme events in north america nearly quintupled, rising more rapidly than anywhere else in the world, according to international insurance giant munichre. in 2012, americans experienced the hottest march on record in the contiguous u. s., and july was the hottest single month ever recorded in the lower 48 states. as a whole, 2012 was the warmest year ever recorded in the u. s., according to the national oceanic and atmospheric administration \u2019 s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43671159889944183, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.315150"} {"text": "contiguous u. s., and july was the hottest single month ever recorded in the lower 48 states. as a whole, 2012 was the warmest year ever recorded in the u. s., according to the national oceanic and atmospheric administration \u2019 s ( noaa ) state of the climate report released last week. noaa has also estimated that 2012 will surpass 2011 in aggregate costs for u. s. annual billion - dollar disasters, and munichre also recently revealed that in 2012, more than 90 percent of the world \u2019 s insured disaster costs occurred in the u. s. some of 2012 \u2032 s most significant weather disasters include : - the summer of 2012 was the worst drought in 50 years across the nation \u2019 s breadbasket, with over 1, 300 u. s. counties in 29 states declared drought disaster areas. - wildfires burned over 9. 2 million acres in the u. s., and destroyed hundreds of homes. the average size of the fires set an all - time record of 165 acres per fire, exceeding the prior decade \u2019 s 2001 - 2010 average of approximately 90 acres per fire. - hurricane sandy \u2019 s storm surge height, 13. 88 feet, broke the all - time record in new york harbor, and ravaged communities across new jersey and new york with floodwaters and winds. the cost of sandy reached an estimated $ 79 billion with at least 131 deaths reported. there are proactive steps government decision - makers can take to minimize the impact on communities increasingly vulnerable to climate change. nrdc encourages all states to undertake the following key actions to protect public health : - enact plans to limit carbon emissions from power plants, vehicles and other major sources of heat - trapping pollution ; coupled with increased investment in energy efficiency and renewable energy. - emergency planning must incorporate risks from climate change. states and local governments should develop, prioritize, support and implement comprehensive climate change mitigation plans to address climate risks. - the federal emergency management agency ( fema ) must also prioritize addressing and preparing for climate change by providing guidance and resources to state and local governments. for more information about 2012 \u2032 s record - breaking extreme weather events, see : - nrdc \u2019 s 2012 extreme weather mapping tool - kim knowlton \u2019 s blog : http : / / switchboard. nrdc. org / blogs / kknowlton / - frances beinecke \u2019 s blog : http : / / switchboard. nrdc. org / blogs / fbeinecke / - rocky kistner \u2019 s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41778372845006406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.319331"} {"text": "china starts construction of panda breeding center as early as next month, chinese authorities will begin the construction of a new mega - breeding facility for giant pandas in the wolong nature reserve, says the official xinhua news agency. the announcement came after last year \u2019 s 8. 0 - magnitude earthquake leveled much of their former habitat in a protected region of the southwestern sichuan province where most of their captive pandas had previously been held. the reserve \u2019 s communist party boss huang jianhua revealed that the new base would be located about 10 kilometers ( 6 miles ) from the former site and that the new site had been selected on account of its optimal environmental conditions. \u201c the pandas will be comfortable living here as it is not far from the former base, \u201d explained huang. a \u201c safety is the priority, \u201d he later added. estimated costs for the new center are currently at a whopping 1. 6 billion yuan, ( or 230 million us dollars ), with national authorities in hong kong footing the majority of the bill, said huang. last year \u2019 s quake killed five staff members and one panda, while an additional two pandas were seriously injured and one remains missing. following the may 12 disaster, most of the pandas were temporarily transported to a breeding nearby center in ya \u2019 an city, while others were taken to various other zoos around the country. a the report said that six of the young pandas remained behind in small houses on the reserve. the wolong facility first opened in 1980 as the largest panda breeding center in the world and a home for other endangered species. a the reserve was home to 142 captive pandas \u201c \u201c some 60 percent of the world \u2019 s total population. experts estimate that there are about 1, 600 non - captive pandas living in the wild in china, a the majority of them inhabiting the sichuan province, as well as northern parts of the shaanxi and gansu provinces.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40105286413698266, "token_count": 389, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.324243"} {"text": "a resolution of the humanitarian situation is the most urgent concern for sri lanka, but there is a politics behind this war that must be understood to guide solidarity from outside. it dates back to the decades prior to and following sri lanka ' s independence from colonial britain. the tragedy of sri lanka is characterised by two destructive nationalisms. on the one hand, we have sinhala buddhist nationalism and its mobilisation by successive regimes in their bid for state power. on the other hand, the tigers, with their most extreme interpretation of tamil nationalism, have dominated the tamil political scene. this ethnicisation of politics is the legacy of colonial reforms, whereby sinhala nationalists appropriated state institutions, followed by discriminatory legislation against minorities, particularly on citizenship, language policy and access to education during the decades after independence in 1948 ( see deirdre mcconnell ). the attacks on the tamil minority also took on violent form with periodic pogroms, culminating in the july 1983 riots and the government - engineered massacre of more than 2, 000 tamils. this led to the mushrooming of tamil militancy, with thousands of youth taking up arms against the state. while there were a number of tamil militant groups during the early 1980s, by 1986 the tigers had all but eradicated the other tamil militant groups, staking their claim for ' sole representation ' of the tamil community. the tigers went further in isolating both themselves and the tamil community, not only by the massacre of sinhalese civilians, beginning in 1985, but also by the ethnic cleansing of the entire muslim population in the north, numbering about 75, 000 people, and the killings of muslims in the east, including the 1990 massacres in two mosques during prayer, resulting in at least 150 deaths. these two destructive nationalisms reinforce each other and together have produced a deadlock trapping both communities. the ensuing political crisis has been deepened by the effects of 25 years of war. the warring parties have both sought military solutions to the problem, undermining efforts to resolve the conflict through a democratic and inclusive process that would bring all those concerned to the negotiating table. since abrogating the ceasefire agreement in the latest phase of the war, the rajapakse government has again chosen the military option, sidelining the political process. in the past couple of years, the centre stage of sri lankan politics has been dominated by the discourse of war, including that of ' war on terror '. this has given the most recalcitrant sinhala buddhist nationalist forces new vigour. in the past,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4575397978633175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.337563"} {"text": "years, the centre stage of sri lankan politics has been dominated by the discourse of war, including that of ' war on terror '. this has given the most recalcitrant sinhala buddhist nationalist forces new vigour. in the past, when the political process was being pursued, albeit temporarily, these forces from time to time were sidelined. now they have an important role in the heart of government. likewise the ltte has time and again scuppered attempts at a settlement by successive sri lankan governments, the indian government with its intervention in the mid - 1980s and more recently the international community in the form of the norwegian brokered peace process. it has remained inflexible in its quest to achieve military objectives and an exclusively tamil independent state. it systematically assassinated independent tamil politicians and intellectuals, including neelan tiruchelvam and kethesh loganthan, two of the most engaged constitutional scholars, as the tigers did not want the political process to find any traction within the tamil community. after 25 years of war, however, the ltte ' s armed campaign has sapped the energy of the tamil people, who are desperate for the war to end. for them, the ltte ' s armed campaign for its secessionist project has not been a liberatory process. it has held its writ over the people it purports to represent with brutal and total control, crushing all dissent, and using them only to feed off as resources, practising extortion and the forced recruitment of child soldiers. the tamil people ' s experience of their self - styled leaders has in many ways made them lose faith in the armed campaign for secession, and the tamil constituency that is voicing a dissenting position vis - a - vis tamil nationalism and the ltte ' s military objectives is a growing one. reframing the national question one way to break the deadlock spawned by the two destructive nationalisms is to reframe the ' national question ', as the problem is historically known in sri lanka. this would necessitate going beyond any formulaic solution based on the ' right to self - determination '. some intellectuals are indeed reframing the problem as a question of the minorities ' share in state power and the protection of the political rights of minorities against a majoritarian state. this reframing of the issue as one of minorities gains importance given the assertion of separate identities by the muslim and up - country tamil communities, both of which were marginalised by the rhetoric and deadlock of the two nationalism", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48295638878605857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.338813"} {"text": "a majoritarian state. this reframing of the issue as one of minorities gains importance given the assertion of separate identities by the muslim and up - country tamil communities, both of which were marginalised by the rhetoric and deadlock of the two nationalisms, not to mention the caste, class and gender concerns within the tamil and sinhala communities that are repressed by nationalist politics. democratisation and a political solution with the victory of president chandrika kumaratunga on a peace platform in 1994 after 17 years of united national party ( unp ) rule, the devolution debate made significant progress in understanding and seeking to reolve the problem of minorities. the draft constitution of 2000 and the experts ' committee majority report of 2006 submitted to the all - party representative committee - appointed by president rajapakse and deliberately undermined by the president himself early on in the process - provided solid foundations for a new constitutional order. this would need to clearly demarcate powers for the provinces, limit executive interference, loosen the centralised character of the state, remove the executive presidency and create a bicameral legislature with greater representation for minorities at the centre. while the contours of a political solution may be apparent to the intellectual community that has been at the centre of the devolution debate, there are two major problems that will hinder any progress. first, there is the lack of political will on the part of the rajapakse government, which seems more interested in giving centrality to sinhala buddhist majoritarianism. and second, there are serious concerns over the deterioration of the democratic health of the country in the context of war politics and the rajapakse government ' s attempt to entrench an authoritarian oligarchy. the issue of democratisation has not historically been one that tamil politics has engaged in seriously. this may be in part because of the ltte ' s brutal culture, but it was also the case with tamil moderates prior to the tigers ' emergence. an important lesson from sri lanka ' s post - colonial history, however, is that a political solution is unlikely to work if democracy in the country is under attack. there is also the corollary that the brazen attacks the minorities as practiced by the current regime are linked to the attacks on democracy that affect the sinhala community as well. the issue of the hour is as much about democratisation as it is about finding a political solution : one is unworkable without the other. the task at hand, then, is the construction", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4742056791574889, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.339924"} {"text": "on democracy that affect the sinhala community as well. the issue of the hour is as much about democratisation as it is about finding a political solution : one is unworkable without the other. the task at hand, then, is the construction of a consensus among the minorities, who include the tamils and muslims but also caste minorities, the economically marginalised, the rural poor in the sinhala community and so on. tamil nationalism, due to its exclusivist politics, alienated the other minorities and large sections of the sinhala communities ; a minorities ' consensus would seek the opposite and work towards coexistence within an inclusive vision. historically, there have been frequent calls for a ' southern consensus ', meaning now a consensus between the two major political parties, the slfp and the unp, as a way of arriving at an agreement towards a political solution and the two - thirds majority in parliament necessary to change the constitution. while such an agreement on a far reaching political solution would be welcome, the historical failure of sri lanka ' s elite to forge the consensus necessary to build a stable bourgeois democratic state and the current political scene, with the ascendancy of sinhala buddhist nationalism, does not bode well. nevertheless, calls by the powerful international actors towards a ' southern consensus ' and a political process towards constitutional reform would be one important way of checking the rapidly deteriorating environment. a minorities ' consensus, on the other hand, would be an attempt at a bottom - up approach, beginning with the marginalised, to rekindle a national debate on a political solution and democratisation. the tragic history of sri lanka points to no easy solutions. the long march towards peace and justice may have to begin with the difficult process of building social movements but it will also require solidarity. that is, solidarity to dislodge destructive nationalisms, the militarisation of state and society, to support efforts at democratisation and to challenge authoritarianism. over the decades the powerful tamil diaspora and the emerging sinhala diaspora have reinforced the dynamic of destructive nationalisms through both financial and political support. the unconditional support for the tigers by large sections of the tamil diaspora can even be witnessed today in many of the protests in western capitals, with slogans such as ' prabhakaran is our leader ' and ' we want tamil eelam '. feeding such nationalism goes hand in hand with the silencing of other minorities who came under brutal attack by the tigers. furthermore, it also reflects the irresponsible minds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4496516302814283, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.341323"} {"text": "not just solidarity, but solidarity that is constructive and responsible. ahilan kadirgamar is an activist with the sri lanka democracy forum and contributing editor of himal southasian magazine. viva siva now in his eighties, a sivanandan remains an important figure in the politics of race and class, maintaining his long - held insistence that only in the symbiosis of the two struggles can a genuinely radical politics be found. by arun kundnani background to brutality the resumption of sri lanka ' s bloody civil war following the government ' s unilateral abrogation of the ceasefire with the tamil tigers last year has seen killing and other abuses on a massive scale. deirdre mcconnell examines the background to the continuing conflict between the country ' s sinhalese majority and its tamil and other minorities can \u2019 t you see the writing on the wall with hundreds of civilians killed and a quarter of a million people trapped by the current fighting, lonan alvaro considers the humanitarian cost of sri lanka ' s 25 - year long conflict the brighton pay dispute : the union view gmb union organiser rob macey puts the workers ' side of the argument the pay dispute at brighton council : a green view davy jones, green party parliamentary candidate for brighton kemptown, gives his view of a dispute that has caused huge debate among green party members in the city and across the country jeremy hardy thinks \u2026 about the right to exist ' we \u2019 d all say a person has a right to a home, but we wouldn \u2019 t say their home has rights. ' back to the fragments lynne segal, one of the authors of the seminal 1979 socialist - feminist text beyond the fragments, reflects on its lessons for today turkey : a people imprisoned once seen as a moderate party, the akp government in turkey is using anti - terrorism legislation to unleash a wave of repression against the left and the kurdish movement. tim baster and isabelle merminod spoke to activists in the country", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4275010689597813, "token_count": 400, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.350916"} {"text": "substance comparatively opaque to x - rays, which appears lighter on x - ray film and allows a body structure that does not normally contrast with its background to be seen clearly on the film. common contrast media include barium sulfate and iodized organic compounds. they are given by the route that introduces them into the structure to be examined \u2014 swallowed or as an enema for the digestive tract, inhaled for the respiratory tract, or injected for blood vessels and for organs and tissues they supply. serious reactions to contrast media are not infrequent. seealso diagnostic imaging. learn more about contrast medium with a free trial on britannica. com. iodine based contrast media such as urografin or omnipaque is used most commonly in radiology, due to its relatively harmless interaction with the body. it is primarily used to visualise vessels, but can also be used for tests of the urinary tract, uterus and fallopian tubes. | ionic | | diatrizoate ( hypaque 50 ) | | ionic monomer | | 300 | | 1550 | | high osmolar | | ionic | | metrizoate ( isopaque coronar 370 ) | | ionic | | 370 | | 2100 | | high osmolar | | ionic | | ioxaglate ( hexabrix ) | | ionic dimer | | 320 | | 580 | | low osmolar | | non - ionic | | iopamidol ( isovue 370 ) | | non - ionic monomer | | 370 | | 796 | | low osmolar | | non - ionic | | iohexol ( omnipaque 350 ) | | non - ionic | | 350 | | 884 | | low osmolar | | non - ionic | | ioxilan ( oxilan ) | | non - ionic | | low osmolar | | non - ionic | | iodixanol ( visipaque 320 ) | | non - ionic dimer | | 320 | | 290 | | iso osmolar | these often appear in the form of barium sulfate. barium is mainly used in the imaging of the digestion system. negative contrast always occurs in a gas, usually as one of the following : examples of the use of negative contrast medium are as follows : although rare, it is possible to be allergic to contrast media. reactions can range from minor to severe, in the worst case scenario,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5508515244959049, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.370336"} {"text": "in a gas, usually as one of the following : examples of the use of negative contrast medium are as follows : although rare, it is possible to be allergic to contrast media. reactions can range from minor to severe, in the worst case scenario, resulting in death. mild ( no treatment necessary ) moderate ( treatment necessary, but no intensive care ) severe ( life - threatening, intensive care necessary ) contrast media is never given to a patient unless a doctor is present to assist should an allergic reaction occur. patients are usually screened before being given contrast, by means of a series of questions. these typically include an allergy history and a history of any asthma and diabetes. it has been recommended that metformin, an oral antidiabetic agent, be stopped for 48 hours following the intravascular administration of contrast media and that the use of metformin not be resumed until renal function has been shown to be normal. the reasoning is that if the contrast medium causes kidney failure ( as happens rarely ) and the person continues to take metformin ( which is normally excreted by the kidneys ), there may be a toxic accumulation of metformin, increasing the risk of lactic acidosis, a dangerous complication. however, guidelines published by the royal college of radiologists suggest this is not as important for patients who receive < 100mls of contrast media and have normal renal function. if renal impairment is found before administration of the contrast, metformin should be stopped 48 hours before and after the procedure.. association of pancreatitis with administration of contrast medium and intravenous lipid emulsion in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. ( case report ). jan 01, 2003 ; abstract : computed tomography is widely used to diagnose acute pancreatitis. iodinated contrast medium lengthens the duration of... patent no. 7, 477, 929 issued on jan. 13, assigned to siemens for living body contrast medium flow forecasting method ( german inventors ) feb 26, 2009 ; alexandria, va., feb. 26 - - ernst klotz of uttenreuth, germany, and annabella rauscher of erlangen, germany, have developed a...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4980967434415207, "token_count": 461, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.372779"} {"text": "the national center for atmospheric research - community climate system model ( ncar - ccsm ) is used in a coupled atmosphere - ocean - sea - ice simulation of the last glacial maximum ( lgm, around 21, 000 years ago ) climate. in the tropics, the simulation shows a moderate cooling of 3 \u00b0c over land and 2 \u00b0c in the ocean in zonal average. this cooling is about 1 \u00b0c cooler than the climap sea surface temperatures ( ssts ) but consistent with recent estimates of both land and sea surface temperature changes. subtropical waters are cooled by 2 - 2. 5 \u00b0c, also in agreement with recent estimates. the simulated oceanic thermohaline circulation at the lgm is not only shallower but also weaker than the modern with a migration of deep - water formation site in the north atlantic as suggested by the paleoceanographic evidences. the simulated northward flow of antarctic bottom water ( aabw ) is enhanced. these deep circulation changes are attributable to the increased surface density flux in the southern ocean caused by sea - ice expansion at the lgm. both the gulf stream and the kuroshio are intensified due to the overall increase of wind stress over the subtropical oceans. the intensified zonal wind stress and southward shift of its maximum in the southern ocean effectively enhances the transport of the antarctic circumpolar current ( acc ) by more than 50 %. simulated ssts are lowered by up to 8 \u00b0c in the midlatitudes. simulated conditions in the north atlantic are warmer and with less sea - ice than indicated by climap again, in agreement with more recent estimates. the increased meridional sst gradient at the lgm results in an enhanced hadley circulation and increased midlatitude storm track precipitation. the increased baroclinic storm activity also intensifies the meridional atmospheric heat transport. a sensitivity experiment shows that about half of the simulated tropical cooling at the lgm originates from reduced atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4848125616834937, "token_count": 404, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.387529"} {"text": "one of the drawbacks investors and utilities have found with solar and wind power is that they are \u201c variable. \u201d simply put : they can \u2019 t generate electricity when the sun \u2019 s not shining or the wind isn \u2019 t blowing. that \u2019 s problematic because we \u2019 ve grown accustomed to getting energy whenever we want it. flick a switch and the lights should go on, regardless of whether it \u2019 s sunny or windy outside. in the past, utilities believed that they had to compensate for this variability by installing more traditional, fossil - fueled power plants. the more wind or solar power on the grid, the thinking went, the greater the need for backup generating facilities to be there when the wind or sun wasn \u2019 t. enter rmi \u2019 s energy & resources team. over the past year, senior consultant lena hansen has led a series of research projects to rethink the implications of wind and solar \u2019 s variability. in the process, she and her colleagues are re - evaluating the economics of putting more renewable energy on the grid. the key, according to hansen, is for utility managers to think of all their wind and solar installations as a portfolio. \u201c no person would invest in just one stock, \u201d says hansen. in the financial markets, most people forego the huge risks and potentially large gains of owning shares of one company for the reduced risk and smaller rates of return of owning shares in multiple companies, she explains. hansen argues that the same should go for utilities investing in wind and solar. \u201c by diversifying the portfolio of sites, you mitigate variability, \u201d she says. \u201c put another way, the wind blows differently in different locations. so spread out your resource to reduce total variability. \u201d the trick is to balance risks and rewards. very windy and very sunny sites produce more power than sites that are less windy or less sunny. but they also tend to be more variable. ultimately, explains hansen, utility managers have to make a tradeoff between variability and power output. however, by modeling a bunch of geographically spread - out sites, hansen and her colleagues hypothesized, utilities can start to make educated guesses about the optimal portfolio \u2014 one that maximizes power generation and minimizes variability. to test the hypothesis, hansen and former rmi fellow jonah levine compiled hundreds of tables of meteorological data for a one - year period, then set about looking for overlaps in the times when the wind is blowing. as it turned out, 2004 data were the most complete, enough to model what would happen at 63 sites across", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5050166027946755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.413097"} {"text": "of tables of meteorological data for a one - year period, then set about looking for overlaps in the times when the wind is blowing. as it turned out, 2004 data were the most complete, enough to model what would happen at 63 sites across the great plains. \u201c the basic idea, \u201d explains levine, \u201c was to look for a complementary effect. \u201d simulating wind sites over a large geographic area should have decreased variability in the whole system without adversely affecting power output. the results were promising. overall, hansen and levine noticed decreases in system variability for all the portfolios they studied. those findings spurred a second study, conducted earlier this year, that combined both wind and solar resources in one portfolio. the team \u2019 s hypothesis was that just as wind tends to blow differently in different places, the sun often shines when there is no wind. using data from the national renewable energy lab and levine \u2019 s study, hansen and ert fellow bryan palmintier simulated 43 wind and solar sites throughout the midwest. all 43 sites were within the midwest reliability organization \u2019 s ( mro ) area of responsibility regarding the grid. mro is one of nine north american electric reliability regions, comprising minnesota, north dakota, nebraska, as well as portions of montana, south dakota, iowa, wisconsin, the upper peninsula of michigan, and two canadian provinces. after running the numbers, they found that variability in the whole system went down by 55 percent compared to the average of all sites studied. surprisingly, those results bore out whether they looked at the entire study group, or as few as six optimally selected sites. \u201c if you look at the average wind or solar site alone, there \u2019 s a good amount of time each day that it \u2019 s not generating electricity, \u201d explains palmintier. \u201c but if you combine all the wind and solar sites together, you find that 90 percent of the time you can get seven megawatts out \u201d of facilities that at peak production might generate 100 megawatts. that increase in electric output may sound small, but palmintier contends that it \u2019 s substantial enough to get utilities to think differently about their investments, especially if paired with programs to help users better manage the times at which they draw power from the grid. to bolster these findings, the rmi team then expanded their analysis, first over a longer time period and then over a larger geographic area. for mro, hansen and her colleagues simulated what would happen if they took into account three years of data. the findings were essentially the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5097235838831011, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.415344"} {"text": "the rmi team then expanded their analysis, first over a longer time period and then over a larger geographic area. for mro, hansen and her colleagues simulated what would happen if they took into account three years of data. the findings were essentially the same as those from the first simulation, meaning that under \u201c normal \u201d weather patterns, the \u201c optimal \u201d portfolio of sites still reduced variability by the same amount. also, the composition of the optimal portfolio didn \u2019 t change much between the one - year and three - year simulations that the team did, explains josh traube, a fellow with the energy & resources team. three - quarters of the sites that were in the optimal one - year portfolio were also in the optimal three - year portfolio. and even if the three - year simulation were constrained to the sites chosen by the one - year simulation, the electrical output and variability stayed relatively similar. this means utilities don \u2019 t necessarily have to gather multiple years of data to make an informed decision about where to site the wind or solar installations in their portfolios. \u201c at least in this example, if you were to do only a one - year analysis, you wouldn \u2019 t penalize yourself unnecessarily, \u201d says traube. the next step was to expand the simulation to include most of the great plains. using additional data from the southwest power pool and the electric reliability council of texas, traube and hansen simulated the power output and variability for 63 sites. their conclusions : increasing the size of the study area tends to decrease variability as well. much like the previous simulation, these results could be obtained with an optimal portfolio of as few as eight sites. for hansen, this last finding is crucial. if you \u2019 re a utility, she explains, \u201c you don \u2019 t have to spend all your money on a huge number of sites to get the really big benefit \u201d of a diversified portfolio. ultimately, the rmi team hopes its research will demonstrate to utilities how to put more solar and wind on the grid. there \u2019 s a financial incentive to decrease wind and solar \u2019 s variability, says hansen. if utilities can rely even a little more on power from these installations, they won \u2019 t have to make as large of capital expenditures on coal or natural gas plants. \u201c the industry needs to properly understand the value ( or conversely the cost ) of variability, \u201d she says. during the spring, the team presented their findings at the power - gen renewable energy & fuels conference, the american solar energy society \u2019 s annual conference,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4844945004785887, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.417693"} {"text": "this preparation describes the production of a tertiary alcohol from a grignard reagent and a ketone. the reaction is performed in a reflux apparatus which has a calcium chloride guard tube inserted in the top of - place a 250 cm3 three - necked round - bottomed flask, a double - surface water condenser, a tap funnel and a guard tube containing anhydrous calcium chloride in an oven at 120oc for an hour or - what is a double - surface condenser, and why is it needed? - a double - surface condenser has a water jacket both on the outside and through the centre of the condensing tube. it is needed where, as here, the condensed liquid is very volatile. - what is the purpose of the guard tube? - the guard tube prevents water vapour from entering the apparatus from - why is the apparatus and the reagents dried? - grignard reagents react easily with water. any moisture present will prevent the reaction from occurring. - allow the apparatus to cool, and assemble it as a refluxing apparatus with the guard tube in the top of the condenser, a tap funnel in the second neck of the flask and a mechanical stirrer in the third neck. the apparatus should be clamped so as to leave room for the use of a cooling bath of iced water around the flask if necessary. - why might the apparatus need to be cooled during the reaction? - the reaction is exothermic. - place in the flask 6. 2g of magnesium turnings ( those for the preparation of grignard reagents ) and 100 cm3 of dry ether. place 27 cm3 of dried 1 - bromobutane in the tap funnel. - justify the quantities used. - there is 0. 25 mol of magnesium and 0. 25 mol of 1 - bromobutane ( density 1. 28 g cm - 3 ), this being the 1 : 1 ratio in which the reactants - what is used to dry the ethoxyethane? - sodium metal. - what is used to dry the 1 - bromobutane? - anhydrous potassium carbonate. - run in about half of the 1 - bromobutane and stir briefly. when the mixture has settled, drop in one or two small crystals of iodine so that they rest on the surface of the magnesium - do not stir. the reaction should begin within a few minutes ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49510085709168833, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.428202"} {"text": "- bromobutane and stir briefly. when the mixture has settled, drop in one or two small crystals of iodine so that they rest on the surface of the magnesium - do not stir. the reaction should begin within a few minutes ; the reaction mixture should be allowed to reflux gently with cooling as necessary using an ice - water bath. during this time add the remaining 1 - bromobutane in small portions. - what is the purpose of the iodine crystals? - the iodine initiates the reaction. ( it is often said that it is catalytic, but it cannot be recovered from the reaction mixture at the end - it is chemically changed, so is not really catalytic. ) - when the preparation of the grignard reagent is complete the liquid in the flask will be cloudy and of a greyish colour. place in the tap funnel a solution of 18. 5cm3 of dried propanone in 19 cm3 of dried ethoxyethane. stir the mixture in the flask rapidly, and add the propanone solution slowly, cooling the flask in ice if necessary. this reaction is vigorous. when all the propanone has been added the mixture should be allowed to stand overnight. - why is the propanone dried? - water ( with which propanone is miscible in all proportions ) would decompose the grignard reagent to give an alkane. - suggest a suitable drying agent for propanone. - anhydrous potassium carbonate or anhydrous calcium chloride. - decompose the product by pouring the reaction mixture on to 150g of crushed ice, stirring well. dissolve the precipitated magnesium compounds by the addition of 10 % aqueous hydrochloric acid with stirring until the precipitate has disappeared. transfer the mixture to a separating funnel, and run off and keep the lower aqueous layer ; transfer the ethoxyethane layer to a suitable flask. - what is the precipitated magnesium compound? - magnesium hydroxide. - which ions are present in the aqueous solution after treatment with - magnesium ions, and bromide and chloride ions. - return the aqueous layer to the funnel, and wash it with 15cm3 of ethoxyethane. keep the aqueous layer as before, combining the ethoxyethane solution with that separated earlier. repeat the washing of the aqueous layer with 15cm3", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4948177832413781, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.429505"} {"text": ", and wash it with 15cm3 of ethoxyethane. keep the aqueous layer as before, combining the ethoxyethane solution with that separated earlier. repeat the washing of the aqueous layer with 15cm3 of ethoxyethane twice more, combining all the washings with the original solution. - why is the aqueous layer washed with ethoxyethane? - the product alcohol is significantly soluble in water, so the washing with fresh ethoxyethane removes some of the dissolved alcohol. - why is the aqueous layer washed three times with 15 cm3 of ethoxyethane rather than with one 45 cm3 portion? - the alcohol in the aqueous layer is in equilibrium with that in the ethoxyethane layer. it can be shown that three washings are more efficient at removing the alcohol rather than one washing with the same total volume of ethoxyethane. this is a general principle in solvent extraction. - add some anhydrous potassium carbonate to the ethoxyethane solution, and leave to stand until it is clear. - what is the purpose of adding potassium carbonate? - it is a drying agent. - what is the significance of the liquid becoming clear? - wet organic liquids that are not water miscible are cloudy ; the clearness shows that the ethoxyethane solution is now dry. - transfer the ethoxyethane solution to a clean distilling flask, and distil off the ethoxyethane using a warm water bath. - why is a warm water bath used to heat the flask? - ethoxyethane vapour is explosive in air, so no naked flames must ever be used anywhere in a room where ethoxyethane is being used. - when all the ethoxyethane has been removed, fractionally distil the remaining liquid using an electric heating mantle, collecting the fraction that boils between 137 - 141oc. - why is the range between 137 - 141oc chosen? - the product alcohol boils at 139oc so distils over in this - why is an electric heating mantle used? - a boiling water bath would be too cool, and although the ethoxyethane has been distilled off there is still enough vapour around to make the use of flames dangerous.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4899514481602357, "token_count": 489, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.430468"} {"text": "the hoary marmot ( marmota caligata ), the alaska marmot ( m. broweri ), and the woodchuck ( m. monax ) are the three species of marmots that live in alaska. the hoary marmot can be found at the bases of active talus slopes in the mountains of central, southeastern, and southwestern alaska. it also occurs down to sea level along some areas of the coast. the alaska marmot lives in similar talus habitat throughout much of the brooks range. the woodchuck digs its den in loess ( wind - deposited soils ) along river valleys in the dry lowlands of eastcentral alaska. general description : large relatives of the squirrel, the hoary and closely related alaska marmots weigh 10 pounds ( 4. 5 kg ) or more and may exceed 24 inches ( 61 cm ) in total length. the woodchuck weighs between 2 and 6 pounds (. 4 - 2. 7 kg ). they may grow to be 20 inches ( 50. 8 cm ) long. the animals attain their maximum weight in late summer, when they accumulate thick layers of fat that will sustain them through winter hibernation. body shape is similar in all three species : head short and broad, legs short, ears small, body thickset, tail densely furred, and front paws clawed for digging burrows. hoary and alaska marmots are predominantly gray with a darker lower back and face and a dark, reddish tail. the hoary marmot has a white patch above its nose and usually has dark brown feet, giving it the latin name caligata, meaning \u201c booted. \u201d the alaska marmot does not have a white face patch, its feet may be light or dark, and its fur is much softer than the stiff fur of the hoary marmot. a uniform reddish brown, the woodchuck has an unmarked brown face. the name woodchuck originated as a cree indian word used to describe a number of similar - sized animals and does not describe characteristics of the woodchuck ' s behavior or habitat preference. life history : in alaska, all marmots mate in april or may. about a month later, two to six young are born hairless and blind. the young disperse two months after birth and may breed for the first time when they are 2 or 3 years old. marmots may live to 5 years or more. they feed on grasses, flowering plants, berries, roots, mosses, and lichen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42190330556267974, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.446722"} {"text": "disperse two months after birth and may breed for the first time when they are 2 or 3 years old. marmots may live to 5 years or more. they feed on grasses, flowering plants, berries, roots, mosses, and lichens. hoary and alaska marmots make their summer homes on the bases of active talus slopes, where the rocks protect them from predators and provide lookout stations. woodchuck dens may be up to 30 feet long, are dug in the loamy soils of river valleys in interior alaska, and end with a chamber containing a large grass nest. most marmot dens have a main entrance with a mound of dirt near the hole and a number of concealed entrances. marmots are social animals. although each family has a separate burrow, these burrows are located near each other, forming a colony. true hibernators, marmots enter a state of torpor in winter during which all bodily functions are reduced. hoary marmots and woodchucks hibernate alone in the same burrows in which they spent the summer. to protect themselves from the cold, they plug the tunnel leading to the nest chamber with a mixture of dirt, vegetation, and feces. they emerge from their winter hibernation in april or early may to find food and mates. adapted to the harsher winter climate of the brooks range, alaska marmots create a special winter den which has a single entrance and is characteristically located on an exposed ridge that becomes snow - free in early spring. the entrance is plugged after all colony members are inside, and no animals can leave until the plug thaws in early may. consequently, alaska marmots mate before they emerge from their winter den. these dens are relatively permanent for each colony, and some are used for more than 20 years. because hibernation begins in september, most marmots in alaska spend two - thirds of each year locked in their winter dens. marmots are most active in early morning and late afternoon, although they may leave their burrows during other daylight hours. marmots need wind to control mosquito levels and rarely venture out on calm days. the alaska marmot marks its territory by rubbing its face and glands on rocks and along trails. the hoary marmot probably marks its territory in the same way. the pelt colors of marmots help them blend with the lichen - colored rocks or rusty - brown soil of their surroundings. nevertheless, marmots remain alert for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4661505841539344, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.447779"} {"text": ". the hoary marmot probably marks its territory in the same way. the pelt colors of marmots help them blend with the lichen - colored rocks or rusty - brown soil of their surroundings. nevertheless, marmots remain alert for predators including eagles, foxes, coyotes, wolves, and bears. when the alaska marmot is alarmed, it produces a slurred, low - pitched warning call. the alarm call of both hoary marmot and the woodchuck is a loud whistle. they also hiss, squeal, growl, and yip. in areas where marmots are hunted by humans, they have learned to remain quiet when humans approach. good climbers and swimmers, woodchucks may also take to trees or water to avoid predators. marmots often secondarily benefit other animals and plants. abandoned marmot holes can become homes for small mammals. in moderation, their digging and defecation loosen, aerate, and improve the soil. alaska natives have long relished marmot meat and used its thick coat for warm clothing. although these wary animals are difficult to approach closely, persistent observers are rewarded by the fascinating sight of a marmot community. the northern flying squirrel ( glaucomys sabrinus yukonensis ) is a gliding ( volplaning ) mammal that is incapable of true flight like birds and bats. there are 25 subspecies across north america with interior alaska being the most northern and western limit of the species ' range. the generic name, glaucomys, is from the greek glaukos ( silver, gray ) and mys ( mouse ). sabrinus is derived from the latin word sabrina ( river - nymph ) and refers to the squirrel ' s habit of living near streams and rivers. general description : adult flying squirrels average 4. 9 ounces ( 139 gm ) in weight and 12 inches ( 30 cm ) in total length. the tail is broad, flattened, and feather - like. a unique feature of the body is the lateral skin folds ( patagia ) on each side that stretch between front and hind legs and function as gliding membranes. this squirrel is nocturnal and has large eyes that are efficient on the darkest nights. eye shine color is a distinctive reddish - orange. flying squirrel pelage is silky and thick with the top of the body light brown to cinnamon, the sides grayish, and the belly whitish. habitat requirements : flying squirrels require a forest mosaic that includes adequate denning and feeding areas. den sites", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40785009559244934, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.448890"} {"text": ". flying squirrel pelage is silky and thick with the top of the body light brown to cinnamon, the sides grayish, and the belly whitish. habitat requirements : flying squirrels require a forest mosaic that includes adequate denning and feeding areas. den sites include tree cavities and witches ' brooms. tree cavities are most numerous in old forests where wood rot, frost cracking, woodpeckers, and carpenter ants have created or enlarged cavities. witches ' brooms, clumps of abnormal branches caused by tree rust diseases, are the most common denning sites of flying squirrels in interior alaska. about november or december, when temperatures begin to drop sharply, flying squirrels move out of cavities and into brooms. in the coldest periods of winter, they form aggregations of two or more individuals in the brooms and sleep in torpor. feeding areas preferred by flying squirrels contain fungi ( mushrooms and truffles ), berries, and tree lichens and may be in either young or old forests. dried fungi cached in limbs by red squirrels are sometimes stolen by flying squirrels. flying squirrels probably get water from foods they eat and rain, dew, and snow. constant sources of free water ( lakes, ponds, and watercourses ) do not appear to be a stringent habitat requirement. in a year ' s time, a flying squirrel in interior alaska may use as many as 13 different den trees within 19. 8 acres ( 8 ha ). on a night foray, a squirrel may travel as far as 1. 2 miles ( 2 km ) in a circular route and be away from its den tree for up to 7 hours. it may change den trees at night and move to different ones more than 20 times over a year, staying in each for a varying numbers of days. den trees with brooms are used more than twice as much as trees with cavities. fairly dense, old closed - canopy forests with logs and corridors of trees ( especially conifers ) that are spaced close enough to glide between are needed for cover from predators. high quality flying squirrel habitat can be a community mosaic of small stands of varying age classes in which there is a mix of tall conifers and hardwoods. part of the mosaic must be old coniferous forest with den trees containing witches ' brooms, woodpecker cavities, and natural cavities for nesting sites. riparian zones provide excellent habitat in all coniferous forest associations. life history : flying squirrels in alaska may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43506273881575075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.450858"} {"text": "old coniferous forest with den trees containing witches ' brooms, woodpecker cavities, and natural cavities for nesting sites. riparian zones provide excellent habitat in all coniferous forest associations. life history : flying squirrels in alaska may breed anytime from march to late june, depending on length and severity of the winter. the female can breed before 11 months of age and give birth at about 1 year of age. gestation requires about 37 days, so the young are born from may to early july. one litter of two per year is probably the usual case for alaska, but they are known to have litters ranging from one to six in other parts of their range. at birth, the young flying squirrel ( nestling ) is hairless, and its eyes and ears are closed. development is slow in comparison with other mammals of similar size. their eyes open at about 25 days, and they nurse for about 60 to 70 days. by day 240, the young are fully grown and cannot be distinguished from adults by body measurements and fur characteristics. mortality rate for flying squirrels 1 and 2 years old is about 50 percent, and few live past 4 years of age. complete population turnover can occur by the third year. individual flying squirrels nest in tree cavities, witches ' brooms, and drays. in interior alaska, most brooms and cavity entrances have southerly exposures. nests in cavities are usually located about 25 feet above the ground but may range between 5 and 45 feet. flying squirrels excavate chambers in witches ' brooms and line them with nesting materials. a dray nest is a ball - like mass of mosses, twigs, lichens, and leaves with shredded bark and lichens forming the lining of the chamber. flying squirrels build drays entirely by themselves or modify the nests of other species ( e. g., bird nests, red squirrel nests ). the dray is usually positioned close to the trunk on a limb or whorl of branches with its entrance next to the trunk. most drays in alaska are probably conifers. food habits : the flying squirrel is omnivorous. while little is known about its diet in alaska, the food it consumes in other parts of its range include mushrooms, truffles, lichens, fruits, green vegetation, nuts, seeds, tree buds, insects, and meat ( fresh, dried, or rotted ). nestling birds and birds ' eggs may also be eaten. those observed foraging in the wild in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4386166171436283, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.451869"} {"text": ", lichens, fruits, green vegetation, nuts, seeds, tree buds, insects, and meat ( fresh, dried, or rotted ). nestling birds and birds ' eggs may also be eaten. those observed foraging in the wild in interior alaska ate mushrooms ( fresh and dried ), truffles, berries, tree lichens, and the newly flushed growth tips on white spruce limbs. in spring, summer, and fall the diet is mostly fresh fungi. in winter it ' s mostly lichens. flying squirrels are not known to cache fungi for winter in alaska, but they are known to do so elsewhere in their range. witches ' brooms and tree cavities would be likely places to find their caches. predators and parasites : owls, hawks, and carnivorous mammals prey on flying squirrels. primary predators are probably the great horned owl, goshawk, and marten due to their common occurrence and widespread range in alaska ' s forests. three different flea species may infest a single squirrel. economic and ecological value : flying squirrels are important to forest regeneration and timber production because they disperse spores of ectomycorrhizal fungi like truffles. truffles are fruiting bodies of a special type of fungus that matures underground. they are dependent upon animals to smell them out, dig them up, consume them, and disperse their spores in fecal material where the animal travels. the animal serves to inoculate disturbed sites ( e. g., clearcuts, burned areas ) with mycorrhizae that join symbiotically with plant roots and enhance their ability to absorb nutrients and maintain health. the flying squirrel ' s ecological role in forest ecosystems, therefore, gives it economic value. in addition, they may be important prey for a variety of hawks, owls, small carnivores, and furbearers like marten, lynx, and red fox. many alaskans value flying squirrels just for their interesting habits and aesthetic qualities. management considerations : logging for house logs, wood for fuel, and lumber can have devastating effects on flying squirrel populations if clearcut size is too large or if some scattered tall conifers in large cuts are not retained as cover and for travel across the open spaces. management should include retention of other squirrel species in shared habitats. snags with woodpecker holes or other natural cavities and coniferous trees with witches ' brooms must also be maintained in managed forests in order to provide adequate habitat for flying squirrels.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41910352972947335, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.452946"} {"text": "include retention of other squirrel species in shared habitats. snags with woodpecker holes or other natural cavities and coniferous trees with witches ' brooms must also be maintained in managed forests in order to provide adequate habitat for flying squirrels. the red squirrel ( tamiasciurus hudsonicus ) makes itself quite conspicuous with its lively habits and noisy chatter. cone cuttings on stumps or rocks are common and tracks in snow are numerous where this squirrel occurs. it can be found in spruce forests over most of alaska and has a wide range in north america. it occupies a wide variety of forest habitat, occurring in the hardwood forests of eastern north america and the coniferous forests of the west and north. general description : the active rodent averages 11 to 13 inches in length ( 28 - 33 cm ), including tail, and is a rusty - olive color on the upper parts of its body with a whitish belly and underparts. in summer, a dark stripe on the side separates the upper rusty color from the white of the belly. the bushy tail is often a lighter orange or red with light tipped hairs. life history : red squirrels are solitary but pair for mating in february and march. females usually breed when they are 1 year old. three to seven young are born after a gestation period of 36 to 40 days. the young are born blind and hairless, weighing about \u00bc ounce at birth. they are weaned at about 5 weeks but remain with the female until almost adult size. the young leave the female and are independent during their first winter. this means that they have to be successful at gathering and storing a winter ' s supply of food. behavior : much of the red squirrel ' s time in the summer is spent cutting and storing green spruce cones. there may be several bushels of cones stored in a cache. caches may attain a diameter of 15 to 18 feet and a depth of 3 feet. red squirrels also cache mushrooms on tree branches. they eat seeds, berries, buds, fungi, and occasionally insects and birds ' eggs. they are busy collecting and storing food from early morning until dusk and also on moonlit nights. nests may be a hole in a tree trunk or a tightly constructed mass of twigs, leaves, mosses, and lichens in the densest foliage of a tree ( making the nest almost completely weatherproof ). a loose mass of twigs and leafy debris in a high tree is used as a \u201c fair weather \u201d nest. their ground burrows, also known as midden", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43474749250134065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.454007"} {"text": "in the densest foliage of a tree ( making the nest almost completely weatherproof ). a loose mass of twigs and leafy debris in a high tree is used as a \u201c fair weather \u201d nest. their ground burrows, also known as middens, are used mostly for food storage. there is usually one large active midden in each territory with perhaps an inactive or auxiliary midden. the home range of red squirrels is about \u00bd to 1 acre, and each squirrel knows its territory well. each squirrel has several nests in its territory and always seems to know which retreat is nearest. territorial behavior seems to be most rigid during caching of food and relaxes somewhat in the spring. the red squirrel is active all year but may remain in its nest during severe cold spells and inclement weather. they are agile climbers and, being extremely curious, will often attempt to enter buildings, upsetting anything they can move and gnawing on woodwork. once in a house or cabin, they can be very destructive, tearing out insulation and mattress stuffing for use as nesting material and caching food stores in any available niche. predators : the main predators of red squirrels are hawks, owls, and marten. other predators may occasionally take a squirrel but are not serious threats. around populated areas, one of the predators is the domestic housecat. human use : the red squirrel is used to a limited extent by man for food and fur. squirrels may be small but the meat is good eating. in parts of canada and alaska the pelts are sold for their fur. red squirrels may damage trees, cutting off twigs by the bushel, but they are also helpful because they distribute and plant seeds of spruce and other trees. the arctic ground squirrel ( spermophilus parryii ) was named \" tsik - tsik \" by the inupiat eskimos on account of a call this little rodent makes when it is alarmed? tsik - tsiks are found in both arctic and alpine tundra. they fatten themselves on seeds, mushrooms and berries \u2014 almost doubling their body weight over the summer \u2014 in preparation for fall hibernation. although they insulate their winter burrows with grasses and block the entrances with dirt, winter temperatures inside the burrows still fall well below 0\u00b0 f. during hibernation, the body temperature of the arctic ground squirrel drops from 98. 6\u00b0 f to 26. 4\u00b0 f \u2014 that ' s below the freezing point of water and is the lowest known body temperature of any living mammal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4760367115782239, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.454952"} {"text": "##hrenheit. when the shivering and shaking stops, body temperature drops back to the minimal temperature. this type of hibernation is rare among mammals and scientists are still studying this unique physiological behavior. in denali, ground squirrels are active from late april to early october, but the sexes and age - classes show some differences in their annual activity patterns. adult males are usually the first to emerge from hibernation. they dig their way through the snow and stay relatively close to their burrows until the snow cover melts. breeding occurs in may and a single litter of 5 to 10 pups is born in june. the young develop rapidly and usually emerge from their burrows in mid - july. by late summer, young abandon their natal burrow and occupy a neighboring, empty burrow or excavate a new one. adults start hibernating as soon as they have enough body fat to survive the winter, often in late august when plenty of foods are still available. it is probably safer to enter hibernation early, even when foods are accessible, than to remain on the surface vulnerable to predators. youngsters, however, take much longer to find foods and put on body fat and they are often active until late september. this means that youngsters are more vulnerable to predation than adults. the diet of arctic ground squirrels is diverse and opportunistic. they eat many types of vegetation including the leaves, seeds, fruits, stems, flowers, and roots of many species of grasses, forbs, and woody plants. they also eat mushrooms and meat from freshly killed animals ( including ground squirrels ). because they are active only during the short subarctic summer, arctic ground squirrels must be efficient foragers. as summer progresses, they put on a tremendous amount of fat stores for the winter and often double their body weight by the time they enter hibernation in fall. the social behavior of arctic ground squirrels is complex. this species is highly territorial and squirrels may kill other squirrels over territorial disputes. however, other related females in the colony often care for orphaned youngsters. further, territorial behavior lessens during late summer, and male squirrels may move between colonies or establish colonies of their own. so many different predators eat arctic ground squirrels that adolph murie called them the \" staff of life \" in denali. they are one of the most important summer food sources for golden eagles, gyrfalcons, foxes, and grizzly bears.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5044346701919737, "token_count": 499, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.457015"} {"text": "at bryce canyon national park, erosion has shaped colorful claron limestones, sandstones, and mudstones into thousands of spires, fins, pinnacles, and mazes. collectively called \" hoodoos, \" these colorful and whimsical formations stand in horseshoe - shaped amphitheaters along the eastern edge of the paunsaugunt plateau in southern utah. hoodoos formed over thousands of years by the same processes that form the features of surrounding parks. water, ice ( at varying intervals ) and gravity are the forces that form bryce canyon. dolomite, limestone and siltstone are very hard and form the protective caprock on most of the spires. frost wedging is the erosional force that breaks apart the harder rocks. mudstone is the softest rock in a hoodoo and is easily identified because it forms the narrowest portion of the pinnacles. as mudstone moistens it erodes easily and will run down the sides forming a stucco or protective coating. every time it rains the stucco is renewed. eolian or wind forces erode at slow rates. if wind does not erode the stucco layer fast enough it will renew before eolian erosion affects the rock. for this reason wind has little to no affect on hoodoo formation or destruction. bryce canyon national park is named for pioneer ebenezer bryce who came to the paria valley with his family in 1875. he was sent by the church of jesus christ of latter - day saints because his skill as a carpenter would be useful in settling this area. bryce built a road to the plateau top to retrieve firewood and timber. he also built an irrigation canal to raise crops and animals. local people called the canyon with the strange rock formations near ebenezer ' s home \" bryce ' s canyon \". the bryces moved to arizona in 1880, the name remained. as southern utah developed, reuben and minnie syrett - - who homesteaded just outside the present park boundaries - - brought their friends to see the intricately eroded stone formations. by popular demand, they developed sleeping and eating facilities on the canyon rim. they called their establishment, \" tourist ' s rest. \" when the area was set aside as a national monument in 1923, the union pacific railroad bought out the syrett ' s interests and began to construct bryce canyon lodge intending to make the bryce canyon area part of their new \" loop tour \" of the southwest. the syrett ' s then built \" ruby ' s inn \" on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46564790942833423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.459529"} {"text": "a collection of informative and interesting articles absolutely free - start sharing your knowledge today! home | submit articles | login online since year 2000 the images of back children in gwendolyn brook ' s poetry : a studyby : p. suresh kumar r. panneerselvam | category : education | submitted : 2012 - 04 - 13 08 : 18 : 42 in between, her poetic achievement is marked by gradual and progressive ascent. she became the first african american poet to win the pulitzer prize in 1950, membership of the academy if arts and letters un 1976, winning if two guggenheim awards, poet laureateship of illinois in 1968, the award by the national endowment for arts in 1989, jjeffrson lectureship by the national endowments of the humanities in 1994, the national medals of arts award in 1995, the \" first woman \" award from the federal government in 1999, and more than fifty honorary decorates from various colleges and universities. brools ' s creative output extends over a period of six decades. her poetry is distinctive not only in her handling of multiplicity of forms but also in her craftsmanship. she has committed herself to the ideals of social justice for her race and sex as well as ro the aesthetics of art. the issues of racism and an authentic identity have been the recurrent themes of african american writers. witnessing the growth of black literature by stages - form anger to defiance, to protest, to recognition, to search for identity, and to reconciliation, brooks wrote poetry that was at once potent, provocative, poignant, and starling, a poetry that resisted racism, asserted black consciousness, and upheld the black values, a poetry that instilled a new faith in self - reliance and dignity, and a poetry that can be a source of inspiration of succeeding generations writers. a study of brooks ' s poetry will be incomplete without a study of her poetry for children, who also encounter the same kind of racial discrimination which the adult balcks are subjected to in the racially prejudiced america. before 1967, brooks published only one volume of poetry ofr children : bronzeville boys and gorls ( 1956 ). the book consists of thirty - four poems, which are illustrated by ronnai solbert. all these poems portray the individual experiences of thirty - seven children, but brooks is objective and detached in her portrayal of these boys and girls. in poems written in couplets, the first line rhymes with the second, the third line rhymes with the foruth, and so on : i have a secret place", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5505926297313891, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.469424"} {"text": "children, but brooks is objective and detached in her portrayal of these boys and girls. in poems written in couplets, the first line rhymes with the second, the third line rhymes with the foruth, and so on : i have a secret place to go. not any one may know. and sometimes when the wind is rough i cannot get there fast enough brooks is sensitive to the prosodic features of language : the loudness in the road and laughs away from me. it laughs a lovely whiteness, and whitely whirs away, some other where, still white as milk or shirts. so beautiful it hurts. the compound image \" flitter - twitter \" defines the delicate motion of the snow. the onomatopoeic words \" sushes \" and \" hushes \" convey the power of the silent and quite snow to quell \" the loudness in the road. \" \" loudness \" suggests the traffic and noise, which stand in opposition to the silence of the world of nature. the irregular length of the lines suggests the irregular but the motion of the snow. further, brooks ' s poems for children cannot be categorized as nonsense verses. on the contrary, they are sensible verses. though they appeal to our imagination, the children in her poems do not live in a pastoral, romantic, or idealized world. they are always the poor black children living in the urban ghettos. they suffer poverty and entrapment. in gwendolyn brooks : poetry and the heroic voice, melhem argues that brooks \" acknowldges no cruel children but implies cruelty, the indifference that sanctions poverty and compels children to be prematurely involved in adult problems \" ( 95 ). brooks ' s description of the bleak experience of children is an compiled protest against the socioeconomic injustices that they encounter. in \" john, who is poor, \" brooks depicts the poverty of the black boy, john, who lives with his widowed mother. she request the children in the neighborhood to sympathize with him, and share their eatables with him : oh, little children, be good to john! - who lives so lone and alone. whose mamma must hurry to toil all day. whose papa is dead and done. give him a berry, boys, when you may, and girls, some mint when you can. ( 1 - 6 ) but the poet dies not know \" when his hunger will end, no yet when it began \" ( 7 - 8 ). brooks makes it clear that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.51728846983972, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.470590"} {"text": "boys, when you may, and girls, some mint when you can. ( 1 - 6 ) but the poet dies not know \" when his hunger will end, no yet when it began \" ( 7 - 8 ). brooks makes it clear that racial oppression is the causes of the sufferings of the black children. but her criticism is not overt. further, she is objective in her description of their poverty, in keeping with the mood of the 1940s and1950s, she beloved that the whites would help the blacks solve their problems. but it took about eleven years, for her, from the year of her publication of bronzeville boys and girls ( 1956 ), to realize that the whites remained indifferent to the problems of the blacks. after 1967, brooks published three volumes of poetry for children : alones, the tiger who wore white gloves, and children coming home. in aloness ( 1971 ), a reflective poem of fifty - one lines, brooks projects a child ' s experience of solitude. the drawings by leroy foster present an appealing little black boy. the nine postures of the boy are indicative of this none different moods. unlike bronzeville boys and girls, which is written in quatrains and couplets with rhyme, aloneness is written in free verse without rhyme. it is written from the point of view of the black boy, who defines loneliness as the pain of being alone : \" loneliness means you want somebody. / you have not planned to stand somewhere with other people gone. / loneliness never has a brought color. perhaps it is gray \" 1 - 3 _ ). as the speaker is a child, the images are simple. the child imagines that the couloirs of loneliness are \" gray. \" the implied idea is the child ' s association of the color of loneliness with the4 black people ' s collective loneliness in the racially oppressive america. the child defines aloneness / solitude as the pleasure of beings alone : \" but aloneness is delicious \" ( 9 ). he compares aloneness with \" a red small apple \" ( 12 ). then he turns to the image of a pond. aloneness is \" like loving a pond in summer, \" a simile that graphs the child ' s experience of place and time ( 15 ). nowhere does the poem mention about racial discrimination. but the poem is educational in tone. brooks ' s aim is to develop a positive sense of identity among blacks. while aloneness is in free verse, the tiger who wore white gloves or what you are you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5396338536921625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.471624"} {"text": "does the poem mention about racial discrimination. but the poem is educational in tone. brooks ' s aim is to develop a positive sense of identity among blacks. while aloneness is in free verse, the tiger who wore white gloves or what you are you are is rhymed like \" bronzeville boys and girls. \" the poem is illustrated by the drawings of timothy jones. it is a beast fable. unlike aloneness, which is indirectly didactic, the tiger is directly didactic, offering strategies for survival. the title implies human folly. the tiger wears white gloves to be fashionable, but his companions ridicule his strange behavior. the theme is self - acceptance and pride : that tiger flock aqnd wisely wearing what ' s fiercr as the face. s not whitness and lace. ( 15 - 23 ) the \" tiger \" represents the black people. \" whiteness \" represents the spurious standards of beauty established by the whites. as a metaphor, \" gloves \" represents phenomena like the black people ' s return to hair - straightening, which, for brooks, means aping the white values. the idea is that black is that black people should develop their own attributes and esteem them. as a realist, brooks always portrays what the blacks experience in society. despite her commitment to black consciousness, she has not forgotten the continuous bleak experiences of the black - adults as well as children. the volume children coming home! 1991 ), brooks ' s children do not live in a romantic or an idealized world. they encounter social and economic injustices. in the prefatory poem, \" after school, \" brooks delineates the odds against children : * not all of the children * come home to cookies and coca. * one will be shot on his way home to warmth, wit and wisdom. [ t / o ] * one teacher mutters \" my god, they are gone, \" [ t / o ] * one is ripe to report ten people to the principal. [ t / o ] * one whispers \" the little black bastards. \" the poem attests to the simplicity of her poetry written after 1967. in this dramatic monologue, written in a child ' s voice, brooks has abandoned lyricism and rhyme, and \" deliberately abandoning the formal virtuosity that characterized her earlier work, brooks represents children ' s voices through a seemingly simple, declarative method... ( flynnn494 ). the image of the innocent child exposes the evils of the social practices", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5074171564101949, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.472636"} {"text": "virtuosity that characterized her earlier work, brooks represents children ' s voices through a seemingly simple, declarative method... ( flynnn494 ). the image of the innocent child exposes the evils of the social practices. brooks ' s intention behind the exposition is to make the children \" seek out their own strength \" ( 495 ). brooks. gwendolyn. bronzeville boys and girals. new york : harper, 1956. - - -. aloneness. dotroit : broadside, 1969. - - -. the near - johannesburg boy, and other poems. chicago : david, 1987. - - -. the tiger who wore white gloves : or you are what you are. chicago : third world. 1987. - - -. children coming home. cchicago : david, 1991 flynn, richard. ' the kindergarten of new consciousness ' : cwendolyon brooks and the social construction of childhood. \" african american review 34. 3 ( 2000 ) : 483 - 99. melhem, d. h. gwendolyn brooks : poetry and the heroic voice. kentucky : up of kentucky, 1989. article source : http : / / www. saching. com / about author / additional info : comments on this article : ( 0 comments so far ) \u2022 affiliate marketing in clickbank and product promotional methods \u2022 used kitchen equipment - consider buying them at recycle shops \u2022 speech development of infants traced to their exposure to auditory feedback \u2022 the quest for excellence latest articles in \" education \" category : \u2022 adolescence educational problem and remedies \u2022 regulations and the future of trade and investment in cameroon \u2022 how to get good marks in exam \u2022 ensure harm to the client in electronic banking \u2022 education system in india. \u2022 the time to prepare is now for the next disaster \u2022 benefits of online english classes important disclaimer : all articles on this website are for general information only and is not a professional or experts advice. we do not own any responsibility for correctness or authenticity of the information presented in this article, or any loss or injury resulting from it. we do not endorse these articles, we are neither affiliated with the authors of these articles nor responsible for their content. please see our disclaimer section for complete terms. copyright \u00a9 2010 saching. com - do not copy articles from this website. | | home | disclaimer | xhtml | |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4934448584879505, "token_count": 492, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.473732"} {"text": "pageant of the popes, by john farrow,, at sacred - texts. com italy and france and spain all struggled to control the next conclave and the latter two powers did not hesitate to try and enlist the aid of caesar borgia. but happily the sinister creature was not as active at this important time as he could have been ; for he was yet weak from his illness. \" i had counted on the death of my father and had made every preparation for it, \" he lamented, \" but it never occurred to me that i should have at the same time to fight death myself. \" however he threw his influence to favor the candidate of the french king. but to thwart him there now returned to rome, after an exile of nearly ten years, the antagonist of his father, the experienced and veteran cardinal giuliano della rovere who, friendly though he himself had been with the french, warned the cardinals that if a frenchman were elected the papacy faced the danger of being returned to avignon. there seemed then every chance of a deadlock but this prospect was so distasteful to the sacred college that a name hitherto not mentioned was quickly presented and acclaimed and a month after alexander ' s death the cardinal francesco piccolomini, nephew of pius ii, became pope pius [ paragraph continues ] iii. he was sixty - four years old and was a hopeless invalid ; this latter circumstance was probably the real reason that won for him the votes of the conclave for his tenure was expected to be short. nor were the macabre expectations disappointed. he died in less than a month but during that brief time displayed much charity and kindness and announced reform to be his aim. there was no deadlock at the next conclave for by bargain and by bribe cardinal della rovere secured for himself thirty - seven of the thirty - eight votes in proceedings that did not extend a full day. after long years he had finally won the tiara and triumphantly taking the name of julius ii he set out to restore the strength and possessions of the papal states. this was no easy task, for alexander had left a sad confusion of debts and trouble, and great properties rightfully belonging to the church were in the clutches of his son. the republic of venice was noisily claiming romagna, spain was occupying sicily and naples, and the french, ever resolved to maintain a foothold in italy were willing to resort to arms against any who would oppose them. julius had been given a domain bankrupt in treasury and bereft of defence", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.36941913902109763, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.538152"} {"text": "of venice was informed, \" it has been our steadfast purpose to restore to the church the territories of which she has been despoiled ; to this we hold fast, and shall ever do so... nothing shall induce us to desist from demanding the restitution of these places... therefore we again admonish your highness with all paternal kindness, and command you in the name of the lord to do freely and at once that which in justice you are bound to do. \" the venetians were obstinate but in the end julius was victorious and the banner of the papal states was unfurled again over the coveted places. meanwhile the decline of [ paragraph continues ] caesar borgia was startlingly rapid and the man who had been so flamboyantly master of all italy soon found himself without friends or troops. julius placed him under a form of arrest and then he was released but only to be imprisoned again. after a captivity of two years he escaped and a few months later was killed whilst fighting with the army of his french brother - in - law. the intrepid and impatient pope would allow nothing to stand in the way of his plans and he marched with his troops and led them to victory at orvieto and perugia and urbino. other times the fortunes of war would turn but he was no poltroon and to the despair of less hardy members of his suite he would remain with the warriors, sharing their dangers and discomforts and inspiring them with example. to fit his policies he made and discarded allies as quickly as he made decisions and so the french were invited to assist him vanquish the venetians and in turn, when the french became too demanding, he enlisted the support of other nations including the venetians, to drive the french back to france. before his election he had promised the cardinals that they should have some rights of consultation but any projected opposition from this body was made ineffectual by the creation at various times of twenty - seven new cardinals. a few discontented wearers of the red hat were induced by two irate monarchs, louis xii of france and the emperor maximilian, to a foolish rebellion. both rulers, with designs of their own upon italy, were alarmed at the pope ' s attempts at independence and at their instigation the renegade cardinals convoked a council at pisa. the scheme was a pitiful failure. a small number of churchmen did finally assemble but the townspeople were so hostile that the pseudo - council was forced to adjourn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.44020295808468946, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.540591"} {"text": "at their instigation the renegade cardinals convoked a council at pisa. the scheme was a pitiful failure. a small number of churchmen did finally assemble but the townspeople were so hostile that the pseudo - council was forced to adjourn and continue its futile mummery at another place. the world was weary of this brand of schism and the activities of the rebels never achieved importance save as a temporary annoyance to the pope. it might have been otherwise if the french had gained the final victory and indeed for a gloomy time it appeared they would. a series of brilliant successes were achieved by the soldiers of louis, aided by those of the emperor, and there was strong likelihood that rome would be sacked. further gloom came when the strain imposed upon the overworked pope had the expected result and he was stricken by an illness so grievous that the physicians pronounced his recovery impossible. arrangements were made for his funeral and a panic descended upon the city when the news was known. \" never, \" wrote the venetian ambassador, \" has there been such a clang of arms round the death - bed of any former pope ; never has the danger been greater than it is now. may god help us! \" to the amazement of all and to the dismay of his enemies the pope recovered and quickly restored order to rome with an iron hand. he was not yet discouraged and with typical determination he set out to win even at this apparently hopeless stage. and win he did for by extraordinary diplomatic skill he succeeded in inducing maximilian to withdraw his support and separate his troops from the french army. furthermore the emperor, suddenly alarmed at the prospect of a french - controlled italy, permitted swiss soldiers to pass through his dominions. the swiss had come in answer to the pope ' s pleas and it was they who decisively routed the french. a wild joy prevailed in rome and thunderous adulation was heard when julius returned to the vatican. \" never, \" reported the observant venetian envoy, \" was any emperor or victorious general so honored on his entry into rome as the pope has been today. \" julius ii. reigned 1503 to 1513. click to enlarge pope julius ii. this is the man who climbed up on the scaffolding to argue with michael angelo. see pages 229 to 235. no details seem to miss the attention of this prodigious worker. the vexations and colossal labors of his martial campaigns and political efforts did not hinder a keen interest in the establishment of the bishoprics in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44225136916821783, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.541791"} {"text": "pages 229 to 235. no details seem to miss the attention of this prodigious worker. the vexations and colossal labors of his martial campaigns and political efforts did not hinder a keen interest in the establishment of the bishoprics in the new world ; a legate from an important court, a soldier with news from the army, a missionary returned from a remote place, all alike received his rapt interest. laws and statutes were examined with meticulous care and the machinery of civil law was made less cumbersome. roads and bridges were built or repaired throughout the papal states and long needed measures were taken to protect the farmers and their crops from the avarice of the overlords and from the depredations of their soldiery. no matter how great the burden of his anxieties the pope somehow in the interest of his subjects found the time to write such letters as he wrote to one of his governors : \" a citizen of bertinoro has complained to the pope that the castellan has taken wood from him and injured him in other ways. let the castellan and his abettors be punished without fail and take care that no harm comes to the complainant. \" nor did the realm of art escape the interest of the amazing man. surpassed even were the examples of predecessors in this respect and his intense antipathy to all things connected with the borgia name did not prevent him from continuing with projects commenced in alexander ' s reign. bramanti, the architect, was given the task of rebuilding st. peter ' s basilica into a structure vast and magnificent and it was the beginning of the great edifice which stands today. michael angelo was called to rome and the world is aware of the splendid results produced by that inspired summons. the genius of rafael and the prowess of his gifted colleagues flowered under the warmth of papal encouragement and subsidy. julius had a rare sympathy for the artistic mind and he understood well, as he put it, \" the humors of such men of genius. \" when michael angelo had rushed from rome in a rage swearing that he would leave his work uncompleted an astonished and shocked official in florence told him, \" you have behaved towards the pope in a way that the king of france himself would not have ventured upon. there must be an end of this. we are not going to be dragged into a war, and risk the whole state for you. go back to rome. \" the obstinate artist took his time but finally returned and when he appeared before julius", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4304154148371346, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.542740"} {"text": "there must be an end of this. we are not going to be dragged into a war, and risk the whole state for you. go back to rome. \" the obstinate artist took his time but finally returned and when he appeared before julius a prelate thought to save him from the expected wrath by pleading, \" your holiness should not be so hard on this fault of michael angelo ; he is a man who has never been taught good manners, these artists do not know how to behave, they understand nothing but their art. \" the pope turned the full force of his anger upon the unfortunate cleric. \" you venture, \" he roared, \" to say to this man things i should not have dreamt of saying. it is you who have not manners. get out of my sight, you miserable, ignorant clown. \" from this time on there were no great differences between the pope and the great man of art, although there were many noisy arguments. court attendants would marvel at the sight of their formidable master abandoning all dignity and clambering up the dusty scaffolding which festooned the sistine chapel. a grimy hand to help him would be extended by the busy genius, sometimes irritated at being interrupted, and there the two would discuss the details and progress of the superb frescoes. after julius had secured temporal strength and independence and brought order and prosperity to the states of the church his restless mind became occupied with the gigantic problem of sorely needed church reform. he had already issued a pungent bull against simony in papal elections and now he assembled in rome, after a year of careful preparation, a heavily attended council of the church. by this time the exhausted and aged pontiff was nearing his end but what he wished to say was read by a cardinal. the congregated dignitaries of all nations were told frankly the critical time had come when drastic measures had to be taken to correct the dreadful state of church discipline. would that he had lived longer to employ the full force of his vigor on this project. but his time was run and he was soon on his death bed. even there the great, if imperfect pope, weakened though he was, behaved as his usual self, calmly giving the necessary instructions for his funeral, uttering measured words of farewell to his weeping friends, and arranging prayers to be said for his soul. he then died and \" rome felt that the soul which had passed from her had been of royal mould, \" recorded a friend. \" i have lived forty years in this city, but never yet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.450081975558621, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.543804"} {"text": "and arranging prayers to be said for his soul. he then died and \" rome felt that the soul which had passed from her had been of royal mould, \" recorded a friend. \" i have lived forty years in this city, but never yet have i seen such a vast throng at the funeral of any former pope. the guards were overpowered by the crowds insisting on kissing the dead man ' s feet. weeping they prayed for his soul, calling him a true pope and vicar of christ, a pillar of justice, a zealous promoter of the apostolic church, an enemy and queller of tyrants. \" the bull against simony was read aloud at the next conclave and such elaborate precautions were taken to prevent the odious practice that no suspicion of this nature can darken the memory of the next pope, the thirty - eight year old giovanni de medici who became leo x. certainly a factor to contribute heavily to his winning the majority of the votes was his membership in the powerful florentine family : although it is true that his life was without scandal and it is also true that to fit him for high ecclesiastical rank he had received a special and comprehensive education from a carefully selected group of distinguished tutors. he was the son of one of the most strong and colourful figures of the renaissance, lorenzo de medici, the ruler of florence who was called the magnificent. at thirteen years of age he had been given the dignity of the cardinalate although up to the time of his elevation to the papacy the extent of his clerical progress was a deacon ' s orders. after receiving the acclaim of the conclave he was ordained priest, consecrated bishop two days later, and then solemnly and with splendor given the tiara on the steps of the now half demolished basilica of st. peter. the debris of the broken structure was a strangely fitting background for his coronation because the rebuilding of this edifice provided the incident which in this reign was to bring unparalleled sorrow and disaster to the catholic church. to provide the funds for the erection of the new st. peter ' s, indulgences were unfortunately offered for money and in germany an outraged augustinian friar protested vigorously by writing a series of ninety - five theses against such abuses and nailing his manuscript to the door of the castle church at wittenberg. the name of the friar was martin luther, the fateful day was the 31st of october 1517, and the historic and so tragically symbolic wielding of hammer against church door occurred in the fifth year of leo '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41810652438735185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.544853"} {"text": "the castle church at wittenberg. the name of the friar was martin luther, the fateful day was the 31st of october 1517, and the historic and so tragically symbolic wielding of hammer against church door occurred in the fifth year of leo ' s reign. and it was an event which, while receiving instantaneous attention throughout germany, failed to cause alarm or immediate interest in rome. the storm had broken, the most critical time in the long history of the church had arrived, and there was nought but apathy on the part of the pope. absorbed in the unsavory intricacies of his politics and pleasures, leo failed to recognize the importance of luther ' s initial deed and there can be little excuse for his catastrophic lethargy. there was no lack of warning. for years past the clamor for reform within the church had been steadily increasing throughout europe and matching this spirit in growth and volume was contempt for ecclesiastical authority. at the council which his predecessor had inaugurated and which had continued on into his own reign, lengthy and complicated resolutions had been proposed and accepted ; but, as a layman who attended the council complained, \" we have heard a great deal about the making of laws, but very little about their observance. \" in many ways the new pope seemed to resemble alexander vi rather than julius. his family was enriched and given favours whenever possible and his court, thronged by artists and writers and frivolous noblemen, was that of a gay and youthful prince rather than that of the bishop of rome. the delights of the banqueting table, the amusements of dramatic pageants, the mummery of buffoons, the thrill of the hunting field, all these things occupied the time and interest of the man who was pope when luther began his attack and who, endowed with the tastes and principles of his family, wove a mesh of political activities which kept him continuously embroiled with the various rulers of europe. deceit and treachery were the habitual characteristics of this dangerous game as played by him and consequently when he tried to raise funds for the prosecution of a new crusade, the response from the nations was mostly a cynical indifference. a florentine statesman who frequently served and advised him was niccolo machiavelli whose name has endured as a synonym for subterfuge and intrigue of the basest type. so it was not unnatural that antipathy to rome fattened upon the lavish duplicity which was presented as papal diplomacy. the unreal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4540221441760306, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.546407"} {"text": "to commit the murder while attending the pontiff but fortunately for the latter, who trusted few men, a letter was intercepted and the evil scheme revealed. swift punishment came to the physician and to petrucci. both were executed along with a few accomplices, but the other guilty cardinals, perhaps because of the pope ' s charity or, more probably, because of the influence of powerful friends, were neither hung nor strangled but merely fined heavily, deprived of their electoral privileges, and banished from the city. such conditions brought strong discontent everywhere and particularly in germany where luther found willing audiences, not because of the soundness of his theology, but because of the appalling abuses permitted and practised by those whom he attacked. the traffic in benefices, the ceaseless appeals from rome for money, and the harsh fact that in germany most of the great bishoprics were possessed by scions of royalty and nobility, overshadowed the efforts of those who were desperately working for reform from within the church. such men there were but, as is common, virtues and good deeds were submerged beneath the vices and wrongdoings of the spectacularly wicked ; and despite the many examples of sincere vocations, the lamentable state of church discipline was a fact acknowledged and deplored on all sides. more and more the cupidity of the roman court was being resented and a steadily increasing spirit of nationalism was adding force to this feeling. \" from his own dominion, \" went the words of a widely circulated pamphlet, \" streams of wealth flow in to the pope as to no other christian prince ; yet we have to pay for palliums, and send asses laden with gold to rome, and exchange gold for corn, and rest content with blood - lettingspardon me, i mean with indulgences! [ paragraph continues ] woe to this monster of avarice which is never satisfied! the craftiness of the florentine discovers a thousand devices, each one more execrable than the last. let german freedom be mindful not to become tributary, and not to pay tithes. \" such sentiments as these were echoed vigorously by the type of humanists, extreme and violently anti - christian, who at this time possessed great influence in the german universities. their brand of philosophy frankly glorified paganism and of course viewed all activities of the church with repugnance and contempt. \" the pope is a bandit, \" wrote one of the leaders of this movement, \" and the church is his army. \" about", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4029807498296729, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.553040"} {"text": "frankly glorified paganism and of course viewed all activities of the church with repugnance and contempt. \" the pope is a bandit, \" wrote one of the leaders of this movement, \" and the church is his army. \" about this time a youthful but powerful prince in holy orders, the elector albert of brandenburg, already archbishop of magdeburg and administrator of the see of halberstadt, was made archbishop of mayence. he wished to retain his former sees and after much negotiation with the papal representative he was allowed to do so but on the condition he pay a fee of fourteen thousand ducats besides a special tax of ten thousand of the same coin. it was a shameful transaction but not even yet complete. a banker, jacob fugger, advanced the over - beneficed prince the ready gold and then to enable settlement of the banker ' s loan, albert was given the privilege of proclaiming the grant of st. peter ' s indulgence through his territories on the terms that he should share equally with rome all funds so collected. in an age when bribery and simony were to be found in high places, it is not surprising that the granting of indulgences should sometimes be tainted by mercenary consideration although the doctrine of the church leaves no doubt as to the invalidity of any accepted with the knowledge of such an arrangement. the term indulgence is derived from the latin indulgere meaning to be kind and it is an excellent explanation for, as defined by the church in the xiii century, an indulgence is the remission of temporal punishment due to sin after guilt has been forgiven. it is catholic teaching that even after the guilt of a sin has been forgiven, there may still remain due to the justice of god some measure of punishment ( called temporal to distinguish it from the eternal punishment of sin not forgiven because not repented ). it is with this temporal punishment, and not with the sin or its guilt, that the indulgence is concerned. to earn such a favor the suppliant must, in addition to possessing the habitual intention, be in that state of grace which is achieved by true repentance and sincere confession and by the performance of good works such as prayer and charitable undertakings. there are partial indulgences which remit, as the name implies, only in part and there are plenary indulgences which, given by the pope alone, cancel all temporal punishment due to sin. there are indulgences for the living", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4674523799521815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.554870"} {"text": "indulgences which remit, as the name implies, only in part and there are plenary indulgences which, given by the pope alone, cancel all temporal punishment due to sin. there are indulgences for the living and those for the dead which actually, because departed souls are of course beyond the church ' s jurisdiction, are nothing more than solemn requests for the divine mercy. an indulgence had been proclaimed in the reign of pope julius for those who, in addition to fulfilling the usual requirements of penance and contrition, should contribute to the rebuilding of st. peter ' s. because of the eager and none too scrupulous manner in which the monies were gathered and because of the intense and mounting anti - roman feeling already strong in germany, there were grave and spirited protests from that country when leo x, upon becoming pope, not only renewed the same indulgence but thought by means of it to gather even greater sums for his treasury. the warnings were unheeded and after prolonged bickering the disgraceful arrangement with albert of mayence was concluded. the next step towards disaster came when the latter placed the responsibility of bringing the fateful indulgence to the people in the hands of john tetzel, a dominican orator who had considerable experience in such enterprises and who was well known for his skill in gathering the lucre. it was a reputation not at all popular and even one of his brother dominicans wrote angrily of him that he \" devised unheard - of means of making money. he was far too liberal in conferring offices ; he put up far too many public crosses in towns and villages, which causes scandal and breeds complaints among the people. \" this man now embarked upon the money raising campaign, for that is what it frankly was, with more zeal than doctrinal authority ; for while he did not err in naming the requirements necessary to obtain indulgences for the living, he did make the mistake of declaring those for the dead could be gained by money alone. his statement was clearly contrary to the doctrines of the church and the leading theologian of the time, the cardinal cajetan, was vehemently positive on the subject of such erroneous teachings. \" preachers speak in the name of the church, \" said he, \" only so long as they proclaim the doctrine of christ and his church ; but if, for purposes of their own, they teach that about which they know nothing, and which is only their own", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.38279279497212493, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.556314"} {"text": "the name of the church, \" said he, \" only so long as they proclaim the doctrine of christ and his church ; but if, for purposes of their own, they teach that about which they know nothing, and which is only their own imagination they must not be accepted as mouth pieces of the church. no one must be surprised if such as these fall into error. \" tetzel ' s route took him to wittenberg where the district vicar and university lecturer, a thirty - four year old augustinian priest named martin luther, impatiently awaited him with strong opinions and an able pen. luther had once made a journey to rome and although at that time he displayed no symptoms of displeasure he later claimed he had been disillusioned and angered at what he had seen. by nature he was deeply impressionable as well as self confident and strong willed. his adoption of the clerical state had not been the result of long and careful consideration but was because the sudden death of a close friend who had been destined for the priesthood convinced him he should take his place. this was done against the earnest pleas of his father, for the young luther had studied for the law, a process involving hardship and sacrifice both to him and his family who were of humble circumstance. after his reception into monastic life the approval of his superiors encouraged his studies and conduct, and at the age of twenty - five he had become a professor at the new university of wittenberg. any measure of success is apt to be a hazard to the restraints of discipline and the academic triumphs of the young monk proved a dangerous stimulant to a proud and stubborn nature. in many ways he resembled savonarola and even his vocabulary was marked by a similar bitter violence. \" knaves, dolts, pigs, asses, infernal blasphemers \" were terms he hurled at his opponents with the harsh emphasis akin to that which had stirred the congregations of florence. but where the italian had been content to attack the person of a pope and had not questioned the authority of the church, the german was to take this fatal step and make denial and offer challenge to orthodox dogma. his \" ninety - five theses \" were nailed to the church door and soon all germany rocked with the altercation which followed. tetzel, unlike many other churchmen, immediately realized the dangers underlying luther ' s attack, and he countered with a carefully prepared work in which he emphasized that the affair was not a matter of indulgences alone but because of it \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4829759741422592, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.557542"} {"text": "tetzel, unlike many other churchmen, immediately realized the dangers underlying luther ' s attack, and he countered with a carefully prepared work in which he emphasized that the affair was not a matter of indulgences alone but because of it \" many will be led to despise the authority and supremacy of the pope and the holy [ paragraph continues ] roman see. \" his apprehension did not disturb the equanimity of the curia or bring any vigorous action from the hierarchy. luther sent a copy of his theses to the metropolitan who on the advice of his counsellors referred the matter to rome with an accompanying letter which expressed the hope \" that his holiness would grasp the situation so as to meet the error at once, as occasion offers and as the exigency requires and not lay the responsibility on us. \" the apparatus of correction and discipline moved slowly and ineffectually while the new movement, as yet not organized or recognized as such, spread with the rapidity of a fierce and sudden conflagration. the dislike held for rome and the political and social state of germany all made for the cause of luther. the nobles coveted the properties of the church. the intellectuals, dominated and excited by the humanist movement, were delighted at an opportunity to destroy the conventional religion. and the peasantry, told of roman iniquities in the most inflammatory terms, were given the chimerical hope that the new order would better their miserable lot. in the year following the gesture at wittenberg the pope instructed the vicar general of the augustinians to silence the unruly monk ; but luther disregarded such measures and anticipating excommunication boldly preached that the sentence would be futile because \" the real communion of the church was invisible and that no one could be affected by it. \" a few months later the emperor maximilian, now thoroughly alarmed by the numbers and attitude of the priest ' s adherents,. wrote to the pope and declared serious measures should be immediately taken to quell him. canonical processes commenced and luther was summoned to rome ; but the only answer was the publication of a series of new pamphlets filled with heresy. a legate, the gentle and learned cardinal cajetan, went to germany where after some difficulty luther consented to meet him but would give no retractation. at intervals there were further negotiations with other emissaries and there were public debates with such skilled theologians as johann eck defending orthodoxy. sometimes it seemed reconciliation might be possible, for often it was luther ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4364410177286546, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.560984"} {"text": "would give no retractation. at intervals there were further negotiations with other emissaries and there were public debates with such skilled theologians as johann eck defending orthodoxy. sometimes it seemed reconciliation might be possible, for often it was luther ' s mood that he would not break with rome and at these times he would profess obedience to the pope. but never would he make retractation or express sorrow for his past actions ; and as his words grew fiercer the hope became irretrievably lost and there remained only one road for his proud and stubborn nature to follow. irrevocably he was committed to rebellion and with the full and powerful influence of the humanists strong upon him politics gradually crowded theology to a lesser position in his sermons. liberty and patriotism are the unfailing slogan of the revolutionary and to these inflammatory words was now added the name of the gospel. \" liberty! fatherland! gospel! \" the battlecry was made. \" i have cast the die, \" he boasted, \" i now despise the rage of the romans as much as i do their favor. i will not reconcile myself to them for all eternity... if a thief is punished by a halter, a murderer by the sword, and a heretic by fire, why should not we, with all our weapons attack these teachers of corruption, these popes, cardinals, and all the rabble of the roman sodom, and wash our hands in their blood. \" thirty - two months after the incident at wittenberg a bull was issued by leo condemning forty - one propositions extracted from the writings of luther and excommunicating him unless he retracted within sixty days. but by now the friar was firmly entrenched in germany and had gained the protection of a powerful prince, the elector of saxony. scornfully the claims of discipline were dismissed and with ceremony and to the cheers of the populace he publicly burned the bull and told the students of wittenberg that \" it is now full time the pope himself is burned. my meaning is that the papal chair, its false teachings, and its abominations, should be given to the flames. \" the parchment burned brightly and the crowd roared lusty approval ; and in the lurid glow of the noisy scene protestantism thus became a fact although it was not until a decade later that the name came into use. this was at the diet of speyer where it was resolved that the new religion was established but that its adherents must not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47616707518839296, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.563030"} {"text": "glow of the noisy scene protestantism thus became a fact although it was not until a decade later that the name came into use. this was at the diet of speyer where it was resolved that the new religion was established but that its adherents must not interfere with or hinder catholic worship. the followers of luther protested vigorously at the tolerant decree and hence the term, protestant. leo died after a reign of eight years and before him the emperor maximilian had gone also. he was succeeded by his grandson, charles of spain. henry viii of england had been a candidate for the imperial honor and at the long conclave which proceeded the election of the next pope the name of henry ' s counsellor, the great cardinal wolsey, received serious consideration. however, the medici family was resolved that a cousin of leo should secure the ballots and possibly to avert the evils of deadlock an unexpected name was finally announced, that of the cardinal adrian dedel who in keeping his own name as pope adrian vi was to break a two hundred year old tradition. the fact that he possessed the friendship and respect of the new emperor must have influenced the decision of the cardinals but it was a decision certainly not sought by the man whom it favored. he had not attended the conclave and it was with reluctance that he embarked upon the journey from spain to accept the responsibilities of the tiara. born at utrecht in holland he was the son of a shipwright and by ability and diligence had risen to the position of tutor to the young charles who was impressed by his talents and his honesty and who never had reason to change the opinion. successive and successful stages of advancement had eventually brought the netherlander to the high position of viceroy in spain and now had come the papacy. it was eight months before he was crowned in rome and it was with coldness that the people of the city greeted him for he was in every way utterly unlike the great prince prelates to whom they were accustomed. pomp he detested, flattery too, and those noisy and undisciplined crowds of artists and poets and merchants who had fattened on the generosity of former reigns quickly discovered that papal patronage had ceased to be. no lavish court or costly pageants or feasts and games or chances for easy or dubious riches could be expected during the time of this scrupulous northerner who earnestly desired reform and a united and tranquil christendom. these were his aims, together with plans for a crusade against the turks who had already won the island of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47376426289643575, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.565552"} {"text": "riches could be expected during the time of this scrupulous northerner who earnestly desired reform and a united and tranquil christendom. these were his aims, together with plans for a crusade against the turks who had already won the island of rhodes, but the obstacles he had inherited seemed insurmountable ; he was too late and perhaps it was this realization that hastened his end. he died less than two years after his election. the romans received a pope more suited to their taste in the person of his successor for this time the plans of the medici were triumphant. giulio de medici, cousin of leo x, took his place as clement vii. it was not an easy victory, for the emperor, the kings of france and england, the italian factions, all had their candidates and the conclave lasted fifty days. the struggle for ballots was most lively and for a while it again seemed as though the englishman, wolsey, might win ; but the supporters of the medici redoubled their efforts and enlarged their promises and so won the majority necessary for their candidate. unfortunately he was in no way equal to the responsibilities and burdens of the great position. he was a cultured and handsome man of fifty - six and was possessed of a grace of manner and ability expected of his birth and breeding. but these values were not sufficient to cope with the complex problems, both temporal and spiritual, which now confronted the papacy and disturbed the world. from the beginning misfortune attended his venturings in the intricate and dubious intrigues which constituted the diplomacy of his day. the emperor charles v and king francis i of france were at war and the pope adopted a faltering policy of pseudo - neutrality which under the existing circumstances was neither possible nor sincere and which quickly lost him the respect of both princes. francis repelled a german invasion on his own soil and then marched to enforce his claims in italy ; but at pavia the imperial troops engaged again and this time the french were beaten and their monarch taken prisoner. hopes for a united christendom had been woefully shattered when, before this battle, the french king, made desperate by impending defeat, had tried unsuccessfully to make an alliance with the turks. as a prisoner he concluded a treaty of surrender with charles but the terms were harsh and secretly he plotted to form a new combine. in an effort to escape teutonic dominance the milanese and venetians were susceptible to the arguments of this would - be ally of the turk and so unfortunately was the pope.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3807082285380077, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.568931"} {"text": "the terms were harsh and secretly he plotted to form a new combine. in an effort to escape teutonic dominance the milanese and venetians were susceptible to the arguments of this would - be ally of the turk and so unfortunately was the pope. when the emperor learned of the covert negotiations his rage was kindled and soon his troops, a wild and long unpaid army of german and spanish mercenaries, were unleashed upon the papal states. rome was defended with spirit and the commander of the attacking forces was leo x. reigned 1513 to 1521. click to enlarge pope leo x. machiavelli advised him : luther defied him. see pages 235 to 246. killed but a breach was made in the walls and the city, so rich a prize, was open to a horde of ruffians savagely hungry for loot. all vestiges of discipline disappeared during orgies of killing, burning, sacrilege, and rape which followed. for centuries the sack of rome had been the terror of those who feared the turk. it was now a horrible fact but the despoilers of the churches and defilers of the altars did not carry the insignia of islam. they called themselves christians and their absent master proudly flaunted charlemagne ' s grandiose title, emperor of the holy roman empire. the pope and seven of his cardinals fled to a fortress at orvieto and there remained for many long months ; and when he did return to the city it was a ruined and broken landscape which saddened his eye and spirit. he was forced to a peace with charles and on imperial terms. thus papal dignity was sacrificed when the pope obeyed and travelled to bologna where with the pomp of ancient ceremony he presided at the imperial coronation. another journey made at royal behest and destined to bear great and grave consequences was his voyage to france when his niece married the duke of or - leans. it was an opportunity not neglected for the french monarch to discuss many momentous matters, including the historic demand from across the channel that the marriage of henry viii and his queen be dissolved. francis made plea for the english king and even hinted of the danger to the papacy of incurring a united french and english enmity. the pope listened and was aware of the peril but he also remembered that the unwanted wife was the niece of the emperor charles. henry had married catherine of aragon, the young widow of his sickly elder brother, after special permission had been granted by rome on the grounds that the first marriage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44613287934671714, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.570306"} {"text": "peril but he also remembered that the unwanted wife was the niece of the emperor charles. henry had married catherine of aragon, the young widow of his sickly elder brother, after special permission had been granted by rome on the grounds that the first marriage had never been consummated. five children had been born of this union between spanish princess and english king but only one survived, mary, later to be queen. that the popular and gifted henry had no sympathy for luther is a well known story for with a great flourish he banned the reformer ' s books from england and composed, with the aid of his divines, the famous treatise in latin, a defence of the seven sacraments against martin luther. in return he received violent abuse from the monk but also the gratitude of the pope in the form of a title, defender of the faith, an honor which was not relinquished for henry never considered any deed of his to be protestant in act or intent. seventeen years he had lived with catherine before he developed scruples regarding the validity of their marriage and these stirrings were not the product of a stern conscience or sincere canonical doubt but were born of an illicit if not obscure love affair. it would seem that all any man could desire on earth had been henry ' s inheritance for not only did the favor of exalted birth give him rank and possessions but he was also superbly endowed in physique and mind. it was natural he should receive vast measure of adulation and flattery and perhaps it was equally natural he should fall prey to such subtle poisons. maturity usually remedies the weaknesses of adolescence with that kind of sagacity which is born of time and pain, but on those occasions when the circumstances of life are made too easy the passing of years merely serves to ripen the young fruit to rot. so it was with henry, whose intelligence and body were subjected to temptation in numerous and elaborate forms of enticement and cunning. self - discipline faded away and the noble ideals of youth became dim and distorted before the capricious demands of gluttony and sensual appetite. one of his mistresses had been mary [ paragraph continues ] boleyn and it was her sister anne, who inflamed his fickle passion and distorted his judgment to such a degree that he became determined she should be his queen. eventually he made her so, but not with the sanction of the pope and this fact stands out, cold and clear, from the morass of intrigue and procrastination which accompanied the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.431518705014211, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.571326"} {"text": "that he became determined she should be his queen. eventually he made her so, but not with the sanction of the pope and this fact stands out, cold and clear, from the morass of intrigue and procrastination which accompanied the royal folly. for six years the headstrong monarch tried by all means possible to win the necessary permission and the complicated negotiations which took place leave little credit to either side. proceedings dragged on and papal and royal emissaries travelled busily to and fro, laden with the appurtenances of mystery and plot. hopes were falsely kindled and threats rashly made. universities were bribed to give opinions in favor of the divorce and crowds of servile courtiers masquerading as prelates eagerly and without shame prostituted their faith and their learning to assure the enamoured monarch that his conduct was correct. counsellors of this mould even suggested that a solution of the problem would be for the pope to grant a special dispensation allowing henry to possess two wives! when the infatuated prince finally made anne a marchioness and took her to france where she was presented as the future queen of england the pope was forced to action. he threatened excommunication to both if they did not separate. the new marchioness was pregnant but before her child was born a marriage ceremony was performed and the crown was placed atop her comely head amidst scenes of formal splendour. the time, long dreaded by the timid and procrastinating pope, had arrived and to his honour he remained firm and true to dignity and responsibility. the loss of allegiance to papal authority in europe had been devastating and now england ' s loyalty could be kept at the cost of one divorce. temptation must have been great but with clarity the final decision was pronounced in rome ; catherine was the lawful wife of the english king. persistent and contemptible attempts had been made upon the unfortunate woman by her deluded husband to have her resign her rights, but no argument or humiliation could wring from her an admission that the long years of her married life had been merely a term of concubinage and that their daughter, mary, was illegitimate. king and queen met before a court of bishops and catherine spoke with the calm dignity of a faithful wife and good mother. \" i take god and all the world to witness that i have been to you a true, humble, and obedient wife, ever comportable to your will and touch..", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.44107023581841187, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.572315"} {"text": "with the calm dignity of a faithful wife and good mother. \" i take god and all the world to witness that i have been to you a true, humble, and obedient wife, ever comportable to your will and touch... \" only once did she pause and then her voice became lower. \" this twenty years or more i have been your true wife, and by me ye have had divers children, although it hath pleased god to call them from this world... and when he had me at the first, i take god to be my judge, i was a true maid, without touch of man. and whether this be true or no, i put it to your conscience. \" pressure was exerted to have her enter a convent and take vows but despite her great piety the cloisters were also rejected. anne might occupy the royal bed but catherine knew she was wife and queen and no act of henry could change the fact. this was the attitude firmly maintained to her death when with superb charity she wrote to her \" dear husband and king \" and gave him her forgiveness. \" for the rest, i commend unto you our daughter mary, beseeching you to be a good father unto her, as i have heretofore desired. i entreat you also, on behalf of my maids, to give them marriage portions, which is not much, they being but three. for all my other servants i solicit the wages due them and a year more, lest they be improvided for. lastly, i make this vow, that my eyes desire you above all things. \" because of the failure of the divorce proceedings in rome the mighty wolsey lost the favor of his master and after a rapid series of degradations was charged with high treason. a natural death intervened to save him from a shameful end and before he expired he uttered the pathetic words which were long to be remembered. \" if i had served god as diligently as i have done my king, he would not now have given me over in my grey hairs. \" with the aid of evil thomas cromwell, master architect of terror, henry made himself supreme head of the church in england and with bloody prodigality the block and the gallows were invoked against the many who would not admit of this presumption. england ' s greatest chancellor, the scholar who held the esteem of all europe, joined the march to the scaffold. \" i die, \" thomas more said,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45950970244729994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.573357"} {"text": "loyola, better known to history as ignatius of loyola, banded together a small number of similar - minded friends and communicated to them his enthusiasm and plans. thus, in paris, was commenced the disciplined organization which from then on has ever been an important influence in the story of the church. the society of jesus was on the march. an astonishingly rapid election brought success and fulfillment to the plans and ambitions of alexander farnese, paul iii, who had been a cardinal for forty years. he was sixty - six years old and was of an ancient roman family which, in adherence to the obnoxious custom, was now to be deluged with riches and honors. his sons and daughtersfor these, true child of the renaissance that he was, he possessedwere favored in every way possible and two of his nephews, aged fourteen and sixteen, were promptly made cardinals at the commencement of his reign. he had been a cardinal during the reign of alexander vi and in some respects his life followed the borgia pattern ; yet he often was to display a majesty of purpose akin to that possessed by julius ii and at other times it would seem as though he were moved by the same high motives which had guided the austere adrian. that he had enjoyed the favour of these popes, so varying in character, and of the medici too, is proof enough of his skill in diplomacy, apropos of which an ambassador to his court complained that an annoying and typical trait of the pope was a \" scrupulous avoidance \" of ever uttering a positive \" yes \" or \" no. \" save for his extravagant nepotism he was an extremely cautious and sagacious man and he embarked upon a policy of wily neutrality between the ever clashing schemes of the french king and the emperor. it was a difficult policy to maintain but for the first years of his pontificate it was to have a certain if uneasy degree of success. it was unforgivable that he should have bestowed the red hat upon his young relatives but most other cardinals of his creation were noted for their worthiness. the english bishop, john fisher, languishing in prison and soon to lose his head on the block was thus honored and so too was another deserving englishman, reginald pole, a cousin of henry viii, who was in italy and so safe from the ire of his vindictive kinsman. the menace of turkish attack was seldom absent from the cares of paul iii. rakish craft, their lateen sails emblazoned with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39354699033263923, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.575564"} {"text": "viii, who was in italy and so safe from the ire of his vindictive kinsman. the menace of turkish attack was seldom absent from the cares of paul iii. rakish craft, their lateen sails emblazoned with the crescent, their decks crammed with blood - hungry warriors, had become a terror to shipping in the mediterranean until the emperor, at the behest of the pope and with money and galleys from the same source, stormed the piratical stronghold at tunis and administered a thorough and salutary defeat. but when war, despite the urgent entreaties of the pontiff, broke out again between france and spain and the emperor ' s troops became occupied in that direction, barbarossa, daring chief of the mohammedan buccaneers, recommenced his depredations upon the italian coast and it became the boast of the turkish sultan that his seraglio would be moved to rome. there were signs of panic in the eternal city at this news for the potentate ' s announcement had strong chances of realization ; but by the exercise of great and desperate ingenuity paul caused an armistice to be declared between the emperor and the french monarch and together they joined him in the formation of a holy league. the venetians, who held a treaty with the turks, were persuaded that such a pact was wrong and they too became partners in the new alliance, and thus rome remained unscarred by the scimitar. notwithstanding his own weaknesses paul was acutely aware of other and less tangible evils which were besieging the papacy and with acrimony the more worldly of his cardinals were told \" they should set an example to others by reforming themselves. \" to introduce peace and authority into the babel of contemporary theological dispute and to muster a united strength against the onslaughts of the papacy ' s antagonists paul iii made careful plans for the convocation of a general council, for he was of the opinion that the voice of a council was needed to reaffirm and clarify ancient dogma and to endorse authority. the scheme was commendable and simple in thought but in actual execution fraught with difficulty and danger. his own temporal strength was negligible and he had no wish, and there was the danger, for any one sovereign or nation to exert influence upon the decision of so important a body under the guise of patronage or protection. prejudice and patronage must be avoided and the judgments of the [ paragraph continues ] fathers left unhindered.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41195543649007105, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.576758"} {"text": "danger, for any one sovereign or nation to exert influence upon the decision of so important a body under the guise of patronage or protection. prejudice and patronage must be avoided and the judgments of the [ paragraph continues ] fathers left unhindered. with all the genius of his diplomatic talent he fought desperately to have it so. the idea of the council was received with enthusiasm, even by some of the protestant princes, but as the pope had anticipated there were many who saw the convention as an avenue for their own designs and innovations. the support of the emperor was necessary, indeed the approval of all christians was desired, and unwearyingly the pope toiled to gain the good will of all and the interference of none. the emperor was sincerely enthusiastic for he readily perceived that under such auspices the empire might be strengthened ; but the pope, with wider horizons beckoning, regarded the imperial zeal with apprehension and even despair and many conflicts arose between the two regarding the policies, the procedure, and even the location of the council. usually it was the patient pontiff who was victorious but not without the penalties of strife. charles was of the opinion that ecclesiastical discipline should be the first concern of the meeting but the pope held to his plan that questions appertaining to doctrine should be settled before the discussion of a workable policy of discipline. after many vexations and delays the council assembled at trent, in the austrian tyrol, on the 13th december, 1543, the eleventh year of paul ' s reign. ten times it was to meet during the remaining four years of his life and it was not to be formally dissolved, although on several occasions it suffered interruptions and a change of scene, until 1563. the decisions made and decrees issued, defining catholic doctrine, provided splendid support for the champions of the counter reformation. by this time the reformation was rapidly flowering to full development but the council of trent was, by a program of practical reform and definition, able to restore vigor to orthodoxy and bring strength and hope to the faithful again. the storms of altercation following luther ' s outburst, the long theological arguments, the many and confusing interpretations of the gospels, the admitted need for clerical reform, had brought perplexity to many a simple priest and layman. but now all was to be made clear and the road illuminated. the dogmas of original sin, justification, the sacraments, were explained with exactitude and so too were many other subjects of attack and dispute such as the veneration of saints and the granting of ind", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47172232489732113, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.577812"} {"text": "be made clear and the road illuminated. the dogmas of original sin, justification, the sacraments, were explained with exactitude and so too were many other subjects of attack and dispute such as the veneration of saints and the granting of indulgences. errors in clerical conduct were not merely censured but were exhaustively examined and practical measures for removing abuses were promulgated and adopted. a system of reform was founded which could survive and indeed grow in strength. precise in its condemnations, constructive in its suggestions, grand in its scope, the council of trent can rightfully be regarded as one of the great bulwarks of catholicity. \" thus the council, \" wrote the protestant historian ranke, \" that had been so vehemently demanded, and so long evaded, that had been twice dissolved, had been shaken by so many political storms, and whose third convocation, even, had been beset with danger, closed amid the general harmony of the catholic world... henceforth catholicism confronted the protestant world in renovated collected vigor. \" paul iii lived with all the gaudy and benevolent luxury of a renaissance prince and rome benefited in many ways from his generosity and his appreciation of the arts. new streets were built, churches restored, great bastions were erected, engineers worked diligently on new schemes of fortifications, and scholars toiled over the long catalogues of the vatican library. titian, like many a lesser colleague, was subsidized and the classic beauty of st. peter ' s dome, superb symbol of the supreme authority, was raised by [ paragraph continues ] michael angelo. paul iii had done well and should have died content but the fruits of his nepotism made his end miserable and unhappy. an ungrateful and predatory grandson, with clamor and with violence, was claiming the duchy of parma as his personal property. \" my sin is ever before me, \" grieved the dying pope. \" if they had not the mastery over me, then i should have been without great offence. \" it took the cardinals ten weeks to select a successor, giovanni ciocchi del monte, who took the name of julius iii. for a time, at this conclave, it seemed as though the votes would go to reginald pole but the conscientious englishman refused to bargain or make promises and his moment passed. later, when mary became queen, pope julius sent him to his native country as legate and there he officiated as archbishop of canterbury", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4376103269442029, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.578818"} {"text": "go to reginald pole but the conscientious englishman refused to bargain or make promises and his moment passed. later, when mary became queen, pope julius sent him to his native country as legate and there he officiated as archbishop of canterbury, the last of his faith to take that ancient title. the new pope was friendly with the emperor, soon to be fighting the french again, but neither alliance with that forceful ruler nor the great responsibilities of his own position gave him the confidence or strength of purpose which had characterized the previous reign. when the protestant allies of france invaded the tyrol and caused an adjournment of the council of trent, resignation to circumstances was the attitude of the pope. he seemed overwhelmed by the number and magnitude of his problems, and frankly abandoning all pretence of active policy he retired to the peace of his gardens. fortunately such indolence was not reflected in the toiling body of the church for this was the time of such men as the indefatigable jesuit, francis xavier, who before embarking for hostile and unknown shores cheerfully told his fellow adventurers, \" the greatest trials you have until now endured are small in comparison with those you will experience in japan. prepare yourself for difficulties, by setting aside all consideration for your own interests. \" and later the pen of the same brave man inscribed : \" i am journeying, deprived of all human protection, to the island of canton, in the hope that a friendly heathen will take me over to the continent of china. \" the pontificate of julius iii lasted five years. the next pope was marcellus ii of whom much was expected, for as a cardinal and as a priest marcello pervino had earned an enviable reputation. immediately after his enthronement he enthusiastically turned to the subject of reform and one of his first acts was to prohibit any member of his family from coming to rome. luxury was banned from his household and the customary elaborate ceremonies of coronation were avoided. in every way the hopes of the pious were fulfilled in the person of this pontiff but unfortunately their jubilance was brief for he was of delicate health and his reign ended abruptly, to the sorrow of all, after a mere twenty - two days. the name of reginald pole was mentioned again at the following conclave but he was absent in england and the spanish influence which favored him was not strong enough to achieve its purpose. elected instead, and after considerable balloting, was the seventy - nine - year - old giovanni pietro caraffa whose advanced", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.35737438062916216, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.579865"} {"text": "the following conclave but he was absent in england and the spanish influence which favored him was not strong enough to achieve its purpose. elected instead, and after considerable balloting, was the seventy - nine - year - old giovanni pietro caraffa whose advanced age showed no traces of senilitybut neither had it brought that mellowness of thought and judgment which usually comes with the years. paul iv was a severe and bad tempered old man, somewhat eccentric in manner, who often times affected the simplicity of a monk but on other occasions could formidably play the despot. he was of the reform school and was a founder of the first congregation of clerks regular yet he was not exempt from the disease of nepotism and one of his first actions as pope was to bestow the red hat upon the head of his undeserving nephew, carlo caraffa. his support went to the french in the war with spain ; and guided by his nephew this policy brought matters to such a deplorable state that it was found necessary to employ protestant mercenaries from germany to protect the papal provinces from the invading army of the duke of alva. meanwhile the french were defeated elsewhere and the pope was forced to sue for peace, a costly and humiliating process for one so proud. his reign was characterized by the unbending severities of the true martinet and the punishments which came to those who crossed his will or broke the laws were as heavy as they were prompt. eventually rumors came to him of the base conduct of his nephew and for once the ties of blood were spurned and the ungrateful and unfit wearer of the purple was expelled from rome. paul iv was an ardent supporter of the inquisition, which as a cardinal he had reorganized, and wide use of its dreaded powers was made during his term. even the cardinal morone, a highly respected member of the sacred college, became enmeshed in the web of terrible accusation and to prison he went on the grounds of heresy. \" even if my own father were a heretic, \" said this pope, refusing a petition for clemency, \" i would gather the wood to burn him. \" reginald pole was another object of his pessimism and suspicion but pole was in england and had the wisdom to keep from rome. clergy of lesser rank looked nervously to their conduct when at one sweep a hundred vagrant monks were despatched to the galleys or to the dungeons. mercy was a quality lacking in this stern old man and when he died, after", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39183807060985676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.581943"} {"text": "from rome. clergy of lesser rank looked nervously to their conduct when at one sweep a hundred vagrant monks were despatched to the galleys or to the dungeons. mercy was a quality lacking in this stern old man and when he died, after being pope four years, the mobs rioted to show their pleasure and to hurl hatred upon his memory. down toppled his statue to be broken and defiled and with similar demonstrations of insult and delight the gates of the prison of the inquisition were swept open and the inmates released. nearly four months dragged by before the next conclave was concluded and devious and ugly were the intrigues which hindered the cardinals from making a quick decision. \" it is not of the least consequence, \" wrote the obnoxious cardinal - nephew of paul iv, \" who will be pope, the only thing of importance is that he who is chosen should realize that he owes the dignity to the caraffa. this house does not enjoy any favor with the spanish or french kings, and everything therefore depends on securing the favor of the future pope, as otherwise the ruin of the family is assured. \" other italian clans had similar ideas and in addition to their dark activities there were the schemes of the various ambassadors, all determined to secure the election of a pope who would favor their particular national interests. in such an atmosphere the most extravagant promises were made and cunning plots formulated ; the audacious ambassador of spain even went so far as to gain, by window or secret door, access to the quarters of cardinals, supposedly shut off from the world, and there in the dim night hours whisper his bribes and subtly phrased threats. finally, out of the tangle of discussion, the name of the cardinal giovanni angelo medici was proclaimed and this despite the fact that but a short time previously he had disturbed the conclave by remarking during a conversation with another cardinal that, \" as regards the germans, we should have to summon a council to see if some concessions could not be made to them with regard to the marriage of priests and communion under both kinds. \" that the startling statement did not prevent him from becoming pius iv is indicative of the understanding his colleagues had of an expansive nature which was tolerant and easy going to a fault. in all ways he was unlike his dour predecessor and he was famous for his disregard of formality and ceremony, and the conduct of his private life was continually marked by homely incidents which endeared him to the public. he was a fat man and long appreciation of the pleasures of the table", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39913694625705476, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.584457"} {"text": "and he was famous for his disregard of formality and ceremony, and the conduct of his private life was continually marked by homely incidents which endeared him to the public. he was a fat man and long appreciation of the pleasures of the table had brought the gout. thinking to reduce his corpulence and nullify the encroachments of his sickness it became his habit to take long walks. these perambulations, much to the disgust of his court, were conducted at a rapid pace and for considerable distances. \" exercise, \" he affirmed, \" maintains good health and keeps away illness, and i do not wish to die in bed. \" the traditional geniality which is ascribed to rotundity was indisputably his and the clouds of gloom and suspicion which had hung over rome during the previous pontificate now disappeared. he displayed no ill - will to the arrogant nephews of paul iv after his reception of the tiara, but their crimes were many and foul and their enemies so powerful and determined for revenge that retribution was inevitable. a particularly horrible murder within the hated family began the forces of its destruction. the duke of paliano, brother of the cardinal carlo caraffa, believed his wife unfaithful, and governed by extravagant ideas of honor he ordered her unfortunate supposed paramour dragged before him and then with shouts of rage he plunged his dagger again and again into the bound body of the wretch until he was dead. the drama became more horrible when the wretched duchess, pregnant and crying her innocence, was strangled by her own brother, the count dalife. that the cardinal carlo caraffa was a party, by knowledge and condonement, to the bloody wickedness could not be denied and with no alternative possible the pope reluctantly set the processes of accusation and judgment in motion. \" if only to secure order, \" he said, \" i have no choice but to bring the haughty nephews of paul iv to submission. \" a long list of charges was prepared, varying from murder and high treason to heresy, and brought to justice was the cardinal carlo, his brother the duke of paliano, the brother - in - law the count d ' alife, and a younger relative, the cardinal alphonso caraffa. after a long trial the latter was pardoned but the others, despite their rank, were given the supreme penalty. all three faced the executioner with dignity, and a letter to his son by the fierce dukewho was comforted by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.35552578727117345, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.586539"} {"text": "a better existence. therewith i die, but you shall live, bear no one ill - will of my death. \" conciliatory measures were employed with the rulers of europe by pius iv, and ably representing him in many important conferences north of the alps was the cardinal morone who had suffered imprisonment because of the delusions of the late pope. nepotism was not absent from rome for this pope had his nephews too, but for once the custom brought glory instead of disgrace : one of these relatives was the cardinal charles borromeo, a truly devout and talented character devoted to reform and good works who was, under the dispassionate scrutiny of a later generation, to be judged worthy of canonization. the goodness and ability of the young cardinal was responsible for the resumption of the labors of the council of trent and in several sessions many important and historic decrees were formulated and in turn confirmed and strengthened by papal bull. the influence of cardinal borromeo did not wane with the death of his uncle for happily the next pope, pius v, a true and zealous churchman, was of a similar mind and purpose and the work of reform swept on. the new pope was the former cardinal michele ghislieri. he was born of poor parents and had been a member of the dominican order since his early youth. as a friar he had taught and preached for twenty - eight years, then episcopal responsibilities had been given him and later had come the red hat and the stern duties of inquisitor general under paul iv. he had been well liked by that severe ruler and when he was given the supreme honor the people feared a return to the harsh discipline of the hated regime. there was, it is true, an immediate tightening of the laws, and justice was to move more swiftly than hitherto, but unlike his patron pius v tempered strictness with mercy and understanding. he was determined rome should be the model capital of christendom and a courtier, sighing for the riotousness of former days, complained that the entire city was taking on the air of a monastery. the courts were purged of bribery, the streets of prostitutes and thieves, and a ruthless war was made on corrupt officials and unjust taxes. the finances of the papal states were subjected to critical and profound examination and many changes were made. when an enthusiastic official suggested a new scheme for bringing added revenues to the treasury, the pope chided him and remarked that instead of amassing monies more thought should", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4225576517036383, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.589439"} {"text": "of the papal states were subjected to critical and profound examination and many changes were made. when an enthusiastic official suggested a new scheme for bringing added revenues to the treasury, the pope chided him and remarked that instead of amassing monies more thought should be given to collecting the allegiance of those nations which had broken away from the church. the papal army was reduced to a few companies, for he was averse to becoming embroiled in martial adventures ; although his belief in the wide authority of the holy see over the conduct of secular princes was unwavering. this belief was responsible for the issuance of a bull which excommunicated elizabeth of england and released her subjects from their allegiance to her. the pronouncement was a mistake which only served to bring further resentment against rome and misery to the english catholics for the power of england was mounting, new triumphs were being won on and across the seas, and the queen ' s name was tightly woven into the cloth of national honor and patriotism. a few years after the papal sentence sturdy seamen, protestant and catholic alike, cheered for their good queen bess and merry england when they turned their small craft to meet the armada. the vast array of great ships was laden with the flower of spanish chivalry and carried the papal benediction but was doomed to an utter and terrible destruction. ambition had not brought the tiara to pius v and he had wept when informed of the decision of the cardinals. but once elected he worked at the great duties with unflagging energy and scrupulous honesty. it was fortunate that such a man should occupy the papacy so soon after the conclusion of the council of trent. the value of his administration to the decrees and decisions of the council can be likened to the worth of a good cannon to the proper ammunition. drastic changes were made in rome. the curia was reformed, the conduct of the cardinals examined and criticized, and stern measures were undertaken to make bishops reside in their sees. such important works as the catechism and the new breviary and the new missal were published, the value of seminaries was emphasized, and a vigilant eye was turned upon both the secular clergy and the orders. one cardinal, an irresponsible creature who owed his hat to the laxity of a previous reign, was confined in a monastery and placed under the conscientious care of jesuit chaplains. indeed no great fondness was held for the majority of the cardinals and once when the pope was ill he was heard", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4346858836167362, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 32, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.590916"} {"text": "the laxity of a previous reign, was confined in a monastery and placed under the conscientious care of jesuit chaplains. indeed no great fondness was held for the majority of the cardinals and once when the pope was ill he was heard to remark that he was sorry death was approaching, not because he was afraid to face his maker, but because he was leaving on earth a sacred college filled with conniving and undeserving men. the acquisition of his high rank had brought no great change in the lowly circumstances of his family, most of whom were forbidden to enter [ paragraph continues ] rome. \" god has called me to be what i am, in order that i may serve the church, \" he said, \" and not that the church might serve me. \" it is true that two nephews received his favor, if such a word can be applied to his austere patronage, but this was only because of his mistrust of the cardinals and the ceaseless intrigues kept in motion by the various ambassadors and faction leaders. in order to find a confidential secretary whose loyalty was beyond all doubt he turned to his family and thus his nephew michele bonelli who was also a dominican became a cardinal. the pope never quite forgave himself for this action and consequently made life miserable for his relative by a constant inquisitiveness as to his way of living and an equally constant criticism. the unfortunate prelate was seldom at ease and at any hour his larder, his table, his conduct, was liable to a surprise inspection from his uncle. his income was kept at a minimum, he was not allowed silver on his table, and he was even denied the consolation of his parents visiting him. his cousin, a soldier by profession, was made a captain of the papal guard but from the beginning of his service he was in trouble with the pope who expected his soldiery to live like monks. finally the warrior, who had far different ideas, was arrested and hauled before the civil court where in the presence of his forbidding kinsman he heard that he was \" to forfeit all his goods and revenues, and under pain of death to leave the vatican within two days, the borgo within three, and the papal states within ten. \" it was a drastic sentence and nothing could induce the pontiff to extend leniency. little escaped his stern eye, and the devotees of the bull fight learnt that \" these spectacles, where bulls and wild beasts are baited in a circus or amphithea", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42702125610279174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 33, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.591925"} {"text": "drastic sentence and nothing could induce the pontiff to extend leniency. little escaped his stern eye, and the devotees of the bull fight learnt that \" these spectacles, where bulls and wild beasts are baited in a circus or amphitheatre, are contrary to christian mercy and charity, suitable to demons rather than men. we forbid all clerics, regular and secular, to be present.... \" his dislike of war did not prevent him from sending ships and men to malta where the knights were besieged by the turks and later his encouragement helped mould a christian alliance which was able to inflict a shattering and decisive defeat upon the turkish fleet at lepanto. throughout his entire reign he suffered from a painful disease which was finally the cause of his death. pain was seldom absent from his tortured body but he never complained. \" increase, o lord, my pains, \" he once cried, \" so long as thou wilt increase my patience also. \" he was not the kind of man to court popularity and when he had been elected there had been little rejoicing. but when he died there were true tears and the streets of rome were silent with respect. it was as he would have wished, and so passed pius v, the last of the popes whose memory has been honored by canonization. in less than two weeks his successor was named, the seventy - year - old cardinal ugo buoncompagni, pope gregory xiii, who as a youth had fully enjoyed renaissance pleasures but who had with the progress of time turned to the sterner delights of duty and reform. as prelate and papal official he had served for many years with distinction and had won considerable renown as a jurist, but neither the course of righteousness nor the possession of judicial talent prevented him on becoming pope from lavishing favors upon two nephews and a son whom he frankly acknowledged. this son was made governor of st. angelo while his cousins were invested with the purple. easy - going to a fault gregory was inferior to his predecessor ; nevertheless the good works begun in the earlier reign did not cease and they continued on before an impetus steadily supplied by individual churchmen and the orders. the great and main attack of protestantism had been halted and a vigorous and purified [ paragraph continues ] catholicism was on the increase. gregory ' s chief accomplishments were in the field of education and no fewer than twenty - three new colleges opened their doors during his pontificate. over two million roman scudi were expended to help des", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45389168129972246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 34, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.593329"} {"text": "continues ] catholicism was on the increase. gregory ' s chief accomplishments were in the field of education and no fewer than twenty - three new colleges opened their doors during his pontificate. over two million roman scudi were expended to help deserving but needy students and besides founding the english, german, greek, and maronite colleges in rome the institution, later to be called the gregorian college, which owed its existence to st. ignatius was enlarged to accommodate scholars of all nations. another inauguration to carry his name through the centuries was the calendar which supplanted the julian calendar. neither his relations with other sovereigns nor his temporal rule of the papal states were blessed by good fortune and when he died after a three years ' reign there were difficult problems of government and diplomacy both within and without the papal boundaries to greet his successor, sixtus v. the former cardinal felice peretti, who as a boy had been a swineherd, was the son of a vineyard laborer and had entered the franciscan order in his early adolescence. in nature and bent he resembled his patrons paul iv and pius v rather than his immediate predecessor and from the beginning of his reign these stern traits were revealed. the brigandage and disorder which were disturbing the papal territories at the close of the former reign were stamped out by ruthless methods and by the end of his rule his temporal domain had become the most orderly in europe and an empty treasury had become filled with gold. imposition of new taxes accomplished this latter feat and it was not a way for him to win the cheers of either the nobles or the merchants ; but he cared little for the applause of men and his only interest was his mission. the former swineherd was pope and he was resolved to exercise without fear and with dignity the majesty and authority of his office in all spheres. in support of the catholic league he excommunicated the king of navarre, heir presumptive to the french throne, in order to prevent a protestant from ruling a catholic nation. it was not a popular decision in france and later the monarch, after becoming a catholic, was as henry iv, to make peace with another pope. sixtus also supported spain in that country ' s disastrous war with england, but despite the utmost pressure he would not endorse the spanish king ' s designs upon france. grandiose schemes were propounded by him for the complete overthrow of the turkish empire and he dreamed of joining the red sea with the mediterranean and \" thus restoring the commerce of the ancient world", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4148673865319416, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 35, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.596906"} {"text": "endorse the spanish king ' s designs upon france. grandiose schemes were propounded by him for the complete overthrow of the turkish empire and he dreamed of joining the red sea with the mediterranean and \" thus restoring the commerce of the ancient world. \" preservation of the historic beauty of rome and additional architectural projects were tasks he assumed with enthusiasm and an ingenious system, both practical and ornamental, of nobler and wider avenues in the city was devised and commenced. the important decree was issued in this reign which limited the membership of the sacred college to a maximum number of seventy cardinals and these were ranked in three divisions, six bishops, fifty priests, and fourteen deacons. the rule was to stand and equalling it in importance was the bull immensa issued by the same pope which systemized the centralized government of the church by forming fifteen congregations, each consisting of churchmen and officials of varying rank, to assume in specialized departments the burden of detailed administration. thus, with no diminution of his authority, an immense amount of routine work was lifted from the person of the pope. the five years in which sixtus occupied the throne of st. peter were crowded with wise and good works but there were some blemishes to mar the recordhis severity and his nepotism. for he too succumbed to what by this time appeared to be a papal tradition and a fourteen year old relative was elevated to the cardinalate. there can be no justification for such an act ; but the contemporary mind was neither surprised nor shocked, and as with former and later reigns the hateful practice was accepted by the majority of both clergy and people with that equanimity which is the due of precedent and tradition. after the death of sixtus three worthy but ancient prelates in rapid succession and within sixteen months were elected to the papal throne. no grave mistake or scandal can assault their reputations but neither can any of the three be credited with the deeds that are born of exceptional leadership or great initiative. the same pope, gregory xiii, had made them cardinals on the same day and they were all of an equal age, past seventy. the first to follow sixtus was giovanni batista castagna, urban vii, noted for his charities and diplomatic skill. he reigned thirteen days and then came nicolo sfondrato of cremona who in honor of his patron took the name of gregory xiv. the policies of preceding pontificates remained unchanged during his term which did not last a year and then called was the cardinal giovanni fa", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4331726666014528, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 36, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.598004"} {"text": "came nicolo sfondrato of cremona who in honor of his patron took the name of gregory xiv. the policies of preceding pontificates remained unchanged during his term which did not last a year and then called was the cardinal giovanni facchinetti who became innocent ix. within a few months he too was in his tomb and the sacred college, after great discussion, decided that the cardinal ippolito aldobrandini should be pope. he took the name of clement vii. the choice was a bitter blow to spanish hopes and indeed the far seeing policies of the new pontiff were to effect a tremendous change in the destiny of that country which was now at the peak of its glory. clement \" by peaceful means, little by little, without disturbance or excitement, but with all the more security, \" was to strengthen the independence of the papacy by effecting happier relations with france and this circumstance was one of the factors which halted the expansion of spanish power and made way for the decline of a proud and great nation. during the preceding pontificates spanish influence upon the diplomatic course of the papacy had gradually become so strong that when clement took his throne he felt rome was almost the vassal of madrid. this meant that the enemies of spain were automatically on ill terms with the holy see and no great perception was needed by the pontiff to realize the danger of a permanent rupture with france, the most hated foe of spain. henry iv, master of france, had been excommunicated ; but now, seeking the united allegiance of his subjects he was imploring to be readmitted to the communion of the church. was it the gesture of one who was alleged to have remarked \" paris is well worth a mass, \" or was the prince truly sincere in his repentance? it was a delicate problem for the pope. if he were over - severe, schism would be assured and france surely would go the way of england ; but if he were foolishly lenient then contempt for papal authority would grow everywhere. a constant clamor of both plea and threat came from the nations involved but the cautious and conscientious pope trod the difficult and torturous path of negotiation with extraordinary diplomatic skill and never once was principle or scruple sacrificed. he well realized that independence of the holy see demanded relief from the ever growing dominance of spain and that relief was possible only with france active as a counter balance ; yet the sentence of excommunication could not be lifted lightly, and often the french envoy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4018839050152414, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 37, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.599229"} {"text": "well realized that independence of the holy see demanded relief from the ever growing dominance of spain and that relief was possible only with france active as a counter balance ; yet the sentence of excommunication could not be lifted lightly, and often the french envoys were in despair. \" would to god, \" the pope told an official, \" that we could trust henry. but what has he done to deserve absolution?... is it enough that he now once makes the sign of the cross? \" at length repeated argument and evidence convinced him that the prince indeed was truly penitent and with a great and solemn ceremony, and much to the consternation of spain, the dreaded sentence was lifted. \" i have no words to praise the kindness of your holiness as it deserves, \" henry wrote with gratitude. \" my life henceforth shall have no other purpose than to glorify god by meritorious obedience.... \" the extravagant promise was never to be completely fulfilled but an alliance had been made which brought advantages to both pope and king. france remained a catholic country and the papacy was no longer at the mercy of the pretentious dictates of philip ii of spain who was an absolutist and harbored ambitions of functioning as a kind of pope - emperor. when the duchy of ferrara was left empty of a legitimate heir the spanish king presented a candidate to contest the claims of the pope ; but supported by the new friendship of france, clement was able to remain firm and in the end the duchy was returned to the papal states. in pursuance of the papal dream of a united and tranquil christendom the pope was able on several occasions to act as a peacemaker between the nations : products of his diplomacy were the peace of vervins between spain and france and the treaty of lyons between the latter nation and savoy.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43850812490812036, "token_count": 379, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 38, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.604174"} {"text": "nostradamus [ public domain image ] nostradamus, the man who saw through time by lee mccann interest in nostradamus goes through cycles, usually coinciding with periods of uncertainty and conflict. at the beginning of world war ii people turned to nostradamus for clues as to how and when that conflict would be resolved, and to look for indications that somehow he had prophesized it. some used nostradamus for propaganda, or profit, or publicity. of course, this was also the case after the attacks of september 11th, 2001. this book, published in the early days of world war ii, is partially a biography of nostradamus, partially a historical novelization of incidents in his life, and an attempt to associate his predictions with historical and future events. mccann is at his best in the former parts of the book. he immerses us in the life and times of nostradamus. although many of the episodes are fictionalized, they make pleasant reading and appear to be historically accurate. the attempts to match notradamus ' predictions with historical events of the rennaissance are for the most part very well reasoned, and range from plausible to ' hmmm... '. the book concludes with a rather long section bearing on events of the twentieth century. this part feels tacked on, as if the publisher was eager to get a ' tie in ' to current events. mccann hypothesized that the war would continue until late in the forties, and would end because of the restoration of the french monarchy, specifically that a pretender to the throne would be crowned as henry the fifth. naturally, this falls far short of the mark, but it creates perspective for current and future attempts to make specific predictions based on the cryptic quatrains.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5538232481571417, "token_count": 371, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.606401"} {"text": "the nursing profession remains overwhelmingly female, but the representation of men has increased as the demand for nurses has grown over the last several decades, according to a u. s. census bureau study released yesterday. the new study shows the proportion of male registered nurses has more than tripled since 1970, from 2. 7 percent to 9. 6 percent, and the proportion of male licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses has more than doubled from 3. 9 percent to 8. 1 percent. the study, men in nursing occupations, presents data from the 2011 american community survey to analyze the percentage of men in each of the detailed nursing occupations : registered nurse, nurse anesthetist, nurse practitioner, and licensed practical and licensed vocational nurse. the study also provide estimates on a wide range of characteristics of men and women in nursing occupations. these include employment status, age, race, hispanic origin, citizenship, educational attainment, work hours, time of departure to work, median earnings, industry and class of worker. \u201c the aging of our population has fueled an increasing demand for long - term care and end - of - life services, \u201d said the report ' s author, liana christin landivar, a sociologist in the census bureau ' s industry and occupation statistics branch. \u201c a predicted shortage has led to recruiting and retraining efforts to increase the pool of nurses. these efforts have included recruiting men into nursing. \u201d men typically outearn women in nursing fields but not by as much as they do across all occupations. for example, women working as nurses full time, year - round earned 91 cents for every dollar male nurses earned ; in contrast, women earned 77 cents to the dollar men earned across all occupations. because the demand for skilled nursing care is so high, nurses have very low unemployment rates. unemployment was lowest among nurse practitioners and nurse anesthetists ( about 0. 8 percent for both ). for registered nurses and licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses, these rates were a bit higher, but still very low, at 1. 8 percent and 4. 3 percent, respectively. * there were 3. 5 million employed nurses in 2011, about 3. 2 million of whom were female and 330, 000 male. * of the employed nurses ( both sexes ), 78 percent were registered nurses, 19 percent were licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses, 3 percent were nurse practitioners, and 1 percent were nurse anesthetists. * while most registered nurses ( both sexes ) left home for work between 5am and 11 : 59am ( 72 percent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3957830904359476, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.624798"} {"text": "19 percent were licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses, 3 percent were nurse practitioners, and 1 percent were nurse anesthetists. * while most registered nurses ( both sexes ) left home for work between 5am and 11 : 59am ( 72 percent ), a sizable minority ( 19 percent ) worked the evening or night shifts. * the majority of registered nurses ( both sexes ) worked in hospitals ( 64 percent ). the majority of licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses worked in nursing care facilities or hospitals ( about 30 percent each ). the percentages for hospitals and nursing care facilities are not significantly different from each other. * in 2011, 9 percent of all nurses were men while 91 percent were women. men earned, on average, $ 60, 700 per year, while women earned $ 51, 100 per year. * men ' s representation was highest among nurse anesthetists at 41 percent. * male nurse anesthetists earned more than twice as much as the male average for all nursing occupations : $ 162, 900 versus $ 60, 700. the american community survey provides a wide range of important statistics about people and housing for every community across the nation. the results are used by everyone from town and city planners to retailers and homebuilders. the survey is the only source of local estimates for most of the 40 topics it covers, such as education, occupation, language, ancestry and housing costs for even the smallest communities. ever since thomas jefferson directed the first census in 1790, the census has collected detailed characteristics about our nation ' s people. questions about jobs and the economy were added 20 years later under james madison, who said such information would allow congress to \u201c adapt the public measures to the particular circumstances of the community, \u201d and over the decades allow america \u201c an opportunity of marking the progress of the society. \u201d ( us census )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3985440488125548, "token_count": 373, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.626934"} {"text": "it ' s pumpkin time - grades : prek \u2013 k, 1 \u2013 2, 3 \u2013 5 it \u2019 s october, fall is here, halloween is near, all of which means \u2014 it \u2019 s pumpkin time! this month we are diving into pumpkins hands first. before my class could fully experience pumpkins, we started out by reading a lot of books. last week i shared a few of my favorite fall books. this week i am sharing one more book, specifically about pumpkins, along with some science activities that relate to all of them. getting in the mood we began our week by reading the story it ' s pumpkin time by zoe hall. later, i will make the book available in the listening center. after reading the story, we made an anchor chart about pumpkins showing what we know about them and what they need to grow. my students were very excited to share their experiences with me. many have even planted their own pumpkins in the past. we followed this discussion up with a short sequence activity of how to grow a pumpkin i brought several pumpkins of different sizes into the classroom for the students to observe. we picked the largest one to determine its circumference. as i passed around a skein of white yarn, the students each cut off a piece hoping it was the exact length to circle the largest part of our pumpkin. after taping their names to their pieces of yarn, we used a separate color for the actual length needed and compared the lengths on our large class graph. we had one student guess exactly! will it sink or float? taking our largest pumpkin and one of our smaller ones, i asked the class to predict whether they would sink or float. some students remembered our coconut experiment and thought that because the pumpkins were bigger than a coconut, they would sink. after everyone made and charted their predictions, it was time to fill the container with water and see what would happen. we put in the small pumpkin, and it floated. the students were very excited, but some were still certain that the big pumpkin would sink. they were surprised when i submerged the large pumpkin in the water and it popped up to the surface. we repeated the experiment the following day using pumpkin seeds and, again, students predicted what would happen. then placing a few seeds in a small container of water, we watched the seeds float to the top. experiencing the pumpkin i posted a note on our parent communication board asking for pumpkins and received a very generous donation of 11. with help from a wonderful parent volunteer,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.499009395403009, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.635333"} {"text": "seeds in a small container of water, we watched the seeds float to the top. experiencing the pumpkin i posted a note on our parent communication board asking for pumpkins and received a very generous donation of 11. with help from a wonderful parent volunteer, we cut off the tops of the pumpkins to show the students what was inside. i divided the class into groups of two and let anyone who wanted to stick his or her hand inside to feel around and describe the sensation. after everyone had a chance to feel the \" guts, \" each pair scooped out the seeds and pulp into containers to observe. as they scraped and pulled out the stringy pulp and seeds, i walked about the classroom observing and listening to their conversations. some students were \" grossed - out \" by the entire process, others were so excited they could hardly contain their enthusiasm, and for some it was their very first experience. using their fingers, they sifted and sorted through the pulp, pulling out the seeds. once the seeds were separated from the pulp, the students counted them with their partners into groups of tens. we used clear portion cups to hold the seeds. i made sure to pair students who are unable to count objects to ten with more capable students. we also made a chart as we counted the cups. this was a great opportunity to practice counting by tens and a chance to revisit tally marks. we stopped counting the seeds after we had reached 2, 000. we filled a gallon bag with the seeds. i took all of the seeds home to wash and cook. we enjoyed the seeds the following day during our snack time. growing our own pumpkin after reading about using a pumpkin as a planter to grow pumpkins, i decided this would be a great experience and a fun science activity to try with my own class. to start, we cut off the top of a pumpkin. leaving all the seeds and pulp inside, we added some soil and then water. i was afraid to leave the pumpkin outside over the weekend, and this turned out to be a big mistake as the only thing that grew was mold. i wiped off the mold and placed the decaying pumpkin outside our back door and left it. after doing a little research, i decided to try it again with a smaller pumpkin and less water. again, we cut open the pumpkin and added soil, but this time we only added a 1 / 2 - cup of water. we then placed the pumpkin outside our classroom in the sun. each day we are adding just a little water, no more than 1", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48934460345730457, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.636575"} {"text": "we cut open the pumpkin and added soil, but this time we only added a 1 / 2 - cup of water. we then placed the pumpkin outside our classroom in the sun. each day we are adding just a little water, no more than 1 / 2 a cup. with any luck we will have a sprout very soon. meanwhile, we thought we would observe the decaying pumpkin i had left outside each day to see what would happen. after only one week of adding the soil, we noticed a sprout! now we are waiting for our smaller pumpkin to sprout as well. pumpkins are everywhere in math we used pumpkins to create patterns. the most popular one was the ab pattern. after students created their pattern strips, we turned them into headbands. we also made a sequence book about the life cycle of the pumpkin. students practiced reading and retelling the story before taking it home to share with their family. another favorite daily activity is our pocket chart poem. this week our poem is about pumpkins, of course. each day students take turns pointing to the words while read along. we finished our week with a pumpkin glyph. the students answered questions about pumpkins to create their glyphs. we have had a lot of fun this week while learning at the same time. we will continue to watch our \" pumpkin in a pumpkin \" grow. our plan is to transfer it into our new school garden when the garden is complete. i know my students will be talking about these experiences for a long time.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47832938597903746, "token_count": 315, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.638686"} {"text": "schoolcraft county \u2019 s history is as deep as the forests and lakes which attracted its original native american settlers, and the generations of pioneers who discovered - - - and continue to discover - - - what this beautiful area has to offer. the first europeans believed to have visited the area were members of french explorer jean nicolet \u2019 s expedition, who passed through the area in the summer of 1634 in search of a route to the orient ( they got as far as green bay ). in the fall of 1679, rene robert de la salle visited the area abroad the griffen, the first sailing ship to ply the great lakes. the early native american residence, most of whom were members of the ojibwa tribe, settled around indian lake and at the mouth of the french - named manistique river. in 1832, the \u201c snowshoe bishop \u201d fredric baraga established a catholic mission on the eastern shore of indian lake. it was also during this time that henry rowe schoolcraft, michigan \u2019 s first indian agent and the county \u2019 s namesake, was mapping the area, documenting the lives of tribal residence and negotiate treaties. schoolcraft county was officially organized in 1871, with manistique designated as the county seat. the county \u2019 s first major industry was lumber. beginning in the early 1880s, logging companies began extracting timber from the vast forests of white pine. the little town of seney, with its rail access to st. ignace and marquette, and river route to manistique, became a center of the logging boom. during its heyday, seney was a bustling town of more than 20 saloons, 10 hotels, several stores and about 3, 000 residents. much of the timber harvested from the county \u2019 s forests was floated down the river to manistique, where it was milled, loaded on ships and sent to communities around the great lakes and beyond. but by the turn of the century, what had seemed inexhaustible resources was gone : the forests had been stripped, and the reign of \u201c king pine \u201d was over. southwest of manistique, on the garden peninsula in delta county, is the site of another major 19th century industry. during the mid - 1800s raw iron ore was being shipped at tremendous expense from the upper peninsula mines to the foundries in the lower great lakes. to make the process more cost - effective, a smelting operation was built at fayette. from 1867 until it closed in 1891, fayette \u2019 s blast furnaces produced", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3694030924886619, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.646045"} {"text": "the upper peninsula mines to the foundries in the lower great lakes. to make the process more cost - effective, a smelting operation was built at fayette. from 1867 until it closed in 1891, fayette \u2019 s blast furnaces produced more than 229, 000 tons of iron, using local hardwood for fuel and native limestone t purify the iron ore. despite the demise of the timber and iron ore industries, many schoolcraft residents stayed on, supporting their families through fishing, farming, and small business. pulpwood and paper manufacturing, and limestone mining and processing, developed into major industries. the area \u2019 s abundant wildlife, temperate summers and clear lakes and rivers had long been a favorite vacation retreat from the hustle and bustle of the midwest \u2019 s cities, and with the increase in winter - related recreation, tourism grew into a major component of the county \u2019 s economy. residences are proud of their area \u2019 s rich heritage, and they keep their history alive at a number of museums and historic sites. the bishop baraga mission and indian cemetery, at indian lake, features replicas of the early log mission and surrounding bark dwellings. manistique is a jumping of point to visit four historic upper peninsula lighthouses : the manistique east breakwater light, seul choix point lighthouse and museum, peninsula point lighthouse and sand point lighthouse and museum. the schoolcraft county historical park, in manistique, features a museum and a historic 200 - foot - tall brick water tower which has recently been restored. the 80 - year - old structure, listed on the national and state historic registries, is located near the city \u2019 s unique siphon bridge. the bridge is part of a concrete flume built in 1919 to channel water to the paper mill. fayette state historic park features a museum, and a ghost town of 19 structures that includes several public and commercial building, residences and the ruins of the blast furnace complex. from ghost towns to lighthouses, schoolcraft county offers fun and education insights into the past for visitors of all ages.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4185380071848327, "token_count": 417, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.647430"} {"text": "anti gravity : when hippos go bad ; january 2000 ; scientific american magazine ; by mirsky ; 1 page ( s ) imagine a sport - utility vehicle interested in mating. that frightening scenario roughly captures your typical hippopotamus in rut. hippos are big and surprisingly fast, able to reach speeds of 25 miles per hour. unfortunately, anything of that size and speed may do inadvertent damage when in pursuit of an amorous adventure. thus did a tragic death recently befall one jean ducuing, the director of a zoo near bordeaux. ducuing was killed by a charging hippo that may have been seeking intimacy with, or dominance over, nearby farm equipment. the sex life of the hippo is far stranger than this incident illustrates. for one thing, hippos in the wild not only have sex, they host it. back in 1994, researchers publishing in the canadian journal of zoology announced the amazing finding of a species of leech, placobdelloides jaegerskioeldi, for which hippos are a secret love nest. in the researchers ' own words : \" evidence suggests that mating in p. jaegerskioeldi is restricted to the rectum of the hippopotamus. \" ( restricted being the operative word. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48372258560813197, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.654389"} {"text": "july 17, 1998 july 15, 1998 : a unique levitation furnace that flew on the space shuttle in 1998 is being eyed for upgrades to fly on future shuttle and international space station missions. \" tempus on msl - 1 provided it was operationally reliable, \" said dr. ivan egry, the project scientist at the german space agency ( dlr ). \" i am really surprised at how much scientific data we are still squeezing out of it. \" egry spoke tuesday morning to the third biennial microgravity materials science conference sponsored by nasa. tempus - built by the dlr and used jointly by dlr and nasa - is the german acronym for containerless electromagnetic processing in weightlessness. that, simply put, is what tempus does. an electromagnetic coil inside the tempus facility positions metal samples with about 1 / 1, 000th the force needed on the ground to work against gravity and keep the samples from touching the container walls. a second coil pumps in radio wave energy - a bit like a microwave oven - to melt the sample. this approach is vital in a number of research areas because touching the container walls will instantly cool the sample and levitation on the ground often involve forces great enough to disturb the sample. scientist don ' t want either to happen when they are trying to make precise measurements of fundamental properties that can help them refine manufacturing processes on earth. tempus flew on the microgravity sciences laboratory - 1 mission in 1998, and on the second international microgravity laboratory ( iml - 2 ) in 1994. data are still being analyzed, but egry gave a preview tuesday, including benchmark data that will let scientists correct the surface tension measurements for one type of metal, and make the first - ever reliable viscosity measurements. \" many things were surprising, \" egry said when asked about the data from tempus. among them were the first experimental measurements of the electrical conductivity of cobalt - palladium in both its liquid and solid states. tempus demonstrated its value by making repeat measurements that matched very closely with one another. consistency is crucial when one is trying to establish basic physical properties. for example, one line of experiments involved cooling metals, such as zirconium, far below their normal freezing point and then recording the point where they froze, how much heat they gave off, and other details. the zirconium sample was put through 120 melt / freeze cycles. \" it ' s really amazing to see how", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.576716803467711, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.697857"} {"text": "far below their normal freezing point and then recording the point where they froze, how much heat they gave off, and other details. the zirconium sample was put through 120 melt / freeze cycles. \" it ' s really amazing to see how one undercooling cycle follows the other, \" egry said as he showed a graph showing precise repeatability in the data. all told, the msl - 1 mission hosted 22 experiments comprising 197 hours of test run and 437 melting cycles. spurred by this success, dlr is looking at adapting tempus to fly on spacelab, and to incorporate better sample handling and video capabilities, and a broader temperature range. dlr also is looking at an advanced tempus that would allow scientists to replace samples in orbit - so the furnace would not have to be brought back - and add other improvements to enhance the science. editor ' s note : the original news release, with images and related links, can be found at : http : / / science. msfc. nasa. gov / newhome / headlines / msad15jul98 _ 2. htm other social bookmarking and sharing tools : the above story is reprinted from materials provided by nasa / marshall space flight center - - space sciences laboratory. note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5353989771739163, "token_count": 297, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.713525"} {"text": "sep. 24, 2002 penn state engineers have optimized an energy harvesting circuit so that it transfers four times more electrical power out of vibration \u2013 the ordinary shakes and rattles generated by human motion or machine operation. using their laboratory prototype, which was developed from off - the - shelf parts, the penn state researchers can generate 50 milliwatts. although they haven ' t tried it, they believe the motion of a runner could be harnessed to generate enough power to run a portable electronic music device. by comparison, simple, un - optimized energy harvesting circuits, for example the type used to power leds on \" smart \" skis, can only generate a few milliwatts. the researchers say the new circuit offers an environmentally friendly alternative to disposable batteries for wearable electronic devices or for wireless communication systems. in addition, the circuit could be used in sensor and monitoring networks that manage environmental control in office buildings, robot control and guidance systems for automatic manufacturing, warehouse inventory ; integrated patient monitoring, diagnostics, drug administration in hospitals, interactive toys, smart home security systems, and interactive museums. the new circuit is described in a paper, \" adaptive piezoelectric energy harvesting circuit for wireless, remote power supply, \" published in the september issue of the journal, ieee transactions on power electronics. the authors are geffrey k. ottman, former penn state master ' s degree student ; dr. heath hofmann, assistant professor of electrical engineering ; archin c. bhatt, former penn state master ' s degree student ; and dr. george a. lesieutre, professor of aerospace engineering and associate director of the penn state center for acoustics and vibration. lesieutre explains that, like other energy harvesting circuits, the new penn state device depends on the fact that when vibrated so that they bend or flex, piezo - electric materials produce an alternating or ac current and voltage. this electrical power has to be converted to direct current or dc by a rectifier before it can be stored in a battery or used. hofmann adds that the magnitude of the piezoelectric material ' s vibration determines the magnitude of the voltage : \" since, in operation, the amount of vibrations can vary widely, some way must also be found to adaptively maximize power flow as well as convert it from ac to dc. \" using an analytical model, the team derived the theoretical optimal power flow from a rectified piezoelectric device and proposed a circuit that could achieve this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5844853775348202, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.735860"} {"text": "dec. 17, 2009 in a pilot project that could help better manage the planet ' s strained natural resources, space - age technologies are helping a washington state community monitor its water availability. nasa satellites and sensors are providing the information needed to make more accurate river flow predictions on a daily basis. \" world leaders are struggling to protect natural resources for future generations, \" said jeff ward, a senior research scientist at the department of energy ' s pacific northwest national laboratory, which is managed by battelle. \" these tools help us sustainably use natural resources while balancing environmental, cultural and economic concerns. \" ward manages a project on behalf of battelle that is helping to better predict the flow of the dungeness river, near sequim, wash., with data collected by nasa instruments. the project started by creating a new model that predicts river flows in the river ' s surrounding valley. it then expanded to help other communities in kansas, maine, oregon and washington state better manage their water and land resources with similar technologies. the project - - called the north olympic peninsula solutions network - - is lead by the north olympic peninsula resource conservation & development council and supported by pnnl and others. lucien cox of nasa will present the project ' s results dec. 16 at the 2009 fall meeting of the american geophysical union in san francisco. the project will help regional natural resource managers assess the abundance - - or lack thereof - - of the dungeness river. the river model was developed to show how nasa technologies like satellites, sensors and computational models could be used to improve short - term stream flow predictions. the river model relies on snowpack and temperature data collected from satellites, as well as real - time snowpack and water data collected by various agencies. the new dungeness river model ' s calculations can tell what kind of flow to expect - - from a trickle to a deluge - - on a daily and monthly basis. before, resource managers primarily relied on either water levels physically measured at gauges or historical data to predict total expected water volume over two to six months. neither method provided flow predictions as frequently as the new model. having more precise river flow predictions is especially important along the dungeness river, where the towering olympic mountains create a drying rain shadow effect and steep slopes prevent above - ground water reservoirs. sequim receives just 15 inches of rain annually. water is so treasured that the agricultural city is home to a 114 - year - old festival that celebrates a historic irrigation system. \" improving the accuracy of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5060648542167548, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.767531"} {"text": "slopes prevent above - ground water reservoirs. sequim receives just 15 inches of rain annually. water is so treasured that the agricultural city is home to a 114 - year - old festival that celebrates a historic irrigation system. \" improving the accuracy of stream flow predictions is important to a diverse group of water users, including irrigation - dependent farmers, planners making urban growth decisions and those concerned about salmon survival or water quality, \" said clea rome, north olympic peninsula rc & d coordinator. \" stream flow prediction tools can help us avoid a crisis by alerting us before droughts are in full effect, giving us enough notice to adjust water use. \" but the practical use of nasa technologies isn ' t limited just to sequim or river water. the north olympic peninsula solutions network is helping four other resource, conservation and development councils tackle their unique problems. another resource - - soil - - has the solomon valley rc & d in north central kansas concerned about agricultural tilling and erosion. striking a balance between agriculture and forestry is critical for the threshold to maine rc & d in southwest maine. the wy ' east rc & d is looking to better manage water supply and demand in north central oregon. and in okanogan, wash., the possibility of water shortages worries the north central washington rc & d. \" space technologies can help us get the best science to the ground, to the decision makers here in the okanogan basin, \" said samantha bartling, north central washington rc & d coordinator. \" we expect it ' ll help us more precisely predict water availability for a long time to come. \" the four councils are working with north olympic peninsula solutions network leaders to determine how nasa technologies can best address their different challenges. the project is funded by a $ 1. 6 million grant from nasa. more information can be found at the north olympic peninsula solutions network website, http : / / pcnasa. ctc. edu /. other project partners include : the department of agriculture ' s natural resources conservation services ; nrcs national water and climate center ; national association of rc & d councils ; idaho national laboratory ; olympic national park ; clallam county ; the dungeness river management team ; the elwha - morse management team ; peninsula college and pacific northwest regional collaboratory. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47120224485404366, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.769877"} {"text": "mar. 27, 2011 researchers from the instituto de astrofisica de canarias ( iac ) have discovered the existence of a black hole 5. 4 times greater in mass than that of our sun, located in the x - ray binary system xte j1859 + 226. the observations carried out from the gran telescopio canarias ( gtc ), managing to obtain the first spectroscopic data from this binary system to be published, have been determinant for the discovery. x - ray binaries are stellar systems composed by a compact object ( which may be a neutron star or a black hole ) and a ' normal ' star. the compact object sucks matter out of the star and adds it slowly to its own mass, through a spiral disc formed around it. this process of absorption is known as acretion. only 20 binary systems, out of an estimated population of around 5, 000 within our galaxy, are known to contain a black hole. xte j1859 + 226 is, in particular, a transient x - ray binary located in the vulpecula constellation. it was discovered by satellite rxte during an eruption registered in 1999. \" transient x - ray binaries are characterised for spending most of their life in a state of calmness, but occasionally entering eruption stages, during which the rhythm of acretion of matter toward the black hole is triggered, \" jesus corral santana explains, an astrophysicist from the iac, who led the work published in the monthly notices of the royal astronomical society ( mnras ). neutron stars as well as black holes are the remains left by a massive star after its death. most of the known neutron stars have a mass around 1. 4 times that of the sun, though in some cases, values up to over twice the mass of the sun have been measured. astronomers believe that when greater than tree times the solar mass, neutron stars are not stable, and end up collapsing and forming a black hole. for corral - santana, \" measuring the mass of compact objects is essential to determine what kind of object it may be. if it ' s greater than three times the solar mass, it can only be a black hole. we found that xte j1859 + 226 has a black hole more than 5. 4 times greater than the mass of the sun. it ' s the definitive confirmation of the existence of a black hole in this object. \" \" with this result we add a new piece to the study of the mass", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5657137453257175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.798034"} {"text": "a black hole more than 5. 4 times greater than the mass of the sun. it ' s the definitive confirmation of the existence of a black hole in this object. \" \" with this result we add a new piece to the study of the mass distribution of black holes. the shape of this distribution has very important implications for our knowledge about the death of massive stars, the formation of black holes, and the evolution of x - ray binary systems, \" the iac astrophysicist adds. twelve years of observation : measuring the visible and the invisible the astrophysicists ' team at iac hadn ' t lost track of the stellar object since it entered an eruption stage in 1999, when they started to set up observation campaigns to follow its evolution. the researchers have combined the photometric measures from the isaac newton telescope ( int ) and the william herschel telescope ( wht ) in year 2000, and those from the nordic optical telescope ( not ) in 2008, with the spectroscopy carried out with the gtc in 2010, the first one ever published about this particular object. \" due to the low brilliance of the system under observation, we needed 10 meter telescopes in able to obtain spectra. in this sense, having been able to make our observations from the gtc has been determinant, \" corral - santana emphasises. the measurements at the gtc were carried out with the osiris instrument, which may be used as a camera or as a spectrograph in the visible range. the spectrograph decomposes the light emitted by a star into its different frequencies and allows detecting lines corresponding to the different chemical elements present in its atmosphere. these lines adduce information about the physical properties of the star and its movement. the photometric measures allowed determining the orbital period of the binary ( 6. 6 hours ), while the spectroscopy data also provided information about the speed of the star ' s orbital movement around the black hole. the combination of both of these parameters proved to be vital to calculate the mass of the back hole. the gran telescopio canarias ( gtc ), located at the roque de los muchachos observatory ( in la palma, canary islands ), is the biggest optical - infrared telescope of the world, with a 10. 4 metre diameter mirror. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : - j. m. corral - santana, j. casares, t. shahbaz, c. zurita, i. g. martinez - pais, p.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5323308110933395, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.801480"} {"text": "aug. 15, 2011 scientists at the scripps research institute have devised a much easier technique for performing a chemical modification used widely in the synthesis of drugs and other products. known as \" trifluoromethylation, \" the modification adds a cf3 molecule to the original compound, often making it more stable - - and, for a drug, keeping it in the body longer. with the new technique, chemists can perform this feat using a relatively simple, safe, room - temperature procedure and can even select the site of the modification on the target compound. \" i ' ve been presenting this methodology at several pharma companies, and there ' s a lot of interest - - so much so that their chemists are starting to use it, \" said scripps research professor phil s. baran, senior author of the new study, scheduled for publication the week of august 15, 2011, in an advance online edition of the proceedings of the national academy of sciences. standard procedures for trifluoromethylation involve gases and associated hardware, high heat, metal catalysts, and oxidants. \" the procedures are often prohibitively complicated, and medicinal chemists often don ' t have the time or the resources to get into it, \" said baran. inspired by frequent consulting visits to pharmaceutical companies, baran and his lab began to look for simpler ways to perform trifluoromethylation. after running more than 500 different reaction setups on a test compound, they found just one that delivered significant quantities of the desired reaction product. it was a simple setup that used a reagent known as sodium trifluoromethanesulfinate, an inexpensive chemical that is stable at room temperature. chemists had long believed that this reagent was unsuitable for trifluoromethylating a broad class of molecules frequently found in drug compounds, and also that the reagent required the use of catalyzing metal salts. but in this initial screening, the reagent, known as langlois ' s reagent for its discoverer, the french chemist bernard r. langlois, seemed to work even without such constraints. baran and his team began collaborating with fellow scripps research chemistry professor donna blackmond and members of her laboratory to study how langlois ' s reagent works and to optimize its use, including the selection of trifluoromethylation sites on target compounds using certain solvents. with the optimized", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5061376059186875, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.821979"} {"text": "and members of her laboratory to study how langlois ' s reagent works and to optimize its use, including the selection of trifluoromethylation sites on target compounds using certain solvents. with the optimized technique, they showed that they could directly and easily trifluoromethylate a variety of test compounds, including the natural malaria drug quinine and the synthetic anti - smoking drug varenicline ( chantix ). \" the collaboration with donna blackmond and her lab was crucial in enabling us to improve the procedure and to understand why certain modifications led to those improvements, \" said baran. the new technique in principle makes it more feasible for pharmaceutical companies to modify and improve specific drug compounds of interest. it also means that these companies can expand the existing compound libraries they use for drug - discovery screening by making trifluoromethylated versions of these compounds quickly and easily. \" in one instance, a chemist at pfizer told me that the trifluoromethylated compound we made in one step with our technique would have taken at least eight steps using standard techniques, \" said baran. the baran and blackmond labs are now working on new reagents that may be used in this reaction and ways to enable fine control of trifluoromethylation sites. \" the interplay of the two labs at the nexus of synthesis and mechanistic analysis is driving this project forward in new and exciting directions, \" baran said. the two first authors of the paper, \" innate c - h trifluoromethylation of heterocycles, \" are yining ji and tobias brueckl of the scripps research baran lab. others who contributed are ryan d. baxter of the scripps research blackmond lab and yuta fujiwara, ian b. seiple, and shun su of the baran lab. the work was supported in part by a grant from the national institute of general medical sciences, part of the national institutes of health. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : - yining ji, tobias brueckl, ryan d. baxter, yuta fujiwara, ian b. seiple, shun su, donna g. blackmond, phil s. baran. innate c - h trifluoromethylation of heterocycles. proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 2011 ; doi : 10. 1073 / pnas. 110", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46786637160516575, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.826180"} {"text": "june 11, 2012 in a pair of related studies, scientists from the florida campus of the scripps research institute have identified several proteins that help regulate cells ' response to light - - and the development of night blindness, a rare disease that abolishes the ability to see in dim light. in the new studies, published recently in the journals proceedings of the national academy of sciences ( pnas ) and the journal of cell biology, scripps florida scientists were able to show that a family of proteins known as regulator of g protein signaling ( rgs ) proteins plays an essential role in vision in a dim - light environment. \" we were looking at the fundamental mechanisms that shape our light sensation, \" said kirill martemyanov, a scripps research associate professor who led the studies. \" in the process, we discovered a pair of molecules that are indispensible for our vision and possibly play critical roles in the brain. \" in the pnas study, martemyanov and his colleagues identified a pair of regulator proteins known as rgs7 and rgs11 that are present specifically in the main relay neurons of the retina called the on - bipolar cells. \" the on - bipolar cells provide an essential link between the retinal light detectors - - photoreceptors and the neurons that send visual information to the brain, \" explained martemyanov. \" stimulation with light excites these neurons by opening the channel that is normally kept shut by the g proteins in the dark. rgs7 and rgs11 facilitate the g protein inactivation, thus promoting the opening of the channel and allowing the on - bipolar cells to transmit the light signal. it really takes a combined effort of two rgs proteins to help the light overcome the barrier for propagating the excitation that makes our dim vision possible. \" in the journal of cell biology study, martemyanov and his colleagues unraveled another key aspect of the rgs7 / rgs11 regulatory response - - they identified a previously unknown pair of orphan g protein - coupled receptors ( gpcrs ) that interact with these rgs proteins and dictate their biological function. gpcrs are a large family of more than 700 proteins, which sit in the cell membrane and sense various molecules outside the cell, including odors, hormones, neurotransmitters, and light. after binding these molecules, gpcrs trigger the appropriate response inside the cell. however, for many gpcrs the activating molecules have not yet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5503642147122498, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.834338"} {"text": "outside the cell, including odors, hormones, neurotransmitters, and light. after binding these molecules, gpcrs trigger the appropriate response inside the cell. however, for many gpcrs the activating molecules have not yet been identified and these are called \" orphan \" receptors. the martemyanov group has found that two orphan gpcrs - - gpr158 and gpr179 - - recruit rgs proteins and thus help serve as brakes for the conventional gpcr signaling rather than play an active signaling role. in the case of retinal on - bipolar cells, gpr179 is required for the correct localization of rgs7 and rgs11. their mistargeting in animal models lacking gpr179 or human patients with mutations in the gpr179 gene may account for their night blindness, according to the new study. intriguingly, in the brain gpr158 appears to play a similar role in localizing rgs proteins, but instead of contributing to vision, it helps rgs proteins regulate the m - opioid receptor, a gpcrs that mediates pleasurable and pain - killing effects of opioids. \" we are really in the very beginning of unraveling this new biology and understanding the role of discovered orphan gpr158 / 179 in regulation of neurotransmitter signaling in the brain and retina, \" martemyanov said. \" the hope is that better understanding of these new molecules will lead to the design of better treatments for addictive disorders, pain, and blindness. \" other social bookmarking and sharing tools : - y. cao, j. pahlberg, i. sarria, n. kamasawa, a. p. sampath, k. a. martemyanov. regulators of g protein signaling rgs7 and rgs11 determine the onset of the light response in on bipolar neurons. proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 2012 ; 109 ( 20 ) : 7905 doi : 10. 1073 / pnas. 1202332109 - c. orlandi, e. posokhova, i. masuho, t. a. ray, n. hasan, r. g. gregg, k. a. martemyanov. gpr158 / 179 regulate g protein signaling by controlling localization and activity of the rgs7 complexes. the journal of cell biology, 2012 ; 197 ( 6 ) : 711 doi :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5272527622933512, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.836682"} {"text": "7 when artists, anthropologists and neuroscientists gather at the brain unravelled in london through september 19, their creative efforts will range from paintings to performances to mixed - media works. in addition to the exhibition, which includes a children \u2019 s area, the event offers a daily program of film screenings, concerts, artist talks and lectures by renowned scientists. informed by the latest research, the speakers will delve into the relation between brains and minds, plumbing the deepest reaches of human experience : our consciousness. 9 charles darwin, in his 1871 book the descent of man, provoked his contemporaries by suggesting not only that our physical traits had evolved over time but also that our mental faculties had not always been as keen as they are today. at the conference evolution of brain, behaviour & intelligence in cambridge, england, international scientists will discuss advances made since darwin \u2019 s time, drawing on results from species as diverse as unicellular organisms and neandertals. darwin biographer james moore will deliver the keynote lecture. 12 in huntington \u2019 s disease, genetic mutations cause a protein known as huntingtin to become toxic to the brain, leading to movement disorders, problems swallowing and speaking, and eventually dementia and death. hundreds of researchers and clinicians will convene in vancouver at the 2009 congress on huntington \u2019 s disease to discuss advances in our understanding of the disorder as well as the latest results from experimental treatments. 24 will neuroscience transform national security? is a brain - dead person alive or dead? could new findings in brain science undermine moral and criminal responsibility? these are a few of the controversial questions that experts will take on at brain matters : new directions in neuroethics, a cross - disciplinary conference hosted by the novel tech ethics research team at dalhousie university. halifax, nova scotia 1 as many as half of us may suffer from a mental disorder at some point in our life. added to the burden of illness is the social stigma that people with mental health problems face. the scottish mental health arts and film festival, sweeping over the country until october 22, tries to raise positive awareness about these issues through a series of concerts, film screenings and theater performances. this will be the third year for the festival, which is the largest of its kind in the world. 8 ancient wisdom and modern neuroscience will collide at mind and life xix, a two - day conference presided over by the dalai lama himself. exploring the emerging intersections among their different fields, a panel of educators, scientists and contemplatives will discuss ways to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5529219712551665, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.900875"} {"text": "congresswoman lois capps. democrats on capitol hill want a hearing to examine the safety of nuclear power plants in the united states. a california congresswoman is asking whether the san onofre and diablo canyon nuclear power plants are tough enough to survive a big quake and its aftermath. the diablo canyon nuclear plant north of santa barbara operates in the district of democratic congresswoman lois capps. she has written to the federal nuclear regulatory commission to ask whether diablo canyon can withstand the \u201c sort of earthquakes scientists predict \u201d it could experience. capps says she ' s \" been concerned for a while because since the last review of the licensing, there \u2019 s been a whole new fault discovered. so that on top of events in japan, i want a thorough review of their preparedness and their ability to respond. \" capps says diablo canyon is built to withstand a 7. 5 - magnitude quake. pg & e, which operates the plant, says it was built on an 85 - foot bluff to protect it from tsunamis. one of the reactors at diablo canyon is 25 - years - old. pg & e has applied to renew its operating license for another two decades. but republican congressman brian bilbray of san diego cautions about jumping to conclusions when it comes to nuclear power plants in quake prone california. bilbray says there are geographic and design differences between san onofre and fukushima. \" first of all, \" he says, \" our earthquake fault is inland, over about 80 - 100 miles, so a major earthquake would not create the tsunami on the san andreas the way the other ones, \" he says. \" the big difference is that our backup systems are in the hillside, sealed up, and even if they were breached, are designed to operate underwater. \" bilbray points out that the japanese quake was 10 - times larger than the so - called \u201c big one \u201d in california, referring to the 1906 san francisco earthquake.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4450615861045481, "token_count": 391, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.920032"} {"text": "lifestyle changes help type 2 diabetics keep moving wednesday, march 28 ( healthday news ) - - weight loss and regular exercise help prevent disability in obese people with type 2 diabetes, according to new research. after four years, 21 percent of people enrolled in a lifestyle - intervention program focusing on diet and physical activity had severe disability compared with 26 percent of those enrolled in a diabetes support group. what ' s more, the lifestyle - intervention group had about half the risk of losing their mobility compared to the support group. \" the lifestyle intervention combined caloric restriction and increased activity, \" said study author, w. jack rejeski, a professor of health and exercise science at the wake forest university school of medicine, in winston - salem, n. c. \" more of the lifestyle intervention group remained in the good - mobility category. and, that was with modest changes. just a 6 percent change in body weight helped to ward off an important outcome. \" results of the study are published in the march 29 issue of the new england journal of medicine. the study included slightly more than 5, 000 overweight or obese adults who had type 2 diabetes. all were between the ages of 45 and 74, with an average age of 59. the researchers excluded anyone with a hemoglobin a1c ( hba1c ) above 11 percent. hba1c is a long - term measure of blood - sugar control, and the american diabetes association generally recommends that people with diabetes should aim for an hba1c of less than 7 percent. they also excluded people with very high blood pressure or high triglycerides ( a type of blood fat ). at the start of the study, just one - third of the study volunteers reported good mobility. that means around two - thirds had at least some type of mobility disability, according to the study. the volunteers were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups. the first included lifestyle interventions to lose weight and get more physical activity. the goal in this group was to lose more than 7 percent of body weight and exercise more than 175 minutes a week, according to the study. the second group was a diabetes support and education program. to evaluate mobility, the researchers asked the study volunteers how well they could perform certain activities, such as running, lifting heavy objects, pushing a vacuum cleaner, playing golf, climbing a flight of stairs, bending, kneeling, stooping, walking more than a mile or walking one block. at the end of four years, those in the lifestyle intervention group", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46999796588489395, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.931139"} {"text": "running, lifting heavy objects, pushing a vacuum cleaner, playing golf, climbing a flight of stairs, bending, kneeling, stooping, walking more than a mile or walking one block. at the end of four years, those in the lifestyle intervention group had a 48 percent reduction in mobility - related disability compared to the support group. almost 39 percent of the lifestyle intervention group reported good mobility at the end of the study compared to 32 percent of those in the support group, according to the study. for every reduction of 1 percent of body weight, there was a 7. 3 percent reduction in the risk of mobility disability. for every 1 percent improvement in fitness, there was a 1. 4 percent drop in the risk of mobility disability. but, rejeski pointed out that doing both interventions is best for your overall health. \" if all you do is lose weight, the danger of losing muscle mass is greater. the message is that you need to lose weight and be active to enhance your function and not lose muscle mass, \" he said. dr. joel zonszein, director of the clinical diabetes center at montefiore medical center, in new york city, said lifestyle changes are as important as medications. \" papers like this continue to show how important lifestyle changes are, \" zonszein said. \" but, the issue always is in the implementation. we can tell patients to exercise and lose weight, but we don ' t have the resources to follow up as they do in clinical trials. \" for people who want to make changes on their own, rejeski recommended trying to cut calorie consumption to about 1, 800 calories a day. then, he said, find a place to walk - - the mall, a walking path, a school track - - and get a walking buddy so that you can each keep the other one accountable. if you haven ' t exercised in a while, start by walking just a little bit, and then the next day add a few more steps. \" eventually, you ' ll make progress. and, the lower your function was to start with, the more you ' ll notice the change, \" he said. current u. s. government recommendations are to exercise at a moderate pace for at least 30 minutes most days of the week. learn more about how exercise can benefit you from the u. s. national institute on aging. sources : w. jack rejeski, ph. d., thurman d. kitchin professor, health and exercise science, wake forest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43152416536982363, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.932035"} {"text": "the drowned man represents any number of mythological or epic historical figures, and we ' ll go through them one by one. first off is the name the villagers assign him : esteban. who is this esteban? as it turns out, esteban is another name for estevanico, a slave from the early 1500s who was supposedly the first man born in africa to set foot in the americas. estevanico ( or esteban ) became a legendary figure in latin america, and was later given a set of incredible skills \u2013 he mastered dozens of languages, knew everything about medicine, was even considered by some to be a deity, or so the story goes. when the women of the village call the drowned man esteban, they might very well be referring to this estevanico. ( at the end of the story, the women imagine a captain speaking of esteban ' s village \" in fourteen languages \" ( 12 ). this may be a reference to the myth that estevanico spoke so many languages fluently. ) when the oldest women calls the drowned man esteban, marquez writes that some of the younger women hoped it might be lautaro. in the mid 1500s a war occurred in what today is chile between the colonizing spaniards and the native mapuche people. in this conflict, lautaro was a military leader of the natives. the drowned man ' s handsomeness and sheer masculinity inspires the young women to fantasize that he is this famed leader. there are some interesting questions to consider here : why is it that the older women ' s thoughts turn to the esteban, while the younger women think of lautaro? and why is it that, once they get a better look at the drowned man, everyone agrees that it is esteban, rather than lautaro? many scholars have also pointed out that the drowned man is a shade of quetzalcoatl, an aztec god. the drowned man in many ways takes on the role of a deity for the villagers. he arrives from some other world ( the sea ), is essentially worshipped by the villagers, and permanently changes their lives. mythology in this story isn ' t limited just to the drowned man. the entire tale is rooted in mythological history ; even the villagers take on mythological roles themselves by the end of the narrative. when the women weep for the drowned man at his funeral, marquez writes, \" some sailors who heard weeping from a distance went off course and people heard of one who had himself tied to the mainmast, remembering", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42805178168916885, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.946512"} {"text": "by the end of the narrative. when the women weep for the drowned man at his funeral, marquez writes, \" some sailors who heard weeping from a distance went off course and people heard of one who had himself tied to the mainmast, remembering ancient fables about sirens \" ( 12 ). this comment is an allusion to greek mythology. some background on the sirens. the sirens were half - women, half - bird creatures who lived on an island. they used to sing in beautiful voices to lure sailors off their course. the sailors would head towards the voices and then crash their ships on the jagged rocks, which pretty much meant death. when odysseus was sailing by the siren ' s island, he made the rest of his men plug up their ears and tie him to the mainmast. this way, he got to hear the beautiful sound of their voices without being driven to suicide. here in \" the handsomest drowned man, \" the women weeping over lautaro are compared to the sirens, and some sailor going by ties himself to the main mast in an attempt to mimic odysseus. the point is that through the drowned man, the villagers enter the realm of the mythological themselves. the allusions to esteban, lautaro, quetzalcoatl, and odysseus ' s sirens illustrates the magical realism we ' ve been mentioning. ( if you haven ' t read \" genre \" yet, go ahead and take a look. ) \" the handsomest drowned man in the world \" is exploring this mingling of the real ( a little fishing village ) with the mythological ( a magnificent dead man ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48374486135120653, "token_count": 333, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.947822"} {"text": "a red, red rose questions bring on the tough stuff - there \u2019 s not just one right answer. - should burns ' s strange spellings ( e. g. \" luve \" ) be modernized, changed, or altered? what are the advantages and disadvantages of modifying the spelling? - how do you think the fact that burns was a farmer affected his poetry? what about this poem in particular? - how do you feel about a poet rhyming the same word ( e. g. \" luve \" and \" luve \" in the fourth stanza, \" dear \" and \" dear \" in the third stanza )? is that taking the easy way out? or is there another way to spin it? - why do you think the poem ' s first line \u2014 \" my luve is like a red, red rose \" \u2014 has remained popular for so long? - what does it really mean to compare love to a rose? to a \" melodie \"? - isn ' t this just a standard love poem? what ' s so great about it? - if burns took these lines from old scottish tunes, how come we call this a burns poem? isn ' t it just a rehash of other folks ' stuff? next page : best of the web previous page : quotes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4313615045627061, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.951891"} {"text": "simply sql is a practical step - by - step guide to writing sql. you \u2019 ll learn how to make the most of your data using best - practice sql code. rather than bore you with theory, it focuses on the practical use of sql with common databases and uses plenty of diagrams, easy - to - read text, and examples to help make learning sql easy and fun. sql is the language used by all major database systems today. sql has been around for about 30 years, but is enjoying a real renaissance in the 21st century, thanks to the tremendous success of database - driven web sites. whether your web site is written in php, asp, perl, coldfusion, or any other programming language, and no matter which database system you want to use \u2014 mysql, postgresql, sql server, db2, oracle, or any of the others \u2014 one fact is almost certain : if you want to have database - driven content, you \u2019 ll need to use sql. sql is a simple, high - level language with tremendous power. you can perform tasks with a few lines of sql that would take pages and pages of intricate coding to accomplish in a programming language. who should read this book? if you \u2019 re a web designer or developer looking for guidance in learning sql for your web projects, this book is for you. in the early days of the web, everyone was a web developer. nowadays, the field has matured to the point where many different disciplines exist. two broad categories emerged : - web designers are responsible for what web site visitors see. this includes the design, graphics, and layout of the site. it also includes designing the functionality of the site, how it works, with considerations for the usability of site features. if you \u2019 re a web designer, you can benefit from learning sql \u2014 at least at a rudimentary level \u2014 because it will help you design better user interactions. understanding how sql works means that you can make life simpler for the developers who will im plement your designs : by ensuring that the web site is organized in a way that not only serves the web site visitor, but also allows for simple sql and good database design. we \u2019 ll cover both sql and database design in this book. web developers are the primary audience for the book. using several simple web application examples, we \u2019 ll explore all aspects of sql and database design that are required by web developers to develop efficient and effective web pages. the sample applications in this book really are quite simple,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5134469677346937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.969987"} {"text": "the primary audience for the book. using several simple web application examples, we \u2019 ll explore all aspects of sql and database design that are required by web developers to develop efficient and effective web pages. the sample applications in this book really are quite simple, and you may already be familiar with one or more of them, just by using them on the web. of course, database use goes beyond dynamic web sites. for example, databases are also used in desktop and network applications. so even if you \u2019 re working with a non - web - related application, the chances are good that you \u2019 re still working with a database that uses sql. the sql you learn in this book can be applied in all situations where a database is used. who is the author? rudy limeback is an sql consultant living in toronto, canada. his sql experience spans 20 + years, and includes working with db2, sql server, access, oracle, and mysql. he is an avid participant in discussion forums, primarily at sitepoint. his two web sites are http : / / r937. com / and http : / / rudy. ca /. this book comprises the following chapters. in the first eight chapters, we \u2019 ll learn about sql, the language, its various statements and clauses, and how to use sql to store and retrieve database data. these chapters are organized to provide first an introduction to the sql language, then an overview of the select statement, followed by an examination of each of the select statement \u2019 s clauses. in the last three chapters, we \u2019 ll learn how to design databases effectively, taking into consideration column data types, table relationships, primary and foreign keys, and so on. why this separation? why do we postpone learning about designing tables until well after the select statement has been thoroughly dissected? because effective database design requires an understanding of how sql works. you must walk before you can run. if you \u2019 re new to sql, you \u2019 ll want to focus on learning sql first, rather than be prematurely sidetracked on the whys and wherefores of database design issues. no - risk money - back guarantee of course we \u2019 re so confident that you \u2019 ll treasure this book for years to come that we \u2019 re happy, as always, for you to try it risk - free for 30 days. if you purchase a copy of simply sql and you think it fails to be everything you wanted, we would like you to have your money back. simply contact us and we will see to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49917688312521324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.975181"} {"text": ", for you to try it risk - free for 30 days. if you purchase a copy of simply sql and you think it fails to be everything you wanted, we would like you to have your money back. simply contact us and we will see to it that you receive a prompt and courteous refund of the full purchase price. what could be fairer than this? how to order this book \u2018 simply sql \u2019 is provided as a download in adobe pdf, amazon mobi and epub formats, so you can begin reading it within minutes of making your purchase on almost any device you own. and of course, it ' s so easy to carry a whole library of pdfs with you ( on a laptop or pen drive ) that you ' ll never need to be caught without a solution to a problem again. this title is not available in hard copy, printed format. the digital epack for this book contains three formats ( adobe pdf, kindle ' s mobi and epub, which you are welcome to use on any device you own. all credit card transactions are processed by worldpay. please direct all questions to our customer support department. our promise to you... order direct from sitepoint. com and receive : - the very latest editions of all our books - exclusive offers only available to direct customers - lightning - fast shipping world - wide - 30 day money - back guarantee", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4751409342375315, "token_count": 282, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.975859"} {"text": "do you know which language is the official language of 21 countries in the world, spanning four continents? it ' s spanish ( or espa - ol ), of course! spanish is not only the official language of spain and mexico, but also of many countries in south and central america. which other countries can you name? did you know that it ' s also the official language of a country in africa? equatorial guinea lies on the western coast of africa and its two official languages are spanish and french. not all spanish sounds the same and not all spanish words mean the same thing in each country. many spanish words have been incorporated into the english language. did you know that the word \" burrito \" actually means \" little donkey? \" have you ever heard of someone naming a car \" won ' t go? \" not many people would want to buy that car. that ' s exactly why the chevrolet nova didn ' t sell in spain and latin america. \" no va \" means \" won ' t go \" in spanish. the united states territory puerto rico means \" rich port. \" the central american country costa rica means \" rich coast. \" the state of colorado ' s name is actually from the spanish word meaning \" red. \" nevada means \" snowy \" or \" snowed upon \" in spanish. do you know what state ' s name comes from an old spanish term meaning \" earthly paradise? \" california. can you think of any other common names that stem from the spanish language? have you heard the saying \" mi casa es su casa? \" it ' s a sign of hospitality that means \" my house is your house. \" in english we might more commonly say \" make yourself at home. \" in some parts of india, a salary is called \" pagar, \" which in spanish means \" to pay. \" many names are actually spanish words as well. for example, a \" bandera \" is a flag so the actor antonio banderas ' name means \" flags. \" geraldo rivera ' s last name means \" riverbank \" or \" riverside \" in spanish, as does the name of the great mexican artist diego rivera. \" rivera \" looks like the word \" river \" in english but the word for \" river \" in spanish is actually \" ri -! \" spanish is all around us. what other words of spanish origin can you find? - - gwendolyn gallace, spanish teacher, jefferson, maine. * * * try to figure out what the spanish poem, la boda ( right ), says! ho", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4651381118926483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.980453"} {"text": "around us. what other words of spanish origin can you find? - - gwendolyn gallace, spanish teacher, jefferson, maine. * * * try to figure out what the spanish poem, la boda ( right ), says! hoy en este amanecer, suenan las campanas sin cesar, los musicos tocan su musica, porque la boda ya va a empezar. la gente se levanta, al ver la novia entrar, con su vestido blanco, y con una alegra que no puede dejar. atras de ella, los pajes tiran flores, con sus caritas peque - as, y sus vestidos de muchos colores. al fin la novia para, y atras voltea, por su novio espera. el novio ahora camina, hacia su novia bella, nervioso y feliz, pero siempre pensando en ella. mientras la ceremonia sigue, un angel del cielo viene, les da amor y felicidad, de la que el tiene. el angel les dice, que vivan felices y llenos de alegra, y que el amor siempre encuentren, dia tras dia. - - por marian urias, 11 a - os de edad, mexicana, 6th grade, el paso, texas.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4314695920747931, "token_count": 305, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.980914"} {"text": "a field guide to supernova spectra both types exhibit a wide variety of subclasses. type ia is of no interest because these stars don ' t emit neutrinos. types ib and ic are thought to undergo core collapse like type ii supernovae and, therefore, should emit neutrinos. as maurice gavin explains in \" the revival of amateur spectroscopy \", low - resolution spectra of objects as faint as magnitude 13 or thereabouts are accessible to modest amateur equipment. ( a few superposed 20 - minute exposures with a 12 - inch telescope or so should produce an adequate image. ) but what will supernovae spectra look like especially shortly after the outburst begins as captured by small telescopes and low - resolution spectrographs? here ' s your field guide. to prepare it, we started with high - resolution, calibrated spectra supplied by alexei filippenko ( university of california, berkeley ). then, to simulate gavin ' s ccd results, we degraded the spectra to a resolution of 50 angstroms per pixel. finally, and with dramatic results, we changed the intensity along each spectrum to reflect variations in the unfiltered sensitivity of popular ccd chips the kaf - 0400 from kodak and the icx055bl from sony. thus, what you see here is what you will get! ( astrophotographers using panchromatic emulsions will record spectra that look much like the originals. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5271382806559892, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:21.982328"} {"text": "life cycle approach to child and adolescent health add to your conference / group add your comments : insert youtube videos inside your slideworld presentation copy and paste the video url from youtube, choose where to insert the video, and press \u201c submit \u201d. the video will play in your slideshow after sometime. enter youtube video url enter slide no where you want to insert youtube videos on dec 18, 2011 says : its valuable content & greatful if you please can you make mor concern in psychological problems for these age group on apr 15, 2009 says : normal growth and development of adolescence post a comment post comment on twitter post comment on slideworld subscribe to follow - up comments slideworld will not store your password. slideworld will maintain your privacy. subscribe to follow - up comments, favourited this 1 years ago. slide 1 : life cycle approach to child and adolescent health eva kudlova charles university of prague slide 2 : overview health is indivisible, requiring holistic approaches throughout the individual ' s life. healthy outcome at one point in the life - cycle, provides a positive determinant for health elsewhere in the cycle. the presentation describes main environmental and socio - cultural challenges for each of the stages of child and adolescent life. both, prevention of ill health and care for illnesses are important at all times but the balance between them shifts over time during the childhood and adolescence. main actions necessary to meet the child and adolescent needs are described as well. slide 3 : slide 4 : life course approach healthy outcome at one point in the life - cycle, provides a positive determinant for health elsewhere in the cycle. what happens in pregnancy and the very early stages of childhood will have a profound impact on child and adolescent development. growth and development of young children enhances the possibilities for development during the school age period and in adolescence. this will be carried through into adulthood and old age. health and development of the 0 - 19 age group links intimately, at both ends of the range, with reproductive health. health during childhood is in part determined by the health of the mother, in turn affected by factors such as the nutrition of adolescent girls and the avoidance of early pregnancy. these factors, in turn, are influenced by healthy growth and development in childhood. an investment early on will result in a lifetime of economic, social and personal benefits. both, prevention of ill health and care for illnesses are important at all times but the balance between them shifts over time during the childhood and adolescence in relation to in risks encountered during the particular life - stage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5152782635074349, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.102177"} {"text": "a lifetime of economic, social and personal benefits. both, prevention of ill health and care for illnesses are important at all times but the balance between them shifts over time during the childhood and adolescence in relation to in risks encountered during the particular life - stage. slide 5 : some health problems are phase - specific ; others continue from birth to adulthood unwanted / mistimed pregnancies asphyxia birth trauma preterm birth, low birth weight sex selective abortions, infanticide neonatal tetanus, sepsis, mtct of hiv infectious diseases : pneumonia, diarrhoea, malaria, measles, meningitis, hiv asthma helminthiasis emotional disorders, depression, suicide substance use ( tobacco, alcohol and other harmful drugs ) eating disorders unwanted pregnancies, unsafe abortions injuries : burns, falls, poisoning, drowning accidents : household road traffic inter - personal violence malaria & other endemic tropical diseases tuberculosis malnutrition & micronutrient deficiencies malformations & disabilities infectious diseases : sexually transmitted infections, incl. hiv \u00a9 who slide 7 : global initiatives addressing child and adolescent health & development slide 8 : external factors influencing outcomes of the mother and child health cycle slide 9 : physical environment our health is determined to a very considerable extent by the physical environment in which we live - the air we breathe, the water we drink, the food we eat and the built environment all exact their toll. young children are particularly susceptible to environmental threats : rapid development of immune, respiratory and nervous systems, development of metabolic functions. any irritants encountered during the early stages of growth may permanently impair the development of vital organs. children breathe more air, drink more water and eat more food than adults do per unit body weight, and this higher rate of intake results in greater exposure to pathogens and pollutants. small children learn by exploring their world ( put their hands and objects in their mouths, crawl and play on the ground ) and are at risk from pathogens and pollutants from these surfaces. close parental care and supervision is crucial to the safe and healthy development of young children. slide 10 : social factors the social circumstances in which children and adolescents grow to maturity are of paramount importance. peer pressure, family values, mass communication, the school environment, and social and gender norms all exert a considerable influence on lifestyle. over the past decades, many countries in the european region have experienced rapid socio - political change, economic hardship, increased insecurity, conflict and even war. the health - related behaviour", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4853109638130737, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.103477"} {"text": "social and gender norms all exert a considerable influence on lifestyle. over the past decades, many countries in the european region have experienced rapid socio - political change, economic hardship, increased insecurity, conflict and even war. the health - related behaviour of adolescents is a function of all these pressures. differences in the health experience of boys and girls are apparent in all countries due to : lower socioeconomic status of women in some settings, differences in biology, or to social behaviours and gender norms. slide 11 : nutrition a balanced diet that provides optimum nutrition, together with a clean water supply, are crucial to every stage of development from pre - conception through to later life. poor nutrition is associated with a reduced resistance to disease, impaired physical and psychological development, and infant morbidity and mortality. an inadequate diet can lead to deficiency disorders and / or contribute to civilization diseases. in recognition of the food ' s essential role in promoting and protecting health the european states endorsed the first action plan for food and nutrition policy. slide 12 : poverty poverty is a major determinant of health. inequities related to economic situation affect both physical and mental health. poor children grow up in less healthy environments and are more likely to suffer the effects of pollution. overcrowded housing is associated with a lack of safe areas for play. accidents and crime are more prevalent ; a poor diet and lack of physical activity are more likely. poverty places maternal and newborn health at risk and has a deleterious impact on mental health. relative poverty within countries may be even more important than absolute poverty. relative poverty is growing at a more rapid rate in europe and central asia than anywhere in the world. in some european countries as many as 26 % of children live in relative poverty. slide 13 : pregnancy a healthy start to life is essential. a woman \u2019 s health directly influences the health and development of her child. access to timely and responsive health services, including skilled birth attendants at the time of delivery, is essential. maternal mortality varies enormously across the european region, ranging from 6 per 100, 000 live births in switzerland to 41 per 100, 000 in some eastern countries. slide 14 : main risks of pregnancy slide 15 : main risks of pregnancy : unsafe abortions the starting point in the life - course of health and development is : every baby should be a wanted baby. unwanted pregnancies may lead to : unsafe abortions, child neglect, malnutrition, disease, and social problems. this implies effective contraceptive advice and availability as young people", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5131002473212225, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.104695"} {"text": "health and development is : every baby should be a wanted baby. unwanted pregnancies may lead to : unsafe abortions, child neglect, malnutrition, disease, and social problems. this implies effective contraceptive advice and availability as young people approach puberty and during their reproductive years. slide 16 : main risks of pregnancy : malnutrition and anaemia inadequate nutrition in the very early stages of development can have an impact throughout an individual ' s life. in many european countries, micronutrient deficiency diseases co - exist with disorders of energy excess that result from a lack of fruit and vegetable intake. malnutrition and anaemia, in pregnant women in low - income countries are a significant threat, as they can severely impact a foetus \u2019 growth and development and result in long - term consequences. eliminating malnutrition among pregnant women would reduce disabilities among their infants by almost one third. slide 17 : main risks of pregnancy : congenital abnormalities congenital abnormalities are the second leading cause of death in high - income countries. in the us, these anomalies, along with sudden infant death syndrome and premature birth, account for > 50 per cent of all infant mortality. about 3 - 10 % of these cases have been attributed to exogenous and environmental agents. exposure during the early months of pregnancy can lead to an increased likelihood of mental retardation and development disabilities. the scope for reducing unnecessary disability and ill health is also considerable, through the application of interventions that are already known to be effective such as : vaccination against rubella ( causes birth defects in 90 % of children if contracted early in pregnancy ), avoiding alcohol and stopping smoking. slide 18 : main risks of pregnancy : infections mothers can be the vectors for transmitting communicable diseases to their babies. although the absolute numbers remain relatively small, mother - to - child transmission of hiv has increased dramatically in eastern europe. in the ukraine, for example, infection rates in pregnant women rose from 0. 005 per 10 000 in 1996 to 17 per 10. 000 only four years later. for the child, infection is the major killer during pregnancy and after birth, as well as low birth weight due to intrauterine growth retardation and / or pre - term birth. slide 19 : neonatal period the first 28 days of life are critical. during this time the child is at highest risk for death. of the approx. 10 million children under 5 years of age, who die each year, about one - third die in the neonatal period.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46154312277616805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.106742"} {"text": "the first 28 days of life are critical. during this time the child is at highest risk for death. of the approx. 10 million children under 5 years of age, who die each year, about one - third die in the neonatal period. ninety - eight percent of all neonatal deaths occur in developing countries. perinatal conditions, many of which are significantly influenced by environmental conditions, account for 20 per cent of the under - five mortality rate worldwide. slide 20 : slide 21 : main risks of neonatal period slide 22 : improving neonatal health improving newborn survival will dramatically reduce infant mortality worldwide. neonatal health is largely a product of : socio - economic circumstances, access to appropriate services at the time of delivery as well as during the antenatal period, and parental education. success in reducing neonatal mortality requires many components : caring families, availability of adequate healthcare, ability to recognize when a sick child needs professional care, good nutrition, and support from communities. slide 23 : early childhood each year more than 10 million children in low - and middle - income countries die before they reach their fifth birthday. seven in ten of these deaths are due to just five preventable and treatable conditions : pneumonia, diarrhoea, malaria, measles, and malnutrition, and often to a combination of these conditions. over 40 % of the global burden of disease is attributed to environmental risks that affect children under five, although this age group only accounts for 10 % of the world ' s population. many biological environmental factors associated with this high toll, among them the lack of clean water and sanitation, as well as environmental - related diseases such as malaria and dengue fever. slide 24 : slide 25 : main risks of early childhood slide 26 : main risks of early childhood : poor nutrition and growth inappropriate nutrition is a major cause of poor health outcomes. globally 27 % of children under 5 years are underweight and there are wide variations also between the european countries. appropriate feeding practices : stimulate psycho - social development, lead to improved nutrition and physical growth, lead to reduced susceptibility to common childhood infections and better resistance to cope with them. much has already been done to promote breastfeeding. increasing breastfeeding prevalence rates are reported from a number of countries. continuing great concern led who to develop a global strategy for infant and young child feeding ( iycf ). slide 27 : main risks of early childhood : poor development it is essential to provide a stimulating environment for psychosocial development. the development of intelligence", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4699588830573608, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.107899"} {"text": "concern led who to develop a global strategy for infant and young child feeding ( iycf ). slide 27 : main risks of early childhood : poor development it is essential to provide a stimulating environment for psychosocial development. the development of intelligence, personality and social behaviour occurs most rapidly in humans during their first three to four years. parents are the children \u2019 s earliest teachers. strengthening the ability of the mother and all family members to care for and stimulate their children and encourage them to learn can set the stage for adult success. slide 28 : main risks of early childhood : frequent illnesses many of the childhood communicable illnesses can be avoided through the efficient organization and management of immunization programmes. world health organization ( who ) and unicef addressed the care for illnesses in young children by developing a strategy \u201c integrated management of childhood illness \u201d ( imci ). imci is an integrated approach to child health that focuses on the well - being of the whole child. it aims to reduce death, illness and disability, and to promote improved growth and development among children under 5 years of age. slide 29 : slide 30 : main risks of early childhood : frequent illnesses \u2013 prevention and care both, prevention and care for illnesses are very important for young children, and both focus primarily on the mother and other caretakers. prevention in early childhood includes important issues about : breastfeeding and the appropriate introduction of complementary foods, hygiene practices, immunization, and caring behaviours that contribute to the healthy development of the young child. slide 31 : main risks of early childhood : abuse and neglect child abuse and neglect manifest themselves during the first years of life in every country. sixty per cent of children in europe and central asia say they face violent or aggressive behaviour at home. the health consequences can be : physical, sexual and reproductive, psychological and behavioural, long - term, chronic disease. slide 32 : main risks of early childhood : injury accidents and unintentional injuries become more prevalent as the child increasingly starts to explore his or her environment, often without the necessary coordination or awareness of hazards. drowning, falls, fires, accidental poisoning and traffic accidents account for some of the disability and deaths in this age group. slide 33 : early school age globally, most deaths among school children are due to diseases that can be prevented, but that can also be treated easily. an appropriate and timely health care is essential. for some of the childhood diseases, vaccines protect a child, other diseases, such as diarrhoea and hepatitis a can be prevented by good", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4547607165072249, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.109066"} {"text": "can be prevented, but that can also be treated easily. an appropriate and timely health care is essential. for some of the childhood diseases, vaccines protect a child, other diseases, such as diarrhoea and hepatitis a can be prevented by good hygiene and sanitary practices. childhood cancers are a major concern in developed countries. in the us, cancer is the second biggest killer of children after accidents, with the median age of child victims of cancer being six years old. acute leukaemia is the most common type of cancer found in children, and its incidence appears to be rising in some developed countries. among the environmental factors that may play a role are tobacco smoke, radon, asbestos, ultraviolet light radiation, hazardous waste and some pesticides. slide 34 : main risks of early school age slide 35 : main risks of early school age : poor nutrition, growth and development poor nutrition remains globally a major contributor to childhood diseases and deaths. in countries with plentiful food provision, the cheapest form of food energy comes regrettably from fats, oils and sugar. consumption of these energy - dense foods, together with lack of physical activity, results in increasing prevalence of obesity among children. slide 36 : main risks of early school age : injury new health challenges emerge as children become increasingly exposed to the wider physical and social environment. injuries, usually road traffic injuries, falls and drowning, are now the number - one killer of children aged five to 14 years in developed countries. additional factors such as exposed cooking set - ups, dangerous tools and equipment, open sewers, construction or electrical sites and hazardous chemicals pose threats in developing countries. slide 37 : main risks of early school age : helminth infections helminth diseases, which are caused by intestinal worms found in soils and vegetables, are one of the common health problems among school age children in developing countries. these children commonly carry large loads of helminths, which can cause anaemia and other debilitating conditions. these illnesses can result in impaired learning, poor school performance and more absences from school. slide 38 : social factors in early school age parental lifestyle increases its impact as the child develops. attitudes to health - related behaviours such as smoking and physical activity are formed, and eating patterns become established. as social interaction beyond the family develops : school environment, peer pressure and the mass media become increasingly influential in establishing the child \u2019 s values, attitudes and behaviour patterns. school is an important place for bringing about behavioural changes, promoting better health for students, and teaching about", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45999385568454476, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.110437"} {"text": "the family develops : school environment, peer pressure and the mass media become increasingly influential in establishing the child \u2019 s values, attitudes and behaviour patterns. school is an important place for bringing about behavioural changes, promoting better health for students, and teaching about caring for the community environment. for this age group, both prevention and the appropriate care of illness are essential. as a child moves through the school - age years and into adolescence, prevention of behaviours that can lead to health risks takes on a greater importance. slide 39 : adolescence one in every five people in the world is an adolescent \u2013 defined by who as a person between 10 and 19 years of age. out of 1. 2 billion adolescents worldwide, about 85 % live in developing countries. every year, an estimated 1. 7 million persons between ages of 10 and 19 lose their lives. there are relatively few deaths due to illnesses. many adolescents die prematurely due to other causes such as accidents and risky behaviour. many habits and lifestyle choices that start during these critical years contribute greatly to the overall health of an adult. the who estimates that 70 % of premature deaths among adults are largely due to behaviour initiated during adolescence. slide 40 : main risks of adolescence slide 41 : main risks of adolescence : poor nutrition sound nutrition remains a foundation stone for good health as the child progresses towards adulthood. in many countries, overweight and obesity in children and adolescents is increasing, often co - existing with micronutrient deficiencies. type ii diabetes, previously a disease of middle age, is now increasingly being reported among young people in european countries. slide 42 : main risks of adolescence : chronic conditions chronic conditions include non - communicable diseases such as asthma, cystic fibrosis, juvenile diabetes, epilepsy, juvenile arthritis sickle - cell disease, and mental disorders. in developed countries, asthma is the leading chronic disease among children. air pollution, both indoor and outdoor, is one of the triggers for asthma episodes. over the last decades, asthma and allergies have increased throughout europe. in western europe, the symptom rate is up to ten times that in eastern countries. chronic conditions typically require comprehensive, ongoing care. other factors such as family, school or college situations, as well as the health and social services available, determine how a chronic condition is managed. slide 43 : adolescence and hiv the hiv / aids pandemic is one of the most important and urgent global public health challenges. it is estimated that 50 % of all new hiv infections are among young people. in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.472539766611105, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.111831"} {"text": "a chronic condition is managed. slide 43 : adolescence and hiv the hiv / aids pandemic is one of the most important and urgent global public health challenges. it is estimated that 50 % of all new hiv infections are among young people. in the eastern part of european region, 84 % of new cases are under 30 years of age, compared to 31 % in the west, and three quarters of them are injecting drug users. adolescents are at the centre of the pandemic in terms of : transmission, impact, and potential for changing the attitudes and behaviours that underlie this disease. focusing on young people is likely to be the most effective approach to confronting the epidemic. slide 44 : hiv prevalence among female antenatal attendees aged 15 - 19 in southern african countries \u00a9 who slide 45 : main risks of adolescence : mental disorders pre - existing mental health issues may worsen as the adolescent undergoes this demanding phase of emotional and physical maturation. impaired mental health is a precursor or consequence of many health - risky behaviours. adolescence is also a peak age of onset for serious mental illness. in the european region : the incidence of psychological ill health and mortality increases as a consequence of the breakdown of traditional social and family structures, particularly in communities experiencing significant societal, political and economic change. about 10 % to 20 % of children have one or more mental or behavioural problem. slide 46 : main risks of adolescence : injury and violence physical and emotional development accelerates with the arrival of puberty. the young adolescent becomes ever more subject to cultural influences, perceived social norms and pressure from friends although the family support continues to be of significance. it is a normal part of adolescent development to : take on new responsibilities and roles which can incur risks, renegotiate relations with adults in the family and community and with peers, experiment with things symbolic of adult life. growing independence is associated with increased risk - taking. accidents, violence, and suicide are among the three most common causes of death in adolescence. slide 47 : traffic accidents & adolescents slide 48 : teenage pregnancy ( patterson et al, 1989 ) cycle of violence slide 49 : main risks of adolescence : drug abuse adolescence is a period of experimentation and rebellion against authority. this is the age when the use of tobacco, alcohol and drugs can become established habits. their use is a major contributing factor to accidents, suicides, violence, unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases among young people in many countries. there is an urgent need to create safer and more supportive environments within which young people can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4616207443325058, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.113284"} {"text": "established habits. their use is a major contributing factor to accidents, suicides, violence, unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases among young people in many countries. there is an urgent need to create safer and more supportive environments within which young people can develop. adult role models, positive peer influence and initiatives such as health promoting schools all have an important part to play in healthy adolescent development. slide 50 : main risks of adolescence : unwanted pregnancy with adolescence comes reproductive maturity. preventing teenage pregnancy is a concern for every country. the rates in western european countries mostly range between 13 and 25 per 1000 young women aged 15 to 19 years. unwanted pregnancies may lead to serious health consequences for young women, including the risks associated with dangerous or illegal abortions. young mothers under the age of 20 years are more likely to deliver a low birth weight baby. low birth weight is associated with reduced health prospects for the child. in this way, the child and adolescent life circle of one generation concludes and evolves into the life cycle of the next generation and thus interventions in one generation will bring benefits to successive generations. slide 51 : references beasley r, ellwood p, asher i. beasley r, ellwood p, asher i international patterns of the prevalence of pediatric asthma the isaac program. pediatr clin north am. 2003 jun ; 50 ( 3 ) : 539 - 53. carnegie task force : starting points : meeting the needs of our youngest children carnegie corporation of new york, new york 1994, 150p. european health for all database http : / / www. euro. who. int / hfadb ( accessed 28 may 2008 ). faustman, e. m. silbernagel, s. m., fenske, r. a., burbacher, t. m., ponce, r. a. : mechanisms underlying children \u2019 s susceptibility to environmental intoxicants. 2000 environ health perspect. 108, suppl 1, 2000, 13 - 21. kramer ms, chalmers b, hodnett ed et al. promotion of breastfeeding intervention trial ( probit ) \u2013 a randomized trial in the republic of belarus. jama, 2001, 285, 4, 413 \u2013 420. kudlova, e., rames, j. : [ evaluation of nutrition of prague \u2019 s infants according to criteria recommended by who ] cs. pediat,. 55, 1, 2000, 16 - 20. natural resources", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4527703747608286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.114499"} {"text": "420. kudlova, e., rames, j. : [ evaluation of nutrition of prague \u2019 s infants according to criteria recommended by who ] cs. pediat,. 55, 1, 2000, 16 - 20. natural resources defense council : our children at risk : the 5 worst environmental threats to their health. natural resources defense council, new york 1997. http : / / www. nrdc. org / health / kids / ocar / ocarinx. asp ( accessed 28 may 2008 ) schroeder, s. r. : mental retardation and developmental disabilities influenced by environmental neurotoxic insults. environ health perspect. 108, suppl 3, 2000, 395 - 9 unep, unicef, who : children in the new millennium : environmental impact on health. united nations environment programme, united nations children \u2019 s fund and who, geneva 2002, 142 p. unicef : sanitation for all : promoting dignity and humn rights. unicef, new york 2000. who / euro : the health of children and adolescents in who ' s european region. who european regional office, copenhagen 2003, 12p. who : adolescent health and development. http : / / www. who. int / child _ adolescent _ health / en ( accessed 28. may 2008 ) who : food and health in europe : a new basis for action. who regional office for europe, copenhagen 2002, 28 p. who : improving child health. imci : the integrated approach. who, geneva, 1997 12p. who : infant and young child nutrition. global strategy on infant and young child feeding. report by the secretariat. geneva, who, geneva 2002, 18 p. who : world health report 1999. who, geneva 1999, 121 p. who : world health report 2002. who, geneva 2002, 248 p. who : the first action plan for food and nutrition policy. who european region 2000 - 2005. copenhagen, who regional office for europe, 2001 ( document eur / 01 / 5026013, http : / / www. euro. who. int / document / e72199. pdf, ( accessed 28 may 2008 ) world bank : world development report 2000 / 2001 : attacking poverty. new york, oxford university press, 2001. wynn m, wynn a. new nutrient intake recommendations are needed for childbearing. nutrition and health, 2000, 13, 199 - 211. zahm, s. h., devisa, s. s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46020450688536363, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.115479"} {"text": "tanya lee stone \u2019 s search \u2014 for photos and facts \u2014 has led her in surprising and rewarding directions. \u201c to me, visual storytelling is as important as the text, \u201d stone has said, and that is certainly true of courage has no color : the true story of the triple nickles : america \u2019 s first black paratroopers ( candlewick, jan. 2013 ). through text and images the author paints a fascinating portrait of the african americans who trained as part of the 555th parachute infantry battalion under first sergeant walter morris. seventeen of those 20 men came from the all - black 92nd infantry division, whose roots could be traced back to the buffalo soldiers of the revolutionary and civil wars. the author spoke to curriculum connections about her research, and the triple nickles \u2019 extraordinary legacy. what attracted you to this topic? did it have any relationship to your work on almost astronauts : 13 women who dared to dream ( candlewick, 2009 )? these stories are related in that they are both about extraordinary people, relatively unknown individuals, whose work paved the way for others. change happens slowly \u2014 and it \u2019 s often due to individuals such as these. we owe them tribute. when you begin a nonfiction work, do you have a sense of where you \u2019 re going, or do you let the research guide you? the research did guide me, as did feedback from marc aronson and hilary van dusen, who said, as they did with almost astronauts, \u201c this story is too big for a picture book. \u201d i tend to think cinematically, so i \u2019 m looking at the story through the points - of - view of the triple nickles \u2019 and [ their leader, first sergeant ] walter morris. what are the margins that inform those perspectives? that helps me shape my boundaries. unfortunately, it took almost 10 years to write the book! you interviewed morris, as well as a number of the women represented in almost astronauts. it \u2019 s amazing to think that these events didn \u2019 t transpire that long ago. it wasn \u2019 t that long ago. i think we have come a long way \u2014 and have a really long way to go. that \u2019 s why it \u2019 s important to highlight these stories. we can be proud of our achievements \u2014 and have them motivate us to do a whole lot more. your notes on your work on the identities of the triple nickles who did not graduate, and how you resolved inconsistencies discovered in your research, were fascinating. that was so thrilling [ figuring out", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5045525902549806, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.122313"} {"text": "smartdraw includes thousands of professional - looking examples like this tooth decay ( caries ) and cavity prevention that you can easily download, edit and customize to make your own in just minutes. text in this example : tooth decay & cavity prevention step one : floss use floss to remove germs and food particles between teeth. rinse. holding floss using floss between lower teeth. ease the floss into place gently. do not snap it into place \u2014 this could harm your gums. step two : brush teeth use any tooth brushing method that is comfortable, but do not scrub hard back and forth. small circular motions and short back and forth motions work well. rinse. to prevent decay, it \u2019 s what \u2019 s on the toothbrush that counts. use fluoride toothpaste. fluoride is what protects teeth from decay. brush the tongue for a fresh feeling! rinse again. food residues, especially sweets, provide nutrients for the germs that cause tooth decay, as well as those that cause gum disease. that \u2019 s why it is important to remove all food residues, as well as plaque, from teeth. remove plaque at least once a day \u2014 twice a day is better. if you brush and floss once daily, do it before going to bed. another way of removing plaque between teeth is to use a dental pick \u2014 a thin plastic or wooden stick. these picks can be purchased at drug stores and grocery stores. source : u. s. department of health and human services, national institutes of health, national institute of dental and craniofacial research lifeart collection images copyright \u00a9 1989 - 2001 by lippincott williams & wilkins, baltimore, md", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47856328041475604, "token_count": 348, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.126023"} {"text": "its a scarlet tanager kind of yearwritten by george ellison \u201c the scarlet tanager flies through the green foliage as if it would ignite the leaves. you can hardly believe that a living creature can wear such colors. \u201d \u2014 henry david thoreau this seems to be a scarlet tanager kind of year. i \u2019 ve been seeing and hearing them at my house, along the blue ridge parkway, and in the great smokies. no bird in our region is more striking. jet black wings on a trim red almost luminescent body, the male is impossible to overlook. and it \u2019 s easy to recognize by both song and call. i almost never encounter the summer tanager ( whose entire body is rosy red ) in western north carolina, but the scarlet tanager is encountered every year \u2014 to a greater or lesser extent \u2014 during the breeding season ( mid - april to mid - october ) in mature woodlands ( especially slopes with pine and oak ) between 2, 000 and 5, 000 feet in elevation. the bird winters in northwestern south america, where it enjoys the company of various tropical tanagers that do not migrate. keep in mind that the female doesn \u2019 t resemble her mate except in shape. she is olive - green or yellow - orange in color. also keep in mind there is a variant form ( morph ) of the male tanager that is orange rather than scarlet in color. i suspect this variant is the result of something peculiar in its diet. my first and only encounter with an orange scarlet tananger was in the lake junaluska area several years ago. the call note used by both the male and female is a distinctive \u201c chip - burr \u2026 chip - burr. \u201d the male \u2019 s song is not pretty. he sounds like a robin with a sore throat ; that is, the notes in the song are hoarse and raspy. when gathering nesting material, the female sometimes sings a shorter \u201c whisper \u201d song in response to the male \u2019 s louder song. males in adjacent territories often engage in combative counter - singing and will, as a last resort, go beak - to - beak. on our property, a creek sometimes serves as a boundary \u2014 the line drawn in the sand, as it were. the males sing defiantly at one another across the water and sometimes make forays into enemy territory. meanwhile, the female is busy incubating her eggs. when not squabbling with a nearby male, her mate brings food.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3984454438862705, "token_count": 499, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.135821"} {"text": "a small news article from science has been taped above my desk for the last few years. i don \u2019 t remember who originally gave it to me, or why i even hung it up, but there it is, nestled between a couple xkcd cartoons. the article is titled \u201c the wine divide \u201d and it raises many questions about sustainability, inherent biases in conventional wisdom, and what the term \u201c local \u201d means in a global economy. and it \u2019 s about wine. the basic premise of the article is that, in general, the carbon - cost of shipping wine by freight ( as in, on a truck ) is greater than the cost of shipping by cargo ( as in, on a boat ). in wine, transportation outweighs all other aspects of production and distribution, so using the cost of transport, two scientists calculated the cost of buying wine from napa valley or bordeaux, france if you live in new york. shipping a 750 - milliliter bottle from bordeaux to new york city emits 1. 8 kilograms of carbon, whereas trucking one from the napa valley emits 2. 6 kg. they also calculated a napa - bordeaux line, which determines which region ( napa valley or bordeaux ) has the lower carbon cost for where you live. in a thorough review of the life cycle of a bottle of wine, colman and paster presented some surprising insights into the real cost of transportation. among the most counter - intuitive results is how dramatic the differences among ships, trains, trucks, and airplanes really are. this is scaled by the total amount of cargo shipped, so while the actual amount of fuel burned may be greater, the amount of goods transported is even larger. these data challenge the conventional assumption the local is better. for many goods, distance is significantly less important than the method of delivery, at least when looking at the cost of transportation. for someone living on the east coast of the united states, wine from bordeaux, france is more sustainable than the relatively closer wine from napa valley, california. tyler, colman, & paster, pablo ( 2009 ). red, white, and \u2018 green \u2019 : the cost of greenhouse gas emissions in the global wine trad journal of wine researc, 20 ( 1 ), 15 - 26", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.503240027486656, "token_count": 462, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.154960"} {"text": "10 new alien planets a diverse bunch, telescope shows artist ' s impression of the corot satellite. credit : cnes / active design a european space telescope has discovered 10 previously unknown alien planets, including two neptune - like objects that circle the same star, researchers announced today ( june 14 ). france ' s corot satellite detected the 10 alien planets, all of which are gaseous like saturn or jupiter. however, they exhibit a range of masses, densities, orbital characteristics and other properties, researchers said. the new discoveries highlight the diversity of worlds beyond our solar system and boost the confirmed count of extrasolar planets up to 565, they added. \" ever since the early days of exoplanet astronomy, we \u2019 ve been amazed by the variety of planets that have been discovered : gaseous giants larger than jupiter and smaller, rocky bodies, down to masses comparable to the earth \u2019 s, \" said malcolm fridlund, the european space agency ' s project scientist for corot, in a statement. [ photos : the strangest alien planets ] researchers announced the findings today ( june 14 ), at the second corot symposium in marseille, france. alien planet haul like nasa ' s kepler space telescope, corot searches for alien planets by what is known as the transit method. this technique looks for tiny dips in a star ' s brightness that could potentially be caused by a planet passing in front of it from our perspective. the 10 newly discovered alien worlds have all been confirmed by follow - up observations using ground - based telescopes. seven of the discoveries are so - called \" hot jupiters, \" gas giants that orbit extremely close to their parent stars. another one is smaller than saturn, and the other two are neptune - like siblings circling the same star. while all the newfound alien planets are gaseous, they make up a diverse group. their densities, for example, span a wide range, from values similar to that of saturn ( the least dense planet in our solar system ) to densities comparable to that of rocky mars, researchers said. one planet orbits a 10 - billion - year - old star, which is twice as old as the sun. another circles a star just 600 million years old. two of the exoplanets also lie on highly elongated orbits \u2014 a surprise to scientists, considering how unstable such paths are thought to be. a planetary zoo since the first planet beyond our solar system was discovered back in the 1990s, astronomers have discovered an astonishing diversity of alien worlds. \" the new set of 10", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46120971466257027, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.204260"} {"text": "\u2014 a surprise to scientists, considering how unstable such paths are thought to be. a planetary zoo since the first planet beyond our solar system was discovered back in the 1990s, astronomers have discovered an astonishing diversity of alien worlds. \" the new set of 10 planets that we announce today are no exception, exhibiting as they do a rich list of very interesting properties, \" fridlund said. to date, astronomers have confirmed at least 565 alien planets, and the kepler project has already identified 1, 235 more \" candidate \" planets that await in - depth follow - up study. researchers have predicted that at least 80 percent of kepler ' s planetary candidates will eventually be confirmed. since its launch in 2006, corot has detected several hundred candidate planet - hosting stars. the 10 new finds bring the satellite ' s total number of confirmed planet discoveries to 26. many more finds will likely follow \u2014 from kepler, corot and other instruments \u2014 helping astronomers better understand alien planets on a broader scale, researchers said. \" although the study of exoplanets is relatively young, we have already reached a stage where we can characterize the details of worlds orbiting other stars, and corot is making a crucial contribution to this field, \" fridlund said. \" with hundreds of systems observed to date, we no longer have to worry about ' taming the beasts ' and we can dedicate our efforts to the ' zoology ' of exoplanets, which is enormously enhancing our knowledge about planetary systems. \" more from space. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4817176876287241, "token_count": 307, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.206467"} {"text": "teide national park the largest and oldest of the canary islands ' parks its landscape revolves around the largest volcano in spain : the teide, which last erupted in 1798. the volcanic cones and the lava outcrops form an extraordinary conjunction of colours and shapes, and are home to a wide diversity of flora of great biological value. the teide national park was created in 1954 in order to protect this spectacular landscape of great ecological value which lies at the foot of the colossal volcano. the teide is the volcanic formation located on an ancient and gigantic cauldron - shaped depression, formed by two semi - calderas separated by the roques de garcia rock formations. plant and animal species that are unique in the world live in the shadow of the teide. there is an astonishing diversity of plants : teide broom, red echium, blue echium, the guanche rose ( bencomia extipulata ), flixweed, rosalillo de cumbre ( pterocephalus lasiospermus ), silver thistle ( stemmacantha cynaroides )... the most important species in the park are the invertebrates. over 700 types of insects have been recorded, of which 50 % are endemic to the area. there are some species of reptiles ( such as the tenerife lizard ) and birds ( egyptian vulture, sparrowhawks, lesser kestrels, red kite ), and a few mammals, the most common of which are the mouflon, rabbits and five species of bat. \u9762 : 18. 990 \u30d8\u30af\u30bf\u30fc\u30eb \u5730 : it is situated in the heart of the island of tenerife, in the canary islands. \u898b \u5b66 : there are two public bus routes : number 348, from puerto de la cruz, and number 342, from playa de las americas. there is a cable car that affords spectacular views, although it does not take you right to the top : you must walk the last stretch. a special permit is required to go to the highest cone on the summit of the teide. for more information, check the visitor centres on this page. more access information. : the primary interest of this national park is its flora, as it has 212 species of plants, of which 58 are endemic to the canary islands. one of these natural treasures is the teide violet, which has the honour of being the highest flowering species in the whole of spain. the park also stands out because of its", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.36808502645597097, "token_count": 503, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.212233"} {"text": "212 species of plants, of which 58 are endemic to the canary islands. one of these natural treasures is the teide violet, which has the honour of being the highest flowering species in the whole of spain. the park also stands out because of its volcanic landscape, and as a place for stargazing. \u6587 : the island of tenerife is one of spain ' s most important tourist destinations. its appeal lies in the excellent climate, its beaches, the teide, and a wide variety of cultural attractions. one of the best times to visit the islands is in february when the carnival festivities take place. the rest of the year you can find crowded and festive pilgrimages : san isidro, in la orotava ; san benito ; in la laguna ; and san roque, in garachico. regarding the gastronomy, traditional honey extraction is an important activity in the heart of the park, in the las canadas area. : you will find more information about the permits you need at the following links : access to the teide peak propuestas educativas, recorridos por el parque, montanismo, visitas guiadas park offices ( tenerife ) tel. : + 34 922922371 fax. : + 34 922244788 teide national park \u3066\u3066\u304d\u308b\u3053\u3068 \u3066\u306e \u306f \u4fdd \u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059 \u3002 turespana / segittur \u00a9 2013 \u30b5\u30a4\u30c8\u306e : sociedad estatal para la gestion de la innovacion y las tecnologias turisticas, s. a. ( segittur )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3916187606322301, "token_count": 343, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.212946"} {"text": "| women \u2019 s suffrage in the uk | | women suffrage in the usa | | parliamentary reform | elizabeth cady stanton elizabeth cady, the daughter of daniel cady, a lawyer and politician, was born in johnstown, new york, 12th november, 1815. she studied law under her father, who later became a new york supreme court judge. during this period she became a strong advocate of women ' s rights. in 1840 elizabeth married the lawyer, henry bewster stanton. the couple both became active members of the american anti - slavery society. later that year, stanton and lucretia mott, travelled to london as delegates to the world anti - slavery convention. both women were furious when they, like the british women at the convention, were refused permission to speak at the meeting. stanton later recalled : \" we resolved to hold a convention as soon as we returned home, and form a society to advocate the rights of women. \" however, it was not until 1848 that stanton and lucretia mott organised the women ' s rights convention at seneca falls. stanton ' s resolution that it was \" the duty of the women of this country to secure to themselves the sacred right to the elective franchise \" was passed, and this became the focus of the group ' s campaign over the next few years. in 1866 stanton, lucretia mott, susan b. anthony and lucy stone established the american equal rights association. the following year, the organisation became active in kansas where negro suffrage and woman suffrage were to be decided by popular vote. however, both ideas were rejected at the polls. in 1868 stanton and susan b. anthony established the political weekly, the revolution, and the following year the two women formed a new organisation, the national woman suffrage association ( nwsa ). the organisation condemned the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments as blatant injustices to women. the nwsa also advocated easier divorce and an end to discrimination in employment and pay. executive committee of the national woman suffrage association another group, the american woman suffrage association ( awsa ), was also active in the campaign for women ' s rights and by the 1880s it became clear that it was not a good idea to have two rival groups campaigning for votes for women. after several years of negotiations, the awsa and the nwsa merged in 1890 to form the national american woman suffrage association ( nawsa ). stanton was elected as nawsa first president but was replaced by susan b. anthony in 1892. elizabeth cady stanton, whose autobiography, eighty", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.37372250232554627, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.225555"} {"text": "and the nwsa merged in 1890 to form the national american woman suffrage association ( nawsa ). stanton was elected as nawsa first president but was replaced by susan b. anthony in 1892. elizabeth cady stanton, whose autobiography, eighty years and more, was published in 1898, died in new york, on 26th october, 1902. ( 1 ) editorial, time and tide ( 9th july, 1926 ) feminism, like any other great movement, proceeds at varying paces and in varying forms in different countries. few things are more enlightening than a study of the inter - reactions of the feminist movement in the two great english speaking peoples during the past seventy or eighty years. it is curious how closely related have been the movements on the two sides of the atlantic. each has continually learnt from the other. beginning with mary wollstonecraft in the late 18th century, the feminist movement owed its next big impetus ( in the eighteen forties and fifties ) to lucretia mott and susan b. anthony, of new england. it was lucretia mott and elizabeth c. stanton who organised the first equal rights convention which was held in new york in 1848 ; and it was lucretia mott who laid. down the definite proposition which american women are still struggling to implement today : ' men and women shall have equal rights throughout the united states. ' a few years later susan b. anthony, the pioneer suffragist, came into the american movement. it was not till the eighteen sixties that the political feminist movement came alive in great britain. dame millicent fawcett was even in those early days one of the leading names connected with it. the british suffragists pushed forward enthusiastically for some twenty years, but the failure to achieve success in 1885, when the third reform bill was passed giving the agricultural labourer the vote, seemed to take the heart out of our early suffragists, and the movement died down again. meanwhile, in the nineties the american women were full of life and enthusiasm, winning victory after victory in state after state. ' in 1902 susan b. anthony came to england and stayed with mrs. pankhurst in manchester. the result of that visit was far - reaching. all unwittingly the old pioneer handed back the torch to the british suffragists. ' it is unendurable, ' declared christabel pankhurst after her departure, ' to think of another generation of women wasting their lives begging for the vote. we must not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42809060215685596, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.226829"} {"text": "handed back the torch to the british suffragists. ' it is unendurable, ' declared christabel pankhurst after her departure, ' to think of another generation of women wasting their lives begging for the vote. we must not lose any more time. we must act. ' those words heralded the birth of the british militant movement. from that moment onwards british feminists went forward without pause till the outbreak of war in 1914 and when that time came ( although the actual bill was not passed until 1918 ) the first instalment of victory was virtually won. meanwhile in america by 1912 things had died down to very much the same state as the english movement has been in since 1918. votes had been achieved in a considerable number of states, the feeling was widespread that a partial victory was good enough for the moment and that complete victory would ' come all in good time without much further trouble. and then in 1912 alice paul, lit by the fire of the english militant movement, returned to america - and america woke up. it took the americans just eight years from that date to achieve complete political equality ; but they were under wise leadership ( alice paul will surely go down to history as one of the great leaders of the world ), and when they did achieve political equality they did not make the mistake of supposing that that was the end. they turned back to the ' declaration of sentiments ' laid down by lucretia mott in 1848 and they realised that political equality was only the first step on the path which they had chosen and that there could be neither halting nor relaxing their pace until they had come to the end of that path. ( 2 ) elizabeth cady stanton, speech at the woman ' s convention ( 25th may, 1851 ) the great work before us is the education of those just coming on the stage of action. begin with the girls of today, and in twenty years we can revolutionize this nation. the childhood of woman must be free and untrammeled. the girl must be allowed to romp and play, climb, skate, and swim ; her clothing must be more like that of the boy - strong, loose - fitting garments, thick boots, etc., that she may be out at all times, and enter freely into all kinds of sports. teach her to go alone, by night and day, if need be, on the lonely highway, or through the busy streets of the crowded metropolis. the manner in which all courage and self - reliance is educated out of the girl,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.427228980779088, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.227838"} {"text": "of sports. teach her to go alone, by night and day, if need be, on the lonely highway, or through the busy streets of the crowded metropolis. the manner in which all courage and self - reliance is educated out of the girl, her path portrayed with dangers and difficulties that never exist, is melancholy indeed. better, far, suffer occasional insults or die outright, than live the life of a coward, or never move without a protector. the best protector any woman can have, one that will serve her at all times and in all places, is courage ; this she must get by her own experience, and experience comes by exposure. let the girl be thoroughly developed in body and soul, not modeled, like a piece of clay, after some artificial specimen of humanity, with a body like some plate in godey ' s book of fashion, and a mind after the type of father gregory ' s pattern daughters, loaded down with the traditions, proprieties, and sentimentalities of generations of silly mothers and grandmothers, but left free to be, to grow, to feel, to think, to act. development is one thing, that system of cramping, restraining, torturing, perverting, and mystifying, called education, is quite another. we have had women enough befooled under the one system, pray let us try the other. the girl must early be impressed with the idea that she is to be \" a hand, not a mouth \" ; a worker, and not a drone, in the great hive of human activity. like the boy, she must be taught to look forward to a life of self - dependence, and early prepare herself for some trade or profession. woman has relied heretofore too entirely for her support on the needle - that one - eyed demon of destruction that slays its thousands annually ; that evil genius of our sex, which, in spite of all our devotion, will never make us healthy, wealthy, or wise. teach the girl it is no part of her life to cater to the prejudices of those around her. make her independent of public sentiment, by showing her how worthless and rotten a thing it is. it is a settled axiom with me, after much examination and reflection, that public sentiment is false on every subject. yet what a tyrant it is over us all, woman especially, whose very life is to please, whose highest ambition is to be approved. but once outrage this tyrant, place yourself beyond his jurisdiction, taste the joy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49852147754942, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.228790"} {"text": "sentiment is false on every subject. yet what a tyrant it is over us all, woman especially, whose very life is to please, whose highest ambition is to be approved. but once outrage this tyrant, place yourself beyond his jurisdiction, taste the joy of free thought and action, and how powerless is his rule over you! his sceptre lies broken at your feet ; his very babblings of condemnation are sweet music in your ears ; his darkening frown is sunshine to your heart, for they tell of your triumph and his discomfort. think you, women thus educated would long remain the weak, dependent beings we now find them? by no means. depend upon it, they would soon settie for themselves this whole question of woman ' s rights. as educated capitalists and skilled laborers, they would not be long in finding their true level in political and social life. ( 3 ) elizabeth cady stanton, speech ( 20th february, 1894 ) the point i wish plainly to bring before you on this occasion is the individuality of each human soul - our protestant idea, the right of individual conscience and judgment - our republican idea, individual citizenship. in discussing the rights of woman, we are to consider, first, what belongs to her as an individual, in a world other own, the arbiter other own destiny, an imaginary robinson crusoe with her woman friday on a solitary island. her rights under such circumstances are to use all her faculties for her own safety and happiness. secondly, if we consider her as a citizen, as a member of a great nation, she must have the same rights as all other members, according to the fundamental principles of our government. thirdly, viewed as a woman, an equal factor in civilization, her rights and duties are still the same - individual happiness and development. fourthly, it is only the incidental relations of life, such as mother, wife, sister, daughter, which may involve some special duties and training. in the usual discussion in regard to woman ' s sphere, such men as herbert spencer, frederick harrison and grant alien uniformly subordinate her rights and duties as an individual, as a citizen, as a woman, to the necessities of these incidental relations, some of which a large class of women never assume. in discussing the sphere of man we do not decide his rights as an individual, as a citizen, as a man, by his duties as a father, a husband, a brother or a son, some of which he may never undertake. moreover he would be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.507347898691382, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.229769"} {"text": "the sphere of man we do not decide his rights as an individual, as a citizen, as a man, by his duties as a father, a husband, a brother or a son, some of which he may never undertake. moreover he would be better fitted for these very relations, and whatever special work he might choose to do to earn his bread, by the complete development of all his faculties as an individual. just so with woman. the education which will fit her to discharge the duties in the largest sphere of human usefulness, will best fit her for whatever special work she may be compelled to do. the isolation of every human soul and the necessity of self - dependence must give each individual the right to choose his own surroundings. the strongest reason for giving woman all the opportunities for higher education, for the full development of her faculties, her forces of mind and body ; for giving her the most enlarged freedom of thought and action ; a complete emancipation from all forms of bondage, of custom, dependence, superstition ; from all the crippling influences of fear - is the solitude and personal responsibility of her own individual life. the strongest reason why we ask for woman a voice in the government under which she lives ; in the religion she is asked to believe ; equality in social life, where she is the chief factor ; a place in the trades and professions, where she may earn her bread, is because of her birthright to self - sovereignty ; because, as an individual, she must rely on herself. to throw obstacles in the way of a complete education is like putting out the eyes ; to deny the rights of property is like cutting off the hands. to refuse political equality is like robbing the ostracized of all self - respect, of credit in the market place, of recompense in the world of work, of a voice in choosing those who make and administer the law, a choice in the jury before whom they are tried, and in the judge who decides their punishment. shakespeare ' s play of titus and andronicus contains a terrible satire on woman ' s position in the nineteenth century - \" rude men seized the king ' s daughter, cut out her tongue, cut off her hands, and then bade her go call for water and wash her hands. \" what a picture of woman ' s position! robbed other natural rights, handicapped by law and custom at every turn, yet compelled to fight her own battles, and in the emergencies of life fall back on herself for protection.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45913760623317024, "token_count": 507, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.230835"} {"text": "the united states and the united nations officially refer to macedonia by its provisional name, \" the former yugoslav republic of macedonia, \" pending the outcome of un - mediated negotiations between macedonia and greece. area : 25, 713 square km. ( slightly larger than vermont ). cities : capital - - skopje 600, 000 ; tetovo, kumanovo, gostivar and bitola 100, 000 + ( 2001 est. ). geography : situated in the southern region of the balkan peninsula, macedonia is landlocked and mountainous. climate : three climatic types overlap - - mediterranean ; moderately continental ; and mountainous - producing hot, dry summers and cold, snowy winters. population : 2, 022, 547 ( 2003 census preliminary data ). growth rate ( 2001 est. ) : 0. 43 %. ethnic groups : macedonian 64. 18 %, albanian 25. 17 %, turkish 3. 85 %, roma 2. 66 %, serb 1. 78 %. ( 2003 census ). religions : eastern orthodox 65 %, muslim 29 %, catholic 4 % and others 2 %. languages : macedonian 70 %, albanian 21 %, turkish 3 %, serbo - croatian 3 %, and others 3 %. education : years compulsory - - 8. literacy - - 94. 6 %. health ( 2001 est ) : infant mortality rate - - 12. 95 deaths / per 1, 000 live births. life expectancy - - males 71. 79 years ; females 76. 43 years. work force ( 824, 824 ) : employed 561, 341 : services - - 31. 3 % ; industry and commerce - - 44. 9 % ; agriculture - - 23. 8 % type : parliamentary democracy. constitution : adopted november 17, 1991 ; effective november 20, 1991. independence : september 8, 1991 ( from yugoslavia ). branches : executive - - prime minister ( head of government ), council of ministers ( cabinet ), president ( head of state ). legislative - - unicameral parliament or sobranie, 120 representatives ; ( 120 seats ; members elected by popular vote to 4 - year terms from party lists based on the percentage parties gain of the overall vote in each of the six election units ). judicial - - supreme court : republican judicial council ; constitutional court of the republic of macedonia ; public prosecutor ' s office ; public attorney. legal system is based on civil law system ; judicial review of legislative acts. subdivisions : 123 opstini ( municipalities ) plus the city of skopje. suffrage : universal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4603856739623064, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.262507"} {"text": "constitutional court of the republic of macedonia ; public prosecutor ' s office ; public attorney. legal system is based on civil law system ; judicial review of legislative acts. subdivisions : 123 opstini ( municipalities ) plus the city of skopje. suffrage : universal at age 18. main political parties : social - democratic union of macedonia ( sdsm ) ; internal macedonian revolutionary organization - democratic party for macedonian national unity ( vmro - dpmne ) ; democratic union for integration ( dui ) ; democratic party of albanians ( dpa ) ; party for democratic prosperity ( pdp ) ; national democratic party ( ndp ) ; liberal - democratic party ( ldp ) ; socialist party of macedonia ( spm ) ; liberal party ( lp ) ; democratic alternative ( da ) ; democratic union ( du ) ; democratic party of the turks in macedonia ( dptm ) ; democratic league of bosniaks ; democratic party of serbs in macedonia, united party of romas in macedonia ; democratic union of vlachs from macedonia ; labor - agricultural party of macedonia, socialist - christian party of macedonia ; green party of macedonia. gdp : $ 3. 734 billion. per capita gdp : $ 1, 835. real gdp growth : 0. 7 %. inflation rate : 1. 8 %. unemployment rate : 31. 9 %. trade : significant exports - - steel, textile products, coal, chromium, lead, zinc, nickel, tobacco, lamb, and wine. official exchange rate ( 2002 avg. ) : 64. 8 macedonian denars = u. s. $ 1. macedonia is located in the heart of south central europe. it shares a border with greece to the south, bulgaria to the east, serbia and montenegro ( serbia and kosovo ) to the north, and albania to the west. the country is 80 % mountainous, rising to its highest point at mt. korab ( peak 2, 764 m ). since the end of the second world war, macedonia ' s population has grown steadily, with the greatest increases occurring in the ethnic albanian community. from 1953 through the time of the latest official census in 2002 ( initial official results were released december 2003 ), the percentage of albanians living in macedonia rose 313 %. the western part of the country, where most ethnic albanians live, is the most heavily populated, with approximately 40 % of the total population. as the population grew, more people moved into the cities in search of employment. comparing 1948 census results to the 1994 recording, the urban population grew from 28.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4490010349732128, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.263679"} {"text": "albanians live, is the most heavily populated, with approximately 40 % of the total population. as the population grew, more people moved into the cities in search of employment. comparing 1948 census results to the 1994 recording, the urban population grew from 28. 7 % to 58. 4 % of the population. throughout its history, the present - day territory of macedonia has been a crossroads for both traders and conquerors moving between the european continent and asia minor. each of these transiting powers left its mark upon the region, giving rise to a rich and varied cultural and historical tradition. the ancient territory of macedon, included, in addition to the areas of the present - day macedonia, large parts of present - day northern greece and southwestern bulgaria. this ancient kingdom reached its height during the reign of alexander iii ( \" the great \" ), who extended macedon ' s influence over most of asia minor, the levant, egypt, mesopotamia, persia, and even parts of india. after alexander ' s death in 323 bc, the macedon empire gradually declined, until it was conquered in 168 bc and made a province by the romans in 148 bc. after the fall of the western roman empire, the territory of macedonia fell under the control of the byzantine empire. it was during this period ( the 6th and 7th centuries ) that large groups of slavic people migrated to the balkan region. the serbs, bulgarians, and byzantines fought for control of macedonia until the late 14th century, when the territory was again conquered, this time by the ottoman turks and remained under turkish rule until 1912. after more than four centuries of rule, ottoman power in the region began to wane, and by the middle of the 19th century, greece, bulgaria, and serbia were competing for influence in the territory. during this time, a nationalist movement emerged and grew in macedonia. the latter half of the 19th century was marked by sporadic nationalist uprisings, culminating in the ilinden uprising of august 2, 1903. macedonian revolutionaries liberated the town of krushevo and established the short - lived republic of krushevo, which was put down by ottoman forces after 10 days. following ottoman turkey ' s defeat by the allied balkan countries - - bulgaria, serbia, montenegro, and greece - - during the first balkan war ( autumn 1912 ), the same allies fought the second balkan war over the division of macedonia. the treaty of bucharest ( august 1913 ) ended this conflict by dividing the territory between bulgaria, greece, and serbia. the treaty of versailles in 1919 sanctioned partitioning", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42448353602912703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.264675"} {"text": "autumn 1912 ), the same allies fought the second balkan war over the division of macedonia. the treaty of bucharest ( august 1913 ) ended this conflict by dividing the territory between bulgaria, greece, and serbia. the treaty of versailles in 1919 sanctioned partitioning macedonia between the kingdom of serbs, croats and slovenes, bulgaria and greece. in the wake of the first world war, vardarian macedonia ( the present day area of macedonia ) was incorporated into the newly formed kingdom of serbs, croats, and slovenes. throughout much of the second world war, bulgaria and italy occupied macedonia. many people joined partisan movements during this time and succeeded in liberating the region in 1944. following the war, under marshall tito, macedonia became one of the constituent republics of the new socialist federal republic of yugoslavia. during this period, macedonian culture and language flourished. as communism fell throughout eastern europe in the late 20th century, macedonia followed its other federation partners and declared its independence from yugoslavia in late 1991. the new macedonian constitution took effect november 20, 1991, and called for a system of government based on a parliamentary democracy. the first democratically elected coalition government was led by prime minister branko crvenkovski of the social democratic union of macedonia ( sdsm ) and included the ethnic albanian party for democratic prosperity ( pdp ). in november 1998 parliamentary elections, the sdsm lost its majority. a new coalition government emerged under the leadership of prime minister ljubco georgievski of the internal macedonian revolutionary organization - democratic party for macedonian national unity ( vmro - dpmne ). the initial coalition included the ethnic albanian democratic party of albanians ( dpa ). following the outbreak of an ethnic albanian insurgency in february 2001, the government coalition was expanded in july 2001 to include the major opposition parties. this grand coalition disbanded following signing of the ohrid framework agreement ( august 2001 ), which brought an end to the fighting, and the passage of new constitutional amendments ( november 2001 ). a coalition led by prime minister georgievski, including dpa and several smaller parties, finished out the parliamentary term. in september 2002 elections, an sdsm - led pre - election coalition won half of the 120 seats in parliament. branko crvenkovski was elected prime minister in coalition with the ethnic albanian democratic union for integration ( dui ) party and the liberal - democratic party ( ldp ). kiro gligorov, the first president of an independent macedonia, also was the first president of a former yugoslav republic to relinquish", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4436211027372542, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.265661"} {"text": "democratic union for integration ( dui ) party and the liberal - democratic party ( ldp ). kiro gligorov, the first president of an independent macedonia, also was the first president of a former yugoslav republic to relinquish office. his presidency ended in november 1999 after 8 years in office, in accordance with the terms of the macedonian constitution. gligorov was succeeded by former deputy foreign minister boris trajkovski ( vmro ), who defeated tito petkovski ( sdsm ) in a second - round run - off election for the presidency november 14, 1999. trajkovski ' s election was confirmed by a december 5 partial re - vote in 230 polling stations, which the macedonian supreme court mandated due to election irregularities. presidential elections will be held again in 2004. macedonia was the only republic of the former yugoslavia whose secession in 1991 was not clouded by ethnic or other armed conflict. during the yugoslav period, macedonian ethnic identity again exhibited itself, in that most of macedonia ' s slavic population identified themselves as macedonians, while several minority groups, in particular ethnic albanians, sought to retain their own distinct political culture and language. although interethnic tensions simmered under yugoslav authority and during the first decade of its independence, the country avoided ethnically motivated conflict. ethnic minority grievances rapidly began to gain political currency in late 2000, leading many in the ethnic albanian community in macedonia to question their minority protection under, and participation in, the government. tensions erupted into open hostilities in macedonia in february 2001, when a group of ethnic albanians near the kosovo border carried out armed provocations that soon escalated into an insurgency. purporting to fight for greater civil rights for ethnic albanians in macedonia, the group seized territory and launched attacks against government forces. many observers ascribed other motives to the so - called national liberation army ( nla ), including support for criminality and the assertion of political control over affected areas. the insurgency spread through northern and western macedonia during the first half of 2001. under international mediation, a cease - fire was brokered in july 2001. a coalition of ruling ethnic macedonian and ethnic albanian political leaders, with facilitation by u. s. and european union ( eu ) diplomats, negotiated and then signed the ohrid framework agreement in august 2001. the agreement called for implementation of constitutional and legislative changes, which lay the foundation for improved civil rights for minority groups. the macedonian parliament adopted the constitutional changes outlined in the accord in november 2001. efforts are currently underway to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4275625681485521, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.268250"} {"text": "minister - - ilinka mitreva defense minister - - vlado buckovski economy minister - - stevce jakimovski interior minister - - hari kostov justice minister - - ixhet memeti ambassador to the united states - - nikola dimitrov ambassador to the united nations - - vacant macedonia is a small economy with a gross domestic product ( gdp ) of u. s. $ 3. 7 billion representing about 0. 01 % of the total world output. it also is an open economy, highly integrated in international trade, with a total trade - to - gdp ratio of 81. 3 %. agriculture and industry have been the two most important sectors of the economy, although both sectors provide only a limited number of high - quality finished products. like most transition economies, problems persist, even as macedonia takes steps toward reform. a largely obsolete industrial infrastructure has not seen much investment during the transition period. work force education and skills are competitive, but without adequate jobs, many with the best skills seek employment abroad. a low standard of living and high unemployment rates prompt occasional social unrest. five years of continuous economic expansion in macedonia was interrupted by the 2001 conflict, which led to a contraction of 4. 5 % in 2001, despite the government being able to hold inflation at a stable average 5. 3 %. in 2002, the economy struggled to recover, posting only 0. 7 % growth. the external debt - to - gdp ratio end 2002 was 38. 8 %. the economy still has not been able to fully recover to its pre - 2001 crisis level. in 2003, growth is projected at 2. 75 %. the united states is supporting macedonia ' s transition to a democratic, secure, market - oriented society with substantial amounts of assistance. after the breakup of yugoslavia in 1991, macedonia, the former yugoslavia ' s poorest republic, faced formidable economic challenges posed by both the transition to a market economy and a difficult regional situation. the breakup deprived macedonia of key protected markets and large transfer payments from the central yugoslav government. the war in nearby bosnia, international sanctions on serbia, and the neighboring kosovo crisis in 1999 delivered successive shocks to macedonia ' s trade - dependent economy. the government ' s painful but necessary structural reforms and macroeconomic stabilization program generated additional economic dislocation. macedonia was especially hurt by the greek trade embargo, imposed in february 1994 in a dispute over the country ' s name, flag, and constitution, and by international trade sanctions against serbia that were not suspended until a month after conclusion of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40128095807706476, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.270593"} {"text": ". macedonia was especially hurt by the greek trade embargo, imposed in february 1994 in a dispute over the country ' s name, flag, and constitution, and by international trade sanctions against serbia that were not suspended until a month after conclusion of the dayton accords. as a result of these two border closures, 1995 gdp declined to 41 % of its 1989 level. coincident to these problems, the country pursued an ambitious stabilization and reform program after independence. despite external factors, the program yielded positive results through 1998 and won praise from the imf and the world bank. a robust financial austerity program stabilized the macedonian denar and reduced the fiscal deficit. inflation remained low for several years and was on average slightly negative in 1998 and 1999. though economic growth suffered in the country ' s first 5 years of independence, a modest recovery was in progress ( 1998 = 3. 4 % growth ) until the kosovo crisis. macedonia proved the most economically vulnerable of regional neighbors to the 1999 kosovo conflict ' s spillovers. at the crisis ' height, macedonia sheltered more than 350, 000 kosovar refugees, straining fiscal accounts and increasing social pressures. per capita foreign direct investment ( fdi ), already the lowest in the region, worsened as investors lost confidence. with unemployment around 33 %, the crisis exacerbated economic privation. before the kosovo crisis, up to 70 % of the country ' s economy had been dependent on inputs from, exports to, or transport through the then - federal republic of yugoslavia ( fry ). at the height of the crisis, total exports had fallen to about 75 % of the 1998 level. exports to the fry were down by about 80 %. exports which had previously transited the fry ( one - half of total exports ) were hurt, as alternative transit routes through bulgaria, romania, and greece increased transportation costs and delivery times, making macedonian products less competitive. export - processing contracts with other countries suffered cancellations over concerns about delivery risks. despite the impact of the kosovo crisis on macedonia ' s economy, marketing efforts were reoriented, new markets were identified and exploited, and the kosovo market reopened in mid - summer 1999. a may 1999 international donors conference projected contraction of macedonia ' s economy of around 5 % - - a swing of 10 percentage points from pre - conflict projections of 5 % growth. however, these projections assumed the kosovo conflict would continue through the end of the year. early termination of the conflict in june led to an economic rebound and growth of around 2. 7 % in real terms", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46662202378836115, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.271656"} {"text": "from pre - conflict projections of 5 % growth. however, these projections assumed the kosovo conflict would continue through the end of the year. early termination of the conflict in june led to an economic rebound and growth of around 2. 7 % in real terms for 1999. macedonia rescheduled its paris club debt in 1995, and again in early 1999, including $ 93 million of debt, interest, and arrears to the united states. the kosovo crisis led to an appeal to have debt forgiven or deferred. a paris club agreement to defer macedonian debt service ran out april 2000. paris club creditors agreed that repayment terms for amounts deferred during the kosovo crisis would be set at 5 years, with one year as grace. at the beginning of 2001, macedonia ' s economic situation appeared to be improving, with visible signs of increased activity and dynamism, but with the start of the ethnic albanian insurgency in macedonia, the country ' s solid macroeconomic performance in 2000 and the beginning of 2001 began to slide and remained substantially depressed in 2001. real gdp declined by 4. 5 % in 2001, as output deteriorated in most sectors. inflation averaged 5. 5 % instead of the initially projected 2. 2 %. current account deficit in the balance of payments was around 10. 1 % of gdp, down from an expected surplus of 1 %, while the central government budget deficit reached 5. 8 %. from january through september 2001 the country lost around u. s. $ 200 million of its foreign currency reserves defending the targeted level of the denar against the german mark. foreign direct investments, credits, grants, and donations declined when the insurgency began, and the macedonia ' s imf program went off - track. the imf and the government of macedonia agreed to a 6 - month staff - monitored program, beginning january 1, 2002, but government decisions to reimburse depositors of the 1997 failed pyramid scheme and the general wage bill increase in public administration were seen as a threat to a viable budget expenditures policy, posing an obstacle to continuation of the staff - monitoring program and negotiations on a stand - by arrangement. discussions between the imf and the new government on a new agreement resumed in november 2002, and a new stand - by arrangement was signed in february 2003 and approved april 30. the impact of the 2001 crisis, lower international demand for macedonian products, canceled contracts in the textile and iron and steel industry, as well as the drought in 2001 affected macedonia ' s growth prospects and foreign trade in 2002. although macedonia had been", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4528432558602029, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.272662"} {"text": "30. the impact of the 2001 crisis, lower international demand for macedonian products, canceled contracts in the textile and iron and steel industry, as well as the drought in 2001 affected macedonia ' s growth prospects and foreign trade in 2002. although macedonia had been scheduled to graduate from ida financing in 2001, the world bank provided u. s. $ 15 million in emergency economic assistance to finance critical imports for the private sector. real gdp in 2002 grew by 0. 3 % on annual basis in spite of subdued inflation. the consumer price index - based inflation in 2002 was 1. 8 %. declining industrial output adversely affected foreign trade, with exports dropping by 3. 7 % and imports rising by 16. 3 %, resulting in a trade deficit of 23 % of gdp. the current account deficit in 2002 was 8. 8 % of gdp. an international donors conference, organized by the world bank and the european commission, was held march 12, 2002, in brussels, at which donors pledged $ 275 million to assist in covering the projected budget gap, implementing framework agreement reforms, and re - energizing the macedonian economy. donors also pledged an additional $ 244 million for general economic development in 2002, outside of the pledge categories defined by the world bank and european commission. currently, macedonia is undertaking substantial reforms in its economic and political systems, with the goal of boosting economic growth and attracting increased levels of foreign investment. macedonia passed a progressive companies law in july 2002, which should ease impediments to foreign investment, along with tax and investment incentives. though concerns stemming from the 2001 conflict linger, the internationally mediated framework agreement is being implemented, and macedonia ' s political and security situation has stabilized, allowing the government to refocus energies on domestic reforms. the macedonian government ' s two main economic policy goals remain to reduce poverty and to increase employment. it also has pledged to undertake measures to strengthen fiscal discipline and to reduce the high interest rates. developing the small and medium - size enterprise ( sme ) sector also is high on the government ' s list of priorities. macedonia is committed to pursuing membership in european and global economic structures. it was officially accepted as a member of the world trade organization ( wto ) on october 15, 2002. parliament ratified the agreement in january 2003, clearing the way for macedonia to become a full member in march 2003. following a 1997 cooperation agreement with the european union ( eu ), macedonia signed a stabilization and association agreement with the eu in april 2001, giving macedonia duty - free access to european markets. macedonia ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4282410019332637, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.273691"} {"text": "macedonia to become a full member in march 2003. following a 1997 cooperation agreement with the european union ( eu ), macedonia signed a stabilization and association agreement with the eu in april 2001, giving macedonia duty - free access to european markets. macedonia ' s foreign trade balance has been in deficit since 1994, reaching u. s. $ 849. 4 million in 2002. total 2002 trade was u. s. $ 3. 07 billion, or 82. 3 % of gdp - - imports plus exports of goods and services. macedonia ' s major trading partners are serbia and montenegro, germany, and greece. the united states is macedonia ' s seventh - largest trading partner. in 2002, u. s. - macedonia trade totaled u. s. $ 91. 8 million ( goods only ). according to macedonian trade data, u. s. exports accounted for 3. 6 % of macedonia ' s total imports. u. s. meat ( mainly poultry ), and electrical machinery have been particularly attractive to macedonian importers. principal macedonian exports to the united states are tobacco, apparel, footwear, and iron and steel. macedonia has signed free trade agreements with albania, bosnia and herzegovina, serbia and montenegro, bulgaria, croatia, ukraine, slovenia, turkey, and the european free trade association countries. macedonia established its armed forces following independence and the complete withdrawal of the yugoslav national army ( jna ) in march 1992. the macedonian armed forces consist of an army, navy, air and air defense force, and a police force ( under the ministry of interior ). under its north atlantic treaty organization ( nato ) membership action plan, macedonia has launched a major effort to reform and reconstruct its armed forces with the goal of building and sustaining a modern, professional defense force of about 12, 000 troops. since its independence in 1991, macedonia has worked toward increased ties with the transatlantic community. despite the fragile political, economic, and military situation in the region over the past decade, macedonia has provided consistent support for nato. macedonia is engaged in military, economic, and political reforms to enhance its security and nato candidacy, although the security crisis of 2001 represented a setback to those efforts. the government of macedonia plans to assume greater responsibility for its share of ensuring the security of the region without reliance on an international military presence. successive macedonian governments have viewed integration into euro - atlantic political, economic, and security institutions as its primary foreign policy goal. in pursuit of these goals, macedonia is restructuring its military to be smaller, more affordable, defensively oriented, and inter", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43140192086115825, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.274695"} {"text": "presence. successive macedonian governments have viewed integration into euro - atlantic political, economic, and security institutions as its primary foreign policy goal. in pursuit of these goals, macedonia is restructuring its military to be smaller, more affordable, defensively oriented, and interoperable with nato. the macedonian government has welcomed close cooperation with the u. s. military and seeks to deepen this relationship as it restructures its forces. the un preventive deployment force ( unpredep ) in macedonia patrolled the borders with serbia and albania from 1992 to november 1998, enhancing macedonian stability. in early december 1998, the macedonian government approved local basing of the nato extraction force ( xfor ) and the kosovo verification coordination cell ( kvcc ), in anticipation of a political resolution of the kosovo crisis, also contributing to macedonia ' s safety and stability. prior to the bombing campaign in yugoslavia in march 1999, the number of nato troops in macedonia peaked at 17, 000. in the wake of the 2001 insurgency in macedonia, at the government ' s request, nato deployed task forces \" essential harvest, \" then \" amber fox, \" and later \" allied harmony \" in macedonia. nato deployed a series of task forces - - \" essential harvest, \" \" amber fox, \" and \" allied harmony \" in macedonia in confidence - building tasks and protection for osce monitors in the former conflict area. task force harvest collected more than 4, 000 weapons from the national liberation army ( nla ) in a confidence - building effort to restore stability within macedonia. \" amber fox \" ( june through december 2002 ) and its smaller successor \" allied harmony \" ( january to march 2003 ) worked with macedonian security forces to ensure the safety of international monitors overseeing framework agreement implementation in macedonia. on march 31, 2003, the eu ( eufor ) took over this role from nato with the launch of \" operation concordia, \" scheduled to end december 15, 2003. at the macedonian government ' s request, the eu will establish a police mission in macedonia in december 2003 to advise the country ' s police. macedonia continues to play an indispensable role as the kosovo force ' s ( kfor ) rear area, hosting the logistical supply line for kfor troops in kosovo. as part of these efforts, macedonia hosts about 150 nato troops, including u. s. troops, in support of nato operations in kosovo and assisting macedonia ' s efforts to reform its military to meet nato standards. due to improvements in the security situation and u. s. kfor drawdowns in kosovo,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47976422609035857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.277447"} {"text": ", including u. s. troops, in support of nato operations in kosovo and assisting macedonia ' s efforts to reform its military to meet nato standards. due to improvements in the security situation and u. s. kfor drawdowns in kosovo, the united states closed its camp able sentry base in macedonia in december 2002. close u. s. - macedonian bilateral defense cooperation continues. in february 1994, greece imposed a trade embargo on macedonia due to disputes over the use of the name \" macedonia \" and other issues. greece and macedonia signed an interim accord in october 1995 ending the embargo and opening the way to diplomatic recognition and increased trade. after signing the agreement with greece, macedonia joined the council of europe, the organization for security and cooperation in europe ( osce ), and the partnership for peace ( pfp ). athens and skopje began talks on the name issue in new york under un auspices in december 1995, opening liaison offices in respective capitals january 1996. these talks continue. the stability of the young state was gravely tested during the 1999 kosovo crisis, when macedonia temporarily hosted about 360, 000 refugees from the violence and ethnic cleansing in kosovo, as serb atrocities against kosovar albanians and other minority groups caused a mass exodus. the refugee influx put significant stress on macedonia ' s weak social infrastructure. with the help of nato and the international community, macedonia ultimately was able to accommodate the influx. following the resolution of the conflict, the overwhelming majority of refugees returned to kosovo. the macedonian government demonstrated a strong commitment to regional stability as an essential partner during the kosovo crisis. in addition to improving relations with its neighbors, macedonia has made strides toward european and international integration, especially with the eu and nato. macedonia is an active participant in nato ' s partnership for peace and membership action plan, the osce, and united nations, and was accepted as a member of the world trade organization ( wto ) in october 2002. in 1999, the eu agreed to develop a stabilization and association agreement ( saa ) with macedonia ; negotiations with macedonia were launched april 5, 2000, and the saa was signed april 2001. pending the saa ' final ratification, its trade and trade - related provisions are in force as of june 2001. for macedonia to successfully integrate within the global arena, continued efforts to strengthen its multi - ethnic civil society institutions, develop measures to promote economic growth and investment, and to foster strong indigenous non - governmental organizations are necessary. the united states and macedonia have enjoyed good bilateral relations since macedonia gained its independence in 1991", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4567131788936443, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.278748"} {"text": "continued efforts to strengthen its multi - ethnic civil society institutions, develop measures to promote economic growth and investment, and to foster strong indigenous non - governmental organizations are necessary. the united states and macedonia have enjoyed good bilateral relations since macedonia gained its independence in 1991. the united states formally recognized the former yugoslav republic of macedonia on february 8, 1994, and the two countries established full diplomatic relations on september 13, 1995. the u. s. liaison office was upgraded to an embassy in february 1996, and the first u. s. ambassador to skopje arrived in july 1996. the development of political relations between the united states and macedonia has ushered in a whole host of other contacts between the two states. during the 1999 kosovo crisis, macedonia played a key role in facilitating u. s. and international efforts in the region by accepting hundreds of thousands of refugees, served as a launching pad for allied military efforts, and functioned as the long - term conduit for humanitarian assistance programs and military logistics for kosovo. the united states, together with its european allies strongly condemned the initiators of the 2001 insurgency in macedonia and closely supported the government and major parties ' successful efforts to forge a peaceful, political solution to the crisis through the ohrid framework agreement. in partnership with the eu and other international organizations active in macedonia, the united states remains focused on facilitating the macedonian government ' s implementation of the framework agreement and fostering long - term peace and stability in the country. macedonia continues to make an important contribution to regional stability by facilitating the logistical supply of nato ( including u. s. ) peacekeepers in kosovo. today, macedonia and the united states enjoy a cooperative relationship across a broad range of political, economic, cultural, military, and social issues. the united states supports macedonia ' s aspirations to build a democratically secure and market - oriented society, and has donated large amounts of foreign assistance for military reform, democracy and economic reform, and humanitarian relief efforts. the united states pledged $ 6 million in debt relief and $ 22 million in economic support funds to macedonia in 1999 to help offset the strains of the kosovo crisis. the united states provided an estimated $ 35 million to macedonia to help host communities cope with refugee inflows. in addition, the united states helped reduce the refugee impact on macedonia by resettling in the united states more than 13, 000 persons through the humanitarian evacuation program. bilateral assistance provided to macedonia under the southeast europe economic development ( seed ) act totaled over $ 328 million from 1990 to 2002, including budget support and other assistance to help macedonia recover from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4171167842543726, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.279956"} {"text": "united states more than 13, 000 persons through the humanitarian evacuation program. bilateral assistance provided to macedonia under the southeast europe economic development ( seed ) act totaled over $ 328 million from 1990 to 2002, including budget support and other assistance to help macedonia recover from the 2001 crisis. macedonia received $ 50 million in seed funding in 2003. usaid ' s development program in macedonia targets four goals : accelerating economic growth and private sector development ; strengthening democratic institutions ; mitigating adverse impacts of market economic transition ; and supporting cross - cutting and special initiatives. usaid provides assistance to macedonian enterprises through a business resource center, credit and equity mechanisms, trade and investment facilitation, and other programs. in 2002 a competitiveness initiative identified constraints to economic growth. usaid legal advisers help to reform taxation, banking, bankruptcy, and monopoly regulations and assisted with macedonia ' s accession to the wto. programs help to build the capacity of municipal governments to better serve the public and to advance the decentralization of power to municipalities under the framework agreement. usaid assistance helps to strengthen macedonia ' s ngo networks, bolster media professionalism, further legal system reforms, and increase public confidence and participation in the democratic process and institutions. activities address the quality of education and work force development, through support for the private, accredited south east europe university and primary and secondary education reforms to meet employer needs and market requirement in the 21st century. usaid efforts encourage job creation - - especially for youth, expand markets for macedonian artisans, and improve cooperation between municipalities and the private sector. usaid also is addressing cross - cutting issues such as ethnic cooperation, gender - based problems and disparities, youth, corruption, hiv / aids, and conflict mitigation. through a small grants program, usaid ' s office of transition initiatives is helping to mitigate conflict and strengthen relations between diverse groups of peoples by bringing them together to identify and address common needs. principal u. s. officials deputy chief of mission - - eleanor nagy political affairs - - drew blakeney economic / commercial affairs - - victor myev administrative affairs - - sarah solberg public affairs - - deborah jones defense attach - - col. james beirne the u. s. embassy in macedonia is located at bul. ilinden bb, 91000 skopje ; tel : ( 2 ) 311 - 6180 ; fax : ( 2 ) 311 - 7103.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39520462778852083, "token_count": 485, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.281217"} {"text": "not far from the familiar starry figure of orion the hunter are the two star clusters of taurus the bull : the hyades and the pleiades. the hyades cluster is punctuated by the bright red star aldebaran, the eye of the bull. the fainter pleiades cluster, or seven sisters, is twice as far from us as the hyades and sometimes is mistaken for the little dipper. tuesday, november 20, 2012 stars are born in clusters \u2014 families of dozens to hundreds of stars that share the same age and chemical makeup \u2014 but they don \u2019 t remain in clusters their whole lives. like fledgling birds, stars eventually leave the nest in which they were born to roam the galaxy alone. there are hundreds of star clusters that populate our milky way galaxy, many of which are visible from earth to unaided human eyes. most appear as faint, fuzzy smudges in the night sky because of their great distance from us, but there are two clusters close enough to allow us to see their brightest members as individual suns. on cold, crisp november evenings, you can spot these two magnificent star clusters in our constellation of taurus the bull. they are the hyades ( high - a - deez ) and the pleiades ( plee - a - deez ) star clusters. the hyades cluster forms the familiar v - shaped face of taurus, with the bright orange star aldebaran as one of his glaring red eyes. aldebaran itself is not a member of the hyades but is superimposed on the cluster as a foreground star, only half as far away. at a distance of 153 light years, the hyades cluster is the closest star cluster to our solar system. leading the hyades westward across the sky is taurus \u2019 second star cluster, the pleiades, marking the bull \u2019 s shoulder. also known as the seven sisters, the pleiades star cluster lies nearly twice as far from us as the hyades cluster, so it appears much smaller in size, but its importance to the sky - watchers of the past cannot be overstated. the star aldebaran received its name from the arabic words that mean \u201c the follower \u201d because it rises just behind the pleiades and obediently follows them across the heavens. the hyades and pleiades star clusters are steeped in ancient legend and have been pondered and ogled by curious eyes since antiquity. here \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46847972152429984, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.288470"} {"text": "because it rises just behind the pleiades and obediently follows them across the heavens. the hyades and pleiades star clusters are steeped in ancient legend and have been pondered and ogled by curious eyes since antiquity. here \u2019 s a sample of the star lore surrounding these two clusters. hyas was the son of a titan named atlas. his seven half - sisters by a different mother were the hyades, a name that means \u201c the rainy ones. \u201d hyas grew into a renowned archer and hunter but one day wound up being killed by his prey \u2014 a wild boar. his sisters were so overcome with grief that they wept themselves to death. zeus, the king of the greek gods, immortalized the sisters by placing them among the stars as the hyades star cluster. during the rainy season of april and may, the hyades are not seen because they are too close to the sun in our daytime sky. the greeks considered the springtime rains as the never - ending tears of the hyades, grieving for their fallen brother. the pleiades were the seven half - sisters of the hyades by yet a different mother. after atlas and the titans were defeated by zeus and the olympians in the great war for control of the universe, atlas \u2019 punishment was to toil for eternity, holding up the sky. unable to look after his daughters, atlas had to watch helplessly as the brute orion relentlessly pursued the seven beautiful pleiades. zeus took pity on them and first changed them into doves so that they might escape orion \u2019 s advances before finally changing them into the seven twinkling stars of the pleiades star cluster, just out of orion \u2019 s reach. he placed them in the heavens beside their grieving half - sisters, the hyades. look for the hyades and pleiades star clusters high in the eastern sky at about 9 p. m. in late november. the three stars of orion \u2019 s belt point upward to them like an arrow. the dazzling planet jupiter shines nearby both clusters this fall and winter. aim your binoculars at the clusters to see dozens of fainter stars. professor jimmy westlake teaches astronomy and physics at colorado mountain college \u2019 s alpine campus. check out westlake \u2019 s astrophotography website at www. jwestlake. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4379882374676669, "token_count": 478, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.289377"} {"text": "unity & uniformity we often confuse unity with uniformity. in reality it is the spirit of unity which creates uniformity for the sake of its beauty and the protection it gives. throughout all ages both have existed : unity as the inner nature of every soul and the only purpose of life, and uniformity to help to fulfill that purpose. unity is the goal and uniformity the means to reach that goal, but often the means has obscured the purpose. all through the ages the different religions which have been given to man for his spiritual development with the sole idea of unity, have gradually become a kind of community or nationality. many people who belong to a church accept its dogmas, claim a certain name for their religion, and consider all other children of god as separate ; by doing so they lose the very seed of wisdom for whose development that religion was given. this error has existed from the beginning, so that instead of touching the true spirit, people have lost reality by seeking a false objective. religious differences have caused endless wars and disasters for the human race. the reason of this is that the spirit of unity has not been recognized, while undue regard has been paid to uniformity. in the present age, when the spirit of religion is at its lowest ebb and only the uniformity remains, divisions of classes and discords of all kinds spring up ; one party, one class against another, the spirit of rivalry, jealousy, and destruction everywhere. the effect of this has been to keep man away from the consciousness of god. very few indeed recognize him ; all humanity is labouring under a great unrest ; and yet man thinks he is progressing while all the time he only progresses towards still greater unrest. there can never be true progress when nations and kingdoms and peoples are divided ; for when the races are divided then subdivisions come, and classes and parties also become divided. the same spirit of destruction is at work all the time, and even families become separated. unity seems to be rooted out from the hearts of men. examples are not necessary ; those who will notice it can see this state of humanity, this condition of life, all over the world. when we seek a reason for this we find a right principle wrongly worked out. uniformity is not a fault, indeed it is a great virtue ; there is nothing wrong, for instance, in a uniform desire to help, to give service in time of need ; but when the god - ideal is removed then it remains as a body without a soul, a corpse, and in the end", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5297922902293652, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.295722"} {"text": "virtue ; there is nothing wrong, for instance, in a uniform desire to help, to give service in time of need ; but when the god - ideal is removed then it remains as a body without a soul, a corpse, and in the end it decays and causes foulness. however alive and prosperous the world may seem, life belongs only to the living, and when the living being is forgotten it is like a light under a bushel. man becomes so absorbed in the pursuit of money that he becomes intoxicated and regardless of the harmony and happiness of others, and even of the harmony of his own being ; and then he causes destruction. we have only to think of the wars humanity has gone through, and of this latest horror, to see the truth. it all proves that progress is in the wrong direction, and that everywhere unity is lacking. the scriptures given to the jews, the muslims, parsis, hindus, buddhists, all have as their central truth the message of unity, but man has been so interested and absorbed in the poetry of these scriptures that he has forgotten their inner voice. if only we would recognize the inner voice, we would see that the different scriptures all contain words spoken by one and the same voice. some hear the voice, others only hear the words, just as in nature some see only the branches and others the roots of the tree ; but all these different scriptures and ways of worship and of contemplating god are given for one purpose : the realization of unity. in unity reside the happiness and illumination of man, and his guidance in life. we all know unity by name, but most of us think of it as uniformity. the vedanta for thousands of years in all its prayers and mantrams voiced this central theme : unity, the oneness of all. the qur ' an with all its warnings expresses in one essential sura the being of god : that not only in the unseen, but in all that is seen there is one underlying current ; and the bible says that we live and move and have our being in god. of all the millions of believers in god perhaps only one makes god a reality, and that is because the picture man makes of god is as limited as himself. the knowledge of god is beyond man ' s reason. man only perceives things he is capable of perceiving. he cannot raise his imagination above what he is used to, and he cannot reach beyond his imagination to where the being of god is. the secret of god is hidden in the knowledge", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.56507824347183, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.296902"} {"text": ". man only perceives things he is capable of perceiving. he cannot raise his imagination above what he is used to, and he cannot reach beyond his imagination to where the being of god is. the secret of god is hidden in the knowledge of unity. man thinks, ' what can unity give me? can it bring me happiness? what is there in it? ' he can get the answer by observing and studying life more closely. see what an atmosphere the harmony of ten people can create ; the power of love and the influence created by ten people is much greater than that created by one. think then what would be the blessing for humanity if nations, races and communities were united! no doubt uniformity can teach the lesson of unity, but its purpose must not be for worldly gain ; then it is destructive. the wise in all ages have dived deep into life in order to attain unity in themselves, and in order to spread unity. in the life of the world every man has some complaint to make, he lacks something, he is troubled by something ; but this is only the external reason, the real truth is that he is not in unity with his own soul, for when there is disharmony in ourselves how can we spread harmony? when mind and body are at war the soul wants something else, and soul and mind are pulled by the body, or the body and mind by the soul ; and so there is disharmony. when a man is in harmony with himself, he is in harmony with all ; he produces harmony and gives harmony to all, he gives it out all the time. this is a question that can be answered by understanding our relationship with god. the innermost being of man is the real being of god ; man is always linked with god. if he could only realize it, it is by finding harmony in his own soul that he finds communion with god. all meditation and contemplation are taught with this purpose : to harmonize one ' s innermost being with god, so that he is seeing, hearing, thinking through us, and our being is a ray of his light ; in that way we are even closer to god than the fishes are to the ocean in which they have their being. it is mostly interest in worldly things that unites one man with another in order that they can make more profit. how great would be this power if man would unite in true brotherhood! as long as this teaching is hidden under a bushel the methods of uniformity cannot be beneficial", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.595447103855967, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.298120"} {"text": "things that unites one man with another in order that they can make more profit. how great would be this power if man would unite in true brotherhood! as long as this teaching is hidden under a bushel the methods of uniformity cannot be beneficial ; they have no life. the world, in spite of any success it may seem to have today, is suffering from the wrong application of a right principle. true life cannot be ours until unity is achieved. it is the work of religion to promote the spirit of unity, in the knowledge and love of god to whom all devotion belongs. man often seeks for psychic, occult, and magnetic powers. this is not the purpose of religion ; these developments come of themselves. where there is life and love, there is magnetism ; love itself is the healing power and the remedy for all pain. all occult powers belong to the divine life, but man should live a natural life and realize the nature of god. the only studies which are worth accomplishing are those which lead to the realization of god, and of unity first with god and then with the self, and so with all. it is not necessary for us to be told that we have progressed ; we ourselves will know when our heart goes forward ; and by loving, forgiving, and serving, our whole life becomes one single vision of the sublime beauty of god.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5658033966270434, "token_count": 275, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.298631"} {"text": "type of surgery last updated : 02 / 17 / 2009 pallidotomy improves the motor ability of patients, especially during \" off \" periods. studies show the procedure generally improves tremor, rigidity, and slowed movements by 25a\u20ac \u201c 60 %. dyskinesias typically improve by 75 % or more. improvements from unilateral... pallidotomy are primarily on the side opposite the surgery. balance does not improve, nor do non - motor symptoms such as drooling, constipation, and orthostatic hypotension ( lightheadness on standing ). pallidotomy is a procedure where a tiny electrical probe is placed in the globus pallidus ( one of the basal ganglia of the brain ), which is then heated to 80 degrees celsius for 60 s, to destroy a small area of brain cells. pallidotomy is used to treat dyskinesias in patients with parkinson ' s disease. on neurosurgery it is important to have new types of procedures, like stereotactic radiosurgery that is a newer type of focused radiation that has been used with some success for patients with metastatic brain tumors find a qualified specialist looking for a specialist? please enter your zip code.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5036292067268062, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.301258"} {"text": "imaging and radiology radiology is a branch of medicine that uses imaging technology to diagnose and treat disease. radiology may be divided into two different areas, diagnostic radiology and interventional radiology. the field of therapeutic radiology, which uses x - rays to treat cancer, is now called radiation oncology. doctors who specialize in radiology are called radiologists. interventional radiology ; diagnostic radiology ; x - ray imaging diagnostic radiology helps health care professionals see structures inside your body. using these images, the radiologist or other physicians can often : - diagnose the cause of your symptoms - monitor how well your body is responding to a treatment you are receiving for your disease or condition - screen for different illnesses, such as breast cancer or heart disease the most common types of diagnostic radiology include : - computed tomography ( ct ), also know as a cat scan ( computerized axial tomography ) - ct angiography - fluoroscopy with scanning, including upper gi and barium enema - magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) - magnetic resonance angiography ( mra ) - nuclear medicine, which includes such tests as a bone scan, thyroid scan, and thallium cardiac stress test - plain x - rays - positron emission tomography, also called pet imaging or a pet scan interventional radiology uses imaging to help guide the doctor when inserting catheters, wires, and other small instruments and tools into your body. doctors can use this technology to diagnose or treat conditions in almost any part of the body, instead of needing to directly look inside of your body through a scope ( camera ) or surgery. some of these conditions include cancers or tumors, blockages in your arteries and veins, fibroids in the uterus, back pain, gallstones and gallbladder problems, and thyroid disorders. the doctor will make no incision ( cut ) or only a very small one. you rarely need to stay in the hospital afterwards. most patients need either conscious sedation ( medicines to help you relax ) or spinal or epidural anesthesia. radiologists who perform these types of procedure receive 1 or 2 extra years of training after they have finished medical school and basic training in radiology. examples of interventional radiology procedures include : - angiography or angioplasty and stent placement - catheter embolization - vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty - needle biopsies of different organs, such as the lungs and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5065724119916448, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.306347"} {"text": "the wakhan valley ( also pronounced vakhan ) is a majestic alpine valley in the badakhshan region of afghanistan and tajikistan ( the \" wakhan corridor \" refers to the part of the valley in afghanistan ). it is located in the pamir mountains in central asia. its upper reaches consist of two wide, hilly plains surrounded by alpine peaks, beginning near the chinese border in one of the most remote regions of the world. further down, where the pamir and wakhan rivers join to form the pyanj river, the valley narrows, finally becoming a severe canyon with roaring river rapids at its end in ishkashem. its muddy rivers are fed by water from huge glaciers on some of the highest mountains on the planet, fantastic views of which are visible throughout the area. regions of tajikistan high peaks on the pakistani side include tirich mir ( 7, 690 m ), and nushak ( 7, 455 m ) to the south ; and karl marx ( 6, 723 m ) and engels ( 6, 507 m ) in the north. access to the valley on the tajik side is from the pamir highway, either from the northeast at alichur, or from the west at khorog. several very high and rough trails lead from the shokhdara valley across the mountains as well. it theoretically is possible to travel from the chinese border from shaimak along pristine lake zorkul ( the headwaters of the pamir river ) ; however this area is a strictly controlled nature preserve ( zapovednik ) and requires a special permit to transit. politically, the valley is divided among three nations ; areas north of the pyanj river belong to tajikistan ( gbao ) ; the land south of the pyanj to the mountain ridges is part of afghanistan ; and the very high mountains to the south are located in pakistan. the wakhan corridor ( the part of the valley belonging to afghanistan ) was created at the end of 19th century by the british empire, to act as a buffer against potential russian ambitions in india during the \" great game \". the peoples on either side of the river speak a similar language and have a shared history ; however, the imperial and soviet periods in the north and islamicization of afghanistan have created a wide cultural gap that is readily apparent. while traveling on the road in the north of the country, one may view right across the valley caravans of camels, led by bearded, armed men in traditional afghan dress ; tajiks on the other", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.44578410005033675, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.313151"} {"text": "wide cultural gap that is readily apparent. while traveling on the road in the north of the country, one may view right across the valley caravans of camels, led by bearded, armed men in traditional afghan dress ; tajiks on the other are western in appearance and only soldiers on patrol may carry weapons. this part of tajikistan is heavily patrolled by the military, with army posts every few kilometers. armed soldiers walk the roads, protecting the area from militants and drug smugglers. the region was strategic even in ancient times ; many armies conquered the area and left fortifications all along the valley, whose ruins still can be seen. there are in fact countless artifacts, ruins, petroglyphs, murals, and islamic and buddhist sites scattered all over the valley. these include the fortress of ratm ( kushan period ), which guards the junction of the pamir and wakhan rivers ; the fortress of kaahka ( 3rd c. bc - 7th c. ad ), which stands high on a rock in the centre of the valley ; and the fortress known as zamri otashparast ( \" castle of fire worshippers \", 3rd c. bc ) near yamchun, set in a completely unassailable spot in a cliff, protected by two deep river canyons ; and the large 4th - 7th c. buddhist complex discovered near vrang. a chain of small, quaint, tidy villages dot the bottom of the valley, each located at a spot where a cascade of fresh water comes gushing out of the steep ridge. the pamiri people are masters of terrace building and hydro - engineering. their houses are cleverly arranged on terraces on the hillsides, so as to make use of the maze of canals and channels, pipes and pools which run everywhere ; none of the precious water is wasted. ancient water - powered grain mills are arranged on the largest channels, providing the locals with flour from their small wheat crops. the terraces are constructed of extensive rock walls and stairs, and well - kept thatch fences and hand - carved gates complete the picturesque landscape. the bottom of the valley is intensively farmed in irrigated areas, with wheat, corn and vegetables most common. most plowing is done using donkeys and oxen and harvesting is done by hand. large fruit and nut trees dominate the villages, and in fall abundant amounts of walnuts, apples, apricots, grapes and other delicious treats are available. though surrounded by extreme high altitude areas with permanent snow cover, the valley actually", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49297459462316645, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.314172"} {"text": "by hand. large fruit and nut trees dominate the villages, and in fall abundant amounts of walnuts, apples, apricots, grapes and other delicious treats are available. though surrounded by extreme high altitude areas with permanent snow cover, the valley actually has a very moderate climate, with temperatures in winter people in the area are incredibly warm and hospitable, always greeting strangers with a bow and a hand over the heart. visitors are always welcome to stay in local homes, and invitations to tea are standard practice. visitors should not miss the chance to stay in a unique, traditional pamiri house! the most astonishingly beautiful of these villages are lyangar, one of the farthest settlements on the tajik side of the valley, where a large gallery of petroglyphs is located ; zong / isor ; shirgik, majestically located on a large rock outcrop ; and vrang, one of the largest towns on the route. ishkashem, at the end of the valley, has been an important trade and transportation center since ancient times, and continues to be to this day. on the opposite side of the river, in afghanistan, the mountains part where the vardush river pours into the pyanj. this valley leads to the afghan city of faizabad. caravans traveling through the wakhan used to stop at an ancient caravansarai here ( 6th - 12th cc. ), and ford the river at that spot into what is now afghanistan, because the route to the northwest was impassable through the pyanj river canyon. today, there are two towns, one in tajikistan and one across the river in afghanistan, the towns are a reasonably busy trade hub for goods passing between the two countries. the tajik town has an exciting \" frontier \" feel, and has an interesting bazaar ; it is a pleasant place to have a traditional meal in a caf? and walk around. recently, the european union built a special trading area near ishkashem, locally called the \" afghan market \", located just across the river in afghanistan proper, in order to provide economic assistance to local afghans ; visitors may attend the bazaar without a visa to afghanistan. it is one of the bizarre highlights of the area, the opportunity to buy chinese and pakistani products from bearded afghan villagers in tajikistan! more useful links :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4271615200220375, "token_count": 480, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.315019"} {"text": "me and you and a dog named blue published in tc today - volume 24, no. 1 angela worked for nickelodeon and alice worked for children ' s television workshop. each of them wanted to create educational television programming for children that would be the best programming around. so they came to teachers college to learn about how children develop and how they learn. as fate would have it, angela and alice took the same class at the same time - \" tv and the development of youth \" - with former assistant professor rosemarie truglio. thus began a collaboration to research and to create one of the most popular educational children ' s television shows : blue ' s clues. blue ' s clues stars a tri - colored blue hound named blue. the show appears twice a day on the nickelodeon network as one of the main features of their nick jr. programming for preschoolers. aside from the animated dog, the show features blue ' s non - animated owner, steve burns, who is the host of the series. steve talks directly to the audience of preschool - age viewers, inviting them to join him in activities and asking for their help when he needs to figure something out. the name \" blue ' s clues \" refers to pawprints left by blue to help steve understand what the dog is trying to say. when steve sees something marked with a pawprint, he draws a picture of it in his \" handy dandy notebook. \" after finding three clues, he sits in his big red and black \" thinking chair \" to discuss the clues with his audience. together, they solve the puzzle. on a deeper level, blue ' s clues is, according to tc alumna and head writer angela santomero ( m. a. developmental psychology, 1995 ), a venue that \" bridges the gap between research and production and brings them to a higher level. \" santomero created the idea for blue ' s clues with producer / director todd kessler and designer traci paige johnson in an effort to produce a game show where children solve problems while learning a curriculum. the curriculum is subtle reinforcement of skills such as color and shape recognition, sorting, vocabulary and problem solving. and, when steve asks the audience for their help, there is also a bit of self - esteem building going on. \" the learning aspect is embedded in what children do, \" santomero explained. \" the older character needs their help with a problem. \" the problems are relatively easy in the beginning of the show, she explained, with each one becoming a little bit harder", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4399064942734652, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.323374"} {"text": "learning aspect is embedded in what children do, \" santomero explained. \" the older character needs their help with a problem. \" the problems are relatively easy in the beginning of the show, she explained, with each one becoming a little bit harder. \" by the third clue, we are sitting in a big thinking chair and have brought preschoolers through a 30 - minute show remembering clues. \" alice wilder, ( ed. d. educational psychology, 1998 ), director of research and development for the show, agreed that the interactive nature of the show ' s design is key to learning. \" they watch it and participate in it and ' the knowledge for themselves, \" she explained. wilder was at teachers college working on her dissertation about the effectiveness of instructional programs for students with learning disabilities when santomero called and asked her to watch the pilot she had created with kessler and johnson. \" when angela called me and showed me the pilot, i cried, \" wilder said. \" i saw so many of the things we had learned in school. i could see them becoming a reality in the show they had created. \" santomero had other reasons for showing the pilot to wilder. \" in order to do 20 episodes, i needed someone who was completely smart, who could understand the kids and the show, and bridge the gap between research and production, \" she explained. \" so i told her, need someone just like you. ' \" wilder ' s background in working with producers and writers at children ' s television workshop enhanced her qualifications as a researcher for this project. wilder was also getting what she called \" great research experience \" at teachers college while working on her doctorate. she saw this as her opportunity to \" take what i was learning about kids and apply it to the medium of television. \" not only was it rare to have a research department as part of a production, but santomero came up with an idea to bring another unusual element to the show. \" we want kids to master the concepts, \" she said. \" one way of doing that is to air the same show every day for a week. \" according to what they were hearing from teachers, parents and grandparents, repetition is one of the most important strategies used in teaching children of this age group. \" it was something different, and it was scary to present it to nickelodeon, \" santomero confessed. \" but they are big on research and they understood the power of hearing from our audience to create programming strategy. with blue ' s clues, we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.501656631986679, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.324514"} {"text": "it was something different, and it was scary to present it to nickelodeon, \" santomero confessed. \" but they are big on research and they understood the power of hearing from our audience to create programming strategy. with blue ' s clues, we make decisions based on the research. \" santomero said that she and wilder \" created a curriculum together from alice ' s expertise and from our mission, which is to empower, challenge and increase the self - esteem of preschoolers while making them laugh. how to do that comes from what alice does. \" every script has a goal sheet attached to it that outlines the theme of that particular show and the overall goal. a team of three researchers conducts what they call a \" concept test \" on every script by sitting down with preschoolers in their day - care centers. while playing out the script with the children, the researchers keep track of how they respond. then they analyze what happened and why. \" we test every script three to four times before an episode gets on the air, \" wilder said. according to santomero, it can take up to ten months of research and production before a show is finally ready. this time and effort has apparently reaped rewards both financially and critically. a recent article in tv guide noted that, \" since blue ' s clues premiered in september 1996, it has snowballed into the most watched show on television among preschoolers... \" the article went on to say that experts in the field \" adore it. \" \" blue ' s clues, \" says writer david handelman, \" is one of those rare instances when commercial television is both creative and educational without sacrificing entertainment value. \" \" we make the show as good as we can, and there are people out there trying to document if we are fulfilling the mission, \" explained wilder. \" we found that kids who watch blue ' s clues scored higher in kindergarten readiness skills than the kids who don ' t watch the show. \" but the most touching story about how the show is affecting viewers came from a parent who contacted santomero. \" a mother called us to tell us that her son is autistic and won ' t talk to her and her husband, \" santomero explained. \" the first word he spoke was to steve ( the host of blue ' s clues ). \" \" we don ' t realize the impact and influence that tv has, \" she continued. that influence, she believes, goes beyond the show ' s production. with its", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43461384364060984, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.325634"} {"text": "he spoke was to steve ( the host of blue ' s clues ). \" \" we don ' t realize the impact and influence that tv has, \" she continued. that influence, she believes, goes beyond the show ' s production. with its popularity in the united states and abroad ( there is currently a british version with german, italian and latin american editions being developed ), the usual spin - off products - clothes, toys, books, and dolls - are filling shelves in stores around the country. \" we meet with people who are creating toys and talk about how influential toys can be, \" santomero explained. \" we put the same influence into each toy that we put into production of the show. \" \" the same situation occurred with one of the licensers doing a line of blue ' s clues clothing, \" wilder added. \" we thought, what can we do to help children dress themselves? \" after speaking to parents about their children ' s dressing habits and what would make children feel good about themselves, the results were the addition of bigger buttons, color - matched buttons and buttonholes, and elastic - waist pants. \" we don ' t try to pretend we know everything, but we don ' t want to just see blue on a t - shirt, \" santomero said. \" the clothing manufacturers are the experts in their business and we are the experts in our business. we are trying to keep that marriage as manageable as possible. \" when a show starts out with such a noble basis and becomes enormously popular, it ' s not unusual for the initial goal to fall by the wayside. santomero said she is excited by the success of blue ' s clues but, \" i stay as focused as i can on why we are here and what we are doing. i just want to change the way tv is for preschoolers. \" she noted that self - esteem is formed at the preschool stage, and that preschoolers are the foundation for the next generation. if blue ' s clues can improve that foundation, then they are meeting their goals. \" it is a dream, like being in the classroom but reaching millions of kids at a time, \" santomero said with a smile. \" it ' s pretty cool. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46515339373171816, "token_count": 456, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.326532"} {"text": "i ' m sure you ' ve heard that abusing alcohol hurts your health. but how many years of drinking do you think it takes to visibly affect your brain? ten years? twenty? it turns out that it doesn ' t take that long at all \u2014 in fact, scientists can already see changes in the brains of teenagers who drink. in a new research study, professor susan tapert of the university of california at san diego used an imaging machine called an mri to scan the brains of teens who binge drink \u2014 defined as drinking 4 or 5 ( or more ) drinks in a couple of hours. dr. tapert found that the \" white matter \" in their brains \u2014 the part that transmits signals, like a television cable or a computer usb cord \u2014 was abnormal when compared with the white matter of teens who don ' t binge drink. transmitting signals is a big part of what the brain does, so affecting the white matter in this way could also affect thinking, learning, and memory. the really scary part is that these teens weren ' t alcoholics, and they didn ' t drink every day. all they did ( to be considered \" binge drinkers \" ) was drink at least four ( for women ) or five ( for men ) drinks in one sitting, at least one time during the previous three months. how could it be possible for just a few sessions of heavy drinking to affect the white matter of the brain? well, science has shown that alcohol can poison brain cells and can alter the brain ' s white matter in adult alcoholics. dr. tapert thinks that teenagers ' brains are even more susceptible this way. she says, \" because the brain is still developing during adolescence, there has been concern that it may be more vulnerable to high doses of alcohol. \" many questions still remain, including how long it takes before these changes occur, and how much they affect the function of the brain. to figure this out, scientists would have to look at the binge drinkers ' brains before and after they started drinking. that way, they can tell if the differences might have already been there before the teens started drinking. it ' s possible that having abnormal white matter in the brain somehow increases the chance of being a binge drinker. in order to answer that question, dr. tapert says they need to do longer studies that follow teens ' brain growth over time. the bottom line? if you ' re a teen, drinking to the point of getting drunk could damage the white matter of your brain \u2014 even if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46545701345444673, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.329170"} {"text": "a full and active life supported by caring relationships can reduce the occurrence of challenging behaviors in people with intellectual and / or developmental disabilities1. however, if such behaviors occur, people with intellectual and / or developmental disabilities and those who support them must have access to positive behavioral supports that focus on improved quality of life as well as reductions in the behaviors. people with intellectual and / or developmental disabilities need supportive and caring relationships in order to develop full and active lives. historically, people with intellectual and / or developmental disabilities across the age span have frequently been subjected to aversive procedures ( i. e., electric shock, cold water sprays and deprivations like withholding food or visitation with friends and family ) that may cause physical pain, discomfort and / or psychological harm. children and adults with intellectual and / or developmental disabilities are frequently subjected to physical restraint, including the use of life - threatening prone restraint and seclusion for long periods of time. research indicates that aversive procedures such as deprivation, physical restraint and seclusion do not reduce challenging behaviors, and in fact can inhibit the development of appropriate skills and behaviors. these practices are dangerous, dehumanizing, result in a loss of dignity, and are unacceptable in a civilized society. research - based positive behavioral supports should be readily available in natural settings including the family home. families, caregivers, educators, direct support personnel, and other professionals and paraprofessionals should be provided with training and support in implementing effective positive behavioral interventions and supports in all environments. behavioral supports should be individually designed and positive, emphasize learning, offer choice and social integration, be culturally appropriate, and include modifying environments as needed. the arc and aaidd are opposed to all aversive procedures, such as electric shock, deprivation, seclusion and isolation. interventions must not withhold essential food and drink, cause physical and / or psychological pain or result in humiliation or discomfort. physical restraints should only be used as a last resort to eliminate the danger of physical injury to self or others. the following factors should be considered in developing a positive behavioral intervention plan : - the circumstances and environment in which the behavior occurred ; - the perspectives of the individual, his or her family and their social / cultural background and values ; - the contributing factors, such as physical or medical conditions, social and environmental influences ; - the completeness and accuracy of any data which has been collected about the behavior ; - the nature, extent, and frequency of the perceived challenging behavior ; and - the function of the behavior, especially what", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5106515307722455, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.334370"} {"text": "or medical conditions, social and environmental influences ; - the completeness and accuracy of any data which has been collected about the behavior ; - the nature, extent, and frequency of the perceived challenging behavior ; and - the function of the behavior, especially what the person may be trying to communicate. further, any positive behavioral inventions must also include consideration of : - the potential secondary effects and risks associated with the intervention ; - the legal, social and ethical implications ; - the ease and practicality of implementation ; and - the consistency with values of the individual \u2019 s culture. positive behavioral supports should be : - designed in a person - centered process involving the individual ; - developed within the broader context of providing quality medical, psychological, educational, and facilitative services ; - based on a functional analysis of the behavior and the circumstances under which it occurred, a thorough assessment of each individual \u2019 s unique abilities and contributions, and an understanding of how previous interventions worked ; - provided through a least restrictive strategy and described in a written plan ; - grounded in evidence - based procedures that will : - prevent challenging behaviors ; - teach new skills that may replace challenging behaviors ; - prevent the on - going reward of a challenging behavior ; - reinforce positive behavior ; - ensure safety ( when necessary ) ; and - provide systemic information on the effectiveness of the support. - used in a humane and caring manner respecting individual dignity ; - implemented in positive, socially supportive and culturally appropriate environments, including the home ; - carried out by individuals ( i. e., staff, family members and others ) who have been trained and are qualified to effectively apply positive, non - aversive approaches ; - include adaptations to the environment and reinforcers that people with intellectual and / or developmental disabilities and their families identify as positive ; and - monitored continuously and systematically to ensure appropriate implementation and that the support is consistent with individual needs, positive in its methods, successful in achieving established goals, and changed in a timely fashion if success is not evident or occurring at an appropriate rate. | | board of directors, aaidd july 18, 2010 | | board of directors, the arc of the united states august 23, 2010 | | congress of delegates november 6, 2010 1 \u201c people with intellectual and / or developmental disabilities \u201d refers to those defined by aaidd classification and dsm iv. in everyday language they are frequently referred to as people with cognitive, intellectual and / or developmental disabilities although the professional and legal definitions of those terms both include others and exclude some defined by dsm iv.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4891457136680558, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.336199"} {"text": "his government than it had been under the governments of such men as pierce and buchanan, who made use of sectionalism and slavery to promote the selfish interests of themselves and their party \u2026 ignorance was the parent of the civil war, as it has been the parent of many other evils, \u2014 ignorance of the character and purpose of the man who was chosen president in 1860 \u2013 61, and who entered upon official life with less animosity toward his opponents than ever before or since had been felt by a man elected to a great place after a bitter and exciting contest \u2026 that one of the most insignificant of [ the secessionists \u2019 ] number should have murdered the man whose election they declared to be cause for war is nothing strange, being in perfect keeping with their whole course. the wretch who shot the chief magistrate of the republic is of hardly more account than was the weapon which he used. the real murderers of mr. lincoln are the men whose action brought about the civil war. booth \u2019 s deed was a logical proceeding, following strictly from the principles avowed by the rebels, and in harmony with their course during the last five years. the fall of a public man by the hand of an assassin always affects the mind more strongly than it is affected by the fall of thousands of men in battle ; but in strictness, booth, vile as his deed was, can be held to have been no worse, morally, than was that old gentleman who insisted upon being allowed the privilege of firing the first shot at fort sumter. ruffin \u2019 s act is not so disgusting as booth \u2019 s ; but of the two men, booth exhibited the greater courage, \u2014 courage of the basest kind, indeed, but sure to be attended with the heaviest risks, as the hand of every man would be directed against its exhibitor. had the rebels succeeded, ruffin would have been honored by his fellows ; but even a successful southern confederacy would have been too hot a country for the abode of a wilful murderer. such a man would have been no more pleasantly situated even in south carolina than was benedict arnold in england. and as he chose to become an assassin after the event of the war had been decided, and when his victim was bent upon sparing southern feeling so far as it could be spared without injustice being done to the country, booth must have expected to find his act condemned by every rational southern man as a worse than useless crime, as a blunder of the very first magnitude. had he succeeded in getting abroad, secession exiles would have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44211294365325865, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.345256"} {"text": "without injustice being done to the country, booth must have expected to find his act condemned by every rational southern man as a worse than useless crime, as a blunder of the very first magnitude. had he succeeded in getting abroad, secession exiles would have shunned him, and have treated him as one who had brought an ineffaceable stain on their cause, and also had rendered their restoration to their homes impossible. the pistol - shot of sergeant corbett saved him from the gallows, and it saved him also from the denunciations of the men whom he thought to serve. he exhibited, therefore, a species of courage that is by no means common ; for he not only risked his life, and rendered it impossible for honorable men to sympathize with him, but he ran the hazard of being denounced and cast off by his own party \u2026 all secessionists who retain any self - respect must rejoice that one whose doings brought additional ignominy on a cause that could not well bear it has passed away and gone to his account. it would have been more satisfactory to loyal men, if he had been reserved for the gallows ; but even they must admit that it is a terrible trial to any people who get possession of an odious criminal, because they may be led so to act as to disgrace themselves, and to turn sympathy in the direction of the evil - doer \u2026 therefore the shot of sergeant corbett is not to be regretted, save that it gave too honorable a form of death to one who had earned all that there is of disgraceful in that mode of dying to which a peculiar stigma is attached by the common consent of mankind. whether booth was the agent of a band of conspirators, or was one of a few vile men who sought an odious immortality, it is impossible to say. we have the authority of a high government official for the statement that \u201c the president \u2019 s murder was organized in canada and approved at richmond \u201d ; but the evidence in support of this extraordinary announcement is, doubtless for the best of reasons, withheld at the time we write. there is nothing improbable in the supposition that the assassination plot was formed in canada, as some of the vilest miscreants of the secession side have been allowed to live in that country \u2026 but it is not probable that british subjects had anything to do with any conspiracy of this kind. the canadian error was in allowing the scum of secession to abuse the \u201c right of hospitality \u201d through the pursuit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4619733336300098, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.346357"} {"text": "have been allowed to live in that country \u2026 but it is not probable that british subjects had anything to do with any conspiracy of this kind. the canadian error was in allowing the scum of secession to abuse the \u201c right of hospitality \u201d through the pursuit of hostile action against us from the territory of a neutral \u2026 that a plan to murder president lincoln should have been approved at richmond is nothing strange ; and though such approval would have been supremely foolish, what but supreme folly is the chief characteristic of the whole southern movement? if the seal of richmond \u2019 s approval was placed on a plan formed in canada, something more than the murder of mr. lincoln was intended. it must have been meant to kill every man who could legally take his place, either as president or as president pro tempore. the only persons who had any title to step into the presidency on mr. lincoln \u2019 s death were mr. johnson, who became president on the 15th of april, and mr. foster, one of the connecticut senators, who is president of the senate \u2026 it does not appear that any attempt was made on the life of mr. foster, though mr. johnson was on the list of those doomed by the assassins ; and the savage attack made on mr. seward shows what those assassins were capable of. but had all the members of the administration been struck down at the same time, it is not at all probable that \u201c anarchy \u201d would have been the effect, though to produce that must have been the object aimed at by the conspirators. anarchy is not so easily brought about as persons of an anarchical turn of mind suppose. the training we have gone through since the close of 1860 has fitted us to bear many rude assaults on order without our becoming disorderly. our conviction is, that, if every man who held high office at washington had been killed on the 14th of april, things would have gone pretty much as we have seen them go, and that thus the american people would have vindicated their right to be considered a self - governing race. it would not be a very flattering thought, that the peace of the country is at the command of any dozen of hardened ruffians who should have the capacity to form an assassination plot, the discretion to keep silent respecting their purpose, and the boldness and the skill requisite to carry it out to its most minute details : for the neglect of one of those details might be fatal to the whole project. society does not exist in such peril as that. john wilkes booth,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4417105534522167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.347508"} {"text": "and the boldness and the skill requisite to carry it out to its most minute details : for the neglect of one of those details might be fatal to the whole project. society does not exist in such peril as that. john wilkes booth, a maryland native, spent the war performing in theatrical productions. but the conflict was never far from his mind. in a letter to his mother, he expressed chagrin that he hadn \u2019 t joined the confederate army, writing, \u201c i have \u2026 begun to deem myself a coward, and to despise my own existence. \u201d he was outraged by the reelection of lincoln, whom he viewed as the instigator of all the country \u2019 s woes. the month after the inauguration, booth learned that lincoln would be attending a performance at ford \u2019 s theatre on april 14. that night, he crept into lincoln \u2019 s theater box and shot him in the back of the head. it was the first time a president had been murdered. \u201c wanted \u201d posters were issued for booth, and on april 26, he was cornered in a tobacco barn and shot by a federal sergeant, who acted against orders to bring him in alive. several months later, charles creighton hazewell, a frequent atlantic contributor, sought to make sense of the assassination \u2014 speculating that the plot may have been hatched in canada ( where a number of secessionist schemes had originated ) and hinting at evidence that the plan had been endorsed at the highest levels of the confederate government. read the full text of this article here. this article available online at :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43589608096338245, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.348134"} {"text": "christmas lights powered by poop research at uc denver proves viability of waste as energy source last updated : 879 days ago a small lighted christmas tree in a uc denver laboratory proves the practicality of a novel renewable energy source, and points to its enormous potential. jason ren, an assistant professor of civil engineering, calls it \" bug power \" referring to the millions of bacteria that help generate electricity from wastewater. the process creates two desirable byproducts. \" those bacteria are able to consume the waste and produce electricity as well as clean water, \" ren said. bacteria in the microbial fuel cells essentially eat the waste and give off electrons in the process. those electrons are then captured by a graphite brush. also, ren recently discovered that salt water could be turned to fresh water as a third, simultaneous function. \" electricity on one side, treating wastewater on the other side, while desalinating sea water in the middle, \" ren said, pointing to a small three - chambered reactor. \" i think it ' s pretty promising, \" said jae - do park, an assistant professor of electrical engineering. he is working to make the electricity functional. \" to harvest the energy from the fuel cell in the most efficient way, and at the same time to form that power from the fuel cell into a usable shape, \" park said. the glowing led lights on the laboratory christmas tree are proof that it ' s possible to turn poop into power using bacteria. the microbial fuel cell research is gaining attention and from high places. the environmental protection agency and the u. s. navy have both provided grants to help advance the technology and its applications.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5382431572034458, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.350998"} {"text": "indonesia digging up too much coal : greenpeace indonesia \u2019 s ambitious plans to boost coal production and exports from kalimantan are ill - advised and not worth the environmental and social cost, according to a key report from greenpeace. in the \u201c point of no return \u201d report released last week, the environmental group said the indonesian government was one of a handful of governments helping \u201c push the world past the point of no return \u201d by pursuing massive coal, oil and gas projects that would produce as much new carbon dioxide emissions in 2020 as the entire united states. \u201c these new climate - changing mega - projects are the direct result of the hypocrisy shown by a handful of governments, \u201d kumi naidoo, the executive director of greenpeace international, said in a press release on the organization \u2019 s website. \u201c these governments claim they want to prevent catastrophic climate change, but shamefully continue to approve and promote major fossil fuel projects that will lead to climate chaos and devastation, \u201d he added. in indonesia \u2019 s case, the report said, the government was risking the livelihoods of indigenous people and the rich biodiversity in kalimantan by continuing to increase coal production. \u201c as a result of expansion in kalimantan, indonesia \u2019 s coal output has been surging \u2014 reaching an average growth rate of 20 percent a year since 2000, from 77 million tons a year to 325 million tons in 2011, \u201d the report said. \u201c the planned increase in coal exports would produce an additional 460mt [ megatons ] of greenhouse gas emissions, as much co2 as the entire emissions of the uk in 2010. \u201d the report warned that in order to achieve that increase, mining firms would expand their operations onto land belonging to indigenous groups, resulting in polluted groundwater, loss of livelihoods, health problems and disputes. \u201c while the indonesian government pays lip service to environmental sustainability in the master plan for the acceleration and expansion of indonesia \u2019 s economic development ( mp3ei ), it largely ignores the terrible price those living around the mines will have to pay, \u201d greenpeace said. \u201c reports have surfaced of the oppression of those speaking out against the destructive mining practices. \u201d mining operations would also threaten huge swaths of rainforest that are home to endangered species such as the orangutan, thereby racking up major environmental and social costs, greenpeace said. \u201c now, the indonesian government is planning to spend public money on infrastructure investments and incentives that aim to dramatically increase coal exports from kalimantan even further. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40073582711243527, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.354575"} {"text": "the siddur that saved a life an extract from in search of holiness, a newly published collection of writings of the late rabbi ephraim gastwirth. follow the jc on twitter the real sermons in life, those which have the greatest impact, are not those which are delivered from the lofty tower of a pulpit to a congregation who are, for the most part, disinclined to be influenced by what they hear. the effective sermons are those that take us unawares, sideways, without our realizing that we are listening to something that will change our lives. such a sermon came to me in shul, but it was not from the rabbi, nor was it spoken from the pulpit. it came from my neighbour and it was delivered off the cuff, in a bitter tone and during the service! he occupied the seat next to mine, and he used to pray in an old and somewhat battered pocket siddur, the pages of which often drifted to the floor, so that he had to wriggle under the seat to retrieve them. once, somewhat irritated by these manoeuverings, i presumed to suggest, only half in jest, that it was time he bought a new siddur. he turned to me, his face flushed with anger. \" this siddur saved my life, and it will be buried with me \". my irritation gave way to curiosity and i looked sympathetic so that he was encouraged to continue. \" as you know \", he said, \" i spent three years in auschwitz. somehow, i managed to smuggle in my tefillin and this siddur. i was young and strong and so i was allocated to work in the adjacent arms factory which utilized the inmates of the concentration camp as slave labour \". \" we lived surrounded by death, the slightest sign of illness or weakness meant instant dispatch to the gas chambers. one lived by faith alone. every morning i would rise a little before the others, put on my tefillin and pray in this siddur \". and he grasped it until his knuckles were white. \" one day stands out in my mind as even more terrible than the rest. i had returned from work, weak and exhausted as usual. automatically, i slipped my hand into my hiding place to feel for my tefillin, they were gone! without them i felt that i had neither the strength nor the will to survive. every morning they had given me an injection of courage ; they had raised me above an inferno worse than anything dante had imagined. they connected", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4369862809299388, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.359963"} {"text": "mothers preparing the family meals for a week have been advised to replace meat with beans or lentils once a week \u2013 a move which could help to \u201c fix the world \u2019 s broken food system \u201d. the suggestion is part of a new worldwide campaign by oxfam to address the world \u2019 s food imbalance, pointing out that the amount of food thrown away by people in richer countries is almost the same amount as that produced by all of sub - saharan africa. the campaign follows a survey carried out among mothers living in urban areas, in which 73 per cent said they would like to know how to make a difference when shopping for food, and 83 per cent said they would be interested in using less energy when cooking. oxfam ireland said the results of the survey \u2013 which also showed over three - quarters of respondents saying they would be happy to make changes like offering one meat - free meal a week \u2013 showed an opportunity to harness \u201c the immense power of the individual \u201d. chief executive jim clarken said the campaign hoped to get across the message that individual people can together be \u201c a powerful force for change \u201d. \u201c what we do in the supermarket or in the kitchen does matter. small actions taken by enough people add up, \u201d he said. oxfam \u2019 s five suggestions are : - eating less meat : oxfam says urban households in the us, uk, brazil and spain ate one meat - free meal per week for a year, the greenhouse gas emissions saved would be the equivalent of scrapping 3. 7 million cars ; - reduce food waste : if one in six apples is thrown away, this adds up to 5. 3 billion apples a year \u2013 the equivalent to 10 billion barrels of oil in terms of growing, trading and decomposing the apples thrown away ; - support small food producers : the welfare of 90, 000 cocoa farms could be transformed if consumers bought two fair trade chocolate bars per month instead of an alternative ; - buy seasonal : buying food that is out of season creates extra demand for it, which results in the use of more energy for storage and production ; - cook smarter : simple actions like putting a lid on a boiling pot can cut energy use by up to 70 per cent. \u201c if enough people act, the reverberations will be felt right along the food chain, \u201d clarken said. oxfam international \u2019 s full report on the global food system can be downloaded here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42056512006963864, "token_count": 489, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.364018"} {"text": "reforming the reformation a description of christ - richard sibbes ( 1577 - 1635 ) was a puritan theologian, cambridge academic, and much - loved author. view all resources by richard sibbes \" behold my servant, whom i have chosen ; my beloved, in whom my soul is well pleased : i will put my spirit upon him, and he shall shew judgement to the gentiles. he shall not strive, nor cry ; neither shall any man hear his voice in the streets, \" & c. \u2014 matt. 12 : 18. the words are the accomplishment of a prophecy, taken out of isaiah 52 : 1, 2, as we may see by the former verse, ' that it might be fulfilled. ' now the occasion of bringing them in here in this verse, it is a charge that christ gives, verse 16, that they should not reveal and make him known because of the miracles he did. he withdraws himself ; he was desirous to be concealed, he would not allow himself to be seen over much, for he knew the rebellious disposition of the jews, who were eager to change their government, and to make him king. therefore, he laboured to conceal himself in various ways. now, upon this injunction, that they should tell nobody, he brings in the prophet isaiah prophesying of him, ' behold my servant, & c. ; he shall not strive nor cry, neither shall any man hear his voice in the streets. ' other kings labour that their pomp and magnificence may be seen ; but he does not desire ostentation, he shall not be contentious nor clamorous. for these three things are meant when he says, ' he shall not strive, nor cry, neither shall his voice be heard in the streets ; ' he shall not yield himself to any ostentation, for he came in an abased state to work our salvation ; he shall not be contentious, nor yet clamorous in matter of wrong ; there shall be no boasting any kind of way, as we shall see when we come to the words. you see, then, the inference here. the purpose of the prophet isaiah is to comfort the people, and to direct them how to come to worship the true god, after he had preached against their idolatry, as we see in the former chapter, ' behold my servant, ' & c. great princes have their ambassadors, and the great god of heaven has his son, his servant in whom he delights", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4338648694916945, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.465836"} {"text": "after he had preached against their idolatry, as we see in the former chapter, ' behold my servant, ' & c. great princes have their ambassadors, and the great god of heaven has his son, his servant in whom he delights, through whom, and by whom, all dealings between god and man are. as is usual in the prophecies, especially of isaiah, that evangelical prophet, when he foretells anything to comfort the people in the promise of temporal things, he rises to establish their faith in better things. he does this by adding to them a prophecy, a promise of christ the messiah, to assert thus much : i will send you the messiah, and that is a greater gift than this that i have promised you ; therefore you may be sure of the lesser one. as the apostle reasons excellently, ' if he spared not his own son, but delivered him to death for us all, how shall he not with him give us all things? ' rom. 8 : 32. so here, i have promised you deliverance out of babylon, and this and that ; do you doubt of the performance? alas! what is that in comparison to a greater favour i intend for you in christ, that shall deliver you out of another type of babylon? ' behold my servant whom i have chosen ; ' and in isaiah 7 : 14, ' behold a virgin shall conceive, and bear a son, ' & c. i will send you the messiah ; god shall become man ; therefore, i will not stand for any outward favour or deliverance whatsoever. so he goes on to the grand promise, that they might reason from the greater to the less. there is another purpose, why in other promises there is mention of the promise of the messiah : to uphold their faith. alas! we are unworthy of these promises, we are so laden with sin and iniquity. it is no matter, i will send you the messiah. ' behold my servant in whom my soul delighteth, ' and for his sake i will delight in you. i am well pleased with you, because i am well pleased in him ; therefore, be not discouraged. all the promises are yea and amen in jesus christ, ' 2 cor. 1 : 20 ; for all the promises that be, though they be for the things of this life, they are made for christ, they are yea in him, and they are performed for his sake, they are amen in him. so", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4377388473720821, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.469523"} {"text": "1 : 20 ; for all the promises that be, though they be for the things of this life, they are made for christ, they are yea in him, and they are performed for his sake, they are amen in him. so much for the occasion of the quotation in the evangelist st matthew, and likewise in the prophet isaiah. to come more directly to the words, ' behold my servant whom i have chosen, my beloved in whom my soul is well pleased, ' & c. in the words you have a description of christ, and his nearness to god : behold my servant whom i have chosen, my beloved in whom my soul is well pleased. ' and then his calling and attainments : ' i will put my spirit upon him. ' and the execution of that calling : ' he shall shew judgment to the gentiles. ' then the quiet and peaceable manner of the execution of his calling : ' he shall not strive nor cry, neither shall any man hear his voice in the streets, ' & c. behold! \u2014 this word is as it were a lighted beacon. in all the evangelists you have this word often repeated, and the prophets likewise when they speak of christ ; there is no almost prophecy but there is this word, ' behold. ' why? the use of it in the prophet, especially out of which these words are taken, was to present christ to the hearts of the people of god at that time ; therefore he says, ' behold, ' for christ was present to the believers then. christ did profit them before he was, he did good before he was exhibited, because he was ' the lamb of god slain from the beginning of the world, ' rev. 13 : 8 ; he was yesterday as well as to - day, and tomorrow as well as to - day, ' yesterday, to - day, and the same for over, ' heb. 13 : 8. he was present to their faith, present to them in types and sacrifices, and present in god ' s acceptation of him for them. therefore, the prophets mount up with the wing of prophecy, and seeing the certainty of the things to come, they speak as if they were present, as if they had looked on christ before them, ' behold my servant, ' and ' behold a virgin, ' & c. but that is not all. another purpose of this word ' behold, ' was to call the people ' s minds from their miseries, and from other abasing objects", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4459530567408062, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.470972"} {"text": "' behold my servant, ' and ' behold a virgin, ' & c. but that is not all. another purpose of this word ' behold, ' was to call the people ' s minds from their miseries, and from other abasing objects that dejected them, which might force them to despair. why do you dwell upon your unworthiness and sin? raise up your mind, ' behold my servant whom i have chosen, ' & c. this is an object worth beholding and admiring, especially by a distressed soul that may see in christ whatsoever may comfort it. a third purpose of it is to raise the mind from any vulgar, common, base contentments. you look on these things, and are carried away with common trivial objects, as the poor disciples when they came to the temple ; they stood wondering at the stones. what wondrous stones! what a great building is here! ( mark 13 : 1 ) so shallow - minded men, when they see any earthly excellency, they stand gazing. alas, says christ, do you wonder at these things? in the same way the prophet here raises up the minds of men to look on an object fit to be looked on, ' behold my servant, ' & c. he intends that the holy ghost would have them from this saving object, christ, to receive satisfaction to their souls in every way. are you dejected? here is comfort. are you sinful? here is righteousness. are you led away with present contentments? here you have honours, and pleasures, and all in christ jesus. you have a right to common pleasures that others have, and besides them you have claim to others that are everlasting pleasures that shall never fail, so that there is nothing that is dejecting and abasing in man, but there is comfort for it in christ jesus ; he is a salve for every sore, a remedy for every malady ; therefore, ' behold my servant. ' my servant. \u2014 christ is called a servant, first, in respect of his creation, because being a man, as a creature he was a servant. but that is not all. he was a servant in respect of his condition. servant implies a base and low condition, philip. 2 : 7. christ took upon him the form of a servant ; he emptied himself ; he was the lowest of all servants in condition : for none was ever so abased as our glorious saviour. and then, it is a name of office, as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47076205712342406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.472186"} {"text": ". christ took upon him the form of a servant ; he emptied himself ; he was the lowest of all servants in condition : for none was ever so abased as our glorious saviour. and then, it is a name of office, as well as of base condition. there are ordinary servants and extraordinary, as great kings have their servants of state. despite his abasement, christ was a servant of state, he was an ambassador sent from the great god ; a prophet, a priest, and a king, as we shall see afterwards ; an extraordinary servant, to do a work of service that all the angels in heaven, and all the men on the earth joined together, could not perform. this great masterpiece of service was to bring god and man together again, that were at variance, as it is, 1 peter 3 : 18, ' to bring us to god. ' we were severed and scattered from god. his office was to gather us together again, to bring us all to one head again, to bring us to himself, and so to god, to reconcile us, as the scripture phrase is, col. 1 : 20. now, it being the greatest work and service that over was, it required the greatest servant ; for no creature in the world could perform it. all the angels of heaven would have sunk under this service. they could never have given satisfaction to divine justice ; for the angels themselves, when they sinned, could not recover themselves, but sunk under their own sin eternally. thus we see how christ is god ' s servant, who set him apart, and chose him to this service. and then he was a servant to us ; for the son of man came to minister, not to be ministered unto, matt. 20 : 28. he washed his disciples ' feet. he was a servant to us, because he did our work and suffered our punishment ; we made him serve by our sins, as the prophet says, isa. 53 : 24. he is a servant that bears another man ' s burden. there was a double burden \u2014 of obedience active, and obedience passive. he bore them both. he came under the law for us, both doing what we should have done, and indeed far more acceptably, and suffering that we should have suffered, and far more acceptably. he being our surety, being a more excellent person, he did bear our burden, and did our work, therefore he was god ' s servant, and our servant ; and god ' s servant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.476982741319246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.473240"} {"text": "should have suffered, and far more acceptably. he being our surety, being a more excellent person, he did bear our burden, and did our work, therefore he was god ' s servant, and our servant ; and god ' s servant, because he was our servant, because he came to do a work on our behalf. herein appears the admirable love and care of god to us wretched creatures, here is matter of wonderment. whence comes it that christ is a servant? it is from the wondrous love of god, and the wondrous love of christ. to be so abased, it was wondrous love in god to give him to us to be so abased, and the wondrous misery we were in, that we could not otherwise be freed from ; for such was the pride of man, that he, being man, would exalt himself to be like god. god became man, he became a servant to expiate our pride in adam, so that it is wondrous in the spring of it. there was no such love as christ ' s to become a servant, there was no such misery as we were in, out of which we were delivered by this abasement of christ becoming a servant ; so it is wondrous in that regard, springing from the infinite love and mercy of god, which is greater in the work of redemption and reconciliation than in the creation of the world, for the distance between nothing and something was less than the distance between sin and happiness. for nothing adds no opposition ; but to be in a sinful state there is opposition. therefore it was greater love and mercy for god, when we were sinful, and so obnoxious to eternal destruction, to make us of sinners, not only men, but to make us happy, to make us heirs of heaven out of a sinful and cursed estate, than to make us of nothing something, to make us men in adam, for there god prevailed over nothing, but here his mercy triumphed over that which is opposite to god, over sinfulness and cursedness. to show that the creature cannot be so low but there is somewhat in god above the misery of the creature, his mercy shall triumph over the basest estate where he will show mercy. therefore there is mercy above all mercy and love above all love, in that christ was a servant. is the lord christ a servant? this should teach us not to stand upon any terms. if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4823671283340688, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.474338"} {"text": "over the basest estate where he will show mercy. therefore there is mercy above all mercy and love above all love, in that christ was a servant. is the lord christ a servant? this should teach us not to stand upon any terms. if christ had stood upon terms, if he had refused to take upon him the shape of a servant, alas! where had we and our salvation been? and yet wretched creatures, we think ourselves too good to do god and our brethren any service. christ stood not upon his greatness, but, being equal with god, he became a servant. oh! we should dismount from the tower of our conceited excellency. the heart of man is a proud creature, a proud piece of flesh. men stand upon their distance. what! shall i stoop to him? i am thus and thus. we should descend from the heaven of our conceit, and take upon us the form of servants, and abase ourselves to do good to others, even to any, and account it an honour to do any good to others in the places we are in. christ did not think himself too good to leave heaven, to conceal and veil his majesty under the veil of our flesh, to work our redemption, to bring us out of the cursed estate we were in. shall we think ourselves too good for any service? who for shame can be proud when he thinks of this, that god was abased? shall god be abased, and man proud? shall god become a servant, and shall we that are servants think much to serve our fellow - servants? let us learn this lesson, to abase ourselves ; we cannot have a better pattern to look unto than our blessed saviour. a christian is the greatest freeman in the world ; he is free from the wrath of god, free from hell and damnation, from the curse of the law ; but then, though he be free in these respects, yet, in regard of love, he is the greatest servant. love abases him to do all the good he can ; and the more the spirit of christ is in us, the more it will abase us to anything wherein we can be serviceable. then, again, here is comfort for us, that christ, in whatsoever he did in our redemption, is god ' s servant. he is appointed by god to the work ; so, both god and christ meet together in the work. christ is a voluntary in it, for he emptied himself,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47283741291394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.475343"} {"text": "that christ, in whatsoever he did in our redemption, is god ' s servant. he is appointed by god to the work ; so, both god and christ meet together in the work. christ is a voluntary in it, for he emptied himself, he took upon him the form of a servant, phil. 2 : 6, he came from heaven voluntarily. and then withal the father joins with him, the father appointed him and sent him, the father laid him as the corner - stone, the father sealed him, as it is, john 6 : 27, the father set him out, as it is, rom. 3 : 25. ' he has set him out as the propitiatory. ' therefore, when we think of reconciliation and redemption, and salvation wrought by christ, let us comfort ourselves in the solidity of the work, that it is a service perfectly done. it was done by christ, god - man. it is a service accepted of god, therefore god cannot refuse the service of our salvation wrought by christ. christ was his servant in the working of it. we may present it to god, it is the obedience of thy servant, it is the satisfaction of thy servant. here is that will give full content and satisfaction to conscience, in this, that whatsoever christ did, he was god ' s servant in it. but we shall better understand the intent of the holy ghost when we have gone over the rest of the words, ' behold my servant whom i have chosen. ' christ was chosen before all worlds to be the head of the elect. he was predestinated and ordained by god. as we are ordained to salvation, so christ is ordained to be the head of all that shall be saved. he was chosen eternally, and chosen in time. he was singled out to the work by god ; and all others that are chosen are chosen in him. there had been no choosing of men but in him ; for god saw us so defiled, lying in our filth, that he could not look upon us but in his son. he chose him, and us in him. here is meant, not only choosing by eternal election to happiness, but a choosing to office. there is a choosing to grace and glory, and a choosing to office. here, it is as well meant, a choosing to office, as to grace and glory. god, as he chose christ to grace and glory, so he chose him to the office of mediatorship. christ did not choose himself ; he", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48566533992605937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.476532"} {"text": ". here, it is as well meant, a choosing to office, as to grace and glory. god, as he chose christ to grace and glory, so he chose him to the office of mediatorship. christ did not choose himself ; he was, no usurper. no man calls himself to the office, as it is in heb. 5 : 4 ; but christ was called and appointed of god. he was willing, indeed, to the work, he took it voluntary upon him ; but as mediator, god chose him, god the father. if we respect eternal salvation, or grace, or office, christ was chosen in respect of his manhood ; for, as it is well observed by divines, christ is the head of all that are predestinated ; and the human nature of christ could not merit its choice, it could not merit its incarnation, it could not merit union with the godhead, it was merely from grace. how could christ ' s manhood deserve anything of god before it was? things must have a subsistence before they can work : our blessed saviour is the pattern of all election, and his manhood could not merit to be knit to the second person ; as how could it, being a creature? therefore the knitting of the human nature of christ to his divine, it is called the grace of union. the choosing of the human nature of christ to be so gracious and glorious, it was of grace. this adds to our comfort, that whatsoever christ did for us, he did it as chosen ; he is a chosen stone, as st peter says, i peter ii. 6, ' a precious corner - stone ; ' though refused of the builders, yet precious in god ' s sight. was christ a chosen servant of god, and shall not we take god ' s choice? is not god ' s choice the best and the wisest? has god chosen christ to work our salvation, and shall we choose any other? shall we run to saints ' mediation, to the virgin mary, and others, for intercession, which is a part of christ ' s office? who chose mary, and peter, and paul to this work? there is no mention in scripture of them for this purpose, but behold my servant, whom i have chosen. god in paradise did choose a wife for adam, so god has chosen a husband for his church ; he has chosen christ for us : therefore it is intolerable sacrilegious rebellion and impudency", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45865255485263867, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.477485"} {"text": "my servant, whom i have chosen. god in paradise did choose a wife for adam, so god has chosen a husband for his church ; he has chosen christ for us : therefore it is intolerable sacrilegious rebellion and impudency to refuse a saviour and mediator of god ' s choosing, and to set up others of our own, as if we were wiser to choose for ourselves than god is. we may content ourselves well enough with god ' s choice, because he is the party offended. and this directs us also, in our devotions to god, how to carry ourselves in our prayers and services, to offer christ to god. behold, lord, thy chosen servant, that thou hast chosen to be my mediator, my saviour, my all in all to me, he is a mediator and a saviour of thine own choosing, thou canst not refuse thy own choice ; if thou look upon me, there is nothing but matter of unworthiness, but look upon him whom thou hast chosen, my head and my saviour! again, if christ be a chosen servant, o let us take heed how we neglect christ. when god has chosen him for us, shall not we think him worthy to be embraced and regarded ; shall we not kiss the son with the kiss of love, and faith, and subjection? he is a saviour of god ' s own choosing, refuse him not. what is the reason that men refuse this chosen stone? they will not be laid low enough to build upon this corner stone, this hidden stone. the excellency of christ is hidden, it appears not to men, men will not be squared to be built upon him. stones for a building must be framed, and made even, and flat. men stick with this and that lust, they will not be pared and cut and fitted for christ. if they may have their lusts and wicked lives, they will admit of christ. but we must make choice of him as a stone to build upon him ; and to be built on him, we must be made like him. we like not this laying low and abasing, therefore we refuse this corner stone, though god has made him the corner of building to all those that have the life of grace here, or shall have glory hereafter. the papists admit him to be a stone, but not the only stone to build on, but they build upon him and saints,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45189291892454386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.478365"} {"text": "corner of building to all those that have the life of grace here, or shall have glory hereafter. the papists admit him to be a stone, but not the only stone to build on, but they build upon him and saints, upon him and works, upon him and traditions. but he is the only corner stone. god has chosen him only, and we must choose him only, that we may be framed and laid upon him to make up one building. so much for that, ' behold my servant whom i have chosen. ' my beloved, in whom my soul is well pleased. \u2014 how do we know that these words in the prophet isaiah are fitly appliable to christ? by the greatest authority that ever was from the beginning of the world, by the immediate voice of god the father from heaven, who applies these words in isaiah to christ, matt. 3 : 17, in his inauguration when he was baptized, ' this is my beloved son, in whom i am well pleased, ' this is that my son, that beloved, agaphtov, the beloved son, so beloved that my soul delights in him, he is capable of my whole love, i may pour out my whole love upon him. ' in whom i am well pleased, ' it is the same with that here, ' in whom my soul delighteth, ' the one expresses the other. how, and in what respect is christ thus beloved of god? first as he is god, the son of god, the engraven image of his father, so he is primum amabile, the first lovely thing that ever was. when the father loves him, he loves himself in him, so he loves him as god, as the second person, as his own image and character. and as man he loves him, for as man he was the most excellent creature in the world, he was conceived, fashioned, and framed in his mother ' s womb by the holy ghost. it is said, heb. 10 : 5, god gave him a body. god the father by the holy ghost fashioned and framed and fitted him with a body, therefore god must needs love his own workmanship. again, there was nothing in him displeasing to god, there was no sin found in his life any way, therefore as man he was well pleasing to god. he took the manhood and ingrafted it into the second person, and enriched it there ; therefore he must needs love the manhood of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4745693330133405, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.479299"} {"text": "there was no sin found in his life any way, therefore as man he was well pleasing to god. he took the manhood and ingrafted it into the second person, and enriched it there ; therefore he must needs love the manhood of christ, being taken into so near a union with the godhead. as god and man mediator especially, he loves and delights in him. in regard of his office, he must needs delight in his own ordinance and decree. now lie decreed and sealed him to that office, therefore he loves and delights in him as a mediator of his own appointing and ordaining, to be our king, and priest, and prophet. again, he loved and delighted in him, in regard of the execution of his office both in doing and suffering. in doing, the evangelist says, ' he did all things well, ' mark 7 : 37. when he healed the sick, and raised the dead, and cured all diseases, whatsoever he did was well done. and for his suffering, god delighted in him for that, as it is in john 10 : 17, ' my father loves me, because i lay down my life ; ' and so in isa. 53 : 12, ' he shall divide him a portion with the great, because he poured out his soul unto death ; ' and in phil. 2 : 9, ' because he abased himself to the death of the cross, god gave him a name above all names : ' therefore god loves and delights in him for his suffering and abasement. now, that christ ' s sacrifice was so acceptable to god, there is a direct place for it in eph. 5 : 2, ' walk in love, as christ has loved us, and has given himself an offering and a sacrifice to god of a sweet smell. ' and indeed how many sweet savours were there in the sacrifice of christ offered on the cross! was there not the sweet savour of obedience? he was ' obedient to the death of the cross, ' phil. 2 : 8. there was the sweet savour of patience, and of love to mankind. therefore god delighted in him, as god, as man, as mediator god - man, in his doings, in his sufferings, every way. does god delight thus in christ, in his person, or considered mystically? i answer ; both. god loves and delights in christ mystical, that is, in christ and his members, in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3871074341640619, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.480182"} {"text": "is founded in christ, ' therefore neither things present, nor things to come ( as he goes on there gloriously ), shall be able to separate us. ' you see what a wondrous confidence and comfort we have hence, if we labour to be in christ, that then god loves and delights in us, because he loves and delights in christ jesus. and here is a wondrous comfort, that god must needs love our salvation and redemption when he loves christ, because ' he poured out his soul to death to save us. ' does not god delight that we should be saved, and our sins should be forgiven, when he loves christ because he abased himself for that purpose? what a prop and foundation of comfort is this, when the devil shall present god to us in a terrible hideous manner, as an avenging god, ' and consuming fire, ' & c., heb. 12 : 29 ; indeed out of christ he is so. let us present to ourselves thoughts of god as the scripture sets forth god to us ; and as god sets forth himself, not only in that sweet relation ps a father to christ, but our father, ' i go to my father and your father, to my god and your god, ' john 20 : 17, having both one god, and love and care. there is none of us all but the devil will have a saying to us, either in the time of our life, in some terrible temptation, especially when any outward abasement comes, or at the hour of death ; and all the cordials we have gathered out of the word will then be little enough to support the drooping soul, especially in the hour of temptation. o beloved, what a wondrous anchor and satisfaction to a distressed conscience does this yield, that christ in all that he has wrought for us is god ' s chosen servant, ' whom he loves and delights in, ' and delights in him for this very work, that he abased himself and gave himself for us, that he wrought god ' s work, because he wrought reconciliation for us! if we can believe in christ, we see here what ground of comfort we have, that god loves and delights in us, as he does in his own son. and what a comfort is it now, in our daily approach to god, to minister boldness to us in all our suits, that we go to god in the name of one that he loves, ' in whom his soul delights, ' that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4730212983723859, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.482140"} {"text": "and what a comfort is it now, in our daily approach to god, to minister boldness to us in all our suits, that we go to god in the name of one that he loves, ' in whom his soul delights, ' that we have a friend in court, a friend in heaven for us, that is at the right hand of god, and interposes himself there for us in all our suits, that makes us acceptable, that perfumes our prayers and makes them acceptable. his intercession is still by virtue of his service, dying for us. he intercedes by virtue of his redemption. if god love him for the work of redemption, he loves him for his intercession, therefore god must needs regard the prayers made by him, by virtue of his dying for us, when he loves him for dying for us. be sure therefore, in all our suits to god, to take along our older brother, to take our beloved brother, take benjamin with us, offer all to god in him, our persons to be accepted in him, our prayers our hearing, our works, and all that we do, and we shall be sure to speed ; for he is one in whom the soul of god delights. there must be this passage and repassage, as god looks upon us lovely in him, and delights in us as we are members of him. all god ' s love and the fruits of it come to us as we are in christ, and are one with him. then in our passage to god again we must return all, and do all, to god in christ. be sure not to go to a naked god ; for so he is ' a consuming fire, ' but go to him in the mediation of him whom he loves, ' and in whom his soul delighteth. ' and shall god love him and delight in him, and shall not our soul delight in christ? this therefore should stir up our affections to christ, to be faithful in our conjugal affection as the spouse of christ, to say, ' my beloved is mine and i am my beloved ' s, ' cant. 2 : 16. christ calls his church, ' my love and my dove, ' cant. 6 : 9. does christ delight in us, and god delight in christ, and shall not we delight in christ that delights in us, and in whom god delights? in i cor. 16 : 22, the apostle is bold to pronounce a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43917251148532443, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.483477"} {"text": "does christ delight in us, and god delight in christ, and shall not we delight in christ that delights in us, and in whom god delights? in i cor. 16 : 22, the apostle is bold to pronounce a bitter curse, ' anathema maranatha, ' upon him that loves not the lord christ jesus, a most bitter curse. when christ shall become a servant to do our work for us, to suffer for us, to bear the burden of our sins upon the tree, to become our husband, to bestow his riches upon us, to raise us to the same condition with himself, and withal to be such, a one as god has chosen out to love and delight in as the best object of his love, and most capable of it, and for us not to solace and delight ourselves in him that god delights in, when god delights in him for our sake. god loves and delights in him for the work of salvation and redemption by his blood, and shall not we love and embrace him for his love which is for our good? what good has god by it but only the glory of his mercy, in saving our souls through christ? therefore if god love him for the good he does to us, much more should we love him for the fruit of it that we receive ourselves. it should shame us therefore when we find dulness and coldness upon us, that we can hear of anything better than of christ ; and arguments concerning christ are cold to us. alas! where is our love, and joy, and delight ; and when we can make no better but a carnal use of the incarnation and other benefits by christ? we should therefore desire god to shed the love of christ into our hearts more and more, that we may feel in our souls the love that he bears to us, and may love god and christ again, for that that he has done for us. hence we have also a ground of estimation of christians to be excellent persons. does god value poor sinful souls so much as to give christ for them to become a saviour? does he delight in christ for giving himself for them? and shall not we love one another whom god and christ so loves? but if god love and delight in those that are in christ, with the same love and delight that he has in him, how shall i know that i am in christ, and that god thus delights in me? briefly, a man may know that he is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4052757813864379, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.484763"} {"text": "love and delight in those that are in christ, with the same love and delight that he has in him, how shall i know that i am in christ, and that god thus delights in me? briefly, a man may know that he is in christ, if he find the spirit of christ in him ; for the same spirit when christ took our nature, that sanctified that blessed mass whereof he was made, when there was a union between him and the second person, the same spirit sanctifies our souls and bodies. there is one spirit in the head and in the members. therefore if we find the spirit of christ in us, we are in christ and he in us. now this spirit is renewing, ' whosoever is in christ is a new creature, ' 2 cor. 5 : 17 ; all is new, ' old things are done away, ' the old manner of language, the old disposition, old affections, old company, all old things are past, all is new ; and if a man be a new creature, he has right and title to ' the new heaven and new earth, ' 2 pet. 3 : 13. let us examine the work of grace in us. if there be no change in us we have no present interest in christ. we have to do with him because he is still wooing us to be in him, but as yet we have no title to him. the very beholding of christ is a transforming sight. the spirit that makes us new creatures, and stirs us up to behold this servant, it is a transforming beholding. if we look upon him with the eye of faith, it will make us like christ ; for the gospel is a mirror, and such a mirror, that when we look into it, and see ourselves interested in it, we are changed from glory to glory, 2 cor. 3 : 18. a man cannot look upon the love of god and of christ in the gospel, but it will change him to be like god and christ. for how can we see christ, and god in christ, but we shall see how god hates sin, and this will transform us to hate it as god does, who hated it so that it could not be expiated but with the blood of christ, god - man. so, seeing the holiness of god in it, it will transform us to be holy. when we see the love of god in the gospel, and the love of christ giving himself for us, this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4832341315355983, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.487999"} {"text": "with the blood of christ, god - man. so, seeing the holiness of god in it, it will transform us to be holy. when we see the love of god in the gospel, and the love of christ giving himself for us, this will transform us to love god. when we see the humility and obedience of christ, when we look on christ as god ' s chosen servant in all this, and as our surety and head, it transforms us to the like humility and obedience. those that find not their dispositions in some comfortable measure wrought to this blessed transformation, they have not yet those eyes that the holy ghost requires here. ' behold my servant whom i have chosen. my beloved in whom my soul delighteth. ' i will put my spirit upon him. \u2014 now we come to the qualification of christ for his calling, in these words, i will put my spirit upon him \u2014 that is, i will clothe him with my spirit, i will put it, as it were, upon him as a garment. now there were divers degrees of christ ' s receiving the spirit at several times. for he was conceived by the holy ghost. the holy ghost did sanctify that blessed mass whereof his body was framed in the womb of the virgin, he was quickened in the womb in his conception by the holy ghost, and he was graced by the holy ghost, and led by the spirit in all things before his baptism. but afterward, when he came to set upon his office, to be the prophet and priest and king of his church, that great office of saving mankind, which he did not solmnly set upon till he was thirty years old, then god poured upon him a special portion of the spirit, answerable to that great calling, then the spirit lighted upon him, matt. 3 : 16. christ was ordained to his office by the greatest authority that ever any was ordained from the beginning of the world. for at his baptism, when he was ordained and set apart to his office, there was the father from heaven uttered an audible voice, ' this is my beloved son, in whom i am well pleased, ' mat. 3 : 17 ; and there was christ, the party baptized and installed into that great office ; then there was the holy ghost, in the form and shape of a dove. it being a matter of the greatest consequence that ever was in the world, greater than the creation, it was fit it should be done with the greatest authority ; and so it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46130786545775476, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.490574"} {"text": "there was the holy ghost, in the form and shape of a dove. it being a matter of the greatest consequence that ever was in the world, greater than the creation, it was fit it should be done with the greatest authority ; and so it was, the father, son, and holy ghost being present at the admission of christ into his office. this is especially here intended, though the other be included, i will put my spirit upon him that is, i will anoint him, as it is in isa. 61 : 1, ' the spirit of the lord is upon me, ' says christ, ' because the lord has anointed me to preach good tidings to the meek, to bind up the broken - hearted, to proclaim liberty to the captives, to open the prison for them that are bound, to proclaim the acceptable year of the lord ' \u2014 that is, the year of jubilee, for that was a type of christ, to preach the gospel deliverance to all that are in captivity, servitude, and thraldom under satan and sin. this was accomplished when christ, at his baptism, entered upon his office. god put his spirit upon him, to set him apart, to ordain him, and to equip him with abundance of grace for the work ; for there are these three things especially meant by putting the spirit upon him, separation or setting apart, and ordaining, and enriching with the gifts of the spirit. when any one is called to a great place, there is a setting apart from others, and an ordaining to that particular, and an equipping. if it be a calling of god, he equips where he ordains always. it may be objected, christ was god himself ; he had the spirit, and gives the spirit ; therefore, how could the spirit be put upon him? i answer, christ is both god and man. christ, as god, gives the spirit to his human nature ; so he communicates his spirit. the spirit is his spirit as well as the father ' s. the spirit proceeds from them both. christ, as man, receives the spirit. god the father and the son put the spirit upon the manhood of christ ; so christ both gives and receives the spirit in diverse respects. as god, he gives and sends the spirit. the spiration and breathing of the spirit is from him as well as from the father, but as man he received the spirit.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4638639097719357, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.492417"} {"text": "; so christ both gives and receives the spirit in diverse respects. as god, he gives and sends the spirit. the spiration and breathing of the spirit is from him as well as from the father, but as man he received the spirit. and this is the reason of it : next under the father, son, and holy ghost, christ the mediator, was to be the spring and original of all comfort and good. therefore, christ ' s nature must not only be sanctified and ordained by the spirit ; but he must receive the spirit to enrich it, for whatsoever is wrought in the creature is by the spirit. whatsoever christ did as man, he did by the spirit. christ ' s human nature, therefore, must be sanctified, and have the spirit put upon it. god the father, the first person in trinity, and god the son, the second, they work not immediately, but by the holy ghost, the third person. therefore, whatsoever is wrought upon the creature, it comes from the holy ghost immediately. so christ received the holy ghost as sent from the father and the son. now as the holy spirit is from the father and the son, so he works from the father and the son. he sanctifies and purifieth, and does all from the father and the son, and knits us to the father and the son ; to the son first, and then to the father. therefore it is said, ' the grace of our lord jesus christ, the love of god the father, and the communion of the holy ghost, ' 2 cor. 13 : 14 ; because all the communion we have with god is by the holy ghost. all the communion that christ as man had with god was by the holy ghost ; and all the communion that god has with us, and we with god, is by the holy ghost : for the spirit is the bond of union between christ and us, and between god and us. god communicates himself to us by his spirit, and we communicate with god by his spirit. god does all in us by his spirit, and we do all back again to god by the spirit. because christ, as a head, as the second adam, was to be the root of all that are saved, as the first adam was the root of all that are damned, he was therefore to receive the spirit, and to have it put upon him in a more excellent and rich manner : for we must know that all things are first in christ,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.501837803179966, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.493348"} {"text": "saved, as the first adam was the root of all that are damned, he was therefore to receive the spirit, and to have it put upon him in a more excellent and rich manner : for we must know that all things are first in christ, and then in us. god chose him first, and then he chose us. god singled him out to be the saviour, the second adam, and he calls us in christ. god justified christ from our sins, being our surety, taking our sins upon him. we are justified, because he by his resurrection quit himself from the guilt of our sins, as having paid the debt. christ is the first fruits of them that rise again, i cor. 15 : 20. we rise again because he is risen. christ first ascended ; we ascend in christ. christ is first loved ; we are loved in the beloved. christ is first blessed ; we are blessed with all spiritual blessings in jesus christ, eph. 1 : 8. so, whatsoever is in us, we have it at the second hand. we have the spirit in us, but he is first in christ ; god has put the spirit in christ, as the spring, as the second adam, as a public person, that should receive the spirit for us all. he is first in all things ; christ must have the pre - eminence. he has the pre - eminence in all, both before time, in time, and after time, in election, in whatsoever is done here in this world, and in glorification. all is first in christ, and then in us. he is the elder brother. we must understand this, to give christ his due honour and respect, and to know whence we have all we have. therefore the spirit is said here, first, to be ' put upon christ. ' we have not the holy ghost immediately from god, but we have him as sanctifying christ first, and then us ; and whatsoever the holy ghost does in us, he does the same in christ first, and he does it in us because in christ. therefore, in john 16 : 14, 15, christ says, he shall take of mine. whatsoever the holy ghost works in us, he takes of christ first. how is that? thus : the holy ghost comforts us with reasons from christ. he died, and has reconciled us to god ; therefore, now god is at peace with thee. here the holy ghost takes a ground of comfort from the death", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44602408266239185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.494391"} {"text": ". how is that? thus : the holy ghost comforts us with reasons from christ. he died, and has reconciled us to god ; therefore, now god is at peace with thee. here the holy ghost takes a ground of comfort from the death of christ. when the holy ghost would raise a man up to holiness of life, he tells him, christ thy saviour and head is quickened, and is now in heaven, therefore we ought to rise to holiness of life. if the holy ghost be to work either comfort or grace, or anything, he not only does the same thing that he did first in christ, but he does it in us by reasons from christ, by grounds fetched from christ. the holy ghost tells our souls that god loves christ first, and he loves us in christ, and that we are those that god gave christ for, that we are those that christ makes intercession for in heaven. the holy ghost witnesses to us the love of the father and the son, and so he fetches from christ whatsoever he works. and hence the work of the holy ghost is distinguished from illusions and delusions, that are nothing but frantic conceits of comfort that are groundless. the holy ghost fetches all from christ in his working and comfort, and he makes christ the pattern of all ; for whatsoever is in christ, the holy ghost, which is the spirit of christ, works in us as it is in christ. therefore, in john 1 : 13, it is said, ' of his fulness we receive grace for grace ' \u2014 that is, grace answerable to his grace. there are three things that we receive answerable to christ by the spirit. we receive grace \u2014 that is, the favour of god answerable to the favour god shows his son. he loves his son, he is graciously disposed to him, and he loves us. so grace habitual. we have grace in us answerable to the grace in christ. we have love answerable to his love, patience answerable to his patience, obedience and humility answerable to that in christ. the spirit works a conformity to christ in all things. likewise, in the third place, the spirit assures us of the same privileges that issue from grace. christ is a son ; the spirit tells us we are sons. christ is an heir ; the spirit tells us we are heirs with christ. christ is the king of heaven and earth ; the spirit tells us that we are kings, that his riches", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4767136261779832, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.495499"} {"text": ". christ is a son ; the spirit tells us we are sons. christ is an heir ; the spirit tells us we are heirs with christ. christ is the king of heaven and earth ; the spirit tells us that we are kings, that his riches are ours. thus we have ' grace for grace, ' both favour and grace in us, and privileges issuing from grace, we have all as they are in christ. even as in the first adam we receive of his emptiness, curse for curse, ill for ill ; for his blindness and rebellion we are answerable ; we are born as he was after his fall : so in the second adam, by his spirit, we receive grace for grace. hence issues this, that our state now in christ is far more excellent than our state in adam was. how does it spring hence? thus, christ is god - man. his nature was sanctified by the spirit ; he was a more excellent person, he gives and sends the spirit. adam was only a mere man, and therefore his goodness could not be so derived to his posterity ; for, however the holy ghost was in adam, yet the holy ghost did not so fill him, he was not so in him as in christ. the holy ghost is in christ in a more excellent manner ; for christ being equal with god, he gave the holy ghost ; the holy ghost comes from christ as god. now the second adam being a more excellent person, we being in christ the second adam, we are in a more excellent, and in a more safe estate ; we have a better keeper of our happiness than adam. he being a mere man, he could not keep his own happiness, but lost himself and all his posterity. though he were created after the image of god, yet being but a were man, he showed himself to be a man \u2014 that is, a changeable creature ; but christ being god and man, having his nature sanctified by the spirit, now our happiness is in a better keeping, for our grace has a better spring. the grace and sanctification we have, it is not in our own keeping, it distils into us answerable to our necessities ; but the spring is inexhaustable, it never fails, the spring is in christ. so the favour that god bears us, it is not first in us, but it is first in christ ; god loves him, and then he loves us ; he gives him the spirit, and us in him. now,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47721612349447484, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.496660"} {"text": "spring is in christ. so the favour that god bears us, it is not first in us, but it is first in christ ; god loves him, and then he loves us ; he gives him the spirit, and us in him. now, christ is the keeper both of the love of god towards us and the grace of god ; and whatsoever is good he keeps all for us, he receives all for himself and for us ; he receives not only the spirit for himself, but he receives it as mediator, as head : for ' we all of his fulness receive grace for grace. ' he receives it as a fountain to diffuse it, i say. this shows us our happy and blessed condition in jesus christ, that now the grace and love of god and our happiness, and the grace whereby we are sanctified and fitted for it, it is not in our own keeping originally, but in our head christ jesus. these be comfortable considerations, and, indeed, the life and soul of a christian ' s life and comfort. if we conceive them aright, they will quicken us to obedience, and we shall know what the gospel is. to come to make some use of it. i might observe this, that none should take that office upon them to which they are not called of god, nor qualified by his spirit, especially ministers, because christ did not set upon his office, till the spirit was put upon him. the spirit must enable us and fit us for everything. but i leave that, and come to that which concerns us all. first, then, has god put the spirit upon christ, as the evangelist says in john 3 : 34, ' he whom god has sent ' that is christ \u2014 he speaks the word of god : for god gives him not the spirit by measure. ' god does not stand measuring grace out to christ, but he pours it out upon him, full measure, running over, because he receives it not for himself alone, but for us. we receive the spirit by measure, eph. 4 : 7, ' according to the measure of the gift of christ. ' christ gives us all a measure of sanctifying knowledge and of every grace, till we ' grow to be a perfect man in christ, ' eph. 4 : 13. therefore it is called the ' first fruits of the spirit, ' rom. 8 : 23, as much as shall fit us for heaven, and grace sufficient, though it be not that measure we shall have here", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45291075526292335, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.497646"} {"text": "' eph. 4 : 13. therefore it is called the ' first fruits of the spirit, ' rom. 8 : 23, as much as shall fit us for heaven, and grace sufficient, though it be not that measure we shall have hereafter, or that we would have here. christ had a full measure, the fulness of a fountain, diffusive, not only abundance for himself, but redundance, and overflowing for the good of others ; he being the head of the church, not only a head of eminence, but of influence to bestow and convey all grace in him to all his members, proportionable to the service of every member. therefore he received not the spirit according to measure \u2014 that is, sparingly \u2014 but it was showered upon him ; he was filled and clothed with the holy ghost. is it so? let us labour, then, to see where to have supply in all our wants. we have a full treasury to go to. all treasure is hid in christ for us. what a comfort is this in anything we lack! if we lack the favour of god, go to his beloved christ, desire god to love us in his beloved, and to accept us in his gracious son, in him whom he has made his servant, and anointed with his spirit for that purpose. if we lack particular graces, go to the well - head christ, consider of christ now filled for us, as it was in aaron. the oil that was poured on aaron ' s head ran down to his beard, and to the skirts of his clothing, psa. 133 : 2, the meanest parts of his garment were bedewed with that oil : so the graces of god ' s spirit poured upon our head christ, our aaron, our high priest, run down upon us, upon all ranks of christians, even upon the skirts, the weakest and lowest christians. every one has grace for grace ; we all partake of the oil and anointing of our spiritual aaron, our high priest. if we lack anything, therefore, let us go to him. i can do all, says st paul, in christ that strengthens me, philip. 4 : 13. go to him for patience, for comfort, for everything, because god has put his spirit upon him, to supply all our deficiencies ; he has the oil of gladness above his fellows, psa. 45 : 7 ; but for his fellows he", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4485588529019343, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.498835"} {"text": "to him for patience, for comfort, for everything, because god has put his spirit upon him, to supply all our deficiencies ; he has the oil of gladness above his fellows, psa. 45 : 7 ; but for his fellows he has the oil of grace more than any, but it is not only for him, but for us all. therefore, let us have comfortable meditations of the fulness of christ, and make use of it, all this is for me. in col. 2 : 9, st paul sets it out, ' in him the fulness of the godhead dwells personally ; ' for that is meant by somatikwv, and it follows after, ' in him we are complete. ' wherefore is all the fulness that is in him? to show that in him we are complete. so, in i john 5 : 20, 21, to show how the spirits of the apostles agree, ' we know that the son of god is come in the flesh, and has given us an understanding to know him that is true, and we are in him that is true, even in his son jesus christ. this is true god and eternal life. ' christ is true god and eternal life for us all ; for our comfort, ' we know that the son of god is come, and has given us an understanding, & c. little children, keep yourselves from idols. ' how does this depend upon the other? thus ; will you go to idols, stocks and stones, devices of men ' s brain, for supply of grace and comfort? christ, whom god has sent, he is come into the world ; he is god and eternal life. ' god has given eternal life, and this life is in his son, ' i john 5 : 11 ; therefore why should you go to idols? what is the ground of popish idolatries and abominations? they conceive not aright of the fulness of christ, wherefore he was ordained, and sent of god ; for if they did, they would not go to idols and saints, and leave christ. therefore let us make this use of it, go out of christ for nothing. if we want favour, go not to saints, if we want instruction, go ; not to traditions of men. he is a prophet wise enough, and a priest full enough to make us accepted of god. if we lack any grace, he is a king able enough, rich", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4344912967525039, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.500680"} {"text": "not to saints, if we want instruction, go ; not to traditions of men. he is a prophet wise enough, and a priest full enough to make us accepted of god. if we lack any grace, he is a king able enough, rich enough, and strong enough to subdue all our rebellions in us, and he will in time by his spirit overcome all, ' stronger is he that is in us than he that is in the world, ' i john 4 : 4. the spirit in the world, the devil and devilish - minded men, they are not so strong as the spirit of christ ; for by little and little the spirit of christ will subdue all. christ is a king, go not out of him therefore for anything. ' babes, keep yourselves from idols, ' i john 5 : 21. you may well enough, you know whom to go to. therefore let us shame ourselves. is there such a store - house of comfort and grace every way in christ? why are we so weak and comfortless? why are we so dejected as if we had not such a rich husband? all out husband ' s riches are ours for our good, we receive of it in our measure, why do we not go to the fountain and make use of it? why, in the midst of abundance, are we poor and beggarly? here we may see the misery of the world. christ is a prophet to teach us the way to heaven, but how few be there that will be directed by him ' christ is a king to subdue all our spiritual and worst enemies, to subdue those enemies that kings tremble at, to subdue death, to subdue the fear of judgment and the wrath of god, and yet how few will come under his government! ' christ is the light of the world, ' john 9 : 5, yet how few follow him! christ is the way, yet how few tread in his steps! christ is our wisdom and our riches, yet how few go to him to fetch any riches, but content themselves with the transitory things of this life! men live as if christ were nothing, or did nothing concern them, as if he were a person abstracted from them, as if he were not a head or husband, as if he had received the spirit only for himself and not for them, whereas all that is in christ is for us. i beseech you therefore let us learn to know christ better, and to make use of him. again,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4602177825526744, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.503592"} {"text": "husband, as if he had received the spirit only for himself and not for them, whereas all that is in christ is for us. i beseech you therefore let us learn to know christ better, and to make use of him. again, if christ has ' the spirit put upon him for us all, ' then in our daily slips and errors make this use, to offer christ to god with this argument. take an argument from god himself to bind him. god will be bound with his own arguments. we cannot bind him with ours, but let us go to him and say, lord, though i be thus and thus sinful, yet for christ jesus ' sake thy servant, whom thou lovest and hast put thy spirit upon him to be a priest, and to make intercession for me, for his sake pardon, for his sake accept. make use of god ' s consecration of christ by the spirit to god himself, and bind him with his own mediator, and with his own priest of his own ordaining. thou canst not, lord, refuse a saviour and mediator of thine own, sanctified by thine own spirit, whom thou hast set apart, and ordained and qualified every way for this purpose. let us go to god in the name of this mediator jesus christ every day, and this is to make a good use of this, that god has ' put his spirit upon him. ' but to make a use of trial, how shall we know that this comfort belongs to us, that christ has the spirit put upon him for us or no, whether he be ordained a king, priest, and prophet for us? that which i said before will give light to this. we must partake of the same spirit that christ has, or else we are none of his members. as we partake of his name, so we must also of his anointing. thereupon we are called christians, because we partake of the anointing and spirit of christ, and if we have the spirit of christ, it will work the same in us as it did in christ, it will convince us of our own ill, of our rebellions, and cursed estate, and it will convince us likewise of the good we have in him. and then, he is a spirit of union, to knit us to christ, and make us one with him, and thereupon to quicken us, to lead us, and guide us, and to dwell", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.46394722431827895, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.505065"} {"text": "the good we have in him. and then, he is a spirit of union, to knit us to christ, and make us one with him, and thereupon to quicken us, to lead us, and guide us, and to dwell in us continually, to stir up prayers and supplications in us, to make us cry familiarly to god as to a father, to comfort and support us in all our wants and miseries, as he did christ, ' to help our infirmities, ' as the apostle at large, in rom. 8 : 20, sets down the excellent office of the holy ghost, what he does in those that are christ ' s. let us therefore examine ourselves, what the spirit does in us, if christ be set apart to redeem us as a priest. surely all his offices go together. he does by the same spirit rule us, rev. 1 : 5, ' he has washed us in his blood, and made us kings and priests. ' whosoever he washes in his blood he makes him a king and a priest, he makes him by the power of his spirit able to rule over his base corruptions. we may know then, whether we have benefit by christ by his spirit, not only by the spirit witnessing that we are the sons of god, but by some arguments whereby the spirit may witness without delusion. for though the spirit of christ tells us that we are christ ' s, yet the proof must be from guiding and leading, and comforting and conforming us to jesus christ, in making us kings and prophets, enlightening our understandings to know his will, and conforming us to be like him. the spirit of christ is a spirit of power and strength. it will enable us to perform duties above nature, to overcome ourselves and injuries, it will make us to lack and to abound, it will make us able to live and to die, as it enabled christ to do things that another man could not do. so a christian can do that, and suffer that that another man cannot do and suffer, because he has the spirit of christ. at the least, whosoever has the spirit of christ, he shall find that spirit in him striving against that which is contrary, and by little and little getting ground. where there is no conflict, there is no spirit of christ at all. i will not be large in the point, only i speak this by way of trial, to know whether we have the spirit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46497057299222483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.505967"} {"text": "contrary, and by little and little getting ground. where there is no conflict, there is no spirit of christ at all. i will not be large in the point, only i speak this by way of trial, to know whether we have the spirit of christ in us or no. if not, we have nothing to do with christ ; for christ saves us not as he is out of us only. christ was to do something of himself that we have no share in, only the good of it is ours. he was to redeem us by his blood, to be a sacrifice. the title to heaven and salvation was wrought by christ out of us. but there is somewhat that he does not only for us, but he works in us by his spirit, that is, the fitting of us for that he has given us title to, and the applying of that that he has done for us. whosoever therefore has any benefit by christ, he has the spirit to apply that to himself and to fit and qualify him to be a member of such a head, and an heir of such a kingdom. whosoever christ works anything for, he does also work in them. there is a spirit of application, and that spirit of application, if it be true, it is a spirit of sanctification and renovation fitting us every way for our, condition. let us not abuse ourselves, as the world commonly does, concerning christ. they think god is merciful, and christ is a saviour. it is true, but what has he wrought in thee by his spirit? hast thou the spirit of christ? or ' else thou art none of his, ' rom. 8 : 9. wherever christ is, he goes with his spirit to teach us to apply what christ has done for us, and to fit us to be like him. therefore, let those that live in any sins against conscience, think it a diabolical illusion to think god and christ is merciful. aye, but where is the work of the spirit? all the hope thou hast is only that thou art not in hell as yet, [ only ] for the time to come ; but for the present i dare not say thou hast anything to do with christ, when there is nothing of the spirit in thee. the spirit of christ conforms the spouse to be like the husband, and the members to be like the head. therefore, beg of christ that he would anoint himself king in our hearts, and prophet and priest in our hearts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48321732815556073, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.506828"} {"text": "spirit in thee. the spirit of christ conforms the spouse to be like the husband, and the members to be like the head. therefore, beg of christ that he would anoint himself king in our hearts, and prophet and priest in our hearts, to do that that he did, to know his will as a prophet, to rule in us as a king, and to stir up prayers in us as a priest, to do in some proportion that that he does, though it be in never so little a measure, for we receive it in measure, but christ beyond measure. we must labour for so much as may manifest to us the truth of our estate in christ, that we are not dead but living branches. but how or by what means does christ give his spirit to us? this spirit that is so necessary for us, it is given by the ministry of the gospel, which is the ministry of the spirit. ' received ye the holy ghost by the works of the law, or by the hearing of faith preached? ' gal. 3 : 2. when the love of god in christ, and the benefits by christ, are laid open in the preaching of the gospel to us, god gives his holy spirit, the spirit of christ. now god in christ would save us by a triumphant and abundant love and mercy, and the spirit of god never goes but where there is a magnifying of the love and mercy of god in christ ; therefore the ministry of the gospel, which only discovers the amity and love of god to mankind, being now reconciled in christ, it is accompanied with the spirit, to assure us of our part and portion in those benefits, for the spirit is the fruit of god ' s love as well as christ. christ is the first gift, and the spirit is the second, therefore that part of the word that reveals god ' s exceeding love to mankind, leaving angels when they were fallen, in their cursed estate, and yet giving his son to become man, and ' a curse for us : ' the revealing of this love and mercy of god, and of his son christ to us, is joined with the spirit. for by the spirit we see our cursed estate without the love and mercy of god in christ, and likewise we are convinced of the love of god in christ, and thereupon we love god in return, and trust to his mercy, and out of love to him perform all cheerful obedience. whatsoever we do else, if it be not stirred by the spirit, apprehending", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4633365972582541, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.507775"} {"text": "of god in christ, and thereupon we love god in return, and trust to his mercy, and out of love to him perform all cheerful obedience. whatsoever we do else, if it be not stirred by the spirit, apprehending the love of god in christ, it is but morality. a man shall never go to heaven except by such a disposition and frame and temper of soul as is wrought by the holy ghost, persuading the soul first of the love and favour of god in christ. what are all our performances if they be not out of love to god? and how shall we love god except we be persuaded that he loves us first? therefore the gospel breeds love in us to god, and has the spirit together with it, working a blessed frame of sanctification, whereby we are disposed to every good duty. therefore if we would have the spirit of god, let us attend upon the sweet promises of salvation, upon the doctrine of christ ; for together with the knowledge of these things, the holy ghost slides and insinuates and infuses himself into our souls. therefore the ministers of the gospel should be much in laying open the riches of god in christ. in unfolding christ, all other things will follow, as st paul in titus 2 : 11, 12 ) ' the grace of god has shined, has appeared gloriously, teaching us to deny all ungodliness and worldly lusts, and to live holily and soberly in this present world. ' where the grace and love of god is persuaded and shed into the soul, all will follow. what is the reason that former times were called dark times ( and so they were ), the times of popery a dark age? christ was veiled, the gospel was veiled, there was no preaching of salvation by christ alone, people were sent to stocks and stones, and to saints, and instead of the word, they were sent to legends and such things. christ was obscured, thereupon they were dark ages. those ages wherein the spirit of god is most, is where christ is most preached, and people are best always where there is most spirit ; and they are most joyful and comfortable and holy, where christ is truly laid open to the hearts of people. the preaching of mere morality, if men be not careful to open christ, to know how salvation is wrought by christ, and how all good comes by christ, it will never make a man perfectly good and fit him for heaven.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4942659964344995, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.508954"} {"text": "hearts of people. the preaching of mere morality, if men be not careful to open christ, to know how salvation is wrought by christ, and how all good comes by christ, it will never make a man perfectly good and fit him for heaven. it may make a man reform many abuses, like a philosopher, which has its reward and respect amongst men, but nothing to give comfort at the hour of death and the day of judgment. only that whereby the spirit is conveyed, is the knowledge and preaching of christ in his state and offices. and he shall shew judgment to the gentiles. \u2014 after christ was fully prepared, as he was prepared with the spirit of god, and with a commission from heaven, from father, son, and holy ghost, having this high commission, and gifts for it by the spirit, he falls upon his office presently. we are never fit for anything till we have the spirit, and when we have the spirit it is active and vigorous and working. ' he shall shew judgment to the gentiles. ' he shall not strive nor cry, neither shall any man hear his voice in the streets. \u2014 these words set down the mild and sweet and amiable manner of christ ' s carriage upon earth. here, in his first coming to work the great work of our redemption, he did not carry the matter in an outward glorious manner, in pomp ; but he would have his miracles concealed ofttimes and himself hidden. his godhead was hid under the veil of his manhood. he could not have wrought our salvation otherwise. if the devil and the world had known christ to be as he was, they would never have made those attempts against him. therefore, considering he had such a dispensation to work our salvation as a king, priest, and prophet, he would not cry and contend and strive, he would not come with any great noise. now, here is an opposition to the giving of the law, and likewise to the coming and carriage of civil princes. you know when the law was given all the mount was on fire, and the earth thereabout quaked and trembled, and the people fled. they could not endure to hear the voice of god speaking in the mount ; there was such a terrible smoke and fire, they were all afraid. thus came moses. now, did christ come as moses? was the gospel delivered by christ as the law was, in terrors and fears? oh, no. christ came not in such a terrible manner, in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4448902859294834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 32, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.510061"} {"text": "fire, they were all afraid. thus came moses. now, did christ come as moses? was the gospel delivered by christ as the law was, in terrors and fears? oh, no. christ came not in such a terrible manner, in thunder and lightning ; but the gospel, it came sweetly. a dove, a mild creature, lit upon the head of christ when he was baptized, to show his mild manner of carriage ; and he came with blessing in his mouth in his first sermon of all : blessed are the poor in spirit, blessed are they that mourn, blessed are they that hunger and thirst after righteousness, ' matt. 5 : 8, 4, 6. the law came with curses : ' cursed is every one that continueth not in all things written in the law to do them ' gal. 3 : 10. christ came in another manner ; the gospel was delivered in a mild, sweet manner. christ, as an ambassador, came sweetly to entreat and beseech. there is a crying, indeed, but it is a crying out of love and entreaty, not a shouting in a terrible manner as was at the giving of the law, no, nor as at the coming of other civil princes into a city, with shouting and noise of trumpets, with pomp, and state, and great attendants. christ came not into the world to execute his kingdom and office in such pomp and noise as it is said of agrippa, acts 25 : 23, ' he came with great pomp. ' so worldly princes carry things thus, and it is needful in some sort. people must have shows and pomp ; the outward man must have outward things to astonish it withal. it is a policy in state so to do. but christ came in another manner. he came not to make men quake and tremble that came to speak and deal with him. he came not with clamour and fierceness ; for who would have come to christ then? but he came in a mild, and sweet, and amiable manner. we see a little before the text ( ver. 16 ), upon occasion of the inference of these words, he commands and charges them that they should not reveal him and make him known. when he had done a good work he would not have it known. now, there are three things especially insinuated in this description, he shall not strive nor cry, neither shall any man hear his voice in the street. ' that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3963227345284167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 33, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.511411"} {"text": "known. when he had done a good work he would not have it known. now, there are three things especially insinuated in this description, he shall not strive nor cry, neither shall any man hear his voice in the street. ' that christ should not be outwardly glorious to publish his own excellency, nor contentious ; he should not cry nor quarrel, nor he should not be clamorous, if he had any wrong, to be all on fire presently, but he should be as a meek lamb, he should make no noise, he should not come in vainglory or clamour, & c. but here we must know that christ was a wise discerner of the fitness of times ; for sometimes he would have things published, sometimes he would not ; sometimes he would be known, sometimes he would not. christ, in his second coming, shall come all in majesty and glory with his angels, and all the earth shall appear before him ; but now his wisdom told him, now he came to save the world as a prophet, priest, and king, to work man ' s salvation, that he must hide and conceal himself ; and so he ordered all his courses by discretion. every sacrifice must be salted with salt, everything should be seasoned with the salt of discretion. this is the steward of all our actions, to know what is fit. christ knew it was fittest to conceal himself now at this time. now, by christ ' s example we should learn this, not to be vainglorious, not to make a great noise. you have some, if they do anything that is good, presently all the world must know it. this was not christ ' s disposition. it is a disposition that is hardly wrought out of man ' s heart without an exceeding great measure of the spirit of god ; for we see good men have been given this way. david would number the people, that it might be known what a great monarch he was, what a great number of people he had, 2 sam. 24. he was a good man, yet vainglorious. he smarted for it. so good hezekiah. ambassadors were sent to him from the king of babylon, and that they should know that hezekiah was no beggarly prince, out must come the vessels of the temple and all his treasures, to show what a rich king the king of judah was, 2 kings 20 : 13, et seq. his vainglory cost him all his riches", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4668437832129593, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 34, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.512517"} {"text": "no beggarly prince, out must come the vessels of the temple and all his treasures, to show what a rich king the king of judah was, 2 kings 20 : 13, et seq. his vainglory cost him all his riches, as the prophet told him. so the disciples. before they received a great measure of the spirit, how vainglorious were they! they contended for the higher place ; therefore they advise christ to go up to jerusalem, that he might be known. as jehu said to jonadab, ' come up and see my zeal for the lord of hosts, ' 2 kings 10 : 16, he accounts it nothing unless it be seen. so flesh and blood. if there be anything done that is good, all the world must know it presently. christ charged them that no noise should be made, but that they should conceal him. what should we learn hence? to be of christ ' s disposition, that is, to have no more care of the knowledge of things than the light of the things themselves will discover, to do works of light, and if the things themselves will break forth to men ' s eyes and they must see our light shine, then let them, and imitate our good works ; but for us to blazon them abroad ourselves, it is not the spirit of christ. let us labour to have humility of spirit, that that may grow up with us in all our performances, that all things that we speak and do may savour of a spirit of humility, that we may seek the glory of god in all things more than our own. and let us commit the fame and credit of what we are or do to god. he will take care of that. let us take care to be and to do as we should, and then for noise and report, let it be good or ill as god will send it. we know ofttimes it falls out that that which is precious in man ' s eye is abominable in god ' s. if we seek to be in the mouths of men, to dwell in the talk and speech of men, god will abhor us, and at the hour of death it will not comfort us what men speak or know of us, but sound comfort must be from our own conscience and the judgment of god. therefore, let us labour to be good in secret. christians should be as minerals, rich in the depth of the earth. that which is least seen is his riches. we should", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45955018362541405, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 35, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.513947"} {"text": "sound comfort must be from our own conscience and the judgment of god. therefore, let us labour to be good in secret. christians should be as minerals, rich in the depth of the earth. that which is least seen is his riches. we should have our treasure deep. for the disclosure of it we should be ready when we are called to it, and for all other accidental things, let them fall out as god in his wisdom sees good. so let us look through good report and bad report to heaven ; let us do the duties that are pleasing to god and our own conscience, and god will be careful enough to get us applause. was it not sufficient for abel, that though there was no great notice taken what faith he had, and how good a man he was, yet that god knew it and revealed it? god sees our sincerity and the truth of our hearts, and the graces of our inward man, he sees all these, and he values us by these, as he did abel. as for outward things there may be a great deal of deceit in them, and the more a man grows in grace, the less he cares for them. as much reputation as is fit for a man will follow him in being and doing what he should. god will look to that. therefore we should not set up sails to our own meditations, that unless we be carried with the wind of applause, to be becalmed and not go a whit forward ; but we should be carried with the spirit of god and with a holy desire to serve god, and our brethren, and to do all the good we can, and never care for the speeches of the world, as st paul says of himself : ' i care not what ye judge of me, i care not what the world judgeth, i care not for man ' s judgment, ' i cor. 4 : 3. this is man ' s day. we should, from the example of christ, labour to subdue this infirmity which we are sick of naturally. christ concealed himself till he saw a fitter time. we shall have glory enough, and be known enough to devils, to angels, and men ere long. therefore, as christ lived a hidden life, that is, he was not known what he was, that so he might work our salvation, so let us be content to be hidden men. a true christian is hidden to the world till the time of manifestation comes. when the time came, christ then gloriously revealed what", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44787934267220386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 36, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.514999"} {"text": "5 tips to introduce children to classical music explore this story concert pianist jason cutmore and narrator rick phillips perform two concerts for children and their families july 22 and 29 at music niagara, niagara - on - the - lake. prokofiev \u2019 s musical tale, \u201c peter and the wolf \u201d is featured in the first concert at noon in the pumphouse which has an animal theme and includes aaron copland \u2019 s \u201c the cat and mouse. \u201d the july 29 lunchtime concert features toys and dolls including music of claude debussy, \u201c the golliwog \u2019 s cakewalk \u201d and \u201c toy box. \u201d cutmore and phillips share these five tips on introducing children to classical music : 1 ) be sincere. show them that you love this music and are committed to it and love performing or listening to it, says phillips. and, adds cutmore, enthusiasm is infectious. conveying your love of classical music to kids is more important than conveying information about it. 2 ) don \u2019 t talk down to them. give them the straight facts in clear, concise language and style, says phillips, adding parents should be open and answer any and all questions, regardless of how silly or mundane they may seem. \u201d 3 ) when introducing a piece of classical music to kids, relate it to something else ( musical or extramusical ) in an imaginative, fun way, says cutmore. parents should be imaginative and encourage kids to be imaginative, to be creative with how and where the music takes them to create their own film from the \u201c soundtrack. \u201d 4 ) make kids \u2019 exposure to music hands - on through school music classes, choir and instrument lessons. and give children the ( very true ) impression that these educational endeavours are important \u2014 just as much as is math class, says cutmore. 5 ) recordings are an easy and natural way to start, but also include the live concert experience, says phillips, adding there are many child - friendly concerts now offered by the canadian opera company, toronto symphony orchestra, national ballet and more he adds. there is an \u201c event \u201d quality to a live concert that children realize and appreciate. it also allows parents, to experience with their child, says phillips. cutmore agrees. he advises parents to take kids to all kinds of live music concerts \u2014 classical, jazz, world \u2014 and to not be afraid to challenge them a little. teach kids concert etiquette so that it becomes natural and comfortable to them. he adds parents should take kids to see ballets and other dance performances,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43205174431334636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.519259"} {"text": "these are my skewness notes for s1 which explain the coefficient of skewness at the bottom. in a symmetrical distribution mean = median = mode and q2 \u2013 q1 = q3 \u2013 q2. a positive skew distribution has a tail to the positive side, mean > median > mode and q2 \u2013 q1 < q3 \u2013 q2. a negative skew distribution has a tail to the negative side, mean < median < mode and q2 \u2013 q1 > q3 \u2013 q2. skewness can be given quantity as well as direction by using ( 3 ( mean - median ) ) / ( standard deviation ). to compare the relative dispersion between data sets the coefficient of variation is used, it is given by v = 100\u03c3 / \u03bc = 100s / x and as a percentage. when data is skewed the median and the interquartile range are used as measures of location and dispersion as they are not affected by extreme values. the dispersion of a set of data is therefore measured by the quartile coefficient of variation which is given by qv = ( 50 ( q _ 3 - q _ 1 ) ) / q _ 2. x is mean of x and q _ 3 is the upper quartile mark, if the notation wasnt that clear last edited by abbii ; 18 - 04 - 2010 at 21 : 29. last edited by. acs. ; 18 - 04 - 2010 at 21 : 35. reason : decided to add latex", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5013948471174726, "token_count": 314, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.520598"} {"text": "over 8, 000 websites created by students around the world who have participated in a thinkquest competition. compete | faq | contact us troy : myth and reality the entry on troy describes one of the most fascinating episodes in the unclearly defined border line between legend and reality. for many years homer \u2019 s iliad was seen as a nice story of greek gods and heros, but nothing that bore any resemblance with reality. in the 19th century achaeologists started trying to find out if there was really any discernible background to the legend. especially heinrich schliemann was one of the best known characters to work on this topic, although frank calvert was the first one to research the legend \u2019 s location and excavated small parts of level vi of ancient troy, thus starting to prove that there was a real background. the photos show a lot of information that the researchers saw on their way in proving the real existence of troy. the user gets information on the legend and the archaeology of troy, a virtual walk into troy, a teacher \u2019 s section with a lot of links and activies, an interactive quiz and information about the team. the entry can be used in english as well as in german. 2001 achievement award juliegalesburg high school, galesburg, il, united states torstenmariengymnasium jever, friedeburg, germany danielmariengymnasium jever, jever, germany 19 & under martin maeckenmariengymnasium, jever, germany history & government > ancient civilizations & archaeology > ancient greece books & literature", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5081708042187473, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.522356"} {"text": "twenty - five days. that ' s how long it took dr. shinya yamanaka of kyoto university to undo more than 30 years of exquisitely programmed biology packed into a woman ' s cheek cell and just maybe change the world. in a procedure that some scientists thought could take decades to discover, yamanaka tricked the cheek cell into acting like an embryonic stem cell capable of dividing, developing and maturing into any of the body ' s more than 200 different cell types. and he wasn ' t alone : on the same day that he published his milestone in the journal cell, james thomson, a pioneering university of wisconsin molecular biologist, reported similar success in science. their papers cap a year of remarkable research, in which scientists have surged ahead of ethicists and politicians in finding ever more clever ways to generate stem cells. but where other breakthroughs relied on using cells from living embryos tiny bits of inchoate life, fraught with ethical issues the work by yamanaka and thomson sidesteps that abyss by nursing adult cells into a state in which their cellular destiny is yet to be fulfilled. no embryos, no eggs, no hand - wringing over where the cells come from and whether it is ethical to make them in the first place. stem cells generated by this method are ideal not just because they are free of political and moral baggage. they can also be coaxed into becoming any type of tissue, and then be transplanted back into the donor with little risk of rejection. still, these cells are far from ready for medical use. the viruses used to ferry the genes that manipulate the cells can introduce genetic mutations and cancer. and with myriad ways to reprogram a cell, sorting out the best ones will take time meaning that stem cells from embryos will remain useful ( and controversial ) for a while. both yamanaka and thomson admit that we still know too little about how the process works to exploit the method ' s full potential. nevertheless, their discovery has moved stem - cell research back to an embryonic state of its own in which anything, it seems, is possible.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5021316420796178, "token_count": 427, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.525752"} {"text": "the drought in texas, during march, was the worst since 1895. that is about the time my parents were born 120 years ago. i never thought it could be worse than the drought of the 1950s, but it is. drive out into grazing country where mesquite aren ' t too thick and all you can see is dry, cracked soil with an occasional fire ant or a gopher mound in the sandier soil. comparing the current drought with the seven - year drought in the 1950s, old - timers say the current drought sapped the soil of moisture faster than it did in the 1950s. it just stopped raining last july, and pasture after pasture was hit by wildfires. right now, there is no potential to produce hay, harvest wheat or plant cotton or grain sorghum this may. unless there is a week of rain fairly soon there is no hope for agriculture this year. the texas ag extension service says that, despite a few recent showers in some areas, the cotton growing in texas and oklahoma is still in a drought. any crop planted in southern texas earlier in the year that got up out of the ground is now being sand blasted by hot, dry winds. wildfires have burned at least 1. 5 million acres in the state since jan. 1. in addition to grazing losses, ranchers are facing rangeland stock water tanks that are dry or nearly dry. streams are not flowing and lakes and big tanks are turning to deep mud.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4123265572106289, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.528658"} {"text": "a mighty wall surrounds the medina, the old part of the tunisian city of sousse, whose fortifications date back to the 9th century. they were built by the aghlabid dynasty, who were strongly influenced by islam. there is a remarkable gate at the northern edge of the medina. it is the entrance to the ribat, an impressive fortress that was built by the aghlabids in the 10th century. this military building was very similar to a monastery in which islamic interests dominated the actions of the rabat ' s ' warrior monks '. the history of sousse has been influenced by many different countries and cultures. carthagian, roman and even byzantine influences can be found in the city. its convenient location, coastline and fertile countryside created a prosperous trading and commercial centre, making sousse the main metropolis of the sahel. stretching out onto the highest point of the medina is the impressive fortress, the kasbah, that was built on the foundations of a byzantine castle and today, contains an important museum. thanks to its special location, sousse has always fascinated visitors with its rich variety of atmospheric, historical impressions. thankfully, and despite its warlike past, the medina of sousse has been able to preserve most of its original character. global treasures - history ' s most protected monuments - heritage is our legacy from the past, what we live today, and what we pass on to future generations. our cultural and natural heritage are both irreplaceable sources of life and inspiration. places as unique and diverse as the wilds of east africa ' s serengeti, the pyramids of egypt, the great barrier reef in australia and the baroque cathedrals of latin america make up our world ' s heritage. join us as we explore one of these protected monuments.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46286516320981164, "token_count": 361, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.533380"} {"text": "september 18, 2007 > history pioneer school people the original act to create the county of alameda called for an election of officers that did not mention a county superintendent of schools, but at the first election held in may 1853, rev. william w. brier was elected to that office. county officials divided the county into six townships that included washington and made each township a school district. rev. brier visited communities throughout the county helping residents start schools, acquire buildings and promote the cause of a regular school attendance. he worked with county officials to secure money for school buildings and teachers ' salaries. historian william halley reported in 1856, when the county was three years old, that \" education was making headway under the efficient management of mr. brier. \" a board of trustees was required to operate each district in spite of obstacles that included unstable finances, teacher shortages, widespread ignorance and parental complaints. they were empowered to maintain a classroom, hire a teacher, purchase supplies, keep records of meetings and file reports with the county. trustees sometimes ran unopposed for reelection and voter turnout depended on how pleased the parents were with the teachers ' perceived performance. information about these pioneer school trustees is sketchy. the first trustees at irvington were william y. horner, george m. walters and william hopkins. all were nearby prominent landowners. our most complete early day records appear to be those for lincoln school district because trustee records have been preserved. the first trustees were emory munyan, abijah baker, and george w. tait. munyan served as clerk of the board and recorded the minutes by hand. he was a faithful trustee until his death in 1899 for a total of 29 years. munyan treated the students and teachers as family, even delivering fruit in season from his nearby orchard to the students. abijah baker owned a large farm near the school and \" gave generously to good causes. \" george w. tait, who had been superintendent of schools in san francisco, came to washington township for his health and was credited with naming lincoln school. the most important person in any school was ( and still is ) the teacher. at first there were no special credentials for teachers. erastus johnson reported that he came to centerville to visit and ended up opening a school there in 1853. other pioneer teachers at centerville included mrs. jonathan mayhew, judge stephen nye, julia rappleye and w. h. yates. the first public school teacher at alvarado was mrs. warren. as in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.36893124903661056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.542131"} {"text": "there in 1853. other pioneer teachers at centerville included mrs. jonathan mayhew, judge stephen nye, julia rappleye and w. h. yates. the first public school teacher at alvarado was mrs. warren. as in many pioneer communities, she \" boarded around \" among the families. rev. w. w. brier taught here and later served as a trustee. several teachers at lincoln school including mollie reeder, emma reeder, louise cearley, flora brown, cora simpson and addie ross grew up in washington township. irvington teachers included many local residents and j. c. gilson and w. f. b. lynch who later became alameda county superintendent of schools. the average monthly salary for pioneer teachers in alameda county was about $ 75 per month, but sometimes, as at lincoln school, it was $ 50 plus board. by 1904 the average for men was about $ 99 and $ 72 for women. the alviso principal was paid $ 110 per month and the other teachers $ 90 in 1919. a niles teacher was paid $ 115 in 1929 with $ 5 raises until the depression forced the monthly total back to $ 115. many pioneer teachers were men who went on to other occupations. the county had 13 male and 14 female teachers in 1859, but by 1878 there were three times as many women as men. teachers were challenged to provide lessons for pupils with varying age and achievement levels. a primary teacher at centerville summarized the problem when she wrote, \" i cannot give to the separate classes as much time as i would like. \" teachers in pioneer schools had no time to themselves as they had to supervise students during lunch and recess breaks. they ate with the children and often played with them at recess. there were times when text books and materials were not available, and teachers were forced to improvise and make do with what they had. local history books don ' t give much information about janitors, but all schools became dirty and needed attention. at first the teachers were the janitors, with occasional assistance from students. alviso trustees allocated $ 1 for washing windows in 1890 but later paid $ 20 per month for a janitor. sometimes custodians were also the gardeners. guido laneri was a favorite gardener at niles school. teachers and parents sometimes provided warm meals for students. centerville school began limited cafeteria service in 1925 and cafeteria workers became a regular part of the staff. alviso school started cafeteria service in 1947 and also began", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4046520277921316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.543630"} {"text": "answer : even better! a lot of ag research stations have investigated the application of chemicals through irrigation systems. typically they find that fertigation provides the following advantages compared to ground application : question : what about chemicals other than fertilizers? answer : most of the above advantages extend to pesticide injection. in addition, researchers report : question : how does all this fit together with some of the newer irrigation technologies? answer : two technological advances offer us examples of the perfect fit between injectors and irrigation systems : low energy precision application ( lepa ) heads make pivots even more effective as application devices. lepa heads are usually arranged to deliver water beneath the crop foliage canopy. several lepa head designs have multiple operating modes including the capability to convert between down - spray and up - spray. this feature further improves the flexibility of chemical application by center pivots. sub - surface drip irrigation is a technology that couldn ' t exist without injectors. all crop nutrients are delivered directly to the plant roots through the irrigation lines while the search continues for new systemic pesticides that are well - suited for root uptake. chemicals must also be injected to keep irrigation lines free of slime that would plug the drip emitters. this article is reprinted from chemindustrial systems, inc. ; csi info / update # 8 oct 21, 1994", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5031679748603568, "token_count": 273, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.545427"} {"text": "\u201c redefining a word isn ' t always the same as giving it a new meaning. sometimes you ' re just trying to pare it down to the core concept that people missed the first time around. dictionary definitions of \" camera \" used to mention film and plates ; now they just refer to a photosensitive surface. but the meaning of \" camera \" isn ' t different ; it ' s just that now technology lets us see what its essence has been all along. \u201d \u2014 geoff nunberg on how dictionaries are even grappling with getting \u2018 marriage \u2019 right \u201c equality, \u201d \u201c prejudice, \u201d \u201c race \u201d itself \u2014 how can you have mid - nineteenth - century characters use words like those without anachronistically evoking the connotations they have for us? to many of lincoln \u2019 s contemporaries and even his allies, \u201c equality \u201d still evoked alarming echoes of the french revolution. to speak of \u201c race equality \u201d implied not just that people should all be treated alike, but that the races really were morally and intellectually equivalent. that was an extreme and dubious proposition to all but a few radical republicans, like thaddeus stevens. \u201d \u2014 geoff nunberg on how connotations have changed since the 19th century and how those connotations are alluded to in tony kushner \u2019 s screen adaptation of lincoln. ' occupy ' : geoff nunberg ' s 2011 word of the yeargeoff nunberg \u2018 occupy \u2019 : geoff nunberg \u2019 s 2011 word of the year ( via npr )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5782408373661226, "token_count": 313, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.547130"} {"text": "we created this website to teach participant programmers, even those with a poor base, how to use html but not only. we invite you to start the programming course right away. but first, \" the menu \"... beginner ` s guide - for those of you who are beginners in the way of creating a web page html tutorials - for those of you who start the creation of web pages with some html base start with the beginning > > > this series of tutorials is made to give you some experience, so that you can be capable to read and write in html, to be able to save documents and after that to see your work in a web browser. unfortunately this page does not have a rubric for teaching you how to use all base functions of an computer, so in this point of view you can ask for help to a friend of yours so that you will be helped in : - knowing what is an notepad and how to use it - knowing how to open a file using internet explorer ( or any other browser, you can choose it ) - knowing how yo make and what represents a copy / paste first web page for the beginning copy next html cod in notepad. assure that the operation is right executed or the page will not function. < body > < h2 > my first web page! < / h2 > thee upper code, is all you need to create a simple web page. now you can save the document in notepad selecting from file menu the save as option. in the new opened window, select all files. we will give a name to the file, for example \" index. html \", without using the quotation marks. check twice before you push the save button. i will ask you to try to remember where you have saved the file because we will work with this file a bit later. how to see your first web pages - browsers so that you can see your web page, you should use a browser. browsers are those internet programs who interpret html cods, similar with those you have copied and saved in notepad. these transforms the html cod in a web page that can be read by any internet user. the most used browsers are : how to see your first web page if you want to see your web page, you have to open \" index. html \" file in a browser. in this way, open a new internet explorer window and follow my instructions : - from file select open - click on browse so that you open windows explorer - do you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47015919328758915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.550710"} {"text": "home > marketing & communication > news says imagination is child \u2019 s play parents who invest a lot of time and thought into choosing christmas gifts for their child may find themselves frustrated when the child plays with the box the present came in rather than the gift itself. dr. ron fannin, associate professor of family science and coordinator of the child development program at texas woman university, advises parents to relax \u2014 it \u2019 s all part of growing up. are doing these things, such as pretending a box is a rocket ship or a car, they \u2019 re projecting what they want to have going on in their lives, \u201d he said. many of today \u2019 s toys don \u2019 t require much of the children playing with them, dr. fannin said. we \u2019 re caught by our own technology. the toys do everything \u2014 we just watch, \u201d he said. \u201c as adults, we buy toys all the time. ours are just more expensive and less involved. if a child has a toy, he wants to use it. \u201d enjoy both physical and imaginary involvement with their toys. dr. fannin said a better question for parents considering gifts is what will hold the child \u2019 s interest. be chosen with an eye toward stimulating the child \u2019 s imagination, \u201d he said. \u201c because of this, sometimes the toy with the fewer bells and whistles is more engaging. the simple toy requires the child to involve himself or herself more fully into the play experience. this is a very good thing. \u201d tel : ( 940 ) 898 - 3456", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42699100110967536, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.552659"} {"text": "1785 - 10th may 1863 the son of a greenock merchant, the tall and \" somewhat ungainly \" anderson traded as a manufacturer before managing the glasgow union banking company. his main achievement was the absorption of private banks into the union bank of scotland, starting with the thistle bank of glasgow in 1836 and including the paisley union bank ( 1838 ) and the aberdeen bank ( 1849 ). these mergers required delicate negotiations, for which anderson, with his reputation for integrity and honour, was well suited. he was often consulted on monetary matters by sir robert peel, and in 1841 gave evidence to a commons select committee. he was chairman of the unchartered banks of scotland, 1844 - 45, and a member of glasgow town council. he also served as a magistrate, as president of anderson ' s university ( founded by his uncle, professor john anderson ), and as secretary to the chamber of commerce. he died at carlung, ayrshire, on 10 may 1863. \" much has been said and written about the scottish banks and their peculiar system, and inquiries have come from all parts of the world as to wherein lay the origin and secret of their strength. the answer to such inquiries is in the simple fact that, unlike their neighbours in england and elsewhere, the people of scotland were left free by the legislature to create a system of banking suitable to their wants. before the days of railways and steamboats each district, by a process of \" natural selection, \" had its banker. he was the trusted custodian of the savings of the thrifty. he was the discreet and sagacious supporter of the enterprising trader and adventurous man of commerce. his promises to pay gold on demand were freely accepted within the circuit of his district as a convenient and necessary medium of exchange. in this way there grew up throughout the country substantial private copartneries conducting the business of banking and serving the important purpose of promoting industry and thrift. the currency doctor had not yet been born, and the subtle suggestion had not yet been made that a one - pound note, convertible into gold on demand, might, unknown to its possessor, be of less value than the coin it represented. \" but the range of banking credit of these substantial copartneries was naturally limited to the districts where they respectively were known, and with increased facilities of communication and transit, and the rapid development of commercial enterprise, it by - and - by became evident that banking institutions of more commanding importance and more widely - recognized stability were required to take the place", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4081564524768, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.559592"} {"text": "where they respectively were known, and with increased facilities of communication and transit, and the rapid development of commercial enterprise, it by - and - by became evident that banking institutions of more commanding importance and more widely - recognized stability were required to take the place of the old local private banks. the three \" old banks, \" with their headquarters in edinburgh, had not yet seriously set themselves to serve the country districts, and the two new joint - stock banks which had been started there were comparatively in their infancy, when, in 1830, an energetic movement was begun in glasgow to institute a joint - stock bank. it is not \" sixty years since, \" and yet this apparently laudable proceeding provoked at that time the enmity and opposition of the \" old banks \" and private bankers to an extent which is now almost incredible. with great difficulty a law - agent was found sufficiently audacious to draw the bank ' s contract of copartnery, and when this had been accomplished and the bank had surmounted the dangers incidental to its birth, the directors were most fortunate in placing the young institution under the guidance of a gentleman of exceptional sagacity and experience, mr. james andrew anderson. \" mr. anderson was then forty - five years of age. he was the son of mr. andrew anderson, of greenock, a much - respected merchant there, and was nephew of the celebrated professor john anderson, founder of anderson ' s university, so he came of an excellent west country stock. mr. anderson had been bred to business in the counting - house of mr. dugald bannatyne, and for fifteen years had traded successfully as a manufacturer. at the time he was selected for the important office of manager of the glasgow union banking company, as the bank at first was called, he had already acquired a high reputation for intelligence and integrity, and his subsequent career fully justified the expectations which were then formed. in those days the trade of scotland was small compared with what it is now, but the fluctuations in prices, notably in grain, were more violent, and extended over wider limits than is often experienced now, and the banker ' s duties were correspondingly difficult. through these troublous times the bank was safely guide steadily improving its position in the public estimation. \" that mr. anderson fully grasped the capabilities of his office was well shown by the manner in which he, more than any of his brethren, discerned the change of the times as affecting the private banks, and set about absorbing these old aristocratic institutions into the broader and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4483631034725287, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.560715"} {"text": "fully grasped the capabilities of his office was well shown by the manner in which he, more than any of his brethren, discerned the change of the times as affecting the private banks, and set about absorbing these old aristocratic institutions into the broader and more expansive organization of the union bank of scotland. beginning in 1836 with the thistle bank of glasgow, which dated from 1761, there followed in due succession - in 1838, sir william forbes, j. hunter & co., of edinburgh, dating back to 1694, in 1838, the paisley union bank of 1788, in 1843, the glasgow and ship bank, dating, as regards the ship bank, from 1750, in 1843, hunters & co., of ayr, of 1771, in 1849, the aberdeen bank of 1767, and in 1857, subsequent to mr. anderson ' s retirement, there was added to the foregoing list the perth bank, dating from 1766. transactions such as these must have been preceded by negotiations of the most delicate and confidential character, and that they were conducted with success is evidence beyond question of the high reputation for integrity and honour enjoyed by mr. anderson. \" mr. anderson ' s knowledge and capacity as a banker were recognized not only by the adherents of the union bank, but by the other managers of banks throughout scotland. in 1841 he was examined before a select committee of the house of commons, and was complimented on the clear and intelligent evidence he gave on the difficult questions relating to capital, currency, and credit. in 1844 and 1845 he was chairman of the unchartered banks of scotland when the bank acts of these years were passing through parliament. he was frequently sent for by sir robert peel, when he fought what proved to be a losing battle for freedom of note issues as against the centralizing views of the prime minister. nor was his energy satisfied with his own proper occupations. he was at one time a member of the town council and a magistrate of glasgow. he was several years president of anderson ' s university, and for eight years he acted as secretary to the chamber of commerce in succession to his friend, mr. dugald bannatyne. \" enough has now been said to show that an important place must be assigned, among the men who have made glasgow what it now is, to the name of james andrew anderson. his official duties were of a high and responsible order, and were performed in a manner which secured him the entire confidence of his fellow - citizens. this rested wholly on his capacity for good work, combined with unben", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40684556619473833, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.561836"} {"text": "the name of james andrew anderson. his official duties were of a high and responsible order, and were performed in a manner which secured him the entire confidence of his fellow - citizens. this rested wholly on his capacity for good work, combined with unbending integrity, for mr. anderson had none of the airs and graces which sometimes appear to do service for solid attainments. in figure he was tall, angular, and somewhat ungainly, with a rugged, serious countenance. he was a typical scot, always earnest and grave, and yet a vein of kindliness and humour would often force itself through the somewhat hard exterior of his manner. mr. anderson retired from the management of the union bank of scotland in may, 1852, and died at his residence of carlung, in ayrshire, on the 10th may, 1863. \" from : james maclehose, memoirs and portraits of one hundred glasgow men who have died during the last thirty years and in their lives did much to make the city what it now is ( glasgow, james maclehose & sons, 1886 ), 3. james andrew anderson, available at http : / / gdl. cdlr. strath. ac. uk / mlemen / mlemen003. htm [ accessed 14 / 08 / 2012 ]. \u00a31, 889 15s 5d glasgow, lanarkshire, central scotland, scotland carlung, ayrshire, southern scotland, scotland", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3674134780884957, "token_count": 301, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.562651"} {"text": "hb electrophoresis ; hgb electrophoresis ; electrophoresis - hemoglobin hemoglobin electrophoresis is a test that measures the different types of the oxygen - carrying protein ( hemoglobin ) in the blood. blood is typically drawn from a vein, usually from the inside of the elbow or the back of the hand. the site is cleaned with germ - killing medicine ( antiseptic ). the health care provider wraps an elastic band around the upper arm to apply pressure to the area and make the vein swell with blood. next, the health care provider gently inserts a needle into the vein. the blood collects into an airtight vial or tube attached to the needle. the elastic band is removed from your arm. once the blood has been collected, the needle is removed, and the puncture site is covered to stop any bleeding. in infants or young children, a sharp tool called a lancet may be used to puncture the skin and make it bleed. the blood collects into a small glass tube called a pipette, or onto a slide or test strip. a bandage may be placed over the area if there is any bleeding. no special preparation is necessary for this test. when the needle is inserted to draw blood, some people feel moderate pain, while others feel only a prick or stinging sensation. afterward, there may be some throbbing. you may have this test if your health care provider suspects that you have a disorder caused by abnormal forms of hemoglobin ( hemoglobinopathy ). many different types of hemoglobin ( hb ) exist. the most common ones are hba, hba2, hbf, hbs, hbc, hb h, and hb m. healthy adults only have significant levels of hba and hba2. some people may also have small amounts of hbf ( which is the main type of hemoglobin in an unborn baby ' s body ). certain diseases are associated with high hbf levels ( when hbf is more than 2 % of the total hemoglobin ). hbs is an abnormal form of hemoglobin associated with sickle cell anemia. in people with this condition, the red blood cells sometimes have a crescent or sickle shape. the cells easily break down, or can block small blood vessels. hbc is an abnormal form of hemoglobin associated with hemolytic anemia. the symptoms are much milder than they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5648960878771533, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.570814"} {"text": "cells sometimes have a crescent or sickle shape. the cells easily break down, or can block small blood vessels. hbc is an abnormal form of hemoglobin associated with hemolytic anemia. the symptoms are much milder than they are in sickle cell anemia. other, less common, abnormal hb molecules cause anemias. in adults, these hemoglobin molecules make up the following percentages of total hemoglobin : in infants and children, these hemoglobin molecules make up the following percentages of total hemoglobin : note : normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. talk to your doctor about the meaning of your specific test results. the examples above show the common measurements for results for these tests. some laboratories use different measurements or may test different specimens. the presence of significant levels of abnormal hemoglobins may indicate : there is very little risk involved with having your blood taken. veins and arteries vary in size from one patient to another and from one side of the body to the other. taking blood from some people may be more difficult than from others. other risks associated with having blood drawn are slight but may include : you may have false normal or abnormal results if you ' ve had a blood transfusion within the previous 12 weeks. nagel r. methemoglobinemias and unstable hemoglobins. in : goldman l, ausiello d, eds. cecil medicine. 23rd ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2007 : chap 168. steinberg m. sickle cell disease and associated hemoglobinopathies. in : goldman l, ausiello d, eds. cecil medicine. 23rd ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2007 : chap 167. \u00a9 2011 university of maryland medical center ( ummc ). all rights reserved. ummc is a member of the university of maryland medical system, 22 s. greene street, baltimore, md 21201. tdd : 1 - 800 - 735 - 2258 or 1. 866. 408. 6885", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.55986314269086, "token_count": 429, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.572249"} {"text": "9 january 2013. climate change poses many challenges to beaches and coastal areas and to the people living near these areas. in order to educate school students and community members on how to protect their beach environments, the un educational, scientific and cultural organization ( unesco ) jakarta office and the focil foundation organized a sandwatch training of trainers for teachers and students from wangi - wangi island, southeast sulawesi, indonesia, in wakatobi, indonesia, on 17 and 18 december 2012. the training involved 18 students and 6 teachers from 3 local schools and started the implementation of sandwatch activities on the island. in particular, the event aimed to socialize the concept of sandwatch for climate change adaptation and education for sustainable development, discuss sandwatch methodologies, and develop a one - year workplan for sandwatch implementation in the respective schools. during the training workshop and a fieldtrip, teachers and students identified the environmental problems facing waha beach, discussed the environmental problems they will focus on as part of sandwatch activities ( each school will choose a beach where they will implement sandwatch ), and debated on how sandwatch activities can be regularly implemented in the schools for the next 5 months and beyond. coastal environmental issues identified and discussed at the training include sand mining and the ensuing rapid erosion, beach use, and debris. one - year workplans for beach monitoring, data analysis, result sharing and taking action are currently being developed by each school. participants are encouraged to share the knowledge they have gained with other students and to invite them to implement sandwatch activities and be part of the global sandwatch programme. it is expected that by mid 2013, at least 40 students will have been involved in sandwatch activities in wakatobi. the first beach monitoring will be carried out by mid january 2013. the sandwatch project was launched by unesco in 1999 as a volunteer network of primary and secondary school students and teachers. sandwatch seeks to develop awareness of the fragile nature of the marine and coastal environment and the need to use it wisely. the project activates an educational process through which school students and community members learn and work together. they critically evaluate the problems and conflicts facing their beach environments and develop sustainable approaches to address these issues. sandwatch provides a practical \u2018 hands - on \u2019 approach for integrating the values inherent to sustainable development into all aspects of learning. it thereby empowers citizens to act for positive environmental and social change.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49290511213720306, "token_count": 488, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.575366"} {"text": "posts tagged \u2018 allergy shots \u2019 most people do not experience adverse reactions to allergy shots. sometimes they may have swelling, redness or itching at the site of injection. these mild reactions are usually treated with antihistamines, and the doctor may adjust the dose for the next injection. rarely more severe reactions are manifested. in sensitive individuals, the vaccine can cause asthma symptoms such as difficulty breathing, wheezing or coughing. in addition, an anaphylactic reaction can cause dizziness, nausea, chest tightness or swelling of the throat that prevents you from breathing. these reactions can be treated in the office, but sometimes may require treatment in hospital. read the rest of this entry \u00bb before administering vaccines allergy testing is needed to determine which allergens will trigger allergic reactions. these studies include skin or patch tests and a blood test called \u201c radioallergosorbent test \u201d or rast. the results are not always accurate. you may get a positive test without allergic symptoms or, conversely, to show allergy symptoms even with a negative test. how it is done when given an allergy vaccine is injected a small amount of allergen under the skin, usually in the fleshy part of the forearm. at the start of treatment, the injections are usually once a week and go increasing doses of allergens gradually with each injection. a patient can achieve the maximum dose, also known as a maintenance dose at four to six months of starting treatment. read the rest of this entry \u00bb allergy shots, also known as immunotherapy, are a medical procedure that involves making the body insensitive to not overreact to certain allergens. they are given small amounts of the substance to cause discomfort by injection to stimulate the immune system gradually. as the weeks and months will increase the amount of allergens in gradually. it is not yet clear how the allergy shots, but it is estimated that the treatment stimulates an immune response against allergens other, which is more comfortable than traditional allergic response. the vaccines do not provide immediate relief, but may be a good long term solution if they work well. many people have managed to reverse the symptoms of allergy after completion of treatment ( 3 to 5 years ) with allergy shots. it may take six months to a year before symptoms begin to disappear. for those who respond to treatment, allergy shots can significantly reduce the intensity and frequency of symptoms. however, in some cases, it may not produce any effect or the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.412058151234598, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.577960"} {"text": "supporting early childhood education : basf \u2019 s \u201c action on education \u201d campaign as part of the \u201c action on education \u201d campaign, basf aktiengesellschaft is supporting seven projects aimed at boosting early childhood education in daycare centers. the projects are being organized and carried out by organizations that operate daycare centers in ludwigshafen \u2013 the city of ludwigshafen and germany \u2019 s two main churches. ludwigshafen \u2019 s 89 daycare centers are taking part in the projects together. an academic research group will provide ongoing support and post - project evaluation for the projects, which are intended to be sustainable and to continue after the project phase is over. the projects address topics that are an integral part of the educational guidelines laid down for daycare centers by the state of rhineland - palatinate. 1. project \u201c language makes you strong! language bridge daycare centers \u201d language is the key to successful education and integration, which is why this project aims to improve the development of language skills among children from diverse social and cultural backgrounds. promoting language skills in small groups and in everyday classroom situations helps in the following way : using small groups, trained staff use games to systematically teach children with poor language skills a specific number of new words, e. g., \u201c clothes \u201d or \u201c parts of the body. \u201d to consolidate the new vocabulary, each topic is again dealt with in the entire group and in other ways ( for example, by naming the different items of clothes when getting dressed ). parents are children \u2019 s most important language partners. once a week, parents who come from other countries or families with educational problems go to the daycare center with their children. they learn in game form how to encourage the use of language using play and get tips on what to do at home. 2. project \u201c pure nature \u201d this project helps daycare centers to teach children about nature. the idea is to give children a wide variety of ways of learning about nature so that they develop a relationship with nature and the natural world, and experience and understand its relationship with other things. for this reason, an important part of the project is building natural play areas for the centers. examples include model outdoor play areas, such as building small hillocks, climbing opportunities or making little streams. 3. project \u201c from small to smart \u201d the aim of this project is to encourage children to be curious about scientific phenomena and to help them learn how to express and think about their experiences. age - appropriate, hands - on experiments help to encourage their interest in chemistry, math and physics", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5080426653184281, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.582132"} {"text": "smart \u201d the aim of this project is to encourage children to be curious about scientific phenomena and to help them learn how to express and think about their experiences. age - appropriate, hands - on experiments help to encourage their interest in chemistry, math and physics. specially equipped educational workshops in each of the participating daycare centers also encourage the children to learn more easily. in small groups, the children find out what happens, for example, when they mix paints, what substances dissolve in water or discover \u201c hidden \u201d air. using materials found in every household, the children are able to make surprising experiences. 4. storytelling workshop listening to stories from different cultures doesn \u2019 t just fascinate children, it also helps them to better understand their own and other cultures. this project uses storytelling as an educational tool : children learn to listen and become storytellers themselves, while at the same time coming face to face with stories from other cultures and traditions. 5. project \u201c from piccolo to picasso \u201d helping to develop creative skills in children is the aim of this project, which boosts the esthetic and artistic element of the centers \u2019 curriculum. children are given the opportunity \u2013 based on their teachers \u2019 suggestions \u2013 to express themselves using colors, shapes and experimental designs. artists are also invited to come and work with the children. all the participating centers have set up \u201c children \u2019 s studios \u201d \u2013 their size depends on the available space \u2013 where the children can draw, paint or make things. 6. project \u201c guaranty for quality \u201d this project introduces quality assurance into daycare centers with respect to processes, structures and results. staff at the centers are trained to monitor and improve the quality of their own work on an ongoing basis. every year, each center chooses specific areas from a list of defined, quality - relevant subjects that they want to focus on and implement, for example integrating parents into the work of the centers. 7. project \u201c observation and educational partnership \u201d this project intends to assist center staff in developing their observational skills : the idea is to be more aware of children \u2019 s individuality so that they can be given greater personal support. center staff are trained to systematically observe children \u2019 s development, their strengths and needs and to document these observations for each child. the training also teaches staff how to talk to parents with the aim of persuading them to work more closely with the centers in the interests of the children. back to top", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.536046387272396, "token_count": 488, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.583319"} {"text": "| \u00a9 unicef angola / 2010 / blumenkratz | | an infant sleeps under a mosquito net in angola. | by yolanda nunes correia luanda, angola, 25 april 2012 \u2013 today, 25 april, is world malaria day, an event that calls attention to the critical need bring malaria under control. despite progress made in angola \u2019 s fight against malaria, the disease remains the country \u2019 s principal killer of young children, accounting for 35 per cent of deaths among children under age 5. this is more than a statistic for catarina cassinda, from namibe province. one year ago, in april, she lost her 18 - month - old child to malaria. \u201c my personal story made me an activist in the fight against malaria in the school where i teach, \u201d ms. cassinda said. taking action against malaria ms. cassinda is a teacher at tombwa primary school, where she has seen the positive effects of efforts to combat the disease. \u201c there are now fewer and fewer cases of school absenteeism due to malaria. the means of malaria transmission by mosquito bites and the protection measures, including the use of treated mosquito nets, are taught to students, \u201d she said. \u201c the topic is also included in our training manuals. \u201d she and her family now always sleep under insecticide - treated mosquito nets. and ms. cassinda wants to prevent other mothers and families from going through what she has been through. reaching as many as possible many bilateral and multilateral partners have been supporting the government of angola in reinforcing the national malaria control programme. access to long - lasting insecticide - treated nets ( llins ) and malaria treatment has been increasing at a steady pace since 2006. unicef provides technical and logistical support for the procurement and distribution of llins. unicef is also assisting communication campaigns to raise awareness about the need for and proper use of mosquito nets. \u201c unicef is working with partners to ensure the three essentials : knowledge to be protected and early detection of malaria ; free access to malaria treatment and prevention during pregnancy ; and ensuring access to free drugs and nets, \u201d said unicef representative in angola koenraad vanormelingen. communication campaigns, education activities and social mobilization activities have also played an important role in creating demand for mosquito nets. millions of mosquito nets have been distributed in angola in the last few years, increasing the coverage of under - 5 children and pregnant women to 26 per cent, according to the 2011 malaria indicator survey. and efforts are underway to help even more people keep their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4107014012439416, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.588061"} {"text": "for nearly half - a - century, molecular biologists have sought to solve the mystery of how proteins are synthesized and the intricacies of ribosomes \u2014 the small particles in cells on which proteins are synthesized. two ucla molecular biologists propose a solution in the march 21 issue of the journal nature. the scientists \u2014 james a. lake, ucla professor of molecular, cell and developmental biology, and ucla graduate student anne b. simonson \u2014 show how the \u201c factory of life \u201d works. \u201c the ribosome is like a computer - driven protein factory that has been cloaked in secrecy, \u201d lake said. \u201c we knew the shape of the factory, and we could see the trucks going in, but we couldn \u2019 t peer beyond the factory gate. we knew the names of the employees, but we didn \u2019 t know what they did. now we have a hypothesis of how the employees move in and out of different rooms to get their work done, and even what they have for lunch. our hypothesis of how protein synthesis works may be refined, but we are confident that the central parts are correct. \u201c proteins are the workhorses of the cell, the molecules that make us what we are, and every protein in our body is made on a ribosome, \u201d lake said. \u201c ribosomes are central to life, and are in every living organism, from the smallest bacteria to humans. \u201d why is it important to understand how ribosomes make proteins? each of our cells has more than 100, 000 ribosomes, and solving what lake calls \u201c the puzzle of life \u201d requires a much greater understanding of the ribosome \u2019 s role in protein synthesis than the broad outlines scientists have had until now. in addition, the research could lead to new antibiotics, and insights into how genes are regulated, which could lead to new treatments for a variety of diseases, lake said. in molecular biology, translation is the process that turns genes into proteins \u2014 the \u201c molecules of life. \u201d scientists have not understood how this critical process works, but have known that it has three phases : initiation, elongation and termination, of which elongation is the key. a number of antibiotics work at the translation level. \u201c elongation is the heart of protein synthesis, \u201d lake said, the phase in which the ribosome adds amino acids, sometimes hundreds of them. in their nature paper, lake and simonson explain the molecular details of elongation, including the location and movement of more than 10, 000 atoms", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5314912858268023, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.591734"} {"text": "lake said, the phase in which the ribosome adds amino acids, sometimes hundreds of them. in their nature paper, lake and simonson explain the molecular details of elongation, including the location and movement of more than 10, 000 atoms. in addition, they have located a novel binding site for transfer rna ( trna ) when it enters the ribosome. \u201c genes are being turned on and turned off, and transcribed and translated constantly in our cells, \u201d simonson said. \u201c learning the mechanisms of how this works is key. \u201d with the new knowledge, it may become possible to make modifications in parts of the translation process to suppress lethal mutations and design new proteins to counteract the defects that cause numerous diseases, lake said. if the ribosome is a factory, then the workers in the hard hats include trna and ef - tu, a ubiquitous protein molecule that is like a large motor transporting trnas and amino acids. simonson and lake have learned how they move and function. \u201c ef - tu moves to exactly where it needs to go to transport the trna to where it needs to be so the amino acids are close enough together to be added to the end of a growing protein chain, \u201d lake said. \u201c the structure led us. the ribosome \u2019 s structure was telling us, \u2018 it can \u2019 t move like that, it doesn \u2019 t fit there, you have to turn it this way. \u2019 all the times we would make mistakes, the ribosome would correct us. \u201d \u201c the most exciting moment for me occurred late one night when we saw the initial binding site for trna before it turns, \u201d simonson said. \u201c the structure of the ribosome dictated how it fit in. we looked at each other and said, \u2018 wow! that \u2019 s amazing. \u2019 \u201d the research, which involved sophisticated computer simulation, was federally funded by grants from the national science foundation, the national institutes of health, the department of energy and the astrobiology institute.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.521196020927214, "token_count": 410, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.593080"} {"text": "recently, the san diego council on literacy interviewed and filmed 14 adult literacy students for a short video to be released this fall. in the video were nine women, five men and two teachers. seven were white. four were black. three were latino. two had learned english as a second language. one was a nurse. four earned college degrees. two earned degrees before they became literate. what many of these learners had in common was that, somehow, they slipped by all of us, either by being made invisible by others, or by successfully, of their own will, making themselves invisible over a period of 12 school years. some parents, teachers and administrators knew that something was wrong with the reading progress of these students but did not, for many reasons, intervene. many years later, these students found the courage to ask for help from the affiliated programs of the san diego council on literacy. today, we know that we can, statistically and with unfortunately good accuracy, determine who will succeed and fail in school simply by knowing that person \u2019 s income level, ethnicity and zip code. it would seem that, by now, we would have overcome the glaring obstacles that interfere with the proper education of our children. we have not. in the diamond community, an area in southeast san diego that includes 10 neighborhoods surrounding the intersection of euclid and market street, community members are meeting regularly to address old issues in the education of inner city youth. for six months, community leaders have gathered twice monthly to understand more deeply the education challenges facing the area. with the jacobs center for neighborhood innovation offering a place to convene, the diamond community education working group is building a common understanding of the problem and a shared vision for the future. the group is presently in the early stages of articulating a plan of action that focuses on enhancing the capacity of principals, teachers, parents, and community organizations to support early literacy development. this strategy is a direct response to what the group has learned about the importance of early literacy for future academic success. it is also a response to the poor performance of area schools, where 70 percent of third graders were reading below grade level in 2010. chula vista, with leadership from mayor cheryl cox, has taken several steps to address a communitywide approach to increase literacy. as a charter member of the national campaign for grade - level reading, chula vista has cross - sector teams of individuals working together to support school readiness, student attendance, and summer learning. chula vista schools, nonprofits, hospitals, businesses, government", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.45348471151712705, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.597597"} {"text": "researchers uncover attack mechanism of illness - inducing bacterium found in shellfish dallas \u2014 aug. 18, 2008 \u2014 an infectious ocean - dwelling bacterium found in oysters and other shellfish kills its host \u2019 s cells by causing them to burst, providing the invader with a nutrient - rich meal, researchers at ut southwestern medical center have found. the bacterium, a relative of the one that causes cholera, co - opts and makes fatal a normal cell process that starving or stressed organisms use to disassemble and recycle expendable proteins into more vital metabolites. called vibrio parahaemolyticus, or v para for short, the bacterium is already a major cause of human illness and economic loss in asia. it is dangerous primarily to people with liver disease or suppressed immune systems, although it can be killed by fully cooking shellfish, according to the u. s. centers for disease control and prevention. it caused major disease outbreaks in the northwest and northeast u. s. in the late 1990s and killed two people after hurricane katrina when tainted seawater entered open wounds, according to the cdc and the u. s. food and drug administration. \u201c this pathogen has spread to all the oceans of the world, and is resistant to many antibiotics, \u201d said dr. kim orth, associate professor of molecular biology and senior author of a study appearing online this week and in an upcoming issue of the proceedings of the national academy of sciences. dr. orth said she became interested in v para after its dna was sequenced by japanese researchers. she saw similarities between some of v para \u2019 s genes and those encoded by an unrelated bacterium that causes plague, which she also studies. v para was already known to kill host cells but the molecular mechanisms were unclear, dr. orth said. however, the new study shows that v para physically contacts host cells and then injects molecules to trigger the protein breakdown process. normally, this protein breakdown mechanism, called autophagy ( pronounced \u201c aw - tah - fah - gee \u201d ) or \u201c self - eating, \u201d is tightly controlled by the cells. in the study, the researchers infected cultured human cells with v para and found that the cells very quickly showed signs of autophagy, such as forming distinctive small compartments that collect and transport proteins for disassembly. the cells also became rounded, probably from a collapse of their internal framework, and their outer membranes began leaking, the researchers found. the cells died within three hours. the researchers hyp", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4804511825393172, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.606066"} {"text": "compartments that collect and transport proteins for disassembly. the cells also became rounded, probably from a collapse of their internal framework, and their outer membranes began leaking, the researchers found. the cells died within three hours. the researchers hypothesized that the invading v para scavenged nutrients from the dying cells to support their own proliferation. \u201c no one has seen such a rapid triggering of autophagy before, \u201d said dr. orth. \u201c treating the human cells with an autophagy inhibitor halted the protein breakdown process but did not save the cells, because v para uses other pathways by which to kill cells, \u201d she said. \u201c however, because it can kill by several routes, it \u2019 s important to understand all of them. \u201d in addition, because of rising ocean temperatures, the brackish conditions that favor v para growth extend farther north along the u. s. coasts. \u201c we \u2019 ve received a wake - up call that this is important environmentally, and we want to understand at the molecular level how this pathogen infects, kills and persists, \u201d dr. orth said. \u201c there are people getting sick from this emerging pathogen in the united states, yet there is no major effort to understand its pathology. \u201c there are many ways to kill a cell, and we \u2019 ve discovered yet another one. the bacterium hijacks activities from us and deregulates them. it \u2019 s like a bulldozer. \u201d although less dangerous than cholera, v para causes similar symptoms : diarrhea, nausea, vomiting and fever. in general, people recover in about three days, needing only rest and fluids, according to the cdc. one of the fatalities from the hurricane katrina aftermath had human immunodeficiency virus ; details on the other case were not available. other ut southwestern researchers involved in the study were lead authors dara burdette and melanie yarbrough, graduate students in molecular microbiology ; anthony orvedahl, a student in ut southwestern \u2019 s medical scientist training program ; and dr. christopher gilpin, assistant professor of cell biology. the work was supported by the national institutes of health, the burroughs wellcome fund and the welch foundation. visit http : / / www. utsouthwestern. org / infectiousdiseases to learn more about clinical services at ut southwestern in infectious diseases. media contact : aline mckenzie to automatically receive news releases from ut southwestern via e - mail, subscribe at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4366372843332924, "token_count": 504, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.607025"} {"text": "glycohemoglobin ( hba1c, a1c ) test overview back to top glycohemoglobin ( a1c ) is a blood test that checks the amount of sugar ( glucose ) bound to the hemoglobin in the red blood cells. when hemoglobin and glucose bond, a coat of sugar forms on the hemoglobin. that coat gets thicker when there ' s more sugar in the blood. a1c tests measure how thick that coat has been over the past 3 months, which is how long a red blood cell lives. people who have diabetes or other conditions that increase their blood glucose levels have more glycohemoglobin than normal. an a1c test can be used to diagnose prediabetes or diabetes. the a1c test checks the long - term control of blood glucose levels in people with diabetes. most doctors think checking an a1c level is the best way to check how well a person is controlling his or her diabetes. a home blood glucose test measures the level of blood glucose only at that moment. blood glucose levels change during the day for many reasons, including medicine, diet, exercise, and the level of insulin in the blood. it is useful for a person who has diabetes to have information about the long - term control of blood sugar levels. the a1c test result does not change with any recent changes in diet, exercise, or medicines. glucose binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells at a steady rate. since red blood cells last 3 to 4 months, the a1c test shows how much glucose is in the plasma part of blood. this test shows how well your diabetes has been controlled in the last 2 to 3 months and whether your diabetes treatment plan needs to be changed. the a1c test can also help your doctor see how big your risk is of developing problems from diabetes, such as kidney failure, vision problems, and leg or foot numbness. keeping your a1c level in your target range can lower your chance for problems. why it is done back to top this test is done to : - diagnose prediabetes and diabetes. - check your treatment for diabetes. how to prepare back to top you do not need to stop eating before you have an a1c test. this test can be done any time during the day, even after a meal. how it is done back to top the health professional taking a sample of your blood will : - wrap an elastic band around your upper arm to stop the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49210487093250765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.613006"} {"text": "a1c test. this test can be done any time during the day, even after a meal. how it is done back to top the health professional taking a sample of your blood will : - wrap an elastic band around your upper arm to stop the flow of blood. this makes the veins below the band larger so it is easier to put a needle into the vein. - clean the needle site with alcohol. - put the needle into the vein. more than one needle stick may be needed. - attach a tube to the needle to fill it with blood. - remove the band from your arm when enough blood is collected. - put a gauze pad or cotton ball over the needle site as the needle is removed. - put pressure on the site and then put on a bandage. how it feels back to top the blood sample is taken from a vein in your arm. an elastic band is wrapped around your upper arm. it may feel tight. you may feel nothing at all from the needle, or you may feel a quick sting or pinch. risks back to top there is very little chance of a problem from having blood sample taken from a vein. - you may get a small bruise at the site. you can lower the chance of bruising by keeping pressure on the site for several minutes. - in rare cases, the vein may become swollen after the blood sample is taken. this problem is called phlebitis. a warm compress can be used several times a day to treat this. - ongoing bleeding can be a problem for people with bleeding disorders. aspirin, warfarin ( coumadin ), and other blood - thinning medicines can make bleeding more likely. if you have bleeding or clotting problems, or if you take blood - thinning medicine, tell your doctor before your blood sample is taken. results back to top a1c is a blood test that checks the amount of sugar ( glucose ) bound to hemoglobin. the result is shown as a percentage. the result of your a1c test can also be used to estimate your average blood sugar level. this is called your estimated average glucose, or eag. your doctor will have your test results in a few days. the american diabetes association ( ada ) criteria to diagnose diabetes includes the option of testing a1c. the diagnosis of diabetes needs to be confirmed by repeating the same blood sugar test or doing a different test on another day. the normal values listed here \u2014 called a reference range \u2014 are just a guide. these ranges vary from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.42709666578714933, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.614066"} {"text": "option of testing a1c. the diagnosis of diabetes needs to be confirmed by repeating the same blood sugar test or doing a different test on another day. the normal values listed here \u2014 called a reference range \u2014 are just a guide. these ranges vary from lab to lab, and your lab may have a different range for what ' s normal. your lab report should contain the range your lab uses. also, your doctor will evaluate your results based on your health and other factors. this means that a value that falls outside the normal values listed here may still be normal for you or your lab. less than 5. 7 % | prediabetes ( increased risk for diabetes ) | | 6. 5 % and higher | a1c % | | estimated average plasma glucose ( mg / dl ) | | estimated average plasma glucose ( mmol / l ) | | children younger than 6 years old | | less than 8. 5 % | | children ages 6 \u2013 12 years old | | less than 8 % | | teens ages 13 \u2013 19 years old | | less than 7. 5 % | some medical conditions can increase a1c levels, but the results may still be within a normal range. these conditions include cushing ' s syndrome, pheochromocytoma, and polycystic ovary syndrome ( pcos ). corticosteroid treatment increases the a1c level. a1c levels may be higher in children and adolescents with diabetes. what affects the test back to top reasons you may not be able to have the test or why the results may not be helpful include : - having severe blood loss or a blood transfusion in the last 3 months. - having certain medical conditions, such as sickle cell anemia, hemolytic anemia, some types of thalassemia, and severe kidney disease. - having your spleen taken out. this changes the normal life cycle of red blood cells and a1c levels. what to think about back to top - if you have diabetes, your doctor may recommend that you have an a1c test every 3 to 6 months, depending on how well you are meeting your treatment goals. - some people who develop diabetes have normal a1c levels early in the course of their disease. - a1c levels can be normal in some people who have untreated diabetes and certain medical conditions, such as sickle cell anemia, hemolytic anemia, severe kidney disease, or pregnancy. - a1c levels are not useful for finding low blood sugar ( hypoglycemia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42689263740765143, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.615124"} {"text": "have untreated diabetes and certain medical conditions, such as sickle cell anemia, hemolytic anemia, severe kidney disease, or pregnancy. - a1c levels are not useful for finding low blood sugar ( hypoglycemia ). - the a1c test does not replace the need for other regular blood glucose tests, including checking your blood sugar at home and a regular blood glucose test. references back to top - american diabetes association ( 2012 ). diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. diabetes care, 35 ( suppl 1 ) : s64 \u2013 s71. - american diabetes association ( 2012 ). standards of medical care in diabetes \u2014 2012. diabetes care, 35 ( suppl 1 ) : s11 \u2013 s63. other works consulted - fischbach ft, dunning mb iii, eds. ( 2009 ). manual of laboratory and diagnostic tests, 8th ed. philadelphia : lippincott williams and wilkins. credits back to top | primary medical reviewer | | e. gregory thompson, md - internal medicine | | specialist medical reviewer | | alan c. dalkin, md - endocrinology | | last revised | | may 17, 2012 | last revised : may 17, 2012 to learn more visit healthwise. org", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4424395449057097, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.615693"} {"text": "gautama buddha, born as a prince, lived life as a king and worshiped as a god. he searches for the true power and enlightenment. the buddha who is the founder of the buddhist religion is called buddha shakyamuni born is the lumbini, nepal, but at the age of 29, he left his place and kingdom and loved ones behind, siddhartha ( the actual name given by his mother ) became a wandering monk. he took his training and studied with the wisest teachers of his day and he continued the search of the peace. he became god for common man, and people actually learn the cause and reason of human sufferings. he got worshiped in many countries, his thoughts and moral values spread all over the world and common people got the way to known they happiness and sadness. now in more than dozen countries, his thought and messages are been preached and followed by people. in theravadin countries, thailand, burma, sri lanka, cambodia and laos, the new year is celebrated for three days from the first full moon day in april. his thoughts have been followed by countries like mahayana, where they celebrate new year starts on the first full moon day in january. festivals and holidays buddhist new year in theravadin countries, thailand, burma, sri lanka, cambodia and laos, the new year is celebrated for three days from the first full moon day in april. vesak or visakah puja ( \" buddha day \" ) - traditionally, buddha ' s birthday is known as vesak or visakah puja vesak is the major buddhist festival of the year as it celebrates the birth, enlightenment and death of the buddha on the one day. this celebration is called vesak being the name of the month in the indian calendar magha puja day ( fourfold assembly or \" sanghaday \" ) magha puja day takes places on the full moon day of the third lunar month ( march ). this holy day is observed to honor an important event in the life of the buddha. moreover, like this, there are other days which have been celebrated on the honor of the lord buddha. in this trip one can feel the real sense of life and real the values of mortality and immorality? people will come to known about the buddhist philosophy. in addition, the trip is offered by expert and knowledge people who are well aware about the lord buddha and the day celebrated on his honor holidays.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4673691056908529, "token_count": 501, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.620104"} {"text": "malathion pesticide exposure and its effects attention and behavior disorders are some of the most common conditions among young children, and some of the most concerning for parents. researchers have long been looking for causes of these types of conditions, and while heredity and chemical imbalances are commonly thought to be causes, exposure to malathion pesticide is also showing to be a possible source. pesticides called organophosphates, which include parathion and malathion pesticide chemicals, have been shown to be a possible link in the development of attention difficulties in children who are exposed to the toxins. while it is one of the lesser potent pesticides that have been included in the study, the prevalence of the use of malathion pesticides make exposure to the substance very easy. the malathion pesticide is used in the treatment of fruits, vegetables, cotton, landscaping, public pests, recreation areas such as playgrounds, and much more. in order to help keep exposure to malathion pesticide to a minimum, many people choose to : - wash all fruits and vegetables thoroughly before eating - cook foods completely - wash new clothing before wearing - constantly wash hands, especially when out in public areas - avoid touching the face or mouth, as well as foods, with dirty hands if your child is displaying symptoms of attention or behavioral problems, and you suspect it may be caused by over exposure to malathion pesticide, contact your physician. he or she may be able to help properly diagnose the condition and help you create a plan to manage the condition.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4554725490266428, "token_count": 321, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.621669"} {"text": "q : when people talk about acidity in a coffee being a positive attribute - what do they mean? a : oftentimes ' acidity ' is related to objective ph level ( think lemons and grapefruit ). coffee is low in this type of acidity. when we talk of acidity in the coffee cup we refer to the vibrancy, liveliness and fruity brightness, which is characteristic of high grown, high quality arabica beans. a : bitterness is often the result of 2 things : - dark roasting ( this may be intentional to create a roasty smokiness that some drinkers enjoy - oftentimes it is unintentional! ) or - over extraction by the barista in creating the cup - the grind of the coffee may be too fine for the brewing method resulting in too little water running through too much coffee a : contrary to popular belief, coffee should never be stored in either fridge or freezer! the four main enemies of the coffee bean are oxygen, heat, moisture, and light. once the beans are taken out of the fridge or freezer, the coffee will absorb the condensation when the ice - crystals have thawed. always store your beans in a cool, dark, dry place like the pantry. remember, coffee absorbs smells so store your beans in an airtight vacuum container. a : coffee is a perishable good - you must think of coffee the same way you think of your fruit and vegetables, which no doubt you probably buy on a weekly basis. coffee reaches its peak potential between 3 to 12 days after roasting, after which the coffee beans begin to deteriorate quite quickly. to truly enjoy a fresh cup of coffee, you need to be buying coffee fresh from the roaster in small lots. keep an eye out for one - way valves on the packaging, check for roast on dates ( or use by dates! ) and store in a cool, dark, dry place. try to consume ground coffee within a week of grinding, while whole beans should be consumed within 3 weeks of roast date.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4588716222630075, "token_count": 423, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.623783"} {"text": "the first census to report on how well people were housed was that of 1891, but the only statistics gathered were on the number of rooms and the number of people in each household. from 1951 onwards, more questions were asked about ' amenities ', meaning specific facilities that households either possessed or had shared access to. one interesting measure of progress is the change in the amenities covered by the census. in 1951, these were piped water, a cooking stove, a kitchen sink, a ' water closet ' meaning a flush toilet, and a ' fixed bath ', as distinct from a tin bath hung on the wall between uses. in 2001, the list of key amenities was shorter : central heating, and ' sole use of bath / shower and toilet '. differences in what information was recorded by each census complicate comparisons over time, and none of our three measures are entirely consistent. our detailed statistics are held in structures called ncubes, which you can think of as tables with one dimension, or with two... or with twenty. their dimensions are defined by the variables each ncube combines, and each variable is made up of categories. these ncubes are available at national level for this theme : | available ncubes | | period covered | | variables ( number of categories ) | total households | | 1931 to 2001 | | | housing density, redistricted | | 1931 to 2001 | | persons per room | housing amenity, redistricted | | 1951 to 2001 | | housing amenities, simplified", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5092341363888919, "token_count": 308, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.626661"} {"text": "leesburg, va., aug. 15, 2007 \u2013 during the first 30 days of life, newly born horses ( called \" foals \" ) are especially sensitive to bacteria and other dangers commonly found in their every day surroundings. each year between january and june, dozens of these foals are brought to virginia tech ' s marion dupont scott equine medical center for treatment where the hospital ' s experts work diligently to return the critically ill young animals to full health. \u201c we work with extremely compromised patients that sometimes arrive to us with diseases involving multiple organs, \u201d said dr. anne desrochers, clinical assistant professor in equine medicine. \u201c it is very fulfilling to see many of these little babies go home happy and healthy after having been so sick. \u201d common problems that can affect foals include prematurity, neonatal sepsis ( infection ), hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy ( brain damage resulting from a lack of oxygen which is also known as \u201c dummy foal \u201d ) and diarrhea. \u201c these diseases can occur due to exposure to pathogens in utero or after birth \u201d said desrochers. due to their delicate nature, neonates that are brought in for emergency treatment are always seen first by members of the hospital \u2019 s internal medicine team who specialize in the physiologic interaction among internal body systems. these board certified experts oversee and implement their care along with help from residents, interns and nurses. \u201c the nature of a neonate \u2019 s illness can be more volatile because their immune defenses are not quite as vigorous as those of adults, \u201d said dr. martin furr, the adelaide c. riggs chair in equine medicine. furr notes that all horses have very sensitive organ systems that can be damaged by sitting or lying down for extended periods of time. a foal \u2019 s small size ( the average healthy neonate weighs approximately 100 - 120 lbs ) allows the clinicians to prevent this problem by moving the patient often and repositioning their body as needed. \u201c their small size enables us to manage their posture so that they don \u2019 t become compromised as a result of lying on the mats, \u201d said furr. unlike in human medicine in which infants are often separated from their mothers, foals that are brought to the center are typically kept in the same stall as the mare. this practice is both a convenience for the owner and a benefit to the patient. \u201c when the foal is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4716358982680461, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.633677"} {"text": "are often separated from their mothers, foals that are brought to the center are typically kept in the same stall as the mare. this practice is both a convenience for the owner and a benefit to the patient. \u201c when the foal is healthy and gets back home, we want them to have a full and normal life with their mothers so, in most cases, it is best if they stay together during treatment, \u201d said desrochers. \u201c the mares are usually extremely cooperative because they seem to understand that we \u2019 re here to help. \u201d integral to the success of the center \u2019 s neonatal care service is the foal watch volunteer program which matches volunteers with cases requiring around - the - clock attention. participants in the program sit with sick patients for assigned periods of time in order to observe and report any physical or behavioral changes. \u201c it is important to be very alert with neonates because their weakened state makes them susceptible to other complications, \u201d said furr. \u201c our faculty, staff and volunteers, very carefully monitor these patients to avoid problems such as sores, eye infections and imbalance in blood glucose levels. \u201d according to penny archer, director of volunteer services at the center, the foal watch volunteer program runs from the time that the first foal is admitted in early february to the time that the last patient leaves in late june. horse experience is not necessary but all participants undergo mandatory training. \u201c the goal is to supplement the equine medical center \u2019 s workforce with a capable and trained volunteer team, \u201d said archer. \u201c they are an extra pair of eyes, hands and ears in the intensive care unit. \u201d although the task of bringing a sick foal back to health can be very challenging and demanding, those who participate in the healing process note that it is also extremely fulfilling. \u201c the first time they start nursing, the first time that they take steps, it makes your job worthwhile, \u201d said desrochers. \u201c it \u2019 s very demanding to deal with because the foals are usually so sick and vulnerable and not every patient recovers, but at the end of the day, it is always worth it. \u201d information regarding the marion dupont scott equine medical center \u2019 s clinicians and services is available online at www. equinemedicalcenter. net. appointments for neonatal consultations may be scheduled by calling 703 - 771 - 6800. virginia tech \u2019 s marion dupont scott equine medical center is a premier full -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.44516554225892085, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.636145"} {"text": "people love their pets and consider them members of their family : caregivers celebrate their pets ' birthdays, confide in their animals, and carry pictures of them in their wallets. so when your beloved pet dies, it ' s not unusual to feel overwhelmed by the intensity of your sorrow. but understanding how you grieve and finding ways to cope with your loss can bring you closer to the day when memories bring smiles instead of tears. what is the grief process? the grief process is as individual as the person, lasting days for one person or years for another. the process typically begins with denial, which offers protection until individuals can realize their loss. some caregivers may try bargaining with a higher power, themselves, or even their pet to restore life. some feel anger, which may be directed at anyone involved with the pet, including family, friends, and veterinarians. the caregivers may also feel guilt about what they did or did not do, and may feel that it is inappropriate to be so upset. after these feelings subside, the caregivers experience true sadness or grief. in their depression, caregivers may withdraw. acceptance occurs when they accept the reality of their loss and remember their animal companion with decreasing sadness. remember, not everyone follows these classic stages of grief some may skip or repeat a stage, or experience the stages in a different order. how can i cope with my grief? while grief is a personal experience, a caregiver need not face this loss alone. many forms of support are available, including pet bereavement counseling services, pet - loss support hotlines, local or on - line internet bereavement groups, books, videos, and magazine articles. here are a few suggestions to help you cope : what can i do for my child? the loss of a pet may be a child ' s first experience with death. the child may blame himself, his parents, or the veterinarian for not saving the pet. and he may feel guilty, depressed, and frightened that others he loves may be taken from him. trying to protect your child by saying the pet ran away could cause your child to expect the pet ' s return and feel betrayed after discovering the truth. expressing your own grief may reassure your child that sadness is okay and help him work through his feelings. is the process more difficult if i ' m a senior? coping with the loss of a pet can be particularly hard for seniors. those who live alone may feel a loss of purpose and an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4715465763210007, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.641981"} {"text": "that sadness is okay and help him work through his feelings. is the process more difficult if i ' m a senior? coping with the loss of a pet can be particularly hard for seniors. those who live alone may feel a loss of purpose and an immense emptiness. the pet ' s death may also trigger painful memories of other losses and remind caregivers of their own mortality. what ' s more, the decision to get another pet is complicated by the possibility that the pet may outlive the caregiver, and hinges on the person ' s physical and financial ability to care for a new pet. for all these reasons, it ' s critical that senior pet owners take immediate steps to cope with their loss and regain a sense of purpose. if you are a senior, try interacting with friends and family, calling a pet - loss support hotline, even volunteering at a local humane society. if you know seniors in this situation, direct them to this web page and guide them through the difficult grieving process. will my other pets grieve? surviving pets may whimper, refuse to eat or drink, and suffer lethargy, especially if they had a close bond with the deceased pet. even if they were not the best of friends, the changing circumstances and your emotional state may distress them. give surviving pets lots of tlc ( \" tender loving care \" ) and try to maintain a normal routine. it ' s good for them and for you. should i get another pet? rushing into this decision isn ' t fair to you or your new pet. each animal has his own unique personality and a new animal cannot replace the one you lost. you ' ll know when the time is right to adopt a new pet after giving yourself time to grieve, carefully considering the responsibilities of pet ownership, and paying close attention to your feelings. when you are ready, remember that your local animal shelter is a great place to find your next special friend. copyright \u00a9 2001 the humane society of the united states all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4348480919961494, "token_count": 409, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.642789"} {"text": "new from webteacher software and partners, googlemapbuilder. com an easy interface to turn any spreadsheet into a google map webteacher software now offers i teach computer classes for a living to corporate clients of all levels. after 2 years of teaching, i have learned a lot about communication between people of various levels of computer experience. this tutorial assumes that you have no prior programming experience, but that you have created your own html pages. if you find this tutorial helpful, please let me know ( it ' s my only reward ). also, links are graciously accepted. actually, the 2 languages have almost nothing in common except for the name. although java is technically an interpreted programming language, it is coded in a similar fashion to c + +, with separate header and class files, compiled together prior to execution. it is powerful enough to write major applications and insert them in a web page as a special object called an \" applet. \" java has been generating a lot of excitment because of its unique ability to run the same program on ibm, mac, and unix computers. java is not considered an easy - to - use language for non - programmers. what is object oriented programming? oop is a programming technique ( note : not a language structure - you don ' t even need an object - oriented language to program in an object - oriented fashion ) designed to simplify complicated programming concepts. in essence, object - oriented programming revolves around the idea of user - and system - defined chunks of data, and controlled means of accessing and modifying those chunks. object - oriented programming consists of objects, methods and properties. an object is basically a black box which stores some information. it may have a way for you to read that information and a way for you to write to, or change, that information. it may also have other less obvious ways of interacting with the information. some of the information in the object may actually be directly accessible ; other information may require you to use a method to access it - perhaps because the way the information is stored internally is of no use to you, or because only certain things can be written into that information space and the object needs to check that you ' re not going outside those limits. the directly accessible bits of information in the object are its properties. the difference between data accessed via properties and data accessed via methods is that with properties, you see exactly what you ' re doing to the object ; with methods, unless you created the object yourself, you just see", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5285768097271709, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.652180"} {"text": "information in the object are its properties. the difference between data accessed via properties and data accessed via methods is that with properties, you see exactly what you ' re doing to the object ; with methods, unless you created the object yourself, you just see the effects of what you ' re doing. objects and properties your web page document is an object. any table, form, button, image, or link on your page is also an object. each object has certain properties ( information about the object ). for example, the background color of your document is written document. bgcolor. you would change the color of your page to red by writing the line : document. bgcolor = \" red \" the contents ( or value ) of a textbox named \" password \" in a form named \" entryform \" is document. entryform. password. value. most objects have a certain collection of things that they can do. different objects can do different things, just as a door can open and close, while a light can turn on and off. a new document is opened with the method document. open ( ) you can write \" hello world \" into a document by typing document. write ( \" hello world \" ). open ( ) and write ( ) are both methods of the object : document.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5187312612104074, "token_count": 265, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.653251"} {"text": "the game, which is part of the mcgraw - hill practice suite of hands - on, experiential learning games, was tested in schools across the country, including georgia perimeter college, collin community college in texas, california state university, san diego state, richland college in texas and clayton state in georgia. professor jason seitz of georgia perimeter college said the game helped his students tie all of the concepts in his course together to develop a deeper understanding and knowledge of the subject. \" with an engaged classroom, i can spend less time transferring facts and more time exploring implications, \" he said. despite the negative press that video games sometimes get, they ' re changing the way subjects are being taught in classrooms across the country. according to a march 2012 survey of teachers, 32 percent use games two to four days per week, while 18 percent use them every day. an overwhelming 70 percent of teachers agreed that using digital games boosts motivation and engagement, and 62 percent of teachers said that games make teaching easier. dave mccool, president and ceo of muzzy lane software, said the challenge with serious games is to make them both fun and educational. while there have been proven benefits of using games as part of educational curriculum, educational games aren ' t flooding the market. \" the fact that ' oregon trail ' and ' carmen sandiego ' still stand out after 30 years isn ' t great from the perspective of how powerful good, serious games can be, \" mccool said. mccool ' s team is expanding \" government in action \" to work on ipad and android tablets to take advantage of touch controls. the ipad version of the game will make its debut at the 2013 sxswedu conference in austin, texas. \" educators seem to have more tools available to them than ever before, and there ' s no doubt that, when appropriately utilized, technology has the capacity to enhance the classroom experience, \" tierney said. \" the key, of course, is to familiarize and excite teachers to maximize its use in the most positive way. \" as is the nature of gaming, \" government in action \" has been designed to be addictive. instructors have found that students will replay the game again and again to explore myriad options, as well as to compete on the leaderboard.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4343089829525242, "token_count": 461, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.657450"} {"text": "shop men ' s categories layering for comfort and safety protection from bright light and uv radiation sunglasses protect the eyes from the sun ' s damaging uv radiation, and improve visibility and comfort on the water by reducing light intensity and filtering out glare. on the water, the combination of direct and reflected light is much brighter than on land. unfiltered glare, the light reflected off flat surfaces like water, windshields, bright white decks and sails, is so intense that it impairs vision ( a clear safety hazard ). glare causes squinting, fatigues the eyes, and can result in visual discomfort and headaches. glare is present even on hazy days. most sunglasses reduce light intensity by 80 - 90 percent with darkening gray, green, amber, or other colored lens. colored lenses alone are not enough protection for marine conditions. to filter out intense glare and prevent squinting, sunglasses for boating should be polarized. and they should be coated to block 99 - 100 percent of the damaging uva and uvb ( ultraviolet ) rays that can reduce visual acuity at night, and cause degenerative eye diseases like photokeratitis, snow blindness, cataracts, pterygium, and various forms of eye cancer. sunglasses should also be shatterproof to protect the eyes from injury in the event of sudden impact. when light rays reflect off a surface, the reflected rays concentrate in one plane and are said to be polarized. reflected glare is an example of polarized light. even on overcast days, the high \u2013 intensity light we call glare can be harsh and overwhelming to your eyes. it blinds you and masks what ' s behind it. squinting blocks out some of the light, but not the glare. ordinary sunglasses can reduce the total amount of light reaching your eyes but, like squinting, they don ' t eliminate the glare. a polarized lens filters out the glare by blocking all polarized light waves except those traveling in a specific orientation. a polarized lens blocks horizontally polarized light with a polarizing film of molecules running in parallel vertical chains sandwiched between two optical lenses. these vertical chains block horizontal light waves, allowing only vertical light waves to pass through. vertical light waves, commonly called \" ambient light, \" are scattered evenly and don ' t produce glare. you can tell if a lens is polarized by rotating the glasses ( or tilting your head when you are wearing them ). you will find that they reduce glare better in some positions than others. by blocking out only the polarized glare, the intensity of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.577653462845434, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.665354"} {"text": "can tell if a lens is polarized by rotating the glasses ( or tilting your head when you are wearing them ). you will find that they reduce glare better in some positions than others. by blocking out only the polarized glare, the intensity of the light reaching your eyes is not reduced, so objects retain their definition and visual detail. this effect, combined with a tinted lens, makes it much easier to see and identify things both on and below the water like fish, buoys, skiers, wind zephyrs and underwater hazards. some manufacturers use polarized lenses to reduce glare on lcd instruments, fishfinders, etc. when viewed through sunglasses that are polarized differently than the instrument lens, no light is transmitted and the instrument face appears black. the only solution is to remove the glasses. visible light transmission and lens color lenses of different densities absorb different amounts of light. the amount of light passing through the lens is called visible light transmission, expressed as a percentage of total available light. for boating, visible light transmission should fall in the 15 - 30 percent range. on the brightest days, you want the lowest visible light transmission ( darkest ) lenses. lenses are available in a bunch of different colors, and lens color is more than a fashion or attitude question. the technology behind the colors : - gray : a neutral all - purpose color that reduces glare, provides good contrast and no color distortion. ideal for use on both water and land, especially for driving. - brown / amber : increases contrast in most light conditions. in addition to bright sun, amber offers excellent light management properties on cloudy or rainy days, and filters high - frequency near - uv light. good for general purpose, high contrast light situations. - purple / rose : heightens visual acuity and enhances color ( especially with objects against a blue or green background ). delivers brightest field of vision and is applicable for sight fishing, bass fishing, inshore fishing, sport shooting, extreme sports and skiing. - yellow : reduces the blue part of the spectrum. blue light causes a scattering type of glare known as \" blue haze. \" best color for snow. cuts through fog or haze, but has the worst distortion of colors. - green : offers enhanced visual acuity for specific light situations such as sight fishing, but is worn by many for everyday use. optically speaking, the flatter the lens, the less distortion. curved lenses refract, or bend, the light rays as they pass through, so light doesn ' t enter your eye in a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5321526217999741, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.667201"} {"text": "but is worn by many for everyday use. optically speaking, the flatter the lens, the less distortion. curved lenses refract, or bend, the light rays as they pass through, so light doesn ' t enter your eye in a straight line. your eyes are forced to work overtime to process and correct the visual information, which may cause eye fatigue and headaches. this distortion can be eliminated with corrected prismatics ; check the label for distortion - free prismatics before purchasing curved sunglasses. lenses of good sunglasses are complex, and are constructed from several layers. the inside has an antireflective coating to reduce \" bounce - back \" on the inside of the lens and a water - repellant coating to shed water and make cleaning easy. an ultraviolet coating protects your eyes from uva and uvb radiation. lenses made of polycarbonate are extremely tough, yet lighter than glass, and can be made oversized to wrap around the face and block entry of light, wind and dirt from the sides, top and bottom. polycarbonate lenses are impact - resistant and shatterproof, an important safety feature, especially for sailors, who may be at risk of being struck in the face. they naturally block 100 percent of the sun ' s harmful uv rays. trivex and kaenon ' s similar proprietary sr - 91 have been available for about the past ten years, with uv - blocking and shatterproofness similar to polycarbonate, but they are stronger, clearer and lighter, with better chromatic distortion performance ( less distortion as you look away from the center of the lens ). sr - 91 has better scratch resistance than polycarbonate. optically ground glass lenses provide the best quality and vision and are more scratch resistant, but they are also heavier. a \" compromise \" lens material is cr - 39, a plastic polymer with optics superior to polycarbonate, but with similar impact resistance and the best scratch resistance of all plastic lenses. the best materials for boating sunglass frames are lightweight, flexible, durable materials such as nylon, propionate or acetate ( also called zyl ). metal frames may be stylish, but they will quickly corrode to a ghastly green in a saltwater environment. some manufacturers, such as costa del mar, use corrosion - resistant monel in their frames. frame hardware is made with either strong, maintenance - free pressed - in pin hinges, or with spring hinges for a snug, comfortable fit. frame hardware should be corrosion - proof. most", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.548475017583247, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.668551"} {"text": ", use corrosion - resistant monel in their frames. frame hardware is made with either strong, maintenance - free pressed - in pin hinges, or with spring hinges for a snug, comfortable fit. frame hardware should be corrosion - proof. most of the sunglasses we sell have corrosion - proof nickel - silver or stainless steel hardware. wire core sunglasses have heavy wire embedded in the temples and earpieces for maximum adjustability and shaping to achieve a custom fit. lenses can be waterproof coated to shed water and make cleaning easy, or mirror - coated to eliminate overhead and reflected glare at the front of the lens. according to one manufacturer, mirror coating provides more control over the transmission of specific wavelengths than lens color, so it can enhance the visual sharpness and contrast of the lens. some lenses are also coated on the interior with an anti - reflective coating to reduce \" bounce - back \" on the inside of the lens. - aviator style glasses are droplet shaped and follow the contours of the cheek. - cateye glasses are relatively round lenses with a single nose bridge. - clip - ons are for use with prescription glasses, and can be flipped up instead of removed for normal vision indoors or in low light conditions. - double bridge glasses connect the lens frames in two places \u2013 over the nose and between the eyebrows. - fisherman style glasses have small side lenses to block light from entering outside the normal range of vision. - shield style glasses have a large, single piece visor - like lens that shields the upper face, a style that ' s very popular for snow sports. - wrap - around sunglasses are highly curved both horizontally and vertically to match the contours of the face. by hugging the face closely on all edges, wraparounds do a great job of blocking light and wind from entering at any angle. other styles blend features of these basic styles. more important than style is fit. see below. getting a good fit sunglasses should fit the wearer ' s face, not only to look good, but so the optical center of the lenses roughly matches the wearer ' s center of focus to minimize distortion. the three basic measurements for sunglasses are lens size, temple length, and overall width. glasses should fit snugly without pinching. weight can also be a factor in correct fit ; glasses that are too heavy on the nose can cause headaches.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46573628840915327, "token_count": 480, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.669821"} {"text": "an abbreviated history of ultimate compiled by michael e. iacovella ultimate, as with all disc sports, would not exist without the invention of the flying disc, or \" frisbee, \" as it is commonly known. the first known contemporary tossing of a \" disc \" was by yale university ( usa ) undergrads in the early 20th century. the yale campus was in close proximity to connecticut ' s frisbie pie company, whose pies while being a popular treat in themselves were sold in metal tins that would hold flight when thrown over a very short distance. the now - popular pastime of \" tossing the disc \" remained in obscurity until the invention of a plastic flying disc by fred morrison in 1948, which was much more durable and flight - worthy than anything made of wood or metal. this invention led to the first mass - produced disc, called the \" pluto platter, \" made by the wham - o toy company beginning in 1951. the year 1954 saw the first recorded competition using a flying disc when dartmouth university ( usa ) students organized a tournament for the disc sport known as \" guts. \" a year after the frisbie pie company ' s closing in 1958, wham - o, based in california, usa, registered the name \" frisbee \" as a name for its flying disc products. this trademark was reportedly the result of the predictable nickname that students at yale and harvard had given to the new toys. the invention of ultimate, also known as \" ultimate frisbee, \" occurred within a year of the first mechanical patent on a flying disc, by ed headrick in 1966. joel silver and others at columbia high school ( chs ), maplewood, nj, usa, introduced their idea of an \" ultimate \" frisbee game to the student council in 1967, and the first known game was played in 1968 between the student council and the staff of the school newspaper. the newspaper staff was victorious in a game where the only boundaries were the goal lines and other natural side boundaries ( eg., railroad tracks, river, fence ). the games continued the following year, with matches being played in the evening under the glow of the mercury - vapor lights in the school ' s new parking lot. the first and second edition rules were drawn up by chs student buzzy hellring, and were later refined by silver and john hines. the very first interscholastic ultimate game was played between chs and milburn high in 1970 ; chs won, 43 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4585550840043494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.674679"} {"text": "rules were drawn up by chs student buzzy hellring, and were later refined by silver and john hines. the very first interscholastic ultimate game was played between chs and milburn high in 1970 ; chs won, 43 - 10. the first conference of ultimate teams was created in 1971, which consisted of five new jersey high schools, including chs and milburn. some ultimate - playing graduates of the league formed teams at their respective colleges and universities. on november 6, 1972, rutgers university ( nj, usa ) defeated princeton ( nj, usa ), 29 - 27, in the first intercollegiate game. [ note : the game was played exactly 103 years after the first intercollegiate american football game, on the same exact site, which had since been turned into a parking lot. the same team won by the same margin of victory. ] yale hosted the first ultimate tournament ( 8 college teams in attendance ) in 1975, which was won by rutgers. that summer, ultimate was introduced at the second world frisbee championships at the rose bowl, aiding in the development of ultimate on the west coast of the usa. disc sports began to spread to europe and asia at about the same time, as is evident by the formation of the swedish frisbee federation ( sff ) in 1974, the japanese frisbee disc association in 1975, and the australian fda in 1976. belgium and austria each organized fdas in 1977, with finland ' s fda and the danish frisbee sport union to follow in 1978. the ultimate players association ( upa ) was formed in 1979 ; tom kennedy was elected the first director. the upa, the national governing body for the sport of ultimate in the usa, was the first national, player - run us ultimate organization. prior to this juncture, events were sponsored and / or run by the international frisbee association ( ifa ), which was a former promotional arm of the wham - o toy company. at the first upa nationals in 1979, glassboro state college was victorious over the santa barbara condors, 19 - 18. the first ultimate european championship was in paris, france, in 1980 ; finland, england and sweden finished one, two, and three, respectively. the world flying disc federation ( wfdf ), the international governing body of all disc sports, was founded in 1984, a year after the close of the ifa [ note : at the ifa ' s closure, membership was reported to be 100, 000 members in 30 countries ].", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4492638371227854, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.675630"} {"text": "), the international governing body of all disc sports, was founded in 1984, a year after the close of the ifa [ note : at the ifa ' s closure, membership was reported to be 100, 000 members in 30 countries ]. flying circus ( open ), usa, lady condors ( women ), usa, and sweden ( juniors ) win the first wfdf - sponsored world ultimate championships ( for national teams ) in colchester, united kingdom ( 1986 ). the first world ultimate club championships ( wucc ) was held in cologne, germany, in 1989. philmore ( open, usa ) and lady condors ( women, usa ) win their respective divisions. seven sages ( masters, usa ) become the first international club masters champions at millfield, uk, in 1995, and red fish, blue fish is the first mixed champion at st. andrews, scotland, in 1999. currently, ultimate is played by an estimated 100, 000 + players in over 30 countries. the ultimate players association ( usa ) reports an overall membership of 13, 000 + dues - paying members. membership in the upa and other national organizations is growing yearly at a startling rate. thirty - five years have elapsed since the first disc was tossed for a goal under the mercury - vapor lights of the columbia high parking lot. as you bask in the warmth of the hawaiian sun at the largest ultimate tournament in history, reflect on the growth of a spectacular sport within which the deepest - seeded value is sportsmanship.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4449539571271595, "token_count": 308, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.676225"} {"text": "estimating child mortality due to diarrhoea in developing countries cynthia boschi - pinto a, lana velebit b, kenji shibuya c the millennium development goals ( mdgs ) were adopted in 2000 with the aim of reducing the severe gaps between rich and poor populations. most countries have endorsed goal 4 of the mdgs to \u201c reduce by two thirds [ between 1990 and 2015 ] the mortality rate among children under - five \u201d. 1, 2 reliable information on the magnitude, patterns and trends of causes of death of children aged less than 5 years helps decision - makers to assess programmatic needs, prioritize interventions and monitor progress. it is also crucial for planning and evaluating effectiveness of health services and interventions. yet, data are very scarce in low - income settings where they are most needed and estimations are necessary for these areas. in the 1980s, snyder and merson3 generated one of the earliest attempts to estimate the worldwide burden of diarrhoeal diseases, demonstrating the substantial health onus due to diarrhoeal diseases on mortality among children aged less than 5 years. in the following decades, subsequent reviews updated these initial estimates using similar methods of assessment. 4, 5 these initial estimates were based on average values derived from a limited set of studies without taking into account the epidemiological variations across different regions. responding to international demand and to the need for better evidence - based cause - specific mortality, the child health epidemiology reference group ( cherg ) \u2013 an independent group of technical experts jointly coordinated by who and the united nations children \u2019 s fund ( unicef ) \u2013 was established in 2001. cherg has undertaken a systematic, extensive and comprehensive literature review of published information and developed a methodological approach that is transparent and consistent across different diseases and conditions to produce estimates of the major causes of childhood deaths. 6 \u2013 10 this study is an essential part of the overall cherg efforts. its main objective is to provide estimates of deaths from diarrhoea in 2004 at all levels, mainly for countries with incomplete or non - existing civil registration data. common sources of data for cause - specific mortality include vital registration systems, sample registration systems, nationally representative household surveys, sentinel demographic surveillance sites ( dss ) or epidemiological studies of cause - specific mortality. in countries that account for 98 % of under - 5 deaths worldwide, there is very limited or virtually no functioning vital registration system in place to support attribution of causes of deaths. 11 \u2013 14 a sample registration system, which reports causes of death", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49037242425900895, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.760465"} {"text": "in countries that account for 98 % of under - 5 deaths worldwide, there is very limited or virtually no functioning vital registration system in place to support attribution of causes of deaths. 11 \u2013 14 a sample registration system, which reports causes of death on a regular basis, is currently available only in china and its coverage and quality for under - 5 deaths is challenging. 15 nationally representative household surveys such as demographic health surveys ( dhs ) and unicef \u2019 s multiple indicator cluster surveys ( mics ) do not usually report on causes of death, and dss data were not available until very recently. 16 epidemiological studies currently constitute the main source of data available and were therefore used in this review for estimating diarrhoea - specific mortality. studies included in the analysis were identified through a systematic search of the scientific literature published since 1980. medline was searched using the terms : \u201c developing countries \u201d, \u201c mortality / death \u201d, different spellings of \u201c diarrhoea \u201d and combinations of these terms. no restriction was placed on publication language. the search identified a total of 804 papers of which 207 were kept for review of abstracts. the reference sections of the studies retrieved were reviewed to identify additional papers. studies were then assessed to ensure that they met the main inclusion criteria : ( i ) direct or derivable diarrhoea - specific proportional mortality data ; ( ii ) a minimum of 25 total deaths ; ( iii ) a maximum of 25 % of unknown or undetermined causes of death ; ( iv ) community - based studies with at least 1 year of follow - up ; and ( v ) follow - up time multiple of 12 months to minimize seasonal effects. data were abstracted onto standardized paper forms by two independent abstractors, double - entered into an electronic database, and validated. table 1 ( available at : http : / / www. who. int / bulletin / volumes / 86 / 9 / 07 - 050054 / en / index. html ) summarizes the main characteristics of the studies retained for the final analysis. adjustment of age groups as not all studies reported on age ranges that were suitable for immediate inclusion in the analysis, we developed and applied a correction algorithm to adjust for age groups. by doing so, all data referred to the same age group ( 0 \u2013 59 months ), allowing for the inclusion of a greater number of studies in the analysis. proportional mortality model a traditional approach to estimating cause - specific mortality is to model mortality rates. instead, we have decided to model", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49740442180588096, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.773509"} {"text": "same age group ( 0 \u2013 59 months ), allowing for the inclusion of a greater number of studies in the analysis. proportional mortality model a traditional approach to estimating cause - specific mortality is to model mortality rates. instead, we have decided to model proportional mortality as this is the measure of interest when assessing causes of death by country. moreover, as the who process for estimating causes of death is based on the estimation of under - 5 mortality level, followed by the allocation of the causes of under - 5 mortality, 6 proportional mortality is a more pertinent outcome that can be used in the completion of the estimation process. we employed a weighted regression model to assess the relationship between the observed proportion of deaths from diarrhoea and potential explanatory variables, in an approach similar to those previously used for estimating proportion of deaths from pneumonia. 6, 10, 17 covariates included in the final model were those available from the studies selected, so that the model could reflect the relationship more accurately than in the conventional approach of using national averages. the variables included were : under - 5 all - cause mortality and dummy variables for mid - year of study and for nine who subregions. 18 all - cause under - 5 mortality was obtained for the same ( or comparable ) site from which the proportional diarrhoea mortality information was derived, as follows : ( i ) directly abstracted or calculated from available data in the study ( 30 studies ) ; ( ii ) obtained from the authors when not possible to calculate from published data ( three studies ) ; ( iii ) obtained from dhs data ( 11 studies ) ; or ( iv ) obtained using a method similar to that used for the adjustment of age groups ( three studies ). as under - 5 mortality rates were reported in different measures ( rates, risks or ratios ) in the publications, we have transformed those provided as mortality rates ( 5m0 ) into a single metric \u2013 the probability ( risk ) of a child dying before reaching the age of 5 years ( 5q0 ). who subregions are defined on the basis of levels of child and adult mortality : a, very low child and very low adult mortality ; b, low child and low adult mortality ; c, low child and high adult mortality ; d, high child and high adult mortality ; e, high child and very high adult mortality. 18 the nine low - and middle - income subregions included in the model are : african region ( afr ) d and e ; region of the americas (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5157552434273653, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.777110"} {"text": "high child and high adult mortality ; e, high child and very high adult mortality. 18 the nine low - and middle - income subregions included in the model are : african region ( afr ) d and e ; region of the americas ( amr ) b and d ; south - east asia region ( sear ) b and d, eastern mediterranean region ( emr ) b and d and western pacific region ( wpr ) b. other potentially important variables considered for inclusion in the model, such as coverage of oral rehydration therapy, access to clean water, and health system indicators, were only available for a very limited number of studies at site level and thus could not be incorporated in the model. the regression coefficients obtained from the final model were used to predict the proportion of deaths from diarrhoea at country level by using national information on under - 5 mortality in 2004 and data for the corresponding subregion. the number of deaths from diarrhoea in the year 2004 was estimated by applying the model - predicted diarrhoea - proportional mortality to the number of under - 5 deaths in each country. these were then aggregated to provide subregional, regional, and global ( low - and middle - income countries ) estimates. detailed information on the estimates of all - cause under - 5 deaths can be found elsewhere. 19 uncertainty estimates were generated using the standard errors obtained from the prediction model and running 10 000 monte carlo simulations. of the 68 studies that met the inclusion criteria, 47 were kept in the analysis because they provided data that enabled us to either abstract or calculate site - specific under - 5 mortality rates ( table 1 ). seven studies presented data for more than one point in time, and one study provided data for different study populations, adding up to 56 data points and representing a total of 210 000 all - cause deaths and 33 500 diarrhoea deaths. three data points were from nationally representative studies, seven from studies carried out in urban settings and 43 ( 77 % ) from those carried out in rural areas. this distribution compares well with that of the rural and urban populations in the countries studied. fig. 1 shows the location of the 47 studies retained from the literature search, revealing the regional distribution of study sites as follows : 23 data points ( 41 % ) in afr, 17 ( 30 % ) in sear, and 12 ( 21 % ) in amr. there were very few studies or information available from emr or wpr. the scarcity of information in these two regions is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49372629384671207, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.780936"} {"text": "% ) in afr, 17 ( 30 % ) in sear, and 12 ( 21 % ) in amr. there were very few studies or information available from emr or wpr. the scarcity of information in these two regions is a fact, not only for diarrhoea mortality, but for other diseases and conditions as well. 8, 13 fig. 1. distribution of epidemiological studies used in the analysis studies were distributed around an average mid - surveillance year of 1990. two studies were carried out in the 1970s. as for the remaining 54 data points, the mid - year of data collection was between 1980 and 1984 for 14 observations, between 1985 and 1989 for 26 observations and between 1990 and 1994 for 13 observations. only one study was completely carried out after 1995. in recent years, low - mortality studies were seen more than high - mortality studies, reflecting the secular downward trend in child mortality that has been accompanied by a decrease in the proportion of deaths due to diarrhoea. the age - adjusted ( 0 \u2013 59 months ) diarrhoea - proportional mortality ranged from 4. 6 % in brazil in 199720 to 47. 7 % in egypt in 1980. 21 the final regression model was ( standard errors in brackets ) : logit ( % diarrhoea deaths ) = 5. 31 + 2. 01 ( time ) + 8. 56 ( subregion ) [ 3. 67, 1. 02, 0. 97, 1. 92 ] where ln5q0 is the natural logarithm of the risk of dying between birth and 5 years in the study site, time is a dummy variable for mid - year of study ( 1 for 1990 and after, 0 for before 1990 ) and subregion is a dummy variable for who subregions ( 1 for sear b and d combined, 0 for the other subregions ). the goodness - of - fit was satisfactory, as reflected by the r\u00b2 of 0. 60. there was no systematic deviation among the residual. a simple validation technique that is commonly used is to compare the model outputs with empirical data other than those used in the model. we searched the latest data from dhs and other nationally representative surveys in which verbal autopsy was used to obtain information on causes of death among children aged less than 5 years. we have identified three recently published surveys with available information from bangladesh ( dhs 2005 ), 22 cambodia ( dhs 2005 ) 23 and liberia ( food security and nutritional survey 2006 ). 24 the difference", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4884543442747691, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.786177"} {"text": "of death among children aged less than 5 years. we have identified three recently published surveys with available information from bangladesh ( dhs 2005 ), 22 cambodia ( dhs 2005 ) 23 and liberia ( food security and nutritional survey 2006 ). 24 the difference in cause categories made direct comparison difficult, particularly for bangladesh and cambodia. the only comparable data set was that from liberia where the model - based estimate and empirically observed figure for the proportion of diarrhoea deaths were 15. 9 % ( 95 % ci : 12. 4 \u2013 19. 3 ) and 16. 1 %, respectively. this is not sufficient to validate the entire set of extrapolations but it does illustrate the performance of our method in countries where a vital registration system does not exist or is incomplete. subregional, regional and global estimates estimates of diarrhoea - proportional mortality for nine low - and middle - income who subregions are shown in table 2, together with point estimates of the number of deaths due to diarrhoea and corresponding uncertainty ranges. the model - based global point estimate of 1. 87 million ( uncertainty range : 1. 56 \u2013 2. 19 ) diarrhoea deaths corresponds to nearly 19 % of the 10 million under - 5 deaths that occurred in the world in 2004. 14 afr and sear assemble together 78 % ( 1. 46 million ) of all diarrhoea deaths occurring in the developing world ( fig. 2 ). fig. 2. distribution of deaths due to diarrhoea in low - and middle - income countries in 5 who regions sear d suffers the highest average burden of diarrhoea - proportional mortality ( 25 % ) as well as highest numbers of death ( 651 000 diarrhoea deaths ). it follows afr d ( 402 000 deaths ), afr e ( 365 000 deaths ), and emr d ( 221 000 ). in sear b, afr d, and afr e, the median of diarrhoea - proportional mortality is around 17 %. the lowest proportions and numbers of death were observed in the low child mortality region of the americas ( amr b ) and in emr b. table 2. estimates of diarrhoea deaths among children aged less than 5 years in low - and middle - income regions of the world, 2004 table 3 shows the top 15 countries ranked according to the number of under - 5 deaths due to diarrhoeal diseases. these 15 countries account for 73 % of all under - 5", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47783250041910075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.787608"} {"text": "in low - and middle - income regions of the world, 2004 table 3 shows the top 15 countries ranked according to the number of under - 5 deaths due to diarrhoeal diseases. these 15 countries account for 73 % of all under - 5 diarrhoeal deaths occurring worldwide. india alone is responsible for more than half a million diarrhoeal deaths. table 3. countries accounting for three - quarters of deaths due to diarrhoea in the developing regions of the world, 2004 despite several attempts to estimate mortality from diarrhoea over the past decades and in recent years, the uncertainty surrounding its current level remains quite high. this occurs partly because of the lack in quality and number of available data and partly because of the lack of consistency in methods. we systematically reviewed studies that provided child cause - specific mortality published since 1980 and employed a rigorous and transparent approach to estimate current country, regional, and global diarrhoea mortality. two recent studies presented global estimates of child deaths due to diarrhoea that were equal to 2. 5 million5 and 2. 1 million. 25 a third review has estimated that 22 % of all deaths among under - 5s in sub - saharan africa and 23 % in south asia were caused by diarrhoeal diseases in the year 2000. 8 the point estimate in our study resulted in 1. 87 million deaths with an uncertainty range of 1. 56 and 2. 19 million deaths. these results are slightly lower than those calculated in the three other recent reviews. the main reasons for the differences encountered between this study and those by kosek et al. 5 and parashar et al. 25 are most probably due to the different data and methods employed. in the present study, we performed a thorough literature review and took advantage of best available data to adjust for age, time, all - cause under - 5 mortality, and regional mortality strata. our approach has four major advantages when compared to earlier estimates. first, the method used here is transparent with all data sources available on the web. in addition, it is consistent with the cherg systematic review protocol and comparable to the method used across different causes of under - 5 deaths. 6 \u2013 10 second, the adjustment for age groups had not been previously used in the estimation of deaths from diarrhoea and has enabled the inclusion of a larger number of data points in the analysis. third, our study did not assume that the locations where studies were carried out were representative of the whole country. the use of local covariates", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4629019972241737, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.790593"} {"text": "diarrhoea and has enabled the inclusion of a larger number of data points in the analysis. third, our study did not assume that the locations where studies were carried out were representative of the whole country. the use of local covariates to relate to proportional diarrhoea mortality and the use of national level variables to extrapolate estimates to national levels is intended to provide a correction for this common biased assumption. finally, our approach enables estimation of diarrhoea mortality at country level, not just of regional averages. the method employed in our study is closer to that used by morris et al., 8 also developed within cherg. one of the possible reasons for the somewhat lower estimates calculated in our analysis are the different sources of data. we have included 57 data points in our analysis as opposed to the 38 included in the review by morris et al., mostly from sub - saharan africa and south asia. in our review, there is a larger number of studies from the americas, where the proportions of deaths due to diarrhoea are lower than in sub - saharan africa and south asia. other likely reasons for the differences are the different covariates included for modelling and the different models employed, which have diverse assumptions and statistical properties. it is worth noting that the multicause model has also provided higher estimates for the proportion of malaria deaths in sub - saharan africa ( 24 % ) than the 18 % estimated by the single - cause model proposed by rowe et al. 9 besides, the all - cause model has not taken into account the high proportion of hiv mortality in the afr e subregion. it is likely that this may have resulted in an overestimation of the proportion of the other causes of death. there are some limitations intrinsic to the type of review and meta - analysis used in our assessment. locations where special population studies are conducted are rarely representative of the entire countries as they are usually carried out in populations that are either easy to access or have atypical mortality patterns. however, using local variables in the model and national level variables to predict country estimates should account, at least in part, for this potential site bias. the inclusion of mid - year of study in the model could be seen as reflecting both time and place of study as studies conducted in different years could also be from different places. yet, time distribution of the studies within each region is very similar. furthermore, the use of a dichotomous dummy variable for controlling for time in the regression model makes them equivalent for all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4824472144127693, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.794633"} {"text": "conducted in different years could also be from different places. yet, time distribution of the studies within each region is very similar. furthermore, the use of a dichotomous dummy variable for controlling for time in the regression model makes them equivalent for all countries. our estimates, as well as those obtained from other reviews, rely on published epidemiological studies that used mostly verbal autopsy methods in their assessment of causes of death. consequently, they have limitations that are inherent to this type of data such as misclassification of causes of death due to imperfect sensitivity and specificity of the instrument. misclassification of causes of death is likely to be random ; therefore it does not necessarily imply that the distribution of these causes will be biased. we have not attempted to correct for the possible measurement errors introduced by the use of verbal autopsy26, 27 because there was not enough site - specific information from validation studies to enable an adequate adjustment. 27 it is also worth noting that most ( 68 % ) of the data used in this review refer to studies that were carried out between the late 1980s and early 1990s and that the latest mid - year of observation was 1997. this represents a lag time of almost 10 years. currently, available data are unable to capture possible recent changes in diarrhoea mortality either due to changes in interventions, their coverage, or new emerging diseases and competing causes of death, with the exception of hiv / aids which is captured by the use of subregional levels of mortality. public health implications estimates obtained here can be used as the starting point for the monitoring of cause of death at country, regional and global levels in the future. clearly, such estimates do not replace empirical data. nevertheless, they are an invaluable tool for guiding decision - making and prioritizing interventions in child health strategies and planning in countries where vital registration or other sources of community - based data on causes of death are not available. importantly, such an estimation process is exceptionally useful for identifying gaps in information and for developing approaches to tackling data problems. information on causes of death for children aged less than 5 years has not increased significantly since the late 1980s. the lack of systems able to generate representative quality data on a regular basis is one of the major obstacles for international and national planning to reduce under - 5 mortality. by providing best possible estimates of the distribution of causes of death, cherg methods have proven to be a transient alternative to countries without adequate information. the main cherg standards for estimating the burden of mortality, used in this review", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47650883314230635, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.797036"} {"text": "- 5 mortality. by providing best possible estimates of the distribution of causes of death, cherg methods have proven to be a transient alternative to countries without adequate information. the main cherg standards for estimating the burden of mortality, used in this review include : ( i ) thorough literature search ; ( ii ) data abstraction exercise performed by two independent data abstractors and with two independent data entries ; ( iii ) very strict inclusion and exclusion criteria ; and ( iv ) use of local covariates to predict national estimates. we strongly believe that these rigorous criteria ensured that inputs for the current estimates consisted of the most valid information available and that the modelling of local variables to predict national estimates was performed using an innovative and best possible approach. results presented here should thus allow settings without adequate information to draw a reasonable picture of the burden of under - 5 diarrhoea mortality that should ultimately result in practical planning for the prioritization of interventions and decision - making. \u25a0 this work was done through cherg, coordinated by the department of child and adolescent health and development and supported by the department of measurement and health information systems of who. we thank bob black and members of cherg for their critical review of the methods. we thank colin mathers, doris ma fat and mie inoue for providing data related to the who mortality database. we also thank cesar victora and bernardo horta for providing additional data from their cohort study. funding : the bill and melinda gates foundation provided financial support for the work of cherg. competing interests : none declared. - united nations millennium declaration 2000. available from : http : / / www. un. org / millennium / declaration / ares552e. htm [ accessed on 19 may 2008 ]. - united nations millennium development goals. available from : http : / / www. un. org / millenniumgoals / [ accessed on 19 may 2008 ]. - 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5 doi : 10. 1093 / ije / 21. 5. 911 pmid : 1468852. - victora cg, vaughan jp, barros fc. the seasonality of infant deaths due to diarrhoeal and respiratory diseases in southern brazil, 1974 - 1978. bull pan am health organ 1985 ; 19 : 29 - 39 pmid : 4027452. - victora cg, barros fc, vaughan jp, teixeira am.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4854456875422605, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.808080"} {"text": "r, et al., et al. reduction in pneumonia mortality and total childhood mortality by means of community - based intervention trial in gadchiroli, india. lancet 1990 ; 336 : 201 - 6 doi : 10. 1016 / 0140 - 6736 ( 90 ) 91733 - q pmid : 1973770. - khalique n, sinha sn, yunus m, malik a. early childhood mortality - a rural study. j r soc health 1993 ; 113 : 247 - 9 doi : 10. 1177 / 146642409311300507 pmid : 8230076. - baqui ah, black re, arifeen se, hill k, mitra sn, al sabir a. causes of childhood deaths in bangladesh : results of a nationwide verbal autopsy study. bull world health organ 1998 ; 76 : 161 - 71 pmid : 9648357. - baqui ah, sabir aa, begum n, arifeen se, mitra sn, black re. causes of childhood deaths in bangladesh : an update. acta paediatr 2001 ; 90 : 682 - 90 doi : 10. 1080 / 080352501750258775 pmid : 11440104. - bhatia s. patterns and causes of neonatal and postneonatal mortality in rural bangladesh. stud fam plann 1989 ; 20 : 136 - 46 doi : 10. 2307 / 1966568 pmid : 2734810. - chen lc, rahman m, sarder am. epidemiology and causes of death among children in a rural area of bangladesh. int j epidemiol 1980 ; 9 : 25 - 33 doi : 10. 1093 / ije / 9. 1. 25 pmid : 7419328. - fauveau v, yunus m, zaman k, chakraborty j, sarder am. diarrhoea mortality in rural bangladeshi children. j trop pediatr 1991 ; 37 : 31 - 6 pmid : 2023300. - rahmathullah l, underwood ba, thulasiraj rd, milton rc, ramaswamy k, rahmathullah r, et al., et al. reduced mortality among children in southern india receiving a small weekly dose of vitamin a. n engl j med 1990 ; 323 : 929 - 35 pmid : 2205798. - pandey mr, daula", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4993334463172419, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.812107"} {"text": "al., et al. reduced mortality among children in southern india receiving a small weekly dose of vitamin a. n engl j med 1990 ; 323 : 929 - 35 pmid : 2205798. - pandey mr, daulaire nm, starbuck es, houston rm, mcpherson k. reduction in total under - five mortality in western nepal through community - based antimicrobial treatment of pneumonia. lancet 1991 ; 338 : 993 - 7 doi : 10. 1016 / 0140 - 6736 ( 91 ) 91847 - n pmid : 1681351. - reddaiah vp, kapoor sk. socio - biological factors in under five deaths in a rural area. indian j pediatr 1992 ; 59 : 567 - 71 doi : 10. 1007 / bf02832992 pmid : 1459678. - tandon bn, sahai a, balaji ln, vardhan va. morbidity pattern and cause specific mortality during infancy in icds projects. j trop pediatr 1987 ; 33 : 190 - 3 pmid : 3669135. - huang w, yu h, wang f, li g. infant mortality among various nationalities in the middle part of guizhou, china. soc sci med 1997 ; 45 : 1031 - 40 doi : 10. 1016 / s0277 - 9536 ( 97 ) 00019 - 1 pmid : 9257395. - child and adolescent health, world health organization, 20 avenue appia, 1211 geneva 27, switzerland. - tb / hiv and drug resistance, who, geneva, switzerland. - measurement and health information systems, who, geneva, switzerland.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4981974288212587, "token_count": 347, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.812738"} {"text": "ask the experts and many of them will tell you the same thing : the single - serve coffee category is hotter than freshly brewed java. fueled by convenience, the time - saving system that lets users prepare drinks by the cup is gaining popularity worldwide. yet, since their inception, single - serve cups and capsules have had to dodge the criticism that they \u2019 re inherently bad for the environment. since single - serve capsules are discarded after each use, the brewing method is not as green as preparing drinks with ground coffee or espresso. and, we \u2019 re talking about a lot of cups and capsules. according to the national coffee association, single - serve coffee is the fastest - growing sector of the home market, as well as the second most popular brewing method after conventional drip coffee makers. so, what \u2019 s an environmentally conscious coffee lover to do? must eco - concerns be set aside in favor of fast, convenient, and reliable drinks by the cup? fortunately, leading single - serve manufacturers are addressing the issue head on. green mountain coffee roasters ( gmcr ), the maker of k - cups for keurig, conducted a life cycle analysis to assess the environmental impact of its single - serve packs. highlights of the study are as follows : according to the study, even though the end - of - life cycle - - when a k - cup is used and discarded - - is the most visible, it actually only accounts for only 5 % of the potential global warming output. nevertheless, gmcr has put together a program to allow workplace customers in the contiguous u. s. to collect and return spent k - cups for composting and energy from waste processing. the grounds to grow on program is estimated to have recovered 4. 1 million k - cup packs and composted over 85, 000 pounds of ground coffee in the same year. the plastic from spent k - cups saved approximately 139 kilowatt hours. want to take matters into your own hands, give the keurig my k - cup filter basket a try. it is a reusable filter that lets you brew with any ground pre - ground coffee you choose. no hassle, no mess, and no waste. at nespresso, the talk centers around recycling as well as developing more sustainable aluminum for their single - serve capsules. in the u. s., the company has capsule collection systems in place in cities with nespresso boutiques including : new york, los angeles, and san francisco. nespresso has also launched", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4515763895886464, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.841478"} {"text": "aluminum for their single - serve capsules. in the u. s., the company has capsule collection systems in place in cities with nespresso boutiques including : new york, los angeles, and san francisco. nespresso has also launched the alucycle, partnering with mining, refining, retrieval, recycling organizations to improve the sustainability of aluminum. the company has also teamed up with the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) to promote environmentally sound aluminum practices. taking its commitment one step further, nespresso has equipped some of its single - serve machines with an eco button, which will automatically turn the machine off after 30 minutes of inactivity to conserve energy. the feature is available on the latest generation of the citiz machines. as an added bonus, purchase any nespresso single - serve machine over $ 199 from now until june 17, 2013 and you can register for a $ 50 nespresso club credit good for free capsules. illy iperespresso fans can take heart in knowing that their capsules are made from recycled plastic. the company is working on a method to allow consumers to open, clean, and recycle their capsules. while single - serve systems may not be as eco - friendly as other more traditional brewing methods, the leading manufacturers are taking notes and continually making improvements to their products. don \u2019 t write them off just yet. like heirlooms, treasured recipes get passed down from generation to generation, building memories at every turn. in celebration of mother \u2019 s day, we \u2019 re asking you to share your family \u2019 s favorite coffee or espresso - related recipe for a chance to win a keurig b31 mini plus in platinum, a box of green mountain nantucket blend k - cups, two whole latte love latte cups. you can submit a drink or food recipe, so long as one of the ingredients is coffee or espresso. enter here by noon ( est ) on may 6, 2013 and we \u2019 ll put your submission up for an open vote. our fans will determine who wins this contest! voting ends on may 9 noon ( est ) just two days after recipe submissions are due. anyone with a college experience similar to mine will be in for a number of late nights and early mornings. now, whether you \u2019 re in a dorm, or in an apartment, getting that first cup of coffee can be essential to keeping you alert and productive for the rest of the day. i know that time and money are kind", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44290775224834955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.843002"} {"text": "nights and early mornings. now, whether you \u2019 re in a dorm, or in an apartment, getting that first cup of coffee can be essential to keeping you alert and productive for the rest of the day. i know that time and money are kind of a big deal for most college students, and i know you \u2019 re going to want to find a fast and affordable source of coffee. don \u2019 t worry ; we \u2019 re here to help. when it comes to quick, convenient coffee, single - serve machines work very well. no mess, no hassle, and you never need to worry about brewing too much. if you \u2019 re worried about price, don \u2019 t be. we have a number of affordable single serve options like the keurig b31 mini plus, and if you do go with a keurig, you might want to check out the my k - cup filter basket, an innovative accessory that allows you to use your own pre - ground coffee in your machine in addition to k - cups. while a single serve machine is likely to become a much worshiped and permanent fixture in your place of residence, necessity will sometimes require that your coffee be mobile and when that \u2019 s the case, few things work better than the bodum french press travel set. not only is it an actual french press for brewing coffee, it \u2019 s a stainless steel mug that you can take anywhere, how \u2019 s that for dual functionality? now the coffee. it \u2019 s true that you could go to any local grocery store and probably find some super cheap drip with remarkably clever names like \u201c brewer \u2019 s choice \u201d or \u201c happy mountain coffee, \u201d and sure it \u2019 s kitschy and character building. but, when you don \u2019 t feel like drinking something that tastes like diesel fuel every morning, that \u2019 s when you check out our coffee instead. even without a really expensive machine, good coffee is still good coffee. you might be thinking though that you \u2019 re limited to pre - ground, well think again. the bodum bistro blade grinder is a compact and affordable option for budget conscious bean lovers and is available in four colors. no matter where you go, or what your major may be, remember that back to school doesn \u2019 t have to mean back to bad coffee! it ' s summertime and the living ' s easy, shouldn ' t your coffee be simple too? simplicity is the name of the game with keurig and we ' re happy to introduce some new k - cups this season to keep", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4341156267238839, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.844143"} {"text": "coffee! it ' s summertime and the living ' s easy, shouldn ' t your coffee be simple too? simplicity is the name of the game with keurig and we ' re happy to introduce some new k - cups this season to keep you caffeinated with minimal hassle. these k - cups are compatible with all keurig machines, the breville bkc700xl as well as the cuisinart ss - 700. fans of celebrity chef wolfgang puck, whose restaurants, shows and cookbooks have been american staples since the 80s, can now enjoy his original coffee creations at home. keurig has partnered with puck to offer two memorable k - cups, breakfast in bed and jamaica me crazy. for a traditional cup of joe that ' s anything but ordinary, try wolfgang puck breakfast in bed. this medium - roast, single - serve coffee is well balanced and smooth, making it perfect for those laid - back summer days. if you ' re dreaming of a tropical getaway, on the other hand, jamaica me crazy may the perfect ticket. this flavored coffee puts an island twist on regular java. it is distinguished by a remarkable coconut flavor and pleasing aromas. not to be outdone, timothy ' s and gloria jean ' s coffees have flavored k - cups of their own. the first is the exotic timothy ' s kahlua orginal k - cups. this light - roast arabica coffee sets itself apart with enticing flavors of rum, caramel and vanilla. timothy ' s kahlua k - cups are great for late afternoon drinks or entertaining guests, as the flavors beg to be savored. for more conventional fare, try gloria jean ' s cappuccino coffee k - cups. this is a creamy, medium - roast flavored coffee with cinnamon - y undertones. it has a well - rounded body and balanced acidity. the kahlua and cappuccino k - cups are both certified kosher. if you just need a quick jolt to keep you going during the dog days of summer, keurig ' s new revv coffee k - cups promises to deliver just that. said to capture \u201c energy in its purest form, \u201d revv is a striking dark coffee that is undeniably bold. since it was launched, the revv blend has been praised by countless customers for being smooth and never bitter. the new green mountain extra bold espresso blend is also another great option for fans of strong coffee. it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4230592340450985, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.845567"} {"text": "is undeniably bold. since it was launched, the revv blend has been praised by countless customers for being smooth and never bitter. the new green mountain extra bold espresso blend is also another great option for fans of strong coffee. it ' s a dark - roast blend of certified organic and fair trade coffee. green mountain extra bold espresso presents a nice palate consisting of chocolate and vanilla flavors accented by a smoky, fruity undertone. all of keurig ' s new k - cups are available in boxes of 18. but, if you find a flavor that ' s to your liking, make sure you stock up as they have a very good chance of selling out! no matter if you ' re brewing at home or looking for a single - serve coffee solution for the office, k - cups are a great value and offer the convenience of truly hassle - free beverages. if you ' re tired of the same old drinks, break out of the rut with a creative latte. this month ' s recipe is perfect for the adventurous latte lovers out there. in a tall 16oz glass, combine the espresso, syrup and milk. stir the contents and add ice. garnish with whipped cream, if desired, and enjoy! with st. patrick ' s day right around the corner, may the luck... and drinks, of the irish be with you. given the upcoming festivities, now is as good a time as any to take a look at the history of one of the most ( in ) famous, drinks in the world \u2014 the irish coffee. in true celtic fashion, think leprechauns and pots of gold, the origins of the irish coffee begins with a local folklore... legend has it that the drink was invented in a cafe at the now - defunct foynes airport. in 1943, on a particularly nasty winter evening, a flight bound for botwood, newfoundland made the critical decision to return to foynes after several hours in the air. consider that 1943 was during wwii and commercial air travel was really in its infancy \u2014 think well - heeled men and women on a flying - boat voyage. the circumstances of the diverted flight were trying at best and left passengers a little bit more than peeved. upon making the decision to head back to foynes, the captain reportedly sent a morse - code message to the control tower, alerting ground operations personnel of the impending return. at the terminal, preparations were made to welcome back the crew", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4201154342995357, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.846576"} {"text": "here is a quick look at the inventions that have made coffee consumption so popular : today, many manufactures use single - serve options for brewing coffee that have filters built in. popular brands include : nespresso, illy, gaggia, keurig and tassimo, to name a few. the average american can create the desired drink in seconds, with the perfect amount of coffee, temperature and no cleanup. the development of single - serve systems can trace its roots back to the humble paper filter. many single serve options, consists of a \u201c filter \u201d that contains an exact amount of coffee, ground specifically to create a unique coffee drink. the packaging prevents oxygen, light and moisture from degrading the coffee. each cup of coffee produced is of the highest quality and freshness. several well - known coffee roasters, such as green mountain coffee roasters, have created branded single - serve coffee options. illy and the iperespresso system illy has evolved into a world renowned manufacturer of coffee. illy coffee is available in medium or dark roasts ; regular or decaffeinated ; whole bean, fine and medium grinds ; as well as e. s. e. ( easy serving espresso ) pods and iperespresso capsules. illy \u2019 s introduction of the iperespresso system has revolutionized the preparation of espresso. this patented two - part process replaces the traditional manner in which espresso was extracted. in the first stage called \u201c iper - infusion, \u201d hot water under high pressure creates optimal brewing conditions within the iperchamber to enhance the extraction of coffee flavor and aroma and increase its richness and complexity. in the second stage, \u201c emulsification, \u201d coffee is forced through the patented e - valve at the bottom of the capsule, mixing with air to produce a velvety, long - lived crema. illy \u2019 s iperespresso capsules are compatible with the francisfrancis x7 and gaggia for illy single - serve espresso machines. the modern espresso machine he modern - day espresso machine was created by gaggia in 1946. it has experienced subtle changes since its inception. the technology and use of commercial components have not changed. consumers who want to achieve an authentic espresso or milk - based drink from home are rarely disappointed. the machines offer the option to use ground coffee or pods. recently, gaggia introduced a new pressurized portafilter basket that takes the guess", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4558767016865571, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.851008"} {"text": "who want to achieve an authentic espresso or milk - based drink from home are rarely disappointed. the machines offer the option to use ground coffee or pods. recently, gaggia introduced a new pressurized portafilter basket that takes the guesswork out of creating perfect crema. this filter basket is compatible with all the semi - automatic gaggia espresso machines currently on the market. additionally, the popular gaggia baby series introduced a new model that has dual boilers, perfect for temperature stability and creating milk based drinks with ease. as you can see several inventions, introduced to coffee drinkers over 75 years ago, still have an impact on how we enjoy this beverage. it will be exciting to see how the coffee drinking experience continues to evolve in the next decade. tracy i always thought that my street was pretty liberal and open - minded ; but based on the faces and reactions, you would think that she had just opened the liquor cabinet and poured herself a double. the fact of the matter is, despite the preconceived ideas that my friends might have had, the benefits of coffee, in moderation, for children are proven. research by dr. tomas depaulis at vanderbilt university ' s institute for coffee studies has actually shown that children who drink coffee are much more alert ; show a marked boost in concentration, and may do better on school tests. studies have also shown that coffee has helped children with attention deficit disorder stay more focused and on - task. dr. depaulis shared his research and discussed childhood depression with webmd. in the interview he said, \" there recently was a study from brazil finding that children who drink coffee with milk each day are less likely to have depression than other children, in fact, no studies show that coffee in reasonable amounts is, in any way, harmful to children. \" just as an end note, jordan has never missed being on the honor roll and she is as happy as a 15 - year - girl could be. what is the youngest age that you think children should start drinking coffee? how have your kids reacted when they have had coffee to drink?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44565385957055426, "token_count": 429, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.852076"} {"text": "as concern over global warming intensified over the past few years, biofuels derived from food crops quickly emerged as a practical answer to the energy crisis. adding corn ethanol to gasoline or using palm oil for biodiesel makes the fuel burn more cleanly, stretches oil supplies, and perhaps most attractive to some politicians, provides a nice boost to big agribusiness. in europe and in the us, increasing biofuels was mandated by law. fortunately the rush to biofuels production has slowed because of a number of well - documented negative side effects. biofuels production contributed to a global food shortage and a rise in food prices as farmers sold off their crops to ethanol or biodiesel producers. deforestation increased in tropical wilderness areas as countries such as brazil and indonesia cleared rainforest to make room for biofuels such as soybeans, leading to large losses in biodiversity. deforestation also increased greenhouse gas emissions, as carbon stored in those forests was released into the atmosphere, offsetting gains from biofuel use and contributing to global warming. in the us, agricultural run - off increased as millions of acres of farmland were brought into production, creating one of the biggest ever dead - zones in the gulf of mexico as fertilizers made their way down the mississippi. much of the farmlands returned to production were lands previously placed in highly successful, federally funded conservation programs \u2026 including some of our last wild prairie lands. with remarkable lack of foresight, some members of congress have suggested removing even more lands from these programs. the decreased fuel efficiency of vehicles using ethanol \u2013 some drivers are also saying ethanol fuels makes their engines sputter \u2013 combined with the energy and fertilizer intensive process for producing crop - based biofuels, further combined with serious biodiversity and food supply impacts, all make it clear that biofuels produced from crops are not a solution. another perverse effect has been that ethanol subsidies driven up the price of corn, slashing profit margins, and making corn - based ethanol production in the us have viable only for some of the larger food producers \u2013 the very same large industrial agribusiness companies that drove the rush to ethanol in the first place \u2026 biofuels hold significant promise if they are produced in a way that takes their entire life - cycle into account, from production to indirect impacts such as loss of wilderness areas, and especially if they can be generated using non - food crop sources. cellulosic ethanol, produced from switchgrass or biowastes has higher cellulose content and is available in abundant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4193095628406051, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.861300"} {"text": "from production to indirect impacts such as loss of wilderness areas, and especially if they can be generated using non - food crop sources. cellulosic ethanol, produced from switchgrass or biowastes has higher cellulose content and is available in abundant quantities without growing crops. cellulosic ethanol could therefore be a far more efficient and environmentally friendly biofuel alternative, pending investments in the necessary technology and infrastructure. luckily we \u2018 re now witnessing the first retreat on crop - based biofuel production as politicians are finally forced to admit that crop - based biofuels are hugely problematic. the european union parliament \u2019 s environment committee recently voted unanimously to reduce mandated biofuel targets, though only parliament can make this decision final. in the u. s., the state of texas is asking the environmental protection agency for a waiver to temporarily reduce ethanol production. as with the eu, epa has not yet decided what to do. with a little luck, common sense will prevail, and the result will be a stronger food supply, better economic policy, and more wild nature. post your comment here comments are the sole responsibility of their authors. wild is not responsible, nor will be held liable, for blog comments. wild reserves the right to delete any comment that is abusive, profane, rude, or considered spam.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44237811394042564, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.862477"} {"text": "where are we now? climate \" today \" before we move on to projections of future state of our planet ' s climate, let ' s take a few looks at the current state of earth ' s climate. these graphs show how carbon emissions, atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, and global average temperatures have changed in recent times. this image shows sea surface temperatures ( sst ) averaged over a whole year ( in this case, 2001 ). notice how temperatures range from freezing ( 0\u00b0 c or 32\u00b0 f ) near the poles to around 30\u00b0 c ( about 86\u00b0 f ) in the tropics. credits : image courtesy of plumbago via wikipedia, using data from the world ocean atlas 2001. here is earth ' s surface air temperature in recent times. this image shows average temperatures for the period from 1961 to 1990. credits : image courtesy of robert a. rhohde and the global warming art project. average global temperature 1940 - 2005 | all values are in comparison to 1940 - 1980 average ( green shading ). map at left shows 1995 - 2005 averages ( the orange shaded region on the graph above ). blue points and lines on the graph are annual values ; the red line is the 5 - year smoothed average. this map ( above ) shows recent changes in earth ' s surface air temperatures. the colors indicate the temperatures in the decade around 2000 as compared to average values from about 40 years earlier. specifically, the colors compare average temperatures during the years 1995 through 2004 versus the averages from 1940 through 1980. the global averge temperature increased about 0. 42\u00b0 c during this time. credits : map image courtesy of robert a. rohde and the global warming art project. graph is original artwork by windows to the universe staff ( randy russell ) using data from noaa. use the popup menu in the upper left corner of the interactive below to select a map to view. choices include contemporary global surface air temperature and sea surface temperature, changes in temperature by 2000, and four climate model projections for possible future climate in 2025 and 2095. compare maps side - by - side using the viewer below. shop windows to the universe science store! cool it! is the new card game from the union of concerned scientists that teaches kids about the choices we have when it comes to climate change \u2014 and how policy and technology decisions made today will matter. cool it! is available in our online store you might also be interested in : leaders from 192 nations of the world are trying to make an agreement about how to limit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5006131616836988, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.878582"} {"text": "it comes to climate change \u2014 and how policy and technology decisions made today will matter. cool it! is available in our online store you might also be interested in : leaders from 192 nations of the world are trying to make an agreement about how to limit emissions of heat - trapping greenhouse gases, mitigate climate change, and adapt to changing environmental conditions.... more climate in your place on the globe is called regional climate. it is the average weather pattern in a place over more than thirty years, including the variations in seasons. to describe the regional climate... more less than 1 % of the gases in earth ' s atmosphere are called greenhouse gases. even though they are not very abundant, these greenhouse gases have a major effect. carbon dioxide ( co2 ), water vapor ( h2o ),... more television weather forecasts in the space age routinely feature satellite views of cloud cover. cameras and other instruments on spacecraft provide many types of valuable data about earth ' s atmosphere... more predicting how our climate will change in the next century or beyond requires tools for assessing how planet responds to change. global climate models, which are run on some of the world ' s fastest supercomputers,... more the world ' s surface air temperature increased an average of 0. 6\u00b0 celsius ( 1. 1\u00b0f ) during the last century according to the intergovernmental panel on climate change ( ipcc ). this may not sound like very... more a factor that has an affect on climate is called a \u201c forcing. \u201d some forcings, like volcanic eruptions and changes in the amount of solar energy, are natural. others, like the addition of greenhouse gases... more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5424146182715148, "token_count": 352, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.881919"} {"text": "aug. 3, 1492 : columbus sets out to discover \u2026 a trade route 1492 : christopher columbus, sailing for the spanish crown, weighs anchor for the new world. from his flagship santa maria, columbus commanded a squadron that included the caravels nina and pinta. the original purpose of the voyage was not to discover new lands but to open up a trade route to the \" indies \" or asia, that would allow spanish merchantmen to bypass the hostile muslim fleets sailing out of the middle east. columbus tried to interest the portuguese in his scheme, but they took a pass. he would have been spurned by spain, too, had that nation \u2019 s centuries - long war with the moors been going badly. fortunately for columbus, the spaniards were winning handily, and victory was in sight. when the last moorish stronghold fell at granada, spain was feeling expansive. and columbus, the sailor from genoa, was ready and waiting. he never did find that alternate route around the muslims, but on oct. 12, 1492 columbus made landfall in what is today the bahamas, and the course of history was changed forever. although it \u2019 s long been known that other outsiders reached north america well before columbus, his landfall remains the most significant, for good and ill. it opened up the sea lanes to the first permanent back - and - forth traffic of europeans, their armies, their priests and their commerce. image : chromolithograph depicts columbus claiming possession of the new world. ( prang education, 1893 ) this article first appeared on wired. com aug. 3, 2007.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3711201773074476, "token_count": 323, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.893038"} {"text": "term : the upper mississippi ( historic marker erected 1980 ) rest area, tourist info center no. 31, i - 90, french island, lacrosse, la crosse county from lake itasca, minnesota, to cairo, illinois, the upper mississippi river flows through america ' s heartland for over 1100 miles. its currents have borne the indian ' s canoe, the explorer ' s dugout, and the trader ' s packet. jacques marquette, louis jolliet, and zebulon pike tested its strength. mark twain gave it life in literature. paddle - wheelers by the hundreds ferried lesser known passengers over its waters during the halcyon days of steamboating in the 19th century. into the great river pour the st. croix, chippewa, black, wisconsin, rock, illinois, missouri, and ohio. along its banks have flourished st. paul, winona, la crosse, davenport, keokuk, quincy, and st. louis. for a time diminished in importance by the rail - roads, the great river came back into its. own in the 20th century through dredging and damming. the present nine - foot channel and a series of locks and dams allow 300 - foot barges to transport coal, cement, grain, and other products vital to the region ' s economic well being. imposing in size and beauty, violent and muddy in floodstage, calm and serene on a summer morn, the great river sustains life and livelihood within itself, along its banks, and upward in the hinterlands east and west. [ source : source : mcbride, sarah davis. history just ahead ( madison : whs, 1999 ). ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42369031708508154, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.894983"} {"text": "learn something new every day more info... by email dark energy is a very sparse, uniform negative pressure that permeates the entire observable universe. it accounts for 70 % of the mass / energy in the universe and is responsible for its accelerating rate of expansion. dark energy is unlike the energy we are familiar with because it is not concentrated locally, as is the case with stars and galaxies, manifestations of conventional matter and energy. there are many other important differences between conventional energy and dark energy, which physicists continue to investigate. the exact form or mechanism of operation of dark energy is unknown. in this respect, it is similar to its cousin, dark matter, which can only be observed by the influence it has on normal matter and energy. there are two major theories for the form of dark energy, although one is more prominent than the other. the first theory, quintessence, describes the dark energy as a fluctuating field that changes its intensity based on location. the second theory, that of a cosmological constant, describes dark energy as constant and uniform. it is this second theory that is believed by most physicists and forms the basis of the lambda - cdm model, the prevailing model of the structure of the cosmos. the negative pressure of the cosmological constant is thought to originate from vacuum fluctuations at extremely small scales in all space. so - called virtual particles are continuously created and destroyed in this vacuum, creating a quantum foam that itself has energy. the existence of dark energy has implications for the ultimate fate of the universe. if dark energy is an intrinsic property of space, as it looks to be, then it will continue to be exist indefinitely. if dark energy is the cause of the universe \u2019 s accelerating expansion, then it will also be the cause of reducing the average density of any parcel of space in the long run. as the universe grows more and more sparse, it will also grow more cold and hostile to life. therefore, dark energy can justifiably be blamed for bringing on the \u201c heat death \u201d of the universe. is europe using some type of dark energy device to power the earth?? my dad read it to me from a news paper. i just could not find anything about it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6237152247328352, "token_count": 455, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.908161"} {"text": "this item is in : food science > nestle functional foods and nutrition series > nestle nutrition workshop : pediatric programmicrobial host - interaction : tolerance versus allergy edited by p brandtzaeg, e isolauri and s l prescott nestle nutrition workshop series : pediatric program series no. 64 most indigenous microbes occur in the intestinal tract, and their interactions with the host are largely unknown. current understanding of host - microbe interactions links early microbial contact to the origin of disease, a theory that has its roots in the hygiene hypothesis. modern life style appears to deprive the infant of conditions that provide adequate anti - inflammatory or tolerogenic stimuli upon antigen encounter. thus, maturational signals from the environment and the diet are insufficient to adequately shape the immune system. microbial host - interaction deals with the relationship between the gut microbiota as well as altered pattern of early microbial contact and the origin of human disease. new aspects of the original hygiene hypothesis are discussed in relation to disorders spanning from allergy and autoimmunity to obesity. the results presented suggest that all these disorders may be linked to aberrant antigen absorption and immune responses associated with dysfunction of mucosal defense. researchers, clinicians and students interested in the interaction of the host with indigenous gut bacteria and the consequences for human health will find this publication of utmost interest. isbn 3 8055 9167 5 isbn - 13 : 978 3 8055 9167 6 272 pages 234 x 156mm hardback \u00a3165. 00 / us $ 280. 00 / \u20ac200. 00 usually dispatched within 1 \u2013 2 weeks titles which may also be of interest : milk and milk products in human nutrition drivers of innovation in pediatric nutrition importance of growth for health and development emerging societies - coexistence of childhood malnutrition and obesity a paradigm for commensalism : the role of a specific microbial polysaccharide in health and disease ; the hygiene hypothesis : do we still believe in it? \u2018 abc \u2019 of mucosal immunology ; innate and adaptive immune pathways to tolerance ; hitting the mucosal road in tolerance induction ; obesity \u2013 extending the hygiene hypothesis ; autoimmunity and diet ; eosinophilic esophagitis : example of an emerging allergic manifestation? microbial \u2013 host interactions in inflammatory bowel diseases and experimental colitis ; development and regulation of immune responses to food antigens in pre - and postnatal life ; novel approaches in treating food allergy using allergens", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5353391229460525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:22.995921"} {"text": "microsoft word styles are powerful tools included in all versions of word. if you are a new user, you may not know what styles are or how to apply them to format your documents. whether you own word 2007 or 2010, this article will help you understand the basics of microsoft word styles. it shows you how to find the predefined styles, and includes a tutorial that shows you how to change the style set and easily format your document by applying styles. it also briefly covers the topic of custom styles. a style is a definition that determines the document formatting options that are applied to characters or paragraphs. note : sometimes styles are referred to as tags. however, in microsoft word, styles is the correct term. how many times have you gone through a lengthy document and manually reformatted the same text over and over again to get it right? it can waste hours of your time and all of that clicking can give you a nasty case of carpal tunnel syndrome. using styles helps you use consistent formatting throughout your document. applying a style only takes a click or two so it is much faster than manually formatting block after block of text. styles can contain definitions for fonts, paragraph spacing, line height, hyphenation, tabs, page breaks, indentation, and more! as you can see from the list, styles can become quite complex. but don ' t worry, microsoft word contains many predefined styles. that means you can use them even if you don ' t know how to create your own styles from scratch. there are different ways to access the predefined microsoft word styles, but the easiest way in word 2007 or 2010 is to select one from the quick style gallery. quick styles were introduced in word 2007 and are located on the home tab. there are 11 style sets to choose from, 14 style sets in word 2010. each set can be altered by selecting different theme colors or fonts, resulting in thousands of unique styles available for document formatting. for the following tutorial, open word 2007 and start a new document. ( these instructions also work for microsoft word 2010. ) let ' s begin by entering some dummy text so you can see how changing the style set affects the document formatting. here is how to enter random text into a document : entering this code inserts three paragraphs of text into your document. now let ' s see how easy it is to change the look and feel of the document just by changing the style set. follow these steps", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5238360833721846, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.017115"} {"text": "to enter random text into a document : entering this code inserts three paragraphs of text into your document. now let ' s see how easy it is to change the look and feel of the document just by changing the style set. follow these steps to change the style set in your sample document : to change the theme fonts or colors, click change styles again, then select either colors or fonts from the menu. in word 2010, there is an additional option on the menu for changing paragraph spacing. now that you have selected a style set, let ' s apply some styles to the text in your document. follow these steps to easily create a title by applying a style : the new style is applied and your document now has a professional - looking title. if you are following the steps in this tutorial, your paragraph formatting is probably set to the default ( normal ) style. but just in case it isn ' t, let ' s apply the default paragraph and font style to make sure that the formatting is consistent throughout the document. follow these steps to apply the normal style : all of the text changes to the default font with the default paragraph spacing. the text looks a bit boring, so let ' s add emphasis to certain words by applying a character style. follow these steps to apply bold formatting to selected text : you have just formatted your first document using microsoft word styles! not only does it look professional, but you have created a handy reference guide to microsoft word 2007 galleries. before you close the document, why not print it? the predefined styles give you lots of document formatting options to choose from, but you can also create your own custom microsoft word styles. you can create new styles for each document, or you can save your custom styles and reuse them later. saving styles you use often is a good way to speed up the process of creating word documents. so how do you save the custom styles you create? you save them to a template. you can save styles you always want available to the default ( normal. dotm ) template, or you can save styles to custom templates. you may have already used some of the custom microsoft word templates that are available in the template gallery. open the microsoft office template gallery to open the template gallery, click the office button, then click new. to download the free online templates, you must have genuine microsoft office software installed. the next time you use a microsoft word template, look at the quick style gallery within the document", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4533476167295311, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.019834"} {"text": "american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - n. a device, such as a fuse or percussion cap, used to set off an explosive charge. - n. an explosive. century dictionary and cyclopedia - n. that which detonates ; it detonating preparation ; a percussion - cap. - n. a device used to detonate an explosive device etc. - n. rail transport, uk a small explosive device attached to the railhead to provide an audible warning when a train passes over it. gnu webster ' s 1913 - n. obsolete, obsolete an explosive whose action is practically instantaneous. - n. obsolete, obsolete something used to detonate a charge, as a detonating fuse. - n. obsolete, obsolete a case containing detonating powder, the explosion of which serves as a signal, as on railroads. - n. obsolete a gun fired by a percussion cap. - n. a mechanical or electrical explosive device or a small amount of explosive ; can be used to initiate the reaction of a disrupting explosive - detonate + - or ( wiktionary ) \u201c and interestingly, a similar detonator is connected to a massive nuclear device under the city of munich, set to ignite in eighty hours. \u201d \u201c besides, the detonator is not yet manufactured that will explode that charge. \u201d \u201c but suffice it to say that it is concentrated hydrogen peroxide mixed with flour, attached to a very crude detonator, which is, again, a very crude about four gallon plastic container. \u201d \u201c a \u201c nano detonator \u201d, that is, a detonator roughly smaller than an electron. \u201d \u201c you know, your cell phone now is called a detonator and simple things like gatorade apparently can be used as a component of a bomb that could take your plane down, so i think people are very weary and they want to know that we ' re doing things. \u201d \u201c and i would raise a concern about the fact that even though there were no detonators, the detonator is the easy part of the explosive. \u201d \u201c the detonator was a remote car starter purchased over the internet. \u201d \u201c american airlines spokesman tim smith called the detonator holder \" nothing threatening. \u201d \u201c in all of this cases, the detonator was a mishandled of the well perforator ( made in china ). \u201d \u201c the detonator is a rifle cartridge with a nail on the prime", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5444115833157099, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.030489"} {"text": "american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - n. the income of a government from all sources appropriated for the payment of the public expenses. - n. yield from property or investment ; income. - n. all the income produced by a particular source. - n. a governmental department set up to collect public funds. century dictionary and cyclopedia - n. the annual rents, profits, interest, or issues of any kind of property, real or personal ; income. - n. the annual income of a state, derived from the taxation, customs, excise, or other sources, and appropriated to the payment of the national expenses. - n. return ; reward. - n. synonyms profit, etc. see income. - n. the income returned by an investment - n. the total income received from a given source - n. all income generated for some political entity ' s treasury by taxation and other means - n. accounting the total sales ; turnover. - n. accounting the net revenue, net sales. gnu webster ' s 1913 - n. that which returns, or comes back, from an investment ; the annual rents, profits, interest, or issues of any species of property, real or personal ; income. - n. hence, return ; reward. - n. the annual yield of taxes, excise, customs, duties, rents, etc., which a nation, state, or municipality collects and receives into the treasury for public use. - n. the entire amount of income before any deductions are made - n. government income due to taxation - recorded in english from 1433, \" income from property or possessions \", from middle french revenue, from old french \" a return \" ( modern french ' revenu ' ), the prop. feminine past participle of revenir ( \" come back \" ) ( = modern french ), from latin revenire ( \" to return, come back \" ), from re - ( \" back \" ) + venire ( \" to come \" ) ( wiktionary ) - middle english, from old french, from feminine past participle of revenir, to return, from latin revenire : re -, re - + venire, to come ; see gwa - in indo - european roots. ( american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition ) \u201c the comments seem to be suggesting why not tax capital if the reduction in revenue is made up by increased taxes on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.553650663580616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.037494"} {"text": ", to come ; see gwa - in indo - european roots. ( american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition ) \u201c the comments seem to be suggesting why not tax capital if the reduction in revenue is made up by increased taxes on wages. \u201d \u201c nvidia may have reported a loss of $ 201. 3 million for its fiscal 2010 first quarter after the markets closed yesterday, and a 42 percent drop in revenue from the same period a year ago, but the company still has quite a few things going for it. \u201d \u201c it seems to me that it would be worth it to tacoma ' s schools and other government functions that the state raise that $ 200 million plus in revenue from a sales tax increase. politickling \u201d \u201c the state expects to receive $ 1. 2 billion in revenue from the delay of a corporate tax break. \u201d \u201c this year proactiv ' s licensee and distributor, guthy - renker, will collect roughly $ 800 million in revenue from the acne treatment - - its runaway bestseller. \u201d \u201c does the amount of stimulus spent this year & the loss in revenue from the making work pay cut completely counteract the increase in gdp over what was projected because of the stimulus? \u201d \u201c lightspeedventurepartners \u2013 apple has made no more than $ 20 - 45m in revenue from the appstore, may 13, 2009 \u201d \u201c all the while you are waiting for that day when the edict comes down : due to unforeseen shortfalls in revenue from the lents ballpark, we regret to announce that the new lents parking meters will now be collecting money during normal downtown parking hours. \u201d \u201c number one, gas tax revenue is only one component of transit funding, and may well be augmented by new ones soon \u2014 revenue from a cap and trade program, or a greater share of federal transportation funding shifted to transit. \u201d \u201c given the cost of wholesale funding and no real prospect of material volume growth, the [ weakness in revenue ] is likely to continue into 2011, \" mr. quinn said in a note to investors. \u201d these user - created lists contain the word \u2018 revenue \u2019. budgetese - not a sexy topic but a very comprehensive list of words and collocations used in eu circles. budgeting experts please comment and expand. heading, across - the - board..., emergency reserve, frontload, mopping - up, performance reserve, positive margin, negative margin, public finances, structural operat..., administrative ex.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45706322761970936, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.038520"} {"text": "experts please comment and expand. heading, across - the - board..., emergency reserve, frontload, mopping - up, performance reserve, positive margin, negative margin, public finances, structural operat..., administrative ex..., management of eu... and 657 more... aams countries, access to communi..., access to informa..., accession criteria, accession negotia..., accession to an a..., accession to the..., accession to the..., acp countries, acp - ec committee..., acp - ec convention, acp - ec council and 1088 more... a combined list of 1. eu buzz - single words 2. eu buzz - collocations 3. eu buzz - the 100 most active absorption capacity, absorption rate, acceding country, accession candidate, accession countries, accession country, accession criteria, accession cycle, accession negotia..., accession partner..., accession priorities, accession treaty and 2650 more... some of the catchwords of several presidential debates ( obama - romney 2012 denver debate ' s transcript fully included ) additionality, audit trail, accounting standards, auditing standards, general audit obj..., a posteriori audit, a priori audit, above board, acceptable error..., access rights, accountability, accountable entities and 1283 more... use these and get promoted words from work basic prices, buying - in price, agricultural levies, agricultural prices, intervention / tr..., intervention stocks, intervention system, interprofessional..., area aid / payment, area - based subsidy, community financing, direct assistance and 217 more... all words of the lisbon treaty ( persons ' names, foreign and grammatical words have been eliminated, mwes have been split up into individual words. capitalization has been retained if r... 1. strictly eu terms with special european meaning used only in the eu 2. keywords central to the understanding of the eu ( people working for the eu are usually able to give thematic... words for currency the new favourite words of people on twitter. a script searches twitter for \" x is my new favorite word \" and adds it to this list. grabbable, retuiteando, leaving, fantastic, absolutely, kurwa, hella, ridic, underpass,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5175768406230145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.039380"} {"text": "there are a couple easy ways to insert a hyperlink in an openoffice document. for both, start by highlighting the word or image to which you \u2019 d like to attach the hyperlink. next, click on the insert menu, and select hyperlink. the hyperlink dialog box opens and offers several choices ; internet, mail & news, document, and new document. for this demonstration, we \u2019 ll link a word to a website. i \u2019 ve highlighted the word worldstart, opened the hyperlink dialog box, and placed the website address in the target field near the top. to ensure that the right address is placed, i copied it from the browser address bar, and pasted it in the field. the highlighted word from the document appears in the text field near the bottom, but this can be changed. if you do, the word in the document will change as well. when you \u2019 re satisfied, click apply. it \u2019 s always a good to test your link, by clicking on it. but if you just want to do a quick check, hover your mouse over the linked word, and the link will appear. you can also find a hyperlink button on the standard toolbar ( the little globe and chain links ). clicking on that will also open the hyperlink dialog box. and there you have it.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3738658435821837, "token_count": 275, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.040620"} {"text": "featuring winston shrout there are several forms of the latin term habeas corpus. in this dvd we are going to make its meaning simple and understandable. habeas corpus was a privilege guaranteed by the magna carta of 1215 ad. it is an extremely important legal instrument that safeguards individual freedom against arbitrary state action. in today \u2019 s world, we can appropriately use habeas in a number of situations. for a long time i have advocated that habeas should precede any suit, because its primary use is to determine whether or not there is even subject matter to discuss. keep in mind that many attorneys tend to \u201c rush to court \u201d without any established facts. since that is often the case, it is our responsibility to slow the process down so that we can ask some crucial questions. first of all, let \u2019 s see if there are any material facts upon which the suit is based. since we are going into admiralty law, let \u2019 s determine if there is in fact any valid, certified claim to talk about. let \u2019 s do a habeas corpus so that you, mr. attorney, can produce a certified claim. oops, you don \u2019 t have one? \u201c your honor, we have a rule 12b6 problem here \u2026 failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. \u201d in other words, there is no subject matter jurisdiction here, because \u2026 there isn \u2019 t any subject matter. habeas corpus is a powerful tool that we explore in this dvd. this dvd is an important single topic that is based on information discussed at the recent los angeles event.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5019632776920833, "token_count": 329, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.043120"} {"text": "on january 9th, citizens living in southern sudan will vote on a referendum to secede from the northern part of the country. a clock in the town of juba, the political center of southern sudan, counts down to this referendum, symbolical of the locals \u2019 excitement to part from the hegemonic north. nearby, the darfur genocide crisis that continues to plague the area is not an isolated event. it \u2019 s all related, part of two brutal civil wars that have been for decades tearing the nation apart ; as of late, literally. sudan has traditionally been seen by many as the bridge between the arab and the african worlds \u2014 one not particularly easy to cross. the north and the south of sudan are just about as culturally and religiously different from each other as you could possibly imagine. in the north, arab culture dominates, and the majority religion is islam. in the south, the predominant culture is more traditionally sub - saharan african, and the primary religions are animist belief systems and christianity. ever since the country gained independence from britain in 1956, the cultural and religious systems of the north have been heavily imposed on the whole of sudan, resulting in southern resistance and the ongoing strife. in particular, this imposition of a differing set of beliefs can in large part be attributed to the current sudanese president, omar al - bashir. al - bashir arose to power in 1989 through a bloodless coup, and this past april, won the first ostensibly democratic election the nation has held in 24 years. i hesitate to call the election democratic because many believe that al - bashir, who is notorious for his corruption, rigged it in his favor. while there is no proof, it is generally not unsafe to consider that leaders who are in power through a coup have significant sway in any following elections. whether he is rightfully in power or not, al - bashir has imposed northern ideals throughout the whole nation, a primary cause of the sudanese civil wars. many attribute the darfur genocide, just a single episode of the extensive bloodshed since sudan \u2019 s independence, to al - bashir. because of these accusations, he is currently on trial for war crimes, the only current head of state in such a predicament. to drive home his impositional tendencies further, al - bashir has said that if the south secedes, he will impose shari \u2019 a in the north, in an effort to make northern sudan officially an islamic state. my first response to this situation was wondering : how did two peoples so", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4377854474476178, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.049114"} {"text": "al - bashir has said that if the south secedes, he will impose shari \u2019 a in the north, in an effort to make northern sudan officially an islamic state. my first response to this situation was wondering : how did two peoples so immensely different from one another end up together in the first place? this is not the same as the american civil war, where regional differences led to ideological differences, which in turn led to secession. in the sudanese case, ideological and cultural differences existed long before the country gained independence. thus, one should look to colonialism as the primary cause of sudan \u2019 s problems. it seems to me that sudan \u2019 s independence process was dangerously arbitrary ; occurring at the time of mass european decolonization in africa. it \u2019 s as if britain backed out of the region and drew a national border at random. and now, after over half a century, the people want that to change. despite the referendum on schedule for next month, the potential new border still has not been set. money, of course, is a factor. sudan is one of the most oil - rich nations of africa, but most of the country \u2019 s oil is found in the south. on the one hand, the north might not want to draw a new boundary where the south gets all of the resource wealth, a potential cause for even more strife. on the other hand, some see oil as a potential area that could keep the two sides friendly if they do end up splitting. mutual desire for the oil wealth may bring the two sides together diplomatically if the split ends up happening peacefully. as you can see, this situation is extremely complex, far more so than the south simply saying \u201c we want to secede \u201d and secession then happening. to better understand the context, one needs to consider the past, but one should also consider the future : what will happen if the current nation of sudan does in fact split? i am wondering particularly about those who have their roots in the south but live in the north. since the referendum was announced, many of these people have moved back to the south, but a fair number still remain in the north. what will happen to these primarily non - muslim people ( and muslims alike ) if the north does in fact impose shari \u2019 a on al - bashir \u2019 s whim? al - bashir will go from an imposer of northern arab and islamic values to being completely intolerant of this significant minority in his newly allotted half of sudan, and the results would be tragic. what", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43534447364389983, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.051313"} {"text": "- bashir \u2019 s whim? al - bashir will go from an imposer of northern arab and islamic values to being completely intolerant of this significant minority in his newly allotted half of sudan, and the results would be tragic. what message would a sudanese split portray to the rest of africa, the rest of the world? the african union fears that a sudanese split would incite other secessionists around the continent. other nations undergoing similar domestic, regional conflicts of interest may feel not only that they have a right to secede, but may even feel encouraged to do so. is this kind of outright division the right answer to such a complicated historical struggle? is there even a right answer? experts seem to agree that the nation will inevitably split. whether this bifurcation happens via a timely, democratic, and peaceful referendum or through continuing bloodshed is a matter that only time will tell. i will certainly be following this issue in the coming weeks, and i wrote this article before the scheduled referendum in the hope to spark more interest on the issue. i urge you to follow it in the news ; the results affect a much wider area than simply sudan. stay tuned for my next column, where i will compare and contrast two leaders in south america on opposite sides of the political spectrum and compare their respective political systems to that of the united states. latest posts by david klayton ( see all ) - should turkey be a part of \" europe? \" - february 26, 2011 - moderately extreme : ideological flexibility in latin american politics - january 27, 2011 - when one nation becomes two - december 31, 2010", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44160021133922844, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.052228"} {"text": "the righteous among the nations about the program \" in those times there was darkness everywhere. in heaven and on earth, all the gates of compassion seemed to have been closed. the killer killed and the jews died and the outside world adopted an attitude either of complicity or of indifference. only a few had the courage to care. these few men and women were vulnerable, afraid, helpless - what made them different from their fellow citizens? \u2026 why were there so few? \u2026 let us remember : what hurts the victim most is not the cruelty of the oppressor but the silence of the bystander \u2026. let us not forget, after all, there is always a moment when moral choice is made \u2026. and so we must know these good people who helped jews during the holocaust. we must learn from them, and in gratitude and hope, we must remember them. \" elie wiesel, in carol rittner, sandra meyers, courage to care - rescuers of jews during the holocaust, nyu press, 1986. p. 2 yad vashem was established to perpetuate the memory of the six million jewish victims of the holocaust. one of yad vashem \u2019 s principal duties is to convey the gratitude of the state of israel and the jewish people to non - jews who risked their lives to save jews during the holocaust. this mission was defined by the law establishing yad vashem, and in 1963 the remembrance authority embarked upon a worldwide project to grant the title of righteous among the nations to the few who helped jews in the darkest time in their history. to this end, yad vashem set up a public commission, headed by a supreme court justice, which examines each case and is responsible for granting the title. those recognized receive a medal and a certificate of honor and their names are commemorated on the mount of remembrance in jerusalem. this project is a unique and unprecedented attempt by victims to pay tribute to people who stood by their side at a time of persecution and great tragedy. based on the principle that each individual is responsible for his or her deeds, the program is aimed at singling out within the nations of perpetrators, collaborators and bystanders, persons who bucked the general trend and helped the persecuted jews. thus, when yad vashem was established in 1953, a mere eight years after the shoah, paying tribute to the righteous among the nations was included in the remembrance authority \u2019 s mission. struggling with the enormity of the loss and grappling with the impact", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4375115310646891, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.055135"} {"text": "when you spend a lot of time with your friends you may notice changes in their eating habits that worry you. or you may also notice them acting differently or feel they have changed. are you worried they have an eating disorder? signs to look out for are them often talking about weight and shape, saying things like : - \" i need to lose weight \" - \" if only i were slimmer, i would be happy \" or you might find yourself thinking : - \" my cousin only talks about food or the shape of her body. she is very critical of herself and puts herself down all the time. \" - \" my brother tries to be perfect in every way. he worries all the time about what other people think of him. \" - \" my friend only thinks about her weight and her body shape. \" - \" my friend sometimes starts eating and canit stop. \" - \" my sister has become very distant from us. she seems to keep herself away from her friends and family. \" - \" my friend keeps disappearing into the toilet. i donit think she even knows she has a problem. \" if this sounds familiar it may mean that your friend has a problem with food or may have an eating disorder. people with an eating disorder may eat too much, eat very little, or refuse to eat. this is often because they feel unhappy, angry or distressed. if you are worried about a friend or relative you can contact the eating disorders association for advice and support. donit be worried about contacting them as talking to someone will make you feel better and it is the first step to a friend or relative getting help. they will listen to what you have to say and offer suggestions that may help. you can contact the eating disorders association on 0845 634 7650 or email firstname. lastname @ example. org. you can even text them on 07977 493 345. they are open 4. 30pm to 8. 30pm on weekdays and 1pm to 4. 30pm on saturdays. to read more information about eating disorders visit www. edauk. co. uk", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43757079369246166, "token_count": 426, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.057154"} {"text": "galaxy cluster takes it to the extreme marshall space flight center, huntsville, ala. chandra x - ray center, cambridge, mass. news release : 07 - 065 evidence for an awesome upheaval in a massive galaxy cluster was discovered in an image made by nasa ' s chandra x - ray observatory. the origin of a bright arc of ferociously hot gas extending over two million light years requires one of the most energetic events ever detected. the cluster of galaxies is filled with tenuous gas at 170 million degree celsius that is bound by the mass equivalent of a quadrillion, or 1, 000 trillion, suns. the temperature and mass make this cluster a giant among giants. \" the huge feature detected in the cluster, combined with the high temperature, points to an exceptionally dramatic event in the nearby universe, \" said ralph kraft of the harvard - smithsonian center for astrophysics ( cfa ) in cambridge, mass., and leader of a team of astronomers involved in this research. \" while we \u2019 re not sure what caused it, we ' ve narrowed it down to a couple of exciting possibilities. \" the favored explanation for the bright x - ray arc is that two massive galaxy clusters are undergoing a collision at about 4 million miles per hour. shock waves generated by the violent encounter of the clusters ' hot gas clouds could produce a sharp change in pressure along the boundary where the collision is occurring, giving rise to the observed arc - shaped structure which resembles a titanic weather front. \" although this would be an extreme collision, one of the most powerful ever seen, we think this may be what is going on, \u201d said team member martin hardcastle, of the university of hertfordshire, united kingdom. a problem with the collision theory is that only one peak in the x - ray emission is seen, whereas two are expected. longer observations with chandra and the xmm - newton x - ray observatories should help determine how serious this problem is for the collision hypothesis. another possible explanation is that the disturbance was caused by an outburst generated by the infall of matter into a supermassive black hole located in a central galaxy. the black hole inhales much of the matter but expels some of it outward in a pair of high - speed jets, heating and pushing aside the surrounding gas. such events are known to occur in this cluster. the galaxy 3c438 in the central region of the cluster is known to be a powerful source of explosive activity, which is presumably due to a central supermassive black hole. but the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5312443007601088, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.061029"} {"text": ". such events are known to occur in this cluster. the galaxy 3c438 in the central region of the cluster is known to be a powerful source of explosive activity, which is presumably due to a central supermassive black hole. but the energy in these outbursts is not nearly large enough to explain the chandra data. \" if this event was an outburst from a supermassive black hole, then it ' s by far the most powerful one ever seen, \" said team member bill forman, also of cfa. the phenomenal amount of energy involved implies a very large amount of mass would have been swallowed by the black hole, about 30 billion times the sun ' s mass over a period of 200 million years. the authors consider this rate of black hole growth implausible. \" these values have never been seen before and, truthfully, are hard to believe, \" said kraft. these results were presented at the american astronomical society meeting in honolulu, hi, and will appear in an upcoming issue of the astrophysical journal. nasa ' s marshall space flight center, huntsville, ala., manages the chandra program for the agency ' s science mission directorate. the smithsonian astrophysical observatory controls science and flight operations from the chandra x - ray center in cambridge, mass. additional information and images are available at :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49920807696546576, "token_count": 265, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.061551"} {"text": "more information will come soon. welcome to the international youth climate policy working group we \u2019 ll be using this as our primary means of communication as we discuss and develop policy positions leading up to ( and beyond ) copenhagen! role of the youth climate policy group : 1. to discuss and keep up to date with policy developments in the international political realm. 2. to inform the rest of the international youth network of current policies and to make policy documents more accessible. 3. to draft policies and briefing documents to be used by the international youth network in our activities ( ie lobbying, outreach, education, media, etc ). for any questions please feel free to contact our coordinators. kyle gracey firstname. lastname @ example. org marcie smith email @ example. com the policy wg coordinates the overall policy activities and objectives of the youth. it oversees the activities of the policy affinity groups. it \u2019 s objectives are to track policy developments in the negotiations, summarize these for other youth to learn from, and inform actions and communications about policy developments. forest policy affinity group gemma tillack firstname. lastname @ example. org gemma can provide a description of our actions, but we have a side event on youth voices on redd organized for young and future generations day, as well as forest - specific actions on redd and lulucf policy principles, our guiding principles \u2013 international youth delegation \u2013 click here to access the poilyc page. youth envision a world with a safe and stable climate. in this world, unmitigated pollution of the shared atmosphere is no longer acceptable. developed countries have paid the full debt of their historical emissions burden on the climate by facilitating and financing necessary adaptation measures in developing countries. also financed by developed countries, global innovation has been harnessed, and effective renewable and energy efficient technologies have been developed and equitably distributed throughout the world. having addressed climate change through a strong global agreement, and free from the added pressure of a more dangerous climate, we are now able to turn our full attention to the world \u2019 s other pressing issues including food security, water & sanitation, health care, education and freedom. the lessons that we learned from climate change will allow us to work effectively on these issues. reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation ( redd ) land use, land use change and forestry global financial crisis youth involvement in cop emissions targets - cut the crap temperature increase due to global warming must be kept as far below 2\u00b0c as possible. in order to minimize the risk of climate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5202600333323795, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.072597"} {"text": "redd ) land use, land use change and forestry global financial crisis youth involvement in cop emissions targets - cut the crap temperature increase due to global warming must be kept as far below 2\u00b0c as possible. in order to minimize the risk of climate catastrophe, we must, at the very least, reduce atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases to 350ppm co2 - e as quickly as possible, and follow that up with increased efforts to return to pre - industrial levels of greenhouse gases. for those who want to go for a 450ppm co2 - e target, a key aim of many negotiators at this conference, would give us a less than 50 - 50 chance of staying below 2\u00b0c, which is unacceptably risky. thus, getting exposed to a high level risk like that is uncompensated compared to the little or no economic gains for few. henceforth we must aim at the highest level possible. to achieve our goal of a safe climate future, we believe that : - global emissions must be reduced by at least 85 % by 2050 ( compared with 1990 levels ), in line with ipcc recommendations for maintaining a safe climate. - developed nations must actively lead, committing to emissions reductions of at least 40 % by 2020, and 95 % by 2050. global emissions must peak and decline by 2012. technology transfer - go zero carbon the undeniable link between energy and other forms of technology with global poverty is a key area which must be addressed in a sustainable way to increase the resilience of the global community. this means that by financing and supporting sustainable development globally, developed nations have the ultimate power to end inequity. supporting mechanisms for this purpose will create a world where all have equal opportunities to minimise the impact of climate change. to this end, developed countries taking leadership in research, development and commercialization of renewable and energy efficient technologies is sufficient to transition global infrastructure to a zero emissions future together than the change in attitudes for the global population. the benefits of technological advancements in such a scenario must be equitably distributed throughout the world, facilitating clean, efficient and sustainable development in vulnerable regions. through capacity building and transfer of intellectual property, developing countries should be empowered by addressing the gap in needed and existing levels of capacity for technological advancements. adaptation - now or never, do or die the impacts of climate change are disproportionately felt. those that are most vulnerable also have the least capacity to adapt. entire populations are threatening with total ann", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46354909049594295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.073596"} {"text": "of capacity for technological advancements. adaptation - now or never, do or die the impacts of climate change are disproportionately felt. those that are most vulnerable also have the least capacity to adapt. entire populations are threatening with total annihilation. in line with the common but differentiate responsibilities principle, developed countries need to pay the full debt of their historical contribution to climate change and manipulating the use of natural resources of planet earth by facilitating and financing necessary adaptation and mitigatory measures in developing countries. action must be taken to create new and additional funds that are separate from existing development assistance. the current amount of funding available for adaptation measures in developing countries is completely inadequate, being only a fraction of that required and governed by institutions with a bad record. reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation ( redd ) - plantations are not forests forests are more than just trees and carbon. they are living systems which ensures the well being of all living organisms on this green planet. it is essential that deforestation and forest degradation are dramatically reduced in developing countries equitably and rapidly. degradation is any activity that reduces a forest \u2019 s carbon carrying capacity and / or harms biodiversity. additionally, any definition of deforestation and forest degradation should distinguish between native forest ecosystems and agricultural tree crops, noting that the native forests are more sustainable and efficient and effectiveness in storing carbon and making the planet cooler. developed countries have a responsibility to provide finance and support for developing countries to take immediate action to avoid deforestation, permanently conserve, and sustainably manage native forests. priority must be given to protect primary forest caps which are richer in carbon and has amazingly rich bio diversity. redd accounting must accurately reflect the actual carbon carrying capacity of these forests. accountability, transparency, and good governance must be required of all participating parties. in addition, developing nations have a responsibility to prevent emissions leakage and to engage their society in all levels of decision - making. the engagement and participation of local and indigenous communities must be guaranteed and are not negotiable. moreover, the centrality of secure land rights to the redd conversation cannot be understated. an equitable and effective redd regime will ensure the security of the land and property of local and indigenous peoples under the sustainable managing practises of resources. critically, redd must be a mechanism for forest conservation and sustainable management for the sake of climate stabilization, not a mechanism for profit. by extension, we reject redd as an offset mechanism for annex - 1 countries. land use, land use change and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4681644758564598, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.074604"} {"text": ", redd must be a mechanism for forest conservation and sustainable management for the sake of climate stabilization, not a mechanism for profit. by extension, we reject redd as an offset mechanism for annex - 1 countries. land use, land use change and forestry - banking carbons and accounting land use, land use change and forestry ( lulucf ) accounting and reporting must be mandatory, to ensure that all emissions are accounted for when assessing mitigation progress. despite the huge technical difficulties, lulucf accounting must accurately reflect the actual carbon carrying capacity of standing forests. also in the vein of accuracy, there should be a distinction between native forest ecosystems and agricultural tree crops, noting that the former has a far greater carbon carrying capacity. in addition, lulucf accounting must be structured such that there are strong incentives for protecting natural, bio - diverse, pristine ecosystems. accountability, transparency, and good governance are essential. finally, all land use and forestry measures must engage and empower local and indigenous people to sustainably manage their local resources and maximize benefits to ecosystem services and biodiversity. global financial crisis - capitalism fails, again! the global financial crisis provides a valuable opportunity to reconsider the foundations of our economic structures, and to begin the transition to a sustainable, low emissions future. it is a perfect educate our self \u2019 s to what kind of things to come if we follow this mutant globalized and capitalistic paradigm of existence. major reformations to financial structures in the first world should be coupled with substantial investment in renewable and energy efficient infrastructure which is urgently required, and its implementation will create green jobs that will last beyond the financial crisis. the global financial crisis does not provide an excuse for inaction on climate change. actually it opened all the close windows and doors to see the world. action on climate change is urgent, and will remain so for the duration of our lifetimes. as youth, our future quality of life depends on the actions of today. we cannot afford any delay. now or never!!! youth involvement in cop 15 - no more promises. we need strong action now! young people offer hope, optimism and vision and the much needed energy and capacity. international youth delegates are the human face of the united nations, as we will fully experience the future consequences of the actions of older generations. at every cop, we remind governments that they are bargaining with our future, and that their calls for action on climate change must be sincere. every time we push older generations to go for fair deals. in order to guarantee a safe climate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41651433616142935, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.075571"} {"text": "quit vegetables and fruits and exercising \u2013 that ` s the new mantra for losing weight, according to a nutritionist. zoe harcombe has said that everything that people thought was good to stay healthy - fewer calories and more exercise - only packs on the flab. \" it ` s a myth. it ` s the carbs that pile on the pounds, \" the new york post quoted harcombe as writing in her book ` the obesity epidemic : what caused it? how can we stop it? ` she said americans must go back to older dietary rules calling for red meat, fish, eggs, cream and butter, all virtually carbohydrate free. \" you ` ve got to go back to sticking a pork chop on the grill, \" she said. here are a few myths she busted in her book : 1. veggies and fruit are more nutritious than any other food : greens are good only if they are slathered in butter in order to deliver the fat - soluble vitamins they contain. sugar in fruit gets stored as fat in the liver. 2. losing weight is about reducing calories : \" if you cut 500 calories from a 2, 000 - calorie daily diet, you will lose weight at first. \" but the body will compensate and turn down its metabolism to reduce energy and use fewer calories. 3. starchy foods should be the main part of our diet : pasta, bread and grains turn into sugar in the blood, which is unhealthy. it forces the body to release insulin, which stores fat, in order to get the glucose levels back to normal. 4. we should exercise to combat obesity : \" it will only cause you to get hungry, and your body will crave carbohydrates, which causes weight gain. \" 5. fat is a definite no - no : \" real fat from natural foods is good. eat only what nature grows. \" \" stop grazing and snacking. go back to eating three good meals a day and manage your carbs if you want to lose weight, \" harcombe said.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4222716387374663, "token_count": 429, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.077397"} {"text": "salty diets tied to kidney stones, osteoporosis toronto : people eating high salt diets tend to develop kidney stones and osteoporosis, a bone disease that leads to increased risk of fracture, says a study. principal investigator todd alexander from the university of alberta and his team have uncovered an important link between sodium and calcium. they appear to be regulated by the same molecule in the body. when sodium intake becomes too high, the body gets rid of sodium via the urine, taking calcium with it, which depletes calcium stores in the body. high levels of calcium in the urine lead to the development of kidney stones, while inadequate levels of calcium in the body lead to thin bones and osteoporosis, the american journal of physiology - renal physiology reported. \" when the body tries to get rid of sodium via the urine, our findings suggest the body also gets rid of calcium at the same time, \" said alexander, researcher in the faculty of medicine & dentistry at the university of alberta, according to its statement. \" this is significant because we are eating more and more sodium in our diets, which means our bodies are getting rid of more and more calcium. our findings reinforce why it is important to have a low sodium diet and why it is important to have lower sodium levels in processed foods. \" \" we asked a simple question with our research - could sodium and calcium absorption be linked? and we discovered they are, \" said alexander. \" we found a molecule that seems to have two jobs - regulating the levels of both calcium and sodium in the body. our findings provide very real biological evidence that this relationship between sodium and calcium is real and linked, \" he added. first published : wednesday, july 25, 2012, 11 : 29 post your comments", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4844595201104668, "token_count": 360, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.079026"} {"text": "by gregory mcnamee talk about your worm \u2019 s - eye view of the world. from time to time, i am pleased in this column to announce the discovery of some hitherto unknown species, or the rediscovery of one thought to have disappeared. an international team of scientists has done this one better, announcing the discovery of an entirely new phylum comprising an ocean - dwelling flatworm called xenoturbella and its kin, collectively the acoelomorphs. interestingly, these creatures seem to be backward - evolving : their ancestors had gill slits and guts, but the current acoelomorphic configuration lacks them. as researcher maximilian telford of university college london puts it, \u201c we \u2019 ve got these very simple worms nested right in the middle of the complex animals. how did they end up so simple? they must have lost a lot of complexity. \u201d * * * if in the course of evolution you decided to lose your ears, you would have good reason. the world is a noisy place, thanks to ever - busy humans, and it \u2019 s getting noisier. in response, many species of animals are getting noisier themselves in an effort to be heard, a process, notes rose eveleth in scientific american, called the lombard effect. right whales and house finches, for their parts, are calling in at different frequencies to get around shipping and urban noise. as eveleth writes of animals in her provocative piece, \u201c many of them are doing the vocal equivalent of wandering around asking, \u2018 can you hear me now? \u2019 and increasingly, the answer is no. \u201d * * * gibbons make a fair amount of noise themselves \u2014 and perhaps that stands to reason, given that, next to the great apes, they \u2019 re our closest living relatives. that noise is more complex than you might think. indeed, report researchers from the german primate center in gottingen, the crested gibbons of southeast asia have distinctive regional accents. these accents suggest both familial typings, as well as the ancient migration of the species from a location to the north of their current range to points farther south. * * * a new phylum is discovered, but a current species declines. that, sadly, is the way of this noisy world. scottish scientists, reports the bbc \u2019 s highlands and islands service, are documenting the decline of the common scoter, a kind of duck, in the islands to the north of the country. the scientists are now studying the effects of climate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5000880916004082, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.086141"} {"text": "world. scottish scientists, reports the bbc \u2019 s highlands and islands service, are documenting the decline of the common scoter, a kind of duck, in the islands to the north of the country. the scientists are now studying the effects of climate change, which has implications in predation and in food supply. says one, \u201c we believe climate change may be a factor because warmer winters and springs could lead to aquatic insects such as mayflies and caddis flies hatching earlier in the season and not being available to the scoter ducklings when they hatch out themselves. and warmer winters may, over time, lead to more predators surviving and that could make an impact. \u201d * * * homer simpson, his son, bart, their kin, and the good citizens of springfield are odd ducks one and all. they \u2019 re cartoons, after all, so they \u2019 re supposed to be goofy. it \u2019 s worth noting, though, that the homeric lineup lives in the shadow of a nuclear reactor, the river is full of three - headed fish, and the night sky glows unnaturally, all reasons to think that something other than mere cartoonery might be at play. it \u2019 s also worth observing, then, that researchers at the university of south carolina \u2019 s chernobyl research initiative have concluded that the offspring of 48 species of birds born in the vicinity of that vast ukrainian accident site have smaller brain size ( by 5 percent, on average ) than birds born elsewhere, and that this correlates with both reduced cognitive ability and heightened mortality. this mutation seems to be occurring at relatively low doses of radiation, further correlating with the widespread difficulties of children born in the northern ukraine since the 1986 disaster, who, the researchers \u2019 report maintains, \u201c have higher rates of neural tube defects and related neurological disorders than other children in uncontaminated regions of the ukraine and europe. \u201d champions of nuclear power, take note.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48719355305293655, "token_count": 391, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.087039"} {"text": "civic communications specialist 2400 s. scenic ave. springfield, mo 65807 september 14, 2012 packing a healthy lunch means keeping food safety in mind too buffalo, mo. with school back in session, many children will bring a packed lunch from home to school. that makes it important to know how to make lunches nutritious and safe according to christeena haynes, a nutrition and health education specialist with university of missouri extension. \" healthy lunches provide energy and nutrients that your children need in order to learn and play at school. it also helps prevent them from eating junk food that isn ' t so good for them, \" said haynes. making a healthy and safe lunch requires starting with a clean lunch box. haynes says to wash it with warm soapy water every time it is used. \" before you begin making the lunch, wash your hands and make sure the food is prepared on a clean surface, using clean utensils, \" said haynes. if you pack perishable foods, take steps to keep it cold. these types of foods should not be held at room temperature for more than two hours. \" it is best to pack a lunch with an ice pack in an insulated lunch bag or box. an alternative is to pack your child a shelf stable lunch that does not require refrigeration, \" said haynes. examples of non - perishable foods are granola bars, whole fruit, peanut butter, and canned foods. variety is also the spice of lunches. try to pack a lunch that includes most of the food groups : fruits, vegetables, grains, protein, and dairy. a whole wheat tortilla filled with ham and cheese, carrot sticks with dip, and an apple is a well - balanced lunch that contains all of these foods groups. dips and sauces are often a good way to get children to eat their vegetables. try using healthy dips such as hummus, yogurt, or guacamole. another way to make lunches more interesting and introduce your child to new foods is to change simple things like the type of bread for sandwiches ( bagels or pitas ) or the form of cheese ( cubes, slices, strings ). \" if you are limited on time in the mornings, you may want to consider packing their lunch the night before and keeping it refrigerated until the next day. then, just add a cold pack and they are ready to go, \" said haynes. for more information on nutrition issues, go online to extension. missouri", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4406682679370638, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.091834"} {"text": "\" the real question is not whether these cities shrink \u2013 we ' re all shrinking \u2013 but whether we let it happen in a destructive or sustainable way, \" said [ dan kildee, treasurer of genesee county, michigan, where flint is located ]. \" decline is a fact of life in flint. resisting it is like resisting gravity. \"... nobody will be forced to move? people will enjoy living near a forest or meadow? choosing which areas to knock down will be delicate but many of them were already obvious, he said. the city is buying up houses in more affluent areas to offer people in neighbourhoods it wants to demolish. nobody will be forced to move, said mr kildee. \" much of the land will be given back to nature. people will enjoy living near a forest or meadow, \" he said. mr kildee acknowledged that some fellow americans considered his solution \" defeatist \" but he insisted it was \" no more defeatist than pruning an overgrown tree so it can bear fruit again. \" first, i ' m sure people will be forced to move if this thing gets going. second, you can ' t just return to nature by removing the streets and buildings. what will these non - urban buffer zones really look like? even if it is something like a forest \u2014 made of very fast - growing trees? \u2014 or meadow, what sorts of animals \u2014 rodent and human \u2014 will run wild there? i don ' t mean to be completely negative. just asking a couple obvious questions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45096450780793074, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.094513"} {"text": "south carolina, southern georgia, and northern florida, west to southern alabama. ambystoma cingulatum occupies seasonally wet, pine flatwoods, and pine savannas in the southern united states. the flatwoods salamander is typically found under logs near small cypress ponds. traditionally, the flatwoods salamander was found in sandy, seasonally wet, longleaf pine communities. but, due to european settlement these areas have been replaced by slash pine, or destroyed altogether ( petranka 1998 ). adult a. cingulatum are subterranean, living mainly underground in root channels or crayfish burrows ( conant & collins 1998 ). length : 3 1 / 2 - 5 1 / 16 in. the flatwoods salamander is a small highly variable ambystomid, with coloration ranging from specks, to grayish lines that resemble a frosted or lichenlike reticulated pattern. about 5 % of a. cingulatum lack the frosted appearance altogether, with 2 % having light annuli on their dorsum ( petranka 1998 ). costal grooves average at about fifteen. the head is small compared to the shoulder and neck. sexual dimorphism is slight to non - existent, with sexually active males being slightly shorter in length, and having a swollen cloacal region. hatchling a. cingulatum are 7. 5 - 11. 5 mm long, and are pale brown underneath, and dark brown above ( petranka 1998 ). the young develop a yellow stripe that runs the length of the body. older larvae have a paler stripe that may be retained up to one year after metamorphosis. while variations in coloration are often geographic, subspecies are not recognized ( conant & collins 1998 ). the male flatwoods salamander reaches sexual maturity at one year, but often does not breed until the following season. the females are mature and breed during their second year ( petranka 1998 ). breeding populations range from 200 - 400 adults. migration to breeding sites such as ephemeral habitats like ditches, burrow pits, marshy ponds, and swamps is triggered by rainy weather from mid october to early february. the adults move during the heavy rain and cease moving within five hours of the end of rainfall ( petranka 1998 ). the salamanders travel to the breeding sites located at or near pine flatwoods that support long leaf pine, slash pine, and wiregrass. males and females migrate together and emigrate in december and january", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42592862786749824, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.111786"} {"text": "end of rainfall ( petranka 1998 ). the salamanders travel to the breeding sites located at or near pine flatwoods that support long leaf pine, slash pine, and wiregrass. males and females migrate together and emigrate in december and january, after spending approximately thirty eight days at the breeding site. they return to their home range, females weighing 37 % less after ovipositing. a. cingulatum is one of the only ambystoma species, other than a. opacum, that courts terrestrially ( petranka 1998 ). females lay 1 - 34 eggs in linear or clumped fashion beneath logs, leaf litter, sphagnum mats, bare soil, bases of bushes, and at the entrances of crayfish burrows ( conant & collins 1998 ). the female abandons the eggs and leaves them where they will hatch in about two weeks, triggered by heavy rains that raise the water level. hatching becomes staggered when it requires multiple rains to fill the pond. the larval period lasts from three to five months ( petranka 1998 ). courtship occurs after arriving at the breeding sites, although it has never been witnessed. other than migration and emigration to and from the sites, the flatwoods salamander is a solitary species. they live underground and are only triggered to emerge by heavy rain. a. cingulatum has a defense posture where they roll their tails. because a majority of these salamanders have tail damage due to attacks by invertebrates, it is likely that this is a life saving response ( petranka 1998 ). hatchlings begin feeding immediately on invertebrates and zooplankton, which aids them in growing at a rapid pace. as a. cingulatum becomes juveniles and adults, they remain carnivorous, feeding primarily on earthworms and other insects ( petranka 1998 ). other than preservation of biodiversity and treasuring a native species to maintain ecosystem equilibrium, there is little economic importance to humans. it could however be hypothesized that salamanders keep insect populations under control the flatwoods salamander is a small, rare ambystomid with widely distributed populations. clearing of land, creating ditches, filling wetlands, and conservation of native longleaf pine forests to create managed tree farms, have destroyed and reduced populations. a. cingulatum is a candidate for federal concern because populations seem to be declining throughout the range ( petranka 1998 ). it is endangered in south carolina, rare in alabama,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4224932101702592, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.113233"} {"text": "to create managed tree farms, have destroyed and reduced populations. a. cingulatum is a candidate for federal concern because populations seem to be declining throughout the range ( petranka 1998 ). it is endangered in south carolina, rare in alabama, georgia, and florida. management is complicated, involving both aquatic and terrestrial preservation ( conant 1998 ). it should be noted that a. cingulatum is one of the only terrestrial breeding salamanders that abandons its eggs in north america. ( conat & collins, 1998 ) it is also interesting to consider that up to 77 - 84 % of older larvae have damaged tails due to attacks from invertebrates. ( petranka, 1998 ) cara seely ( author ), michigan state university, james harding ( editor ), michigan state university. living in the nearctic biogeographic province, the northern part of the new world. this includes greenland, the canadian arctic islands, and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico. having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria. animals which must use heat acquired from the environment and behavioral adaptations to regulate body temperature forest biomes are dominated by trees, otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality. a large change in the shape or structure of an animal that happens as the animal grows. in insects, \" incomplete metamorphosis \" is when young animals are similar to adults and change gradually into the adult form, and \" complete metamorphosis \" is when there is a profound change between larval and adult forms. butterflies have complete metamorphosis, grasshoppers have incomplete metamorphosis. having the capacity to move from one place to another. the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic. conant, r., collins. 1998. reptiles and amphibians of eastern central north america. ny : houghton miflin co. petranka, j. 1998. salamanders of the us and canada. wa : smithsonian institution press.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4228344638103629, "token_count": 456, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.114413"} {"text": "chronometric techniques \u2013 part ii most of the chronometric dating methods in use today are radiometric. that is to say, they are based on knowledge of the rate at which certain radioactive isotopes within dating samples decay or the rate of other cumulative changes in atoms resulting from radioactivity. isotopes are specific forms of elements. the various isotopes of the same element differ in terms of atomic mass but have the same atomic number. in other words, they differ in the number of neutrons in their nuclei but have the same number of protons. the spontaneous decay of radioactive elements occurs at different rates, depending on the specific isotope. these rates are stated in terms of half - lives. one half - life is the amount of time required for \u00bd of the original atoms in a sample to decay. over the second half - life, \u00bd of the atoms remaining decay, which leaves \u00bc of the original quantity, and so on. in other words, the change in numbers of atoms follows a geometric scale as illustrated by the graph below. the red curve line shows the of atomic decay the decay of atomic nuclei provides us with a reliable clock that is unaffected by normal forces in nature. the rate will not be changed by intense heat, cold, pressure, or moisture. the most commonly used radiometric dating method is radiocarbon dating. it is also called carbon - 14 and c - 14 dating. this technique is used to date the remains of organic materials. dating samples are usually charcoal, wood, bone, or shell, but any tissue that was ever alive can be dated. radiocarbon dating is based on the fact that cosmic radiation from space constantly bombards our planet. as cosmic rays pass through the atmosphere, they occasionally collide with gas atoms resulting in the release of neutrons. when the nucleus of a nitrogen ( 14n ) atom in the atmosphere captures one of these neutrons, the atom subsequently changes into carbon - 14 ( 14c ) after the release of a proton. the carbon - 14 quickly bonds chemically with atmospheric oxygen to form carbon dioxide gas. carbon - 14 is a rare, unstable form of carbon. only one in a trillion carbon atoms in the atmosphere is carbon - 14. the majority are carbon - 12 ( 98. 99 % ) and carbon - 13 ( 1. 1 % ). from a chemical standpoint, all of these isotopes of carbon behave exactly the same. carbon dioxide in the atmosphere drifts down to the earth ' s surface where much of it is taken in by green growing plants, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5388251812427362, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.130939"} {"text": ". 1 % ). from a chemical standpoint, all of these isotopes of carbon behave exactly the same. carbon dioxide in the atmosphere drifts down to the earth ' s surface where much of it is taken in by green growing plants, and the carbon is used to build new cells by photosynthesis. animals eat plants or other animals that have eaten them. through this process, a small amount of carbon - 14 spreads through all living things and is incorporated into their proteins and other organic molecules. of carbon - 14 in the atmosphere and its entrance into the as long as an organism is alive, it takes in carbon - 14 and the other carbon isotopes in the same ratio as exists in the atmosphere. following death, however, no new carbon is consumed. progressively through time, the carbon - 14 atoms decay and once again become nitrogen - 14. as a result, there is a changing ratio of carbon - 14 to the more atomically stable carbon - 12 and carbon - 13 in the dead tissue. that rate of change is determined by the half - life of carbon - 14, which is 5730 \u00b1 40 years. because of this relatively rapid half - life, there is only about 3 % of the original carbon - 14 in a sample remaining after 30, 000 years. beyond 40 - 50, 000 years, there usually is not enough left to measure with conventional laboratory methods. radioactive decay rate for carbon - 14 ( n = the number of atoms ) half - lives years past c - 14 atoms c - 12 atoms 0 0 1 n 1 n 1 5, 730 1 / 2 n 1 n 2 11, 460 1 / 4 n 1 n 3 17, 190 1 / 8 n 1 n 4 22, 920 1 / 16 n 1 n 5 28, 650 1 / 32 n 1 n 6 34, 380 1 / 64 n 1 n 7 40, 110 1 / 128 n 1 n the conventional radiocarbon dating method involves burning a sample in a closed tube containing oxygen. the carbon containing gas that is produced is then cooled to a liquid state and placed in a lead shielded box with a sensitive geiger counter. this instrument registers the radioactivity of the carbon - 14 atoms. specifically, it detects the relatively weak beta particles released when carbon - 14 nuclei decay. the age of a sample is determined by the number of decays recorded over a set period of time. older samples have less carbon - 14 remaining and, consequentially, less frequent decays. knowing the half - life of carbon - 14", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4993973407700126, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.131955"} {"text": "age of a sample is determined by the number of decays recorded over a set period of time. older samples have less carbon - 14 remaining and, consequentially, less frequent decays. knowing the half - life of carbon - 14 allows the calculation of a sample ' s age. a radiocarbon sample being prepared for dating with the ams technique a relatively new variation of the radiocarbon dating method utilizes an accelerator mass spectrometer, which is a device usually used by physicists to measure the abundance of very rare radioactive isotopes. when used for dating, this ams method involves actually counting individual carbon - 14 atoms. this allows the dating of much older and smaller samples but at a far higher cost. although, organic materials as old as 100, 000 years potentially can be dated with ams, dates older than 60, 000 years are still rare. radiocarbon and tree - ring date comparisons made by hans suess provide needed data to make radiocarbon dates more reliable paleoanthropologists and archaeologists must always be aware of possible radiocarbon sample contamination that could result in inaccurate dates. such contamination can occur if a sample is exposed to carbon compounds in exhaust gasses produced by factories and motor vehicles burning fossil fuels such as coal or gasoline. the result is radiocarbon dates that are too old. this has been called the autobahn effect, named after the german high speed roadway system. archaeologists in that country first noted this source of contamination when samples found near the autobahn were dated. the effect of global burning of fossil fuels on radiocarbon dates was verified and calibrated by hans suess of the university of california, san diego when he radiocarbon dated bristlecone pine tree growth rings that were of known chronometric ages. subsequently, it is also called the suess effect. other kinds of sample contamination can cause carbon - 14 dates to be too young. this can occur if the sample is impregnated with tobacco smoke or oils from a careless researcher ' s hands. this is now well known and is easily avoided during excavation. still another potential source of error in radiocarbon dating that is adjusted for stems from the assumption that cosmic radiation enters our planet ' s atmosphere at a constant rate. in fact, the rate changes slightly through time, resulting in varying amounts of carbon - 14 being created. this has become known as the de vries effect because of its discovery by the dutch physicist hessel de vries. all of these potential sources of error in radiocarbon dating are now well understood and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5278237308559459, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.134476"} {"text": "in varying amounts of carbon - 14 being created. this has become known as the de vries effect because of its discovery by the dutch physicist hessel de vries. all of these potential sources of error in radiocarbon dating are now well understood and compensating corrections are made so that the dates are reliable. there are a number of other radiometric dating systems in use today that can provide dates for much older sites than those datable by radiocarbon dating. potassium - argon ( k - ar ) dating is one of them. it is based on the fact that potassium - 40 ( 40k ) decays into the gas argon - 40 ( 40ar ) and calcium - 40 ( 40ca ) at a known rate. the half - life of potassium - 40 is approximately 1. 25 billion years. measurement of the amount of argon - 40 in a sample is the basis for age determination. dating samples for this technique are geological strata of volcanic origin. while potassium is a very common element in the earth ' s crust, potassium - 40 is a relatively rare isotope of it. however, potassium - 40 is usually found in significant amounts in volcanic rock and ash. in addition, any argon that existed prior to the last time the rock was molten will have been driven off by the intense heat. as a result, all of the argon - 40 in a volcanic rock sample is assumed to date from that time. when a fossil is sandwiched between two such volcanic deposits, their potassium - argon dates provide a minimum and maximum age. in the example below, the bone must date to sometime between 1. 75 and 1. 5 million years ago. using the potassium - argon method to date volcanic ash strata above and below a bone sample in order to determine a minimum and a maximum age potassium - argon dates usually have comparatively large statistical plus or minus factors. they can be on the order of plus or minus 1 / 4 million years for a 2 million year old date. this is still acceptable because these dates help us narrow down the time range for a fossil. the use of additional dating methods at the same site allow us to refine it even more. note : the plus or minus number following radiometric dates is not an error factor. rather, it is a probability statement. for instance, a date of 100, 000 \u00b1 5, 000 years ago means that there is a high probability the date is in the range of 95, 000 and 105, 000 years ago and most likely is around 100, 000.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5319178212175136, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.136033"} {"text": "probability statement. for instance, a date of 100, 000 \u00b1 5, 000 years ago means that there is a high probability the date is in the range of 95, 000 and 105, 000 years ago and most likely is around 100, 000. radiometric dates, like all measurements in science, are close statistical approximations rather than absolutes. this will always be true due to the finite limits of measuring equipment. this does not mean that radiometric dates or any other scientific measurements are unreliable. potassium - argon dating has become a valuable tool for human fossil hunters, especially those working in east africa. theoretically it can be used for samples that date from the beginning of the earth ( 4. 54 billion years ) down to 100, 000 years ago or even more recently. paleoanthropologists use it mostly to date sites in the 1 to 5 million year old range. this is the critical time period during which humans evolved from their ape ancestors. a relatively new technique related to potassium - argon dating compares the ratios of argon - 40 to argon - 39 in volcanic rock. this provides more accurate dates for volcanic deposits and allows the use of smaller samples. fission track dating another radiometric method that is used for samples from early human sites is fission track dating. this is based on the fact that a number of crystalline or glass - like minerals, such as obsidian, mica, and zircon crystals, contain trace amounts of uranium - 238 ( 238u ), which is an unstable isotope. when atoms of uranium - 238 decay, there is a release of energy - charged alpha particles which burn narrow fission tracks, or damage trails, through the glassy material. these can be seen and counted with an optical microscope. fission tracks in obsidian as they would appear with an optical microscope the number of fission tracks is directly proportional to the amount of time since the glassy material cooled from a molten state. since the half - life of uranium - 238 is known to be approximately 4. 5 billion years, the chronometric age of a sample can be calculated. this dating method can be used with samples that are as young as a few decades to as old as the earth and beyond. however, paleoanthropologists rarely use it to date sites more than several million years old. with the exception of early historic human made glass artifacts, the fission track method is usually only employed to date geological strata. artifacts made out of obsidian and mica are not fission track dated because it would only tell us when the rocks cooled", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5287501275447595, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.137144"} {"text": "years old. with the exception of early historic human made glass artifacts, the fission track method is usually only employed to date geological strata. artifacts made out of obsidian and mica are not fission track dated because it would only tell us when the rocks cooled from a molten state, not when they were made into artifacts by our early human ancestors. thermoluminescence ( tl ) dating is a radiometric method based on the fact that trace amounts of radioactive atoms, such as uranium and thorium, in some kinds of rock, soil, and clay produce constant low amounts of background ionizing radiation. the atoms of crystalline solids, such as pottery and rock, can be altered by this radiation. specifically, the electrons of quartz, feldspar, diamond, or calcite crystals can become displaced from their normal positions in atoms and trapped in imperfections in the crystal lattice of the rock or clay molecules. these energy charged electrons progressively accumulate over time. when a sample is heated to high temperatures in a laboratory, the trapped electrons are released and return to their normal positions in their atoms. this causes them to give off their stored energy in the form of light impulses ( photons ). this light is referred to as thermoluminescence ( literally \" heat light \" ). a similar effect can be brought about by stimulating the sample with infrared light. the intensity of thermoluminescence is directly related to the amount of accumulated changes produced by background radiation, which, in turn, varies with the age of the sample and the amount of trace radioactive elements it contains. a ground up placed in a heat is raised in an energy from the sample thermoluminescence release resulting from rapidly heating a crushed clay sample what is actually determined is the amount of elapsed time since the sample had previously been exposed to high temperatures. in the case of a pottery vessel, usually it is the time since it was fired in a kiln. for the clay or rock lining of a hearth or oven, it is the time since the last intense fire burned there. for burned flint, it is the time since it had been heated in a fire to improve its flaking qualities for stone tool making. the effective time range for tl dating is from a few decades back to about 300, 000 years, but it is most often used to date things from the last 100, 000 years. theoretically, this technique could date samples as old as the solar system if we could find them. however, the accuracy of tl dating is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5612382531721587, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.138369"} {"text": "300, 000 years, but it is most often used to date things from the last 100, 000 years. theoretically, this technique could date samples as old as the solar system if we could find them. however, the accuracy of tl dating is generally lower than most other radiometric techniques. electron spin resonance dating another relatively new radiometric dating method related to thermoluminescence is electron spin resonance ( esr ). it is also based on the fact that background radiation causes electrons to dislodge from their normal positions in atoms and become trapped in the crystalline lattice of the material. when odd numbers of electrons are separated, there is a measurable change in the magnetic field ( or spin ) of the atoms. since the magnetic field progressively changes with time in a predictable way as a result of this process, it provides another atomic clock, or calendar, that can be used for dating purposes. unlike thermoluminescence dating, however, the sample is not destroyed with the esr method. this allows samples to be dated more than once. esr is used mostly to date calcium carbonate in limestone, coral, fossil teeth, mollusks, and egg shells. it also can date quartz and flint. paleoanthropologists have used esr mostly to date samples from the last 300, 000 years. however, it potentially could be used for much older samples. comparison of the time ranges for dating methods whenever possible, paleoanthropologists collect as many dating samples from an ancient human occupation site as possible and employ a variety of chronometric dating methods. in this way, the confidence level of the dating is significantly increased. the methods that are used depend on the presumed age of the site from which they were excavated. for instance, if a site is believed to be over 100, 000 years old, dendrochronology and radiocarbon dating could not be used. however, potassium - argon, fission track, amino acid racemization, thermoluminescence, electron spin resonance, and paleomagnetic dating methods would be considered. effective time range of the major chronometric dating methods in addition to the likely time range, paleoanthropologists must select dating techniques based on the kinds of datable materials available. dendrochronology can only date tree - rings. any organic substances can be used for radiocarbon and amino acid racemization dating. calcium rich parts of animals such as coral, bones, teeth, mollusks, and egg shells can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5474885589523582, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.139534"} {"text": "discover the cosmos! each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer. march 11, 1996 hubble telescope maps pluto credit : a. stern ( swri ), m. buie ( lowell observatory ), nasa, esa, explanation : no spacecraft from earth has yet explored pluto but astronomers have found ways of mapping its surface. a stunning map of this distant, diminutive planet, the first based on direct images, was revealed late last week in a hubble space telescope press release. above are two opposite hemisphere views of the computer constructed map of pluto ' s surface ( north is up ). the grid pattern is due to the computer technique used where each grid element is over 100 miles across. the map is based on hubble images made when pluto was a mere 3 billion miles distant. it shows strong brightness variations - confirming and substantially improving upon ground based observations. while the brightness variations may be due to surface features like craters and basins they are more likely caused by regions of nitrogen and methane frost. the frost regions should show \" seasonal \" changes which can be tracked in future hubble observations. yes, pluto is a planet even though it is only 2 / 3 the size of earth ' s moon! authors & editors : nasa technical rep. : sherri calvo. specific rights apply. a service of : lhea at nasa / gsfc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5188312737865813, "token_count": 287, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.142136"} {"text": "inner city kids meet outdoor life december 24, 2009 by : laurie johnson \" ok get your helpers to open your reagent... \" about 30 fifth - graders bundled in sweatshirts and gloves are huddled around naturalist teri macarthur as she demonstrates a water quality testing experiment. \" one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight... whoa! gee whiz! what happened? it turned black. actually it turned blue. \" the kids are spending the morning studying spring creek on the montgomery county preserve. they ' re here through the no child left inside program, run by legacy land trust. executive director jennifer lorenz says legacy land trust has preserved more than 8, 000 acres of green space in this region. and someone needs to be around in the future to conserve those wilderness areas. that ' s one of the reasons they ' re reaching out to middle schoolers. \" we want to raise the next generation of conservationists. if they don ' t get outside, like you and i may have when we were kids, then they can ' t have any affinity \u2014 they can ' t say that they enjoy nature if they ' re never in it. so our goal is to get them out into the wilderness areas that we protect and hopefully later, when they ' re adults, they ' ll want to help us permanently protect them. \" of course the program is more than just a self - serving interest. research indicates when kids apply classroom learning in the field, their grades are better. \" this helps science scores. all across the country many, many scientists have studied kids out in the wilderness and those who are able to get out and do real - world applications of things like water quality testing from streams, their science scores are higher. so that ' s a great immediate output of this. \" but eleven - year - old monica day isn ' t really thinking about test scores. \" we ' ve been studying how pollution affects waters and how just the tiniest bit of something can change the ph level in water. whenever we first got the water it looked a little disgusting, actually. and then we added some colored water or something to it and then we tested it to see what the color was and the color had a rating, like 7. 0. and i think it tested the acid in the water from acidic to basic to neutral. \" day is from the honor roll school, a private school in sugarland. but for urban students in inner city schools it can be difficult to get here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.49303945009554795, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.146819"} {"text": "in an age of advanced technology, our generation is the key to helping society advance. how are we being prepared for the future? the key to the doors of opportunity and success is an experience of the real world at an early age. this would include responsibilities of a higher level - - mastering time, managing money, entering the work force and driving. all this lies in the hands of the ability to drive as a young adult. driving has benefits, and also consequences that teenagers can learn from, which are vital to decision - making. states decide at which age to grant the privilege to drive. in some states, incuding florida, teenagers can begin driving at 16 after having a permit for six months. in other states, teens must wait an extra two years until they can obtain their driver ' s license and get a job without the hassle of parent transportation to and from school, work and home. do you think this is fair? while some teens get a head start on life once they ' ve acquired their license, others must wait. teenagers must learn to be independent from their parents as early as possible, with college only a few years away. statistics involving teen drunken driving and automobile accidents are frightening, but can we allow this to stop teenagers from driving? rather, this should be motivation to improve and educate teenagers about the consequences and precautions that must be considered while driving. as children grow, they must be prepared for what the future might throw at them. driving is a way to prepare for the future, and also for the responsibilities of adulthood and being independent.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.470899603638278, "token_count": 314, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.153011"} {"text": "the library provides a wide array of resources and services to help you assist the student in your life with their exciting education journey. you may need an orange county library card to access some of the resources. get yours today! when it ' s time to think about heading back to school, this virtual gallery should be at the top of your list. got fcat? no problem! you can ace the test when you prepare using the math, science, and reading material found in this virtual gallery. view our fcat tutorial to learn more about the fcat and the test preparation resources the library provides. designed for middle school and high school students, this gallery contains manuals, dvds, fiction, online resources, and websites aimed at providing guidance and inspiration for the science fair. explore the exciting interactive lab for science project ideas! this resource aimed at educators contains a wealth of information on early childhood education, fcat preparation, kindergarten readiness, classroom management, lesson plans, and more. this gallery shows you all the steps of the research paper writing process including brainstorming, researching, and citing your work. you ' ll find materials, databases, and websites to help you get the job done. these online guides provide quick access to a variety of library and external resources. subjects include history and culture, finance, holidays and observances, technology, and so much more. sunshine state books are required reading for many students. read or listen to one of these fantastic stories on your ereader or other mobile device after you check it out for free from overdrive! uh oh! the novel you need to read for class is checked out! no problem, just download it from the library. overdrive offers over 150 classics and other titles commonly found on school reading lists. they ' re available to listen to on your computer or mp3 player, or to read on your laptop. crisis averted! if you ' d like to add some excitement to your life, the library offers entertaining and educational programs for children and teens, from birth through 18 years of age. check out library programs for children or events for teens ages 13 - 18. come join the coolest new tech club! join whiz kids, the club that creates comics, animates images, mixes music, makes movies, and much more. in one easy step you can access your school ' s accelerated reader\u2122 / reading counts! \u2122 lists online and check to see if the library has the book you need. then, order the books for home delivery or pick them up!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4346414998527333, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.161622"} {"text": "much more. in one easy step you can access your school ' s accelerated reader\u2122 / reading counts! \u2122 lists online and check to see if the library has the book you need. then, order the books for home delivery or pick them up! read the books offers great book suggestions and ideas for kids of all ages. find titles by selecting fiction or non - fiction and grade level. read the book. love it. repeat. browse booklists created from the recommendations of people like you! enjoy books on a variety of topics like dinosaurs, football, friendship, weather, and more. there are even booklists based upon grade and age levels. take an alphabet tour! preschoolers will learn school skills and get their wheels turning with interactive reading activities. if you ' re thinking about going to college but don ' t know where to start, we have resources that will show you the way! chapters include topics like getting into college, college life, where and what to study, graduate school, and more. don ' t let homework get you down ; run it out of town when you take advantage of our live tutoring, resources on how to write a research paper, test preparation assistance, and fcat help. start your kids off on the right foot by instilling principles and characteristics everyone values. parents who need help developing their child ' s curriculum will love this eguide. explore subject sections on language arts, math, science, social studies, fine arts, foreign language, and health. resources are also grouped by student age to help you easily find the right resource for your child. if you ' ve been asking yourself what you and your child need to know to better prepare for entering kindergarten, this step - by - step guide is for you!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42984612111775067, "token_count": 354, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.162595"} {"text": "beinecke library construction photographs, 1961 - 1963 documenting the construction of the beinecke rare book and manuscript library, this collection of photographs captures the transient stages of a massive, three year project. one of the largest buildings in the world devoted entirely to rare books and manuscripts, the library was designed to have room in the central tower for 180, 000 volumes and in the underground book stacks for over 600, 000 volumes ; it now contains well over 500, 000 volumes and several million manuscripts. the building, of vermont marble and granite, bronze and glass, was designed by gordon bunshaft, of the firm of skidmore, owings and merrill ; the george a. fuller construction company of hamden, connecticut was the general contractor. work began on the building in 1960 and was completed in 1963. the white, gray - veined marble panes of the exterior are one and one - quarter inches thick and are framed by light gray vermont granite. these marble panels filter light so that rare materials can be displayed without damage from harmful ultraviolet light. from the exterior, however, the building ' s powerful stone geometry serves to dominate the space it occupies in hewitt university quadrangle, amidst neo - classical and neo - gothic neighbors. the building and its endowment are the gift of edwin j. beinecke, yale 1907 ; frederick w. beinecke, yale 1909 ; walter beinecke, yale 1910 ; and their families. over 500 photographs by c. t. alburtus and unknown photographers, varying in size, 20. 7 x 25. 5 cm. and smaller, in color and black and white", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47072657625743153, "token_count": 326, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.164467"} {"text": "[ updated ] the \u201c object \u201d that was found in bermuda waters yesterday [ aug 12 ] is a scientific glider used to collect marine data which was recently deployed by scientists from the bermuda institute of ocean sciences [ bios ]. the harbour radio duty officer said, \u201c bermuda radio can confirm that the suspected missile spotted on the crown of challenger bank is in fact a scientific glider used to collect marine data. the unit was recently deployed by scientists from bios in conjunction with woods hole oceanographic institution. \u201c the instrument stopped transmitting data around 48 hours ago and was considered lost. bios and woods hole are keen to recover the unit. any sighting of the glider should be reported to bermuda radio so that retrieval can be arranged, \u201d concluded the duty officer. the glider had caused great interest last night, with many people trying their hand and guessing what it might be. some people did guess correctly that it was a scientific object used by bios, while many others thought it may have been some form of missile / drone / torpedo / bomb. update 9. 15am : larry george from the woods hole oceanographic institution in massachusetts [ website ] confirmed that the object is a spray glider / autonomous underwater vehicle which is used to collect information about the ocean and is controlled remotely. the glider was deployed in bermuda waters on august 10th, and they lost all contact with it on august 11th, and assumed it was lost until they received a phone call late last night. the glider was deployed to record data such as fine ocean currents, with dr jong jin park and dr breck owens from woods hole the scientists in charge of the research. asked how many of these gliders are in our waters, mr george confirmed that this is the only one. he explained the glider was marked, however it was upside down in the water hence the marking was not visible. he also the fact the glider was upside down indicated that something had gone wrong with it. as of this writing the glider is still in the waters, but a team from bios is heading out this morning to try and recover it. - bios appoints interim director - ocean rendezvous rescues research project - bios research : impacts of ocean acidification - bios study : climate change, ocean bacteria - the search for bermuda \u2019 s deep water caves - bios scientist part of global ocean study articles that link to this one : - unidentified floating object in bermuda \u2019 s waters | bernews. com | august 13, 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5387739291732321, "token_count": 494, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.168653"} {"text": "bicycles are inherently stable because of their geometry. the geometry causes the bicycle to always turn into the direction it begins to lean, which keeps it upright. the reason is best illustrated through a concept known as counter - steering. counter steering is how all two wheel vehicles turn. when you want to turn towards the left, you turn the handlebars a little to the right. the friction of the wheels pulls the bottom of the bike towards the right, which initiates a lean towards the left. the handle bars then begin to swing towards the left to track through the turn. when it ' s time to stop the turn, you turn the handlebars a little more to the left. that pulls the bottom of the bike further towards the left, which brings the bottom of the bike directly under the center of gravity and thus stopping the turn. on many bikes and at low speeds, the counter steering effect can be unnoticed by many riders. however, at high speeds, or with heavier vehicles such as motor cycles it is more significant. so, how does this work where there is no rider? it is because of the rake in the fork and the rail it causes. if you trace an imaginary line through the axis of your fork to the ground, it will hit the ground ahead of where the wheel contacts the ground. because the wheel contacts the ground behind the steering axis, the wheel will always feel a force from the road trying to bring it to center, pointing straight ahead. when the bike is tipped to one side, the forces begin to push the wheel to the side that the bike is tipped. so all these forces add up. the rake in the fork makes the bike want to go straight forward. and when it feels a bump in one direction or the other, the counter steering will tend to bring the bike the other direction. then the fork rake will begin pushing the front wheel further away, which will then straighten the bike out, because of the counter steering.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4926974650862533, "token_count": 395, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.171187"} {"text": "newsflash : \u201c you should be taking a fish oil for good health! \u201d how many times have you heard the terms \u201c fish oil, \u201d \u201c omega 3, \u201d or \u201c omega 3 fatty acid \u201d being plastered in health bulletins or recommendations lately? if you are paying any attention, it \u2019 s everywhere! why? because there is so much excitement over the prospect of these \u2018 good fats \u2019 in helping prevent and treat the # 1 killer of americans today - heart disease. here are some quick tips on understanding what you might read about these little oily pearls and drops of goodness! 1. omega 3 fatty acids are protective to your body because they help reduce inflammation. ( inflammatory diseases are those that end in \u2018 - itis. \u2019 if you have arthritis, sinusitis, or heart as it should be called, omega 3 \u2032 s can help. ) 2. all omega 3 \u2032 s are not created equal. for example, fish oil and flax oil are sources of omega 3 fatty acids. fish oil is 8 - 10x more potent than flax oil in terms of its ability to reduce inflammation. 3. a quick way to know if your supplement is a potent source of omega 3 \u2032 s - calculate how much epa and dha is in each capsule. epa and dha ( short for very long chemical names you don \u2019 t need to know ) are the strongest of the omega 3 \u2032 s. the more in your supplement, the better in today \u2019 s culture of inflammation. if you are taking a 1000 mg capsule of fish oil, but only 400 mg of it is in the form of epa and dha, that \u2019 s how much you can likely bank on in terms of helping to 4. studies show 1000mg of fish oil ( remember, i would say epa + dha ) can help most adults prevent heart disease risks and 2000 mg - 4000 mg of good omega 3 \u2032 s could be prescribed for others with riskier 5. all fish oil is not created equal. even if it has the same amount of epa + dha, if the manufacturer of your fish oil has not purified out the bad stuff like mercury, pcb and dioxin, you might get other problems in the process. remember, fish are a product of the water they live in and the water these days is not as clean as it used to be. look for a product that uses a distillation process that takes out the bad chemicals and saturated fat that you don \u2019 t need in your supplement regimen. this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42885455419013085, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.174189"} {"text": "the internet can be thought of as the world \u2019 s largest database. this is so, because it is comprised of inter - connected databases, files, and computer systems. by simply typing in some keywords, one can access hundreds to millions of websites containing treasure troves of facts, statistics, and other formats of information on an endless array of topics. because the internet is such a valuable resource, we should seek new and innovative ways to mine the data using ethical means. the goal of scraping websites is to access information, but the uses of that information can vary. users may wish to store the information in their own databases or manipulate the data within a spreadsheet. other users may utilize data extraction techniques as means of obtaining the most recent data possible, particularly when working with information subject to frequent changes. investors analyzing stock prices, realtors researching home listings, meteorologists studying weather, or insurance salespeople following insurance prices are a few individuals who might fit this category of users of frequently updated data. access to certain information may also provide users with strategic advantage in business. attorneys might wish to scrape arrest records from county courthouses in search of potential clients. businesses, such as restaurants or video - rental stores that know the locations of competitors can make better decisions about where to focus further growth. companies that provide complementary ( not to be confused with complimentary ) products, like software, may wish to know the make, model, cost, and market share of hardware that are compatible with their software. another common, but controversial use of information taken from websites is reposting scraped data to other sites. scrapers may wish to consolidate data from a myriad of websites and then create a new website containing all of the information in one convenient location. in some cases, the new site \u2019 s owner may benefit from ads placed on his or her site or from fees charged to access the site. companies usually go to great lengths to disseminate information about their products or services. so, why would a website owner not wish to have his or her website \u2019 s information scraped? several reasons exist for why website owners may not wish to have their site \u2019 s scraped by others ( excluding search engines ). some people feel that data that is reposted to other sites is plagiarized, if not stolen. these individuals may feel that they made the effort to gather information and make it available on their websites only to have it copied to other sites. are individuals justified in feeling that they have been taken advantage of, even if their websites are posted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4927322312798643, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.182442"} {"text": "not stolen. these individuals may feel that they made the effort to gather information and make it available on their websites only to have it copied to other sites. are individuals justified in feeling that they have been taken advantage of, even if their websites are posted publicly? interpretation of what exactly \u201c republish \u201d means is widely disputed. one of the most authoritative explanations may be found in the 1991 supreme - court case of feist publications v. rural telephone service. this case involved rural telephone service suing feist publications for copyright infringement when feist copied telephone listings after rural denied feist \u2019 s request to license the information. while information has never been copyrightable under u. s. law, a collection of information, defined mostly in terms of creative arrangement or original ideas, can be copyrighted. the supreme court \u2019 s ruling in feist publications v. rural telephone service stated that \u201c information contained in rural \u2019 s phone directory was not copyrightable, and that therefore no infringement existed. \u201d justice o \u2019 conner focused on the need for information to have a \u201c creative \u201d element in order to be termed a \u201c collection \u201d ( 1 ). similarly, information, taken from publicly available websites should not be considered plagiarism or even theft if only the information ( numbers, statistics, etc. ) is reposted to new sites or used for other purposes. scraped websites also experience an increase in used bandwidth as a result of being scraped. some scrapes take place once, but many scrapes must be performed over and over to achieve the desired results. in such cases, the servers that host the pages being scraped inevitably experience an increased load. site owners may not wish to have the increased bandwidth, but more importantly, excessive page requests can cause a web server to function slowly or even fail. rarely, however, do most scrapes cause such strain on a server on their own. accessing a page through scraping is no different from visiting a page manually, except that scraping allows more pages to be visited over a shorter period. additionally, scrapes can be adjusted to run more slowly, so as to minimize the strain on the server. scraping is usually slowed when more than a few scraping sessions are being run against a single server at one time. interestingly, having one \u2019 s website scraped can have positive effects. of course the recipient of the scraped data is pleased to have desired data, but owners of scraped sites may also benefit. think of the case mentioned above in which home listings are scraped from a site. whether the information is repost", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5216136010171449, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.184839"} {"text": "have positive effects. of course the recipient of the scraped data is pleased to have desired data, but owners of scraped sites may also benefit. think of the case mentioned above in which home listings are scraped from a site. whether the information is reposted or stored in a database for later querying to match homebuyer \u2019 s needs, the purpose of the original site is met \u2014 to get the home - listing information into the hands of potential buyers. individuals who scrape websites can do so, while still following guidelines for ethical data extraction. perhaps it would be helpful to review a list of tips for maintaining ethical scraping. one website i consulted gave the following suggestions : \u00b7 obey robots. txt. \u00b7 don \u2019 t flood a site. \u00b7 don \u2019 t republish, especially not anything that might be copyrighted. \u00b7 abide by the site terms of service ( 2 ). occasionally, individuals who scrape websites have paid for access to the material being scraped. many job - and resume - posting websites fall into this category. employers must pay a monthly fee for an account which provides access to the resumes of potential new hirers. certainly, the fact that employers pay for the service entitles them to use whatever means are necessary to sort through and record the desired data. the only exception would be where the site \u2019 s terms of service specifically prohibit scraping. while republishing images, artwork, and other original content without permission is unethical and in many cases illegal, using scraped data for personal purposes is certainly within the limits of ethical behavior. nevertheless, page scrapers should always avoid taking copyrighted materials. use of bandwidth is no more deserved by any one person than another. even making scraped data available to others online can be argued as ethical, especially when the scraped website is posted on public space and the data taken doesn \u2019 t include any creative content. after all, the purpose of hosting a website in the first place is to provide information.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.447368463328623, "token_count": 396, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.186910"} {"text": "shooting sulfur particles into the stratosphere to reflect the sun? dumping iron into the ocean to boost the absorption of carbon dioxide? could these far - fetched and dangerous - sounding schemes help avert potentially catastrophic effects of climate change, or would they exacerbate conditions on our ever warming planet? these strategies, which involve the deliberate and large - scale intervention in our climate system to moderate global warming, are known as geoengineering. fantastical as they seem, billionaires bill gates, sir richard branson and others, are investing millions of dollars into the geoengineering research of a few leading climate scientists like ken caldeira at stanford. at first, caldeira thought geoengineering sounded crazy too, but his research showed that it would basically work. if global warming exceeds c, it would be \u201c a prescription for disaster, \u201d said nasa scientist james hansen. to prevent this from happening, we need to cap atmospheric carbon dioxide levels at 350 parts per million ; but in march 2012, we reached almost 394. 5 ppm and global greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise. even if we were able to immediately cut greenhouse gas emissions to zero, however, global warming would continue for the foreseeable future because carbon dioxide remains in the atmosphere for several hundred years. moreover, the international community has failed to reach an agreement that tackles the fundamental problem of controlling carbon emissions and prospects for doing so don \u2019 t look good. as a result, geoengineering is beginning to sound less like science fiction to some, and more like a possible plan b. geoengineering strategies fall into two main categories : - solar radiation management, which seeks to reduce the amount of sunlight that reaches earth by deflecting it or increasing earth \u2019 s reflectivity ( albedo ). - carbon dioxide removal, which tries to take carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere. solar radiation management includes efforts like white roofs that deflect sunlight, brightening clouds by shooting seawater into them to increase their albedo ( salt provides the nuclei that seed the clouds ), and controversial strategies based on the cooling effect that can follow major volcanic eruptions. in 1991, mt. pinatubo in the philippines erupted, sending 22 million tons of sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere. the sulfur particles scattered around the globe, deflected sunlight, and cooled earth by 0. 4 to 0. c. solar radiation management would recreate this effect by using balloons, aircraft or cannons to shoot tiny reflective particles like sulfates into", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4758071009337054, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.201389"} {"text": "the sulfur particles scattered around the globe, deflected sunlight, and cooled earth by 0. 4 to 0. c. solar radiation management would recreate this effect by using balloons, aircraft or cannons to shoot tiny reflective particles like sulfates into the stratosphere to temporarily block sunlight. the 1992 panel on policy implications of greenhouse warming calculated that this strategy would cost just pennies per ton of carbon dioxide mitigated. it would also be fast - acting, capable of quickly reducing the impacts of heat stress on crops, resulting in increased productivity since carbon dioxide levels, which boost growth, would remain high. other solar radiation management ideas include the use of engineered nanoparticles, which could be constructed to ascend high into the atmosphere and keep their shiny side to the sun, and sunshades in space made of mirrors. solar radiation management would do nothing to address the root cause of global warming \u2014 carbon dioxide emissions \u2014 or ocean acidification caused by the sea \u2019 s absorption of excess carbon dioxide. and while stratospheric aerosols could theoretically produce cooling on a local or global level, they might also create regional problems by affecting rain and snowfall patterns and causing drought. according to caldeira, a year or two after mt. pinatubo, when aerosols dropped from the stratosphere, both the amazon river and the ganges had very low flows and droughts occurred. a 2010 study by etc ( erosion, technology and concentration ), an international group that opposes geoengineering, states that solar radiation management climate models show a risk of increased drought over africa, asia and the amazon jungle. putting sulfate particles into the stratosphere could also damage the ozone layer, lead to acid rain and increased ocean acidification, and interfere with solar cells, astronomy and satellites. in addition, solar radiation management techniques carry the risk of a rapid rise in temperature if the program were started then stopped, which would be more dangerous to life on earth than a gradual temperature rise. carbon dioxide removal strategies reduce greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, or attempt to manipulate natural processes to remove greenhouse gases indirectly. while they tackle the fundamental problem of carbon emissions, and address ocean acidification, they would require many years to fully take effect. carbon dioxide removal techniques include tree planting, creating biochar ( charcoal ) and burying it to increase carbon sequestration, carbon capture and storage, adding carbonate to the ocean to increase carbon dioxide uptake, and capturing carbon from the air. klaus lackner, director of the earth institute", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5281213997054183, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.204439"} {"text": "creating biochar ( charcoal ) and burying it to increase carbon sequestration, carbon capture and storage, adding carbonate to the ocean to increase carbon dioxide uptake, and capturing carbon from the air. klaus lackner, director of the earth institute \u2019 s lenfest center for sustainable energy, is developing an \u201c artificial tree \u201d that removes carbon dioxide from the air. ocean fertilization is perhaps the most controversial carbon dioxide removal strategy of all. through photosynthesis, phytoplankton in the ocean absorbs half the carbon dioxide taken up annually by all of earth \u2019 s plants. ocean fertilization involves depositing nutrients ( iron, nitrogen or phosphorus ) into areas of the ocean lacking one of these key nutrients to stimulate the growth of phytoplankton and increase the absorption of carbon dioxide, which is then carried to the ocean floor when the phytoplankton die. critics say ocean fertilization could alter food webs ; deplete oxygen at deeper ocean levels ; produce eutrophication, dead zones and toxic algal blooms ; increase ocean acidification in the deep sea ; and impact coral reefs. while the cost of ocean fertilization would be relatively low, britain \u2019 s royal society says that none of the various carbon dioxide removal methods assessed have proven to be effective at an affordable cost with acceptable side effects. most geoengineering research today is being done with climate models and mapping ; few field tests have been conducted. the fund for innovative climate and energy research, run by david keith of harvard and ken caldeira and funded by bill gates \u2019 personal funds, has given out $ 4. 6 million for research on climate modeling, technical feasibility, governance, potential and risks, but it does not support field - testing methods like solar radiation management and ocean fertilization that would actually interfere with the climate system. etc argues that geoengineering cannot be tested because in order to truly assess its effect on the climate, it would need to be deployed on a massive scale, which would likely also have massive repercussions. germany, india, canada, russia and britain are studying geoengineering, and more countries will soon be capable of it as well. in 2009, a german - indian government - sponsored experiment ( lohafex ) dumped 6. 6 tons of iron into 300 square kilometers of the south atlantic. there was a burst of algae growth, but within two weeks, the algae was eaten by small crustaceans, so less carbon dioxide was absorbed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.498189675565817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.206085"} {"text": "lohafex ) dumped 6. 6 tons of iron into 300 square kilometers of the south atlantic. there was a burst of algae growth, but within two weeks, the algae was eaten by small crustaceans, so less carbon dioxide was absorbed than anticipated. in october 2011, a british project called spice ( stratospheric particle injection for climate engineering ) was scheduled to test a delivery system using a tethered balloon and hose to deliver water one kilometer into the sky. it was put on hold due to opposition from environmental groups. geoengineering opponents cite many risks. strategies could be ineffective or incomplete. the technology could fall prey to mechanical failure, human error, natural disasters or terrorism, and lead to devastating and / or irreversible disruption of the climate system. many want to ban geoengineering research for fear it would reduce the imperative to cut greenhouse gas emissions. scott barrett, lenfest - earth institute professor of natural resource economics at columbia university, takes issue with this point. \u201c people worry that if we use geoengineering, we wouldn \u2019 t reduce our greenhouse gas emissions. but we \u2019 re not reducing them anyway \u2026 and given that we have failed to address climate change, i think we \u2019 re better off having the possibility of geoengineering \u2026 however it does raise the question of do we have the wisdom and institutions to use it wisely? \u201d governance is perhaps the thorniest aspect of geoengineering. because geoengineering is a relatively cheap way to address climate change, it is unilateral \u2014 rich countries and billionaires could finance it on their own \u2014 yet the consequences would be global. who then should get to control geoengineering, and under what governance? some strategies would benefit certain countries and harm others, so who would have the right to decide whether, when and how to use it? geoengineering would likely create winners and losers \u2014 should losers be compensated? could conflicts lead to geoengineering wars? while there are various international treaties, aspects of which could limit some geoengineering experiments, there is no overarching regulatory framework that governs the broad use of geoengineering technology. in october 2010, the u. n. convention on biological diversity adopted a moratorium on geoengineering activities that could threaten biodiversity ( the united states has not ratified the convention ). etc is pushing for a comprehensive test ban on geoengineering at rio + 20, the u. n. conference on sustainable development", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4950667461265809, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.208234"} {"text": "moratorium on geoengineering activities that could threaten biodiversity ( the united states has not ratified the convention ). etc is pushing for a comprehensive test ban on geoengineering at rio + 20, the u. n. conference on sustainable development in june. the 2009 geoengineering report by britain \u2019 s royal society calls for an international body to review mechanisms that could regulate geoengineering, and for scientific organizations to develop guidelines for research and evaluate benefits and environmental effects. \u201c the central problem for the governance of geoengineering, \u201d the report says, \u201c is that while potential problems can be identified with all geoengineering technologies, these can only be resolved through research, development and demonstration \u2026 ideally, appropriate safeguards would be put in place during the early stages of the development of any new technology. \u201d barrett, an expert in international agreements, believes a geoengineering agreement should focus on what countries should do and what they can agree upon. he contends that an agreement should simply require a country intent on engaging in geoengineering, from field research to larger experiments, to let the world know. this would enable other countries to react or discuss the situation beforehand, make deals or participate, and avoid conflicts. it would also encourage collaborative research and development. countries would be willing to sign on because they would know that other nations would also have to declare their intentions. if an agreement were too restrictive, or included a ban or veto power, barrett says, countries that wanted to proceed with geoengineering would simply walk away from the table. despite the risks and uncertainties of geoengineering, many scientists believe we must study the options to ensure that damaging actions are not taken in haste in the future. the royal society recommends that further research and development of geoengineering be undertaken, but that policies also continue to focus on reducing carbon emissions and adaptation. it stresses the importance of placing all concerns about geoengineering in the larger context of climate change impacts that would otherwise be likely to occur anyway and comparing the relative risks and potential benefits. \u201c imagine some point in the future when things are starting to go very wrong. and turning down the sun would have a good chance of limiting damage. would you really not want to know if the technology worked and what its side effects were? \u201d barrett asked. \u201c even if we were to ban geoengineering today, if things get bad in the future, they \u2019 d do it anyway \u2026 would you want the future to be ignorant? \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4753411200973379, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.210898"} {"text": "august 10, 2012 | 13 money and politics go together like sodium and chloride \u2013 an important element ( in the non - chemical sense of the term ) of life that can also be corrosive and deadly. the third question in sciencedebate. org \u2019 s list of top 14 science questions that president barack obama and presumptive republican nominee mitt romney should address this election year has to do with federal funding of scientific research. unlike climate change, where there is a scientific consensus that warming is happening and that humans are at fault, there can be no scientific answer, i would argue, to the question \u201c should scientific research be funded with public moneys or private or some mix of both? \u201d still, given science \u2019 s role in fueling the economy, i think it makes sense to explore the funding issue more deeply. 3. research and the future. federally funded research has helped to produce america \u2019 s major postwar economies and to ensure our national security, but today the uk, singapore, china, and korea are making competitive investments in research. given that the next congress will face spending constraints, what priority would you give to investment in research in your upcoming budgets? a few facts to get the conversation started... i look forward to your comments. update ( sept. 5, 2012 ) : click to see the answers to the top 14 science questions from gov. mitt romney and president barack obama. election 2012 button used under creative commons license by 2. 0.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4677336992384873, "token_count": 298, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.212718"} {"text": "border people : life and society in the us - mexico borderlands while the u. s. - mexico borderlands resemble border regions in other parts of the world, nowhere else do so many millions of people from two dissimilar nations live in such close proximity and interact with each other so intensely. borderlanders are singular in their history, outlook, and behavior, and their lifestyle deviates from the norms of central mexico and the interior united states ; yet these mexicans, mexican - americans, and anglo - americans also differ among themselves, and within each group may be found cross - border consumers, commuters, and people who are inclined or disinclined to embrace both cultures. based on firsthand interviews with individuals from all walks of life, border people presents case histories of transnational interaction and transculturation, and addresses the themes of cross - border migration, interdependence, labor, border management, ethnic confrontation, cultural fusion, and social activism. here migrants and workers, functionaries and activists, and \" mixers \" who have crossed cultural boundaries recall events in their lives related to life on the border. their stories show how their lives have been shaped by the borderlands milieu and how they have responded to the situations they have faced. border people shows that these borderlanders live in a unique human environment shaped by physical distance from central areas and constant exposure to transnational processes. the oral histories contained here reveal, to a degree that no scholarly analysis can, that borderlanders are indeed people, each with his or her own individual perspective, hopes, and dreams.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48333013783936546, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.214464"} {"text": "formaldehyde is a type of chemical compound that is of essential use to many manufacturing sectors and other industries. when talking of formaldehyde, most people will be more familiar with one of its forms \u2013 formalin. formalin is a solution of formaldehyde that is famous for being used as an embalming fluid. formaldehyde is quite toxic and it is known to cause cancer and also other health disorders. formaldehyde is classified as one of the simplest forms of aldehydes, which are chemical compounds that possess a terminal carbonyl group. a carbonyl group is an atom grouping that has, within it, a carbon atom that is double bonded to an oxygen atom. hcho is the chemical formula for this chemical compound. the unique chemical formula of formaldehyde makes it a very versatile foundation or base for creating more complex aldehydes. formaldehyde, in its pure form, is a colorless and gaseous compound. it is also quite reactive. because of these properties, it is usually mixed in with other chemical compounds in order to create a more stable substance. formaldehyde has many industrial and manufacturing applications. it is an important ingredient in the manufacturing of glue, antiseptics, preservatives, resins, paints, embalming and film processing. formaldehyde is actually quite abundant in the atmosphere because it is one of the byproducts of combustion. it is also naturally formed through atmospheric reactions. it is actually a major element that makes up smog. frequent and high exposure to formaldehyde can lead to cancer, as well as respiratory problems. skin problems and inflammation of the mucus membrane are some of the short term effects of formaldehyde exposure.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5249484360887628, "token_count": 351, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.217676"} {"text": "as broadcast equipment becomes more sophisticated, especially in the digital domains, the speed at which information is transferred, processed, etc., through the equipment itself, becomes a very important factor. with computer processors that drive broadcast equipment today operating in the gigahertz range, what good does it do if the remainder of the infrastructure works considerably slower? superconductors will go a long way in resolving this issue. earlier this year, researchers led by dr. jun akimitsu of aoyama gakuin university in tokyo achieved a significant milestone when they announced that magnesium boride, a readily available metal compound known since the 1950s, has unexpectedly turned into the latest breakthrough in superconductors technology. magnesium boride is commonly used in some chemical reactions, but no one had ever tested its worth as a superconductor at low temperatures, where it demonstrates properties of moving electrons with virtually no resistance. after hearing about dr. akimitsu ' s discovery and working with the substance, dr. paul c. canfield, a professor of physics at iowa state university and a researcher at ames laboratory said : \u201c it ' s a fantastic discovery! we ' ve been able to do a lot of neat stuff with it in the past month. \u201d the material is very light and, from reports, is easier to work with as compared with the more complex superconducting materials such as the copper oxides, a so - called high - temperature superconductor. the more complex superconducting materials work at higher temperatures, but magnesium boride is comparatively inexpensive, selling for about $ 175 per 100 - gram bottle. dr. canfield said he and his colleagues at iowa state and ames laboratory have worked extensively investigating magnesium boride and have already fashioned superconducting wires by exposing fibers of boron to magnesium vapors. at present, though, the wires are short ; only couple of inches long, and brittle. dr. canfield said : \u201c it ' s not something you can curl around your finger. \u201d but then, who ' d want to curl it around their finger? magnesium boride, as a superconductor, is such only at temperatures up to minus 389 degrees, or about 29 degrees higher than any other simple metallic compound. although not the solution, it is being hailed as a significant step in that direction, so stay tuned. send questions and comments to : firstname. lastname @ example. org", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5809613554641279, "token_count": 494, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.220593"} {"text": "the subject of batteries for field shooters used to be as simple as charging them until the red light went out, slapping them on the camera and shooting until they died. now, the typical eng / efp crew carries a much wider array of battery - operated devices. notebook computers, cell and satellite phones, pdas, belt - clipped radios, micro - mixers and even gps receivers may accompany camcorders and batt - lights. modern field shooters must know their way around battery systems. modern batteries communicate digitally to chargers like the anton - bauer dual 2702 powerchager shown above while talking to the user through an lcd window. batteries are usually defined by the chemistry they use. the three most common types are nickel cadmium ( nicd ), nickel metal hydride ( nimh ), and lithium ion ( li - ion ). each has its strengths and weaknesses. we \u2019 ll compare their performance later in the article. but first, let \u2019 s define the specifications we use to judge them. regardless of the battery type involved, there are a few fundamental specifications that field crews will frequently encounter, including energy density, fast - charge time, self - discharge time, maintenance requirement and c - rate. energy density is a measure of how much power the battery will deliver for its weight, and is usually measured in watt - hours per kilogram ( wh / kg ). this is one of the central factors in matching battery type to application. fast - charge time is another factor to consider. usually measured as a fraction of the battery \u2019 s rated capacity over time, this parameter has seen dramatic advances with the advent of battery - centric charging using smart batteries and chargers. another primary factor in matching batteries to their uses is a spec called \u201c self - discharge time, \u201d usually measured as a percentage of capacity per month. this refers to the rate at which the fully charged battery will lose its charge while at rest. self - discharge is an important parameter because this decline in voltage is not linear. this photo shows the two most common camera battery mounts. the camera on the left has the anton - bauer gold mount. the other has the sony v - mount. most battery types tend to lose a significant portion of their charge within the first 24 hours of storage, followed by a slower but steady discharge. storage at higher - than - normal room temperatures will degrade internal resistance and accelerate self - discharge on any battery. a significant specification is the maintenance requirement. this typically refers to how often an equalizing or topping charge should be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.497101225888536, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.226033"} {"text": "slower but steady discharge. storage at higher - than - normal room temperatures will degrade internal resistance and accelerate self - discharge on any battery. a significant specification is the maintenance requirement. this typically refers to how often an equalizing or topping charge should be applied. in the case of nickel - based batteries, the maintenance requirement will include \u201c exercising \u201d the battery by running it down to its end - of - discharge voltage and then fully recharging to combat the infamous memory effect in nicd batteries. the c - rate is a measurement of the charge and discharge current of the battery. a discharge of 1c will equal the published current capacity of the battery. a battery rated at 500 mah ( milliamp hours ) will discharge at 1c to deliver that current for one hour. if discharged at 2c, the same battery should provide 1000 milliamps for a half hour. note that the measurement is made from maximum capacity to the end - of - discharge level, not to 0v. on nicds, for instance, the typical end - of - discharge level is 1v per cell. li - ions generally discharge to 3v. while there are many other battery specs, such as load current, cost - per - cycle, overcharge tolerance and cycle life, the specs mentioned above will form the basic stepping stones to a good battery - to - application match. let \u2019 s see how the various battery chemistries compare on these main specs. despite the emergence of new battery types, the nickel - cadmium or nicd batteries maintain a prominent place in powering professional camcorders, batt - lights and portable comm radios. this is due to their exceptional performance in high - current applications. nicds also accept fast charges quite well compared to the other battery chemistries. typical fast - charge time on nicd units is one hour, while nimh batteries will fast - charge in two to four hours and deliver about one - fourth the load current. cameras have shrunk while lenses and batteries have kept their size and weight, allowing each to balance the other. without rear - mount batteries, smaller cameras would be front - heavy, and on shoulder - mounted cameras, balance rather than weight is the critical factor. nicd batteries will self - discharge slightly faster than nimh and much faster than li - ion types. the big edge that the nimh and li - ion batteries have over nicd is in energy density. in applications that require a high power - to - weight ratio,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5115586091046125, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.227299"} {"text": "slightly faster than nimh and much faster than li - ion types. the big edge that the nimh and li - ion batteries have over nicd is in energy density. in applications that require a high power - to - weight ratio, the li - ion is the king of these beasts, with a typical spec of 100wh / kg to 130wh / kg. by comparison, nimhs offer a power - to - weight ratio ranging from 60wh / kg to 120wh / kg, while nicds range from 45wh / kg to 80wh / kg. the achilles heel of nicd batteries is their maintenance requirement. they must be regularly exercised ( some harried shooters might say exorcised ) to avoid the formation of crystals inside the battery and the resulting tendency to discharge only as far as the minimum voltage level to which they have been frequently run. also, since cadmium is an environmentally toxic metal, nicd batteries are increasingly seen as a liability. some countries now severely limit their use due to disposal problems. memory or mismatch? frequently, what appears to be a memory effect may be a mismatch between the cutoff voltage level of the device and that of the battery. to get the full capacity of the battery, its end - of - discharge voltage must be higher than the cutoff voltage for the camcorder or other device being powered. a mismatch in these values will cause the device to quit while the battery still has power. mimicking the memory effect, this will cause a nickel - based battery to be repeatedly recharged before reaching its own end - of - discharge voltage and eventually develop a real memory. getting simpler again the latest \u201c smart \u201d batteries, chargers and cameras can communicate digitally. the battery can control the smart charger for the perfect charge cycle and the cameras can display all the needed power parameters right in the viewfinder. just when the mix of battery chemistries and their characteristics was becoming increasingly complex, the advent of digital communication between the central components promises to make things a good bit easier. bennett liles is a writer and tv production engineer in the atlanta area.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5134695821835672, "token_count": 440, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.228302"} {"text": "gender - responsive climate change adaptation and egypt neither the impacts of climate change on people, nor the ways in which people respond to climate change are gender - neutral. women usually bear the burden of climate changes because they are the bulk of the egypt \u2019 s poor and have fewer resources for coping with global warming and the ensuing related disasters already occurring with more frequency and intensity. the mortality rates for women in egypt continue to be higher than men, and climate change will worsen mortality expectancies for women, who are more likely to die in natural disasters and, indirectly because it is women and girls who sacrifice food to eat when it is scarce. gender inequalities and different gender roles, needs and preferences that vary over space and over time, influence the different ways in which young, adult, and elderly males and females experience the impacts of climate change and develop strategies to adapt to or mitigate them. gender equality is both a development goal in itself \u2013 reflected, for example, in the third millennium development goal on gender equality and women \u2019 s empowerment, the beijing platform for action and the convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women ( cedaw ) \u2014 and a condition for the achievement of sustainable development. as such, gender equality is also a condition for successful adaptation to climate change, and the successful transition to low - carbon pathways in egypt, because the women livelihoods are more directly threatened, as they make up the majority of the small farmers. their ability to migrate in search of economic opportunities makes it easier for men to deal with crisis, and may result in benefits for the family as a whole. however, male migration to cairo the city capital of egypt often increases women \u2019 s workload, as they are left behind to manage the household in addition to usual tasks. climate change can also increase women \u2019 s exposure to other risks, such as gender - based violence and hiv infection. in addition to the challenges described above, climate change has implications for food preparation and storage ( in terms of water for food preparation and the vulnerability of food stores to extreme events, such as cyclones and floods ). harvests may be reduced or even wiped out by floods or droughts. this affects market prices and the availability of surplus to sell, placing pressure on both men and women to identify other sources of income and reduce major expenditures ( e. g. school fees ). in times of food shortage, women are often expected to feed other members of the family before attending to their own needs. the implementation of several elements of any environmental plan will strongly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4540986948573903, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.234810"} {"text": "of income and reduce major expenditures ( e. g. school fees ). in times of food shortage, women are often expected to feed other members of the family before attending to their own needs. the implementation of several elements of any environmental plan will strongly depend on the input of women. this will, in particular, be the case for a successful implementation of measures in the national water resources plan of egypt category of \u2018 protecting health and environment \u2019 but also for some measures in the other categories in the same plan. the governments of arab spring countries should adopt the following policy principles with respect to gender issues in water management : \u2022 equal opportunities for men and women with regard to : \u2212 involvement in discussion and decision making on water use and resources issues ; \u2212 dissemination of information and communication about water resources and water use issues and financial consequences provided by institutions concerned ; \u2212 active participation in decision - making bodies dealing with water resources and irrigation management \u2022 equal benefits for men and women deriving from effective and efficient water resources management., which means promoting the involvement of women as well as men in consultation and decision - making from the community level to the highest level of organizational management. this will require further efforts to be made in creating space for women in planning and implementation processes, as well as to facilitate their participation through capacity building. gendered water resources management will lead to greater : \u2022 effectiveness : the infrastructure, as well as valuable water resources, will be more widely and optimally used and sustained by all user groups ; \u2022 efficiency : the presence of limited water resources the sector agency can reach more individuals ; \u2022 development : the service and its social process will not only bring water, it will increase consumption, production, income environmental security, health and overall family welfare ; \u2022 sustainable use in freshwater ecosystem : women \u2019 s and men \u2019 s direct and fair participation in research and project implementation can increase the potential flexibility and creativity in responding to environmental insecurity and changes in resource system ; \u2022 equity : burdens and benefits will be shared more equitably between women and men in the community at large, as well as in the household. the importance of involving women as well as men in water resources management is not only to improve women \u2019 s situation, but also essential element for effective development, is the utilization and management of water resources. there is an increasing urgency in the need to mainstream a gender perspective at the overall water resources level because of the new emerging international perspectives on water resources. the ugly truth we face is that most gender issues being tackled are merely used as \u201c page filling", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48250085083236977, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.237507"} {"text": ". there is an increasing urgency in the need to mainstream a gender perspective at the overall water resources level because of the new emerging international perspectives on water resources. the ugly truth we face is that most gender issues being tackled are merely used as \u201c page filling \u201d in a report without real application in real life. this is likely due to the personal note that such strategies for gender equality related to climate change reports in egypt that lack effective strategies for systematic integration of gender in their adaptation and mitigation work. especially with regard to projects funded by donors agencies outside the mena region, experiences of integrating gender in their work on climate change, some level of awareness, policy commitments and efforts or plans to scale up successful pilot projects exist. much work remains for gender to become truly and systematically incorporated into their climate change policies and programs. donors \u2019 agencies, such as usaid, do not generally lack gender or climate change capacities, but may lack the capacity, resources and clear mandates to connect them. both climate change and gender capacities usually exist within each donor organization, backed in some cases by strong gender policies, but gender integration, particularly in climate change portfolios, is often weak. this is in part due to technical barriers and poor communication between climate change and gender experts. a lack of clear mandates and concepts in mainstreaming processes leads to \u2018 mainstreaming fatigue \u2019, a lack of adequate human and financial resource allocation for gender mainstreaming, and a lack of strategies to identify gender entry points across climate change policy work and program cycles. ayman ramadan mohamed ayad is an engineer and water resources advisor at national water resources plan ( nwrp - cp ), and has been involved in the future vision for alexandria integrated water urban development. he also teaches applied hydraulic at alexandria universities, and serves as the egyptian coordinator for nayd ( network of african youth for development ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4678593062972442, "token_count": 372, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.238327"} {"text": "the deeper i get into the history of events in central and western maryland, the more i am convinced that the \u201c despot \u2019 s heel \u201d argument really holds little weight. not only is the state song out of date, it never really reflected the civil war era opinion of the state as a whole. what prompted today \u2019 s thought was my seeing a comment made elsewhere about why maryland didn \u2019 t jump in as a seceding state. more or less, the argument was that it was because there were so many federal troops present that the legislature couldn \u2019 t make the move to secession that they ( maybe i should place emphasis on \u201c they \u201d, knowing how some legislators in the deeper south made it clear that \u201c they \u201d felt that they often knew better what to do than the citizens ) really wanted. this was just part of a larger discussion and maryland wasn \u2019 t the focus of it all. in regard to the presence of federal troops suppressing maryland \u2019 s \u201c will \u201d, i think this is exaggerated. true, we have the incident in baltimore with the boys from massachusetts on april 19, 1861 ( but they were just passing through ), and \u2026 even from unionists, i \u2019 ve seen that there was plenty of hub - bub about the control over the legislature ( even in the western part of the state ) and governor t. h. hicks \u2019 handling of situations. nonetheless, even in the midst of this, there was plenty of pro - union sentiment being expressed by maryland \u2019 s citizens \u2026 especially in the central and western part ( keep in mind that this region is the greater focus of my work and i haven \u2019 t spent a great deal of time with the eastern part of the state ). there is no doubt that there were plenty who wanted secession, and we can see that more than a fair number of marylanders ended up wearing gray. i \u2019 m sure most of them felt oppressed, repressed, and depressed by the continual downturn of events against their interests, but, and this is a critical point \u2026 was it any different than the feelings of unionists in neighboring virginia? furthermore, in the aftermath of all that took place in the first half of 1861, unionists retained a voice in maryland and it wasn \u2019 t by any means weak. quite a few expressed their support ( and, perhaps, may have been able to do so because of keeping the secessionists in check ) for the union by enlisting in maryland \u2019 s union regiments and many continued to express it in other ways. when we realize the numbers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41341681469679714, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.241926"} {"text": "their support ( and, perhaps, may have been able to do so because of keeping the secessionists in check ) for the union by enlisting in maryland \u2019 s union regiments and many continued to express it in other ways. when we realize the numbers of these people, why is that some still see maryland as a state under the despot \u2019 s heel? sure, some people felt it, but not the state as a whole. i think there is a lot more to learn from the civil war - era maryland than that presented through the narrow understanding offered through the state song. i especially think that an understanding of maryland \u2019 s secessionists may help us to better understand the feelings of the unwavering unionists in the secessionists states. in fact, i \u2019 ve encountered some interesting experiential parallels between the two groups. as i \u2019 ve mentioned before in other posts, in examining my home county in virginia, i \u2019 ve discovered stories that reveal a number of heavy - handed methods used by secessionists against anyone who posed a threat to secession and the success of the confederacy. in turn, i \u2019 ve encountered some instances of mob - rule ( no different than that which i \u2019 ve seen in virginia ) in washington county, maryland where secessionists have been not only driven out, but beaten down, literally! i \u2019 ll eventually share a story that i found about one rather vocal secessionists and what he experienced at the hands of mob - rule in williamsport, md. in 1861.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45776065701175606, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.242495"} {"text": "from 1879 to the late 1970s, major league baseball players were subject to the \" reserve clause \" in a standard player contract. this essentially meant that teams owned the right for a player to play for them, like property. players couldn ' t voluntarily leave their teams, they could only be traded. it also meant that they received only one contract offer. they either took the offer and played or were forced to sit out. this was a rule very common in pro sports at the time, originating from when they were just nascent businesses growing out of organized clubs. in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, there wasn ' t much of a market for pro sports stars. they were making 10 or 50 times the wages of a blue - collar worker for playing a game in a league with much less exposure and market power. there wasn ' t much of a reason to fight for more money. many clubs at the time were so financially fragile, there just wasn ' t more money to be given. this is why, in 1922, the u. s. supreme court ruled that baseball was just an \" amusement, \" not an organized business, and therefore was not considered interstate commerce. this gave baseball a critical shield, because it was now free from antitrust regulations. owners could do as they pleased without being regulated like any other business. they got a free pass on collusion just 12 years after standard oil was ordered dissolved for doing the same thing. at the time, no one imagined the economic potential of pro sports. by the late 1960s, however, mlb was up to 24 franchises and was spreading all over the country. games could be seen on television now. stars were household names across the country. all of this benefit went to the league. willie mays made $ 130, 000 in 1966 and was the highest paid player at the time. that ' s $ 841, 000 in today ' s dollars. and that was only 30 percent more than joe dimaggio was making 17 years earlier, in a much different scenario. players were starting to grumble louder, demanding more and talking of organizing. after the 1969 season, the cardinals traded three - time all - star outfielder curt flood to the phillies as part of a six player deal. flood refused to go. he didn ' t technically have a contract at all at the time, but he could only play for the phillies. the phillies had offered him a contract but he didn ' t want to take it and thought he should be able to consider deals from other clubs. when baseball commissioner bowie", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4449522306777503, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.245443"} {"text": "canadian forest service publications boreal forest fire regimes and climate change. 2001. stocks, b. j. ; wotton, b. m. ; flannigan, m. d. ; fosbert, m. a. ; cahoon, d. r. ; goldammer, j. g. pages 233 - 246 in m. beniston and m. m. verstraete, editors. remote sensing and climate modeling : synergies and limitations. kluwer academic, dordrecht, the netherlands. available from : northern forestry centre catalog id : 18536 stretching in two broad transcontinental bands across eurasia and north america, the global boreal zone covers approximately 12 million square kilometres, two - thirds in russia and scandinavia and the remainder in canada and alaska. situated generally between 45 and 70 degrees north latitude, with northern and southern boundaries determined by the july 13\u00b0c and july 18\u00b0c isotherms respectively, the boreal zone contains extensive tracts of coniferous forest which provide a vital natural and economic resource for northern circumpolar countries. the export value of forest products from global boreal forests is ca. 47 % of the world total ( kusela 1990, 1992 ). the boreal forest is composed of hardy species of pine ( pinus ), spruce ( picea ), larch ( larix ), and fir ( abies ), mixed, usually after disturbance, with deciduous hardwoods such as birch ( betula ), poplar ( populus ), willow ( salix ), and alder ( alnus ), and interspersed with extensive lakes and organic terrain. this closed - crown forest, with its moist and deeply shaded forest floor where mosses predominate, is bounded immediately to the north by a lichen - floored open forest or woodland which in turn becomes progressively more open and tundra - dominated with increasing latitude. to the south the boreal forest zone is succeeded by temperate forests or grasslands. forest fire is the dominant disturbance regime in boreal forests, and is the primary process which organizes the physical and biological attributes of the boreal biome over most of its range, shaping landscape diversity and influencing energy flows and biogeochemical cycles, particularly the global carbon cycle since the last ice age. the physiognomy of the boreal forest is therefore largely dependent, at any given time, on the frequency, size and severity of forest fires. the overwhelming impact of wildfires on ecosystem development and forest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47899487456903167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.248557"} {"text": "create a protective sphere hand gesture, fear, concentration orb shield is the ability to create a sphere or barrier out of orbs in order to defend oneself or others. it is a form of force field which appears as translucent blue energy. this power is a highly focused advancement of telekinetic orbing, developed by wyatt halliwell and paige matthews. using this power, the possessor can : - shield against harm ; most notably projectile attacks. - repel enemies and powers with the force of the shield. - project a shield around something in order to protect or contain it. wyatt halliwell was the first shown user of this power. he was usually using it in a form of protective bubble, he used it in this form for the first time in the episode \" baby ' s first demon \", when he was attacked by a demon for the first time. paige developed this power when being attacked by demons in the comic \" innocents lost \". while alerting piper to a demon ' s approaching fire throwing power, paige raised her arm, blocking the attack with an orb shield. she used this power at will for the first time in \" unnatural resources \", while protecting herself from falling debris and fireballs. the orb shield can be manipulated by other powers. a demon was seen hitting the orb shield with a beam, which caused the bubble to fly away, along with everything inside of the bubble. in \" it ' s a bad, bad, bad, bad world \", gideon was able to orb the protective bubble with wyatt inside by channeling electrokinesis into the bubble, establishing contact, and then orbing away with it. in \" the heavens can wait \", paige kept the shield around her sisters long enough for phoebe to lift it with her levitation and for piper to move it across a battlefield with her molecular acceleration. in \" sam, i am \", wyatt created this shield over piper ' s stomach while he was in her womb. this was the first time an orb shield was used, however, it had differed from the later usual spherical form. in \" prue ya gonna call? \", when prue halliwell acquires this power during the magical switch, she produces a small orb shield in front of her right arm, resembling the form wyatt used from the womb in \" sam, i am \". - so far, the orb shield was shown to protect four people at most. - although he used other powers from inside the womb, this was the first power wyatt halliwell used after", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4863130870425172, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.252256"} {"text": "visual models of morphogenesis ( przemyslaw prusinkiewicz et al. ) grow more plants with algorithm - a population of 1000 ; [ think about local maximum - could be a problem for sparse samples across the set ] - some evaluation to score each individual / fitness function. s - kill the ones underscore certain threshold ; - the survivor breed offspring. how? - the likely hood of mutation m, say 3 % - crossover c, 5 % - parametric representation of the individuals. 0000 01110 | 0000 0011 - repopulate the died portion book an introduction to genetic algorithms ( complex adaptive systems ) brian scaz lecture outline of the basic genetic algorithm 1. [ start ] generate random population of n chromosomes 2. [ fitness ] evaluate the fitness of each chromosome 3. [ new population ] create a new population by repeating : a. [ selection ] select two parent chromosomes based on their fitness b. [ crossover ] with a crossover probability cross over the parents to form new offspring ( children ). if no crossover was performed, offspring is an exact copy of parents. c. [ mutation ] with a mutation probability mutate new offspring at each locus ( position in chromosome ). d. [ accepting ] place new offspring in a new population 4. [ replace ] use new generated population for a further run of algorithm 5. [ test ] if the end condition is satisfied, stop, and return the best solution in current population 6. [ loop ] go to step 2 \u201c evolving 3d morphology and behavior by competition \u201c - evolving morphology with control, i. e. body and brain - evolution at times involves more than competition with the environment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.521169535607682, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.255601"} {"text": "this case study was developed for a lower - division lecture class on \u201c world history 1400 - 1870 \u201d with the goal of creating an opportunity for students to \u201c discover \u201d gender. we used a central primary source, \u201c the history of mary prince, a west indian slave related by herself. \u201d 1 this first - person account was written by british abolitionists and disseminated through the london society for the abolition of slavery in 1831. we chose \u201c the history of mary prince \u201d because the types of labor that prince performed as a slave cover the three areas of slave work that we specifically ask students to explore : plantation work ; housework ; and work for other slaves. we departed from the traditional lecture format and pursued a pedagogical method known as \u201c problem - based learning \u201d ( pbl ). pbl takes a particular \u201c problem \u201d ( instead of the more conventional \u201c topic \u201d ) as its point of departure, and asks students to generate a collective \u201c solution \u201d by working in research teams. students develop the skills and acquire the content knowledge needed to solve the issue at hand. our pbl asked students to produce a mock \u201c script \u201d for a documentary film to be shown on hbo during women \u2019 s history month. the film explains how and why male and female slaves in the americas and / or africa come to have distinct ( or similar ) labor responsibilities within local economies and what impact such gender divisions of labor have on women \u2019 s and men \u2019 s experience of slavery. students were divided into collaborative teams and presented with a timetable for the completion of the task as well as guidelines for group work. the actual process included the following steps : brain - storming research questions and ranking the questions in order of importance ; dividing up the questions ; carrying out the research and reporting the findings back to the group ; reviewing all findings and generating larger arguments as a group ; and finally, writing up project reports and preparing an oral presentation. students were graded on the basis of their individual project component ( submitted in essay form ), their collaborative work ( such as intermittent electronic reports ), and their group participation ( including peer evaluation ). we provided students with a list of primary and secondary sources for their research and a set of questions to focus their efforts. 2 a. different types of work involved in producing an export commodity under this rubric we asked students to consider how and why labor for the production of an export commodity was distributed among men and women, female and male children and how authority was maintained at the work site. mary prince is mainly involved in making salt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5130456787538955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.277221"} {"text": "commodity under this rubric we asked students to consider how and why labor for the production of an export commodity was distributed among men and women, female and male children and how authority was maintained at the work site. mary prince is mainly involved in making salt on behalf of an owner. both men and women ( as well as young children ) are indiscriminately used in gangs that bail water, turn a press, and shovel the end product. the slave - owner directly supervises his slaves and cruelly disciplines them. students are encouraged to explore how this scenario contrasts with the broader secondary literature about frequent division between the labor performed by men \u2019 s gangs and women \u2019 s gangs on plantations producing sugar, cotton, and tobacco. to what extent do differences in divisions of labor reflect the requirements or social meanings of specific commodities ( salt versus cotton ), the size of a property or slave - holdings ( prince \u2019 s owner has relatively few slaves for money - making ), and / or ideas about what is appropriate male and female work? finally, students were encouraged to think about how slave women ( like prince ) and white abolitionists ( like those who sponsored the publication of her history ) might have had different investments in constructing women as being \u201c naturally \u201d unsuited for certain types of labor. \u201c the history of mary prince \u201d repeatedly bemoans the inhumanity of mary being forced to do hard labor, the same labor as men. this condemnation is often inseparable from the narrative \u2019 s broader condemnation of extraordinarily cruel labor practices, such as whippings or maimings. the absence of gender divisions in labor was, paradoxically, the crux of how slave labor was gendered : slave women were denied qualification as \u201c real ( white ) women \u201d who might deserve \u201c protection \u201d as \u201c the fairer sex. \u201d b. different types of work performed by household - based slaves here we asked students to explore why specific male and female slaves were assigned to particular tasks, and how this division of labor impacted a slave \u2019 s relationship to the authority of a master or mistress. if so - called \u201c fieldwork \u201d often blurred distinctions between men and women \u2019 s labor, domestic service was more rigidly gender divided, especially when a slave \u2019 s work involved proximity to white women \u2019 s bodies. mary prince worked mostly in arrangements of domestic service, at one point as a chief housekeeper. she was involved in cooking, nursing children, cleaning, washing laundry, and ministering to her owners \u2019 personal needs. in particular, she", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4747739391769903, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.278489"} {"text": "\u2019 s bodies. mary prince worked mostly in arrangements of domestic service, at one point as a chief housekeeper. she was involved in cooking, nursing children, cleaning, washing laundry, and ministering to her owners \u2019 personal needs. in particular, she relates her shame at being forced to bathe her master \u2019 s naked body, indicating that female slaves were frequently obliged to perform personal service for white men in an often sexualized, if not explicitly sexually exploitative manner. prince \u2019 s narrative suggests that the oppression that women slaves suffered in arrangements of domestic service was often more arbitrary, violent, and deadly than that they encountered working in commodity production such as in the salt ponds ( or tobacco fields ). how does prince \u2019 s narrative contribute to ongoing debates about the extent to which \u201c fieldwork \u201d or \u201c housework \u201d were more exploitative and / or enabling of slaves \u2019 ability to resist dehumanization and slavery as an institution? c. slaves working for themselves and the question of resistance in this third segment, students were instructed to think about the kind of work slaves perform on their own behalf and how it contributed to forming slave communities and resisting slavery. prince used her position as head housekeeper to sell coffee, pork products, and yams in local markets in an ( ultimately futile ) effort to save money to purchase her freedom. some of the money for manumission came from a certain \u201c captain abbott \u201d \u2014 a white man with whom prince had a sexual relationship, although this is not explicit from the text ( see natalie zemon davis, below ). prince also mentions various forms of barter, exchange, and charity between slaves that helped sustain crucial friendships and material alliances among slaves, including those with different masters. here we posed the question why, in the case of \u201c labor on their own behalf, \u201d slaves often observed strict gender divisions of labor, with women at the forefront of agricultural subsistence and marketing activities. how were these divisions similar to / different from assignments by masters in the fields and household? last, we ask students to consider what sorts of \u201c labor on one \u2019 s own behalf \u201d constituted \u201c resistance \u201d to slavery. prince \u2019 s own survival strategies and attempts to escape slavery were highly individualized, involving multiple attempts to save money and broker deals with whites in order to purchase her freedom. she is reportedly most successful when she converts to christianity, marries, repents past sins, and seeks out an alliance with white abolitionists. beyond encouraging students to recognize this sequence as reflecting the moral agenda of white abolitionists, we also urge them", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47250707811629006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.279704"} {"text": ". she is reportedly most successful when she converts to christianity, marries, repents past sins, and seeks out an alliance with white abolitionists. beyond encouraging students to recognize this sequence as reflecting the moral agenda of white abolitionists, we also urge them to think about the differences between collective and more individualized forms of \u201c labor on one \u2019 s own behalf \u201d and to make explicit arguments about where they see work connected to \u201c resistance. \u201d our pbl exercise was an experiment, and we were very pleased with its results. although students at first expressed some skepticism about the place of collaborative work in a large lecture course, their presentations and papers indicated that we had won them over by the end of the term. many presentations involved dramatic enactments, multimedia displays or mock pitches to the hbo film board. we apparently struck a real chord with these students and inspired them to be creative. a sizeable group produced some of the best historical writing either one of us had ever seen in an undergraduate setting. their analysis was simply superb, and the presentation of the material highly imaginative. they had come to understand the meaning of gender as a \u201c category of historical analysis \u201d without us ever introducing the term. this was particularly gratifying. 1 \u201c the history of mary prince, a west indian slave, related by herself, \u201d in henry louis gates, jr., ed. six women \u2019 s slave narratives, ( oxford, 1988 ). full text available online as part of the \u201c documenting the american south \u201d project at the university of north carolina at chapel hill. 2 in order to explore these questions and prepare the final movie script, students read mary prince \u2019 s story alongside the following secondary sources. secondary historical literature allows students to generate answers. claire robertson and martin klein, for example, argue that american plantation slavery \u2019 s preference for employing men in agricultural labor represented a sharp reversal of many west african societies \u2019 custom of entrusting agriculture and marketing exclusively to women. hilary beckles and jacqueline jones contend in their work on life in the slave barracks that strict sexual divisions of labor were employed as a counter to white efforts to dehumanize slaves by treating men and women as interchangeable. beckles \u2019 work, which also has chapters on slave women obtaining freedom through their sexual relationships with men, is also of use in getting students to consider mary prince \u2019 s mention of her connection to \u201c captain abbot. \u201d to what extent did \u201c sex \u201d constitute a realm of work that ( largely ) slave women performed? could these relationships afford some women limited forms of bargaining power", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5070249149203507, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.281622"} {"text": "in getting students to consider mary prince \u2019 s mention of her connection to \u201c captain abbot. \u201d to what extent did \u201c sex \u201d constitute a realm of work that ( largely ) slave women performed? could these relationships afford some women limited forms of bargaining power along with heightened vulnerability? beckles, hilary mc d. natural rebels : a social history of enslaved black women in barbados, ( rutgers, 1989 ). davis, natalie zemon. \u201d non - european stories. european literature, \u201d in berichten, erzaehlen, beherrschen : wahrnehmung und repraesentation in der fruehen kolonialgeschichte europas, edited by susanna burghartz et al. ( frankfurt a. m. : vittorio klostermann, 2003 ), 200 - 219. guy, jeff. \u201c gender oppression in southern africa \u2019 s precapitalist societies \u201d in women and gender in southern africa to 1945, edited by cherryl walker ( cape town : d. philip 1990 ), 33 - 47. jones, jacqueline. labor of love, labor of sorrow : black women, work and the family from slavery to the present, ( basic books, 1985 ). karasch, mary. \u201c slave women on the brazilian frontier in the nineteenth century, \u201d in more than chattel : black women and slavery in the americas, edited by david gaspar and darlene hine ( indiana university press, 1996 ), 79 - 96. klein, herbert \u201c african women in the atlantic slave trade, \u201d in women and slavery in africa, edited by c. robertson and m. klein ( madison, 1983 ), 29 - 39. klein, martin a. \u201c women in slavery in the western sudan, \u201d in women and slavery, 67 - 94. maccormack, carol. \u201c slaves, slave owners, and slave dealers : sherbo coast and hinterland, \u201d in women and slavery, 271 - 294. moitt, bernard, \u201c women, work and resistance in the french caribbean, \u201d in verene shepard, bridget brereton, barbara bailey, eds., engendering history : caribbean women in historical perspective, ( st. martins, 1995 ), 155 - 175. robertson, claire and martin klein, \u201c women \u2019 s importance in african slave systems, \u201d in women and slavery, 3 - 28. thornton, john. \u201c sexual demography : the impact of the slave trade on family structure, \u201d in women and slavery, 39 - 48.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49986305646761053, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.282556"} {"text": "next to bragging about which community enjoys or endures the most weather, canadians like to boast how their province or territory compares with the warmest, snowiest or the windiest. to settle arguments as to which jurisdiction can legitimately lay claim to being tops in weather, david phillips, environment canada ' s senior climatologist analyzed 30 years of recent weather data for each of canada ' s ten provinces and three territories. his results are sure to provide for entertaining conversation but could also assist provincial and territorial governments, industries, tourism and recreational businesses and those seeking weather information to make decisions on where to reside for retirement or health purposes. province - territory weather winners is a follow - up to the highly popular canadian cities are weather winners site released in 2003. this new study looks at how each canadian province and territory ranks in 70 different weather categories, including those groupings used in the city weather winners. data for 30 years from 150 weather stations, representative of the geography in each province and territory, were used to compute averages for each jurisdiction. among the categories included are : the warmest province or territory year - round, the hottest in summer, the coldest in winter, the sunniest year - round, the province or territory with the most freezing rain days, the most heavy snow days, the most thunderstorm days, etc. the website allows you to view how your province or territory ranks for each of the categories and includes the weighted - average value for the category in question.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41383848987343036, "token_count": 299, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.285312"} {"text": "two months after the failure of cop 15 in copenhagen, denmark, united nations secretary general ban ki - moon announced the creation of an all - men advisory body for climate change financing *. with an ambitious task of \u201c build [ ing ] momentum towards a successful negotiation of a comprehensive climate change agreement, \" the body is expected to mobilise funds amounting to us $ 100 billion annually until 2020 to support the poorest nations affected by climate change. while the formation of an advisory body is an expected measure out of the weak copenhagen accord, its all - men membership came as a surprise, especially as the un framework convention on climate change has increasingly recognised the dire impacts of climate change on women and the latter ' s contribution to rehabilitating and keeping the earth ' s resources. \u201c if we want to overcome gender inequalities, we need to have women in climate change decision - making process \u201d, remarked ulrike roehr, gendercc \u2013 women for climate justice board member. \u201c women like joke waller - hunter [ predecessor of yvo de boer, unfccc - executive secretary ] have guided the process in many positive ways, \u201d she added. \u201c the nomination of the next unfccc - executive secretary is another chance to implement gender equity : let her be female! \u201d while we are aware that the appointment of women does neither necessarily translate into women ' s empowerment nor gender equality, we need to ask : has the world run out of women experts? is the planet consisting of men alone? is it not for such imbalances that this climate crisis exists? gendercc, alongside with women and gender experts from all over the world, therefore asks un - secretary - general ban ki - moon to make sure that the climate change financing group as well as the whole process respects gender parities and gendered perspectives. there \u2019 s no climate justice without gender justice! * update : french economy minister christine lagarde has been added to the list, so it ' s 19 : 1 now... gendercc - women for climate justice ( www. gendercc. net", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4557347601743282, "token_count": 421, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.287275"} {"text": "you are here the new grid plugging into california \u2019 s clean - energy future take a look at the nearest light switch : is it up or down? the answer means more than you think. when you flip a switch \u2014 or run a washing machine, or plug in a space heater \u2014 you \u2019 re creating demand. and on a vast, interconnected electrical grid like california \u2019 s, supply must always meet demand. otherwise, it \u2019 s lights out. for more than a century we \u2019 ve taken the balancing act between supply and demand for granted, and for the most part, it \u2019 s worked. to accommodate sudden spikes in demand, engineers overbuilt the grid with excess slack, including wires that were thicker than they needed to be and standby fossil - fuel power plants that could fire up at any instant. \u201c renewables integration into the grid poses a fundamentally new problem. \u201d sascha von meier but today our 19th - century grid is being inundated by 21st - century innovations \u2014 among them the remote, large - scale solar and wind plants that are leading the state toward its clean - energy future. california has added nearly 2, 800 megawatts of renewable energy capacity this year, almost equal to what it gained in the previous 13 years combined, the california public utilities commission reports. in response to the global warming solutions act, or ab 32, the state has required its three largest utilities to acquire at least 33 percent of their power from renewable sources by 2020, up from the current 21 percent. some analysts \u2014 and utilities \u2014 are aiming for well over 40 percent. these new energy sources fluctuate according to nature \u2019 s whims and can \u2019 t be switched on at a moment \u2019 s notice. the more we rely on solar and wind to replace steady sources like fossil fuels, the less slack remains in the system, and the smaller the margin gets between peak supply and peak demand. \u201c renewables integration into the grid poses a fundamentally new problem, \u201d says sascha von meier, ma \u2019 90, ph. d. \u2019 95, energy and resources group, co - director of electric grid research for the california institute for energy and environment. in various ways, von meier says, the solar and wind energy that most of us in california are clamoring for \u2014 or already installing on our rooftops \u2014 is slowly transforming the system through which we deliver and receive power. and we \u2019 re not entirely sure what to do about it. many of the state \u2019 s top energy thinkers \u2014 including", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43157940891159974, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.299282"} {"text": "clamoring for \u2014 or already installing on our rooftops \u2014 is slowly transforming the system through which we deliver and receive power. and we \u2019 re not entirely sure what to do about it. many of the state \u2019 s top energy thinkers \u2014 including researchers in the energy and resources group ( erg ) and the college of natural resources, and their graduates now employed within the industry \u2014 are working to find an answer. in the end, it \u2019 s clear that no single approach will do ; rather, a blend of public policies, technological innovations, energy - storage solutions, and increased flexibility on the demand side ( that means you and me ) will work together to help california reach its clean - energy goals and push well beyond them. renewable but unpredictable nancy rader, ma \u2019 92, erg, has spent the bulk of her career championing renewable energy. from 1994 to 1998 she served as west coast representative to the american wind energy association, a washington, d. c. \u2013 based lobbying group ( in 1996, she was named its \u201c wind industry person of the year \u201d ). for the last 12 years she has worked with the california wind energy association, including 10 as its executive director. but even she doesn \u2019 t slough off the considerable challenge that large - scale wind power poses to california \u2019 s grid. \u201c we recognize that we \u2019 re an inconvenient energy source. fossil fuels are incredibly convenient, except for the climate disruptions and other environmental issues they cause, \u201d she says with a chuckle, as if to suggest that there \u2019 s no way fossil fuels \u2019 benefits could outweigh their environmental impacts. but she acknowledges that fossil fuels provide reliable power. it \u2019 s there when we need it, capable of being fired up to accommodate peak demand, and on top of that, it \u2019 s pretty cheap. for rader, that \u2019 s just the beginning of the conversation. with integration of wind energy into the grid presenting a new set of problems, her job is to find solutions. she has plenty of ideas to help increase wind power \u2019 s reliability and reduce its cost. one of the biggest takes aim at a policy of the california independent system operator ( caiso ) \u2014 an independent body that operates the state \u2019 s electrical grid \u2014 that requires power plant operators to schedule their production 38 hours in advance. rader and the wind industry want that time frame reduced to as little as 15 minutes. the reason is simple : wind - power operators can \u2019 t always accurately predict their output, which is dependent on temperatures,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4757245635031835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.301782"} {"text": "schedule their production 38 hours in advance. rader and the wind industry want that time frame reduced to as little as 15 minutes. the reason is simple : wind - power operators can \u2019 t always accurately predict their output, which is dependent on temperatures, weather patterns, and storms, even an hour in advance. when predictions are off, problems arise \u2014 costly ones. \u201c if you can \u2019 t predict what your resource is going to do, you have to have someone waiting to come online at a minute \u2019 s notice, which is expensive, \u201d rader explains. \u201c so the more accurately you can predict wind, the less standby generation you need, which translates to lower cost. \u201d caiso is considering making the move within the next year or two. the change would all but eliminate one of the bigger obstacles to integrating wind power into the grid, and could be an immediate boon to the industry in california. large - scale solar energy faces similar challenges, though to a different extent. with its day - on, night - off schedule, solar power is in one sense more predictable than wind. but wind power tends to ramp up and down gradually, while a massive 500 - megawatt solar plant in the mojave desert can be nearly incapacitated by a passing cloud, then just as suddenly return to full production. the bottom line is the same : it \u2019 s not enough for energy to come from a clean, renewable source ; it also must be there when we need it. \u201c we have to balance the grid from moment to moment, \u201d rader said. \u201c it \u2019 s important that the system as a whole be planned to ensure stability. \u201d the california public utilities commission ( cpuc ), which oversees the state \u2019 s investor - owned utilities, plays a key role in the new grid. cpuc energy advisor michael colvin, \u2019 05, m. p. p. \u2019 07, says it is the commission \u2019 s job to help california achieve its environmental and energy - policy goals of 33 percent renewables by 2020 \u201c without a huge sticker shock. \u201d in addition to enforcing standards for reliable service and reasonable rates from large - scale solar and wind farms, the cpuc is developing innovative standardized contracts to help small - scale providers plug in at the local level. sara kamins, m. s. \u2018 06, erg, the lead cpuc advisor on renewable energy programs, said accomplishing the state \u2019 s goals involves aligning the business, environmental, technical, and policy pieces. \u201c designing the state \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47478628958818037, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.303583"} {"text": "kamins, m. s. \u2018 06, erg, the lead cpuc advisor on renewable energy programs, said accomplishing the state \u2019 s goals involves aligning the business, environmental, technical, and policy pieces. \u201c designing the state \u2019 s renewable energy policies requires finding win - win solutions that consider the interests of a diverse network of stakeholders. \u201d feeding rooftop solar into the grid many renewable - energy advocates promote solar panels, or photovoltaics, on rooftops and over parking lots as the gold standard in clean power. rooftop panels not only sidestep the environmental impacts of remote solar plants and wind turbines, but also generate power closer to where it \u2019 s used, are less susceptible to large - scale fluctuations due to their distributed nature, and, in the case of the increasingly popular parking - lot panels, offer a valuable bonus : shade. but one point most advocates miss is that photovoltaics can toss a monkey wrench into the gears of a local energy grid. \u201c there \u2019 s a lot of interesting phenomena that are happening at that level due to rooftop solar that \u2019 s feeding power into the grid, \u201d says von meier, who is currently teaching a new course on electrical power systems at berkeley. \u201c one of the things we \u2019 re studying very carefully [ is ] the effects of distributed generation on the power quality and the management of distribution circuits. \u201d preliminary research has shown that rooftop solar panels can degrade power quality in their immediate area. in some cases, upon reaching a certain saturation point \u2014 one that varies from neighborhood to neighborhood and is difficult to identify in advance \u2014 their interaction with outdated voltage regulation equipment may cause damaging power surges or dips in neighboring homes, possibly frying computers and other sensitive equipment. \u201c ultimately, all we care about is making power in equal power out. \u201d the details can quickly become arcane for anyone who \u2019 s not an electrical engineer, but even experts don \u2019 t know quite what to expect as adoption of rooftop solar becomes more widespread, von meier says. some neighborhood circuits could be just fine, while others could experience significant issues ; it varies on that small a scale. \u201c there \u2019 s a lot of uncertainty and worry on the part of utilities that it may produce technical problems, \u201d she says. \u201c it \u2019 s very much a patchwork quilt, and no two circuits are the same. \u201d the first step in assessing the risk posed by rooftop solar is to gather more data. utilities up and down the state are beginning to install devices on distribution circuits that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4953846672639531, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.305319"} {"text": "\u2019 s very much a patchwork quilt, and no two circuits are the same. \u201d the first step in assessing the risk posed by rooftop solar is to gather more data. utilities up and down the state are beginning to install devices on distribution circuits that record information about how much power is flowing and in which direction. smart meters can serve a similar purpose. before they were implemented across california over the past few years, utilities had so little information about local circuits that they didn \u2019 t know a neighborhood had lost power until irate customers called to complain ; even then they couldn \u2019 t remotely pinpoint the source of the problem. now smart meters, although controversial among some privacy and health advocates, are one component of an evolving \u201c smart grid \u201d that can provide real - time data on the flow of electricity through local circuits. \u201c you need to have a good understanding of what \u2019 s happening before you take action, \u201d von meier says. once that \u2019 s accomplished, the next move toward ensuring reliability \u2014 the true gold standard for power within the industry \u2014 could be to install state - of - the - art voltage regulation devices on local circuits, which can smooth out the peaks and valleys resulting from intermittent sunshine feeding rooftop panels. such localized disruptions are nothing compared to the risk of remote solar and wind plants potentially triggering blackouts or brownouts due to unexpected fluctuations in output. \u201c what happens when 30 percent of our power comes from solar or wind, and a cloud goes over or it doesn \u2019 t blow? \u201d asks tim woodward, \u2019 82, managing director for nth power, a san francisco \u2013 based energy - technology venture capital firm. \u201c how do we deal with that? \u201d the most commonly prescribed solution is massive batteries that can store and distribute energy as needed, increasing the buffer between supply and demand. yet affordable, cost - effective batteries remain at least five to ten years away, says woodward. until we experience an actual grid failure or similar event triggered by renewables, he predicts, a market for the batteries is unlikely to materialize. in the near term, a complementary \u2014 and increasingly popular \u2014 approach is to focus on accommodating variability at the other end of the system : inside the homes and businesses where we actually consume the power. duncan callaway, an assistant professor of energy and resources, is a believer. he spends much of his time studying what \u2019 s known as demand response, or load flexibility, in which users adjust their demand according to supply. \u201c ultimately, all we care about is making power in equal power", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5014404215699075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.306829"} {"text": "energy and resources, is a believer. he spends much of his time studying what \u2019 s known as demand response, or load flexibility, in which users adjust their demand according to supply. \u201c ultimately, all we care about is making power in equal power out, \u201d he says. \u201c if you can accomplish that by encouraging electricity consumption at different times, you can do it without having to build more storage infrastructure. \u201d manual demand response \u2014 where utilities phone their customers and ask them to please ease back on the air conditioning \u2014 has been around for decades, but the new wave is automated, continuous, and sufficiently seamless that most people won \u2019 t even notice. it works by sending wireless signals to smart appliances and other devices \u2014 again with the help of smart meters \u2014 about how much energy to use within a set of consumer - determined performance parameters that could potentially be programmed, like a thermostat or light timer. the aim isn \u2019 t just to use less energy, callaway says, but to use it at the right times. such a fine - toothed approach, which will require both technological advances and regulatory work to become feasible, would help the grid adapt to the uneven profile of renewables on an ongoing basis, as well as avoid outages during peak events. sometimes energy draw can even be nudged upward to account for renewables. in 2010, a storm caused a field of wind turbines in oregon \u2019 s columbia river gorge to nearly overwhelm the grid with power, prompting local agencies to pilot a new method of storing excess electricity : remotely cranking up the dial on special water and space heaters inside participating customers \u2019 homes. information is power successfully adopting both batteries and demand response will take an intimate understanding of how california \u2019 s grid functions on a real - time basis. that \u2019 s precisely the goal of a powerful new model out of uc berkeley, developed first for california by matthias fripp, m. s. \u2019 03, ph. d. \u2019 08, erg, while completing his dissertation and later expanded to all of western north america and then overseas by dan kammen and his students. kammen is the director of the renewable and appropriate energy laboratory, an erg and goldman school of public policy professor who was fripp \u2019 s faculty advisor. california \u2019 s energy commission and air resources board have already begun to employ the model to calculate carbon emissions caused by electricity generation, kammen says. but it can also be used to solve for both cost and reliability, especially in regard to the intermittent output of most renewable", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5189280479342796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.308443"} {"text": "energy commission and air resources board have already begun to employ the model to calculate carbon emissions caused by electricity generation, kammen says. but it can also be used to solve for both cost and reliability, especially in regard to the intermittent output of most renewables. \u201c on the supply side for wind and solar, we \u2019 re incredibly detailed, \u201d kammen says. the model integrates current meteorological data and will permit electricity infrastructure and operational issues to be integrated with data on current and forecasted climate change, which allows a diverse power supply pool to be managed with far more sophistication than it is today, kammen says. \u201c the energy world of the future will look more like a real - time ebay. ultimately your house, car, and the local industry can all be seen as buyers and sellers of energy, ideally valued highly on their cleanliness. \u201d in other words, california is on the brink of experiencing radical changes not only to how electricity is generated and consumed, but also to how it \u2019 s distributed. some of the technology needed to make that happen already exists ; some of it still needs to be developed. yet with the world \u2019 s eighth - largest economy this committed to the cause, the biggest question left to answer isn \u2019 t if, but when.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4859690877533036, "token_count": 258, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.309857"} {"text": "i was reminded this morning of why twitter can be so useful \u2013 i usually check the latest # mathchat tweets and saw richard wade \u2019 s tweet with a link to the latest teach maths newsletter, on \u2018 ten great ideas \u2019. the first item includes this wonderful composite number tree by jeffrey ventrella \u2013 i \u2019 m looking forward to trying that with students after half term. i think it would make a great starter. students could work out themselves how the tree is being formed and comment on any patterns they notice. also included in the first newsletter item is the excellent primitives application by alec mceachran, i included this myself with some resources for looking at prime factors in an earlier post. it \u2019 s a small world! i see the second item is on craig barton \u2019 s web whizz video on teachmathematics. you can see all craig \u2019 s videos here on tes resources. on wolframalpha, if you query on a word you can see a word frequency history, see this on mathematics for example ( the history is based on a google books sample of one million books ). an opportunity for some cross curricular work perhaps? wolframalpha is still free to check working for as many queries as you want making it very useful for students but now step by step solutions are limited to three a day unless you sign up to wolframalpha pro, so choose your three carefully! the new style step by step solutions are clearly presented \u2013 see this integration by parts for example : ( see this page for wolframalpha examples showing the syntax for many different queries. i have added a couple of new slideshows for older students recently, on set theory & logic and differential equations ). finally, still on the subject of reading, i enjoyed andrew old \u2019 s post on \u2018 what ofsted say they want \u2019. just what is good teaching all about? this is so sensible! for uk teachers i hope you enjoyed half term last week or like me are looking forward to a week off this coming week!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5671675472199494, "token_count": 420, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.313061"} {"text": "hull - oakes lumber company ' s steam - powered sawmill : a case study in industrial archaeology hull - oakes lumber company ' s steam - powered sawmill : a case study in industrial archaeology, by george b. wisner. by examining the combined written, ethnographic and physical evidence of a surviving steam - powered sawmill in the douglas - fir region of the pacific northwest, this monograph seeks to supply new insights into the operation and adaptability of antiquated machinery during a period of rapid social and technological change and to develop a descriptive model for the sawmill industry. steam - powered sawmills, those mills using steam power to operate primary and secondary lumber - cutting saws, are now dinosaurs in the sawmill industry. they are a vanishing example of a mechanical process once common throughout america. this monograph describes a last - of - its - kind commercially - operating medium - sized steam - powered sawmill, the hull - oakes lumber co., inc., sawmill in south benton county, oregon. it also explores how this sawmill survived through specialization rather than through wholesale adoption of emerging technologies. by examining a surviving sawmill that uses antiquated machinery, this monograph captures, in part, the way of life of the builders and practicers of the arts the industry represents ; it also offers new insights for future researchers seeking to understand and explain industrial adaptability and cultural remains from similar sites. it does this by describing through words, photographs, diagrams and maps how such mills worked, what the machinery and its parts looked like, and what physical traces such mills might be expected to leave after they are gone.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4825918217344881, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.315183"} {"text": "economics model answers two introductory : 1. in a free market, the price and quantity at which goods are sold are where _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ equals _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. supply equals demand 2. suppose the price demand curve is p = $ 20 - q, where p is price and q is quantity. also suppose the price supply curve is p = $ 4 + q. at what price and quantity will the good be sold? the good is sold where supply equals demand. that means the supply p must equal the demand p, and the supply q must equal the demand q. this can be found by graphing the above two equations and seeing where they intersect, or by solving them by setting p to the same value in both : - p = $ 20 \u2212 q - p = $ 4 + q - 20 \u2212 q = 4 + q - 20 = 4 + 2q - 4 + 2q = 20 - 2q = 16 - q = 8 plugging this back into the first equation gives p : - p = $ 20 \u2212 q = $ 20 \u2212 8 = $ 12 checking our work, we plug this p and q into the second equation : - 12 = 4 + 8 = 12 answer : q = 8, p = $ 12 intermediate : 3. draw the supply and demand for air. in addition, draw the supply and demand for a good that costs $ 10000000000000000000000000 trillion dollars. the demand curve for air must be at a zero price, which is the x - axis ( p = 0 everywhere, although note that if the quantity of air ever approached zero then the demand price would sharply increase as people would pay to survive ). the supply curve for air must be at fixed quantity, and hence a vertical line. they must intersect at p = 0, q = amount of air in the atmosphere : note, however, that air is not a scarce good, and that is why its supply and demand curves are so unusual and nonsensical. the point where supply equals demand for an extremely expensive good must be at low quantity q. from there the supply curve would slope upwards, and the demand curve would slope downwards : ( thanks to kevin for both graphs above ) 4. suppose 1000 persons in a town each have the following weekly demands for gas, and the gas stations have the following weekly supplies : gallons demand price / gallon supply price / gallon 10 $ 2. 50 $. 50 20 $ 2 $.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5061661764135296, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.323159"} {"text": ") 4. suppose 1000 persons in a town each have the following weekly demands for gas, and the gas stations have the following weekly supplies : gallons demand price / gallon supply price / gallon 10 $ 2. 50 $. 50 20 $ 2 $. 75 30 $ 1 $ 1 40 $. 75 $ 1. 50 ( a ) what is the price and overall quantity of gas sold each week? the price and quantity at which the good ( gas ) is sold is where supply equals demand. that means that the p for supply equals the p for demand, and the q for supply equals the q for demand. looking at the above table, where do both the p and q for supply equal the corresponding p and q for demand? that occurs on the third line above : q equals 30 for both supply and demand, and p equals $ 1 for both supply and demand. the answer is there : p = $ 1, q = 30. ( b ) suppose congress declares war and imposes a price control of $. 75 per gallon. at what price and overall quantity will gas sell each week? when price p is fixed by the government at $. 75, then what is the corresponding q supply and demand? looking at the table, the corresponding q in the supply column is 20 gallons, and the corresponding q in the demand column is 40 gallons. the lower number is what matters, because nothing can be bought unless it is both supplied and demanded. so the supply is 20 gallons and that is what is sold at $. 75 per gallon. that is 20 times 0. 75 = $ 15 per person, or $ 15, 000 for the whole town. some may try to buy and sell gas illegally at a higher price, as illegal markets often develop when there are price controls. 5. suppose the government limits the supply of toyota cars that can be imported in 2008 to a certain quota. what effect does this have on the supply curve, and on the equilibrium price? who is helped by this import quota, and who is hurt? be as specific as possible. import quotas cause the supply curve to shift upward, and for the equilibrium where supply meets demand to shift to less quantity at a greater price. the consumers are hurt by import quotas, and everyone pays more for the cars and some people who wanted the car at its lower, free market price, cannot buy it at the higher price. sellers of toyota cars are helped because they make bigger profits per car sold, although they cannot sell as many as before. 6. suppose you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5247524501830305, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.324219"} {"text": "some people who wanted the car at its lower, free market price, cannot buy it at the higher price. sellers of toyota cars are helped because they make bigger profits per car sold, although they cannot sell as many as before. 6. suppose you went to see the opening of your favorite new movie, but it is sold out. however, there are four independent scalpers are ( illegally ) reselling their tickets outside. four strangers are each willing to pay the scalpers at most $ 15, $ 10, $ 9 and $ 8 for a ticket. the scalpers are initially willing to sell each of their tickets for at least $ 7, $ 8, $ 9, and $ 12. the eight of you get together and bargain, and then tickets are sold at a common price. what is the price and how many tickets sell at that price? should scalping be illegal in new jersey? one customer ( c1 ) is willing to pay $ 15. another customer ( c2 ) is willing to pay $ 10. likewise, customers c3 will pay $ 9 and c4 will pay $ 8. one scalper ( s1 ) scalper willing to sell for $ 7, scalper s2 will sell at $ 8, s3 will sell at $ 9, and s4 at $ 12. c1, c2, and c3 will all be willing to buy tickets from s1, s2, and s3 at $ 9. s4 is not willing to sell at the price, and c4 is not willing to buy at the that price, so both choose not to deal. three tickets are thus sold at the \" common price \" or market price of $ 9 each. scalping is a form of free market activity. if there are willing buyers and sellers for the tickets, then why interfere with these sales? scalping is illegal in new jersey, but still happens illegally. honors : write an essay of about 300 words total on one or more of the following topics : 7. should government regulations require and monitor honest and full disclosure of information by sellers to buyers? for the buyer to make informed decisions, he must have information. even \" buyer beware \" ( caveat emptor ) assumes a buyer who can find information. the seller has the information, and regulations requiring it to tell the buyer seem helpful to free enterprise. 8. should price discrimination be illegal? for banning price discrimination : a common price encourages more economic activity. for allowing price discrimination : if buyers and sellers are willing to exchange at different prices,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4543523167641303, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.325184"} {"text": "b2 : a mixture of 2 % biodiesel and 98 % petroleum diesel based on volume. b20 : a mixture of 20 % biodiesel and 80 % petroleum diesel based on volume. b100 : 100 % biodiesel, also known as \u201c neat \u201d biodiesel. biodiesel : a biodegradable transportation fuel for use in diesel engines that is produced through the transesterfication of organically - derived oils or fats. it may be used either as a replacement for or as a component of diesel fuel. carbon dioxide ( co2 ) : a colorless, odorless gas produced by respiration and combustion of carbon - containing fuels. plants use it as a food. e10 : a mixture of 10 % ethanol and 90 % gasoline based on volume. e85 : a mixture of 85 % ethanol and 15 % gasoline based on volume. ethanol ( ch3ch2oh ) : a colorless, flammable liquid produced by fermentation of sugars. used as a fuel oxygenate and found in alcoholic beverages. fermentation : a biochemical reaction that breaks down complex organic molecules ( such as carbohydrates ) into simpler materials ( such as ethanol, carbon dioxide and water ). bacteria or yeasts can ferment sugars to ethanol. glycerin ( c3h8o3 ) : a liquid by - product of biodiesel production. glycerin is used in the manufacture of dynamite, cosmetics, liquid soaps, inks and lubricants. hydrocarbon ( hc ) : an organic compound that contains only hydrogen and carbon. in vehicle emissions, these are usually vapors created from incomplete combustion or from vaporization of liquid gasoline. emissions of hydrocarbons contribute to ground level ozone. methyl - tertiary butyl ester ( mtbe ) : a fuel oxygenate made from petroleum. it does not biodegrade and can contaminate groundwater. nitrogen oxides ( nox ) : a product of photochemical reactions of nitric oxide in ambient air, and the major component of photochemical smog. oxygenate : a compound which contains oxygen in its molecular structure. ethanol and biodiesel act as oxygenates when they are blended with conventional fuels. oxygenated fuel improves combustion efficiency and reduces tailpipe emissions of co. ozone : a compound that is formed when oxygen and other compounds react in sunlight. in the upper atmosphere, ozone protects the earth from the sun ' s ultraviolet rays. though beneficial in the upper atmosphere,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5579403278266024, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.328350"} {"text": "combustion efficiency and reduces tailpipe emissions of co. ozone : a compound that is formed when oxygen and other compounds react in sunlight. in the upper atmosphere, ozone protects the earth from the sun ' s ultraviolet rays. though beneficial in the upper atmosphere, at ground level, ozone is called photochemical smog, and is a respiratory irritant and considered a pollutant. particulates : a fine liquid or solid particle such as dust, smoke, fumes, or smog, found in air or emissions. petroleum : any petroleum - based substance comprising a complex blend of hydrocarbons derived from crude oil through the process of separation, conversion, upgrading, and finishing, including motor fuel, jet oil, lubricants, petroleum solvents, and used oil. sulfur : a natural part of petroleum diesel fuel that is reduced during refining due to an epa mandate. sulfur increases petroleum diesel ' s lubricity and therefore engine life. sulfur oxides and sulfides in exhaust emissions are major components of acid rain. transesterfication : a chemical process which reacts an alcohol with the triglycerides contained in vegetable oils and animal fats to produce biodiesel and glycerin. source : department of energy, national biodiesel board and renewable fuels association. information at your fingertips industry association web sites are primed with information on biodiesel and ethanol. visit the following sites to learn more on both topics, including locations on where to purchase biodiesel in your area :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5934674268316773, "token_count": 304, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.328950"} {"text": "weeds that survive an initial herbicide application are often re - sprayed later in the season. however, according to university of illinois associate professor of weed science aaron hager, the likelihood of controlling larger, moisture - stressed weeds continues to decline. moreover, herbicides applied late in the season are more likely to persist long enough to injure sensitive rotational crops. nearly all herbicide labels ( soil - applied or post - emergence ) specify the interval between herbicide application and planting a rotational crop. some of these restrictions are based solely on time, while others take into account factors such as soil ph and the amount of precipitation received after herbicide application when determining interval length. \u201c soil moisture is often the most critical factor governing the efficacy and persistence of soil - residual herbicides, \u201d hager says. \u201c many herbicides are degraded in soil by the activity of soil microorganisms, and populations of these microorganisms can be greatly depressed when soil moisture is limited. \u201d dry soils can also enhance herbicide adsorption to soil colloids, thus rendering the herbicide unavailable for plant uptake and degradation by soil microbial populations. some herbicide rotational intervals are increased if a specified amount of precipitation is not received by a certain calendar date. the intervals are established to prevent herbicide residues from reaching levels that will adversely affect the rotational crop. respecting these intervals becomes particularly important with late - season herbicide applications and when soil moisture is limited. \u201c please keep in mind that the labels of almost all post - emergence soybean herbicides indicate a pre - harvest interval or a soybean developmental stage beyond which applications cannot be made, \u201d says hager. labels of some products may indicate both a developmental stage ( before soybean bloom, for example ) and a pre - harvest interval. preharvest intervals indicate the amount of time that must elapse between the herbicide application and crop harvest. failure to observe the preharvest interval may result in herbicide residue levels in the harvested portion of the crop in excess of established limits. moreover, labels on many postemergence soybean herbicides specify that foraging of, or grazing livestock on, treated soybean is not allowed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5079419583816828, "token_count": 449, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.331389"} {"text": "as d. w. notes, the distinction made between \" bit - based \" and \" word - based \" stream ciphers in the source you cite is irrelevant to the end - user. for both kinds of stream ciphers ( as well as for block ciphers in streaming modes like ctr or ofb ), the manner in which the keystream is combined with the plaintext is always the same : bitwise xor, which operates at the bit level but is easily parallelized both in hardware and in software. in any case, the actual distinction they seem to be making is between lfsr - based stream ciphers, which sequentially output one bit per iteration, and ciphers such as rc4 ( and, presumably, block ciphers in streaming modes ) which generate their output bitstream in larger chunks. lfsr - based stream ciphers have generally been designed for direct hardware implementation, where they have the advantage of simplicity, but they ' ve traditionally suffered from poor performance in software ; whereas in hardware it ' s easy to shuffle single bits around and combine them using simple logic gates, typical cpus are designed for carrying out higher - level operations on chunks of 8, 16, 32, 64 or 128 bits in parallel. running a cipher that operates on single bits in software thus wastes most of the cpu ' s power, unless the algorithm can be reformulated to operate on many bits in parallel, something that many older lfsr - based cipher designs haven ' t been very well suited for. on the other hand, ciphers like rc4 were designed for software implementation from the beginning, and do very well there. ( although rc4 itself operates on 8 - bit bytes, which is arguably suboptimal for modern high - end cpus, its simplicity still keeps is competitive there. besides, there are still plenty of 8 - bit processors around in embedded devices and such. ) however, they often make use of features that are difficult and costly to implement in hardware, such as access to relatively large amounts of ram ( e. g. 258 bytes for rc4, accessed in an essentially random order ). in recent years, though, the trend in stream cipher design has been towards ciphers that blur these lines, being efficient to implement in both hardware and software. good examples can be found e. g. in the estream portfolio : the trivium cipher, for example, is fundamentally a \" bit - based \" shift register design, and can indeed be implemented as such if desired ; however", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6069416389492255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.335447"} {"text": "forest ecosystems : current research regional fire / climate relationships in the pacific northwest and beyond fire exerts a strong influence on the structure and function of many terrestrial ecosystems. in forested ecosystems, the factors controlling the frequency, intensity, and size of fires are complex and operate at different spatial and temporal scales. since climate strongly influences most of these factors ( such as vegetation structure and fuel moisture ), understanding the past and present relationships between climate and fire is essential to developing strategies for managing fire - prone ecosystems in an era of rapid climate change. the influence of climate change and climate variability on fire regimes and large fire events in the pacific northwest ( pnw ) and beyond is the focus of this project. there is mounting evidence that a detectable relationship exists between extreme fire years in the west and pacific ocean circulation anomalies. the el nino / southern oscillation ( enso ) influences fire in the southwest ( sw ) and the pacific decadal oscillation ( pdo ) appears to be related to fire in the pnw and northern rockies ( nr ). however, there are reasons to expect that processes driving fire in pnw, sw, and nr are not constant in their relative influence on fire through time or across space and that their differentiation is not stationary through time or across space. - how regionally specific is the relationship between large fire events and precipitation / atmospheric anomalies associated with enso and pdo during the modern record? - what do tree - ring and other paleo - records tell us about the temporal variability of the patterns of fire / climate relationships? - how is climate change likely to influence climate / fire relationships given the demonstrated influences of climate variability? figure 1 a simple model of climate \u2013 fire - vegetation linkages. this project emphasizes the mechanisms and variability indicated by ( 1 ). for publications on climate impacts on pnw forest ecosystems, please see cig publications. gedalof, z. 2002. links between pacific basin climatic variability and natural systems of the pacific northwest. phd dissertation, school of forestry, university of washington, seattle. littell, j. s. 2002. determinants of fire regime variability in lower elevation forests of the northern greater yellowstone ecosystem. m. s. thesis, big sky institute / department of land resources and environmental sciences, montana state university, bozeman. mote, p. w., w. s. keeton, and j. f. franklin. 1999. decadal variations in forest fire activity in the pacific northwest.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4694209547034805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.338051"} {"text": "linear regression using numpy a linear regression line is of the form w1x + w2 = y and it is the line that minimizes the sum of the squares of the distance from each data point to the line. so, given n pairs of data ( xi, yi ), the parameters that we are looking for are w1 and w2 which minimize the error and we can compute the parameter vector w = ( w1, w2 ) t as the least - squares solution of the following over - determined system let ' s use numpy to compute the regression line : from numpy import arange, array, ones, random, linalg from pylab import plot, show xi = arange ( 0, 9 ) a = array ( [ xi, ones ( 9 ) ] ) # linearly generated sequence y = [ 19, 20, 20. 5, 21. 5, 22, 23, 23, 25. 5, 24 ] w = linalg. lstsq ( a. t, y ) # obtaining the parameters # plotting the line line = w * xi + w # regression line plot ( xi, line, ' r - ', xi, y, ' o ' ) show ( ) we can see the result in the plot below. you can find more about data fitting using numpy in the following posts : ( note : opinions expressed in this article and its replies are the opinions of their respective authors and not those of dzone, inc. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5016089298054581, "token_count": 308, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.339655"} {"text": "the sermon below was preached by rev. dan harper at the unitarian universalist church of palo alto, california, at the 9 : 30 a. m. and 11 : 00 a. m. services. the sermon text below is a reading text ; the actual sermon contained improvisation and extemporaneous remarks. sermon copyright ( c ) 2012 daniel harper. i \u2019 d like to begin this morning by talking with you a little bit about the origins of memorial day : where and when it started, and for what purpose. and after we talk about the origins of memorial day, then i \u2019 d like to talk with you about how the situation we find ourselves in today is quite different from time of the origin of memorial day, and given the changed situation i \u2019 ll speak about how we might adequately memorialize the wars in iraq and afghanistan. historian david blight tells us that the first recorded instance of memorial day took placed in charleston, south carolina, on may 1, 1865. the city of charleston had been evacuated, and most of the non - combatants remaining in the city were african americans who could not get out. also present were the union troops who had defeated the confederate army, and a few white abolitionists. during the war, the confederate army had established a prison camp on the site of a race course in charleston. 257 union soldiers had died in that prison camp, and were dumped unceremoniously into a mass grave. in april, 1865, the african american community of charleston decided to create a proper gravesite for the union dead buried in that mass grave. they disinterred the bodies from the mass graves, and reinterred them in individual graves ; then african american carpenters built a fence around the new grave yard. to officially open this new grave yard for civil war dead, the african american community organized a parade of some ten thousand people, including african american schoolchildren and ordinary african american citizens. white americans were represented by some nearby union regiments, and some white abolitionists. all these people gathered in the new graveyard. they listened to preachers. they sang songs like \u201c america the beautiful \u201d and \u201c john brown \u2019 s body \u201d and old spirituals. and at last they settled down to picnics, and while they ate they could watch the union regiments march in formation. that, according to david blight, was the first recorded celebration of memorial day. but times were different then, and that was a very different war from today \u2019 s wars in iraq and afghanistan. on his web site, blight", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4264851624448581, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.352046"} {"text": "in formation. that, according to david blight, was the first recorded celebration of memorial day. but times were different then, and that was a very different war from today \u2019 s wars in iraq and afghanistan. on his web site, blight writes : \u201c at the end of the civil war the dead were everywhere, some in half buried coffins and some visible only as unidentified bones strewn on the killing fields of virginia or georgia. \u201d today, we don \u2019 t see the war dead. the most we might see is a photograph or video of a coffin neatly draped with an american flag, accompanied by soldiers in full dress uniform, being taken off an airplane that has just arrived from overseas. today, we are not confronted with the physical reality of the bodies of war dead. when it came to memorializing the war dead, the african american community of charleston had a straightforward task in 1865 : after the fighting was over, create an adequate graveyard, and respectfully reinter the union war dead into that new graveyard. but we have no such well - defined, concrete tasks. because the wars in iraq and afghanistan are so far away and such a small percentage of the population have actually fought in those wars, memorializing them is not going to be straightforward ; and to complicate matters further, the fighting isn \u2019 t even over in afghanistan. the 2005 poem \u201c ashbah \u201d by brian turner, a talented poet who served in the infantry in iraq in 2003 - 2004, captures something of the problem we face. in the poem, the ghosts of american soldiers are alone and cannot find their way home. even though they are exhausted, they keep trying to find their way home, unsure which way to go. the iraqi dead are, of course, already home, and they can watch the american soldiers from a safe perch on the rooftops ; but as i imagine the scene, the iraqi dead would just as soon the american dead would figure out how to get home so that they, the iraqi dead, could have their streets back. now obviously this poem is not literally true. the poet did not see the ghosts of dead americans literally wandering the streets of balad, and the iraqi dead were not literally sitting on the rooftops watching them. but there is symbolic truth in this poem. for me, part of the symbolic truth in the poem lies in the fact that the war dead of iraq and afghanistan remain ghostlike and insubstantial to most americans. the vast majority of us have not seen the body of someone who died in iraq or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4527694291215566, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.353941"} {"text": ", part of the symbolic truth in the poem lies in the fact that the war dead of iraq and afghanistan remain ghostlike and insubstantial to most americans. the vast majority of us have not seen the body of someone who died in iraq or afghanistan. indeed, i would be willing to bet that the majority of americans don \u2019 t even know someone who died in iraq or afghanistan. although something on the order of six thousand five hundred soldiers have died in combat in iraq and afghanistan [ link ], this number is tiny compared to the three hundred million people who live in the united states today. because so few soldiers have died relative to the total population of the united states, it \u2019 s easy for us to spend very little time thinking about the war dead. i don \u2019 t want to say that we ignore the war dead ; certainly we don \u2019 t do that ; but we concentrate on other things. those of us who are politically active might concentrate on advocating for policy changes that will keep us out of another long - term military engagement like iraq and afghanistan. or \u2014 and i think this is more likely among us here \u2014 those of us who are politically active have turned our attention to problems that seem more pressing, like global climate change or election reform or homelessness in palo alto or food security or one of the many ethical and political challenges facing us today. this is not a bad thing : lord knows, we are faced with a great many pressing problems ; and we do the best we can to address those problems, but one person can only do so much. if, for example, you \u2019 re going to tackle global climate change, a problem that can be morally and psychologically draining, you may not have much energy left over for other ethical challenges. we \u2019 re doing the best we can to make this world a better place. but most of us have turned out attention away from the war in iraq and afghanistan. and as a result, those ghosts of american soldiers that brian turner writes about in his poem still wander the streets of balad by night, still unsure of their way home, still exhausted. i \u2019 m not trying to make you feel guilty about the war dead. i \u2019 m not asking you \u2014 many of whom work 70 hours a week at your job, take care of your family, volunteer in the community, and work on social justice projects besides \u2014 i \u2019 m not asking you to do one more thing to make the world a better place. you do enough as it is. but because this is memorial day, i would", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4259431322967033, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.357297"} {"text": "family, volunteer in the community, and work on social justice projects besides \u2014 i \u2019 m not asking you to do one more thing to make the world a better place. you do enough as it is. but because this is memorial day, i would like to remind you of three things we already do that can help memorialize the war dead, and thus help those ghosts of american soldiers find their way home, find rest. first, as religious people we are not afraid to talk about death and about those who have died. in this, we are quite different from mainstream american society, which prefers to ignore the fact of death. at the beginning of the war in iraq and afghanistan, the bush administration carefully enforced a long - standing pentagon ban on media coverage of the arrival of coffins containing dead soldiers from overseas. this pentagon ban had been in effect since the first gulf war, and while some critics accused the bush administration of using the ban for propaganda purposes, it always seemed to me that the pentagon and the government were also motivated by a typical american squeamishness when it comes to death, a typical american denial of the reality of death. but as religious people, we are less likely to deny the reality of death. a central part of what we do as religious people is we celebrate rites of passage, including memorial services for those who have died. many of us here this morning have been in this room for a memorial service ; and when we come here on sunday mornings, we will always be aware of the dual use of this room. the very nature of our religious community helps us be free of the unhealthy american denial of death. because we don \u2019 t deny the reality of death, we are better able to understand that our actions as a nation have resulted in very real deaths in iraq and afghanistan. by confronting the reality of the deaths in iraq and afghanistan, we are taking a step towards allowing the ghosts in the poem to find their way home, metaphorically speaking. and when those ghosts of american soldiers leave the streets of iraq and afghanistan, then the iraqi war dead, and the afghani war dead, can come down from their roof tops. second, as religious people we engage in critical patriotism. let me explain what i mean by \u201c critical patriotism. \u201d as religious people, we have a strong allegiance to certain moral and ethical principles, and our allegiance to those moral and ethical principles can be stronger than our allegiance to our nation. for example, as unitarian universalists we say that one of our ethical principles", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43739855042353326, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.360692"} {"text": "as religious people, we have a strong allegiance to certain moral and ethical principles, and our allegiance to those moral and ethical principles can be stronger than our allegiance to our nation. for example, as unitarian universalists we say that one of our ethical principles is that we affirm the inherent worth and dignity of all persons. we adopted that particular principle in 1985, but it has roots going back much further than that. that particular ethical principle can trace its roots back to the golden rule, a far older ethical principle that states that we shall do unto others as we would have them do unto us. unitarians and universalists got the golden rule from the ethical teachings of jesus of nazareth, who was reported to have told his followers a form of the golden rule some two thousand years ago. but jesus did not make up the golden rule ; he was restating an even older ethical precept that he got from his jewish upbringing. in the torah, those jewish books traditionally supposed to have been written by moses, in the book of leviticus, chapter 19, verse 18, it states : \u201c thou shalt not avenge, nor bear any grudge against the children of thy people, but thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself. \u201d the book of leviticus is at least two thousand five hundred years old, in its present form, though it is made up of even older material ; and surely the golden rule is among the older material in the book. suffice it to say that we are the inheritors of a religious tradition that has affirmed the ideal of this ethical precept for thousands of years. obviously, then, our ethical tradition can trace its roots back to well before the founding of the united states. in fact, some of us would say that our ethical principles transcend any one people or nation or moment in history. the golden rule has been worded differently at different times, and we further know that there are examples of ethical principles in other cultures that sound a good deal like our golden rule. all these are specific manifestations of a general transcendent principle ; as a religious people, we owe our allegiance to this transcendent, eternally true ethical principle ; and as a religious people, we owe a greater allegiance to this transcendent ethical principle than we do to the relatively short - lived american nation. our adherence to such transcendent ethical principles leads us to what i \u2019 m calling \u201c critical patriotism. \u201d we do owe patriotic feelings towards the united states ; but our patriotic feelings will never", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5067945826794489, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.362102"} {"text": "we do to the relatively short - lived american nation. our adherence to such transcendent ethical principles leads us to what i \u2019 m calling \u201c critical patriotism. \u201d we do owe patriotic feelings towards the united states ; but our patriotic feelings will never overpower our allegiance to our higher ethical precepts. indeed, the opposite is the case : we must critically examine our country \u2019 s actions and policies in light of our higher ethical precepts. such critical patriotism allows us to look with open eyes on the reasons and motivations behind our military actions in iraq and afghanistan. if we as americans are not honest about our motivations for going into iraq and afghanistan, it \u2019 s going to be difficult for those ghosts of american soldiers in the streets of balad to be able to come home. critical patriotism allows us to see that some of the reasons for starting these wars could be ethically justified, and other reasons could not be ethically justified ; critical patriotism allows us to decide which reasons for war pass muster with our own transcendent ethical principles, and which reasons for war do not pass muster. this kind of careful ethical examination of the war, and an attendant acceptance of responsibility as american citizens, is one of the things that we as a religious people do as a matter of course. we take the time to reflect upon, and to sort through the enormously complex ethical arguments surrounding the war. and this kind of ethical reflection, this kind of critical patriotism, is another step we take towards allowing the ghosts in the poem to find rest, to find their way home. third \u2014 and this is a corollary to the last point \u2014 we can affirm that religion is an important moral and ethical counterweight to politics. political decisions are often made from expediency, and made in a hurry, without time for adequate ethical reflection. at its best, organized religion can serve as a metaphorical place where we can take the time to reflect seriously on the ethical implications of political decisions. one of the reasons that the ghosts of the american soldiers roam the streets of balad in the poem is that they have not been memorialized by american society, except in the most superficial way. of course they have been memorialized by their army buddies, and of course they have been mourned by their families. but wider american society has done little more than assert \u201c we support our troops. \u201d that last statement does not constitute adequate ethical reflection on the death of american soldiers. but by carefully reflecting on the death of american", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48341963419169764, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.363310"} {"text": "been mourned by their families. but wider american society has done little more than assert \u201c we support our troops. \u201d that last statement does not constitute adequate ethical reflection on the death of american soldiers. but by carefully reflecting on the death of american soldiers \u2014 and on the death of iraqi and afghani civilians, and on the death of other soldiers, for that matter \u2014 by such careful reflection, we can lay the metaphorical ghosts to rest. we can engage in this ethical reflection through our ongoing participation in the democratic process. most obviously, you and i can engage in ethical reflection through carefully exercising our right to vote. we have a primary election coming up very soon here in california, and the national election is only a few months away. it is our duty as religious people to carefully study the issues in the election, and then to reflect on the moral and ethical implications of those issues, to consider how our vote can be a moral and ethical response to american policy. of course any vote is going to be something of a compromise \u2014 reality never seems to match our transcendent ethical ideals \u2014 but with careful reflection, our participation in the democratic process can have a worthwhile moral and ethical outcome. back in may of 1865, the african american community of charleston, south carolina, had a fairly straightforward task : to memorialize the civil war dead by disinterring their bodies from a mass grave into a graveyard that was more in keeping with the respect that was due to them. our task today, memorializing the dead from the war in iraq and afghanistan, is not quite so physical and concrete. but there are some straightforward things we can do to memorialize our war dead. we can be honest about death, and not try to deny the reality of the war dead. we can affirm our transcendent moral and ethical ideals, and in so doing we can engage in a kind of critical patriotism. and finally we can understand our religious ideals as a moral counterweight to politics, so that when we participate in democracy we will have a moral impact on the country. these are the things we can do to memorialize the war dead. and so, at last, may the ghosts of american soldiers wandering the streets of balad at night find their way home once again.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4471651581580032, "token_count": 459, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.364417"} {"text": "keith griffin begins with a macroeconomic overview. the statistics can only hint at the trauma inflicted on mongolia by the economic \" shock therapy \" that started in 1990 and was exacerbated by the dzuds ( winter storms ) that struck in 1999 / 2000 and 2000 / 2001. gdp dropped by over 20 % in the first four years before returning almost to where it had been by 2000 ; per - capita income fared much worse. the decade also saw increases in insecurity and inequality and a decrease in human capital. mark d. brenner considers different measures of poverty. officially around 30 % of the population were poor in 2000, but the figure rises to 50 % using more standard metrics and as high as 70 % with a basic capabilities analysis. he also looks at inequality, structural changes, and adaptive responses by the poor. he argues for more poverty assistance targeted at lower levels of government, at aimag, soum, and even bag levels. a second chapter by keith griffin describes how shock therapy induced urban - to - rural migration and increased the relative importance of the livestock sector, though at the same time decreasing its productivity in a kind of \" pastoral involution \". the removal of the negdel cooperatives that had managed pastures, combined with a mandated \" free - for - all \" commons, has created a range of problems ; griffin suggests leasing fees and pasture rights as a solution. takayoshi kusago surveys employment and productivity in different sectors, covering demographic and geographic variation and the informal sector. he recommends encouragement of small and medium sized industries in agriculture and manufacturing, improving credit for small businesses, public works schemes, decentralised incubation centres for micro - enterprises, and the rehabilitation of schools \u2014 backed by a social safety net and some kind of micro - insurance against accidents or illness. on environmental issues, amy ickowitz looks at the distribution of overgrazing and expands on griffin ' s analysis of problems with mandated \" open access \" to pasture. she suggests group land tenure rather than individual titles and fees for access to pasture, water and winter shelters, with the proceeds used to maintain and extend basic infrastructure. she also touches on deforestation, mining and urban pollution. two chapters by terry mckinley address governance issues. the first describes the outcomes and lessons of the six year national poverty alleviation programme started in 1994, which had some successes in building infrastructure in rural areas, but also had problems with positioning within the government. the second looks at the national development strategy and problems of coordination", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.510026470085152, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.368867"} {"text": "( this article first appeared in multinational monitor and is part of chapter 3 : chiapas via alaska : the grateful unrich : revolution in 50 countries ) a century of mining and decades of clear - cutting have taken their toll on western montana \u2019 s formerly pristine blackfoot river. once a world - class trout stream and the subject of norman mclean \u2019 s classic novel a river runs through it, the river has been transformed into a muddy concoction of heavy metals and silt flowing west from the continental divide into the clark fork river just east of missoula, montana. there are virtually no fish in the river now. the blackfoot drainage has been so badly denuded by wall street robber barons that when robert redford came to montana to produce the recent movie based on mclean \u2019 s novel, he chose to film on the gallatin river instead. in april 1992 american rivers listed the blackfoot among the ten most endangered rivers in the united states, noting that the river may not be able to withstand another industry onslaught. it now appears this day of reckoning is just around the bend. in 1989, while champion international was busy clear - cutting the lower blackfoot to feed its newly retooled mill at bonner, montana, mining firms began exploring for gold east of lincoln, montana \u2013 near the headwaters of the river. the two companies, phelps dodge and canyon resources, formed the seven - up pete venture, later renamed the mcdonald gold project. by 1992 it had become apparent that the project site contained 8. 2 million ounces of gold. if given the go - ahead, it will be the largest gold mine in north america, and one with potentially dire ecological consequences. \u201c a century of mining, grazing and logging have all but destroyed [ the blackfoot ] river, \u201d says dan funsch, outreach director for the missoula - based alliance for the wild rockies. \u201c now, for a few lousy wedding rings, the mcdonald gold project wants to finish it off. \u201d enter echo bay with gold prices on the rise and mounting opposition from environmentalists and sports enthusiasts, phelps dodge mining company announced in june 1994 that it will sell its 72 % majority share in the mcdonald gold project for $ 150 million. under the proposed deal, canyon resources corporation would increase its share of the mine from 28 % to 45 % percent. echo bay mining \u2013 a notorious canadian gold mining company \u2013 would become majority owner and operator of the mcdonald gold project. the mcdonald gold project will employ cyanide heap leaching to recover the gold.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40261463669438213, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.375391"} {"text": "the mine from 28 % to 45 % percent. echo bay mining \u2013 a notorious canadian gold mining company \u2013 would become majority owner and operator of the mcdonald gold project. the mcdonald gold project will employ cyanide heap leaching to recover the gold. in this process a cyanide solution is sprayed over heaps of extracted ore. gold settles at the bottom of the solution onto a heap leach pad and the toxic ore is hauled to a waste site. the process became popular in the mid - 1970s and has resulted in a gold mining boom in montana and elsewhere, since it is much cheaper and faster than other methods of gold mining. the environmental consequences are also much more nefarious. the project plans call for creating an open pit a square mile wide and 1, 400 feet deep that would not be reclaimed. as a result, the pit will eventually fill with runoff containing thirty - three different elements, many of which will be highly toxic metals. since the water table in the area is as high as 300 feet below the surface of the ground, many fear this toxic soup could easily contaminate the area \u2019 s drinking water. the mine is located where landers fork \u2013 an important bull trout spawning stream \u2013 and the blackfoot meet. any leaks under the leaching pad could dump cyanide into the groundwater supply or into the river itself. company representatives deny the cyanide heap leaching process is environmentally harmful. cheryl martin \u2013 director of investor relations at canyon resources corporation \u2013 claims, \u201c we feel that we can build a permittable mine that will not impact the [ blackfoot ] river in any way. \u201d rick lambert, mcdonald gold project chief engineer for phelps dodge says, \u201c you have to understand the geological situation. here we have an oxide deposit since there is primarily gold. in butte where there have been problems with acid water, the deposit is sulfide since it \u2019 s mostly copper. spraying cyanide over gold is like pouring salt into water. the only problems that could occur are if cyanide reacts with other gases. \u201d an echo bay mining representative declined to comment on the mine, stating, \u201c i cannot speak for a mine that we do not own. \u201d environmentalists fear other detrimental consequences of the mine. they note with concern that the mining project, which is expected to last 12 years, will produce 400 million tons of cyanide - laden ore waste, which will be piled near landers fork close to highway 200. some environmentalists believe the project is actually the first stage of a grand plan by the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46118209297420626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.377541"} {"text": "expected to last 12 years, will produce 400 million tons of cyanide - laden ore waste, which will be piled near landers fork close to highway 200. some environmentalists believe the project is actually the first stage of a grand plan by the mining industry. the mining companies will apparently be designing their facilities to accommodate more ore than they intend to extract at the mcdonald gold project. geological evidence points to incredible mineral wealth in the entire upper blackfoot valley. independent filmmaker and mining industry critic gene bernofsky of missoula thinks montana may be entering another round of mineral colonization. bernofsky recently won acclaim for a river cries, a film that chronicles the blackfoot \u2019 s demise and the proposed mine. he says montana may be heading toward a heyday for global mining firms comparable to the early 1900s \u2013 when the rockefeller - controlled and viciously anti - union anaconda company created what is now the biggest superfund site in the nation near missoula, montana. \u201c echo bay aspires to go down in history next to the anaconda company. we aspire to keep them out of montana, \u201d he says. the baucus connection the mcdonald gold project covers forty - four square miles of state and private lands. the private land is owned by sieben ranch corporation \u2013 the largest sheep ranch in montana owned since 1896 by the baucus family. montana \u2019 s democratic senator max baucus holds between $ 250, 000 and $ 500, 000 in stock in sieben ranch. whether baucus has a financial interest in the success of the mcdonald gold project is unclear. curt rich \u2013 baucus administrative aide who specializes in natural resources policy \u2013 says he knows of no royalties or lease agreements. \u201c siebens is run by max \u2019 s brother. max does not get involved in management decisions of the corporation, \u201d says rich, who failed to follow up on a promise to research the financial agreement between siebens and the mcdonald gold project and then contact multinational monitor. dean henderson is the author of four books : big oil & their bankers in the persian gulf : four horsemen, eight families & their global intelligence, narcotics & terror network, the grateful unrich : revolution in 50 countries, das kartell der federal reserve & stickin \u2019 it to the matrix. you can subscribe free to his weekly left hook column @ www. deanhenderson. wordpress. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.38196045638107556, "token_count": 490, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.378953"} {"text": "n. the set of things a person has to do in the future. one speaks of the next project to be attacked as having risen to the top of the stack. \" i ' m afraid i ' ve got real work to do, so this ' ll have to be pushed way down on my stack. \" \" i haven ' t done it yet because every time i pop my stack something new gets pushed. \" if you are interrupted several times in the middle of a conversation, \" my stack overflowed \" means \" i forget what we were talking about. \" the implication is that more items were pushed onto the stack than could be remembered, so the least recent items were lost. the usual physical example of a stack is to be found in a cafeteria : a pile of plates or trays sitting on a spring in a well, so that when you put one on the top they all sink down, and when you take one off the top the rest spring up a bit. see also push at mit, pdl used to be a more common synonym for stack in all these contexts, and this may still be true. everywhere else stack seems to be the preferred term. knuth ( \" the art of computer programming \", second edition, vol. 1, p. 236 ) says : many people who realized the importance of stacks and queues independently have given other names to these structures : stacks have been called push - down lists, reversion storages, cellars, nesting stores, piles, last - in - first - out ( \" lifo \" ) lists, and even yo - yo lists!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5900356397623323, "token_count": 326, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.381118"} {"text": "( noun ) middle english < old french < latin sententia \u2018 opinion, decision \u2019, equivalent to sent - ( base of sentire \u2018 to feel \u2019 ) + - entia - ence ; ( v. ) middle english : \u2018 to pass judgment, decide judicially \u2019 < old french sentencier, derivative of sentence a sentence is the largest grammatical unit in language. it communicates a complete thought \u2014 an assertion, question, command, or exclamation. in general, assertions and questions \u2014 the overwhelming majority of sentences \u2014 require a subject and a verb, put together in a way that can stand alone, resulting in what is called an independent clause ( see main clause ) : he kicked the ball is a sentence. after he kicked the ball is not a sentence ; instead it is a dependent clause ( see subordinate clause ). even though it has a subject and a verb, it needs to be connected to something in order to complete the assertion : after he kicked the ball, he fell down ; or he fell down after he kicked the ball. in the case of commands, the subject need not be written because \u201c you \u201d is understood : go home! means you go home! and exclamations clearly express excitement, alarm, anger, or the like with no need for either a subject or a verb : wow! gadzooks! ouch! in everyday speech we routinely use phrases or clauses that would not make a complete sentence \u2014 so - called sentence fragments \u2014 because the conversation or the circumstances make the meaning clear. for example, we might answer a question like \u201c where did you go? \u201d with \u201c to the store, \u201d or \u201c why can \u2019 t i stay out till midnight? \u201d with \u201c because i say so, \u201d or \u201c what are you doing? \u201d with \u201c trying to fix this toaster, \u201d instead of \u201c i went to the store, \u201d \u201c you can ' t stay out that late because i say so, \u201d or \u201c i am trying to fix this toaster. \u201d in written dialogue sentence fragments are perfectly acceptable. they would generally be regarded as sentences simply because they begin with a capital letter and end with a suitable punctuation mark. but they are not sentences in a strict grammatical sense. and as a rule, sentence fragments are frowned upon in formal or expository writing. they can be useful \u2014 indeed, powerful \u2014 but in such writing they are effective only if used sparingly, in order to achieve a deliberate special effect : we will not give", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.548469603623709, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.385002"} {"text": "central asians are therefore today a variable mix of caucasoids and mongoloids, formed over the last few millennia, although the constituent elements are still present and recognizable. the turkicization of the region was, to a large extent, the result of language shift among iranian populations ( sakas - scythians ), but not without some genetic contribution from the original turks who were a mongoloid people akin to their linguistic altaic cousins, the mongols. this mongoloid component is attenuated westward, reaching its minimum among anatolian and balkan turkish speakers. with respect to the admixture proportions ( figure top left ) presented in the paper, i have a couple of quick comments : - using modern south asians as representatives of a source population of central asia is problematic, as modern south asians are admixed, comprised of caucasoids and indigenous south asians. while south asia may have been a population source during remote periods of the paleolithic, in the more recent post - neolithic times when central asian populations were formed, south asia was a population sink. - the use of only a few autosomal markers does give a broad overview of the east - west components in these populations, but it should be noted that the use of few markers tends to overestimate minority ancestral components. even with such a small number of markers, it is evident that the separation of groups at the population level is possible, as the correspondence analysis indicates : green / european, red / east asian, blue / indo - iranian from central asia, orange / turkic from central asia. the paper includes structure results for k = 2 to k = 6. below is the structure run for k = 6 : while less distinct than what we would get with more markers, the emergence of several clusters of individuals is apparent ( from left to right : east asian, turkic, central asian iranian, south asian, west eurasian, sub - saharan ). notice how hazaras and uyghurs are islands of the turkic component in the central / south asian cluster, and how some uzbeks are iranian - like while others are turkic - like. i am reminded of an older study which found how mythology was used among some uzbek groups to create a common ancestry for groups of unrelated origin. european journal of human genetics, ( 8 september 2010 ) | doi : 10. 1038 / ejhg. 2010. 153 in the heartland of eurasia : the multilocus genetic landscape of central asian populations located in the eurasian heartland,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4892029835369802, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.389536"} {"text": ". european journal of human genetics, ( 8 september 2010 ) | doi : 10. 1038 / ejhg. 2010. 153 in the heartland of eurasia : the multilocus genetic landscape of central asian populations located in the eurasian heartland, central asia has played a major role in both the early spread of modern humans out of africa and the more recent settlements of differentiated populations across eurasia. a detailed knowledge of the peopling in this vast region would therefore greatly improve our understanding of range expansions, colonizations and recurrent migrations, including the impact of the historical expansion of eastern nomadic groups that occurred in central asia. however, despite its presumable importance, little is known about the level and the distribution of genetic variation in this region. we genotyped 26 indo - iranian - and turkic - speaking populations, belonging to six different ethnic groups, at 27 autosomal microsatellite loci. the analysis of genetic variation reveals that central asian diversity is mainly shaped by linguistic affiliation, with turkic - speaking populations forming a cluster more closely related to east - asian populations and indo - iranian speakers forming a cluster closer to western eurasians. the scattered position of uzbeks across turkic - and indo - iranian - speaking populations may reflect their origins from the union of different tribes. we propose that the complex genetic landscape of central asian populations results from the movements of eastern, turkic - speaking groups during historical times, into a long - lasting group of settled populations, which may be represented nowadays by tajiks and turkmen. contrary to what is generally thought, our results suggest that the recurrent expansions of eastern nomadic groups did not result in the complete replacement of local populations, but rather into partial admixture.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5221579491339896, "token_count": 351, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.390197"} {"text": "hanukkah begins this year on december 1st, at sundown. be honest. when i say \u201c hanukkah, \u201d the first thing you think of is the adam sandler song, talking about \u201c eight crazy nights. \u201d if you are a little more connected to jewish culture, you may also think about a dreidel or potato latkes ( pancakes ). while it \u2019 s commonly called the \u201c festival of lights, \u201d a better translation is \u201c dedication. \u201d being jewish ( circumcised at 8 days, bar mitzvah at age 13 ) and a christ - follower ( for over 15 years ), i \u2019 d like to give a brief explanation of this holiday, and why it \u2019 s a meaningful opportunity to help me worship the lord. here \u2019 s the story of hanukkah : in the 2nd century bc, antiochus epiphanes gained control over parts of the middle east, including judea ( israel ). he erected an altar to zeus in the temple in jerusalem, and sacrificed pigs there, which are unclean to jews. the maccabee family led a revolt, finally liberating jerusalem and the temple in 165 bc. before god could be properly worshiped in the temple, it had to be cleaned and dedicated. the menorah ( lamp ) had to burn continuously for 8 days for the purification process. despite there only being enough olive oil for one day, the oil miraculously lasted for 8 days and nights. that is why hanukkah is celebrated for 8 nights. most people consider this miracle to be the end in itself, and i think the bigger meaning is missed. the point isn \u2019 t just that god did a miracle, but that the miracle was the means to allow him to be properly worshiped. the temple needed to be purified in order for yahweh to be worshiped, but it couldn \u2019 t be purified unless he worked a miracle. god worked a miracle so that his people could be near him in worship. let us not miss that meaning, as we celebrate the advent of jesus christ, the light of the world ( john 8 : 12 ). i don \u2019 t think we need merely to reflect on the birth of jesus, but we need to consider why the father sent his son. god performed a miracle ( the incarnation ) not as an end to itself, but as a means to allow us to be near him in worship ( through christ \u2019 s redemptive sacrifice for our sins ). jesus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4634328581744272, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.392721"} {"text": "| oracle\u00ae fusion middleware concepts guide 11g release 1 ( 11. 1. 1 ) part number e10103 - 07 this chapter describes oracle fusion middleware. it includes the following sections : middleware is the software that connects software components or enterprise applications. middleware is the software layer that lies between the operating system and the applications on each side of a distributed computer network ( figure 1 - 1 ). typically, it supports complex, distributed business software applications. middleware is the infrastructure which facilitates creation of business applications, and provides core services like concurrency, transactions, threading, messaging, and the sca framework for service - oriented architecture ( soa ) applications. it also provides security and enables high availability functionality to your enterprise. middleware includes web servers, application servers, content management systems, and similar tools that support application development and delivery. it is especially integral to information technology based on extensible markup language ( xml ), simple object access protocol ( soap ), web services, soa, web 2. 0 infrastructure, and lightweight directory access protocol ( ldap ) m etc. figure 1 - 1 middleware architecture due to continued growth and use of network - based applications by businesses, middleware technologies are increasingly important. companies and organizations are now building enterprisewide information systems by integrating previously independent applications with new software developments. the integration process may involve legacy applications which may be used only with, or through a nonmodifiable interface. in some cases, rewriting the code for a legacy application may be cost - prohibitive. increasingly, information systems are composed of a collection of various specialized hardware devices interconnected by a network. each device performs a function that involves receipt of real time data and remote interaction with other devices of the system. some examples include computer networks, telecommunication systems, uninterrupted power supply units, and decentralized manufacturing units. interaction with the information system may span a wide range of performance. you can interact with internet applications through a variety of devices, whose characteristics and performance figures span an increasingly wide range. between a high performance personal computer, a smart telephone, and a personal digital assistant, the variations in bandwidth, local processing power, screen capacity, and the ability to display color pictures, are extremely large. hide the distributed nature of the application. an application represents a collection of interconnected parts that are operational and running in distributed locations, out of view. hide the heterogeneity of the enterprise. this includes the hardware components used, computer operating systems, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5592418682052132, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.404604"} {"text": "nature of the application. an application represents a collection of interconnected parts that are operational and running in distributed locations, out of view. hide the heterogeneity of the enterprise. this includes the hardware components used, computer operating systems, and communication protocols. provide uniform, standard, high - level interfaces to the application developers and integrators, so that applications can be easily composed, reused, ported, and made to interoperate. supply a set of common services to perform various general purpose functions to avoid duplicating efforts, and to facilitate collaboration between applications. middleware makes application development easier, by providing common programming abstractions, by masking application heterogeneity and the distribution of the underlying hardware and operating systems, and by hiding low - level programming details. the function of middleware is to mediate interaction between the parts of an application, or between applications. therefore, considerations for architectural structure play a central role in middleware design. the architectural design encompasses the organization, overall structure, and communication patterns, both for applications and for the middleware itself. besides architectural aspects, the main problems of middleware design pertain to various aspects of distributed systems. any middleware system relies on a communication layer that allows its different pieces to interoperate. in addition, communication is a function provided by middleware itself to applications, in which the communicating entities may take on different roles such as client server or peer - to - peer. middleware allows different interaction modes ( synchronous invocations, asynchronous message passing, coordination through shared objects ) embodied in different patterns. therefore, middleware system design faces several challenges : middleware systems rely on interception and indirection mechanisms, which induce performance penalties. adaptable middleware introduces additional indirections, which make the situation even worse. as applications become more and more interconnected and interdependent, the number of objects, users, and devices tends to increase. this poses the problem of the scalability of the communication and object management algorithms, and increases the complexity of administration. the availability, reliability, concurrency, security, and performance of applications may also be an issue. widespread computing is a vision of the near future, in which an increasing number of devices embedded in various physical objects participate in a global information network. mobility and dynamic reconfiguration will be dominant features, requiring permanent adaptation of the applications. managing large applications that are heterogeneous, widely distributed, and in permanent evolution raises many questions, such as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5646956935831062, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.405676"} {"text": "participate in a global information network. mobility and dynamic reconfiguration will be dominant features, requiring permanent adaptation of the applications. managing large applications that are heterogeneous, widely distributed, and in permanent evolution raises many questions, such as consistent observation, security, trade - offs between autonomy and interdependence for the different subsystems, and definition and implementation of resource management policies. service - oriented architecture ( soa ) is an architectural style whose goal is to achieve loose coupling among diverse interacting software applications, enabling organizations to take advantage of existing investments in applications and systems. soa facilitates the development of modular business services that can be easily integrated and reused, thus creating a flexible and adaptable infrastructure. using a soa approach, an organization can focus more resources and budget on innovation and on delivering new business services. systems that can successfully use soa can minimize the disruption of planned or unplanned outages in an enterprise. some of the advantages of using soa are : reduction in development time and cost : soa services are easily reused and can be rapidly assembled into new, composite applications. lower maintenance cost : reusable services reduce the number and internal complexity of enterprise services. high - quality services : increased service reuse creates high - quality services through multiple testing cycles from different service consumers. lower integration costs : standardized services know how to work together, enabling disparate applications to quickly and easily connect. reduce risk : fewer, reusable services provide greater control over corporate and it governance policies, and reduce the overall compliance risk to an enterprise. how does soa achieve loose coupling among interacting software agents? it does so by employing two architectural constraints : a small set of simple and widespread interfaces to all participating software agents. only generic semantics are encoded at the interfaces. the interfaces are universally available for all providers and consumers. descriptive messages constrained by an extensible schema delivered through the interfaces. no, or only minimal, system activity is prescribed by messages. a schema limits the vocabulary and structure of messages. an extensible schema allows new versions of services to be introduced without breaking existing services. oracle fusion middleware offers solutions to and support for complex, distributed business software applications. it includes web servers, application servers, content management systems, and similar tools that support application development and delivery. oracle fusion middleware is a collection of standards - based software products that includes a range of tools and services : from a java enterprise edition 5 ( java ee ) compliant environment, and developer tools, to integration", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5374603732241748, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.406850"} {"text": "similar tools that support application development and delivery. oracle fusion middleware is a collection of standards - based software products that includes a range of tools and services : from a java enterprise edition 5 ( java ee ) compliant environment, and developer tools, to integration services, business intelligence, collaboration, and content management. oracle fusion middleware offers complete support for development, deployment, and management. figure 1 - 2 provides an overview of the oracle fusion middleware solution. figure 1 - 2 oracle fusion middleware solution overview oracle fusion middleware offers the following solutions through its middleware design : development tools : a unified soa development tool and framework. an integrated, but modular, set of development tools to build complete applications, rather than using lots of specialized tools. the design tool includes a single design environment for user interface, business logic, service composition, business process or workflow, business rules, and business intelligence. the design tool enables simplified design and debugging, and to improve productivity. includes oracle jdeveloper, oracle toplink, oracle application development framework, and oracle eclipse. user interaction : a single, end - user environment that enable access to enterprise applications, business processes, business intelligence and to share information with each other. this end user environment is multi - channel allowing it to be accessed from a variety of different clients ( mobile clients, desktop clients, voice - over ip ( voip ) clients ). includes oracle webcenter framework and oracle portal. business intelligence : a suite of business intelligence tools from extract, transform, and load to integrate data into warehouses ; query, analysis, and reporting tools for decision support ; scorecards to compare how the business is doing against key performance indicators ; and alerting to drive notifications to users about problems in the business software. includes oracle business intelligence discoverer, oracle reports, oracle forms services, and oracle portal. content management : a repository within which to manage documents, digital assets, scanned images and other forms of content ; to integrate this content with a company ' s enterprise applications, web sites, and business processes. soa : a means of using existing investments in applications and systems most efficiently to be able to focus more resources and budget on innovation and on delivering new business services. includes oracle service bus, oracle complex event processing, oracle business rules, oracle business activity monitoring, oracle b2b, oracle bpel process manager, oracle service registry, oracle user messaging service, human workflow, oracle mediator. application server : a standards - based java ee application server to run the enterprise applications", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48044738358439115, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.407993"} {"text": ", oracle business activity monitoring, oracle b2b, oracle bpel process manager, oracle service registry, oracle user messaging service, human workflow, oracle mediator. application server : a standards - based java ee application server to run the enterprise applications and provide the web services infrastructure for interoperability. integration and business process management ( bpm ) : a standards - based service bus to connect applications with each other and with legacy systems using messaging ; a bpm or workflow engine to connect the application into a business process or workflow ; and business activity monitoring and optimize business processes in real time. security and identity management : lower cost of security administration across multiple applications and systems in an enterprise, by centralizing how users are created and provisioned, their identities, and roles and by enabling them to have single sign - on access. includes oracle internet directory, oracle virtual directory, oracle directory integration platform, oracle identity federation. enterprise management : lower cost of operations and administration by running on a grid architecture with grouping, backup, and other high availability technologies, and integrating with oracle enterprise manager for systems management. includes fusion middleware control, oracle weblogic server administration console, oracle weblogic scripting tool, oracle process manager and notification server, oracle enterprise manager 10g grid control.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49736223036841787, "token_count": 259, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.408545"} {"text": "surgery is the initial procedure in the treatment of many cancers. surgery and other invasive procedures work by removing cancerous tissues. surgical removal of the kidney offers the best option for a cure for patients able to physically tolerate the procedure. surgery also may be used to remove cancerous lesions that have spread to other organs. this is usually done to control symptoms and not to cure the disease. nephrectomy is the removal of the whole kidney. doctors may be able to remove part of the affected kidney ( partial nephrectomy ) in certain cases, such as : - the tumor is small. - the cancer is in both kidneys. - you have only one functioning kidney. nephrectomy is recommended for stage i and ii kidney cancer. nephrectomy plus removal of regional lymph nodes is common for stage iii. if the cancer has spread to the renal vein, the doctor may remove the tumor and repair the vein. the doctor may recommend an arterial embolization prior to surgery to decrease blood flow to the affected kidney. for this procedure, a catheter is inserted through the groin and threaded up to the renal artery. the doctor injects a substance into the artery to block blood flow. the surgeon makes an incision under the ribs or in the back just behind the kidney. then the surgeon removes the whole malignant kidney ( radical nephrectomy ) or a portion of the cancerous kidney ( partial nephrectomy ). he or she may also remove the adrenal gland ; one adrenal gland sits above each kidney. nearby lymph nodes may also be taken out. the incision is closed with stitches or staples, and bandaged to prevent infection. generally, this has been an open procedure. but the laparoscopic approach has become the preferred method to treat kidney cancer if suitable. with this method, small incisions are made in the skin through which a camera, light source, and surgical instruments are inserted. the surgeon performs the surgery using these tools, without cutting open the abdomen or back. with the laparoscopic approach you should have a faster recovery and spend only a couple of days in the hospital. open surgery is still performed, usually for larger tumors that require more extensive surgery. you will stay in the hospital for four to seven days. nephrectomy is very successful. it has a five - year survival rate of 94 % for patients with stage i disease. for stage ii, it offers a five - year survival", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4724902363811569, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.411950"} {"text": "you will stay in the hospital for four to seven days. nephrectomy is very successful. it has a five - year survival rate of 94 % for patients with stage i disease. for stage ii, it offers a five - year survival rate of 79 %. the survival rate varies for stage iii, depending on where and how extensively the cancer has spread. - damage to other internal organs or blood vessels during the procedure - reaction to anesthesia - collection of air or gases in the lung cavity ( pneumothorax ) - kidney failure, if the remaining kidney does not function well after surgery, you may need certain interventions : - urinary catheter \u2014 a tube is passed through the urethra into the bladder to measure urine output and avoid the need to urinate in the bathroom. - medications \u2014 you may be given antibiotics, pain medication, or antinausea drugs after surgery. - coughing and deep breathing exercises \u2014 your nurse or respiratory therapist will show you how to do these exercises, which are usually done 3 - 4 times daily to help keep your lungs clear. in the hospital and after you leave : - get out of bed often and sit in a chair. increase your activity as much as tolerated. - stay well hydrated. - avoid environments and people that expose you to germs, smoke, or chemical irritants. - difficulty breathing - stitches or staples come apart - bandage becomes soaked with blood - coughing up mucus that is yellow, green, or bloody - signs of infection, including fever and chills - redness, swelling, increasing pain, excessive bleeding, or discharge at the incision site - cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, or severe nausea or vomiting - reviewer : mohei abouzied, md - review date : 09 / 2012 - - update date : 00 / 93 / 2012 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.38347385725563576, "token_count": 380, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.412764"} {"text": "the right diet can be more enjoyable by using these strategies there is certainly significantly more to nutrition than eating your fruits and vegetables or acquiring the right level of servings of dairy. it is extremely essential and can boost your high quality of life. finding the proper strategy for you is important for your success. it only takes a little research to produce a distinction inside your wellness. are you currently able to do what it takes? these tips will help you find out in the event you do. fish is often championed by nutritionalists as a wholesome option to other meats. omega - 3 fatty acids found in fish are excellent for your heart. there are hundreds of distinct types of fish that will be eaten, so choose several of which you prefer the taste in the most and have them for dinner each so usually. cutting several items out of your diet plan will do wonders for your nutrition. stay away from sugar as it could be damaging for your wellness. second, \u201c white \u201d foods, such as bread and rice supply less nutritional value than their brown counterparts. saturated fats and trans fats usually are not good for your cardiovascular program, wholesome fats are a significantly much better option. garlic can be a helpful food for stopping illnesses. it \u2019 s 1 of nature \u2019 s greatest antibiotics. you \u2019 ll be able to use it for a seasoning a meal also. it could also be roasted within the oven and eaten on its personal with some toast. the greatest mistake you are able to make is assuming that you are eating wholesome. for example, seven - grain bread sounds wholesome on the package, however the label will reveal that this bread just isn \u2019 t produced from whole - grain. rather than picking your food based on a slogan on the package, you ought to base your option on the ingredients listed on the label. there are several affordable products that you could use to help keep in shape while at home. with these tools your body can advantage, as it is easier that will help you help your self get into shape. to eat much better without having even knowing it, add wholesome ingredients to traditionally unhealthy foods. this is particularly helpful in the event you have children or picky eaters, but sneaking nutritious ingredients into your personal foods functions beautifully, also. examples of this method contain adding a 1 / 2 cup of white beans for your subsequent loaf of bread or batch of cookies. you may have everybody eating much better without having them knowing. try going a brief time frame without having consuming grains. humans advantage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.44439519512171893, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.420288"} {"text": "examples of this method contain adding a 1 / 2 cup of white beans for your subsequent loaf of bread or batch of cookies. you may have everybody eating much better without having them knowing. try going a brief time frame without having consuming grains. humans advantage greatly from other food types such as vegetables and meat. grains were not introduced into peoples diets till later, because they have not been about provided that other foods we normally consume. cutting grains from your diet plan may help you to really feel healthier. look more closely if a food is \u201c low fat \u201d or \u201c trans fat - free. \u201d some low - fat foods compensate for their lower fat content with high levels of added sugar. check the food labels meticulously on these items. the initial step in increasing your nutrition level is understanding about proper nutrition. if you don \u2019 t, you might eat improperly, and waste your time. you need to understand at the very least the fundamentals in the science of nutrition to be able to boost your diet plan. this tip will preserve you away from losing your motivation, and it \u2019 ll be less most likely which you will go for some thing unhealthy. getting many different meal choices is necessary, so you don \u2019 t turn out to be bored with your diet plan and give up altogether. eating many different meat - based protein and plant - based protein is important to be able to have a balanced diet plan. you can find protein from several other sources. you \u2019 ll be able to consume nuts, soy, tofu, or beans. these food items are excellent simply because you are able to use them as primary dishes or as an additive to others. preserve your diet plan intriguing by switching up the types of proteins which you use. now you understand why you have to adjust and how essential it really is. you may begin seeing changes now in the event you make good use of these tips. a majority of these health tips could be very helpful with several health problems, which includes kidney stones. if you among those folks who are afflicted by kidney stones and you \u2019 re searching for a natural solution to eliminate kidney stones safely then take a look at the following webpage on kidney stone removal report and read about a very popular guide to dissolve kidney stones the natural way. you can also find more on treatments for kidney stones at this post.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.49618340855098203, "token_count": 474, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.421427"} {"text": "we form little groups of kids of approximately the same age. they gather up in different homes each day ( the days and hours are agreed before they start ). the objective is to play and learn at the same time with the help of one or two teachers. - educational proposal a group of kids gather up with a teacher and get to do activities like they would do in a kindergarten, but at home by learning through the act of playing. the idea is for them to get used to what they will be doing at the actual kindergarten, for them to have their first experiences with the materials and activities. we give a lot of importance on the forming of a social environment different from their family where they start to learn about sharing and other important activities. - ludic proposal a group of kids who already attend kindergarten are reunited with the objective of playing and socializing with other kids. the intention is to perform activities that they are already doing in the kindergarten in order to strengthen skills. learning is always the objective but without setting aside the act of playing. we form little groups of kids of an average age and reunite them in different homes of each of them, during vacations ( summer and winter ) with the objective of playing. there is always a teacher or two around. we count with special activities for indoors or outdoors, including games with water and without the necessity of a pool. we gather up kids of an average age and reunite them in different homes of each of them that rotate each day with the help of one or two teachers, weekly with the objective of playing or learning about a specific activity. - mobile circus and music the proposal is a fun world with colors, music, laughter and games ; a space for playing clown, acrobats or forming bands of music. they can dance, jump, sing, shout, and do acrobatics, juggling, play instruments and much other stuff. - mobile little chefs this is a fun way to learn about the kitchen, it includes : apron, ingredients, utensils, and didactic material for each participant. the kids take with them everything they prepared on material provided by us. - theater and music comedy workshop theater classes with a little bit of singing lessons for them to have fun acting among friends. - art workshop with an art teacher in charge they can express their artistic skills by drawing and painting. - mobile language workshop we organize little groups of kids of an average age and offer them the opportunity of stimulating their language skills in english and italian throughout the different games. - playing workshop \u2013 mother", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5464290685909058, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.425255"} {"text": "charge they can express their artistic skills by drawing and painting. - mobile language workshop we organize little groups of kids of an average age and offer them the opportunity of stimulating their language skills in english and italian throughout the different games. - playing workshop \u2013 mother stimulation \u2013 babies we invite mothers and their babies to share their first social experience with other pairs. the idea is to stimulate their kids through the act of playing. we work with mother / baby bond encouraging their interaction and sharing the experience with other moms that are at the same place. it is the english program of music and movement most respected in the world for more than 25 years. more than 5, 000 authorized educators use these workouts with babies and children of up to 7 years old in more than 50 countries. in dulces nanas we offer you to form a little kindermusik group in your house for you and your kid. it is a space for you to share special and magic moments that occur through music, movement, petting, stories, sounds, etc. by this you will help your child to discover the world in different ways. in these classes you will be able to stimulate your child \u2019 s learning skills throughout songs, vocal games, object exploration and musical instruments, creative movement, stories, and english in a warm and familiar environment. classes are one hour a week. each can come with a companion ( mom, dad, grandmother, grandfather, nanny, etc. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4790145749219916, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.426148"} {"text": "the yi archives refer to books and documents written in yi language, the native language of an ethnic group located in southwest china and parts of southeast asia. as a writing tradition in the peripheral area, yi archives have been historically ignored and annihilated by the mainstream han culture. social revolutions in the past half century brought large - scale deconstruction of both the archives and the yi language. the tiny survival collections in yunnan, either public or private, are now facing further serious preservation conditions due to lack of necessary fund and effective means. preservation of the yi archives in yunnan before they disappear forever is the focus of this project. the unsurpassable significance of the yi archives for the study of yi people and yi culture exists in that they are the only available written resource in the native yi language, in addition to their extraordinary richness in contents. the yi language, first appearing in the 14th century, had been actively spoken and written among aboriginal people until the sharply social changes in the middle 20th century. all of the yi archives are written, kept and disseminated by bimo, the ritual priests, scribes and intellectuals in the traditional yi society. the yi archives are therefore also referred to as the bimo sutra. since they cover epic, chronology, philosophy, politics, history, ritual, geography, calendar, divination, literature, music and more, the archives are regarded as the encyclopaedia of yi people. the yi archives gradually became endangered in the 20th century and the deconstruction process has even accelerated in past decades. first of all, the yi language itself has become an endangered or extinct language since the mid 20th century, resulted from increasingly contacts with chinese during the modernization process. most of yi people have adopted chinese as their first or the only language. the native yi language is preserved only in distant or isolated locations. secondly, as the writer, keeper and educator, bimo were deprived of the rights of writing and teaching due to ideological conflicts, and the native knowledge tradition of yi people was terminated in the 1960s and 1970s. the yi archives developed over six centuries was brought to an end. although bimo have been partly allowed to restore their religious activities since the 1980s, the writing tradition has never been restored. third, the physical characteristics of books and documents as woodblock printing or handwriting on rice paper determines that their life cycle is very short, especially when the preservation condition is far from ideal. due to neglect, poverty and incapability in archival preservation of the native yi people, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48052994331125876, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.430469"} {"text": "books and documents as woodblock printing or handwriting on rice paper determines that their life cycle is very short, especially when the preservation condition is far from ideal. due to neglect, poverty and incapability in archival preservation of the native yi people, and ignorance and annihilation by zealous revolutionists, the size of the yi archives shrank dramatically in the middle and late 20th century. a recent preliminary investigation shows that only about 4, 000 volumes survive in the world. of the surviving yi archives, the largest public collection and most of private collections are preserved in yunnan, especially in the chuxiong autonomous prefecture of yi people. besides 1, 400 volumes in public collections formed since the 1980s, another 900 volumes are estimated to be held by private parties, especially by descendants of bimo families. however, in regards to both preservation and readiness for academic purpose, the yi archives in yunnan need the most urgent attention. there hasn ' t been any positive treatment applied to prevent the aging and mildew process, nor has any image conversion work been done, nor has any material been published before. our pilot investigation shows that only around 40 volumes in the public collection are mounted, and most books are even unaffordable to be stored in desirable spaces. written on perishable rice paper in fading mineral pigment, yi documents will be illegible in several years ' time if no preservative action is taken immediately. neglect resulting from poverty will lead to fatal disaster to the archives. in the proposed project, the two major tasks are : ( 1 ) a thorough registration of yi archival collections before they disappear silently, and ( 2 ) the digitisation and indexing of all available public and private archives. in the former, since the private collections are not as stable as the public, the project will pay extra attentions to the private collections, in order to keep an updated and complete record of the available yi archives. the institute of studies on yi culture, the owner of the largest yi archives in the world, has eagerly expressed the willingness to join the project. the bureau of cultural affairs is also providing access to small public collections of yi archives in wuding, shuangbai and other counties. relocation is not included in this stage, but will be pursued later by searching matching funds from the local government. this project has fully achieved its stated objectives : a thorough investigation of endangered yi archives in chuxiong, dali, kunming, yuxi and honghe was undertaken and a detailed field report and preliminary research completed. an interdisciplinary and multimedia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5015181003248976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.431451"} {"text": "by piter kehoma boll let \u2019 s expand the universe of friday fellow by presenting a plant for the first time! and what could be a better choice to start than the famous grandidier \u2019 s baobab? belonging to the species adansonia grandidieri, this tree is one of the trademarks of madagascar, being the biggest species of this genus found in the island. reaching up to 30 m in height and having a massive trunk only branched at the very top, it has a unique look and is found only at southwestern madagascar. however, despite being so attractive and famous, it is classified as an endangered species by iucn red list, with a declining population threatened by agriculture expansion. this tree is also heavily exploited, having vitamin c - rich fruits which can be consumed fresh and seeds used to extract oil. its bark can also be used to make ropes and many trees are found with scars due to the extraction of part of the bark. having a fibrous trunk, baoabs are able to deal with drought by apparently storaging water inside them. there are no seed dispersors, which can be due to the extiction of the original dispersor by human activities. originally occuring close to temporary water bodies in the dry deciduous forest, today many large trees are found in always dry terrains. this probably is due to human impact that changed the local ecosystem, letting it to become drier than it was. those areas have no or very poor ability to regenerate and probably will never go back to what they were and, once the old trees die, there will be no more baobabs there. - \u2013 - baum, d. a. ( 1995 ). a systematic revision of adansonia ( bombacaceae ) annals of the missouri botanical garden, 82, 440 - 470 doi : 10. 2307 / 2399893 wikipedia. adamsonia grandidieri. available online at < http : / / en. wikipedia. org / wiki / adansonia _ grandidieri >. access on october 02, 2012. world conservation monitoring centre 1998. adansonia grandidieri. in : iucn 2012. iucn red list of threatened species. version 2012. 1. < www. iucnredlist. org >. access on october 02, 2012.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43779792390179634, "token_count": 474, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.438766"} {"text": "current models of global climate change predict warmer temperatures will increase the rate that bacteria and other microbes decompose soil organic matter, a scenario that pumps even more heat - trapping carbon into the atmosphere. but a new study led by a university of georgia researcher shows that while the rate of decomposition increases for a brief period in response to warmer temperatures, elevated levels of decomposition don \u2019 t persist. \u201c there is about two and a half times more carbon in the soil than there is in the atmosphere, and the concern right now is that a lot of that carbon is going to end up in the atmosphere, \u201d said lead author mark bradford, assistant professor in the uga odum school of ecology. \u201c what our finding suggests is that a positive feedback between warming and a loss of soil carbon to the atmosphere is likely to occur but will be less than currently predicted. \u201d bradford, whose results appear in the early online edition of the journal ecology letters, said the finding helps resolve a long - standing debate about how unseen soil microbes respond to and influence global climate change. other scientists have noted that the respiration of soil microbes returns to normal after a number of years under heated conditions, but offered competing explanations. some argued that the microbes consumed so much of the available food under heated conditions that future levels of decomposition were reduced because of food scarcity. others argued that soil microbes adapted to the changed environment and reduced their respiration accordingly. bradford and his team, which included researchers from the university of new hampshire, the marine biological laboratory at woods hole, duke university and colorado state university, found evidence to support both hypotheses and revealed a third, previously unaccounted for explanation : the abundance of soil microbes decreased under warm conditions. \u201c it is often said that in a handful of dirt, there are somewhere around 10, 000 species and millions of individual bacteria and fungi, \u201d said study co - author matthew wallenstein, a research scientist at colorado state university. \u201c our findings add to the understanding of how complex these systems are and the role they play in feedbacks associated with climate change. \u201d the researchers studied soil microbes at harvard forest in massachusetts, the site of a soil warming experiment that began in 1991. scientists took soil samples from two plots, one in which buried cables heat the soil to five degrees celsius above the ambient soil temperature ( a condition that is expected to occur around 2100 ) and a control condition in which cables are buried but not producing heat. in the first set of experiments, the scientists", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48845141550560267, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.447783"} {"text": "cables heat the soil to five degrees celsius above the ambient soil temperature ( a condition that is expected to occur around 2100 ) and a control condition in which cables are buried but not producing heat. in the first set of experiments, the scientists compared microbial respiration in the two groups and found lower rates of decomposition in the heated plots. this finding supported the idea that respiration decreases after a few years of warming, but didn \u2019 t explain whether the cause was substrate depletion in the warmer soils or adaptation by the microbes. in the next set of experiments, they added the simple sugar sucrose to both sets of soils to alleviate any food limitation for the microbes. they found that microbes from both conditions increased their respiration, but that the increase was greater in the unheated control soils than in the heated soils. \u201c that finding told us that substrate depletion played a role, \u201d bradford said, \u201c but it also told us that there were other factors involved. \u201d the researchers then measured microbial biomass and found that there were fewer microbes in the heated soils. to test whether thermal adaptation occurred, they measured respiration while keeping temperature constant. they found that respiration rates were indeed lower in the heated versus the control soils, even when adjusting for microbial biomass. wallenstein pointed out that the study is among the first to demonstrate that microbes, like many plants and animals, can adapt relatively quickly to changes in climate. \u201c this research presents a new challenge to scientists trying to predict effects of climate change on forest ecosystems because it shows that these soil microbial communities are very dynamic, \u201d wallenstein said. \u201c we cannot simply extrapolate from the short - term responses of soil microbes to climate change, since they may adapt over the longer - term. \u201d bradford notes that there is still much to be learned about how soil microbes respond to global warming. his team is currently working to understand whether the reduced microbial respiration in heated soils is caused by the adaptation of individual microbes, by shifts in species composition or a combination of the two factors. he warns against minimizing the role of soil microbes in global warming, even though his findings suggest that current models overstate their contribution. \u201c although our results suggest that the impact of soil microbes on global warming will be less than is currently predicted, \u201d bradford said, \u201c even a small change in atmospheric carbon is going to alter the way our world works and how our ecosystems function. \u201d the research was funded by the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.528366917049087, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.459889"} {"text": "watch the miraculous journey of infant sea turtles as these tiny animals run the gauntlet of predators and harsh conditions. then, in numbers, see how human behavior has made their tough lives even more challenging. discover what makes a sea turtle so wonderfully adapted for the marine environment, gain a greater appreciation for the challenges they face, follow efforts to rescue and protect sea turtles both domestically and internationally, and uncover what you can do to help celebrate and preserve these amazing marine animals as you explore saving a species : sea turtles. http : / / www. youtube. com / playlist? list = pl084c71bc9ec2ea8f looking for a rich source of sea turtle information? look no further than seaworld \u2019 s sea turtle infobook! covering topics such as adaptations for a marine environment, habitat and distribution, diet and feeding habits, conservation issues, and more, this resource will prove a useful and interesting tool. ( and if you \u2019 re looking for even more, there are a variety of topic - related classroom resources also available on the site. ) http : / / www. seaworld. org / animal - info / info - books / sea - turtle / index. htm the national oceanic and atmospheric administration ( noaa ) fisheries office of protected resources is responsible for sea turtle management in u. s. waters. they maintain a useful online resource with species, conservation, and management references. http : / / www. nmfs. noaa. gov / pr / species / turtles / offering stunning images of sea turtles and accompanying natural history briefs, national geographic offers a beautiful and intriguing species resource. http : / / animals. nationalgeographic. com / animals / photos / sea - turtles / have a question about sea turtles? so do scientists! see what mysteries are of foremost interest to researchers as they are trying to better understand these ancient and imperiled species. http : / / iucn - mtsg. org / about - turtles / key - unsolved - mysteries / scientists, policy makers, industry leaders, and citizens are actively seeking ways for humankind to move into a dramatically more balanced relationship with the ocean. sylvia earle \u2013 renowned ocean explorer \u2013 is one of the most important voices in this endeavor. personally dedicated to globally growing meaningful commitments to ocean stewardship, she seeks to inspire and engage others to come together now so that we might make a difference for our planet \u2019 s blue heart. david gallo shows jaw - dropping footage of amazing sea creatures, including a color - shifting cuttle", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42897558792185375, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.472092"} {"text": "to ocean stewardship, she seeks to inspire and engage others to come together now so that we might make a difference for our planet \u2019 s blue heart. david gallo shows jaw - dropping footage of amazing sea creatures, including a color - shifting cuttlefish, a perfectly camouflaged octopus, and a times square ' s worth of neon light displays from fish that live in the blackest depths of the ocean. http : / / www. ted. com / talks / david _ gallo _ shows _ underwater _ astonishments. html ocean explorer robert ballard takes us on a mind - bending trip to hidden worlds underwater, where he and other researchers are finding unexpected life, resources, and even new mountains. he makes a case for serious exploration and mapping. google ocean, anyone? http : / / www. ted. com / talks / lang / en / robert _ ballard _ on _ exploring _ the _ oceans. html seaworld is a powerful and dynamic force working to connect and inspire on behalf of marine life and marine environments. in addition to its own direct efforts, seaworld partners with and supports organizations around the world that are actively exploring, protecting, caring for, and inspiring on behalf of our one ocean and the countless precious forms of life which depend on it. find out more about what seaworld and its partners are doing on behalf of marine life ( sea turtles included! ) and how you might join in the effort. http : / / www. seaworldcares. com /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45809603666913457, "token_count": 299, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.472693"} {"text": "( cookinglight. com ) - - some nutrition myths bounce around on crazy e - mail chain letters and pop up on goofy evening news reports. others fuel the sale of rip - off diet books. some are so accepted they seem hardwired into our brains. take deep - fried foods, for example. they ' re universally bad for you, right? well, no. when we challenged ourselves to explore whether fried foods could be made healthy, we discovered that, when done properly, fried foods don ' t have to be forever banished from a healthy diet. the exercise inspired us to take on some other ingrained nutrition misconceptions. we talked with leading nutrition researchers, chefs, and food scientists and did some sleuthing of our own to debunk 10 myths so you can enjoy many once - forbidden foods without that old familiar twinge of guilt. myth 1. added sugar is always bad for you. truth : use the sweet stuff to ensure that sugar calories are far from \" empty \" calories. sugar is essential in the kitchen. consider all that it does for baking, creating a tender cake crumb and ensuring crisp cookies. then there ' s its role in creating airy meringue or soft - textured ice cream. keep in mind that other sweeteners like \" natural \" honey are basically refined sugar anyway and they are all metabolized by your body the same way, as 4 calories per gram. sugar also balances the flavors in healthy foods that might not taste so great on their own. don ' t go overboard, of course. most health experts suggest that added sugar supply no more than 10 percent of your total calories - - about 200 in a 2, 000 - calorie diet. good news : a little sugar can go a long way. adding a wee bit of sugar to balance a too - tart tomato sauce is a good thing ; so is a teaspoon of honey on a tart grapefruit half or in plain yogurt. \" add a little bit of sugar to help boost your intake of nutrient - rich foods by making them tastier, \" says jackie newgent, author of the all - natural diabetes cookbook. in this refreshing palate cleansing sorbet, sugar tames the tartness of grapefruit juice. and with just two ingredients, it could not be simpler to prepare. a serving delivers about two - thirds of your rda for vitamin c, and only 145 calories. myth 2. eating eggs raises", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4444883185087589, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.488274"} {"text": "the tartness of grapefruit juice. and with just two ingredients, it could not be simpler to prepare. a serving delivers about two - thirds of your rda for vitamin c, and only 145 calories. myth 2. eating eggs raises your cholesterol levels. truth : dietary cholesterol found in eggs has little to do with the amount of cholesterol in your body. the confusion can be boiled down to semantics : the same word, \" cholesterol, \" is used to describe two different things. dietary cholesterol the fat - like molecules in animal - based foods like eggs doesn ' t greatly affect the amount of cholesterol circulating in your bloodstream. your body makes its own cholesterol, so it doesn ' t need much of the kind you eat. instead, what fuels your body ' s cholesterol - making machine is certain saturated and trans fats. eggs contain relatively small amounts of saturated fat. one large egg contains about 1. 5 grams saturated fat, a fraction of the amount in the tablespoon of butter many cooks use to cook that egg in. so, cutting eggs out of your diet is a bad idea ; they ' re a rich source of 13 vitamins and minerals. good news : eggs of all kinds are fine. the kind of cholesterol found in eggs doesn ' t affect the cholesterol in your blood, so go ahead and enjoy eggs for breakfast, lunch, or dinner, guilt - free. in healthy people, \" the research with eggs has never shown any link of egg consumption with blood lipids or with risk of heart disease, \" says don layman, professor emeritus in the department of food science and human nutrition at the university of illinois at urbana - champaign. make this mexican scrambled egg dish for dinner, brunch, or for a hearty breakfast. leave all the seeds in the jalapeno if you want a spicier kick, adjust the hot pepper sauce to taste, and throw in your favorite add - ins to create a satisfying meal for four. myth 3 : all saturated fats raise blood cholesterol. truth : new research shows that some saturated fats don ' t. just when we ' d all gotten comfortable with the idea that there are good - for - you mono - and polyunsaturated fats ( like those found in olive oil and walnuts ), along comes new research calling into question the one principle most health professionals thought was sacrosanct : all saturated fat is bad", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4647602460318898, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.490507"} {"text": "for - you mono - and polyunsaturated fats ( like those found in olive oil and walnuts ), along comes new research calling into question the one principle most health professionals thought was sacrosanct : all saturated fat is bad. researchers have long known that there are many kinds of saturated fats, and they are handled differently by the body when consumed. stearic acid, a type of saturated fat found naturally in cocoa, dairy products, meats, and poultry, as well as palm and coconut oils, does not raise harmful ldl cholesterol but boosts beneficial hdl cholesterol levels. good news : saturated fat may be better than once thought. eating foods like coconut and chocolate that contain stearic acid, an hdl - cholesterol booster that may eventually be called the \" good \" saturated fat, is healthier than once thought. this is not a license to eat freely of anything containing stearic acid, though, because foods rich in any type of fat tend to be dense in calories, as well. given that both chocolate and coconut are not as \" bad \" as once thought, and given that they taste mighty good together, we baked up a batch of toasty, chocolaty treats to celebrate. like all sweets with few other nutrients, though, they are treats perfectly healthy every once in a while. myth 4 : the only heart - friendly alcohol is red wine. truth : beer, wine, and liquors all confer the same health benefits. the so - called french paradox elevated red wine to health - food status when researchers thought it was the antioxidants in the drink that protected the foie gras - and cheese - loving french from heart disease. more recent research, however, has shown that antioxidants aren ' t the answer after all. alcohol, the ethanol itself, raises levels of protective hdl, or good cholesterol, which help protect against plaque buildup in the arteries and reduce clotting factors that contribute to heart attack and stroke, according to eric rimm, associate professor of nutrition at the school of public health at harvard university. any kind of beverage that contains alcohol, when consumed in moderation ( and that means one to two drinks a day ), helps reduce heart disease risk. myth 5 : adding salt to the pot adds sodium to the food. truth : salt added to boiling water may actually make vegetables more nutritious. public health messages encouraging us to shake our salt - in - everything", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4308968480500392, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.492131"} {"text": ", helps reduce heart disease risk. myth 5 : adding salt to the pot adds sodium to the food. truth : salt added to boiling water may actually make vegetables more nutritious. public health messages encouraging us to shake our salt - in - everything habits are, in general, good ; sodium is a potential problem even for non - hypertensive people. but it ' s easy to overlook how sodium can actually help in recipes. \" salt in the cooking water reduces the leaching of nutrients from vegetables into the water, \" says harold mcgee, author of on food & cooking. that means your blanched broccoli, green beans, or asparagus likely retains more nutrients. \" it also speeds up the cooking process so you don ' t lose as many nutrients from overcooking. \" mcgee recommends using about 1 teaspoon of salt per cup of water. the amount of sodium absorbed by the food is minuscule. myth 6 : fried foods are always too fatty. truth : healthy deep - fried food is not an oxymoron. here ' s how frying works : when food is exposed to hot oil, the moisture inside boils and pushes to the surface and then out into the oil. as moisture leaves, it creates a barrier, minimizing oil absorption when the frying is done right. meanwhile, the little oil that does penetrate the food ' s surface forms a crisp, tasty crust. to keep foods from soaking up oil, fry according to recipe instructions. for most foods, 375\u00b0f is optimal. oil temperatures that are too low will increase fat absorption. when we added tempura - coated vegetables to cooler - than - optimal oil, the result was greasy and inedible - - they absorbed more than 1 cup of oil instead of 1 / 3 cup. so, watch the oil temperature like a hawk using a candy / fry thermometer, and drain cooked foods on a paper towel for a minute or two before diving in. good news : you can have fried catfish and hush puppies, too. keep in mind that we ' re not giving fast - food fried chicken dinners with french fries a passing grade. such a meal contains an entire day ' s worth of calories and sodium, thanks to large portion sizes, excessive breading, and globs of sauces. but as an occasional treat, home - fried foods have a place in a healthy diet. use in moderation by pairing with a sensible side or salad. always choose a healthy oil that ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46645026726783356, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.493184"} {"text": "breading, and globs of sauces. but as an occasional treat, home - fried foods have a place in a healthy diet. use in moderation by pairing with a sensible side or salad. always choose a healthy oil that ' s low in saturated fat - - such as peanut, soybean, and canola oils - - and follow our step - by - step techniques to frying basics to keep calories and fat as low as possible. in the hands of a careful home cook, a delicately breaded and fried catfish fillet with a few hush puppies can be a perfectly reasonable and delicious dinner. myth 7 : the more fiber you eat, the better. truth : not all fibers are equally beneficial. consider the source. yogurt doesn ' t naturally come with fiber, yet the grocery aisles now boast fiber - supplemented yogurt, along with cereals, energy bars, even water. what ' s the deal? fiber is a fad - food component right now, and manufacturers are isolating specific types of fiber and adding them to packaged foods to take advantage. but the science isn ' t entirely clear yet : just as we ' re learning more about different types of fat, research is showing how complex fiber is as well. we now know that different fibers have different functions ( wheat bran helps move foods along ; oat bran lowers cholesterol ; inulin supports healthy gut bacteria ). some experts are skeptical that the so - called faux - fiber foods offer the same beneficial effect as naturally fiber - rich ones like whole grains, vegetables, fruits, and legumes. good news : fiber - rich whole foods satisfy hunger. while it ' s true that only half of us eat the fiber we need for good health, eating processed foods with added fiber doesn ' t get us off the hook. fact is, most processed foods lack a bevy of vitamins, minerals, and phytonutrients. eating fiber - rich whole foods is the best way to gain this essential component of you diet. in this recipe, whole - grain wheat berries are chewy, mild, and packed with fiber. dressing the hot wheat berries in a homemade spicy - sweet vinaigrette and letting stand for 20 minutes infuses them with intense flavor. and more good news : this fiber - and protein - rich salad will curb hunger pains, something packaged foods can ' t always deliver on. myth 8 : you should always remove chicken skin before eating. truth : you can enjoy a skin -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45230637143549796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.494889"} {"text": "flavor. and more good news : this fiber - and protein - rich salad will curb hunger pains, something packaged foods can ' t always deliver on. myth 8 : you should always remove chicken skin before eating. truth : you can enjoy a skin - on chicken breast without blowing your sat - fat budget. half the pleasure of eating roast chicken comes from the gloriously crisp, brown skin that seems to melt in your mouth. yet the skinless, boneless chicken breast - - one of the more boring protein sources on earth - - became the health - conscious cook ' s gold standard somewhere along the way. fortunately, the long - standing command to strip poultry of its skin before eating doesn ' t hold up under a nutritional microscope. a 12 - ounce bone - in, skin - on chicken breast half contains just 2. 5 grams of saturated fat and 50 calories more than its similarly portioned skinless counterpart. good news : you can splurge with skin - on chicken from time to time. a chicken breast will always be lean - - skinned or not. what ' s more, 55 percent of the fat in the chicken skin is monounsaturated - - the heart - healthy kind you want more of, says amy myrdal miller, program director for strategic initiatives at the culinary institute of america at greystone. so if you and your family are tired of plain skinless, boneless chicken breasts, splurge on a skin - on option like this oregano - and lime - scented dish. a quick pan sauce made from some of the delectable pan drippings will make your regular chicken dinner a lot more interesting and appetizing. myth 9 : organic foods are more nutritious than conventional. if you buy organic because you believe that sustainable farming supports the health of the soil, the work of small farmers, or the well - being of livestock, that ' s all good. and you may find it more tasty. however, it ' s not accurate to also promote organic as inherently more nutritious. researchers at the london school of hygiene & tropical medicine provided the most comprehensive review of organic foods to date. their conclusion : no significant nutritional difference exists between conventional and organic crops and livestock. a good radish by any other name is still a radish. there is, of course, still the issue of trace amounts of pesticides or herbicides - - wash conventional produce carefully. myth 10 : cooking olive oil destroys its health benefits. truth : even delicate extra - virgin oils can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43991265944947855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.498282"} {"text": "a radish. there is, of course, still the issue of trace amounts of pesticides or herbicides - - wash conventional produce carefully. myth 10 : cooking olive oil destroys its health benefits. truth : even delicate extra - virgin oils can take the heat without sacrificing nutrition. this one has been kicking around ever since olive oil became a \" good \" fat : cook with premium versions and you heat away the healthful properties. it simply isn ' t true. first of all, heart - healthy mono - unsaturated fats aren ' t unfavorably altered by heat. they survive a saute intact. now, research is showing that other plant - based compounds - - the elements that likely give olive oils their complex flavor profiles as well as other healthful properties - - can also stand up to standard cooking procedures. they ' re surprisingly stable, as long as the oil isn ' t heated past its smoking point, which for extra - virgin olive oil is pretty high, about 405\u00b0f. good news : olive oil can take the heat as long as oil is kept below its smoking point, flavor and nutrition are intact. more important is how you store the oil. fats and phytonutrients stay stable for up to two years in unopened opaque bottles stored at room temperature and away from light. heat, light, and air drastically affect stability. store oil in a room - temp cupboard, and use within six months. in this simple side dish, extra - virgin olive oil adds great fruity flavor, and sauteing over high heat doesn ' t burn away the oil ' s healthful antioxidants. enter for a chance to win in our $ 5, 000 grocery giveaway copyright 2011 cooking light magazine. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4593832405617539, "token_count": 365, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.505113"} {"text": "description from flora of china dissochaeta sect. diplectria blume, flora 14 : 501. 1831. climbers or scandent shrubs. stems squamose, glabrous or pubescent. leaves shortly petiolate ; secondary veins 1 or 2 on each side of midvein, margin entire. inflorescences terminal or axillary, cymose paniculate, sometimes bracteate. flowers small, 4 - merous. hypanthium tubular - campanulate to campanulate, squamose, glabrous or pubescent, apex truncate or inconspicuous. petals white, ovate to oblong, glabrous. stamens 8, whorls unequal in shape and length. longer stamens with anthers oblong to linear - oblong, base abaxially 2 - tuberculate and abaxially spurred or not, apex usually beaked. shorter stamens abortive ; anthers rhomboid - ovate, usually papery, abaxially long caudate - spurred, adaxially 2 - setose at base. ovary inferior, ovate, apex truncate. style filiform ; stigma apiculate. fruit a berry, subglobular to ovate, apex often with persistent calyx lobes. seeds numerous, cuneate, small, angular. diplectria is often considered as a synonym of dissochaeta blume ( see renner et al., fl. thailand 7 ( 3 ) : 419 - 420. 2001 ). dissochaeta when including diplectria has ca. 40 species and a similar geographic distribution. between eight and eleven species : china, india, indonesia, malaysia, myanmar, new guinea, philippines, vietnam ; one species in china.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4574965797017184, "token_count": 384, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.510193"} {"text": "[ ronald hutton, history of pagan witchcraft, in witchcraft and magic in europe : the twentieth century ed. bengt ankarloo and stuart clark, p. 54 ] 1. \" witchcraft doesn \u2019 t pay for broken windows. \" indeed, gardner ' s witches did multiply, and soon doreen valiente had formed a new, sister coven, in 1957. a number of factors contributed to this growth, among them being the publication in 1954 of gardner ' s book witchcraft today, combined with gardner ' s eagerness and talent for courting of public attention. however, a great deal of the resulting attention paid to gardner and his witches was decidedly negative. according to hutton ( continuing on in his essay on the history of pagan witchcraft already quoted above ), starting in 1955 the popular press began to \" run features attacking witchcraft as satanism.... in 1957 and 1959 the original london coven was denounced sensationally and unscrupulously, putting a considerable strain on its members and fracturing relations between valiente ' s group and gerald gardner. \" in response, gardner came out with ( in 1959 ) the meaning of witchcraft : \" answering the press attacks and attempting to establish the historical credentials of his religion more firmly by relating it to a string of ancient religious texts and images, and later magical groups. \" [ p. 55 ] ( it should be noted, at least parenthetically, that, hutton ' s crude misdirection notwithstanding, the connections drawn by gardner, in the meaning of witchcraft, between 20th century wicca and \" ancient religious texts and images, and later magical groups, \" constitutes a seamless continuation of the way gardner had presented the history and roots of wicca previously in witchcraft today. in fact, gardner had included in the foward of that earlier book a prominent reference to the mystery cult of isis and the writings of platonic philosopher apuleius, who was an initiate in the cults of isis, asclepius, and hermes, and possibly that of other deities as well. gardner also devoted an entire chapter of witchcraft today to \" the witches and the mysteries \", as well as another chapter titled \" out of the land of egypt \", which is also primarily focused on the mystery religions of the ancient world. and there are in addition significant references to the mysteries in the chapters on \" witch beliefs \" and \" witch practices \". ) the following two passages from the first chapter of the meaning of witchcraft give some indication of the kind of hostility that gardner and \" his witches \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4880045757093452, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.538349"} {"text": "in addition significant references to the mysteries in the chapters on \" witch beliefs \" and \" witch practices \". ) the following two passages from the first chapter of the meaning of witchcraft give some indication of the kind of hostility that gardner and \" his witches \" were up against : \" i am a member of the society for psychical research, and on the committee of the folklore society ; so i wanted to tell of my discovery. but i was met with a determined refusal. ' the age of persecution is not over, ' they told me ; ' give anyone half a chance and the fires will blaze up again. ' when i said to one of them, ' why do you keep all these things so secret still? there \u2019 s no persecution nowadays! ' i was told, ' oh, isn \u2019 t there? if people knew what i was, every time a child in the village was ill, or somebody \u2019 s chickens died, i should get the blame for it. witchcraft doesn \u2019 t pay for broken windows. ' \" i can remember as a boy reading in the papers of a woman being burned alive in southern ireland as a witch ; but i could not believe that there could be any persecution nowadays in england. so, against their better judgment, they agreed to let me write a little about the cult in the form of fictions, an historical novel where a witch says a little of what they believe and of how they were persecuted. this was published in 1949 under the title of high magic \u2019 s aid. \" in 1951 a very important event occurred. the government of the day passed the fraudulent mediums act, which repealed and replaced the last remaining witchcraft act, under which spiritualists used to be prosecuted in modern times. this act is, i believe, unique in legally recognising the existence of genuine mediumship and psychic powers. \" i thought that at last common sense and religious freedom had prevailed ; but even so, the passage of this act was highly obnoxious to certain religious bodies which had been preaching against spiritualism for years and trying to outlaw it as ' the work of satan, ' together with any other societies to which they objected, including freemasonry and, of course, witchcraft. \" about a year previously, this museum had been opened, and i had flattered myself that showing what witchcraft really is, an ancient religion, would arouse no hostility in any quarter. i was to find out in due course how wrong i was! \" any attempt to show witchcraft in anything even remotely resembling a favourable light", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5001411664474293, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.539733"} {"text": "flattered myself that showing what witchcraft really is, an ancient religion, would arouse no hostility in any quarter. i was to find out in due course how wrong i was! \" any attempt to show witchcraft in anything even remotely resembling a favourable light, or to challenge the old representation of it as something uniformly evil and devilish, or even to present it as a legitimate object of study, can still arouse the most surprising reactions. the virtues of humanism, which charles saltman defined as ' sensitivity, intelligence and erudition, together with integrity, curiosity and tolerance, ' have still quite a long way to go in their struggle against the mentality which produced the malleus maleficarum. \" [ the meaning of witchcraft, pp. 11 - 12 ] \" the old horned god of the witches is not the satan of christianity, and no amount of theological argument will make him so. he is, in fact, the oldest deity known to man, and is depicted in the oldest representation of a divinity which has yet been found, namely the stone age painting in the innermost recess of the caverne des trois freres at ariege. he is the old phallic god of fertility who has come forth from the morning of the world, and who was already of immeasurable antiquity before egypt and babylon, let alone before the christian era. nor did he perish at the cry that great pan was dead. secretly through the centuries, hidden deeper and deeper as time went on, his worship and that of the naked moon goddess, his bride, the lady of mystery and magic and the forbidden joys, continued sometimes among the great ones of the land, sometimes in humble cottages, or on lonely heaths and in the depths of darkling woods, on summer nights when the moon rode high. it does so still. \" from time to time the public have been treated to various highly - coloured and highly unconvincing ' revelations ' in the popular press and elsewhere upon the subject of ' black magic ', ' satanism ', and similar matters, and occasionally these have been linked with witchcraft. let me state right away that i personally maintain an attitude of thorough - going scepticism towards these things, and that even if they do exist i do not consider them to have any relation to the survival of the witch cult. alleged ' confessions ', especially where witchcraft is mentioned, bear ample internal evidence of their own meretriciousness, in that they are obviously modelled upon sensational thrillers and reveal no", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5084341940278297, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.541055"} {"text": "them to have any relation to the survival of the witch cult. alleged ' confessions ', especially where witchcraft is mentioned, bear ample internal evidence of their own meretriciousness, in that they are obviously modelled upon sensational thrillers and reveal no knowledge whatever of genuine witch practices. \" [ the meaning of witchcraft, pp. 21 - 22 ] \" that there is no positive evil. \" rachel beauvoir - dominique is an oxford educated anthropologist who is chair of the department of anthropology and sociology at l ' universite d ' etat d ' haiti. she is also a highly respected priestess ( mambo ) in the haitian vodou religion. in september of 2009 ( fully 55 years after gerald gardner wrote witchcraft today ), beauvoir - dominique was interviewed in conjunction with an exhibit on vodou at the museum of world culture in gothenburg, sweden ( too see the interview, go here ). the first question asked of professor beauvoir - dominique was \" what is vodou? \" a perfectly reasonable question, to which the mambo gives a very informative answer. however, it does not take long for the other shoe to drop. the second question was \" are there any evil forces in vodou? \" to which professor beauvoir - dominique again gives a very educational answer, part of which is : \" vodou... is part of haitian culture, and in this culture we don ' t see that there is evil. we think that the word evil is constructed, it comes from other places, and is really not ours. the \" good \" and the \" bad \" are very christian notions, very manichean. we think more in terms of grays, of black becoming white, of white becoming black. of yin and yang. as in the figure of yin and yang - - there is a perpetual movement of things. and for us there is no evil. things become evil when they are seen through evil eyes. \" this chapter on \" the black mass \" is, in fact, the section of the meaning of witchcraft in which gardner introduces sallustius ' peri theon kai kosmou and pronounces it to be \" a general statement \" of the beliefs of wiccans ( as discussed in part one of this series ). the first portion of sallustius ' pagan manifesto that gardner quotes is the entirety of section xii : \" the origin of evil things ; and that there is no positive evil. \" \" the gods being good and making all things, how do evils exist in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5114120821727612, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.542154"} {"text": "portion of sallustius ' pagan manifesto that gardner quotes is the entirety of section xii : \" the origin of evil things ; and that there is no positive evil. \" \" the gods being good and making all things, how do evils exist in the world? or perhaps it is better first to state the fact that, the gods being good and making all things, there is no positive evil, it only comes by absence of good ; just as darkness itself does not exist, but only comes about by absence of light. \" if evil exists it must exist either in gods or minds or souls or bodies. it does not exist in any god, for all god is good. if anyone speaks of a ' bad mind ' he means a mind without mind. if of a bad soul, he will make the soul inferior to body, for no body in itself is evil. if he says that evil is made up of soul and body together, it is absurd that separately they should not be evil, but joined should create evil. \" suppose it is said that there are evil spirits : - if they have their power from the gods, they cannot be evil ; if from elsewhere, the gods do not make all things. if they do not make all things, then either they wish to or cannot, or they can and do not wish ; neither of which is consistent with the idea of god. we may see, therefore, from these arguments, that there is no positive evil in the world. \" it is in the activities of men that the evils appear, and that not of all men nor always. and as to these, if men sinned for the sake of evil, nature itself would be evil. but if the adulterer thinks his adultery bad but his pleasure good, and the murderer thinks the murder bad but the money he gets by it good, and the man who does evil to an enemy thinks that to do evil is bad but to punish his enemy good, and if the soul commits all its sins in that way, then the evils are done for the sake of goodness. ( in the same way, because in a given place light does not exist, there comes darkness, which has no positive existence. ) the soul sins therefore because, while aiming at good, it makes mistakes about the good, because it is not primary essence. and we see many things done by the gods to prevent it from making mistakes and to heal it when it has made them. arts and sciences, curses and prayers, sacrifices and initiations, laws", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4988543359620111, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.543243"} {"text": "about the good, because it is not primary essence. and we see many things done by the gods to prevent it from making mistakes and to heal it when it has made them. arts and sciences, curses and prayers, sacrifices and initiations, laws and constitutions, judgments and punishments, all came into existence for the sake of preventing souls from sinning ; and when they are gone forth from the body, gods and spirits of purification cleanse them of their sins. \" [ on the gods and the cosmsos, sallustius, section xii : \" the origin of evil things ; and that there is no positive evil. \" ] \" the inner meaning of religious rituals. \" the section of sallustius that gardner turned to first requires little or no explanation. it is, in fact, one of the clearest explications of a pagan answer to the so - called \" problem of evil \". less clear, perhaps, are gardner ' s reasons for his next selection from sallustius, which deals with, as gardner styles it, \" the inner meaning of religious rituals. \" \" it is impious to suppose that the divine is affected for good or ill by human things. the gods are always good and always do good and never harm, being always in the same state and like themselves. the truth simply is that, when we are good, we are joined to the gods by our likeness ; when bad, we are separated from them by our unlikeness. and when we live according to virture we cling to the gods, and when we become evil we make the gods our enemies - - not because they are angered against us, but because our sins prevent the light of the gods from shining upon us, and put us in communion with spirits of punishment. and if by prayers and sacrifices we find forgiveness of sins, we do not appease or change the gods, but by what we do and by our turning toward the divine we heal our own badness and so enjoy again the goodness of the gods. to say that the gods turn away from evil is like saying that the sun hides himself from the blind. \" this solves the question about sacrifices and other rites performed to the gods. the divine itself is without needs, and the worship is paid for our own benefit. the providence of the gods reaches everywhere and needs only some congruity for its reception. all congruity comes about by representation and likeness ; for which reason the temples are made in representation of heaven, the altar of earth, the images", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.535896320646782, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.544204"} {"text": "benefit. the providence of the gods reaches everywhere and needs only some congruity for its reception. all congruity comes about by representation and likeness ; for which reason the temples are made in representation of heaven, the altar of earth, the images of life ( that is why they are made like living things ), the prayers of the element of though, the mystic letters of the unspeakable celestial forces, the herbs and stones of matter, and the sacrificial animals of the irrational life in us. \" from all these things the gods gain nothing ; what gain could there be to god? it is we who gain some communion with them. \" [ on the gods and the cosmsos, sallustius, section xiv ( partial ) : \" in what sense, though the gods never change, they are said to be made angry and appeased. \" and also section xv : \" why we give worship to the gods when they need nothing. \" ] the issue here is not merely the accusation that pagans do evil things, but rather that we worship evil things. this accusation goes back to the earliest days of christianity. among its clearest expressions is that found in the writings of augustine, and his city of god, against the pagans in particular. somewhat ironically, augustine wrote that work largely as a defense of christianity against the accusation, from pagans, that the christian prohibitions against the worship of the old gods had led to the downfall of rome ( some of the historical background to this is discussed in reflections on vergil and augustine. ) in book viii of his against the pagans, augustine asserts that the traditional gods worshipped at pagan festivals and in the urban pagan temples are \" rather malign demons than gods. \" furthermore, augustine employs a favorite christian trope that is still popular today with ronald hutton and his fanbase, in which it is claimed that the religion of ancient philosophers is somehow different from and unrelated to that of the pagan masses generally. ( by this logic the \" philosophy \" of augustine is equally unrelated the lowbrow christianity of the ignorant, unwashed masses who make up the vast bulk of the army of christ, thus making augustine no christian at all. but any such appeal to consistency is lost on the likes of hutton. ) and so augustine now focuses not on \" the fabulous, that is, the theatrical \" theology of the plebs, nor on the more staid \" civil, that is, the urban \" theology of the aristocratic priests and priestesses serving the deities of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5246849182101943, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.545911"} {"text": "so augustine now focuses not on \" the fabulous, that is, the theatrical \" theology of the plebs, nor on the more staid \" civil, that is, the urban \" theology of the aristocratic priests and priestesses serving the deities of the polis. instead, augustine explains that he wishes to address himself \" not to ordinary men, but to philosophers... concerning the theology which they call natural. \" in particular, augustine, and here he shows that he knows what he is about, directly attacks the magical and erotic theology set forth by socrates in plato ' s dialogues. in his famous speech in the symposium, socrates had revealed what the witch ( for surely she fits gardner ' s profile for ancient witches ) diotima had revealed to him as a young man concerning the nature of eros. she had instructed socrates that eros is not really a god, per se, but rather a daemon : \" a great daemon, socrates ; for the whole realm of the daemons is intermediary between the gods and mortals. \" at this point socrates had inquired about the \" powers \" possessed by these daemons. and here is diotima ' s answer : \" interpreting and conveying things from men to gods, and things from gods to men, prayers and sacrifices from one, commands and requitals in exchange for sacrifices from the other, since, being in between both, the daemons fill the region between both so that the all is bound together with itself. \" through this daemonic realm moves all prophetic art and the art of priests having to do with sacrifices and rituals and spells, and all powers of prophecy and enchantment. the gods do not mingle with mortals, but all intercourse and conversation of the gods with humans, waking and sleeping, are through this intermediary realm. those who are wise about such things are truly divine, but those who are wise about any other arts or crafts are mere technicians and mechanics. the daemons, then, are many and manifold, and one of them is eros. \" [ 202d - 203a, taken from r. e. allen ' s translation, with some liberties ] almost two thousand years later, marsilio ficino wondered why diotima, in addition to describing the great daemon eros as clever, philosophical and a sophist, had also imputed magical powers to eros : \" but why do we think that eros is a magician? because the whole power of magic consists in eros. the work of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4667037214780679, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.547188"} {"text": "daemon eros as clever, philosophical and a sophist, had also imputed magical powers to eros : \" but why do we think that eros is a magician? because the whole power of magic consists in eros. the work of magic is the attraction of one thing by another because of a certain affinity of nature. but the parts of this world, like the parts of a single animal, all deriving from a single author, are joined to each other by the communion of a single nature. therefore just as the brain, lungs, heart, liver and the rest of the parts draw something from each other, and help each other, and sympathize with any one of them when it suffers, so the parts of this great animal [ the cosmos as a single living being ], that is, the bodies of the world, similarly joined together, borrow and lend natures to and from each other. from this common relationship is born a common love ; from love, a common attraction. and this is true magic.... [ t ] he works of magic are works of nature, but art is its handmaiden.... the ancients attributed this art to daemons, because the daemons understand what is the inter - relation of natural things, what is appropriate to each, and how the harmony of things, if lacking anywhere, can be restored.... they [ the ancients, such as socrates, zoroaster, apollonius of tyana, and porphyry ] seem to have become magicians through friendship of the daemons, just as the daemons are magicians through understanding the friendship of things themselves. and all nature, because of mutual love, is called a magician. \" [ de amore, marsilio ficino. this is specificaly from speech vi, using the translation by sears jane, p. 127 of the 1985 spring publications edition ] the take home message from augustine ' s polemics against plato, apuleius, and hermes is that the whole daemonic realm is, in reality, demonic in the sense of being purely evil. in other words, what plato portrayed as the liminal realm of the cosmos, situated above the human realm, whose purpose is to connect us with the gods, and which is responsible for the efficacy of both religious practices and magic arts ; that this is in fact an infernal realm populated with demons that are \" arrogant \" and \" deceiving \" who prey on those who seek \" divine refuge \" by \" fei", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5240335065926708, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.548296"} {"text": "is responsible for the efficacy of both religious practices and magic arts ; that this is in fact an infernal realm populated with demons that are \" arrogant \" and \" deceiving \" who prey on those who seek \" divine refuge \" by \" feigning divinity \". these demons are everywhere \" lying in wait for the deception of man! \" the christian view, then, is that ( 1 ) pagan religiosity is generally evil, ( 2 ) more specifically, the spiritual powers upon which pagans call are evil beings, and ( 3 ) the whole spiritual realm ( outside of the holy ghost and \" angels \" ) is filled with and characterized by malignant evil. it is in order to counter these dark ( and as perversely self - serving as they are self - revealing ) christian fantasies, which they sometimes try to hide behind the philosophical niceties of the so - called \" problem of evil \", that gardner invokes the words of sallustius on the subject of the \" the inner meaning of religious ritual. \" in essence, gardner wishes to categorically disprove any idea that the magical / religious practices of wiccans amount to calling upon evil forces. however, gardner chooses not to explicitly defend the liminal / daemonic aspects of platonic theology but to explicate pagan rituals in such terms as ( 1 ) being \" joined to the gods \", ( 2 ) having \" the light of the gods... shining upon us \", and ( 3 ) \" by turning toward the gods we heal our own badness and so enjoy again the goodness of the gods. \" all this and more comes about because \" the providence of the gods reaches everywhere and needs only some congruity for its reception. \" the fact is that sallustius provides no opportunity to more directly defend the intermediary spiritual realm, for, true to the title of the work, he sticks to \" the gods \" and \" the cosmos \". and it is unlikely, anyway, that gardner would have thought there could be anything to be gained by trying to convince the general public that wicca relies on daemons, but not on demons. and then there was also gardner ' s choice to ( dishonestly, as is now generally accepted ) deny the very real connections between his wicca and ceremonial magic ( where explicit references to daemons are easy to find ). but ( even though he avoids direct references to daemons ) it is quite clear that gerald gardner in 1959, just like practitioners of vodou", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5058703499098272, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.549539"} {"text": "real connections between his wicca and ceremonial magic ( where explicit references to daemons are easy to find ). but ( even though he avoids direct references to daemons ) it is quite clear that gerald gardner in 1959, just like practitioners of vodou today, had to defend himself against the mindset that all spiritual powers outside christianity are by definition infernal, evil and satanic. and gardner turns to the platonic paganism of sallustius to assert both that ( 1 ) in terms of belief, \" wicca positively denies the existence of a power of evil \" ( using gardner ' s words ), and ( 2 ) in terms of practice, the gods of wicca \" are always good and always do good and never harm \" and \" worship [ of the gods ] is paid for our own benefit, \" with the end in mind that by such worship we might \" live according to virture \" and be \" joined to the gods by our likeness to them \" ( using sallustius ' words as cited by gardner ). modern paganism and the ancient mysteries : - part one : sallustius, gardner & wicca : \" a general statement of their creed. \" - part two : gerald gardner, sallustius, and the problem of evil - part three : gerald gardner, sallustius, and reincarnation - part four : \" divested of their garments \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49272590462599697, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.550766"} {"text": "report : 100 million people will die by 2030 if world fails to tackle climate change it is estimated that over 100 million people will die and global economic growth will be cut by 3. 2 percent of gross domestic product ( gdp ) by 2030 if the world fails to tackle climate change, a report commissioned by 20 governments has claimed. as global average temperatures continue to rise due to greenhouse gas emissions, the effects on the planet, such as melting ice caps, extreme weather, drought and rising sea levels, will threaten populations and livelihoods, said the report conducted by humanitarian organization dara. dara calculated that five million deaths occur each year from air pollution, hunger and disease as a result of climate change and carbon - intensive economies. that toll is sure to increase, with estimates pinning at up to six million a year by 2030 if current patterns of fossil fuel use continue. more than 90 percent of those deaths will occur in developing countries, said the report that calculated the human and economic impact of climate change on 184 countries in 2010 and 2030. it was commissioned by the climate vulnerable forum, a partnership of 20 developing countries threatened by climate change. \u201c a combined climate - carbon crisis is estimated to claim 100 million lives between now and the end of the next decade, \u201d the report said. it said the effects of climate change had lowered global output by 1. 6 percent of world gdp, or by about $ 1. 2 trillion a year, and losses could double to 3. 2 percent of global gdp by 2030 if global temperatures are allowed to rise, surpassing 10 percent before 2100. it estimated the cost of moving the world to a low - carbon economy at about 0. 5 percent of gdp this decade. british economist nicholas stern told reuters earlier this year investment equivalent to 2 percent of global gdp was needed to limit, prevent and adapt to climate change. his report on the economics of climate change in 2006 said an average global temperature rise of 2 - 3 degrees celsius in the next 50 years could reduce global consumption per head by up to 20 percent. temperatures have already risen by about 0. 8 degrees celsius above those from pre - industrial times. almost 200 nations agreed in 2010 to limit the global average temperature rise to below 2c ( 3. 6 fahrenheit ) to avoid dangerous impacts from climate change. but climate scientists have warned that the chance of limiting the rise to below 2c is getting smaller as global greenhouse gas emissions rise due to burning fossil fuels. the world \u2019 s poorest nations are the most", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44576084446608627, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.554643"} {"text": "the blink of an eye the facts about eyelid cancer symptoms and types of cancer sun exposure is cumulative \u2014 the older we get, the more likely we are to develop eyelid cancer. people with fair skin, and blonde or red hair and light eyes are particularly at risk. the lower lid is affected most often by eyelid cancer. the corner of the eyelid closest to the nose is the second most common area, followed by the upper eyelid. like other skin cancers, basal cell carcinoma is the most common cancer to affect the eyelid. \u201c you may see a little nodule or lesion that gets larger. it will usually be pearly with visible blood vessels in the center, \u201d says dr. hui. \u201c it may have crusting or bleeding at the site. you may also notice a loss of eyelashes in that area. \u201d a squamous cell carcinoma will progress more rapidly with a non - healing area in the center. more rarely, a melanoma will occur which most often appears as a dark spot. \u201c ideally, people should be aware of any lump or bump anywhere on their eyelid, especially on the margin in between the lashes, \u201d notes dr. hui. the standard of care for eyelid cancer is mohs microscopic surgery by a dermatologist to remove the lesion, followed by repair of the area by an ocuplastic surgeon. \u201c during the mohs procedure, a mohs - trained dermatologist takes the cancer off and immediately looks at the lesion under a microscope to make sure they removed all of the cancer, checking to see if they need to go back and remove more, \u201d explains dr. hui. \u201c this tissue - sparing approach is preferable because there is so little redundant tissue in the eyelids. once the lesion is removed, the area can be repaired within hours or on the following day. \u201d radiation and topical treatments are available but not optimal. \u201c topical treatments can be very irritating and i don \u2019 t feel there is a role for radiation because of the damage it can cause to surrounding tissue, \u201d says hui. \u201c excision is by far the treatment of choice. \u201d preventing eyelid cancer is relatively easy but does require self - discipline. sunscreen is a must. an spf of 30 is recommended in desert areas like the coachella valley. \u201c find a sunscreen you will wear and reapply it regularly, \u201d says dr. hui. \u201c you always want the sunscreen to be directly in contact with your skin for best", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4719098147260202, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.557226"} {"text": "ancient greek marriage law | | this article may require cleanup to meet wikipedia ' s quality standards. ( october 2009 ) | marriage as a public interest the ancient greek legislators considered the relation of marriage a matter not merely of private, but also of public or general interest. this was particularly the case at sparta, where the subordination of private interests and happiness to the public was strongly exemplified in the regulations. for instance, by the laws of lycurgus, criminal proceedings might be taken against those who married too late ( graphe opsigamiou ) or unsuitably ( graphe kakogamiou ), as well as against those who did not marry at all ( graphe agamiou ). these regulations were founded on the generally recognised principle that it was the duty of every citizen to raise up a strong and healthy progeny of legitimate children to the state. so entirely, in fact, did the spartans consider the teknopoioia ( childbearing ) as the main object of marriage, which the state was bound to promote, that whenever a woman had no children by her own husband, she was not only allowed, but even required by the laws, to cohabit with another man. on the same principle, and for the purpose of preventing the extinction of his family, the spartan king anaxandridas ii was allowed to cohabit with two wives, for whom he kept two separate establishments : a case of bigamy, which, as herodotus observes, was not at all consistent with spartan nor indeed with hellenic customs. thus the heroes of homer appear never to have had more than one kouridie alochos : lawfully wedded wife ; though they are frequently represented as living in concubinage with one or more. solon also seems to have viewed marriage as a matter in which the state had a right to interfere, for we are told that his laws allowed agamiou graphe, though the regulation seems to have grown obsolete in later times ; at any rate there is no instance on record of its application. plato too may be quoted to prove how general was this feeling, for according to his laws, any one who did not marry before he was thirty - five was punishable not only with atimia ( loss of civil rights ), but also with pecuniary penalties, and he expressly states that in choosing a wife everyone ought to consult the interests of the state, and not his own pleasure. selecting a spouse but independent of any public", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44625626242977395, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.575990"} {"text": "( loss of civil rights ), but also with pecuniary penalties, and he expressly states that in choosing a wife everyone ought to consult the interests of the state, and not his own pleasure. selecting a spouse but independent of any public considerations there were also private or personal reasons ( peculiar to the ancients ) which made marriage an obligation. plato mentions one of these the duty incumbent upon every individual to provide for a continuance of representatives to succeed himself as ministers of the divinity ( toi theoi hyperetas an ' hautou paradidonai ). another was the desire felt by almost every one, not merely to perpetuate his own name, but also to prevent his heritage being desolate, and his name being cut off, and to leave someone who might make the customary offerings at his grave. with this view, childless persons would sometimes adopt children that had been left to die or were simply unwanted. by the athenian law a citizen was not allowed to marry with a foreign woman, nor conversely, under very severe penalties. however, proximity by blood ( anchisteia ), or consanguinity ( syngeneia ), was not, with some few exceptions, a bar to marriage in any part of greece ; direct lineal descent was. thus brothers were permitted to marry with sisters even, if not homometrioi or born from the same mother, as cimon did with elpinice, though a connection of this sort appears to have been looked on with abhorrence. in the earlier periods of society, indeed, we can easily conceive that a spirit of caste or family pride, and other causes such as the difficulties in the way of social intercourse would tend to make marriages frequent amongst near relations and connections. ( compare book of numbers ^ c. xxxvi. ) at athens, however, in the case of a father dying intestate, and without male children, his heiress had no choice in marriage ; she was compelled by law to marry her nearest kinsman not in the ascending line ; and if the heiress were poor ( thessa ) the nearest unmarried kinsman either married her or portioned her suitably to her rank. when there were several coheiresses, they were respectively married to their kinsmen, the nearest having the first choice ( see epikleros ). the heiress in fact, together with her inheritance, seems to have belonged to the kinsmen of the family, so that in early times a father could not give his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.46289059248825526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.578537"} {"text": "engyesis, or betrothal, was in fact indispensable to the complete validity of a marriage contract. it was made by the natural or legal guardian ( kyrios ) of the bride elect, and attended by the relatives of both parties as witnesses. the law of athens ordained that all children born from a marriage legally contracted in this respect should be legal gnesioi, and consequently, if sons, isomoiroi, are entitled to inherit equally or in gavel - kind. it would seem, therefore, that the issue of a marriage without espousals would lose their heritable rights, which depended on their being born ex astes kai engyetes gynaikos : i. e. from a citizen and a legally betrothed wife. the wife ' s dowry was also settled at the espousals. at sparta, the betrothal of the bride by her father or guardian ( kyrios ) was requisite as a preliminary of marriage, as well as at athens. another custom peculiar to the spartans, and a relic of ancient times, was the seizure of the bride by her intended husband ( see herod, vi. 65 ), but of course with the sanction of her parents or guardians. she was not, however, immediately domiciled in her husband ' s house, but cohabited with him for some time clandestinely, till he brought her, and frequently her mother also, to his home. a similar custom appears to have prevailed in crete, where, as we are told, the young men when dismissed from the agela of their fellows, were immediately married, but did not take their wives home till some time afterwards. muller suggests that the children of this furtive kind of intercourse were called parthenioi. in cases of adultery by the wife, the athenian law subjected the husband to atimia, if he continued to cohabit with her, so that she was ipso facto divorced. but a separation might be effected in two different ways : by the wife leaving the husband, or the husband dismissing the wife. if the latter supposed her husband to have acted without sufficient justification in such a course, it was competent for her after dismissal, or rather for her guardians, to bring an action for dismissal ( dike apopompes ) : the corresponding action if brought by the husband was a dike apoleipseos. if, however, a wife were ill - used in any way by her husband,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45278690138806044, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.586623"} {"text": "to bring an action for dismissal ( dike apopompes ) : the corresponding action if brought by the husband was a dike apoleipseos. if, however, a wife were ill - used in any way by her husband, he was liable to an action called dike kakoseos so that the wife was not entirely unprotected by the laws, a conclusion justified by a fragment in athenaeus in which married women are spoken of as relying on its protection. but a separation, whether it originated from the husband or wife, was considered to reflect discredit on the latter independent of the difficulties and inconveniences to which she was subjected by it. at sparta, barrenness on the part of a wife seems to have been a ground for dismissal by the husband ; and from a passage in dio chrysostom, it has been inferred that women were in the habit of imposing suppositious children with a view of keeping ( kataschein ) their husbands : not but that the word admits of, if indeed it does not ( from the tense ) require, a different interpretation. the duties of an athenian wife are stated somewhat in detail oeconomicus ( xenophon ). see also - pollux, viii. 4 0 - lycurg. 15. - mulller, dorians., iv. 4. \u00a7 3. - xenophon. de rep. lac. i. 8. - herodotus. vi. 39, 40 - buttmann, lexilogus, 73 - platner, process, & c. vol. ii. p. 248. - leg. iv. p. 721 - leg. vi. p. 773. - isaeus de apoll. hered. p. 66. bek. - demosth. c. neaer. p. 1350 - isaeus, de oiron. her. p. 72. - becker, charikles, vol. ii. p. 448. - muller, dorians, ii. 10. \u00a7 4. - demosth. c. steph. p. 1134 - demosth. c. aphob. p. 814. - herod, vi. 57 ; muller, /. c. - pollux, iii. 31. - plato, theaet. 2. p. 150. - polit. ' vu. 15 - oper. 800 - iphig. in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43173586311351453, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.589661"} {"text": "baths of agrippa the baths of agrippa ( thermae agrippae ) were a structure of ancient rome, built by marcus vipsanius agrippa, the first of the great thermae constructed in the city. in their first form, constructed at the same time as the pantheon and on axis with it, as a balaneion ( \u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd ), they were apparently a hot - air bath with a cold plunge, not unlike a sauna. with the completion of the aqua virgo, the aqueduct completed by agrippa in 19 bc, the baths were supplied with water and became regular thermae, with a large ornamental pool ( stagnum agrippae ) attached. agrippa furnished his baths with decorations that may have been executed in glazed tiles and with works of art : the apoxyomenos of lysippus stood outside. he left the baths to the citizens of rome at his death, 12 bc. the baths of agrippa were damaged by fire in ad 80 ( cassius dio, lxvi. 24 ), but were restored and enlarged ; they were thronged in the times of martial, and enlarged under hadrian and later emperors. sidonius apollonaris mentions that the baths of agrippa were still being used in the fifth century. in the seventh century the structure ( no longer in use ) was being mined for its building materials, but much of the baths were still standing in the sixteenth century, when the ruins were drawn by baldassare peruzzi and andrea palladio, among others. see also - ( lacuscurtius website ) samuel ball platner, a topographical dictionary of ancient rome ( london : oxford university press ) 1929. see also note by william thayer. | this article about an italian building or structure is a stub. you can help wikipedia by expanding it. | | this article about an ancient roman building or structure is a stub. you can help wikipedia by expanding it. |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.37405375241189637, "token_count": 421, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.597248"} {"text": "bezalel academy of art and design | bezalel academy of arts and design | | \u05d1\u05e6\u05dc\u05d0\u05dc, \u05d0\u05e7\u05d3\u05de\u05d9\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d0\u05de\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05e2\u05d9\u05e6\u05d5\u05d1 | bezalel ' s emblem, with the ark of the covenant | established | | 1906, by boris schatz | | religious affiliation | | international association of universities | bezalel academy of arts and design is israel ' s national school of art, founded in 1906 by boris schatz. it is named for the biblical figure bezalel, son of uri ( hebrew : \u05d1\u05e6\u05dc\u05d0\u05dc \u05d1\u05df \u05be \u05d0\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9 ), who was appointed by moses to oversee the design and construction of the tabernacle ( exodus 35 : 30 ). the bezalel school was founded in 1906 by boris schatz. theodor herzl and the early zionists believed in the creation of a national style of art blending classical jewish / middle eastern and european traditions. the teachers of bezalel developed a distinctive school of art, known as the bezalel school, which portrayed biblical and zionist subjects in a style influenced by the european jugendstil ( art nouveau ) and traditional persian and syrian art. the artists blended \" varied strands of surroundings, tradition and innovation, \" in paintings and craft objects that invokes \" biblical themes, islamic design and european traditions, \" in their effort to \" carve out a distinctive style of jewish art \" for the new nation they intended to build in the ancient jewish homeland. the bezalel school produced decorative art objects in a wide range of media : silver, leather, wood, brass and fabric. while the artists and designers were western - trained, the craftsmen were often members of the yemenite jewish community, which has a long tradition of working in precious metals. silver and goldsmithing had been traditional jewish occupations in yemen. yemenite immigrants were also frequent subjects of bezalel school artists. leading artists of the school include meir gur aryeh, ze ' ev raban, shmuel ben david, ya ' ackov ben - dov, ze ' ev ben - tzvi, jacob eisenberg, jacob pins, jacob steinhardt, and hermann struck. in 1912, the school had only one female student, marousia ( miriam ) nissenholtz, who used the pseudonym chad gadya. the school closed down in 1929 in the wake of economic difficulties, but reopened in 1935, attracting many teachers and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41450608217995505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.609632"} {"text": ", the school had only one female student, marousia ( miriam ) nissenholtz, who used the pseudonym chad gadya. the school closed down in 1929 in the wake of economic difficulties, but reopened in 1935, attracting many teachers and students from germany, many of them from the bauhaus school shut down by the nazis. in 1969, bezalel became a state - supported institution. in 1975 it was recognized by the council for higher education in israel as an institute of higher education. it completed its relocation to mount scopus in 1990. bezalel pavilion bezalel pavilion was a tin - plated wooden structure with a crenelated roof and tower built outside jaffa gate in 1912. it was a shop and showroom for bezalel souvenirs. the pavilion was demolished six years later. in 2006, the bezalel academy of arts and design celebrated its 100th anniversary. today, it is located on mount scopus in jerusalem and has 1, 500 students. faculties include fine arts, architecture, ceramic design, industrial design, jewelry, photography, visual communication, animation, film, and art history & theory. the architecture campus is in downtown jerusalem, in the historic bezalel building. bezalel offers bachelor of fine arts ( b. f. a. ), bachelor of architecture ( b. arch. ), bachelor of design ( b. des. ) degrees, a master of fine arts in conjunction with hebrew university, and two different master of design ( m. des ) degrees. the academy has plans to move back to the city center. notable alumni - baruch agadati ( 1895 \u2013 1976 ), russian - palestinian - israeli classical ballet dancer, choreographer, painter, film producer and director - yaacov agam ( born 1928 ), sculptor and experimental artist - ron arad ( born 1951 ), industrial designer - netiva ben - yehuda ( 1928 \u2013 2011 ), author, editor, palmach commander - moti bodek ( born 1961 ), architect, lecturer - yitzhak danziger ( 1916 \u2013 1977 ), sculptor - nachum gutman ( 1898 \u2013 1980 ), painter, sculptor, author - yaron london ( born 1940 ), media personality, journalist, actor, songwriter - avigdor stematsky ( 1908 \u2013 1989 ), painter - yehezkel streichman ( 1906 \u2013 1993 ), painter - gideon amichay ( born 1963 ), communication artist, cartoonist, writer and ad man - eli", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42792380272562414, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.612586"} {"text": "avigdor stematsky ( 1908 \u2013 1989 ), painter - yehezkel streichman ( 1906 \u2013 1993 ), painter - gideon amichay ( born 1963 ), communication artist, cartoonist, writer and ad man - elisha ben yitzhak ( born 1943 ), painter, songwriter - zvi raphaeli ( 1924 - 2005 ), painter and rabbi notable faculty - siona shimshi ( born 1939 ), israeli painter, sculptor, ceramist, textile designer see also - list of universities and colleges in israel - list of israel prize recipients - list of israeli visual artists - jewish ceremonial art - museum review | derfner judaica museum, jewish art, the hudson and bingo in the bronx, edward rothstein, new york times, june 10, 2009, - ze ' ev raban, a hebrew symbolist, by batsheva goldman ida, tel aviv museum of art, 2001 - i lived life to the fullest, haaretz - \" israel prize recipients in 1958 ( in hebrew ) \". israel prize official site. archived from the original on january 17, 2010 by webcite. - \" \u05d4\u05de\u05d5\u05e2\u05e6\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d4\u05e9\u05db\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d4\u05d4 - \u05de\u05d0\u05d2\u05e8 \u05de\u05d5\u05e1\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea \" [ council for higher education registry of institutes ]. che. org. il ( in hebrew ). retrieved august 4, 2010. - zohar, gil ( november 2, 2006 ). \" artful move \". jerusalem post. retrieved september 19, 2011. - milan ' s furniture whirlwind further reading - gil goldfine, \u201c zeev raban and the bezalel style, \u201d jerusalem post, 12 - 14 - 2001 - dalia manor, \u201c biblical zionism in bezalel art, \u201d israel studies 6. 1 ( 2001 ) 55 - 75 - the \" hebrew style \" of bezalel, 1906 \u2013 1929, nurit shilo cohen, the journal of decorative and propaganda arts, vol. 20. ( 1994 ), pp. 140 \u2013 163 - manor, dalia, art in zion : the genesis of national art in jewish palestine, published by routledge curzon ( 2005 ) - \" crafting a jewish style : the art of the bezalel academy, 1906 \u2013 1996 \", 2000 - 08 - 26 until 2000 - 10 - 22, montgomery museum of fine arts external sources - bezalel academy web site - bezalel catalogue of student works - timeline of bezal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3794397871022807, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.613722"} {"text": "| | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( march 2010 ) | cocom is an acronym for coordinating committee for multilateral export controls. cocom was established by western bloc powers in the first five years after the end of world war ii, during the cold war, to put an arms embargo on comecon countries. cocom ceased to function on march 31, 1994, and the then - current control list of embargoed goods was retained by the member nations until the successor, the wassenaar arrangement, was established. cocom had 17 member states : australia, belgium, canada, denmark, france, germany, greece, italy, japan, luxembourg, netherlands, norway, portugal, spain, turkey, the united kingdom and the united states. laws and regulations in the united states, cocom compliance was implemented in the 1960s via the arms export control act ( aeca ) and the state department ' s regulatory supervision on aeca via international traffic in arms regulations ( itar ), which are still in effect. toshiba machine company of japan and kongsberg group of norway supplied eight computer - guided propeller milling machines to the soviet union between 1982 and 1984, an action that violated the cocom regulations. the united states ' s position is that this greatly improved the ability of soviet submarines to evade detection. congress moved to sanction toshiba, and bar imports of its products into the united states. in gps technology, the phrasing \" cocom limits \" is also used to refer to a limit placed to gps tracking devices that should disable tracking when the device realizes itself to be moving faster than 1, 000 knots ( 1, 900 km / h ; 1, 200 mph ) at an altitude higher than 60, 000 feet ( 18, 000 m ). this was intended to avoid the use of gps in intercontinental ballistic missile - like applications. some manufacturers apply this limit literally ( disable when both limits are reached ), other manufacturers disable tracking when a single limit is reached. this limit is a frequent obstacle encountered, if not discussed, among hobbyists seeking to make high altitude balloons. see also - international traffic in arms regulations - arms export control act - defense security cooperation agency - export control classification number - toshiba - kongsberg scandal - yasuhara, y. \" the myth of free trade : the origins of cocom 1945 \u2013 1950 \". the japanese journal of american studies 4. retrieved 2009 - 12 - 03. - js ( october 6, 2010 ). \" cocom", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4932309461437495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.622517"} {"text": "##suhara, y. \" the myth of free trade : the origins of cocom 1945 \u2013 1950 \". the japanese journal of american studies 4. retrieved 2009 - 12 - 03. - js ( october 6, 2010 ). \" cocom gps tracking limits \". ravtrack. com. retrieved july 26, 2011. - graham - cumming, john. \" gaga - 1 : cocom limit for gps \". jgc. org. retrieved july 26, 2011. - mastanduno, m. ( 1992 ). economic containment : cocom and the politics of east - west trade. cornell paperbacks. cornell university press, ithaca, n. y. - noehrenberg, e. h. ( 1995 ). multilateral export controls and international regime theory : the effectiveness of cocom. pro universitate. - yasuhara, y. ( 1991 ). the myth of free trade : the origins of cocom 1945 - 1950. the japanese journal of american studies, 4. - cocom control lists, as published by the british government - cfao 36 - 56 - - export controls over strategic and military goods - establishment of new general license for shipments to country groups qwy and the people ' s republic of china - the reincarnation of cocom : explaining post - war export controls - export control blog | this history article is a stub. you can help wikipedia by expanding it. | | this international trade related article is a stub. you can help wikipedia by expanding it. | | this article about politics is a stub. you can help wikipedia by expanding it. |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.494178533786074, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.623453"} {"text": "malignant pleural effusion malignant pleural effusion is a condition in which cancer causes an abnormal amount of fluid to collect between the thin layers of tissue ( pleura ) lining the outside of the lung and the wall of the chest cavity. lung cancer and breast cancer account for about 50 - 65 % of malignant pleural effusions. other common causes include pleural mesothelioma and lymphoma. | malignant pleural effusion | | classification and external resources | investigating a malignant pleural effusion clinical evaluation clinical factors predicting the diagnosis of malignant pleural effusions are symptoms lasting more than 1 month and the absence of fever. this is needed to confirm the presence of a pleural effusion. chest radiograph is usually performed first and may demonstrate an underlying lung cancer as well as the pleural effusion. ultrasound has a sensitivity of 73 % and specificity of 100 % at distinguishing malignant pleural effusions from other causes of pleural effusion, based on the presence of visible pleural metastases, pleural thickening greater than 1 cm, pleural nodularity, diaphragmatic thickening measuring greater than 7mm and an echogenic swirling pattern visible in the pleural fluid. biochemical analysis pleural fluid cytology is positive in 60 % of cases. however, in the remaining cases, pleural biopsy is required. image guided biopsy and thoracoscopy have largely replaced blind biopsy due to their greater sensitivity and safety profile. ct guided biopsy has a sensitivity of 87 % compared to abrams ' needle biopsy, which has a sensitivity of 47 %. identification of pleural fluid biomarkers to distinguish malignant pleural effusions from other causes of exudative effusions would help diagnosis. biomarkers that have been shown to be raised in malignant pleural effusions compared to benign disease include vascular endothelial growth factor ( vegf ), endostatin, matrix metalloproteinases and tumour markers such as carcinoembryonic antigen. pleural fluid mesothelin has a sensitivity of 71 %, greater than that of cytology, and a specificity of 89 % for the diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma. treatment of malignant pleural effusions the goal of treatment of malignant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47120574768020773, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.631272"} {"text": "has a sensitivity of 71 %, greater than that of cytology, and a specificity of 89 % for the diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma. treatment of malignant pleural effusions the goal of treatment of malignant pleural effusions is relief of breathlessness. occasionally, treatment of the underlying cancer can cause resolution of the effusion. this may be the case with types of cancer that respond well to chemotherapy, such as small cell carcinoma or lymphoma. simple aspiration of pleural fluid can relieve breathlessness rapidly but fluid and symptoms will usually recur within a couple of weeks. for this reason, more permanent treatments are usually used to prevent fluid recurrence. standard treatment involves chest tube insertion and pleurodesis. however, this treatment requires an inpatient stay of approximately 2 \u2013 7 days, can be painful and has a significant failure rate. this has led to the development of tunneled pleural catheters ( e. g., pleurx catheters ), which allow outpatient treatment of effusions. - malignant pleural effusion entry in the public domain nci dictionary of cancer terms - antony vb, loddenkemper r, astoul p, et al. ( august 2001 ). \" management of malignant pleural effusions \". eur. respir. j. 18 ( 2 ) : 402 \u2013 19. pmid 11529302. - ferrer j, roldan j, teixidor j, pallisa e, gich i, morell f ( march 2005 ). \" predictors of pleural malignancy in patients with pleural effusion undergoing thoracoscopy \". chest 127 ( 3 ) : 1017 \u2013 22. doi : 10. 1378 / chest. 127. 3. 1017. pmid 15764788. - qureshi nr, rahman nm, gleeson fv ( february 2009 ). \" thoracic ultrasound in the diagnosis of malignant pleural effusion \". thorax 64 ( 2 ) : 139 \u2013 43. doi : 10. 1136 / thx. 2008. 100545. pmid 18852159. - chian cf, su wl, soh lh, yan hc, perng wc, wu cp ( july 2004 ). \" echogenic swirling pattern as a predictor of malignant pleur", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45104882130299356, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.632385"} {"text": "\u2013 34. doi : 10. 1007 / s00408 - 003 - 1035 - 9. pmid 14749937. - gaspar mj, de miguel j, garcia diaz jd, diez m ( 2008 ). \" clinical utility of a combination of tumour markers in the diagnosis of malignant pleural effusions \". anticancer res. 28 ( 5b ) : 2947 \u2013 52. pmid 19031938. - vatansever s, gelisgen r, uzun h, yurt s, kosar f ( 2009 ). \" potential role of matrix metalloproteinase - 2, - 9 and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase - 1, - 2 in exudative pleural effusions \". clin invest med 32 ( 4 ) : e293 \u2013 300. pmid 19640333. - davies he, sadler rs, bielsa s, et al. ( september 2009 ). \" clinical impact and reliability of pleural fluid mesothelin in undiagnosed pleural effusions \". am. j. respir. crit. care med. 180 ( 5 ) : 437 \u2013 44. doi : 10. 1164 / rccm. 200811 - 1729oc. pmid 19299498. - roberts me, neville e, berrisford rg, antunes g, ali nj ( august 2010 ). \" management of a malignant pleural effusion : british thoracic society pleural disease guideline 2010 \". thorax 65 ( suppl 2 ) : ii32 \u2013 40. doi : 10. 1136 / thx. 2010. 136994. pmid 20696691.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45816020570288, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.635515"} {"text": "| incense route - desert cities in the negev ( haluza, mamshit, avdat and shivta ) | | name as inscribed on the world heritage list | | unesco region | | europe and north america | | inscription | | 2005 ( 29th session ) | mamshit ( hebrew : \u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05d9\u05ea ) is the nabataean city of mampsis or memphis. in the nabataean period, mamshit was an important station on incense road, running from the idumean mountains, through the arabah and ma ' ale akrabim, and on to beer - sheva or to hebron and jerusalem. the city covers 10 acres ( 40, 000 m2 ) and is the smallest but best restored city in the negev desert. the once - luxurious houses feature unusual architecture not found in any other nabataean city. the reconstructed city gives the visitor a sense of how mamshit once looked. entire streets have survived intact, and there are also large groups of nabataean buildings with open rooms, courtyards, and terraces. the stones are carefully chiseled and the arches that support the ceiling are remarkably well constructed. mamshit was built in 1st century bc as trade post on the way from petra to gaza. with time the city was developed and based also on agriculture. when trade in mamshit waned with the roman occupation, the occupants found another way to make a living : raising horses. the residents of mamshit bred the renowned arabian horse, which brought great wealth to their city. during the byzantine period mamshit also received support from the authorities for being a frontier city. when this funding dried up, at the time of justinian, the city died a natural death. before the founding of the state of israel, prime minister to - be david ben - gurion saw mamshit as the capital of the future country, which dovetailed with his dream of settling the negev desert. two churches were discovered in mamshit. the western nile church has a mosaic floor with colorful geometric patterns, birds, a fruit basket, and five dedications in greek ( the mosaic is not open to the public ). the eastern church has a lectern on small marble pillars, the remnants of which can be seen at the site. the biggest hoard ever found in israel was uncovered in mamshit - 10500 silver coins, a lead ingot weighing 158 pounds with foundry signs, a papyrus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.36330835362905556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.638444"} {"text": "the shortgrass prairie ecosystem of the north american great plains is a prairie that includes lands from the eastern foothills of the rocky mountains east to nebraska and north into saskatchewan, including rangelands in alberta, wyoming, montana, north dakota, south dakota, and kansas, and extending to the south through the high plains of colorado, oklahoma, texas, and new mexico. these rangelands were formerly maintained by grazing pressure of american bison, the keystone species ; the dominant grasses are blue grama ( bouteloua gracilis ) and buffalograss ( bouteloua dactyloides ). the semi - arid climate receives on average less precipitation than that which supports the tallgrass prairie formerly to the east. see also - hill, r. t. 1901. geography and geology of the black and grand prairies, texas. in : walcott, c. d. ( ed ), twenty - first annual report of the united states geological survey to the secretary of the interior ( 1899 - 1900 ), part vii - texas, 666 pp. ( see plate iii ) | this article about a specific united states location is a stub. you can help wikipedia by expanding it. | | this ecoregion article is a stub. you can help wikipedia by expanding it. |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4400250976753324, "token_count": 256, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.640028"} {"text": "| | the neutrality of this article is disputed. ( january 2013 ) | | | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( january 2013 ) | sprouting is the practice of germinating seeds to be eaten raw or cooked. sprouted foods are a convenient way to have fresh vegetables for salads, or otherwise, in any season and can be germinated at home or produced industrially. they are a prominent ingredient of the raw food diet and common in eastern asian cuisine. sprouting is also applied on a large scale to barley as a part of the malting process. a potential downside to consuming raw sprouts is that the process of germinating seeds can also be conducive to harmful bacterial growth. seeds suitable for sprouting all viable seeds can be sprouted, but some sprouts should not be eaten raw. the most common food sprouts include : - pulses ( legumes ; pea family ) : - brassica ( cabbage family ) - other vegetables and herbs : although whole oats can be sprouted, oat groats sold in food stores, which are dehulled and require steaming or roasting to prevent rancidity, will not sprout. whole oats may have an indigestible hull which makes them difficult or even unfit for human consumption. all the sprouts of the solanaceae ( tomato, potato, paprika, aubergine or eggplant ) and rhubarb cannot be eaten as sprouts, either cooked or raw, as they can be poisonous. some sprouts can be cooked to remove the toxin, while others cannot. with all seeds, care should be taken that they are intended for sprouting or human consumption rather than sowing. seeds intended for sowing may be treated with chemical dressings. several countries, such as new zealand, also require that some varieties of imported edible seed be heat - treated, thus making them impossible to sprout. quinoa in its natural state is very easy to sprout but when polished, or pre - cleaned of its saponin coating ( becoming whiter ), loses its power to germinate. the germination process the germination process takes a few days and can be done at home manually, as a semi - automated process, or industrially on a large scale for commercial use. typically the seeds are first rinsed to remove soil and dirt and the mucilaginous substances produced by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48118570262666427, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.657169"} {"text": "few days and can be done at home manually, as a semi - automated process, or industrially on a large scale for commercial use. typically the seeds are first rinsed to remove soil and dirt and the mucilaginous substances produced by some seeds when they come in contact with water. then they are soaked for 20 minutes to 12 hours, depending on the type and size of seed. the soaking increases the water content in the seeds and brings them out of quiescence. after draining and then rinsing seeds at regular intervals they germinate, or sprout. for home sprouting, the seeds are soaked ( big seeds ) or moistened ( small ), then left at room temperature ( 13 to 21 \u00b0c or 55 to 70 \u00b0f ) in a sprouting vessel. many different types of vessels can be used. one type is a simple glass jar with a piece of cloth or nylon window screen secured over its rim. \" tiered \" clear plastic sprouters are commercially available, allowing a number of \" crops \" to be grown simultaneously. by staggering sowings, a constant supply of young sprouts can be ensured. any vessel used for sprouting must allow water to drain from it, because sprouts that sit in water will rot quickly. the seeds swell, may stick to the sides of the jar, and begin germinating within a day or two. sprouts are rinsed two to four times a day, depending on the climate and the type of seed, to provide them with moisture and prevent them from souring. each seed has its own ideal sprouting time. after three to five days the sprouts will have grown to 5 to 8 centimetres ( 2 \u2013 3 in ) in length and will be suitable for consumption. if left longer they will begin to develop leaves, and are then known as baby greens. a popular baby green is sunflower after 7 \u2013 10 days. refrigeration can be used as needed to slow or halt the growth process of any sprout. common causes for sprouts to become inedible : - seeds are not rinsed well enough before soaking - seeds are left in standing water after the initial soaking - seeds are allowed to dry out - temperature is too high or too low - insufficient rinsing - dirty equipment - insufficient air flow - contaminated water source - poor germination rate mung beans can be sprouted either in light or dark conditions. those sprouted in the dark will be crisper in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48750475266492055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.658267"} {"text": "or too low - insufficient rinsing - dirty equipment - insufficient air flow - contaminated water source - poor germination rate mung beans can be sprouted either in light or dark conditions. those sprouted in the dark will be crisper in texture and whiter, as in the case of commercially available chinese bean sprouts, but these have less nutritional content than those grown in partial sunlight. growing in full sunlight is not recommended, because it can cause the beans to overheat or dry out. subjecting the sprouts to pressure, for example, by placing a weight on top of them in their sprouting container, will result in larger, crunchier sprouts similar to those sold in polish grocery stores. a very effective way to sprout beans like lentils or azuki is in colanders. soak the beans in water for about 8 hours then place in the colander. wash twice a day. the sprouted beans can be eaten raw or cooked. sprouting is also applied on a large scale to barley as a part of the malting process. malted barley is an important ingredient in beer and is used in huge quantities. most malted barley is distributed among wide retail sellers in north american regions. many varieties of nuts, such as almonds and peanuts, can also be started in their growth cycle by soaking and sprouting, although because the sprouts are generally still very small when eaten, they are usually called \" soaks \". nutritional information sprouts are said to be rich in digestible energy, bioavailable vitamins, minerals, amino acids, proteins, and phytochemicals, as these are necessary for a germinating plant to grow. these nutrients are essential for human health. the nutritional changes upon germination & sprouting are summarised below. chavan and kadam ( 1989 ) concluded that - \u201c the desirable nutritional changes that occur during sprouting are mainly due to the breakdown of complex compounds into a more simple form, transformation into essential constituents and breakdown of nutritionally undesirable constituents. \u201d \u201c the metabolic activity of resting seeds increases as soon as they are hydrated during soaking. complex biochemical changes occur during hydration and subsequent sprouting. the reserve chemical constituents, such as protein, starch and lipids, are broken down by enzymes into simple compounds that are used to make new compounds. \u201d \u201c sprouting grains causes increased activities of hydrolytic enzymes, improvements in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46132178715961164, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.659238"} {"text": ": cuddeford ( 1989 ), based on data obtained by peer and leeson ( 1985 ). increase of protein is not due to new protein being manufactured by the germination process but by the washing out of starch and conversion to fiber - - increasing the relative proportion of protein. increases in essential fatty acids an increase in lipase activity has been reported in barley by macleod and white ( 1962 ), as cited by chavan and kadam ( 1989 ). increased lipolytic activity during germination and sprouting causes hydrolysis of triacylglycerols to glycerol and constituent fatty acids. increases in vitamin content according to chavan and kadam ( 1989 ), most reports agree that sprouting treatment of cereal grains generally improves their vitamin value, especially the b - group vitamins. certain vitamins such as \u03b1 - tocopherol ( vitamin - e ) and \u03b2 - carotene ( vitamin - a precursor ) are produced during the growth process ( cuddeford, 1989 ). according to shipard ( 2005 ) - \u201c sprouts provide a good supply of vitamins a, e & c plus b complex. like enzymes, vitamins serve as bioactive catalysts to assist in the digestion and metabolism of feeds and the release of energy. they are also essential for the healing and repair of cells. however, vitamins are very perishable, and in general, the fresher the feeds eaten, the higher the vitamin content. the vitamin content of some seeds can increase by up to 20 times their original value within several days of sprouting. mung bean sprouts have b vitamin increases, compared to the dry seeds, of - b1 up 285 %, b2 up 515 %, b3 up 256 %. even soaking seeds overnight in water yields greatly increased amounts of b vitamins, as well as vitamin c. compared with mature plants, sprouts can yield vitamin contents 30 times higher. \u201d chelation of minerals shipard ( 2005 ) claims that - \u201c when seeds are sprouted, minerals chelate or merge with protein, in a way that increases their function. \u201d it is important to note that while these changes may sound impressive, the comparisons are between dormant non - sprouted seed to sprouted seed rather than comparisons of sprouts to mature vegetables. compared to dry seeds there are very large increases in nutrients whereas compared with mature vegetables the increase is less. however, a sprout, just starting out in life", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4657663624535231, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.661288"} {"text": "joy larkcom advises that to be on the safe side \u201c one shouldn \u2019 t eat large quantities of raw legume sprouts on a regular basis, no more than about 550g ( 20oz ) daily \u201d. phytic acid, an antinutritional factor, occurs primarily in the seed coats and germ tissue of plant seeds. it forms insoluble or nearly insoluble compounds with many metal ions, including those of calcium, iron, magnesium and zinc, reducing their dietary availability. diets high in phytic acid content and poor in these minerals produce mineral deficiency in experimental animals ( gontzea and sutzescu, 1958, as cited in chavan and kadam, 1989 ). the latter authors state that the sprouting of cereals has been reported to decrease levels of phytic acid. similarly, shipard ( 2005 ) states that enzymes of germination and sprouting can help eliminate detrimental substances such as phytic acid. however, the amount of phytic acid reduction from soaking is only marginal, and not enough to counteract its antinutrient effects see also - donald g. barceloux md. \" potatoes, tomatoes, and solanine toxicity ( solanum tuberosum l., solanum lycopersicum l. ) \". retrieved 7 august 2011. paid subscription required to access article. - \" the vegetarian society - information sheet - pulses \". vegetarian society. retrieved 2009 - 11 - 16. - \" plant - based nutrition \". spring 2002. retrieved 2007 - 11 - 14. - neuman, william ( 10 june 2011 ). \" the poster plant of health food can pack disease risks \". new york times. retrieved 11 june 2011. - breuer, thomas et al.. \" a multistate outbreak of escherichia coli o157 : h7 infections linked to alfalfa sprouts grown from contaminated seeds \". retrieved 19 november 2007. - gabriel, alonzo a. et al. ; berja, m ; estrada, a ; lopez, m ; nery, j ; villaflor, e ( 2007 ). \" microbiology of retail mung bean sprouts vended in public markets of national capital region, philippines \". food control 18 ( 10 ) : 1307 \u2013 1313. doi : 10. 1016 / j. foodcont. 2006. 09. 004. - food and drug administration ( may 17, 2005 ). \" transcript of proceedings of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.456301255308317, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.663631"} {"text": ". food control 18 ( 10 ) : 1307 \u2013 1313. doi : 10. 1016 / j. foodcont. 2006. 09. 004. - food and drug administration ( may 17, 2005 ). \" transcript of proceedings of public meeting on sprout safety \". retrieved 19 november 2007. - health canada. \" sprouted beans and seeds \". retrieved 19 november 2007. - harrison, h. c. \" growing edible sprouts at home \" ( pdf ). retrieved 23 november 2007. - suslow, trevor v. ; linda j. harris. \" growing seed sprouts at home \" ( pdf ). retrieved 23 november 2007. - shiga toxin - producing e. coli ( stec ) : update on outbreak in the eu, 27 july 2011 - \" outbreak of shiga toxin - producing e. coli in germany ( 22 june 2011, 11 : 00 ) \". ecdc. 22 june 2011. retrieved 22 june 2011. - \" e. coli cucumber scare : russia announces import ban \". bbc news online. 30 may 2011. archived from the original on 30 may 2011. retrieved 30 may 2011. - \" e. two in u. s. infected in german e. coli outbreak \". msnbc online. 31 may 2011. retrieved 2 june 2011. - larkcom, joy \u2018 salads for small gardens \u2019, p. 98 hamlyn 1995 isbn 0 - 600 - 58509 - 3 - \" the influence of soaking and germination on the phytase activity and phytic acid content of grains and seeds potentially useful for complementary feedin \". food science. - the raw truth by jeremy a safron, ( celestial arts, toronto, 2003 ) isbn 1 - 58761 - 172 - 4 ( pbk. ) - \" the complete guide to successful sprouting for parrots \" by leslie moran, ( critter connection, us, 2007 ) isbn 978 - 1 - 4196 - 8479 - 1 ( 110 pgs, pbk. ) - title : hydroponic grass. source : in practice. ( cuddeford, d., 1989 ). ( relates to animal nutrition ) - title : nutritional improvement of cereals by fermentation. source : critical reviews in food science and nutrition ( chavan, jk ; kadam, ss, 1989 ) - title : how can i grow and use sprouts as living food. ( shipard 2008 ) isbn 978 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46971742105978387, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.664478"} {"text": "a stored procedure is a subroutine available to applications that access a relational database system. a stored procedure ( sometimes called a proc, sproc, stopro, storedproc, sp or sp ) is actually stored in the database data dictionary. typical use for stored procedures include data validation ( integrated into the database ) or access control mechanisms. furthermore, stored procedures can consolidate and centralize logic that was originally implemented in applications. extensive or complex processing that requires execution of several sql statements is moved into stored procedures, and all applications call the procedures. one can use nested stored procedures by executing one stored procedure from within another. stored procedures are similar to user - defined functions ( udfs ). the major difference is that udfs can be used like any other expression within sql statements, whereas stored procedures must be invoked using the stored procedures may return result sets, i. e. the results of a select statement. such result sets can be processed using cursors, by other stored procedures, by associating a result set locator, or by applications. stored procedures may also contain declared variables for processing data and cursors that allow it to loop through multiple rows in a table. stored procedure flow control statements typically include case statements, and more. stored procedures can receive variables, return results or modify variables and return them, depending on how and where the variable is declared. the exact and correct implementation of stored procedures varies from one database system to another. most major database vendors support them in some form. depending on the database system, stored procedures can be implemented in a variety of programming languages, for example sql, java, c, or c + +. stored procedures written in non - sql programming languages may or may not execute sql statements themselves. the increasing adoption of stored procedures led to the introduction of procedural elements to the sql language in the sql : 1999 and sql : 2003 standards in the part sql / psm. that made sql an imperative programming language. most database systems offer proprietary and vendor - specific extensions, exceeding sql / psm. a standard specification for java stored procedures exists as well as sql / jrt. | database system | | implementation language | | db2 | | sql pl ( close to the sql / psm standard ) or java | | firebird | | psql ( fyracle also supports portions of oracle ' s pl / sql ) | | informix | | spl or java | | microsoft sql server | | transact - sql and various. net framework languages | |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.540149816133608, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.673456"} {"text": "of business logic : stored procedures allow programmers to embed business logic as an api in the database, which can simplify data management and reduce the need to encode the logic elsewhere in client programs. this can result in a lesser likelihood of data corruption by faulty client programs. the database system can ensure data integrity and consistency with the help of stored procedures. delegation of access - rights : in many systems, stored procedures can be granted access rights to the database that users who execute those procedures do not directly have. some protection from sql injection attacks : stored procedures can be used to protect against injection attacks. stored procedure parameters will be treated as data even if an attacker inserts sql commands. also, some dbmss will check the parameter ' s type. a stored procedure that in turn generates dynamic sql using the input is however still vulnerable to sql injections unless proper precautions are taken. comparison with functions - a function is a subprogram written to perform certain computations - a scalar function returns only a single value ( or null ), whereas a table function returns a ( relational ) table comprising zero or more rows, each row with one or more columns. - functions must return a value ( using the returnkeyword ), but for stored procedures this is not compulsory. - stored procedures can use returnkeyword but without any value being passed. - functions could be used in selectstatements, provided they don \u2019 t do any data manipulation. however, procedures cannot be included in - a stored procedure can return multiple values using the outparameter or return no value at all. - a stored procedure can save the query compilation time. comparison with prepared statements prepared statements take an ordinary statement or query and parameterize it so that different literal values can be used at a later time. like stored procedures, they are stored on the server for efficiency and provide some protection from sql injection attacks. although simpler and more declarative, prepared statements are not ordinarily written to use procedural logic and cannot operate on variables. because of their simple interface and client - side implementations, prepared statements are more widely reusable between dbmss. - stored procedure languages are quite often vendor - specific. switching to another vendor ' s database most likely requires rewriting any existing stored procedures. - stored procedure languages from different vendors have different levels of sophistication. - for example, oracle ' s pl / sql has more language features and built - in features ( via packages such as dbms _ and utl _ and others ) than microsoft ' s t", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5017260294072263, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.675973"} {"text": "rather than mounting each filesystem at a different place in the directory hierarchy, a union mount overlays the filesystems, creating a unified hierarchy. thus, any given directory ( or \" folder \" ) in the resulting filesystem may contain files and subdirectories from any or all of the underlying filesystems. generally one of the filesystems will be mounted read - write, while other filesystems are mounted read - only. union mounts are implemented by union filesystems such as unionfs and aufs, frequently used by live cds. they originated with plan 9 and its concept of union directories. - pendry, jan - simon ; marshall kirk mckusick ( december 1995 ). \" union mounts in 4. 4bsd - lite \". proceedings of the usenix technical conference on unix and advanced computing systems : 25 \u2013 33. retrieved 25 november 2007. - wright, charles p. ; jay dave, puja gupta, harikesavan krishnan, erez zadok, and mohammad nayyer zubair. \" versatility and unix semantics in a fan - out unification file system \". stony brook university technical report fsl - 04 - 01b. retrieved 25 november 2007. - aurora, valerie ; henson ( march 2009 ). \" unioning file systems : architecture, features, and design choices \". lwn. net. retrieved 21 december 2009. - aurora, valerie ; henson ( march 2009 ). \" union file systems : implementations, part i \". lwn. net. retrieved 21 december 2009. - aurora, valerie ; henson ( april 2009 ). \" unioning file systems : implementations, part 2 \". lwn. net. retrieved 21 december 2009. - blunck, jan ( may 2009 ). \" vfs based union mount ( v3 ) \". lwn. net. retrieved 21 december 2009. - about glusterfs. november 2009. retrieved 4 march 2013. | this computer storage \u2013 related article is a stub. you can help wikipedia by expanding it. |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.515577037510032, "token_count": 430, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.677958"} {"text": "catholic encyclopedia ( 1913 ) / school of iona iona is the modern name derived by change of letter from adamnan ' s ioua ; in bede it is hii ; the gaelic form is always i or y, which becomes hy by prefixing the euphonic h. this rugged, storm - swept island, three miles long and one in average breadth, and about a mile distant from the ross of mull, was next to armagh the greatest centre of gaelic christianity \u2014 the latter was patrick ' s city and primatial see ; the former columba ' s monastic city, a \" primatial island \", and the light of all the north. yet closely connected with ireland for at least 600 years it may be described as an irish island in the scottish seas. columba, born in 521 landed with twelve of his monks at the southern extremity of the island \u2014 ever since called porta churraich, or the bay of the island \u2014 on whitsun eve 12 may, 563. whether he came to do penance for his share in the battle of cuildreinhne two years before, or, as the irish \" life \" says, \" to preach the gospel to the men of alba and to the britons and to the saxons \" \u2014 which in any case was his primary purpose \u2014 we cannot now determine. it appears that he got a grant of the island from his relative conall king of dalriada. which was afterwards confirmed by brude, king of the picts, when the latter was converted by the preaching of columba, who immediately set to work to build his monastery, more scottorum of earth, timber, and wicker - work. hence not a trace now remains of those perishable buildings \u2014 all the existing ruins are medieval. a celtic monastery consisted of a group of beehive cells around a central church or oratory, the other principal buildings being the common refectory or kitchen, the library or scriptorium, the abbot ' s house, and the guest - house. adamnan, after columba himself the brightest ornament of the school of iona, in his \" life \" of the founder, makes explicit references to the tabulae, waxen tablets for writing ; to the pens and styles, graphia and calami, and to the ink - horn, cornicula atramenti, to be found in the scriptorium. columba was certainly a most accomplished scribe if the \" book of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3614602859706303, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.688512"} {"text": "to the pens and styles, graphia and calami, and to the ink - horn, cornicula atramenti, to be found in the scriptorium. columba was certainly a most accomplished scribe if the \" book of kells \" be his own work, and he was engaged in copying one of the psalms when, overtaken by mortal illness, he directed his nephew baithen to write the rest. and we are told, too, that baithen during his brief abbacy of three years in succession to columba was, like his master engaged in \" writing, praying and teaching up to the hour of his happy death \". when asked about the learning of baithen, fintan one of his monks replied : \" be assured that he had no equal on this side of the alps in his knowledge of sacred scripture, and in the profundity of his science \" \u2014 and he was at once a pupil and a professor of the school of iona. language like this might be considered exaggerated if we did not possess the writings of adamnan, the ninth abbot and the most illustrious scholar of iona. adamnan, otherwise eunan, a native of drumhome, in county donegal, and a tribal relative of columba, was educated from his youth in iona, and it may be said that all his learning was the learning of iona. his \" life of columba \", written at the request of the brotherhood, in latin, not in gaelic, is on the whole one of the most valuable works of the western church of the seventh century that have come down to us. he gives us more accurate and authentic information of the gaelic churches in ireland and scotland than any other writer, not excepting even venerable bede, who described him as \" a good and wise man, and most nobly instructed in the knowledge of the scriptures \". but he was much more. we know from his writings that he was an accomplished latin scholar, a gaelic scholar too - gaelic was his mother tongue - while he had a considerable acquaintance with greek and some even with hebrew. he was, moreover, painstaking, judicious, and careful in citing his authorities. he has also left us an admirable treatise \" on the holy places \" in palestine which he compiled from the narrative of a shipwrecked french bishop named arculfus, who returning from the holy land was cast on the shores of iona. this is an invaluable treatise from which bede has extracted long passages for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43040698055617366, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.689640"} {"text": "which he compiled from the narrative of a shipwrecked french bishop named arculfus, who returning from the holy land was cast on the shores of iona. this is an invaluable treatise from which bede has extracted long passages for his history, showing that its authority was as great in his own day as it has ever since continued to be in the estimation of scholars. this learned man was a true monk, and like columba himself took a share in the manual labour of the monastery. with his own strong arms he helped to cut down as many oak trees in one of the neighbouring islands \u2014 perhaps erraid \u2014 as sufficed to load twelve boats, and no doubt he had a share in building the boats and framing the monastic cells, like the cell of columba, which was, he tells us, tabulis suffulta, framed of planks, and harundine tecta, thatched with reeds. during the century that closed with the death of adamnan, iona was in its glory, columba and his monks had converted to the faith the whole of pictland with its rulers. it sent three famous prelates to found and rule over lindisfarne, second only to iona itself as a centre of religious learning and influence in the north of saxonland. aidan, finan, and colman are men whose well - deserved eulogy has been recorded by venerable bede. the unhappy disputes about the frontal tonsure and the true time for celebrating easter, caused much disturbance during the seventh century both in iona itself and in its daughter houses. even when ireland and england had given up the strife and adopted the roman easter, the monks of iona, true to the traditions of their sainted founder, still clung tenaciously to the old easter. and so late as 716, when iona itself conformed to the roman usage, some of the daughter houses in pictland stubbornly held to the ancient discipline. this stubbornness brought about a few years later the expulsion of the columban monks from pictland by nectan, king of the picts, who had accepted the roman discipline. the ninth century brought woe and disaster to both iona and lindisfarne from the pagan danes who ravaged all the british coasts. in 793 they destroyed the church of lindisfarne with great rapine and slaughter. in 795 they made their first attack on iona, but the monks on that occasion appear to have escaped with their lives. but in 80", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.35322474147173544, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.690723"} {"text": "british coasts. in 793 they destroyed the church of lindisfarne with great rapine and slaughter. in 795 they made their first attack on iona, but the monks on that occasion appear to have escaped with their lives. but in 806 sixty - eight of the community were slain at port na mairtir on the eastern shore of the island, and the white sands somewhat north were the scene of the massacre of another band of martyrs. a few years later again, in 814, abbot cellach found it necessary to transfer the primacy of the columban order from iona - which adamnan calls \" this our primatial island \" - to the monastery of kells in ireland, bringing with him the shrine containing columba ' s relics which was however brought back later on. in 825 there was a further massacre of iona monks, namely of st. blaithmac who refused to give up the shrine, and his holy companions. blaithmac ' s heroic death was celebrated in latin verse by walafridus strabo, abbot of reichenau, south germany. in 908 st. andrews was formally recognized as the primatial see of scotland, from which year we may date the disappearance of iona ' s insular primacy. in the beginning of the thirteenth century, 1204, the ancient celtic monastery finally disappeared, and a new benedictine one was established by authority of the pope ; but the original graveyard \u2014 the reilig odhrain \u2014 was still regarded as the holiest ground in scotland, and is now crowded with the inscribed tombstones of the kings, chieftains and prelates who rest beneath.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3566863632672026, "token_count": 337, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.691391"} {"text": "page : jardine naturalist ' s library bees. djvu / 32 availed ourselves of the information dispersed throughout a variety of publications, both ancient and modern, with such additions of our own, as have been acquired by the observation of bees for a period of thirty years. our prescribed limits have restricted us, in a great degree, to mere matters of fact, and prevented us often from illustrating our subject, as we might have done with advantage, by reference to the habits and instincts of other of the insect tribes. the same cause has operated as a bar to our indulging so frequently as our inclination would have led us, in those reflections which the wonders in animal economy are so well fitted to excite, and which lead so irresistibly to the conclusion that there is a wise and designing cause. we trust, however, that the facts detailed, will, of themselves, lead the mind of the intelligent reader to such reflections, and thus become the source of a purer gratification than would have been derived from the suggestions of others. - some of our readers may be inclined to question the propriety of having placed the queen - bee upon flowers, on which she is never seen, but it has, throughout our plates, been our endeavour to make them pictorial as avell as scientifically correct, the more necessary in a volume such as the present, where our materials are rather scanty, a loss, however, fully compensated by the extraordinary interest in the subject itself. - we have to acknowledge our special obligations to the treatises of m. feburier of paris, and of dr. bevan of south wales, author of \" the honey - bee. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5090480817840266, "token_count": 341, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.694030"} {"text": "the life of captain matthew flinders, r. n. / chapter 1 birth and origins matthew flinders was the third of the triad of great english sailors by whom the principal part of australia was revealed. a poet of our own time, in a line of singular felicity, has described it as the \" last sea - thing dredged by sailor time from space ; \" and the piecemeal, partly mysterious, largely accidental dragging from the depths of the unknown of a land so immense and bountiful makes a romantic chapter in geographical history. all the great seafaring peoples contributed something towards the result. the dutch especially evinced their enterprise in the pursuit of precise information about the southern terra incognita, and the nineteenth century was well within its second quarter before the name new holland, which for over a hundred years had borne testimony to their adventurous pioneering, gave place in general and geographical literature to the more convenient and euphonious designation suggested by flinders himself, australia. but, important as was the work of the dutch, and though the contributions made by french navigators ( possibly also by spanish ) are of much consequence, it remains true that the broad outlines of the continent were laid down by dampier, cook and flinders. these are the principal names in the story. a map of australia which left out the parts discovered by other sailors would be seriously defective in particular features ; but a map which left out the parts discovered by these three englishmen would gape out of all resemblance to the reality. dampier died about the year 1712 ; nobody knows precisely when. matthew flinders came into the world in time to hear, as he may well have done as a boy, of the murder of his illustrious predecessor in 1779. the news of cook ' s fate did not reach england till 1781. the lad was then seven years of age, having been born on march 16th, 1774. his father, also named matthew, was a surgeon practising his profession at donington, lincolnshire, where the boy was born. the flinders family had been settled in the same town for several generations. three in succession had been surgeons. the patronymic indicates a flemish origin, and the work on english surnames that bids the reader looking for information under \" flinders \" to \" see flanders, \" sends him on a reasonable quest, if to no great resulting advantage. the english middle - eastern counties received frequent large migrations of flemings during several centuries. sometimes calamities due to the harshness of nature, sometimes persecutions and wars, sometimes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.394197234508041, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.726040"} {"text": "him on a reasonable quest, if to no great resulting advantage. the english middle - eastern counties received frequent large migrations of flemings during several centuries. sometimes calamities due to the harshness of nature, sometimes persecutions and wars, sometimes adverse economic conditions, impelled companies of people from the low countries to cross the north sea and try to make homes for themselves in a land which, despite intervals of distraction, offered greater security and a better reward than did the place whence they came. england derived much advantage from the infusion of this industrious, solid and dependable flemish stock ; though the temporary difficulty of absorption gave rise to local protests on more than one occasion. as early as 1108, a great part of flanders \" being drowned by an exudation or breaking in of the sea, a great number of flemings came into the country, beseeching the king to have some void place assigned them, wherein they might inhabit. \" again in the reign of edward i we find flemish merchants carrying on a very large and important trade in boston, and representatives of houses from ypres and ostend acquired property in the town. in the middle of the sixteenth century, when flanders was boiling on the fire of the reformation, lincolnshire and norfolk provided an asylum for crowds of harassed refugees. in 1569 two persons were deputed to ride from boston to norwich to ascertain what means that city adopted to find employment for them ; and in the same year mr. william derby was directed to move mr. secretary cecil, queen elizabeth ' s great minister, to \" know his pleasure whether certain strangers may be allowed to dwell within the borough without damage of the queen ' s laws. \" during one of these peaceful and useful flemish invasions the ancestors of matthew flinders entered lincolnshire. in the later years of his life he devoted some attention to the history of his family, and found record of a flinders as early as the tenth century. he believed, also, that his people had some connection with two men named flinders or flanders, who fled from holland during the religious persecutions, and settled, in queen elizabeth ' s reign, in nottinghamshire as silk stocking weavers. it would be very interesting if it were clear that there was a link between the family and the origins of the great nottingham hosiery trade. a flinders may in that case have woven silk stockings for the royal termagant, and lord coke ' s pair, which were darned so often that none of the original fabric remained, may have come from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.460751595414518, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.728527"} {"text": "the great nottingham hosiery trade. a flinders may in that case have woven silk stockings for the royal termagant, and lord coke ' s pair, which were darned so often that none of the original fabric remained, may have come from their loom. matthew flinders himself wrote the note : \" ruddington near nottingham ( it is four miles south of the town ) is the place whence the flinders came ; \" and he ascertained that an ancestor was robert flinders, a nottingham stocking - weaver. a family tradition relates that the lincolnshire flinders were amongst the people taken over to england by sir cornelius vermuyden, a dutch engineer of celebrity in his day, who undertook in 1621 to drain 360, 000 acres of fen in norfolk, lincolnshire and cambridgeshire. he was financed by english and dutch capitalists, and took his reward in large grants of land which he made fit for habitation and cultivation. vermuyden and his flemings were not allowed to accomplish their work of reclamation without incurring the enmity of the natives. in a petition to the king in 1637 he stated that he had spent 150, 000 pounds, but that 60, 000 pounds of damage had been done \" by reason of the opposition of the commoners, \" who cut the banks of his channels in the night and during floods. the peasantry, indeed, resisted the improvements that have proved so beneficent to that part of england, because the draining and cultivation of so many miles of swamp would deprive them of fishing and fowling privileges enjoyed from time immemorial. hardly any reform or improvement can be effected without some disruption of existing interests ; and a people deeply sunk in poverty and toil could hardly be expected to contemplate with philosophical calm projects which, however advantageous to individuals and to posterity, were calculated to diminish their own means of living and their pleasant diversions. the dislike of the \" commoners \" to the work of the \" participants \" led to frequent riots, and many of vermuyden ' s flemings were maltreated. he endeavoured to allay discontent by employing local labour at high wages ; and was courageous enough to pursue his task despite loss of money, wanton destruction, and many other discouragements. ebullitions of discontent on the part of fractious fenlanders did not cease till the beginning of the eighteenth century. a very simple calculation shows that the great - grandfather of the first matthew flinders would probably have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3891845275726812, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.730091"} {"text": "many other discouragements. ebullitions of discontent on the part of fractious fenlanders did not cease till the beginning of the eighteenth century. a very simple calculation shows that the great - grandfather of the first matthew flinders would probably have been contemporary with sir cornelius vermuyden ' s reclamation works. he may have been one of the \" participants \" who benefited from them. the fact is significant as bearing upon this conjecture, that no person named flinders made a will in lincolnshire before 1600. it is, too, an interesting circumstance that there was a flinders among the early settlers in new england, richard flinders of salem, born 1637. he may have been of the same family as the navigator, for the lincolnshire element among the fathers of new england was pronounced. the name flinders survived at donington certainly for thirty years after the death of the sailor who gave lustre to it ; for in a directory published in 1842 occur the names of \" flinders, mrs. eliz., market place, \" and \" flinders, mrs. mary, church street. \" the flinders papers, mentioned in the preface, contain material which enables the family and connections of the navigator to be traced with certainty for seven generations. the genealogy is shown by the following table : \u2014 there is also an interesting connection between flinders and the tennysons, through the franklin family. the present lord tennyson, when governor of south australia, in the course of his official duties, in march, 1902, unveiled a memorial to his kinsman on mount lofty, and in april of the same year a second one in encounter bay. the following table illustrates the relationship between him who wrote of \" the long wash of australasian seas \" and him who knew them as discoverer : the flinders papers also contain a note suggesting a distant connection between matthew flinders and the man who above all others was his choice friend, george bass, the companion of his earliest explorations. positive proof is lacking, but flinders ' daughter, mrs. petrie, wrote \" we have reason to think that bass was a connection of the family, \" and the point is too interesting to be left unstated. the following table shows the possible kinship : john flinders of donington, born 1682, died 1741 ( great - grandfather of the navigator ) had : mary flinders, third and youngest daughter, born 1734, married as her third husband, bass, and had : it is clear from the particulars stated above that the tree of which matthew flinders was the fruit had its roots", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4260441361658225, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.731208"} {"text": "of the navigator ) had : mary flinders, third and youngest daughter, born 1734, married as her third husband, bass, and had : it is clear from the particulars stated above that the tree of which matthew flinders was the fruit had its roots deep down in the soil of the little lincolnshire market town where he was born ; and matthew himself would have continued the family tradition, inheriting the practice built up by his father and grandfather ( as it was hoped he would do ), had there not been within him an irresistible longing for the sea, and a bent of scientific curiosity directed to maritime exploration, which led him on a path of discovery to achievements that won him honourable rank in the noble roll of british naval pioneers. his father earned an excellent reputation, both professional and personal. the career of a country practitioner rarely affords an opportunity for distinction. it was even less so then than today, when at all events careful records of interesting cases are printed in a score or more of professional publications. but once we find the elder matthew flinders in print. the memoirs of the medical society of london contain a paper read before that body on october 30th, 1797 : \" case of a child born with variolar pustules, by matthew flinders, surgeon, donington, lincolnshire. \" the essay occupies three pages, and is a clear, succinct record of symptoms, treatment and results, for medical readers. the child died ; whereupon the surgeon expresses his regret, not on account of infant or parents, but, with true scientific zest, because it deprived him of the opportunity of watching the development of an uncommon case. donington is a small town in the heart of the fen country, lying ten miles south - west of boston, and about the same distance, as the crow flies, from the black, muddy, western fringe of the wash. it is a very old town. formerly it was an important lincolnshire centre, enjoying its weekly saturday market, and its four annual fairs for the sale of horses, cattle, flax and hemp. during flinders ' youth and early manhood the district grew large quantities of hemp, principally for the royal navy. in the days of its prosperity donington drew to itself the business of an agricultural neighbourhood which was so far cultivable as it rose above the level of desolate and foggy swamps. but the drainage of the fens and the making of good roads over what had once been an area of amphibious uncertainty, neither wholly land nor wholly water, had the effect of largely divert", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40679031061768633, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.741460"} {"text": "it rose above the level of desolate and foggy swamps. but the drainage of the fens and the making of good roads over what had once been an area of amphibious uncertainty, neither wholly land nor wholly water, had the effect of largely diverting business to boston. trade that came to donington when it stood over its own tract of fen, like the elderly and respectable capital of some small island, now went to the thriving and historic port on the witham. donington stopped growing, stagnated, declined. on the map of lincolnshire included in camden ' s britannia ( 1637 ) it is marked \" dunington, \" in letters as large as those given to boston, spalding and lincoln. on modern maps the name is printed in small letters ; on some in the smallest, or not at all. that fact is fairly indicative of its change of fortunes. figures tell the tale with precision. in 1801 it contained 1321 inhabitants ; in 1821, 1638 ; in 1841 it reached its maximum, 2026 ; by 1891 it had gone down to 1547 ; in 1901 to 1484 ; at the census of 1911 it had struggled up to 1564. the fame conferred by a distinguished son is hardly a recompense for faded prosperity, but certain it is that donington commands a wider interest as the birthplace of flinders than it ever did in any other respect during its long, uneventful history. the parish church, a fine gothic building with a lofty, graceful spire, contains a monument to the memory of the navigator, with an inscription in praise of his character and life, and recording that he \" twice circumnavigated the globe. \" many men have encircled the earth, but few have been so distinguished as discoverers of important portions of it. apart from this monument, the church contains marble ovals to the memory of matthew flinders ' father, grandfather, and great - grandfather. they were provided from a sum of \u00a3100 pounds left by the navigator, in his will, for the purpose. it is interesting to notice that three of the early australian explorers came from lincolnshire, and were all born at places visible in clear weather from the tower of st. botolph ' s church at boston. while flinders sprang from donington, george bass, who co - operated with him in his first discoveries, was born at aswarby, near sleaford, and sir john franklin, who sailed with him in the investigator, and was subsequently to become an australian governor and to achieve a pathetic immortality in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4163061238711668, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.744435"} {"text": "co - operated with him in his first discoveries, was born at aswarby, near sleaford, and sir john franklin, who sailed with him in the investigator, and was subsequently to become an australian governor and to achieve a pathetic immortality in another field of exploration, entered the world at spilsby. sir joseph banks, the botanist of cook ' s first voyage, flinders ' steadfast friend, and the earliest potent advocate of australian colonisation, though not actually born in lincolnshire, was the son of a squire who at the time of his birth owned revesby abbey, which is within a short ride of each of the places just named. - bernard o ' dowd, dawnward, ( 1903 ). - not universally, however, even in official documents. in the report of the committee of the privy council, dated may 1, 1849, \" new holland \" is used to designate the continent, but \" australia \" is employed as including both the continent and tasmania. see grey ' s colonial policy i., 424 and 439. ) - barker, family surnames ( 1903 ) page 143. - holinshed ' s chronicle ( edition of 1807 ), ii 58. ) - pishey thompson collections for a topographical and historical account of boston and the hundred of skirbeck ( 1820 ) p. 31. - boston corporation manuscripts quoted in thompson, history and antiquities of boston ( 1856 ). - see calendar of state papers, domestic series, for 1619, 1623, 1625, 1638, 1639 et seq ; and white ' s lincolnshire page 542. - see c. w. foster, calendar of lincoln wills 1320 - 1600 `, ( 1902 ). - savage, genealogical dictionary of the first settlers of new england, ( boston, u. s. a. 1860 ). - william white, history, gazetteer and directory of the city and diocese of lincoln, ( 1842 ), p. 193. - vol. iv., p. 330 ( 1779 ). - allen, history of lincolnshire, ( 1833 ), 1., 342 ; victoria history of lincolnshire volume ii. 359 ; census returns for 1911.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3769121055916752, "token_count": 444, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.745766"} {"text": "madyantie, septirina ( 2007 ) pola kelekatan ibu dan anak pada keluarga banjar. other thesis, university of muhammadiyah malang. download ( 109kb ) | preview pastoral care from parent to child will lead attachment between children and parents. attachment is the emotional bond special is happening on a reciprocal basis between children with mothers who can memeberikan sense of security to the children so that children gain compliance need for closeness, warmth, security and comfort of the mother. in each area must have characteristics that differ in terms of parenting and bonding behavior patterns among children with parents. in banjar community family has a uniqueness in terms of child care. holding of this study aims to determine the form of viscosity ( attachment ) between mother and child in the family community banjar. the study was a descriptive qualitative research. subjects in this research is a child - children ages 1 to 3 years nurtured alone by her parents. she took the child with us he is 1 to 3 years at this age occurred separately anxiety ( separation anxiety ) between children with parents as objects lekatnya. researchers using non random \" purposive sampling \" to determine the study sample. collection methods data used were observation and interviews. observations made with participant observation, while the interviews were conducted in the mother or person parents and close relatives of the subject. results obtained from research is that the child has a secure attachment to the object that is the main bonding mother. it can be seen kelekatannya pattern that is now close to his mother, the child always kissing, hugging, holding and spoiled at his mother. children feel lost sense of security when left out the mother and child will get back a sense of security when the mother comes back near the child or any other attached object which can give a sense of security in children, like his father, uncle, aunt, grandmother, or grandfather. similarly, when children meet new people knew, the child will feel insecure so that children will find a sense of safe return, found only on the object lekatnya. characteristic banjar society that tends to closed does not affect the pattern of attachment between object and child bonding. stickiness ama n is influenced by the object adhesiveness is responsive and consistent on the needs and signals - signals given child. | item type : | | thesis ( other ) | | subjects : | | b philosophy. psychology. religion > bf psychology | | divisions : | | faculty of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5552231037247695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.758158"} {"text": "| etcsltranslation : t. 5. 3. 2 | 1 - 11. when, upon the hill of heaven and earth, an spawned the anuna gods, since he neither spawned nor created grain with them, and since in the land he neither fashioned the yarn of uttu ( the goddess of weaving ) nor pegged out the loom for uttu - - with no sheep appearing, there were no numerous lambs, and with no goats, there were no numerous kids, the sheep did not give birth to her twin lambs, and the goat did not give birth to her triplet kids - -, the anuna, the great gods, did not even know the names ezina - kusu ( grain ) or sheep. 12 - 25. there was no muc grain of thirty days ; there was no muc grain of forty days ; there was no muc grain of fifty days ; there was no small grain, grain from the mountains or grain from the holy habitations. there was no cloth to wear ; uttu had not been born - - no royal turban was worn ; lord nijir - si, the precious lord, had not been born ; cakkan ( the god of wild animals ) had not gone out into the barren lands. the people of those days did not know about eating bread. they did not know about wearing clothes ; they went about with naked limbs in the land. like sheep they ate grass with their mouths and drank water from the ditches. 26 - 36. at that time, at the place of the gods ' formation, in their own home, on the holy mound, they created sheep and grain. having gathered them in the divine banqueting chamber, the anuna gods of the holy mound partook of the bounty of sheep and grain but were not sated ; the anuna gods of the holy mound partook of the sweet milk of their holy sheepfold but were not sated. for their own well - being in the holy sheepfold, they gave them to mankind as sustenance. 37 - 42. at that time enki spoke to enlil : \" father enlil, now sheep and grain have been created on the holy mound, let us send them down from the holy mound. \" enki and enlil, having spoken their holy word, sent sheep and grain down from the holy mound. 43 - 53. sheep being fenced in by her sheepfold, they gave her green plants generously. for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46108714481161495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.786276"} {"text": "holy mound. \" enki and enlil, having spoken their holy word, sent sheep and grain down from the holy mound. 43 - 53. sheep being fenced in by her sheepfold, they gave her green plants generously. for grain they made her field and gave her the plough, yoke and team. sheep standing in her sheepfold was a shepherd of the sheepfolds brimming with charm. grain standing in her furrow was a beautiful girl radiating charm ; lifting her raised head up from the field she was suffused with the bounty of heaven. sheep and grain had a radiant appearance. 54 - 64. they brought wealth to the assembly. they brought sustenance to the land. they fulfilled the ordinances of the gods. they filled the storerooms of the land with stock. the barns of the land were heavy with them. when they entered the homes of the poor who crouch in the dust they brought wealth. both of them, wherever they directed their steps, added to the riches of the household with their weight. where they stood, they were satisfying ; where they settled, they were seemly. they gladdened the heart of an and the heart of enlil. 65 - 70. they drank sweet wine, they enjoyed sweet beer. when they had drunk sweet wine and enjoyed sweet beer, they started a quarrel concerning the arable fields, they began a debate in the dining hall. 71 - 82. grain called out to sheep : \" sister, i am your better ; i take precedence over you. i am the glory of the lights of the land. i grant my power to the sajursaj ( a member of the cultic personnel of inana ) - - he fills the palace with awe and people spread his fame to the borders of the land. i am the gift of the anuna gods. i am central to all princes. after i have conferred my power on the warrior, when he goes to war he knows no fear, he knows no faltering (? ) - - i make him leave...... as if to the playing field. \" 83 - 91. \" i foster neighbourliness and friendliness. i sort out quarrels started between neighbours. when i come upon a captive youth and give him his destiny, he forgets his despondent heart and i release his fetters and shackles. i am ezina - kusu ( grain ) ; i am enlil ' s daughter. in sheep shacks", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.462594383471878, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.800983"} {"text": "youth and give him his destiny, he forgets his despondent heart and i release his fetters and shackles. i am ezina - kusu ( grain ) ; i am enlil ' s daughter. in sheep shacks and milking pens scattered on the high plain, what can you put against me? answer me what you can reply! \" 92 - 101. thereupon sheep answered grain : \" my sister, whatever are you saying? an, king of the gods, made me descend from the holy place, my most precious place. all the yarns of uttu, the splendour of kingship, belong to me. cakkan, king of the mountain, embosses the king ' s emblems and puts his implements in order. he twists a giant rope against the great peaks of the rebel land. he...... the sling, the quiver and the longbows. \" 102 - 106. \" the watch over the elite troops is mine. sustenance of the workers in the field is mine : the waterskin of cool water and the sandals are mine. sweet oil, the fragrance of the gods, mixed (? ) oil, pressed oil, aromatic oil, cedar oil for offerings are mine. \" 107 - 115. \" in the gown, my cloth of white wool, the king rejoices on his throne. my body glistens on the flesh of the great gods. after the purification priests, the pacec priests and the bathed priests have dressed themselves in me for my holy lustration, i walk with them to my holy meal. but your harrow, ploughshare, binding and strap are tools that can be utterly destroyed. what can you put against me? answer me what you can reply! \" 116 - 122. again grain addressed sheep : \" when the beer dough has been carefully prepared in the oven, and the mash tended in the oven, ninkasi ( the goddess of beer ) mixes them for me while your big billy - goats and rams are despatched for my banquets. on their thick legs they are made to stand separate from my produce. \" 123 - 129. \" your shepherd on the high plain eyes my produce enviously ; when i am standing in stalks in the field, my farmer chases away your herdsman with his cudgel. even when they look out for you, from the open country to the hidden places, your fears are not removed from you : fanged (?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.457824135069349, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.803223"} {"text": "am standing in stalks in the field, my farmer chases away your herdsman with his cudgel. even when they look out for you, from the open country to the hidden places, your fears are not removed from you : fanged (? ) snakes and bandits, the creatures of the desert, want your life on the high plain. \" 130 - 142. \" every night your count is made and your tally - stick put into the ground, so your herdsman can tell people how many ewes there are and how many young lambs, and how many goats and how many young kids. when gentle winds blow through the city and strong winds scatter, they build a milking pen for you ; but when gentle winds blow through the city and strong winds scatter, i stand up as an equal to ickur ( the god of storms ). i am grain, i am born for the warrior - - i do not give up. the churn, the vat on legs (? ), the adornments of shepherding, make up your properties. what can you put against me? answer me what you can reply! \" 143 - 155. again sheep answered grain : \" you, like holy inana of heaven, love horses. when a banished enemy, a slave from the mountains or a labourer with a poor wife and small children comes, bound with his rope of one cubit, to the threshing - floor or is taken away from (? ) the threshing - floor, when his cudgel pounds your face, pounds your mouth, like crushed...... your ears (? )......, and you are...... around by the south wind and the north wind. the mortar....... as if it were pumice (? ) it makes your body into flour. \" 156 - 168. \" when you fill the trough the baker ' s assistant mixes you and throws you on the floor, and the baker ' s girl flattens you out broadly. you are put into the oven and you are taken out of the oven. when you are put on the table i am before you - - you are behind me. grain, heed yourself! you too, just like me, are meant to be eaten. at the inspection of your essence, why should it be i who come second? is the miller not evil? what can you put against me? answer me what you can reply! \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4716518755545873, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.804216"} {"text": "you too, just like me, are meant to be eaten. at the inspection of your essence, why should it be i who come second? is the miller not evil? what can you put against me? answer me what you can reply! \" 169 - 179. then grain was hurt in her pride, and hastened for the verdict. grain answered sheep : \" as for you, ickur is your master, cakkan your herdsman, and the dry land your bed. like fire beaten down (? ) in houses and in fields, like small flying birds chased from the door of a house, you are turned into the lame and the weak of the land. should i really bow my neck before you? you are distributed into various measuring - containers. when your innards are taken away by the people in the market - place, and when your neck is wrapped with your very own loincloth, one man says to another : \" fill the measuring - container with grain for my ewe!. \" \" 180 - 191. then enki spoke to enlil : \" father enlil, sheep and grain should be sisters! they should stand together! of their threefold metal...... shall not cease. but of the two, grain shall be the greater. let sheep fall on her knees before grain. let her kiss the feet of....... from sunrise till sunset, may the name of grain be praised. people should submit to the yoke of grain. whoever has silver, whoever has jewels, whoever has cattle, whoever has sheep shall take a seat at the gate of whoever has grain, and pass his time there. \" 192 - 193. dispute spoken between sheep and grain : sheep is left behind and grain comes forward - - praise be to father enki! \u00a9 copyright 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 the etcsl project, faculty of oriental studies, university of oxford", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4983359060149951, "token_count": 392, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.804915"} {"text": "science : balls and ramps these resources explore basic concepts of science related to balls and ramps. learn about the characteristics and properties of balls and ramps, relationship between the physical properties of balls and their motion, and some of the factors that affect the way balls behave. includes lesson plans, experiments, and simulations. there are also links to ethemes resources on force and motion, and gravity. teachengineering : how high can a super ball bounce? students learn about elasticity for super balls ; includes : prerequisite knowledge, learning objectives, materials list, introduction, vocabulary, procedures, safety issues, troubleshooting tips, investigating questions, assessment, activity extensions, and activity scaling advice. pbs kids : balls and ramp this lesson introduces students to the concept of gravity ; includes materials needed and activity instructions. note : this site includes a discussion board ( message board, forum, etc ). in this experiment, students learn about factors such as temperature and construction that affect the height of a ball bouncing. basketball : a physicist party trick through these activities, students learn the relationship between energy of a basketball and how high it bounces. bbc : force and movement play an interactive game and observe the relationship between force, size of a car, and steepness of a ramp. note : the \" talk \" link leads to a discussion forum. bbc : forces in action observe how far the truck travels with changing the gradient. note : the \" talk \" link is a link to discussion forum. ramps 1 : let it roll in this lesson, students will explore and measure the rate of spherical objects rolling down a ramp. this experiment aims to help students understand things that affect the distance and speed of objects rolling from ramps. ethemes resource : physics : force and motion these sites cover the basic concepts of physics. learn about force, motion, and friction using interactive simulations where you can manipulate the variables. includes links to an ethemes on simple machines, magnets, and gravity. ethemes resource : physics : gravity these sites explain how the earth ' s gravity works. includes photographs, simulations, videos, hands - on activities, and online quizzes. included are ethemes resources on mass versus weight and force.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6071962881794614, "token_count": 447, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.807321"} {"text": "pen \" guin (? ), n. [ perh. orig. the name of another bird, and fr. w. pen head + gwyn white ; or perh. from a native south american name. ] any bird of the order impennes, or ptilopteri. they are covered with short, thick feathers, almost scalelike on the wings, which are without true quills. they are unable to fly, but use their wings to aid in diving, in which they are very expert. see king penguin, under jackass. penguins are found in the south temperate and antarctic regions. the king penguins ( aptenodytes patachonica, and a. longirostris ) are the largest ; the jackass penguins ( spheniscus ) and the rock hoppers ( catarractes ) congregate in large numbers at their breeding grounds. the egg - shaped fleshy fruit of a west indian plant ( bromelia pinguin ) of the pineapple family ; also, the plant itself, which has rigid, pointed, and spiny - toothed leaves, and is used for hedges. [ written also pinguin arctic penguin zool., the great auk. see auk. \u00a9 webster 1913.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49466022158127565, "token_count": 258, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.814439"} {"text": "finding aid prepared by amanda m. reeve willard rouse jillson geology of the mintonville dome university of kentucky special collections arranged by material type. collection is open to researchers by appointment. 62m78 : [ identification of item ], willard rouse jillson geology of the mintonville dome, 1962, university of kentucky special collections. 0. 23 cubic feet the willard rouse jillson geology of the mintonville dome collection contains the proofs and rough draft typescript of this book. willard rouse jillson ( may 28, 1890 \u2013 october 4, 1975 ) was a kentucky historian academic, and geologist who authored numerous books on kentucky politicians and geology matters pertaining to the state. jillson taught geology in lexington at the university of kentucky in 1918 and later at transylvania university in 1947. he served in various government positions, notably as kentucky state geologist and director of the sixth kentucky geological survey. he died in 1975 and was buried in the frankfort cemetery in frankfort, kentucky. \" willard rouse jillson. \" wikiepdiea : the free encyclopedia. wikimedia foundation, inc. 18 january 2011. web 5 april 2011. the willard rouse jillson geology of the mintonville dome collection contains the proofs and rough draft typescript of this book. the proofs and typescript are annotated by the author. the book was printed by the roberts printing company in frankfort kentucky, 1962. this book discusses the location of the dome, the field work done while at the dome, and other geological surveying done of the dome.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41321746108468194, "token_count": 314, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.822756"} {"text": "botanical name : smilax lanceolata family : smilacaceae gender : smilax species : s. laurifolia division : magnoliophyta class : liliopsida order : liliales * parillax laurifolia ( l. ) raf. * smilax alba pursh * smilax hastata var. lanceolata ( l. ) pursh * smilax lanceolata l. * smilax laurifolia var. bupleurifolia a. dc. * smilax reticulata std. common name : red china root habitat : smilax lanceolata is native to south - eastern n. america \u2013 new jersey to florida and texas. it grows on swamps and low ground. moist woods and thickets. bays, bogs, pocosins, swamp margins, marshy banks. smilax laurifolia is an evergreen climber growing to 6 m ( 19ft 8in ). it is a vine that forms extensive colonies woody, with rhizomes irregularly branched, tuberous. stems perennial cylindrical reaching 5 + m in length and 15 mm in diameter, dark spines, flat 12 mm rigid. the leaves are evergreen, \u00b1 evenly arranged, with petiole 0. 5 - 1. 5 cm, green undersides, dried light brown to brownish green, oblong - elliptic, lance - elliptic, or sometimes linear or broadly ovate, leathery. the inflorescence in umbels numerous, axillary to leaves, branches usually short, 5 - 12 ( - 25 ) flowers. the perianth yellow, cream or white, petals 4 - 5 mm. the fruits as berries ovoid, 5 - 8 mm, shiny black, glaucous. the stems of smilax laurifolia are brutally armed with thorns. it is hardy to zone 8. it is in leaf 12 - jan it is in flower from jul to august. the flowers are dioecious ( individual flowers are either male or female, but only one sex is to be found on any one plant so both male and female plants must be grown if seed is required ) the plant is not self - fertile. suitable for : light ( sandy ), medium ( loamy ) and heavy ( clay ) soils. suitable ph : acid, neutral and basic ( alkaline ) soils. it can grow in semi - shade ( light woodland ) or no shade. it prefers moist soil. succeeds in most", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38336013799829105, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.828565"} {"text": "medium ( loamy ) and heavy ( clay ) soils. suitable ph : acid, neutral and basic ( alkaline ) soils. it can grow in semi - shade ( light woodland ) or no shade. it prefers moist soil. succeeds in most soils in sun or semi - shade. this species is not very hardy in britain. it succeeds outdoors in s. w. england, but even there it is best when grown against a wall. the fruit takes two growing seasons to ripen. the stems have viscious thorns. dioecious. male and female plants must be grown if seed is required seed \u2013 sow march in a warm greenhouse. this note probably refers to the tropical members of the genus, seeds of plants from cooler areas seem to require a period of cold stratification, some species taking 2 or more years to germinate. we sow the seed of temperate species in a cold frame as soon as we receive it, and would sow the seed as soon as it is ripe if we could obtain it then. when the seedlings eventually germinate, prick them out into individual pots when they are large enough to handle and grow them on in the greenhouse for at least their first year, though we normally grow them on in pots for 2 years. plant them out into their permanent positions in early summer. division in early spring as new growth begins. larger divisions can be planted out direct into their permanent positions. we have found it best to pot up the smaller divisions and grow them on in a lightly shaded position in a cold frame, planting them out once they are well established in the summer. cuttings of half - ripe shoots, july in a frame edible uses : edible parts : leaves ; root. root \u2013 cooked. rich in starch, it can be dried and ground into a powder to be used as a flavouring in soups etc or for making bread. the root can be up to 15cm thick. young shoots \u2013 cooked. used as an asparagus substitute. astringent ; birthing aid ; poultice ; rubefacient ; tonic. the stem prickles have been rubbed on the skin as a counter - irritant to relieve localised pains, muscle cramps and twitching. a tea made from the leaves and stems has been used in the treatment of rheumatism and stomach problems. the wilted leaves are applied as a poultice to boils. a tea made from the roots is used to help the expelling of afterbirth.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41214739355080016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.829924"} {"text": "both my multimeters will only measure current up to 10a. what kit would you recommend to measure higher currents, up to about 40a? build yourself a shunt. take a piece of # 14 or # 12 bare copper wire about 6 inches long and connect it to robust terminals ( enough to handle your max current ). if the shunt gets warm at the currents you work with, it won ' t be accurate and you will need to use heavier wire. then use small wire and tap off the shunt near each end, but not touching the big terminals ( like this ) : the \" # \" denotes the large connectors, the \" | \" denotes the small wire. the \" - - - \" denotes the bare copper wire shunt. now, connect the small wires to your voltmeter on the millivolts scale and apply 2 different known currents to the shunt and see what millivolts you get for each. then do a first order ( linear ) calibration and you have your current meter. alternatively, you may want to check out a local college or technical school and see if they have any high current shunts left over from the \" good old days \". they may have dusty boxes of old lab parts they don ' t use anymore and they may be able to give you a laboratory shunt ( which will already be calibrated for you ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4607626653745127, "token_count": 282, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.831900"} {"text": "teachers and educators of art, math and special challenges, but does not frustrate. too easy, not too hard - the versatile and elegant geometry of fractiles - 7 allows almost anyone to create endless varieties of imaginative and beautiful designs, ranging from simple to complex. with 192 magnetic tiles and a 12 \" x12 \" steel board, fractiles - 7 is perfect for focus groups. and unlike pattern blocks, these magnetic tiles stay put, an especially helpful feature for students with fine motor skill problems. video introduction to fractiles - 7 on youtube click here to view video facilitates an intuitive grasp of spatial relationships and invites deeper exploration. use of fractiles - 7 increases visual perceptual skills and visual analysis skills. dr. jerome rosner ' s guide for parents and teachers \" helping children overcome learning difficulties \", walker publishing company, 1993 : perceptual skills and visual analysis skills are critical to mastering arithmetic and mathematics. the child who does not appreciate spatial relationships ( whose visual analysis skills are deficient ) or who lacks the ability to use spatial analysis strategies will have to resort to keeping the ( math ) problem in memory in its entirety, then organizing it into a solvable problem - a very difficult task indeed. \" stated, satisfactory progress in arithmetic depends upon the adequate development of visual perceptual skills. if a child ' s visual analysis skills are not properly developed, learning difficulties are inevitable. arithmetic cannot be mastered a youngster begins to acquire better visual perceptual and analysis skills, she begins to exercise these skills in different situations. signs of progress scores on t. v. a. s. ( test of visual analysis and writing improvement. of a more orderly approach to day - to - day situations - such as better organizing of time and efforts, noticing of things that facilitate learning, and so on. rosner states that visual perceptual skills are strongly linked to learning to read and write. improving visual analysis skills enables students to respond better to instructional programs. course, fractiles - 7 does not take the place of lessons, but your students may become more teachable by playing regularly with fractiles - 7. and lesson plans and lesson plans are available in the adobe portable document format ( pdf ; size : 130 kb ), a printer - friendly format. you must have adobe reader installed on your computer to see and print the games and lesson plans. you can download the free adobe reader software here. included in the games and lesson plans are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5317903709978404, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.839185"} {"text": "; size : 130 kb ), a printer - friendly format. you must have adobe reader installed on your computer to see and print the games and lesson plans. you can download the free adobe reader software here. included in the games and lesson plans are : your friend game plus stars game in your ideas and stories you successfully use fractiles in the classroom, if you have a story about how fractiles has fostered learning, if you have a reference to a book or magazine article that discusses subjects related to fractiles such as tessellations or seven - fold symmetry, please send us an email with your ideas or your story to : email @ example. com, and we ' ll post it as part of what this site offers. use fractiles in my classroom as an outlet for creativity. it is among the choices awaiting students who have earned ' free time. ' the responses have been very positive! the students are at ease with the format and welcome the chance to match the designs on the folder and / or stake out their own artistic territories. i have been delighted to observe two or more students working together in a cooperative manner! some of them would have loved to see their creations preserved for eternity in a museum! eventually they conceded the need to yield the board and the pieces to another student knowing that they ' ll have another go at it when they earn the time! \" - gene silver, teacher, kellogg middle school, portland, or first graders are learning about shapes in our math class and using fractiles - 7 is a complimentary activity which they thoroughly enjoy. it ' s so popular that we have a sign up for equal turns! \" - marilyn bowker, first grade teacher willett elementary school, davis, ca find my students are captivated by fractiles - 7. their sense of pride and accomplishment is immense when they show me what they have created. it makes them feel extra special about math. what a motivator! fractiles is a terrific training aide that disguises learning as fun. it is reasonable to predict that fractiles will remain a staple in my curriculum. \" - bob curry, elementary school teacher the learning adventure school, san diego, 8th grade students are fascinated with fractiles and enjoy making designs with them. fractiles is especially applicable because we are studying geometric shapes and their relationships. i know they will be useful for a long time. \" - juanita smith - nakao, 8th grade math teacher james", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5278955579236065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.840687"} {"text": "weather is what is happening in the atmosphere now, at any place on earth \u2019 s surface. it includes the temperature and whether it is wet and windy, or dry and calm. the sun provides the energy that drives earth \u2019 s weather. the sun heats the air in various parts of earth \u2019 s atmosphere by different amounts. masses of warm and cold air then move from place to place, creating winds. winds bring sunny, wet, or stormy conditions. people find out the type of weather to expect in a forecast. a weather forecast is a prediction of weather conditions over a particular area, either for a few days ( called a short - range forecast ), or for several weeks ( called a long - range forecast ). the people who study the weather and make weather forecasts are called meteorologists. weather forecasts help people to plan \u2014 what to wear, when to travel, or which products to stock in supermarkets. forecasts are especially important for farmers, builders, sailors, and anyone else who works outdoors. sometimes an accurate forecast may mean the difference between life and death. meteorologists receive information about air temperature, wind speeds, clouds, and rainfall from over 50, 000 weather stations worldwide \u2014 on land and on ships and buoys at sea. the data is fed into huge computers that produce charts and forecasts. these are used, with satellite images, to predict the weather.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5461178198087107, "token_count": 279, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.842124"} {"text": "euan macleod essay published wednesday, 2 january 2002the history of australian painting places a significance on the artist ' s depiction of the figures place in the landscape. since the colonial period artists have battlembol for historical and contemporary contexts. image : ladder, 180 x 137cm ; oil on canvas ; 1998. to the colonial period it highlighted the pastoral and the romantic, which evolved with the heidelberg school where the figure and the landscape captured the unique, impressionist painting techniques and captured dual populist sentiments of the heroic figure in the bush ( tom roberts ) as well as the threat one faced of living or settling in the bush ( frederick mccubbin ). the perception of identity is amplified in the depiction of the figure in the landscape ; and it offers a real and idealised account of australia. this treatment of such an archetypal representation of australia has been explored by a number of artists in an attempt to temper a particular perspective that captures the australian spirit. the artists associated with the angry penguins movement ( including nolan, tucker, perceval and boyd ) attempted to forge a modern identity that was uniquely australian. once more the relationship between the landscape and figure and the images it produced became an integral component of this art movement. similarly contemporary australian artists are examining australian identity in physical, cultural, spiritual, conceptual and euan macleod confirms the historic temperament towards identity and a reflection of living in australia. macleod examines the metaphor of the figure in the landscape. macleod discusses how his work can be read on many levels and that he hesitates to give a specific explanation to any work. he identifies the symbolic properties of his work referring to the landscape as a psychological state of existence ; the figure articulates this personal investigation citing the figure as both personal and symbolic. his work offers a development of the depiction of the figure in the landscape ; and his reference to jungian psychology offers a separate critical alternative to the orthodoxy within this genre. macleod explains that through the plasticity of the paint he can come to a point to where there is a particular unity of feeling and aesthetic \" when it translates to, well either flesh or water or a surface, so that when you ' re looking at it you ' re not looking at beautiful paint, you ' re looking at matter - physicality. \" the handling of the paint is as important to the artist as the subject matter, and it is the competency and intuitive handling of the paint that give his work its very strength. getting convincing tonal variations in a composition, according to macleod is the most engaging quality", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5301480545340983, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.845941"} {"text": "the paint is as important to the artist as the subject matter, and it is the competency and intuitive handling of the paint that give his work its very strength. getting convincing tonal variations in a composition, according to macleod is the most engaging quality in the process of painting, highlighting the process of pushing the paint to reveal form and manifest colour. his process is evolutionary in terms of how images evolve from the canvas with the artist being assisted by producing preliminary studies to guide his technique. his work is a constant dialogue between the technical proficiency of his paint handling and the ideas that dwell within the theme of the figure in the landscape. macleod received public recognition for his work by winning the archibald prize for portraiture in 1998 with his portrait titled head like a hole. this work typifies his approach to both the landscape and the figure ; where both take on a symbiotic relationship and where visually both features interact. the dense tonal compositions leave unresolved ambiguous features leaving the viewer to determine whether his work is an allegory of the psychological self, a rhetorical image that harnesses the momentum of australian landscape painting or fictional glimpses. macleod understands the importance of developing a competency in the use of the medium but also understands the conceptual potency that is generated in depicting the figure in the landscape. he is an artist who locates himself in a traditional genre which is fascinated with history and identity, yet offers a critical interpretation by means of creating autonomous landscapes that are general and never specific to a place or time. questions on the artist euan macleod demonstrates how the relationship of the figure in the landscape can mean much more than how it appears. discuss his work in terms of using the subjective and postmodern frame. critically analyse his work in terms of the use of symbols, signs and metaphors. explain the importance of the figure in the landscape. how does macleod handle his paint and what process of application does he use? trace the historical significance of the figure in the landscape found in select one of macleod ' s paintings and analyse the work in terms of its psychological significance and use of personal symbols. find out when macleod won the archibald portrait prize and give a critical account of the work that won it.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4968140873141216, "token_count": 448, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.846788"} {"text": "- 1 of 5 jogjakarta region was once the territory of the kingdom of mataram classical ( hindu - buddhist ) that debuted in the 8th century ad and 9. the kingdom is leaving a trail that shows how high civilization in the land of java at the time, in the form of temples that have been very popular in the world of tourism such as borobudur, pawon, mendut, prambanan, and boko. in addition there are so many small temples heritage of this kingdom are not popular like the temples above. it is estimated that the temples around yogyakarta has been around since the 1st century and rapidly expanding construction at 8 - 10 ad. although in the year 928 ad mataram classical government center was moved to east java, but the development of small temples still lasted until the 13th century ( sri mulyaningsih, 2006 ). this fact suggests that java man was very religious, thoughtful, fond of purification and worship to god. here some small temples are often missed to be visited that are actually very nice to be your the next tourist objects reference : sambi sari temple ( unique temple is located 6. 5 meters below ground surface ) sambisari temple is a hindu temple ( shiva ), built in the 9th century in the reign of rakai garung in 812 - 838 ad in the kingdom of mataram classical era. located about 12 miles to the east of the yogyakarta city or about 4 miles before the prambanan temple complex in the sambisari village purwomartani, kalasan, sleman. around the year 1966, this temple was discovered by a farmer, named karyowinangun, who was hoeing his field. inadvertently spade on carved stone. in 1987, restoration and reconstruction of the temple complex can be finished by the position of the temple at a depth of 6. 5 meters from the ground so that the temple sambisari often referred to as the underground temple. this is most likely due to buried under lava from mount merapi, which erupted on a large scale at the beginning of 9th century. this is proved from the many volcanic rock material around the temple. but some experts of archaeological predict the temple was above the soil surface like as other temples. sambisari temple complex surrounded by original walls of the temple with a size of 50 mx 48 m, and has a main temple accompanied by three perwara temples ( supporting temple ). inside the temple there", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4128943023003887, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.869153"} {"text": "above the soil surface like as other temples. sambisari temple complex surrounded by original walls of the temple with a size of 50 mx 48 m, and has a main temple accompanied by three perwara temples ( supporting temple ). inside the temple there are statues of durga ( the north ), the statue of ganesha ( east ), the statue of shiva agastya ( south ), and on the west there are two gods statues of gate guard : mahakala and nadisywara. inside the main temple there are statues of linga and yoni in sizes large enough. linga - yoni represents god shiva and goddess parvati who refers to the nature of men and women, so that meaningful fertility and the beginning of life. the main temple building is unique because it does not have a base like as other temples in java. foot of the temple also functions as a base so that parallel to the ground. the foot of the temple left plain, without reliefs or decorations. various decorations are generally in the form of new simbar found on the body until the top of the temple exterior. at the time of excavation was found also other historical objects such as some pottery, jewelry, metal mirror and a gold plate inscription. the temple is very unique ecause not visible from a distance! please visit to the temple to see the uniqueness! sari temple ( a place to teach prospective monks and religious book store ) candi sari is a buddhist temple located in bendan village, tirtomartani, kalasan, sleman. built in the 8 - 9th during the reign of rakai panangkaran. construction of this temple is mentioned in the inscription kalasan ( 700 saka / 778 ad ), explained that the religious advisers of syailendra dynasty have suggested the king maharaja tejapurnama panangkarana ( rakai panangkaran ), founded a shrine to worship the goddess tara, and a monastery for buddhist monks. to worship the goddess tara was built kalasan, while for the dormitory was built buddhist temple priest sari. function as a dormitory or residence visible from the overall shape and parts of the building and from the inside. the temple is a busdhist building visible from the buddhist stupa located on the top. the shape of the temple is very beautiful that consists of legs, body and roof, with a height of 17 meters, 17. 3 meters long and 10 meters wide. the temple foot is only visible in part, because many stones are missing,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4638697334463623, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.870223"} {"text": ". the shape of the temple is very beautiful that consists of legs, body and roof, with a height of 17 meters, 17. 3 meters long and 10 meters wide. the temple foot is only visible in part, because many stones are missing, a part of the body temple is terraced, has shape of rectangle, entrance is located in the middle facing east, and at the bottom, there are sculptures of people who are riding an elephant. on each side are evenly split window which surrounds the upper and lower levels. the sari temple was originally a two - story building. the upper floor was used to store goods for the religious interests, while the lower floor is used for religious activities, such as teaching and learning, discussion, etc. on the top of this temple there are 9 stupas as seen on the stupa at borobudur and arranged in three parallel rows, the temple walls decorated with dhyani - bodhisattva. candi sari - rise buildings, each has three interconnected rooms, are used a ladder to climb. in the outer parts of the body temple carved statues are placed in two rows of windows. this statue is god bodisatwa and goddess tara amount 36 statues, ie, 8 on the east side, 8 on the north side, 8 on the south side and 12 on the west side. in general, this statue holds a red or a blue lotus, and all statues are described in a graceful manner, namely by tribangga attitude, as well as his features are illustrated much more calm, smooth and not too fancy ornaments adapted with the buddhist shrine. more over, on the left - right window is a sculpture kinara kinari or heavenly beings in the form of half - man half - bird. on the outside of the temple is coated with vajralepa intended to soften the stone walls and preservatives that do not quickly wear out. inside the temple there are three rooms lined each measuring 3. 48 m x 5. 80 m. the middle room and the two other rooms connected by doors and windows. cubicles was originally built as a multilevel booths. high walls were divided in two with a wooden floor supported by fourteen wooden cross beams, so in the temple is contained six rooms. wall of the plain room with no decoration. on the back wall of each room there is a kind of rack was located high, formerly used as a place of religious ceremony and put the statue. downstairs there are several placemat of statues and niche", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42407965293521954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.871314"} {"text": ". wall of the plain room with no decoration. on the back wall of each room there is a kind of rack was located high, formerly used as a place of religious ceremony and put the statue. downstairs there are several placemat of statues and niches to put statues. on the north wall and south rooms there are niches to put lighting. based on these data, there is no doubt that the temple is a monastery, which is a place of meditation for the buddhist monks, monk dormitory for monks to teach their students, in which there are a temple and also to keep religious books. in this beautiful sari temple, you can slightly to imagine the daily lives of the monks who studied religious sciences. do not miss to visit this temple! kalasan temple ( the oldest buddhist relics and the worship of a mother figure ) kalasan temple or famous also with kalibening temple is the oldest buddhist relics in the area of yogyakarta and central java, located in the kalasan village on the edge of the roadway yogya - solo at km 13 bit into about 50 meters. construction of this temple is mentioned in the inscription kalasan ( 700 saka / 778 ad ), explained that religious advisers of syailendra dynasty have suggested maharaja tejapurnama panangkarana ( panangkaran rakai, the second king of the kingdom matarm classical ), founded a shrine to worship the goddess tara and a monastery for buddhist monks. to worship the goddess tara was built the kalasan temple, beside dedicated to goddes tara is also representation of the sacred figure of java maharaja ' s mother, in - law of king tejahpurnapana panangkaran. tara itself is a figure of buddha ' s holy woman ( bodhisattvas ) who are still practiced and preserved until now as tantra buddhas in tibet buddhism. tara or goddess tara is the symbol of freedom or independence of spirit. it also claimed success, and achievement of real life and is sacred. tara is also a symbol of compassion and emptiness ( sunyata, lack of worldly existence and non eternity ) is taught in buddhism. kalasan temple built in honor of mother - in - law rakai panangkaran, in syailendra dynasty. because of that, the building is very luxurious, beautiful and has a unique ornaments. around the temple there is balekambang. the body temple is decorated by 52 stupas and has four rooms. there are the goddess tara statue in the largest space of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4191912653692731, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.872337"} {"text": "that, the building is very luxurious, beautiful and has a unique ornaments. around the temple there is balekambang. the body temple is decorated by 52 stupas and has four rooms. there are the goddess tara statue in the largest space of the middle room as high as 3 - 6 meters. the top body of the temple there is a statue of dhyani - buddha on the four corners of the wind that is aksobhya, amogasidhi, amitabha and ratnasambhawa. kala makara arch with heaven ornaments on it engraved above the entrance so beautifully. in addition kalasan temples and other supporting buildings there are also three small temples outside of the main temple building, shaped stupa. in the southern part of the temple there are two reliefs of bodhisattvas, while the roof consists of three sections. there are 8 rooms in the top roof, second roof is in octagonal, while the lower roof of the temple is similar with a square 20 which is equipped rooms on each side. ornaments of the temple are carved with smooth and coated with \" vajralepa \", a yellowish material made from the sap of certain trees. the function of vajralepa is as a protector of moss and mold, smooth the carving to be good. kalasan built to honor the death of the king ' s mother - in - law. this illustrates how the moral heights of the javanese kings at that time. you should see the splendor of the kalasan that was built by the king with great strength, which is dedicated to the figure of a mother! ijo temple ( the most high temple that is located in jogjakarta ) ijo temple is a hindu temple. situated on a hill named gumuk ijo ( gumuk = hill, ijo = green ) in the groyokan village, sambirejo, prambanan, sleman. ijo temple complex was built around 9th - 10th century was found by he doorpaal, administrators of sorogedug sugar factory in 1886. in the same year, c. a. rosemeier found three areas of stone. in 1887 archaeological research and excavations the main temple by dr. j. groneman found gold pieces lettered, gold rings, and several types of seeds. ijo temple is a temple that located on highest place compared other temples in yogyakarta area. this temple is at 375 m above sea level. so that the temple is also known", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4290159548421489, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.873238"} {"text": "lettered, gold rings, and several types of seeds. ijo temple is a temple that located on highest place compared other temples in yogyakarta area. this temple is at 375 m above sea level. so that the temple is also known as \" the highest temple in jogjakarta \". highest temple not because the high of the temple building but because it is at a high place. this temple consists of 11 terraces are increasingly rising backward. rearmost part is as the center of the temple. this pattern is very different from the pattern of enshrinement area of prambanan temple is mostly patterned concentrated in the middle. on the eleventh terrace to which is the center of the temple found a main temple and three supporting temples that are in front of the main temple ( west ). inside the main temple there are lingga - yoni statue with a large enough size. linga - yoni in ijo temple is one of the linga - yoni of the largest in indonesia. in the middle of supporting temple ( candi perwara ), there are cow statue named nandini and padmasana statue. in hindu mythology nandini regarded as the god shiva ' s vehicle. in the supporting temple on the south side there is a yoni with the shape almost similar to the smaller main temple. temple building on a lower terrace, ( terrace number 1 until 10 ) the building has crumbled, just a stone temple can be seen here, may have many missing, so it can not be united again. the primary function of the ijo temple is unknown until now but it is interesting to visit the temple because you will see the temple built on a hill combined with a very beautiful natural scenery around it. try to imagine about how the construction of the temple on the hill without equipment as it is now! barong temple ( worship to the gods and goddesses of fertility ) barong temple is one of the unique temples located in the south of prambanan temple, precisely in thebatur agung hills, sari temple, sambirejo village, prambanan, sleman. named candi barong by locals because of the kala decoration on each side of the temple. the decoration resembles a lion / barong. barong temple is built around the 9th - 10th century to. the temple was rediscovered at the beginning of the 20th century in collapse condition by a dutch around 1913 when the expansion of sugar plantations to support the production of sugar mills. at that time, the condition", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4530087414757641, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.874185"} {"text": "temple is built around the 9th - 10th century to. the temple was rediscovered at the beginning of the 20th century in collapse condition by a dutch around 1913 when the expansion of sugar plantations to support the production of sugar mills. at that time, the condition of the temple still in ruins and difficult to identify its original form. candi barong restoration began in 1987 until 1992. barong temple is a ritual complex to worship the god vishnu and his wife, goddess laksmi or known by the name of dewi sri ( the goddess of fertility for agriculture ). there are ornament of winged shells ( sankha ) which is one of the symbols ( laksana ) the god vishnu, and the top of the building ( kemuncak ) in the form of jewels ( ratna ). worship to the god vishnu and goddess sri is probably caused by soil conditions around the temple are barren and infertile. thus, by worshiping god vishnu and goddess sri expected it to be fertile soil conditions. page of the temple complex is three terraces that higher to the east, which is the back. on the highest terrace there is a hallway and two temples which have no windows and doors. the highest terrace is the most sacred pages. the difference between of them lies in the decoration and statue. based on those two things, it is estimated the first temple built to worship for the god vishnu, while the second temple for the goddess sri. on page two there is a building structure sized12. 30 mx 7. 80 m and some pile of stones sized the octagonal. allegedly this structure is the foundation building the gazebo with a roof of wood. while on the first terrace page not found building structure. dewi sri in java is very popular and regarded as the goddess of rice. there is no loss if you take the time to visit the temple dedicated to worship of the farmer goddess in java! banyunibo temple ( temples with reliefs of fertility goddess and the god of wealth ) banyunibo temple ( which in javanese means falling water - dripping ) is a buddhist temple located south of cepit, bokoharjo, prambanan, sleman, about 14 km east of yogyakarta. the location is shown alone in the agricultural area with the background hills of gunung kidul in the south. the temple is named banyunibo because according to local residents when viewed from a distance resembles a moisture ( water ) that drips or tibo ( javanese ), which means fall. this temple was built", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44087351675757985, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.875099"} {"text": "gunung kidul in the south. the temple is named banyunibo because according to local residents when viewed from a distance resembles a moisture ( water ) that drips or tibo ( javanese ), which means fall. this temple was built around the 9th century during the reign of king balitung in mataram kingdom classical era. this temple was built on a wide enough area and surrounded by hills on the north side, east, and south. on these hills are also located many other temples such as boko temple, dawangsari temple or saragedug temple, site gupala, and ijo temple. there is stupa on the top of the temple is the hallmark of buddhism. the condition of the temple still look strong and sturdy with kala - makara relief carvings and other forms of relief are still visible. the temple was first discovered and repaired again in the 1940 ' s to 1962 it consisted of one main temple, facing west, is surrounded by 6 ( six ) candi perwara ( supporting temple ) in the form of stupas are arranged in an array on the south and east of the main temple. foot of the temple which has a height of 2. 5 m was built on a stone floor. on the western side of the foot of the temple there are stairs inside. at each corner of the foot of the temple and in the middle of each side of the temple legs ( except the west side ), there is an ornament of \" jaladwara \" that is placed on the floor above the foot of the temple and serve as channels for rainwater. on the front side of the temple there is a stall door of the temple. because of the size of the temple with an area smaller than the foot of the temple then not all parts of the upper floor of the temple is covered by the foot of the temple. body parts that are not closed is called the temple hall and serves as a corridor for the surrounding temples. banyunibo temple including buddhist shrine that is quite rich in ornamentation. almost in every part of the temple is filled by a variety of ornaments and reliefs, although part of one another often found the same decorative motifs. on the walls, the south entrance of the temple, there are reliefs depicting a male figure. the relief of his own figure has been damaged lived part of his left hand. to the left there is a follower ( pariwara ) in a sitting position \" ardha paryangka \". the right hand above the right thigh, the left hand acted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4602319423509089, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.876018"} {"text": "of his own figure has been damaged lived part of his left hand. to the left there is a follower ( pariwara ) in a sitting position \" ardha paryangka \". the right hand above the right thigh, the left hand acted as if protecting a large bag. the reliefs depict gods kauravas, who was considered the god of wealth, but in indonesia the god is known by buddhists. above of the reliefs field there is ornament in the form of \" recalcitrant \" or \" selur gelung \". on the north wall there are reliefs of female figures in a sitting position. the left foot bent upwards, the right leg in a cross - legged position. the right hand ride on the thigh while his left hand carrying ( cradle ) child. around it there are little children that many in number, gathered around the woman. both reliefs depict hariti, the goddess of fertility in buddhism and her husband, vaisaravana ( the god of wealth ). in the banyunibo temple reliefs you can enjoy the reliefs of the goddeses of wealth and fertility combined with the natural beauty surrounding such as the shooting rice field. evidence of religious harmony can also be found here by looking at the position banyunibo temple not far even mingle with the temples that are hindu. in this temple you can enjoy prosperity and fertility goddess relief combined with the natural beauty surrounding such as the rice field. evidence of religious harmony can also be found here by looking at the banyunibo position temple that is not far even mingle with the temples that are hindu. kedulan temple ( inscription of village tax exemption for dam and irrigation ) kedulan temple is a hindu temple located not far from temple sambisari, namely kedulan, village tirtomartani, kalasan, yogyakarta. this temple was built around the 8th century and 9th during the kingdom of mataram classic. kedulan temple was found on november 24, 1993 in collapsed and buried in sand conditions. the discovery of the temple happened by accident, when a group of society was being mined the sand. if viewed from the sand material that was stockpiled kedulan temple, estimated material was come from the eruption of mount merapi, which occurred in several periods. judging from the type of soil that covers temple, visible there are 13 layers of lava types, estimated that the lava that buried the temple is derived from 13 times the eruption of mount merapi. the base", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45085466832138765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.877239"} {"text": "in central java, the relief of kala has the lower jaw. because of that, it is estimated kedulan temple built in the late period of the hindu kingdoms of central java, which was shifted to east java around the 8th century and 10th. kedulan temple is one more proof that the javanese kings at classical era not only religious but also pay attention to the prosperity of its people by build dams and irrigation which is very meaningful for irrigating rice fields at that era. so you should make time to see tangible evidence of how religious and wise of the javanese kings at that time! gampingan temple ( place of worship to the god of fortune ) gampingan temple is a buddhist temple, situated in the gampingan, sitimulyo, piyungan, bantul, the south of the jogja city. based on the art of building style and statue, this temple is built in the 9th century. the temple was discovered in 1995 by a brick maker, sarjono who then reported to the asylum and archaeological heritage diy. rescue excavations conducted by the spsp diy on august 3 - 10, 1995. excavation found four of white stone structure. the fourth building consists of a main building, two of building stupas and buildings located in the southwest of the southern stupa. others artifacts that were found in the form of a statue of bodhisattva, three buddha statues, nine plates of gold, pottery fragments, and fragments of pottery. although until now not been fully completed restoration, the ruins of this temple complex has seven buildings of the temple that is not intact, with the main building measuring approximately 5m x 5m and height of 1. 2 meters. the main temple building facing to the west. this is indicated by the rest of the stairs as much as seven traps on the west side of the main building. this stairs has a makara decoration at the ends. inside the main building there are three of dhyani buddha wairocana statues made from bronze, two statues of jambhala and candralokesvara from andesite stone, the objects of gold, and some ceramic objects. gampingan temple which is built between the years 730 - 850 ad is believed to be a place of worship gods jambhala ( god of fortune, the son of the god shiva ). jambhala is described as being in a meditation position, sitting cross - legged while his eyes is closed. the body is decorated by iconographic elements (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42809971363351296, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.879344"} {"text": "of worship gods jambhala ( god of fortune, the son of the god shiva ). jambhala is described as being in a meditation position, sitting cross - legged while his eyes is closed. the body is decorated by iconographic elements ( asana ) formed a lotus leaf amounted to eight pieces as a symbol of chakra in the human body. although its small size and incomplete, gampingan temple is still rich in amazing relief. at the foot of the gampingan temple there are various kinds of animals reliefs such as frogs, roosters, and various species of birds. there are reliefs crows appear to have a large beak, sturdy body, the wing inflates upward and fan - shaped tail. there are also reliefs of woodpecker that has a crest on the head, beak rather long and pointy and wings that do not expand. in addition, there is also a rooster that has swollen chest and inflate the wing down. making large quantities of bird reliefs in this temple as it related to public belief that the bird is the manifestation of the gods as well as natural messengers of the gods, or heaven. birds are also associated with human absolute freedom that is achieved after successfully left the world, the symbol of the human soul is separated from the body. relief of many other animals are depicted is a frog. javanese people at that time believed that frogs have supernatural powers that can bring rain, so the frog is also believed to increase productivity because the rain that is brought frogs could improve yields. frogs are often emerge from the water also symbolizes the renewal of life and resurrection to a better direction. while the figure of jambhala in this temple is different from other temples. generally, jambhala other temples is depicted with wide eyes that looked at the devotees along with a variety of ornament that symbolizes prosperity and luxury. believed, different depictions is based on worship motivation, not to invoke prosperity but guidance in order to achieve true happiness. do not miss to visit this temple. take a look at various kinds of animals that are considered have sepernatural power at that time in any reliefs of the temple, especially birds that brought message of paradise morangan temple ( the temple that has many kind of animals relief ) morangan temple is a hindu temple located in morangan, sindumartani, ngemplak, sleman, yogyakarta and occupies the most northerly position of the whole temple complex in the region of jogjakarta. the temple is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.495206687343644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.880372"} {"text": "a hindu temple located in morangan, sindumartani, ngemplak, sleman, yogyakarta and occupies the most northerly position of the whole temple complex in the region of jogjakarta. the temple is very close to the river gendol ( 100 meters west ) and the northernmost approached mount merapi. this temple was built in approximately the 9th - 10th century in the kingdom of mataram classical era, contemporaneous with the founding of hindu temples, such as prambanan and others. this temple damaged one of the causes of damage caused by flooding rivers gendol that is located not more than 200 meters on the east side of the temple complex. this temple was discovered since the dutch colonial era. after the dutch left indonesia temple was re - covered with soil. excavation in 1982, managed to show two of temple building that are the main temple and ancillary temple, previously buried 6. 5 meters below ground. the main temple consists of legs, body and roof of the temple. this temple has many reliefs that is carved on the trunk legs and torso of the temple. ancillary temples facing east, is currently building that can be found is part of the body and the foot of the temple of the temple. the north, west, and south side of the temple has a niche containing the statue, but the statue has been secured by the local archaeological government. one thing that distinguishes the morangan temple with other temple is the presence of a relief panel that is expected is part of tantri kamandaka story about a tiger that were deceived by a goat, because during this time, tantri kamandaka relief is only found in a buddhist temple. in morangan temple complex is also found yoni statues, hermit sculptures and a number of other statues in the niches of the temple. the reliefs depict two men flanking the pile of flowers, the two women flanking a large jug with bring a small jugs, two women riding elephants, three hermits, head of sculture in the niche, and the rooster is propped gana. in addition there are kind of birds such as sparrows, parrots and peacocks. other animals reliefs are cows, deer, and mouse deer. carvings of animals and lotus flowers dominate the walls of this temple reliefs. the number of animal reliefs show the closeness of human relationships with the environment. the majority of hindu temples is richer with kresnayana the ramayana story. but morangan temple look more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3654539089865937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.881422"} {"text": "animals and lotus flowers dominate the walls of this temple reliefs. the number of animal reliefs show the closeness of human relationships with the environment. the majority of hindu temples is richer with kresnayana the ramayana story. but morangan temple look more unique in that it carries a lot of animal life. relief of these animals spread over on two buildings that had assembled, either in the form of the main temple and ancillary temples. so this temple other than as a medium of meditation or prayer, it is also used as a learning media - friendly nature to safeguard the environment by not cutting trees. temple for hindu ' s people is like dwelling of gods that is very beautiful and comfortable, inhabited by various animals with the forest and the plants are still preserved. please come to the morangan temple! you can see the harmony between human life and nature here. gebang temple ( small temple in the middle of village ) gebang temple is located in gebang, wdomartani, ngemplak, sleman. the name of the temple is taken from the village name where people found the ganescha statue on november 1936. this temple is without relief or plain that indicates that the temple was derived from old period, between the years 730 - 800 ad, or about the 8th century ad when the sanjaya dynasty which ruled the kingdom of mataram classical era ( hindu ). the temple is restored by prof. dr. ir. van romondt years 1937 - 1939, is a square with a single chamber, measuring about 5 x 5 meters with a height of about 8 meters. location gebang temple is now in the middle of residential, west maguwoharjo stadium. to go to the temple gebang have to enter residential areas and walkways are pretty quiet from the crowd. gebang temple is a hindu temple. this is proven by the peak of the roof - shaped lingga cylinder that is placed on the seroja bearing, besides that it is also a statue of ganesha, nandhiswara and yoni are respectively located on the west niche, niche of the east and to the left of the entrance and the chambers of the temple. you have to visit to this small beautiful temple in the middle of the village. small but describes the glory of the ancestor in the past! the description of temples above are small temples in yogyakarta that can still be identified although the overall not yet fully revealed. there are many other temples and sites in the yogyakarta area that has not been", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4427743328071935, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.882524"} {"text": "federal water requirements : challenges to estimating the cost impact on local communities gao - 06 - 151r, nov 30, 2005 - accessible text : under the safe drinking water act and the federal water pollution control act, commonly referred to as the clean water act, the environmental protection agency ( epa ) has responsibility for protecting public health and welfare, as well as the integrity of our nation ' s waters. federal water requirements under these acts affect facilities providing the most basic services at the local level, including drinking water treatment plants and distribution systems ; wastewater treatment plants and collection systems ; and storm sewer systems, which collect storm water, or the runoff created by rainfall and other types of wet weather. for example, depending on the circumstances, local communities may have to pay for installing new treatment technologies or taking other measures so that community - based or regional facilities can meet applicable water quality standards. nationwide, there are roughly 53, 000 community drinking water systems, 17, 000 municipal wastewater treatment plants, and 7, 000 communities served by municipal storm sewer collection systems that may be affected by federal water requirements. while recognizing the public health and environmental benefits of federal water requirements, communities are increasingly voicing concerns about the financial burden imposed by these requirements - - in particular, the projected costs of more recent regulations and their cumulative costs over time. over the years, epa, water and community associations, and other parties have developed various estimates of some of the different costs related to ensuring clean water and safe drinking water. additionally, the unfunded mandates reform act of 1995 requires epa to prepare a written statement identifying the costs and benefits of federal mandates contained in certain regulations. however, the act does not require epa to identify the cumulative costs and benefits of multiple regulations. as the congress considers legislation to provide more resources to communities to address regulatory costs and aging water infrastructure, it is seeking a more complete understanding of the federal water requirements affecting local communities and the cumulative costs associated with implementing them. in this context, congress asked us to determine the cumulative cost of federal water requirements. in conducting this work, we identified some major methodological challenges to developing complete and reliable cost information. this report summarizes the information provided congress during our november 17, 2005, briefing and formally transmits the charts presented during that briefing. as requested, this report provides information on ( 1 ) key federal water requirements that local communities are subject to under the safe drinking water act and the clean water act, ( 2 ) the extent to which existing studies provide information on the cumulative cost of such requirements to communities, and (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4532821756278058, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.889513"} {"text": "information on ( 1 ) key federal water requirements that local communities are subject to under the safe drinking water act and the clean water act, ( 2 ) the extent to which existing studies provide information on the cumulative cost of such requirements to communities, and ( 3 ) the methodological challenges to developing reliable cumulative cost estimates attributable to federal water requirements. the key requirements of the safe drinking water act and the clean water act that communities must meet focus on limiting the exposure of customers to contaminants in water supplied by community drinking water systems and ensuring that communities prevent pollutants from sewage and diffuse sources, such as streets and construction sites, from reaching surrounding water bodies. under the safe drinking water act, epa currently regulates over 90 contaminants, such as arsenic and lead, and is developing regulations on several more. other regulations require water systems to notify the public when contaminant levels exceed established limits and provide annual reports summarizing the results of all water quality testing. the clean water act requires wastewater treatment plants to meet minimum technology - based effluent limitations. plants also may need to implement additional, more stringent limitations, including those necessary to meet water quality standards. in addition, epa requires municipalities to develop and implement management programs that help prevent pollutants in runoff from reaching surrounding bodies of water. in developing these plans, communities must adopt certain minimum practices, such as controls to reduce or eliminate pollution that collects on streets. while many parties, including epa, various water and community associations, and private consulting firms, have developed cost estimates for different aspects of maintaining safe, clean water, these estimates have not provided information on the cumulative costs of complying with federal water requirements, primarily because they were not intended to do so. some studies focus on developing a broad estimate of the costs of providing safe drinking water or clean water, but do not attempt to separate the costs associated with meeting regulatory requirements from other costs. in addition, many studies have a narrower scope, focusing on estimating costs for a subset of regulatory requirements and particular time periods, or estimate costs to different entities ( e. g., states, private sector ). several methodological challenges hinder new efforts to develop reliable cumulative cost estimates, including obtaining accurate and complete cost data, particularly for older requirements ; accurately allocating costs ( e. g., among jurisdictions that share costs ) ; and establishing a causal link between community investments and federal water requirements. information on the cumulative cost of federal water requirements is critical in determining the nature and extent of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46479493829285534, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.890523"} {"text": "smart phone of the future : a chip in your head? cnn recently posted an amusing yet thought - provoking article envisioning the development of smart phones over the next 100 years. the story culminates with the collapse of civilization in less than a century ( from climate change ), and mobile communications being reduced to throwing message rocks at each other. that scenario might \u2019 ve made stanley kubrick proud, but the idea that most interests me is the authors \u2019 prediction that, in 75 years, a microchip could be inserted into our heads that will allow us to connect directly with others through our brains, as well as to the internet. while the writers are concerned about potential abuses from commercial advertisers, i can think of a few ways this technology would affect the public sector workplace. first, security identification badges would become obsolete. authentication for location access could be done with the brain microchip, and everyone would instantly know if another person was supposed to be there instead because his or her own chip would tell them so. of course, for this to take place, security would have to be top - notch to stop intruders from using chips made to mask identity. wow, that sounds like the plot to a great science fiction espionage thriller. you are welcome, 007. the behavior modification scenario the writers propose would be unlikely to occur, i think, because the chip probably would not be connected to that area of the brain. but if it were, network administrators could finally make sure their painstakingly crafted security protocols are actually followed by everyone! although the writers project that this development is 75 years away, i think it might come sooner. we already have the technology to make a chip small enough to perform all of the necessary functions. the areas we need to improve in are biological rejection suppression and our understanding of how the human brain works. i \u2019 m guessing that latter will probably be the problem that delays us having chips implanted in our heads. it \u2019 s all just guesswork at this point, of course, but if the writers are correct about a brain microchip \u2014 and wrong about the end of civilization \u2014 there would be practical uses for the technology. if nothing else, we could be assured that motorists at last would make only hands - free calls. posted by greg crowe on oct 12, 2012 at 1 : 25 pm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5415324328612408, "token_count": 475, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.893062"} {"text": "| < < 1 kings 18 > > | gill ' s exposition of the entire bible introduction to 1 kings 18 in this chapter elijah has an order from the lord to show himself to ahab, who, going first, and meeting with a servant of his, obadiah, charges him to tell his master where he was, that he might meet him, 1 kings 18 : 1, and, upon meeting him, desires that all israel, and the prophets of baal, might be convened, which was accordingly done, 1 kings 18 : 17, when he expostulated with the people of israel for their idolatry, mocked and confounded the prophets of baal, and gave the strongest proofs, to the conviction of the people, that jehovah is the true god, 1 kings 18 : 21, on which all the prophets of baal were slain, 1 kings 18 : 40, and rain in great abundance was given at the prayer of the prophet, 1 kings 18 : 41. 1and it came to pass after many days, that the word of the lord came to elijah in the third year, saying, go, shew thyself unto ahab ; and i will send rain upon the earth. and it came to pass after many days,.... when two years and more were gone from the time the drought and famine began ; or rather from the time of the prophets departure to the brook cherith, which might be six months after the famine began : that the word of the lord came to elijah in the third year ; of his absence from ahab : saying, go show thyself unto ahab ; whom he had not seen so long, and who had been seeking for him, but to no purpose : and i will send rain upon the earth ; the term of three years and six months being almost expired, see james 5 : 17. 2and elijah went to shew himself unto ahab. and there was a sore famine in samaria. and elijah went to show himself unto ahab,.... which showed his cheerful and ready obedience to the will of god, and his great courage and magnanimity, to face a king enraged against him, and that sought his life : and there was a sore famine in samaria ; the metropolis of the kingdom, where ahab kept his court, and therefore must be sensible of it, and bore the greater indignation against the prophet who had foretold it. 3and ahab called obadiah,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.386841592587962, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.930957"} {"text": "samaria ; the metropolis of the kingdom, where ahab kept his court, and therefore must be sensible of it, and bore the greater indignation against the prophet who had foretold it. 3and ahab called obadiah, which was the governor of his house. ( now obadiah feared the lord greatly : and ahab called obadiah, which was the governor of his house,.... perhaps his steward : the jews ( m ) take him to be obadiah the prophet, who wrote the small prophecy that goes by his name : ( now obadiah feared the lord greatly : ) who, though he did not go up to jerusalem to worship, which ceremonial service was dispensed with in him, yet he did not worship the calves, nor baal, but served the lord in a spiritual manner. ( m ) t. bab. sanhedrin, fol. 39. 2. 4for it was so, when jezebel cut off the prophets of the lord, that obadiah took an hundred prophets, and hid them by fifty in a cave, and fed them with bread and water. ) for it was so, when jezebel cut off the prophets of the lord,.... or slew them, as the targum ; put them to death some way or another ; such as were brought up in the schools of the prophets, trained up in religious exercises, and instructed others therein : that obadiah took one hundred prophets, and hid them by fifty in a cave ; fifty in one cave and fifty in another ; for there were large caves in the land of israel capable of holding such a number, and many more, see 1 samuel 22 : 1 and fed them with bread and water ; which in this time of famine were very acceptable ; though these may be put for all the necessaries of life. 5and ahab said unto obadiah, go into the land, unto all fountains of water, and unto all brooks : peradventure we may find grass to save the horses and mules alive, that we lose not all the beasts. and ahab said unto obadiah, go into the land, unto all fountains of water, and unto all brooks,.... to observe in what condition they were, and the places adjoining to them, the meadows and valleys : peradventure we may find grass to save the horses and mules alive ; particularly those which belonged to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4161842283946985, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.932424"} {"text": "all brooks,.... to observe in what condition they were, and the places adjoining to them, the meadows and valleys : peradventure we may find grass to save the horses and mules alive ; particularly those which belonged to the king ' s stables, to find provisions for which it was found difficult : that we lose not all the beasts ; many of them, doubtless, were lost through the drought already, and there was great danger of the rest, and so, in time, of there being none to procreate and preserve their species, and to prevent which ahab proposed to take this method. 6so they divided the land between them to pass throughout it : ahab went one way by himself, and obadiah went another way by himself. so they divided the land between them, to pass through it,.... and one took one part, and the other the other part : ahab went one way by himself, and obadiah went another way by himself ; ahab not caring to trust any but obadiah, who he knew was a faithful man, lest they should be bribed by those that had grass not to discover it. 7and as obadiah was in the way, behold, elijah met him : and he knew him, and fell on his face, and said, art thou that my lord elijah? and as obadiah was in the way,.... in his district, making his observations : behold, elijah met him : where is not said ; but he was, no doubt, upon the road from zarephath to samaria : and he knew him that is, obadiah knew elijah, having seen him at ahab ' s court before he absconded : and fell on his face, and said, art thou that my lord elijah? thus doing him honour and reverence both by words and gesture, as being an extraordinary prophet of the lord. 8and he answered him, i am : go, tell thy lord, behold, elijah is here. and he answered him, i am,.... he did not desire to be concealed, his orders were to show and make himself known to ahab, and obadiah was one of his domestic servants : go tell thy lord, behold, elijah is here ; in such a place, ready to face him at any time. elijah, by calling ahab the lord of obadiah, as he tacitly reproves him for calling him", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4659769677561735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.934250"} {"text": ": go tell thy lord, behold, elijah is here ; in such a place, ready to face him at any time. elijah, by calling ahab the lord of obadiah, as he tacitly reproves him for calling him lord, shows reverence to ahab as a king, and yet that he was fearless of him, as he was the prophet and ambassador of the lord of hosts to him. 9and he said, what have i sinned, that thou wouldest deliver thy servant into the hand of ahab, to slay me? and he said, what have i sinned,.... or in what have i offended god or his prophet, that revenge should be taken on me in this way : that thou wouldest deliver thy servant into the hand of ahab to slay me? for that he supposed would be the consequence of it, as he argues and more plainly expresses his sense in the following words. 10as the lord thy god liveth, there is no nation or kingdom, whither my lord hath not sent to seek thee : and when they said, he is not there ; he took an oath of the kingdom and nation, that they found thee not. as the lord thy god liveth,.... which is the form of an oath he thought fit to make, to ascertain the truth of what he was about to say : there is no nation or kingdom, whither my lord hath not sent to seek thee ; which is either an hyperbolical expression, signifying he had sought for him in many places, and in every place he could think of ; or it must be understood either of the ten tribes, which were as so many nations and kingdoms as they had been ; or were more in the times of the canaanites ; or of the nations round about, that were in alliance with or tributary to the king of israel : and when they said, he is not there, he took an oath of the kingdom and nation that they found thee not ; which he might exact of his own subjects, but could not of other nations, unless they were free to it of themselves ; or he might take it of their ambassadors or merchants that came into his land, of whom he inquired, and adjured them to tell him the truth. 11and now thou sayest, go, tell thy lord, behold, elijah is here. and now thou sayest, go tell thy lord, behold, elijah is here. which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41564408242476986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.935474"} {"text": "he inquired, and adjured them to tell him the truth. 11and now thou sayest, go, tell thy lord, behold, elijah is here. and now thou sayest, go tell thy lord, behold, elijah is here. which, if i should not be able to make good, would be of fatal consequence to me ; and that it is plain he feared, by what he next says. 12and it shall come to pass, as soon as i am gone from thee, that the spirit of the lord shall carry thee whither i know not ; and so when i come and tell ahab, and he cannot find thee, he shall slay me : but i thy servant fear the lord from my youth. and it shall come to pass, as soon as i am gone from thee, that the spirit of the lord shall carry thee whither i know not,.... this he supposed might possibly, and very probably, be the case, since small raptures might have been already, and known to obadiah, as there were afterwards, see 2 kings 2 : 16, and then he should not know where he was, nor be able to direct his master where to find him : and so when i come and tell ahab, and he cannot find thee, he shall slay me ; for telling him a lie, and deceiving and mocking him ; or for not seizing on elijah, and bringing him, when he knew he was so desirous of getting him into his hands : but i thy servant fear the lord from my youth ; and therefore did not deserve to be treated after this manner, having been an early and conscientious worshipper of the true god. 13was it not told my lord what i did when jezebel slew the prophets of the lord, how i hid an hundred men of the lord ' s prophets by fifty in a cave, and fed them with bread and water? was it not told my lord what i did when jezebel slew the prophets of the lord? how i hid one hundred men of the lord ' s prophets by fifty in a cave, and fed them with bread and water? see gill on 1 kings 18 : 4, this he said not in a way of ostentation, but to show that it would be very ungenerous and ungrateful, as well as impolitic, to sacrifice such a friend at court to the lord ' s prophets as he had been, and might still", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4197387171442984, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.936377"} {"text": "of ostentation, but to show that it would be very ungenerous and ungrateful, as well as impolitic, to sacrifice such a friend at court to the lord ' s prophets as he had been, and might still continue to be. 14and now thou sayest, go, tell thy lord, behold, elijah is here : and he shall slay me. and now thou sayest, go tell my lord, behold, elijah is here : and he shall slay me. that is, should he carry such a message to him, and elijah should be removed elsewhere, and not to be found. 15and elijah said, as the lord of hosts liveth, before whom i stand, i will surely shew myself unto him to day. and elijah said, as the lord of hosts liveth, before whom i stand,.... in whose presence he was, and whose prophet and minister he was ; he takes this oath, to assure obadiah that he would certainly be upon the spot, or to be found, and not expose him to any danger : i will surely show myself unto him today ; he was determined at all events to present himself to him that day. 16so obadiah went to meet ahab, and told him : and ahab went to meet elijah. so obadiah went to meet ahab, and told him,.... that elijah was in such a place, and had desired him to inform him of it, and was ready to appear before him that day wherever he pleased ; for upon the prophet ' s oath obadiah was entirely satisfied, and was in no fear of delivering the message : and ahab went to meet elijah ; though perhaps the bold message of the prophet might make him fear he had something to say to him not very agreeable. 17and it came to pass, when ahab saw elijah, that ahab said unto him, art thou he that troubleth israel? and it came to pass when ahab saw elijah,.... as soon as he came up to him, and knew who he was ; abarbinel thinks, because his hair was grown so long that ahab did not know him certainly, and therefore put the following question : that ahab said unto him, art thou he that troubleth israel? by opposing the religion of baal, which prevailed among them ; but chiefly rain being withheld from them according to his word, and at his prayer. 18and he answered", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43257286739017986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.937218"} {"text": "that ahab said unto him, art thou he that troubleth israel? by opposing the religion of baal, which prevailed among them ; but chiefly rain being withheld from them according to his word, and at his prayer. 18and he answered, i have not troubled israel ; but thou, and thy father ' s house, in that ye have forsaken the commandments of the lord, and thou hast followed baalim. and he answered,.... that is, elijah, with great boldness and undaunted courage, not fearing the face of the king, being sent to show himself to him in the name of the king of kings : i have not troubled israel, but thou and thy father ' s house ; they, by their sins, were the cause of all the troubles, those sore evil and sad calamities that were upon them : in that ye have forsaken the commandments of the lord : to have no other gods before him, and not to make images, and worship them, which they had done : and thou hast followed baalim ; the several baals, the sun, moon, and stars, the whole host of heaven, worshipped under this name ; or, not content with the phoenician baal, or baal of the zidonians, followed others, see judges 2 : 11. 19now therefore send, and gather to me all israel unto mount carmel, and the prophets of baal four hundred and fifty, and the prophets of the groves four hundred, which eat at jezebel ' s table. now therefore send, and gather to me all israel unto mount carmel..... no doubt but more discourse passed between ahab and elijah, though not recorded, before he made this motion to him ; it is very probable, that after some dispute between them, who was the true god, and about idolatry, as the cause of want of rain, elijah proposed to the king what he afterwards did to the people, to which he could not object ; and being desirous of gratifying his curiosity, and especially of having rain, which the prophet might promise him in the issue of this affair, he agreed unto it ; and therefore elijah desired that all israel might be convened, that it might be openly and publicly done, and to the conviction and reformation of them, which was what was chiefly designed ; and he chose carmel, a mountain in the tribe of issachar, well situated for the people that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39339556631872186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.938064"} {"text": "might be convened, that it might be openly and publicly done, and to the conviction and reformation of them, which was what was chiefly designed ; and he chose carmel, a mountain in the tribe of issachar, well situated for the people that came from all parts ; and the rather this than samaria, that he might meet with no obstruction from jezebel, and from whence : he might be able to see the rain when coming, as he did. of this mountain ; see gill on jeremiah 46 : 18, to which may be added, the description of it by mr. sandys ( n ). \" mount carmel stretcheth from east to west, and hath its uttermost basis washed with the sea ; steepest towards the north, and of an indifferent altitude ; rich in vines and olives when farmed, and abounding with several sorts of fruits and herbs, both medicinal and fragrant, though now much overgrown with woods and shrubs of sweet savour. ' ' from the following solemn transaction at it, it seems in later times, to have become sacred, and was very venerable with the heathens ; from this mountain, a deity with them had the name of carmel, and was worshipped here, without an image or a temple, only had an altar erected for it, in imitation of the god of israel, worshipped here in like manner ; here vespasian sacrificed to this deity, assisted by the priest of it, basilides, as tacitus ( o ) relates ; suetonius ( p ) also makes mention of this deity, and of vespasian ' s consulting its oracle, which gave him hopes of obtaining the empire ; and from hence, in popish times, there were an order of friars called carmelites, instituted in the year 1180, pretending to be the successors of the children of the prophets elijah left there : and the prophets of baal four hundred and fifty ; who are supposed to be dispersed in the various parts of the kingdom, to teach and practise the worship of baal, and encourage and spread it in the nation : and the prophets of the groves four hundred, which eat at jezebel ' s table ; for it seems there were now more groves than that one ahab first made, 1 kings 16 : 33, for which such numbers were appointed to attend, and which, perhaps, were near samaria, since they ate at jezebel ' s table, and were a sort of domestic chaplains of her ' s.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.417303827449612, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.938918"} {"text": ", 1 kings 16 : 33, for which such numbers were appointed to attend, and which, perhaps, were near samaria, since they ate at jezebel ' s table, and were a sort of domestic chaplains of her ' s. \" asheroth \", we render \" groves \", the learned selden ( q ) takes to be ashtoreth, or ashtareth, or astarte, the goddess of the zidonians, for whom, and so for these prophets, jezebel might have a peculiar respect, see 1 kings 11 : 5. ( n ) travels, l. 3. p. 158. ed. 5. ( o ) hist. l. 2. c. 78. ( p ) vit. vespasian. c. 5. ( q ) de dis syris syntagm. 2. c. 2. p. 232, & c. 20so ahab sent unto all the children of israel, and gathered the prophets together unto mount carmel. so ahab sent unto all the children of israel,.... by messengers, requiring their attendance at mount carmel at such a time, at least their chief and principal men : and gathered the prophets together unto mount carmel ; the four hundred and fifty prophets of baal, but not the four hundred prophets of the groves ; for of them we have no account afterwards, only of the former ; it may be they were not at the command of ahab, only of jezebel, at whose table they ate, who would not suffer them to go. 21and elijah came unto all the people, and said, how long halt ye between two opinions? if the lord be god, follow him : but if baal, then follow him. and the people answered him not a word. and elijah came unto all the people,.... assembled at mount carmel : and said, how long halt ye between two opinions? sometimes inclining to the one, and sometimes to the other : as a lame man in walking, his body moves sometimes to one side, and sometimes to another ; or \" leap ye upon two branches \" ( r ), like a bird that leaps or hops from one branch to another, and never settles long ; or rather it denotes the confusion of their thoughts, being like branches of trees twisted and implicated ; thus upbraiding them with their inconstancy and fickleness ; what their two opinions were, may be learnt from the next clause : if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45604505870799106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.939716"} {"text": "rather it denotes the confusion of their thoughts, being like branches of trees twisted and implicated ; thus upbraiding them with their inconstancy and fickleness ; what their two opinions were, may be learnt from the next clause : if the lord be god, follow him : but if baal, then follow him ; for there is but one god, one infinite, immense, and incomprehensible being ; one that is omnipotent, all sufficient, good, and perfect ; there cannot be more, and therefore but one to be followed, served, and worshipped : and the people answered him not a word : through conviction and confusion, his reasoning being unanswerable ; or not knowing which to choose at present ; or fearing they should be drawn into a snare, should they name any ; either incur the displeasure of the king, who was for baal, or of the prophet, who was for the lord, at whose word rain was withheld, and might be given, which they were desirous of. ( r ) \" transilietis super duos ramoe, malvenda ; vos transilientes super ambos ramos \", piscator. 22then said elijah unto the people, i, even i only, remain a prophet of the lord ; but baal ' s prophets are four hundred and fifty men. then said elijah unto the people, i, even i only remain a prophet of the lord,.... at least as he thought, all the rest being slain, as he supposed ; however there were none present but himself : but baal ' s prophets are four hundred and fifty men ; which were very great odds he had to contend with. 23let them therefore give us two bullocks ; and let them choose one bullock for themselves, and cut it in pieces, and lay it on wood, and put no fire under : and i will dress the other bullock, and lay it on wood, and put no fire under : let them therefore give us two bullocks,.... who, being so many, were better able to be at the expense of them, and having the king on their party too ; though perhaps no more is meant than that two bullocks should be brought thither, and presented before them : and let them choose one bullock for themselves ; which of the two they would, if they thought one was any ways preferable to the other, it was at their option to take it : and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5361549763649494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.940552"} {"text": "be brought thither, and presented before them : and let them choose one bullock for themselves ; which of the two they would, if they thought one was any ways preferable to the other, it was at their option to take it : and cut it in pieces, and lay it on wood ; as sacrifices usually were : and put no fire under ; which was wont to be done for burnt offerings, as this was designed to be : and i will dress the other bullock ; by slaying and cutting it in pieces ; and lay it on wood : as for a burnt offering : and put no fire under ; to consume it. 24and call ye on the name of your gods, and i will call on the name of the lord : and the god that answereth by fire, let him be god. and all the people answered and said, it is well spoken. and call ye on the name of your gods,.... the baalim, the many lords and gods they served : and i will call on the name of the lord ; the one true jehovah and god of israel, whom i : serve : and the god that answereth by fire ; by causing fire to come down upon the sacrifice, and consume it : let him be god ; accounted, owned, and acknowledged as the true god, and so afterwards worshipped as such : and all the people answered and said, it is well spoken ; they thought it a very reasonable proposal, a very good method to determine the controversy, and come at the truth, and know who was the true god, and who not. 25and elijah said unto the prophets of baal, choose you one bullock for yourselves, and dress it first ; for ye are many ; and call on the name of your gods, but put no fire under. and elijah said unto the prophets of baal,.... who agreed to this proposal, though not expressed ; or they signified it by their silence. ben gersom thinks they agreed to it, because that, according to their belief, baal was mars, and in the sign of aries, one of the fiery planets, and therefore fancied he could send down fire on their sacrifice ; but abarbinel is of opinion that it was the sun they worshipped, under the name of baal, the great luminary which presides over the element of fire, and therefore had power to cause it to descend ; and if not, they agreed to it, he thinks", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.469529772088591, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.941529"} {"text": "it was the sun they worshipped, under the name of baal, the great luminary which presides over the element of fire, and therefore had power to cause it to descend ; and if not, they agreed to it, he thinks, for three reasons ; one was necessity, they could not refuse, after the people had approved of it, lest they should rise upon them, and stone them ; and another was, that elijah proposed to offer without the temple, contrary to the law of his god, and therefore concluded he would not answer him by fire, and so they should be upon a par with him ; and the third was, that they thought they should offer their bullocks together, so that, if fire descended, it would come upon them both, and then the dispute would be, whether his god, or their god, sent it ; and so no proof could be made who was god, nor the matter in controversy decided : choose you one bullock for yourselves, and dress it first ; for ye are many ; therefore in civility to them gave the choice of the bullock and the altar first, he being one and they many : and call on the name of your gods, but put no fire under ; under the wood on which was the sacrifice cut in pieces ; and when they had so done, then they were to call on their gods to cause fire to descend upon it. 26and they took the bullock which was given them, and they dressed it, and called on the name of baal from morning even until noon, saying, o baal, hear us. but there was no voice, nor any that answered. and they leaped upon the altar which was made. and they took the bullock which was given them,.... by such of them as made the choice : and they dressed it ; slew it, and cut it in pieces, and laid it on the wood, but put no fire under it : and called on the name of baal, from morning even until noon, saying, o baal, hear us ; and send fire down on the sacrifice ; and if the sun was their baal, they might hope, as the heat he gradually diffused was at its height at noon, that some flashes of fire would proceed from it to consume their sacrifice ; but after, their hope was turned into despair, they became and acted like madmen : but there was no voice, nor any that answered ; by word, or by sending down fire as they desired : and they leapt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45075841545897416, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.942515"} {"text": "it to consume their sacrifice ; but after, their hope was turned into despair, they became and acted like madmen : but there was no voice, nor any that answered ; by word, or by sending down fire as they desired : and they leapt upon the altar which was made ; not by elijah, but by themselves, either now or heretofore, and where they had formerly sacrificed ; and they danced about it, and leaped on it, either according to a custom used by them ; such as the salii, the priests of mars, used, so called from their leaping, because they did their sacred things leaping, and went about their altars capering and leaping ( s ) ; or rather they were mad on it, as the targum renders it, and acted like madmen, as if they were agitated by a prophetic fury and frenzy. ( s ) servius in virgil. aeneid. l. 8. \" tum salii ad cantus \", & c. vid. gutberleth. de salii, c. 2. p. 9. 27and it came to pass at noon, that elijah mocked them, and said, cry aloud : for he is a god ; either he is talking, or he is pursuing, or he is in a journey, or peradventure he sleepeth, and must be awaked. and it came to pass at noon,.... when they had been from the time of the morning sacrifice until now invoking their deity to no purpose : that elijah mocked them ; he jeered and bantered them : and said, cry aloud ; your god does not hear you ; perhaps, if you raise your voice higher, he may ; for he is a god ; according to your esteem of him, and, if so, he surely may hear you : unless either he is talking ; with others about matters of moment and importance, who are waiting on him with their applications to him ; or he is in meditation ; in a deep study upon some things difficult to be resolved : or he is pursuing ; his studies, or his pleasures, or his enemies, to overtake them ; or he is employed on business ( t ) : or he is in a journey ; gone to visit his friends, or some parts of his dominions ; so homer ( u ) represents jupiter gone to pay a visit to the ethiopians, and as yesterday gone to a feast, and all the gods following him, from whence he would not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43086012330862167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.943443"} {"text": "visit his friends, or some parts of his dominions ; so homer ( u ) represents jupiter gone to pay a visit to the ethiopians, and as yesterday gone to a feast, and all the gods following him, from whence he would not return until twelve days ; and in like manner lucian ( w ) speaks of the gods, mocking at them : or, peradventure he sleepeth, and must be awaked ; with a loud crying to him : it being now noon, abarbinel thinks this refers to a custom of sleeping after dinner ; homer ( x ) also speaks of the sleep of the gods, and which used to be at noon ; and therefore the worshippers of baal ceased then to call upon him ; and it is said ( y ), the heathens feared to go into the temples of their gods at noon, lest they should disturb them ; but such is not the true god, the god of israel, he neither slumbers nor sleeps, psalm 121 : 4. ( t ) david de pomis lexic. fol. 211. 1. ( ( u ) iliad. ver. 1. 423. ( w ) jupiter tragoedus. ( x ) ut supra, ( iliad. ver. 1. 423. ) in fine, & iliad. 2. ver. 1, 2. ( ( y ) meurs. auctuar. philol. c. 6. apud quistorp. in loc. 28and they cried aloud, and cut themselves after their manner with knives and lancets, till the blood gushed out upon them. and they cried aloud,.... trying to make him hear, if possible : and cut themselves after their manner with knives and lancets, till the blood gushed out upon them ; so the priests of heathen deities used to slash themselves on their shoulders, arms, and thighs, in their devotions to them, as many writers observe ( z ), fancying their gods were delighted with human blood ; particularly the priests of bellona ( a ), and the worshippers of the syrian goddess ( b ), and of the egyptian isis ( c ). ( z ) vid. kipping. antiqu. roman. l. 1. c. 10. p. 202. ( a ) tertul apolog. c. 9. lactant. institut. l. 1. c. 21. ( b ) ap", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4386243059697496, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.944278"} {"text": ". antiqu. roman. l. 1. c. 10. p. 202. ( a ) tertul apolog. c. 9. lactant. institut. l. 1. c. 21. ( b ) apulei metamorph. l. 8. ( c ) herodot. euterpe, c. 61. manetho. apotelesm. l. 1. ver. 243, 244. seneca de vita beata, c. 27. 29and it came to pass, when midday was past, and they prophesied until the time of the offering of the evening sacrifice, that there was neither voice, nor any to answer, nor any that regarded. and it came to pass when midday was past,.... and nothing done, no fire descended : and they prophesied until the time of the offering of the evening sacrifice ; continued praying to baal, and singing his praises, but all to no purpose ; or they behaved like madmen, as the targum ; thus they went on until it was time to offer the evening sacrifice ; so that they had no interruption in their service, and had all the time they could desire to have to importune their god to do the favour for them they requested : that there was neither voice, nor any to answer, nor any that regarded ; no voice was heard that returned them any answer ; nor was any answer made by fire, nor any regard shown to their mad gestures, and barbarous actions ; and very likely the people also, by this time, paid no regard unto them, perceiving they were not able, by all their cries and methods they took, to obtain an answer. 30and elijah said unto all the people, come near unto me. and all the people came near unto him. and he repaired the altar of the lord that was broken down. and elijah said unto all the people, come near unto me,.... and observe what i do, and what will be done at my request : and all the people came near unto him ; left the prophets of baal to themselves, and took no more notice of them, but attended to what the prophet should say and do : and he repaired the altar of the lord that was broken down ; which had been set up when high places and altars were allowed of, while the tabernacle was unsettled, and the temple not built ; this is supposed to have been erected in the times of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.429254968999213, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.945232"} {"text": "of the lord that was broken down ; which had been set up when high places and altars were allowed of, while the tabernacle was unsettled, and the temple not built ; this is supposed to have been erected in the times of the judges ; though, according to a tradition of the jews ( d ), it was built by saul, see 1 samuel 15 : 12 but had been thrown down by the idolatrous israelites, who demolished such as were erected to the name of the lord everywhere, and built new ones for their idols, 1 kings 19 : 10. benjamin of tudela ( e ) says, that on the top of mount carmel is now to be seen the place of the altar elijah repaired, which is four cubits round. ( d ) jarchi & kimchi in loc. ( e ) ltinerar. p. 37. 31and elijah took twelve stones, according to the number of the tribes of the sons of jacob, unto whom the word of the lord came, saying, israel shall be thy name : and elijah took twelve stones, according to the number of the tribes of the sons of jacob,.... which he might very easily come at from the mountain : unto whom the word of the lord came, saying, israel shall be thy name, which signifies one that has power with god, as jacob had, when the word came to him to make a change in his name at penuel, genesis 32 : 28, and as elijah hoped and believed he should have at this time, being a prophet, and a worshipper of israel ' s god. 32and with the stones he built an altar in the name of the lord : and he made a trench about the altar, as great as would contain two measures of seed. and with the stones he built an altar in the same of the lord,.... whom the twelve tribes had formerly worshipped ; and though now divided in their civil state, yet ought to be united in the worship of god : and he made a trench about the altar, as great as would contain two measures of seed ; or two seahs, one of which was the third part of an ephah, and two of them were more than half a bushel ; and this trench or ditch round the altar was as broad as such a measure of seed would sow. 33and he put the wood in order, and cut the bullock in pieces, and laid him on the wood, and said, fill four barrels with water", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4169821193556339, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.946158"} {"text": "trench or ditch round the altar was as broad as such a measure of seed would sow. 33and he put the wood in order, and cut the bullock in pieces, and laid him on the wood, and said, fill four barrels with water, and pour it on the burnt sacrifice, and on the wood. and he put the wood in order, and cut the bullock in pieces, and laid him on the wood,.... just in such manner as sacrifices usually were : and said, fill four barrels with water ; either from the brook kishon, or, if that was dried up, from the sea ; for both were near this mountain, and so to be had, though a time of drought : and pour it on the burnt sacrifice ; that which was intended to be one : and upon the wood : wherewith it was to be burnt, and so made unfit for it ; and which would make the miracle appear the greater, when fire came down and consumed it. 34and he said, do it the second time. and they did it the second time. and he said, do it the third time. and they did it the third time. and he said, do it the second time, and they did it the second time,.... that is, poured four barrels of water more upon the wood : and he said, do it the third time, and they did it the third time ; so that there were in all twelve barrels of water poured on the wood, agreeably to the number of the twelve stones the altar was built with, and may have respect to the same as they. 35and the water ran round about the altar ; and he filled the trench also with water. and the water ran round about the altar,.... there being such a large effusion of it on it ; and he filled the trench also with water ; which surrounded the altar, so that it seemed impracticable that any fire should kindle upon it ; and this gave full proof and demonstration there could be no collusion in this matter. 36and it came to pass at the time of the offering of the evening sacrifice, that elijah the prophet came near, and said, lord god of abraham, isaac, and of israel, let it be known this day that thou art god in israel, and that i am thy servant, and that i have done all these things at thy word. and it came to pass, at the time of the offering of the evening sacrifice,.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4149286216777317, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.947050"} {"text": "let it be known this day that thou art god in israel, and that i am thy servant, and that i have done all these things at thy word. and it came to pass, at the time of the offering of the evening sacrifice,.... which the people of god at jerusalem were now attending to : that elijah the prophet came near ; to the altar he had built, and on which he had laid the sacrifice : and said ; in prayer to god : lord god of abraham, isaac, and jacob ; the covenant god of the ancestors of his people, though they had now so fully departed from him : let it be known this day that thou art god in israel ; and that there is no other : and that i am thy servant ; a true worshipper of him, and his faithful prophet and minister : and that i have done all these things at thy word ; restrained rain from the earth for some years past, and now had convened israel, and the false prophets, together, that by a visible sign from heaven it might be known who was the true god ; all which he did not of himself, but by the impulse, direction, and, commandment of the lord. 37hear me, o lord, hear me, that this people may know that thou art the lord god, and that thou hast turned their heart back again. hear me, o lord, hear me ;.... which repetition is made to express his importunity, and the vehement earnest desire of his soul to be heard in such a case, which so much concerned the glory of god ; the targum is, \" receive my prayer, o lord, concerning the fire, receive my prayer concerning the rain ; ' ' as if the one respected the sending down the fire on the sacrifice, and the other sending rain on the earth ; and which sense is followed by other jewish writers : that this people may know that thou art the lord god ; and not baal, or any other idol : and that thou hast turned their heart back again ; from idolatry, to the worship of the true god ; though some understand this of god ' s giving them up to a spirit of error, and suffering them to fall into idolatry, and hardening their hearts, as he did pharaoh ' s ; but the former sense is best. 38then the fire of the lord fell, and consumed the burnt sacrifice, and the wood, and the stones, and the dust, and licked up the water that was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.419803446717529, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.947941"} {"text": "hearts, as he did pharaoh ' s ; but the former sense is best. 38then the fire of the lord fell, and consumed the burnt sacrifice, and the wood, and the stones, and the dust, and licked up the water that was in the trench. then the fire of the lord fell,.... an extraordinary fire from god out of heaven, as the effects of it show : and consumed the burnt sacrifice ; as it had done in former instances, leviticus 9 : 24, and besides this, which is still more extraordinary, and the wood, and the stones, and the dust ; of the altar, thereby signifying that even such were not to be used any more : and licked up the water that was in the trench ; around the altar, see 1 kings 18 : 32. 39and when all the people saw it, they fell on their faces : and they said, the lord, he is the god ; the lord, he is the god. and when all the people saw it, they fell on their faces,.... in reverence of god, astonished at the miracle wrought, ashamed of themselves and their sins, particularly their idolatry, that they should turn their backs on the true god, and follow idols : and they said, the lord, he is the god, the lord, he is the god ; which acknowledgment of god, as the true god, in opposition to baal, is repeated, to show their firm belief and strong assurance of it. 40and elijah said unto them, take the prophets of baal ; let not one of them escape. and they took them : and elijah brought them down to the brook kishon, and slew them there. and elijah said unto them, take the prophets of baal,.... the four hundred and fifty that were upon the spot ; for the number of the people of israel, now gathered together, were equal to it ; nor was it in ahab ' s power to hinder it, and he might himself be so far surprised and convicted as not in the least to object to it : let not one of them escape : that there might be none of them left to seduce the people any more : and they took them ; laid hold on them, everyone of them : and elijah brought them down to the brook kishon ; which ran by the side, and at the bottom of mount carmel, into the sea ; see gill on judges 4 : 7, judges 5", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4879528699460667, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.948816"} {"text": "; laid hold on them, everyone of them : and elijah brought them down to the brook kishon ; which ran by the side, and at the bottom of mount carmel, into the sea ; see gill on judges 4 : 7, judges 5 : 21. and slew them there ; intimating, that it was owing to the idolatry they led the people into that rain had been withheld, and the brooks were dried up, as this might be ; or, as ben gersom thinks, that the land might not be defiled with their blood, but be carried down the river after it : these he slew not with his own hand, but by others he gave orders to do it ; and this not as a private person, but as an extraordinary minister of god, to execute justice according to his law, deuteronomy 13 : 1 by which law such false prophets were to die ; and the rather he was raised up and spirited for this service, as the supreme magistrate was addicted to idolatry himself. 41and elijah said unto ahab, get thee up, eat and drink ; for there is a sound of abundance of rain. and elijah said unto ahab, get thee up,.... from the brook and valley where the execution of the prophets had been made ; either up to his chariot, or to the tent or pavilion erected on the side of the mount, where the whole scene of things was transacted ; eat and drink ; which he had no leisure for all the day, from the time of the morning sacrifice to the evening sacrifice, which was taken up in attending to the issue of the several sacrifices ; but now he is bid to eat and refresh himself, and that in token of joy and gladness, as became him, both for the honour of the true god, which had been abundantly confirmed, and for the near approach of rain, of which he assures him : for there is a sound of abundance of rain ; the wind perhaps began to rise, and blow pretty briskly, which was a sign of it ( f ) ; besides, according to the tyrian annals ( g ), there were loud claps of thunder at this time, at least when the heavens became very black, as in 1 kings 18 : 45. ( f ) \" fit fragor, hinc densi - - - - nimbi \", ovid. metamorph. l. 1. fab. 8. v. 269. ( g", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40871596682593814, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.950526"} {"text": "1 kings 18 : 45. ( f ) \" fit fragor, hinc densi - - - - nimbi \", ovid. metamorph. l. 1. fab. 8. v. 269. ( g ) apud joseph, antiqu. l. 8. c. 13. sect. 2. 42so ahab went up to eat and to drink. and elijah went up to the top of carmel ; and he cast himself down upon the earth, and put his face between his knees, so ahab went up to eat and to drink,.... up to his chariot, as some think, or rather to some place higher than that in which he now was : and elijah went up to the top of carmel ; higher still, where he both might be alone, and have the opportunity of observing the clouds gathering, and the rain coming : and he cast himself down upon the earth, and put his face between his knees ; expressive of his humility, and of his earnestness, and vehement desire, and continued importunity, that rain might fall ; for this was a posture of prayer he put himself into, and continued in ; and it is certain that it was through his prayer that rain came, james 5 : 18 and from hence came the fable of the grecians concerning aeacus praying for rain in a time of drought, when it came ( h ). so the chinese writers ( i ) report that at the prayers of their emperor tangus, after a seven years ' drought, great rains fell. ( h ) pausan. attica, sive, l. 1. prope finem. isocrat. evagoras, p. 373. ( i ) martin. sinic. hist. l. 3. p. 60. 43and said to his servant, go up now, look toward the sea. and he went up, and looked, and said, there is nothing. and he said, go again seven times. and said to his servant,.... whom some take to be the son of the widow of sarepta, but he must be too young to be employed in such service as this was : go up now ; still higher on mount carmel ; than where he was, even to the highest point of it : look towards the sea : or the west, as the targum, the mediterranean sea, which lay to the west of the land of israel : and he went up and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4199685992529221, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.951766"} {"text": "mount carmel ; than where he was, even to the highest point of it : look towards the sea : or the west, as the targum, the mediterranean sea, which lay to the west of the land of israel : and he went up and looked, and he said, there is nothing ; there was nothing in the sky, or arising out of the sea, that looked like or foreboded rain : and he said, go again seven times ; till he should see something. 44and it came to pass at the seventh time, that he said, behold, there ariseth a little cloud out of the sea, like a man ' s hand. and he said, go up, say unto ahab, prepare thy chariot, and get thee down, that the rain stop thee not. and it came to pass at the seventh time that he said, behold there ariseth a little cloud out of the sea, like a man ' s hand,.... either about the size or in the form of it ; rain water comes out of the sea, and, being strained through the clouds and air, becomes fresh : and he said, go up : the meaning seems to be, that he should first go down from the mount, and then go up to that part of it where ahab was : say unto ahab, prepare thy chariot ; bind or fasten the horses to it, as the phrase seems to signify : and get thee down ; from the mountain where he was, to go to jezreel, which lay low in a valley : that the rain stop thee not ; on the road, that might be made impassable by it, signifying that such abundance should fall as would make it so. 45and it came to pass in the mean while, that the heaven was black with clouds and wind, and there was a great rain. and ahab rode, and went to jezreel. and it came to pass in the mean while,.... that the servant was gone with the message to ahab, and ahab was getting ready his chariot : that the heaven was black with clouds and wind, and there was a great rain ; which all sprung from the cloud like a man ' s hand ; and so we are told ( k ), that sometimes a little cloud called the ox ' s eye is seen on a mount of the cape of good hope, called tafesbery, when the sky is most serene, and the sea quiet ; which is at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4827613240665745, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.952753"} {"text": "are told ( k ), that sometimes a little cloud called the ox ' s eye is seen on a mount of the cape of good hope, called tafesbery, when the sky is most serene, and the sea quiet ; which is at first scarce so big as a barley corn, and then as a walnut ; and presently it extends itself over the whole surface of the mountain : and ahab rode, and went to jezreel ; as fast as he could. ( k ) scheuchzer. physic. sacra, vol. 3. p. 591. 46and the hand of the lord was on elijah ; and he girded up his loins, and ran before ahab to the entrance of jezreel. and the hand of the lord was on elijah,.... giving him more than common strength of body, as well as courage and fortitude of mind ; so the targum, the spirit of strength from the lord was with him : and he girded up his loins ; gathered up his long loose garment, and girt it about him, that he might be more fit for travelling : and ran before ahab to the entrance of jezreel ; reckoned about sixteen miles from carmel ( l ) ; this showed his humility, that he was not elated with the wonderful things god had done by him, and that he bore no ill will to ahab, but was ready to show him all honour and respect due to him as a king ; and that it were his sins, and not his person, he had an aversion to ; and that he was not afraid of jezebel, and her prophets, but entered into the city where she was, to instruct the people, and warn them against her idolatries ; though some think he went no further than the gate of the city, prudently avoiding falling into her hands. ( l ) bunting ' s travels, & c. p. 204.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45878481862155185, "token_count": 411, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.953407"} {"text": "dominican republic : history the island of hispaniola, of which the dominican republic forms the eastern two - thirds and haiti the remainder, was originally occupied by tainos, an arawak - speaking people. the tainos welcomed columbus in his first voyage in 1492, but subsequent colonizers were brutal, reducing the taino population from about 1 million to about 500 in 50 years. to ensure adequate labor for plantations, the spanish brought african slaves to the island beginning in 1503. in the next century, french settlers occupied the western end of the island, which spain ceded to france in 1697, and which, in 1804, became the republic of haiti. the haitians conquered the whole island in 1822 and held it until 1844, when forces led by juan pablo duarte, the hero of dominican independence, drove them out and established the dominican republic as an independent state. in 1861, the dominicans voluntarily returned to the spanish empire ; in 1865, independence was restored. economic difficulties, the threat of european intervention, and ongoing internal disorders led to a u. s. occupation in 1916 and the establishment of a military government in the dominican republic. the occupation ended in 1924, with a democratically elected dominican government. in 1930, rafael l. trujillo, a prominent army commander, established absolute political control. trujillo promoted economic development - - from which he and his supporters benefited - - and severe repression of domestic human rights. mismanagement and corruption resulted in major economic problems. in august 1960, the organization of american states ( oas ) imposed diplomatic sanctions against the dominican republic as a result of trujillo ' s complicity in an attempt to assassinate president romulo betancourt of venezuela. these sanctions remained in force after trujillo ' s death by assassination in may 1961. in november 1961, the trujillo family was forced into exile. in january 1962, a council of state that included moderate opposition elements with legislative and executive powers was formed. oas sanctions were lifted january 4, and, after the resignation of president joaquin balaguer on january 16, the council under president rafael e. bonnelly headed the dominican government. in 1963, juan bosch was inaugurated president. bosch was overthrown in a military coup in september 1963. another military coup, on april 24, 1965, led to violence between military elements favoring the return to government by bosch and those who proposed a military junta committed to early general elections. on april 28, u. s. military forces landed to protect u. s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.35532288728498007, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.959051"} {"text": ", on april 24, 1965, led to violence between military elements favoring the return to government by bosch and those who proposed a military junta committed to early general elections. on april 28, u. s. military forces landed to protect u. s. citizens and to evacuate u. s. and other foreign nationals. additional u. s. forces subsequently established order. in june 1966, president balaguer, leader of the reformist party ( now called the social christian reformist party - - prsc ), was elected and then re - elected to office in may 1970 and may 1974, both times after the major opposition parties withdrew late in the campaign. in the may 1978 election, balaguer was defeated in his bid for a fourth successive term by antonio guzman of the dominican revolutionary party ( prd ). guzman ' s inauguration on august 16 marked the country ' s first peaceful transfer of power from one freely elected president to another. the prd ' s presidential candidate, salvador jorge blanco, won the 1982 elections, and the prd gained a majority in both houses of congress. in an attempt to cure the ailing economy, the jorge administration began to implement economic adjustment and recovery policies, including an austerity program in cooperation with the international monetary fund ( imf ). in april 1984, rising prices of basic foodstuffs and uncertainty about austerity measures led to riots. balaguer was returned to the presidency with electoral victories in 1986 and 1990. upon taking office in 1986, balaguer tried to reactivate the economy through a public works construction program. nonetheless, by 1988 the country had slid into a 2 - year economic depression, characterized by high inflation and currency devaluation. economic difficulties, coupled with problems in the delivery of basic services - - e. g., electricity, water, transportation - - generated popular discontent that resulted in frequent protests, occasionally violent, including a paralyzing nationwide strike in june 1989. in 1990, balaguer instituted a second set of economic reforms. after concluding an imf agreement, balancing the budget, and curtailing inflation, the dominican republic experienced a period of economic growth marked by moderate inflation, a balance in external accounts, and a steadily increasing gdp that lasted through 2000. the voting process in 1986 and 1990 was generally seen as fair, but allegations of electoral board fraud tainted both victories. the elections of 1994 were again marred by charges of fraud. following a compromise calling for constitutional and electoral reform, president balaguer assumed office for an abbreviated term and congress", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43835693799723524, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.960005"} {"text": "was generally seen as fair, but allegations of electoral board fraud tainted both victories. the elections of 1994 were again marred by charges of fraud. following a compromise calling for constitutional and electoral reform, president balaguer assumed office for an abbreviated term and congress amended the constitution to bar presidential succession. since 1996, the dominican electoral process has been seen as generally free and fair. in june 1996, leonel fernandez reyna of the dominican liberation party ( pld ) was elected to a 4 - year term as president. fernandez ' s political agenda was one of economic and judicial reform. he helped enhance dominican participation in hemispheric affairs, such as the oas and the followup to the miami summit. on may 16, 2000, hipolito mejia, the prd candidate, was elected president in another free and fair election, defeating pld candidate danilo medina and former president balaguer. mejia championed the cause of free trade and central american and caribbean economic integration. the dominican republic signed a free trade agreement ( cafta - dr ) with the united states and five central american countries in august 2004, in the last weeks of the mejia administration. during the mejia administration, the government sponsored and obtained anti - trafficking and anti - money - laundering legislation, sent troops to iraq for operation iraqi freedom, and ratified the article 98 agreement it had signed in 2002. mejia faced mounting domestic problems as a deteriorating economy - - caused in large part by the government ' s measures to deal with massive bank fraud - - and constant power shortages plagued the latter part of his administration. during the mejia administration, the constitution was amended to permit an incumbent president to seek a second successive term, and mejia ran for re - election. on may 16, 2004, leonel fernandez was elected president, defeating mejia 57. 11 % to 33. 65 %. eduardo estrella of the prsc received 8. 65 % of the vote. fernandez took office on august 16, 2004, promising in his inaugural speech to promote fiscal austerity, to fight corruption and to support social concerns. fernandez said the dominican republic would support policies favoring international peace and security through multilateral mechanisms in conformity with the united nations and the oas. on may 16, 2008, president fernandez was re - elected president with 53. 8 % of the vote. the fernandez administration works closely with the united states on law enforcement, immigration, and counterterrorism matters. congressional and municipal elections were held in may 2010, with fernandez \u2019 s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4479663429980327, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.961077"} {"text": "each year people from every walk of life, regardless of religion or political affiliation, gather for a national day of prayer that \u2019 s held on the first thursday in may. hoping to capitalize on the attention given to the national day of prayer, the american humanist association and the secular coalition of america \u201c are joining forces to combat the national day of prayer by promoting the national day of reason. \u201d the history of prayer for our nation goes back to at least 1775 when the continental congress asked the colonies to pray for wisdom in forming a new nation. the day was officially recognized in 1952 when president harry truman signed into law a proclamation for an annual day of prayer. now the atheists want in on the action. they are claiming that we can solve our problems with reason alone. the reason - alone approach has been tried before with bloody results. the enlightenment philosophers of the eighteenth century rejected the christian religion and declared reason to be supreme. \u201c europe disintegrated because the goddess of reason, whom the french revolutionaries placed, in the shape of a parisian streetwalker, upon the altar of notre dame, \u201d became france \u2019 s new authority. outfitted in the attire of a roman goddess, she was \u201c carried shoulder \u2011 high into the cathedral by men dressed in roman costumes. \u201d to make the transition from the old religion of christianity to the new religion of reason - worship the church of notre dame was reconsecrated to the \u201c cult of reason. \u201d in the france of 1793, reason was not only a god that failed, she was a goddess who cut her own throat. the fanaticism of reason that gripped the french revolutionaries convinced them that they could create a republic of reason out of thin air \u2014 or more correctly, out of hot air. the men who came up with the idea of celebrating the festival of reason were all quite intelligent men \u2014 rational actors in the most pronounced sense of this word. they were determined not only to think for themselves and control their own lives, but to build a society that would meet their ideals. belief in reason over religion is beginning to look like the modern materialist \u2019 s new savior. sam harris tries to make this point in his book the end of faith : religion, terror, and the future of reason. al gore argues in a similar way in the assault on reason. if people were only reasonable, they and others argue, all would be right with the world. harris and the other reason - alone advocates don \u2019 t not tell us whose version of reason we are to follow. is it the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47008200966956604, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.965650"} {"text": "the assault on reason. if people were only reasonable, they and others argue, all would be right with the world. harris and the other reason - alone advocates don \u2019 t not tell us whose version of reason we are to follow. is it the reason of the french revolutionaries who hadn \u2019 t met a head they didn \u2019 t want to lop off or the reason of the stalinists who believed the gulag was a good place for someone to \u201c get his mind right \u201d? maybe we should follow the reasoning of aristotle who believed in the reasonableness and \u201c natural order \u201d for the institution of slavery because there are some people who are \u201c slaves by nature. \u201d one last thing. the reason - only crowd contend that the constitution is a \u201c secular document \u201d that does not mention anything about religion. it should be pointed out that the word \u201c reason \u201d does not appear in the body of the constitution. the fourth amendment does use the word \u201c unreasonable searches and seizures. \u201d while the word \u201c reason \u201d is not found, a reference to jesus christ is. just above george washington \u2019 s signature, the following is found : done in convention by the unanimous consent of the states present the seventeenth day of september in the year of our lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty seven and of the independence of the united states of america the twelfth. in witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names. - richard hertz, chance and symbol ( chicago, il : the university of chicago press, 1948 ), 100. [ ] - francis a. schaeffer, how should we then live? ( 1976 ) in the complete works of francis a. schaeffer : a christian worldview, 5 vols. ( wheaton, il : crossway books, 1984 ), 5 : 122. [ ] - lee harris, the suicide of reason : radical islam \u2019 s threat to the west ( new york : basic books, 2007 ), 67. [ ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4946182406909097, "token_count": 396, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.967249"} {"text": "a day in the life of a governor - using the pupil voice - recruiting for success - extended schools - improving attendance - involving parents school case study \u2013 using the pupil voice primary school e \u2013 governors use pupil voice to conduct school evaluation and monitor school improvement. when the governors at the school were asked to provide evidence for the pupil - outcome based ofsted evaluations, they realised that it was relatively straightforward to present the actions the school had taken, but it was not quite as easy to show the difference they had made. so for example, when asked about how children in the school felt about bullying or staying healthy, evidence presented tended to be about what had been done to tackle the issues, rather than the impact of those actions. so working together with link adviser, they followed a scheme that brought governors, senior management and pupils together to check whether the support strategies being delivered were making a difference. so how did they do it? - they focused on three or four children from each class and invited them to attend a session, asking them to take some of their books. members of the senior leadership team and governing bodies were invited to the group ( but not class teachers ). - during the group session, after being put at ease, the children were asked a series of 20 questions about enjoyment, safety, health, participation, standards and suggestions. some examples of questions included : - what subjects do you like at school? - which subjects are hardest for you? - why does your teacher mark your books? - what gets in the way of your learning? - is your work too easy, too hard or just right? - do you feel safe in school? what have you learnt about being safe? - how do you keep healthy? the link adviser initially ran the pupil meeting ; however, the governors soon got the hang of it and started to lead with the questioning. after the first group had finished, the governors split into two teams to conduct the sessions simultaneously with different year groups. - following the discussion, the outcomes were shared with teachers and any actions agreed. the chair of governors, attended the sessions with two other governors and the head teacher. he said : \u201c it was lovely to see the children react to the questions posed to them and it proved an interesting and worthwhile exercise. \u201c with one group, we were particularly pleased about how well aware they were of safety \u2013 both in and out of the school \u2013 and with another group, how they valued the work of the school council. \u201d a number of other primary schools in the north have also adopted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4309476945307121, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.986870"} {"text": ", we were particularly pleased about how well aware they were of safety \u2013 both in and out of the school \u2013 and with another group, how they valued the work of the school council. \u201d a number of other primary schools in the north have also adopted this approach and each discovered areas where the schools could improve their performance. in one school, it was found that despite achieving good outcomes, the children weren \u2019 t clear on their targets, therefore governors left knowing they would have to question the head about how they would communicate with the children about targets. in another, children said how much they liked the extracurricular homework club, so the school increased the time it was made available and also widened the criteria for attendance. how have governors benefited from this approach? - it provided an opportunity to gain first - hand knowledge of learning and issues in the classroom - it enabled them to participate in the school monitoring and self - evaluation processes - it helped to inform the ofsted process - it gave them a better understanding of the self - evaluation framework ( sef ) and the links to the school improvement process. how has this supported school improvement? - it has provided a great opportunity to collect evidence for the sef, especially regarding personal development and wellbeing - schools can reflect on whether the support strategies they are delivering are appropriate and making an impact - governors and staff receive feedback directly from the children to help identify areas for school improvement - schools get a better understanding of how they can extend and accelerate the progress of underachieving children - the school has an evidence trail of actions being taken to address underachievement and can monitor the impact of agreed strategies. recruiting for success governor d is the chair of governors at primary school f, a special school catering for pupils aged 2 \u2013 16 with complex medical conditions. in may 2007 it was judged as outstanding, and therefore when the headteacher announced she was retiring, it was crucial to find the right replacement. we spoke to governor d about the school \u2019 s journey, which involved three recruitment campaigns before they finally got their headteacher. how did you prepare for the recruitment process? we convened a full governing body meeting, where we formed a five - person selection panel ( helpful to avoid a split vote ). it was important that we had different types of governors on the panel and that each understood the commitment required of them. we enlisted the support of experienced representatives from the local authority, who could guide us on areas such as safeguarding, equal opportunities, salaries and so on. we also prepared a contingency plan,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4507299330436648, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.988199"} {"text": "and that each understood the commitment required of them. we enlisted the support of experienced representatives from the local authority, who could guide us on areas such as safeguarding, equal opportunities, salaries and so on. we also prepared a contingency plan, in case we were not able to appoint first time round \u2013 worthwhile planning, as we ended up appointing the deputy after our first round failed to find the right person. how did you define the type of person you were looking for? we thought about the future development of the school and the specific leadership qualities needed. we are part of the building schools for the future ( bsf ) programme and are bidding for specialist status in the special educational needs ( sen ) strand of communication and interaction, so we needed someone who could develop the school in this direction, while maintaining our \u2018 outstanding \u2019 ofsted judgement. we used the school improvement plan and ofsted reports, looked at our self - evaluation data, and of course the criteria outlined in the national standards for headteachers. we changed the person specification second time round as we felt our first attempt was too narrow and that we were excluding some good candidates by being too specific about experience required. how did you attract the right quality of candidate? we were supported by management support advisers in putting together the job advert. i would strongly urge other governing bodies not to scrimp on advert placement \u2013 making it stand out will cost a little more up front, but will pay dividends if it gets the attention of the right candidates. we prepared a high - quality recruitment pack, which included job description, person specification, school information and the recruitment timetable ( including interview dates ). on our third attempt, we even invited people on a tour around the school before they applied \u2013 this helped candidates make a decision about whether it was the right school for them, and helped our short - listing process. how did you select? first time round, we didn \u2019 t even short - list. second and third time round we got a much better response, probably due to the revised person specification, more prominent advert and better timed placement ( by advertising earlier in the year we caught those looking for a new job for the new school year ). as well as a match to the job description and person specification, we looked for two things in particular in the application letters : did they include how they could address the needs of our particular school, and did they include what impact their actions had in previous schools? we used a simple scoring matrix and short - listed up to three", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4535173620530773, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.989225"} {"text": "for two things in particular in the application letters : did they include how they could address the needs of our particular school, and did they include what impact their actions had in previous schools? we used a simple scoring matrix and short - listed up to three candidates to invite for interview. we used a variety of activities over two days to assess candidates, including teaching a class, undertaking a written task, a presentation and a formal interview. however, one of the most interesting and perceptive activities was the use of pupils from the school council, who fed back to the selection panel following time spent questioning each candidate. how did you make sure you \u2019 d made the right choice? we were confident that we had an outstanding candidate however, we took up references from his current school in as well as previous schools. we also advised the local authority, which did its own checks, before ratifying the decision with the full governing body. what did your induction programme look like? we kept in contact with the new head by email, and set up a number of meetings with the current acting head and the chair. he was invited to key events at the school ( such as the sip visit and bsf meetings ) and spent a day with the senior leadership team. an assembly was held to introduce the new head to the school before the end of the summer term. how would you summarise your recruitment campaign? we had three attempts to recruit, but it was well worth the wait to get the right person. my advice to others would be to have the courage to keep going until you find the candidate you need. getting the right headteacher is vital for the whole school community, but most importantly for the pupils. further guidance materials from the ncsl are available to help governors recruit headteachers and senior leaders. you can access them via http : / / www. nationalcollege. org. uk / and seven steps to successful recruitment a research study by the national college for school leadership ( ncsl ) found that the process of recruiting and appointing staff can be broken down into seven stages : step 1 : preparation getting ready to run an effective recruitment campaign step 2 : definition understanding and describing your ideal candidate step 3 : attraction getting the right people to apply step 4 : selection choosing the best candidate step 5 : appointment securing your chosen candidate step 6 : induction giving you a strong head start step 7 : evaluation learning from the experience extended schools case study barrie chalmers, headteacher at st mary \u2019 s c of e, moss side, tells us how his school has developed a wide", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4342775523868718, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.990167"} {"text": "chosen candidate step 6 : induction giving you a strong head start step 7 : evaluation learning from the experience extended schools case study barrie chalmers, headteacher at st mary \u2019 s c of e, moss side, tells us how his school has developed a wide range of extended services for pupils, parents and the community, and gives us his top tips : at st mary \u2019 s c of e we offer a wide range of extended provision, from breakfast and after - school clubs, to a weekend arabic school used by the local arabic speaking community. the school is open from 8am to 6pm on weekdays. some pupils take t \u2019 ai chi classes before lessons begin, and until recently we worked with the local karate centre to provide a karate club. we provide the webster - stratton parenting course, and our first group of 16 parents have recently completed the ten - week programme. four of our staff are now trained as family intervention workers, which has made a real difference. instead of referring families to social workers, we can now intervene and offer support ourselves where appropriate. we run an esol ( english for speakers of other languages ) course for parents in collaboration with the windrush centre, which is invaluable to our many parents who don \u2019 t speak english as their first language. \u201c our governing body has been key. it has put in a lot of time and effort to achieve this success. \u201d it has been key in allowing us to develop our range of extended provision. it put in a formal bid to become one of the city \u2019 s pilot extended schools and put in a lot of time and effort to achieve this. we realised some time ago that the key to improving outcomes for our children was not just teaching and learning, but in offering a wider range of opportunities for children and particularly their parents. the governors have always recognised the impact extended schooling can have and have offered their full support for this. we have found that working with partners has been an important part of our extended provision. we work with manchester academy to provide vocational experience for our year 5 and 6 pupils in a range of industries, and we have also developed close links with whalley range and trinity high schools. \u201c the rewards for creating as wide a range of opportunities as possible for pupils, parents and the community are massive. \u201d building a successful extended offer takes a lot of time and effort, but the opportunities are there in any school and do not require special facilities. providing good teaching and learning will, of course, always be a hugely important part of any school,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4472930695875774, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.991117"} {"text": ". \u201d building a successful extended offer takes a lot of time and effort, but the opportunities are there in any school and do not require special facilities. providing good teaching and learning will, of course, always be a hugely important part of any school, but the rewards for creating as wide a range of opportunities as possible for pupils, parents and the community are massive. one final thing to remember is that extended provision is not a \u2018 bolt - on \u2019 to your school. it will completely change the way the school works but, if done effectively, the benefits will be reaped by everyone. - don \u2019 t try and do too much too soon. building an effective extended offer will take time, so build slowly and consolidate. - involve parents in any plans to introduce new provision \u2013 either they or their children will almost certainly be using it. - remember that things will go wrong. if something does not work, learn from it, and do not be afraid to try new things. - governing bodies have a vital role to play. discuss how advanced your school \u2019 s extended offer is. ask the leadership team what plans they have to develop extended provision and what benefits they would expect these to bring. - be imaginative! there is no right or wrong type of extended provision. build on the opportunities that exist in your school and respond to the needs of your pupils, parents and community improving attendance : a governor \u2019 s perspective sue murphy is chair of governors at brookway high school. she tells us how governors have been involved in helping to reduce absence at the school. what measures have been used by brookway to try and improve attendance? we have tried as a governing body to really focus on attendance over a sustained period. we make sure that attendance is always an item on the agenda for the governing body to discuss. as a governing body we acknowledged that attendance was an issue, and we hold a regular monitoring working group involving a small panel of governors and the school leadership team to look at the school improvement plan, making sure one of the things we focus on is attendance. this allowed us to really look at the impacts of measures we were employing. in terms of specific measures, we have used incentive schemes, as well as attendance panels which have helped to bring home to parents / carers and pupils the importance of attending school. one of the most crucial factors we have found has been to get on top of any potential attendance issues early, ensuring that all staff at the school see it as part of their role \u2013 staff have worked really hard to improve attendance. can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44447189036430396, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.992075"} {"text": "attending school. one of the most crucial factors we have found has been to get on top of any potential attendance issues early, ensuring that all staff at the school see it as part of their role \u2013 staff have worked really hard to improve attendance. can you say a bit about how improved attendance has impacted on the school generally? there is a link between improving attendance and raising attainment within the school, and getting a grip on attendance issues allows more pupils to benefit from efforts made to improve teaching and learning. attendance is also often linked to a range of wider issues, so by engaging with children that are often absent and their parents, i think as a school we have been able to help to deal with some of these associated issues. how have governors been involved in tackling attendance issues? we have tried as a governing body to get really involved in improving attendance. we appointed a lead governor to focus on attendance issues and report back to the governing body on this. we also make sure that the attendance policy is reviewed regularly and that staff, pupils and parents are aware of the policy. what advice would you give to other governors looking to improve their school \u2019 s attendance? just keep going! raising attendance levels can be a slow process but it is just a case of making sure that you keep trying. be prepared to try new things and be imaginative when tackling absence issues, making sure you evaluate well and keep doing what works. with commitment from the whole governing body and everyone else in the school, attendance levels can be raised. ofsted \u2013 a governor \u2019 s experience angela o \u2019 hagan, chair of gb at crumsall lane primary school leading up to the inspection, was the school and governing body optimistic about the outcome? we were aware that we were due an ofsted inspection and that governance had been an issue at the previous inspection. therefore, we had been working for some time towards becoming more effective as a governing body and, by the time this inspection was due, we were quite confident that policies and procedures were up to date and working well. we have an excellent clerk who supports us well and the local authority also provided valuable support by way of documents and a presentation to governors about increasing their effectiveness. how did you prepare? in readiness for ofsted, governors made sure that they were familiar with the latest version of the sef and school improvement plan, both of which we monitor regularly. once the school received \u2018 the phone call \u2019, i met briefly with the headteacher and deputy to make sure that i was completely up to date with any", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4199172175154499, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.993116"} {"text": "the latest version of the sef and school improvement plan, both of which we monitor regularly. once the school received \u2018 the phone call \u2019, i met briefly with the headteacher and deputy to make sure that i was completely up to date with any developments since the last governing body meeting and that i had the latest pupil progress data. we also ensured that the latest sub - committee meeting minutes were on file. as i know a chair of governors at another school, we had a brief chat about their recent experience of ofsted. did you, or any other governors, attend school during the inspection? as chair, i was interviewed by one of the three ofsted inspectors. my interview lasted about half an hour, was much more relaxed than i had feared, and in fact was extremely positive. i felt that the purpose of this interview was for the inspector to allow me to demonstrate my knowledge and commitment to the school, rather than trying to \u2018 catch me out \u2019 so i would say that as long as you know your school well and can back up what you say you know with evidence then there is nothing to fear from ofsted from a governor \u2019 s point of view. involving parents spring 2010 abdoulie drameh, parent governor at cheetwood primary school, tells us about the work being done at his school to involve parents. what is going on at cheetwood? although the school was already committed to involving parents, the past year has seen an increase in this type of work. there has been lots going on recently, including two really successful family learning weeks, which involved the whole school as well as many local partners. during both events, parents were asked what they enjoyed and what they would like to see in future. parents said they wanted more sports and fitness events as well as computer training, and they also enjoyed being part of their children \u2019 s learning and wanted more support to be able to help their children. this was all taken on board, resulting in a pilates class, football training for kids and parents together, as well as opportunities for parents to work alongside their children in school time. a six - week computer course has also been offered to parents through manchester adult education service. eighty parents attended school during events held for manchester parents \u2019 week, which was a great turnout. parents have also been invited to join focus groups about policies such as cyber - bullying, and the school has written parent - friendly versions of policies. what have you been involved in as a parent? i seem to be in school all the time! i", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4569879893326648, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.994085"} {"text": "parents have also been invited to join focus groups about policies such as cyber - bullying, and the school has written parent - friendly versions of policies. what have you been involved in as a parent? i seem to be in school all the time! i always try to attend events that the school invites parents to. i also go to the district network meetings, and recently i attended the parents \u2019 conference at the town hall, which gave me a few good ideas to pass on to school. how does the governing body get involved? the governing body is always interested in how the school is involving parents. the teacher with responsibility for every child matters, tina bakin, feeds back to the headteacher, who then briefs governors about how the school is working with parents. i also feed back from any events i have attended, as well as any relevant issues i have been speaking to parents about. the school is also part of the pilot of the leading parent partnership award ( lppa ), which the governing body is very interested in supporting. how do you make contact with parents and encourage them to get involved? i speak to other parents on an informal basis all the time, and make sure that i let them know what \u2019 s going on at school and how they can be involved. i will also support parents to get involved if possible ; for example i accompanied one parent to a couple of events and also encouraged one interested parent to stand for parent governor at the next election. in addition, i listen to the concerns of parents, and guide them in the right direction to solve any problems. what has been the impact of the work that has been carried out with parents? the turnout at events is increasing every time, including among parents who did not attend school previously. there has also been an increase in the number of parents volunteering in school. the teachers say they have seen positive effects on the children, who say they like their parents being involved in their work.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.421843881144481, "token_count": 391, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:23.994812"} {"text": "hp openvms systems documentation openvms debugger manual 4. 2. 2 ascii string types when displaying an ascii string value, the debugger encloses it within quotation marks ( \" ) or apostrophes ( ' ), depending on the language syntax. for example : to deposit a string value ( including a single character ) into a string variable, you must enclose the value in quotation marks ( \" ) or apostrophes ( ' ). for example : if the string has more ascii characters ( 1 byte each ) than can fit into the location denoted by the address expression, the debugger truncates the extra characters from the right and issues the following message : if the string has fewer characters, the debugger pads the remaining characters to the right of the string by inserting ascii space you can examine an entire array aggregate, a single indexed element, or a slice ( a range of elements ). however, you can deposit into only one element at a time. the following examples show typical operations with arrays. the following command displays the values of all the elements of the array variable arrx, a one - dimensional array of integers : the following command displays the value of element 4 of array arrx ( depending on the language, parentheses or brackets are used to denote indexed elements ) : the following command displays the values of all the elements in a slice of arrx. this slice consists of the range of elements from element 2 to element 5 : you can deposit a value to only a single array element at a time ( you cannot deposit to an array slice or an entire array aggregate with a single deposit command ). for example, the following command deposits the value 53 into element 2 of arrx : the following command displays the values of all the elements of array real _ array, a two - dimensional array of real numbers ( three per dimension ) : the debugger issues a diagnostic message if you try to deposit to an index value that is out of bounds. for example : in the previous example, the deposit operation was executed because the diagnostic message is of i level. this means that the value of some array element adjacent to ( 1, 3 ), possibly ( 2, 1 ) might have been affected by the out - of - bounds deposit operation. to deposit the same value to several components of an array, you can use a looping command such as for or repeat. for example, assign the value red", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5193129447860261, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.003719"} {"text": "2, 1 ) might have been affected by the out - of - bounds deposit operation. to deposit the same value to several components of an array, you can use a looping command such as for or repeat. for example, assign the value red to elements 1 to 4 of the array color _ array : you can examine an entire record aggregate, a single record component, or several components. however, you can deposit into only one component at a time. the following examples show typical operations with records. the following command displays the values of all the components of the record variable part : the following command displays the value of component in _ stock of record part ( general syntax ) : the following command displays the value of the same record component using cobol syntax ( the language must be set to cobol ) : the following command displays the values of two components of record part : the following command deposits a value into record component in _ stock : 4. 2. 5 pointer ( access ) types you can examine the entity designated ( pointed to ) by a pointer variable and deposit a value into that entity. you can also examine a pointer variable. for example, the following pascal code declares a pointer variable a that designates a value of type real : the following command displays the value of the entity designated by the pointer variable a : in the following example, the value 3. 9 is deposited into the entity designated by a : when you specify the name of a pointer variable with the examine command, the debugger displays the memory address of the object it designates. for example : the debugger recognizes address expressions that are associated with instructions. this enables you to examine and deposit instructions using the same basic techniques as with variables. when debugging at the instruction level, you might find it convenient to first enter the following command. it sets the default step mode to stepping by instruction : there are other step modes that enable you to execute the program to specific kinds of instructions. you can also set breakpoints to interrupt execution at these instructions. if you specify an address expression that is associated with an instruction in an examine command ( for example, a line number ), the debugger displays the first instruction at that location. you can then use the period (. ), return key, and circumflex ( ^ ) to display the current, next, and previous instruction ( logical entity ), as described in section 4. 1. 8. for example, on alpha processors : line numbers, routine names, and labels are symbolic address expressions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5480547888472618, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.005052"} {"text": "however, the following three examine commands incorrectly interpret the three logical successors as instructions : 4. 3. 2 depositing instructions ( vax only ) on vax processors, you can deposit instructions as well as examine them. use the following deposit command syntax : you must enclose language - expression ( an assembly - language instruction ) in either quotation marks or apostrophes. the / instruction qualifier indicates that the delimited string is an instruction and not an ascii string. or, if you plan to deposit several instructions, you can first enter the set type / override instruction command ( see section 4. 5. 2 ). you then do not need to use the / instruction qualifier on the deposit command. instructions occupy different numbers of bytes depending on their operands. when depositing instructions of arbitrary lengths into successive memory locations, use the logical successor operator ( return key ) to establish the next unoccupied location where an instruction can be deposited. the following example shows the technique : when you replace an instruction, be sure that the new instruction, including operands, is the same length in bytes as the old instruction. if the new instruction is longer, you cannot deposit it without overwriting, which will destroy the next instruction. if the new instruction occupies fewer bytes of memory than the old one, you must deposit nop instructions ( instructions that cause no operation ) in bytes of memory left unoccupied after the replacement. the debugger does not warn you if an instruction you are depositing will overwrite a subsequent instruction, nor does it remind you to fill in vacant bytes of memory with nops. the following example shows how to replace an instruction with an instruction of equal length : 4. 4 examining and depositing into registers the vax architecture provides 16 general registers and 18 vector registers, some of which are used for temporary address and data storage. table 4 - 1 identifies the debugger built - in symbols that refer to vax registers. on vax processors : on alpha processors, the alpha architecture provides 32 general ( integer ) registers and 32 floating - point registers, some of which are used for temporary address and data storage. table 4 - 2 identifies the debugger built - in symbols that refer to alpha registers. on alpha processors : the following examples show how to examine and deposit into registers : on vax processors, the processor status longword ( psl ) is a register whose value represents a number of processor state variables. the first 16 bits of the psl ( referred to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49439910115128893, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.007258"} {"text": "if you \u2019 re in to making your own pcbs at home, you know the trials of etching copper clad boards. it \u2019 s slow, even if you \u2019 re gently rocking your etch tank or even using an aquarium pump to agitate your etching solution. [ cunning _ fellow ] over on instructables has the solution to your etching problems, and can even produce printmaking plates, jewelry, photochemically machine small parts, and make small brass logos of your second favorite website. the etchinator is a spray etcher, so instead of submerging a copper clad board into a vat of ferric or cupric chloride, etching solution is sprayed onto the board. we \u2019 ve seen this technique before, but previous builds use pumps to spray the etching solution and cost a bundle. [ cunning _ fellow ] \u2018 s etchinator doesn \u2019 t used pumps ; it \u2019 s driven by two cordless drill motors sucking up etching solution through a hollow tube. the basic idea behind the build is sticking a vertical pvc pipe in a box with etching solution. mount an impeller in the bottom of the tube, drill many small holes in the side of the tube, and spin it with a motor up top. the solution is sucked up the tube, sprayed out the sides, and falls back down into the reservoir. put a masked off copper board in the tank and bob \u2019 s your uncle. not only did [ cunning _ fellow ] come up with an awesome pcb etching solution, but the same machine can be used for etching brass plate for printmaking, and even photoetching brass sheets for model planes, trains, and automobiles. the quality is really amazing ; the instructables robot above was etched out of 0. 7 mm thick brass, with an etch depth of 0. 35 mm with only 0. 05 mm of undercut. a very awesome build that is already on our \u2018 to build \u2019 project list.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4769137294911026, "token_count": 405, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.009196"} {"text": "\u201c is the most significant black democratic socialist of early twentieth - century america. jeffrey b. perry has brought his thought and practice to life in a powerful and persuasive manner. \u201d \u2014 cornel west, princeton university \u201c jeffrey perry \u2019 s significant biography lives up to the promise of its title. finally, the voice of this majorprogressive is to be heard again loud and clear. \u201d \u2014 david levering lewis, new york university, and author of a two - volume biography of this is just some of the praise that jeffrey b. perry \u2019 s extraordinary new biography hubert harrison : the voice of harlem radicalism, 1883 - 1918 has already earned. perry \u2019 s work recounts and recovers the legacy and life and times of hubert harrison, a thinker and activist who influenced marcus garvey, du bois, and other important political and cultural figures of the harlem renaissance. please let me know if you would like a review copy of the book, would like to interview the author or have jeffrey perry contribute to your site. for more information, you can also read the book \u2019 s introduction or read jeffrey perry \u2019 s postings on the columbia university press blog, here and here. ( please feel free to link to or excerpt from these materials. ) more on hubert harrison : the voice of harlem radicalism, 1883 - 1918 : hubert harrison was an immensely skilled writer, orator, educator, critic, and political activist who, more than any other political leader of his era, combined class consciousness and anti - white - supremacist race consciousness into a coherent political radicalism. harrison \u2019 s ideas profoundly influenced \u201c new negro \u201d militants, including a. philip randolph and marcus garvey, and his synthesis of class and race issues is a key unifying link between the two great trends of the black liberation movement : the labor - and civil - rights - based work of martin luther king jr. and the race and nationalist platform associated with malcolm x. the foremost black organizer, agitator, and theoretician of the socialist party of new york, harrison was also the founder of the \u201c new negro \u201d movement, the editor of, and the principal radical influence on the garvey movement. he was a highly praised journalist and critic ( reportedly the first regular black book reviewer ), a freethinker and early proponent of birth control, a supporter of black writers and artists, a leading public intellectual, and a bibliophile who helped transform the 135th street public library into an international center for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43021538188883546, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.012132"} {"text": "racism is innate : the human brain makes unconscious decisions based on ethnicity \u2013 \u201c racism is hardwired into the brain and operates unconsciously because areas that detect ethnicity and control emotion are closely connected, according to scientists. \u201d \u2013 original research article. see also how the brain views race. csic recovers part of the genome of 2 hunter - gatherer individuals from 7, 000 years ago \u2013 \u201c the dna data, which represent the 1. 34 % and the 0. 5 % of both individuals total genome, show that they are not directly connected to current populations of the iberian peninsula. iberians from the mesolithic period were closer to current populations of northern europe, who could have assimilated part of the genetic legacy of these hunters - gatherers. \u201d food and porn as supernormal stimuli \u2013 from dennis mangan pottery 20, 000 years old found in a chinese cave \u2013 \u201c pottery fragments found in a south china cave have been confirmed to be 20, 000 years old, making them the oldest known pottery in the world, archaeologists say \u2026. the findings \u2026 [ refute ] conventional theories that the invention of pottery correlates to the period about 10, 000 years ago when humans moved from being hunter - gathers to farmers. \u201d \u2013 original research article. steady studs, dysgenic dolls \u2013 \u201c jayman found that among black men, the trend is neutral, while a pronounced dysgenic trend exists among black women. the story is similar among whites, although the dysgenic tilt among white women is gentler than it is among black women. \u201d \u2013 from mr. a. epigone, esq. also this! : your color red really could be my blue \u2013 \u201c \u2018 i would say recent experiments lead us down a road to the idea that we don \u2019 t all see the same colors, \u2019 neitz said. another color vision scientist, joseph carroll of the medical college of wisconsin, took it one step further : \u2018 i think we can say for certain that people don \u2019 t see the same colors \u2026. \u2019 \u201d bonus : phylogeny : rewriting evolution \u2013 \u201c tiny molecules called micrornas are tearing apart traditional ideas about the animal family tree. \u201d bonus bonus : low - carb diet burns the most calories in small study bonus bonus bonus : mysterious fairy circles are \u2018 alive \u2019 \u2013 whoa. bonus bonus bonus bonus : how presidential elections are impacted by a 100 million year old coastline \u2013 cool! bonus bonus bonus bonus bonus : mumbai doctors remove 12. 5cm - long worm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4753534365363522, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.017985"} {"text": "there are no mass graves in belzec holocaust deniers say : the excavations that located and mapped 33 mass graves at the belzec death camp from 1977 to 2000 revealed only traces of whole human remains in them. these traces are the result of death by disease and hardship of a handful of jews as they were being deported farther to the east - not a program of mass murder. carlo mattogno, an italian holocaust denier, makes two major claims about the mass graves in belzec : - the 33 mass graves contain only a \" handful \" of unburned bodies. - the amount of ashes and bone fragments in the 33 graves is very small. - mattogno claims that these few bodies represent only a \" resettlement policy \" that showed a \" very severe german attitude toward the jews. \" 1 what we know about the existence of mass graves in belzec the 1945 polish investigation in 1946, czeslaw godzieszewks, the regional investigative judge of the district court of zamosc, presented a report about their investigation of the grounds of belzec. the commission dug 9 trenches about 10 meters ( 33 feet ) across and 8 meters ( 26 feet ) deep. in them they found meters - thick layers of human ashes, as well as the charred remains of human bodies, body parts, women \u2019 s hair and unburned human bones. in one 26 - foot - deep trench alone they found a layer of human ashes 3 meters thick ( about 10 feet. ) 2 the kola investigation between 1997 and 2000, a team of experts including archeologists, historians and cartographers exhaustively and scientifically surveyed the entire site of the camp. the research was authorized by the polish government and the united states holocaust memorial museum. the team, headed by professor andrzej kola of the university of torun in poland, undertook the study because the memorial at belzec needed to be replaced and they did not wish to disturb the mass graves when they designed and built the new memorial space. kola \u2019 s team drilled 2, 001 soil cores 5 meters ( 16. 5 feet ) apart to a depth of 6 meters ( 20 feet ) in a grid over the entire area of the camp. the soil samples that contained human remains were analyzed in a laboratory and were returned and replaced in the original drill holes out of respect for the dead. the kola investigation found that belzec was \" one large a patchwork of mass graves. \" 3 they located and measured 33 mass graves which had", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41005176342360516, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.026451"} {"text": "a laboratory and were returned and replaced in the original drill holes out of respect for the dead. the kola investigation found that belzec was \" one large a patchwork of mass graves. \" 3 they located and measured 33 mass graves which had a total volume of approximately 21, 300 cubic meters or approximately 752, 202 cubic feet. more information about these investigations is available at http : / / www. jewishgen. org / yizkor / belzec1 / bel150. html. the facts about mattogno \u2019 s claims claim 1 : the graves contain only a \" handful \" of unburned bodies. mattogno claims that of the 33 mass graves found by kola that only graves 3, 10 and 20 contain a shallow layer of unburned bodies at the very bottom. he concludes that the \" only legitimate conclusion one can draw \" is that there are \" only rare corpses here and there \" totaling \" at most several hundred corpses. \" 4 what mattogno does not tell the reader is : - grave 3 is 16 meters long by 15 meters wide by 5 meters deep ( about 52 feet by 50 feet by 16 feet. ) - grave 10 is 24 meters long by 18 meters wide by 5 meters deep ( about 78 feet by 59 feet by 16 feet. ) - grave 20 extends outside the current camp boundaries and so could not be completely measured. the part that could be measured is 26 meters long by 11 meters wide by 5 meters deep ( 85 feet by 36 feet by 16 feet ). it is absurd to believe that the germans would have dug such large, deep graves ( about the height of a two - story house ) with heavy excavating equipment and then laid only one or two layers of bodies on the very bottom of each before covering them up. - more dishonestly, mattogno fails to mention at all that graves 1, 4, 13, 25, 27, 28 and 32 also contain unburned remains. therefore, out of 10 graves that held whole human remains, mattogno only acknowledges 3 of them. however, even kola \u2019 s careful examination does not reveal exactly how many bodies might be in the mass graves because he took great care not to drill through layers of whole bodies if he could avoid it. for instance, in kola discontinued drilling in grave 4 when he hit a layer of whole human bodies. 5 therefore, in that grave we do not know how thick that layer was. recall that mapping the depth and volume of the graves was not ko", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5002767025991075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.027567"} {"text": "for instance, in kola discontinued drilling in grave 4 when he hit a layer of whole human bodies. 5 therefore, in that grave we do not know how thick that layer was. recall that mapping the depth and volume of the graves was not kola \u2019 s brief - he was to determine where the mass graves were so they could be respected in the final memorial design. why are there any whole human remains in the mass graves at all if they were all incinerated? we cannot say for sure why they are there but it is reasonable to suppose that : - after long months of exhuming and burning the bodies, the germans wanted to finish the job and get out of that backward and miserable place as quickly as possible. despite their desire to eliminate the evidence of mass murder, leaving some bodies 25 feet below the surface probably did not seem like a very big risk. - the condition of the bodies at the bottom of the graves is so terrible that the germans - even though their jewish slaves did the work - might not have been able to face exhuming them. claim 2 : the amount of ashes and bone fragments in the mass graves is very small. it would also be best for the holocaust deniers \u2019 \" transit camp \" theory if there were not a substantial amount of human ashes or fragments of bone or teeth in the graves either - or at least very little. so it should not be surprising that mattogno claims that the graves contain \" only a very thin layer of sand and ash \" which is \" absolutely incompatible with the cremation of 600, 000 corpses. \" 6 but mattogno is wrong : the layers of ash and bone in the graves are not \" very thin \" at all. here are some examples. - grave 5 contains \" pieces of burnt human bones so densely packed together that the drill could not penetrate further. \" the grave is 32 meters long by 10 meters wide by 4. 50 meters deep ( about 105 feet by 33 feet by 15 feet ). - grave 6 is 30 meters long by 10 meters wide by 4 meters deep ( about 99 feet by 33 feet by 13 feet ). it contains \" carbonized wood and pieces of fragments of burnt human bones. at the east end of the grave, the ground is covered with gray sand containing a mixture of crushed pieces of burnt and unburned pieces of human bones. \" - graves 3, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44629874641308975, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.028800"} {"text": "of crushed pieces of burnt and unburned pieces of human bones. \" - graves 3, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, and 33 all contain fragments of burnt human bones, human ashes and carbonized wood. - grave 14 is the largest in the camp. it contains \" burnt pieces of human bones and fragments of carbonized wood mixed with grey sandy soil to a depth of 5 meters. \" that is about 16 feet deep. no matter how much mattogno wants it to be, a 5 meter thick ( 16 feet ) layer of ash is not a \" thin layer \" of ashes. - the ashes and bone remnants are not just in the graves either. kola \u2019 s team found them mixed with sand on the surface and scattered all around the mass graves. they can be seen by the human eye even today. the above facts are devastating to mattogno \u2019 s theory about belzec being a transit camp and explains why he does not even mention them at all. kola \u2019 s report was written in polish but you may read the english translation of portions of it and see the detailed map of the mass graves found on the site and the meticulous diagrams of the dimensions and contents of the mass graves at : http : / / holocaustcontroversies. blogspot. com / 2006 / 05 / carlo - mattogno - on - belzec. html. why were the remains not exhumed to be sure? mattogno complains that his questions about exactly how deep the graves were ( when they exceeded the 20 foot core ), how many whole bodies were in the graves and precisely how much human and wood ash and bone remnants were in them could have been solved by doing a thorough and proper exhumation in order to settle the matter. however, exhumation was not kola \u2019 s brief. even if it had been kola \u2019 s charge, he would have been unable to complete the task because several of the largest mass graves extend outside the current boundaries of the camp onto private land and could not have been investigated. in addition, some religious figures objected strenuously to any investigation being done at all, feeling that any disturbance of the graves was a violation of the dead. 7 digging up all the mass graves to count every body and quantify all the ashes and bone remnants would have been totally intrusive and would", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4723680001314197, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.029937"} {"text": "any investigation being done at all, feeling that any disturbance of the graves was a violation of the dead. 7 digging up all the mass graves to count every body and quantify all the ashes and bone remnants would have been totally intrusive and would have raised a storm of controversy. therefore, every effort was made to disturb the mass graves as little as possible. the american holocaust denier makes the same complaint about both belzec and treblinka. he contends that the \" lack of searching for physical evidence is shocking \" and states that kola was handpicked because \" they \" knew he would not find anything that \" didn \u2019 t support the story. \" he wants both camps to be entirely dug up to prove it is not all a \" big lie. \" the same ethical considerations - as well as practical considerations of digging up every square foot of acres of land in both camps - applies. 8 mattogno \u2019 s attempt to diminish the number of unburned bodies to \" at most several hundred \" and the ashes and bones to a \" thin layer \" to fit his \" transit camp \" theory is both desperate and dishonest. in order to make it work mattogno resorts to distortions, omissions and lies. the facts show that two separate investigations 60 years apart show that the remains of the bodies of at some 450, 000 jewish men, women and children are buried in belzec. their deaths were part of a campaign of systematic mass murder by the germans and not just the result of death by disease or hardship during the deportation process. mattogno did get one thing right : the jewish men, women and children who were murdered at belzec were the victims of a \" very severe german attitude \" towards them. 1. carlo mattogno, belzec in propaganda, testimonies, archeological research, and history ( castle hill publishers, 2004 ), p. 99. 2. ibid., p. 79 - 81. 3. \" archeological investigation : belzec : a review by historians, \" p. 5 / 9 at www. holocaustresearchproject. org / ar / modern / archreview. html. 4. mattogno, belzec in propaganda, pp. 78, 79. 5. robin o \u2019 neil, belzec : prototype for the final solution : hitler \u2019 s answer to the jewish question at http : / / www. jewishgen. org / yizkor / belzec1 /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47211099378759913, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.030928"} {"text": "no doubts about his genius how could shakespeare wind up as a ` runner up ' in any poll to select the greatest briton, asks v. s. ravi. an overseas poll conducted by the bbc has concluded that sir issac newton was the \" greatest briton \" of all time, followed by churchill and princess diana. newton ' s enormous scientific achievements seem to have influenced the outcome ; while in the case of churchill, it was his leadership qualities during world war ii. ranking diana third has destroyed the credibility of the whole exercise. her charm, kindness and involvement in charitable causes contributed greatly to make her an icon all over the world. but that is where the admiration for her has to stop. including her in a list of 10 greatest britons of all time is carrying things a little too far. however, i was shocked to find shakespeare, the greatest genius of all time, had been relegated to the status of a ` runner - up '. there is also no justification to deny darwin his rightful place, in as much as his contribution to biology is as significant as newton ' s is to physics. for all these reasons opinion polls of this kind are unreliable, misleading and invite ridicule. take a look at shakespeare ' s enormous vocabulary. he employed 9, 36, 433 words in his writings, out of which 27, 780 are different words. the average person uses less than 1, 000 words in writing, a little more than that in speech and has a recognition vocabulary of about 5, 000 words. some of the greatest writers may have twice this capability. today, english has a total vocabulary of two million words followed by german as a pathetic second with 1, 86, 000 words, russian with 1, 36, 000 words, and french with 1, 26, 000 words. thus shakespeare in the 16th century used five times the number of words in modern german! shakespeare is the most quoted writer in history. his plays have been translated into 50 languages. in the oxford dictionary of quotations containing about 20, 000 quotations, shakespeare alone monopolises a staggering 60 pages ( 10 per cent ). he coined 1700 new words. many of the phrases and terms created by him are in daily use. some of them have been used as titles for books and movies. the vastness of vocabulary and the ability to see the relationship between words is one of the major factors in measuring genius. shakespeare excelled any other human being in this aspect. his encyclopaedic knowledge of science, history, mathematics, classical literature sociology", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45903933601002433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.036234"} {"text": "old state capitol delve into the politics and everyday life of the tumultuous 19th - century by touring this national historic landmark that served as kentucky ' s capitol from 1830 to 1910. in the galleries of this stately building, witness the changing tastes of 19th - century kentuckians in \" great revivals : kentucky decorative arts treasures, \" an exhibition that highlights five stylistic design eras and the commonwealth ' s treasures from those times. estimated time : 1 hour. visit the re - created 1850s state law library in its original site or debate legislative matters in the re - created 1850s house and senate chambers. estimated time of historical building tour : 1 hour. all old state capitol tours begin at the thomas d. clark center for kentucky history. history of the building gideon shryock, an early kentucky architect, designed the old state capitol when he was only 25 years old. shryock used architectural symbolism to connect the vigorous frontier state of kentucky with the ideals of classical greek democracy. the building, which introduced greek - revival architecture to the united states west of the appalachian mountains, is widely recognized as a beautiful masterpiece of 19th - century american architecture and boasts a self - supporting stone stairway, a light - flooded rotunda and dual legislative chambers. this was the only pro - union state capitol occupied by the confederate army during the civil war. plans to swear in a confederate governor and establish a confederate state government were ruined by the approach of the union army just days before the battle of perryville in 1862. in the aftermath of the bitterly contested gubernatorial election in 1899, the state legislature met here in 1900 to decide the winner. an assassin, hiding in an office in the old capitol annex next door, shot the democratic claimant, william goebel, as he approached the capitol. armed citizens and state guard soldiers occupied the grounds, and here for a time kentuckians threatened to fight their own miniature civil war. a plaque marks the site outside the building where goebel, the only governor in united states history to be assassinated while in office, fell. replaced by the new capitol in south frankfort early in the 20th century, the building has served as the home of the kentucky historical society since 1920. the subject of extensive restoration work since the early 1970s, the old state capitol looks today much as it did in the 1850s. old state capitol 300 west broadway frankfort, ky 40601 tours of the old state capitol available march 9 - dec. 14, 2013 : all tours begin at the thomas d. clark center for kentucky history. wednesday", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3763719826473928, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.040104"} {"text": "ki tisa ( mitzvot ) for more teachings on this portion, see the archives to this blog, below at march 2006. this week \u2019 s parasha is best known for the dramatic and richly meaningful story of the golden calf and the divine anger, of moses \u2019 pleading on behalf of israel, and the eventual reconciliation in the mysterious meeting of moses with god in the cleft of the rock \u2014 subjects about which i \u2019 ve written at length, from various aspects, in previous years. yet the first third of the reading ( exod 30 : 11 - 31 : 17 ) is concerned with various practical mitzvot, mostly focused on the ritual worship conducted in the temple, which tend to be skimmed over in light of the intense interest of the calf story. as this year we are concerned specifically with the mitzvot in each parasha, i shall focus on this section. these include : the giving by each israelite [ male ] of a half - shekel to the temple ; the making of the laver, from which the priests wash their hands and feet before engaging in divine service ; the compounding of the incense and of the anointing oil ; and the shabbat. i shall focus here upon the washing of the hands. hand - washing is a familiar jewish ritual : it is, in fact, the first act performed by pious jews upon awakening in the morning ( some people even keep a cup of water next to their beds, so that they may wash their hands before taking even a single step ) ; one performs a ritual washing of the hands before eating bread ; before each of the daily prayers ; etc. the section here dealing with the laver in the temple ( exod 30 : 17 - 21 ) is also one of the four portions from the torah recited by many each morning, as part of the section of the liturgy known as korbanot, chapters of written and oral torah reminiscent of the ancient sacrificial system, that precede pesukei de - zimra. sefer ha - hinukh, at \u00a7 106, explains the washing of hands as an offshoot of the honor due to the temple and its service \u2014 one of many laws intended to honor, magnify, and glorify the temple. even if the priest was pure and clean, he must wash ( literally, \u201c sanctify \u201d ) his hands before engaging in avodah. this simple gesture of purification served as a kind of separation between the divine service and everyday life. it added a feeling", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45125321044889743, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.048676"} {"text": "priest was pure and clean, he must wash ( literally, \u201c sanctify \u201d ) his hands before engaging in avodah. this simple gesture of purification served as a kind of separation between the divine service and everyday life. it added a feeling of solemnity, of seriousness, a sense that one was engaged in something higher, in some way separate from the mundane activities of regular life. ( one hand - washing by kohanim, in the morning, was sufficient, unless they left the temple grounds or otherwise lost the continuity of their sacred activity. ) our own netilat yadaim, whether before prayer or breaking bread, may be seen as a kind of halakhic carryover from the temple service, albeit on the level of rabbinic injunction. what is the symbolism of purifying one \u2019 s hands? water, as a flowing element, as a solvent that washes away many of the things with which it comes in contact, is at once a natural symbol of both purity, and of the renewal of life. mayim hayyim \u2014 living waters \u2014 is an age old association. torah is compared to water ; water, constantly flowing, is constantly returning to its source. at the end of days, \u201c the land will be filled with knowledge of the lord, like waters going down to the sea. \u201d a small part of this is hinted in this simple, everyday gesture. \u201c see that this nation is your people \u201d but i cannot pass over ki tisa without some comment on the incident of the golden calf and its ramifications. this week, reading through the words of the parasha in preparation for a shiur ( what ruth calderon, founder of alma, a secularist - oriented center for the study of judaism in tel aviv, called \u201c barefoot reading \u201d \u2014 that is, naive, without preconceptions ), i discovered something utterly simple that i had never noticed before in quite the same way. at the beginning of the calf incident, god tells moses, who has been up on the mountain with him, \u201c go down, for your people have spoiled \u201d ( 32 : 7 ). a few verses later, when god asks leave of moses (! ) to destroy them, moses begs for mercy on behalf of the people with the words \u201c why should your anger burn so fiercely against your people \u2026 \u201d ( v. 11 ). that is, god calls them moses \u2019 people, while moses refers to them as god \u2019 s people. subsequent to this exchange, each of them refers to them", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4750995520275497, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.050365"} {"text": "why should your anger burn so fiercely against your people \u2026 \u201d ( v. 11 ). that is, god calls them moses \u2019 people, while moses refers to them as god \u2019 s people. subsequent to this exchange, each of them refers to them repeatedly in the third person, as \u201c the people \u201d or \u201c this people \u201d ( \u05d4\u05e2\u05dd ; \u05d4\u05e2\u05dd \u05d4\u05d6\u05d4 ). neither of them refers to them, as god did in the initial revelation to moses at the burning bush ( exodus 3 : 7 and passim ) as \u201c my people, \u201d or with the dignified title, \u201c the children of israel \u201d \u2014 as if both felt a certain alienation, of distance from this tumultuous, capricious bunch. only towards the end, after god agrees not to destroy them, but still states \u201c i will not go up with them, \u201d but instead promises to send an angel, does moses says \u201c see, that this nation is your people \u201d ( \u05d5\u05e8\u05d0\u05d4 \u05db\u05d9 \u05e2\u05de\u05da \u05d4\u05d2\u05d5\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d6\u05d4 ; 33 : 13 ). what does all this signify? reading the peshat carefully, there is one inevitable conclusion : that god wished to nullify his covenant with the people israel. it is in this that there lies the true gravity, and uniqueness, of the golden calf incident. we are not speaking here, as we read elsewhere in the bible \u2014 for example, in the two great imprecations ( tokhahot ) in lev 26 and deut 28, or in the words of the prophets during the first temple \u2014 merely of threats of punishment, however harsh, such as drought, famine, pestilence, enemy attacks, or even exile and slavery. there, the implicit message is that, after a period of punishment, a kind of moral purgation through suffering, things will be restored as they were. here, the very covenant itself, the very existence of an intimate connection with god, hangs in the balance. god tells moses, \u201c i shall make of you a people, \u201d i. e., instead of them. this, it seems to me, is the point of the second phase of this story. moses breaks the tablets ; he and his fellow levites go through the camp killing all those most directly implicated in worshipping the calf ; god recants and agrees not to destroy the people. however, \u201c my angel will go before them \u201d but \u201c i will not go up in your midst \u201d ( 33 : 2,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42619038782865987, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.051782"} {"text": "camp killing all those most directly implicated in worshipping the calf ; god recants and agrees not to destroy the people. however, \u201c my angel will go before them \u201d but \u201c i will not go up in your midst \u201d ( 33 : 2, 3 ). this should have been of some comfort ; yet this tiding is called \u201c this bad thing, \u201d the people mourn, and remove the ornaments they had been wearing until then. evidently, they understood the absence of god \u2019 s presence or \u201c face \u201d as a grave step ; his being with them was everything. that is the true importance of the sanctuary in the desert and the tent of meeting, where moses speaks with god in the pillar of cloud ( 33 : 10 ). god was present with them there in a tangible way, in a certain way continuing the epiphany at sinai. all that was threatened by this new declaration. moses second round of appeals to god, in exod 33 : 12 - 23, focuses on bringing god, as it were, to a full reconciliation with the people. this is the significance of the thirteen qualities of mercy, of what i have called the covenant in the cleft of the rock, the \u201c faith of yom kippur \u201d as opposed to that of shavuot ( see hy i : ki tisa ; and note prof. jacob milgrom \u2019 s observation that this chapter stands in the exact center, in a literary sense, of the unit known as the hextateuch \u2014 torah plus the book of joshua ). but i would add two important points. one, that this is the first place in the torah where we read about sin followed by reconciliation. after adam and eve ate of the fruit of the garden, they were punished without hope of reprieve ; indeed, their \u201c punishment \u201c reads very much like a description of some basic aspects of the human condition itself. cain, after murdering abel, was banished, made to wander the face of the earth. the sin of the brothers in selling joseph, and their own sense of guilt, is a central factor in their family dynamic from then on, but there is nary a word of god \u2019 s response or intervention. it would appear that god \u2019 s initial expectation in the covenant at sinai was one of total loyalty and fidelity. the act of idolatry was an unforgivable breach of the covenant \u2014 much as adultery is generally perceived as a fundamental violation of the marital bond. moses, in persuading god to recant of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4854515085168794, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.053091"} {"text": "one of total loyalty and fidelity. the act of idolatry was an unforgivable breach of the covenant \u2014 much as adultery is generally perceived as a fundamental violation of the marital bond. moses, in persuading god to recant of his jealousy and anger, to give the faithless people another chance, is thus introducing a new concept : of a covenant that includes the possibility of even the most serious transgressions being forgiven ; of the knowledge that human beings are fallible, and that teshuvah and forgiveness are essential components of any economy of men living before a demanding god. the second, truly astonishing point is the role played by moses in all this. moshe rabbenu, \u201c the man of god, \u201d is not only the great teacher of israel, the channel through which they learn the divine torah, but also, as it were, one who teaches god himself. it is god who \u201c reveals his qualities of mercy \u201d at the cleft of the rock ; but without moses cajoling, arguing, persuading ( and note the numerous midrashim around this theme ), \u201c were it not for my servant moses who stood in the breach, \u201d all this would not have happened. it was moses who elicited this response and who, so to speak, pushed god himself to this new stage in his relation with israel \u2014 to give up his expectations of perfection from his covenanted people, and to understand that living within a covenant means, not rigid adherence to a set of laws, but a living relationship with real people, taking the bad with the good. ( again, the parallel to human relationships is obvious )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5179450721949483, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.053799"} {"text": "to save weight on the a380 superjumbo aircraft, resourceful software helped design an innovative decentralized hydraulic system with lightweight micropumps delivering power locally to emergency braking and landing gear steering systems. edited by alan l. hitchcox, editor with an overall length of 73 m and a wing span of nearly 80 m, the airbus a380 provides seating for 525 passengers and a range of 15, 200 km ( nearly 10, 000 miles ) \u2014 sufficient to fly nonstop from new york to hong kong. to gain maximum fuel efficiency and payload capacity, weight savings was a must when developing this massive plane. composite and other lightweight materials account for more than 25 % of its structure, and engineers scrutinized every aspect of the aircraft to further trim it down. of particular interest were hydraulic lines running the length of the aircraft from large centralized pumps to actuators for brakes, landing gear, and the nose wheel steering system. ordinarily, large commercial jets have three sets of redundant hydraulics : two primary circuits and a third back - up for safety. to reduce this bulk, the all - hydraulic backup circuit was replaced with a decentralized hydraulicpower generation system. signals from electronic control units ( ecu ) activate multiple small electrically - driven micropumps, each located close to the actuators they control. the micropumps provide 350 bar ( 5000 psi ) of local hydraulic pressure over short runs of small - diameter, lightweight tubing for braking and steering, so it \u2019 s always available in an emergency. | amesim predictions of a380 nosewheel steering system performance closely matched bench tests of actual system behavior. | a tall order for engineers a world \u2019 s first in a commercial airliner, this local electrical hydraulic generation system ( lehgs ) was developed by messier - bugatti, a subsidiary of the safran group and a world leader in aircraft landing and steering systems. an airbus partner for over 30 years, the company \u2019 s customers include 250 airlines, 20 military air forces, and major global aircraft manufacturers. in optimizing system performance, project engineers faced challenges of integrating and sizing the many different physical parts, assemblies, and subsystems for the mechanical, electrical, and hydraulic systems. moreover, they needed to assess any risk factors, such as electrical overloading. compounding the difficulty, tight deadlines and budgetary constraints prohibited numerous time - consuming and costly physical tests of system mock - ups. instead, work in designing and optimizing the performance of this first", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47373245099284933, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.059360"} {"text": "risk factors, such as electrical overloading. compounding the difficulty, tight deadlines and budgetary constraints prohibited numerous time - consuming and costly physical tests of system mock - ups. instead, work in designing and optimizing the performance of this first - ever system would have to be done early in the plane \u2019 s development \u2014 before any hardware was built and at the same time other aircraft system designs were underway. the solution : advanced predictive software messier - bugatti met these challenges with the imagine. lab ground loads software based on the amesim simulation platform, which the company had implemented on previous projects for predicting the behavior of complex multi - domain intelligent systems. engineers began by selecting and piecing together individual components and subsystems from among a library of pre - defined items : - hydraulic pressure drop, - hydraulic component design, - electromechanical, motors, and drives, - thermal resistance, - thermal hydraulics, and - thermal, hydraulics, and electrical basics. | local electrohydraulic generation system ( lehgs ) consists of a reservoir, left, with accumulator and other accessories, and an electric motor - driven pump, right. in addition to emergency braking on all 20 wheels of the a380, the power units also provide backup hydraulic power for the all - important nose wheel steering system. | unlike conventional system modeling languages that require computer programmers to write software, the overall system model is created graphically, and engineers are prompted to enter parameters where necessary. in this way, amesim software creates a multi - domain system model from the overall conceptual information of interconnected parts and subsystems. importantly, it does not require a full 3 - d geometry representation, so engineers can simulate and predict the behavior of intelligent systems long before detailed cad geometry becomes available. throughout this process, messier - bugatti system engineers took advantage of convenient access to imagine. lab ground loads software. the system \u2019 s flexible licensing arrangement enabled them to optimize the use of specific modules and libraries while lowering overall system simulation expenses. simulating complex behavior ground loads modeling and analysis capabilities allowed messier - bugatti to analyze behavior of hydraulic systems in terms of performance, stability, and robustness. engineers also used the model to study the thermal characteristics of hydraulic circuits and evaluate the need for heat exchangers. these results were then used to establish the sizing, output, and other component specifications for the entire hydraulic power unit, including its reservoir, pump, and accumulator. using ground loads, engineers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5838989729891944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.060424"} {"text": "circuits and evaluate the need for heat exchangers. these results were then used to establish the sizing, output, and other component specifications for the entire hydraulic power unit, including its reservoir, pump, and accumulator. using ground loads, engineers could also explore alternate sets of parameters and scenarios. when developing a steering system, for example, various combinations of components and systems ( actuators, motors, valves, ecu, etc. ) could be compared from specification to validation, thus significantly improving the steering system quality. | signals from electronic control units ( ecu ) activate multiple small electricallydriven micro - pumps, each located close to the actuators they control. the micropumps provide 5000 psi of local hydraulic pressure over short runs of small - diameter, lightweight tubing for braking and steering \u2014 always available in an emergency. | with these predictive capabilities, messier - bugatti simulated the behavior of the electrohydraulic system for the a380, validated system power - generating performance, and engineers accurately sized components early in development. this significantly reduced dependency on numerous physical prototypes. \u201c messier - bugatti can use imagine. lab amesim to tune complex multiphysics systems without performing a large set of tests on bench, \u201d commented michael benmoussa, senior design engineer on the project. \u201c simulation enabled us to anticipate and reduce the inherent development risks of a new technology by incorporating an upstream validation regarding the technical choices, \u201d continued benmoussa. \u201c simulation results obtained in the early project stages using lms imagine. lab amesim were later confirmed on test benches with a very good accuracy. \u201d in this manner, ground loads can significantly reduce guesswork and free the engineering team to focus on innovation and r & d. \u201c messier - bugatti was able to predict systems and equipment performances \u2014 including critical new technologies \u2014 on the entire flight domain, \u201d commented benmoussa. \u201c the a380 enters into service with its nose wheel steering system control loop only tuned with lms imagine. lab amesim. tests were performed to confirm the good system performance. \u201d for more information on amesim and imagine. lab ground loads software from lms ltd., troy, mich., call ( 248 ) 952 - 5664, or visit www. lmsintl. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5646147997977817, "token_count": 476, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.061810"} {"text": "air traffic control and radar air traffic control and radar every day tens of thousands of people board airplanes to travel from one place to another. these flights, thousands of which take off and land daily, are among the safest forms of travel. although airplane crashes are tragic and headline grabbing, the fact is the sky is a very safe place to be. but how, with so many airplanes in the air, does air travel maintain such a good safety record? the answer is, in large part, air traffic control, the complex system of directing planes and telling them how high or low to fly, and when and where to land safely. air traffic control systems rely heavily on radar. radar first made a huge impact during world war ii when it was largely developed for use by battling nations. after the war the civil ( that is, non - military ) aviation community began to apply radar techniques developed during the war to civil aviation guidance and surveillance. the first use of this technology involved using radar to aid landing. in 1943 u. s air force air traffic controllers began routinely using ground controlled approach ( gca ) equipment to help military pilots land safely in poor visibility. gca employed a pair of oscillating radar antennas with narrow \u201c pencil beams, \u201d one scanning side to side ( azimuth ), the other up and down ( elevation ). a controller observed the precise angle returns from these azimuth and elevation radars and radioed landing guidance to the pilot. gca also included a 360 - degree rotating radar for surveillance of the entire terminal area. this radar used a \u201c fan \u201d beam ( narrow in azimuth and tall in elevation ) that detected planes out to about 20 miles from the airport and up to altitudes of about 3000 meters ( 10, 000 feet ). civil controllers first used military gca equipment at laguardia airport in 1945, where it helped triple the landing rate to 15 planes per hour. gca experienced occasional problems, but it worked well enough so that by 1952 it was being used at many airports. by the mid - 1950s, however, gca landing guidance components were being replaced by a new landing aid called the instrument landing system ( ils ). ils uses similar course guidance principles, but uses receivers in aircraft that display course deviation directly to the cockpit. while it \u2019 s crucial that planes land safely, it is equally important that they be safe during flight. thus, as ils replaced the gca scanning pencil beams, improved rotating radars with faster scan rates and larger coverage areas also replaced", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4434040832843974, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.067218"} {"text": "cockpit. while it \u2019 s crucial that planes land safely, it is equally important that they be safe during flight. thus, as ils replaced the gca scanning pencil beams, improved rotating radars with faster scan rates and larger coverage areas also replaced the gca terminal area surveillance radars. as air traffic continued to grow it also became important to track planes in high - altitude airspace. accordingly, the coverage of air traffic radar surveillance grew throughout the 1960s as long - range radars were deployed along important air routes. initially, these aircraft surveillance radars had no automatic tracking capability. controllers pushed plastic markers called \u201c shrimp boats \u201d around the screen to track the movement of an aircraft. by the 1960s radar surveillance of civil aircraft routinely included automatic aircraft tracking. air traffic control radars now track both aircraft and hazardous weather. modern air traffic control radars use the doppler effect to discriminate moving aircraft from stationary targets and to measure storm velocities. another system developed during world war ii, and which had great impact on civil aviation, was the identification friend or foe ( iff ) system. iff depended on special radar receiver / transmitter units located in friendly aircraft. these radar \u201c transponders \u201d responded to coded radar \u201c interrogations \u201d with coded replies to indicate that they were not hostile aircraft. in the late 1950s it was proposed that iff technology be used for surveillance of civil aircraft. the use of transponders increases the detection range of the radar, eliminates clutter interference from other reflectors, and provides a means of aircraft identification and altitude reporting. in the early 1960s the u. s federal aviation administration ( faa ) published a national standard for air traffic control interrogators and transponders. by the end of the decade over 200 ground - based interrogators were in use in the u. s and the faa made it mandatory to equip aircraft with transponders before they could operate in positive controlled airspace at high altitudes and near major airports. in the 1970s the faa enlisted the aid of the mit lincoln laboratory to upgrade the original air traffic control radar beacon system to improve its surveillance performance in dense airspace and to expand its coded transmissions to transmit air traffic control data between the ground and individual aircraft. this \u201c discrete addressed \u201d beacon system uses ground sensors and airborne transponders that are interoperable with the original beacon system, but which achieve surveillance accuracy, capacity, and reliability that is adequate to support automatic safety warning functions for controllers and pilots. in the 1980s the faa developed an airborne", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48829722822185784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.070008"} {"text": "ground sensors and airborne transponders that are interoperable with the original beacon system, but which achieve surveillance accuracy, capacity, and reliability that is adequate to support automatic safety warning functions for controllers and pilots. in the 1980s the faa developed an airborne collision avoidance system based on air - to - air surveillance of the same air traffic control transponders used for surveillance from the ground. today the use of this collision avoidance system is required on all air carrier aircraft operating in the united states and europe. the last part of the air traffic control system to benefit from radar surveillance was the airport runways and taxi - ways. radar surveillance to assure safety of aircraft on the airport surface is difficult because of reflections from the ground and from airport structures and service vehicles. although several generations of airport surface detection radars have been deployed since the 1990s, and surface surveillance performance has improved, reflections continue to cause unreliable tracking. as with other radar environments, surveillance quality on the airport surface can be improved by the use of transponders. unfortunately, the resolution of the beacon system used for airspace surveillance is inadequate to distinguish between closely spaced aircraft at airports. however, high - resolution surface surveillance can be achieved with multiple receivers on the airport surface that estimate transponder locations by comparing arrival times of replies from conventional transponders. systems that combine this \u201c multilateration \u201d technique with primary radar surveillance can now achieve surveillance accuracies and reliabilities that are good enough to input to automatic safety warning devices on the airport surface. related recommended reading the story of the invention of the klystron. < span id = \" fck _ dom _ range _ temp _ 1365634644485 _ 748 \" / > [ [ category : navigation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5003723488036877, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.071080"} {"text": "architectural educators use the scientific term \u201c critical mass \u201d to justify the necessity for design students to be present in the studio in order to gain momentum, share ideas, and learn from each other, while enjoying their camaraderie. further, it is believed that the physical presence may yield an esprit de corps, albeit in a pedagogy which values individualism. any of these educational objectives, however, such as communication, idea sharing and momentum, are within reach in the virtual environment. indeed, telecommunication technology oriented design environment actually enhances educator - student and student - student participation in getting to know each others \u2019 values and cultures. such cooperation across time and space, leads future designers to identify and solve problems in a truly global setting the computer savvy profile of today \u2019 s students suggests that cross - cultural and across - distance design education is an achievable aim and even may weaken the argument for the merits of physical presence in the studio. even in practice, for example, the use of building information modeling ( bim ) approach will likely to change how professionals cooperate through networking media in creatively linking, sharing, and integrating their design expertise with their other professional team members. recent developments in telecommunication technology virtually have eliminated the necessity for sharing the same physical space by the members of a studio or cooperating professionals on a project. professionals and students alike can easily work, debate, and share ideas even if they are many time - zones apart. in this paper, we concentrate on the implications of this technology upon design education, particularly on the studio component through a major global studio urban design project case study. it focuses on the pros and cons of global studios based on experiences in architectural education which is coming to focus as a variant in the studio typology both in traditional and in nascent on - line programs. | keywords : | | global studio, distant learning, educational cooperation, virtual design studio, architectural education, architectural design | associate professor, architecture, the university of oklahoma, norman, oklahoma, usa associate professor, college of architecture, the university of oklahoma, norman, oklahoma, usa there are currently no reviews of this product. write a review", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5649897444023737, "token_count": 440, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.073561"} {"text": "youth sports training with weights at what age should a young person begin lifting weights or using kettlebells? the question i get asked more than any other. here \u2019 s my brief thought on the matter ( taken right from the curriculum found in the iyca \u2019 s youth fitness specialist \u2013 level 1 certification material ) simply stated, around the age of 9 or 10. within the \u2018 guided discovery \u2019 phase of training ( 6 \u2013 9 years ) the goals are quite simple : ( 1 ) movement ( in the form of multi - directional game play ) ( 2 ) outcome - based coaching ( not critiquing form, but rather supportive of effort ) ( 3 ) experiential learning # 3 is critical. kids need to learn - by - doing. experimenting with movement and implement dynamics. in the absence of over - coaching or instruction, children in this age bracket will develop a vast and hearty warehouse of neural knowledge that can and will be translated into more specific, advanced forms of athletic ability in time. the second phase of the iyca \u2019 s long - term development model is called \u2018 learning exploration \u2019. in this section of our system ( ages 10 \u2013 13 ) we still maintain a very open, experiential - style of learning - through - doing, but add an element of complexity by beginning the process of dedicated instruction of both lifting and movement. it is within this phase that we must begin the process of external loading : ( 1 ) using low volume, low load ( 2 ) incorporating both free - play as well as critical instruction ( 3 ) involving skill sets or other \u2018 like \u2019 habitual lessons in terms of kettlebells, pamela macelree and jason c. brown did a fantastic job of teaching the concept of how to incorporate this form of training into a young athletes life. i \u2019 ve prepared a full 60 - minute web - based presentation for you to enjoy on this topic. absolutely no charge whatsoever \u2026 just click on the link below and understand how best to incorporate kettlebells into the youth sports training programs of young athletes :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4605443427569539, "token_count": 417, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.080508"} {"text": "the holy scriptures, tanakh 1917 edition according to the masoretic text ( jps 1917 edition ) please sign up for our email newsletter ( below ) to download your free version of the holy scriptures. your free ebook will be sent to you via email in the early nineteenth century, most american jews couldnt read the bible because they were not literate in hebrew and an adequate english translation didnt exist. isaac leesers the twenty - four books of the holy scriptures, published in 1854, attempted to fill this need. and it did, more or less, for many years. but jewish interest in the bible grew and a more discriminating audience found leesers translation inadequate ; it was antiquated and filled with many errors. at its second biennial convention in 1892, the jewish publication society, just four years old, decided that its highest priority was to produce for american jews a new and popular english rendition of the bible. the society formed a bible committee made up of representatives of the three major jewish institutions of higher learning at the time : hebrew union college in cincinnati, the jewish theological seminary in new york, and dropsie college in philadelphia. the committee wanted its new bible to be in the best english possible, and this, they felt, was to be found in the protestant revised version, which was based on the king james version. its members agreed to use the revised version, and to remove all un - jewish and anti - jewish phrases, expressions, renderings, and usages and introduce traditional jewish interpretation to reflect jewish feeling, law, faith and tradition. the committee had good intentions, but it floundered until max margolis, one of american jewrys leading scholars of bible and semitics, was hired as editor - in - chief. though he edited the translation ( which had been prepared by 32 contributors ) in just 12 months, a remarkable accomplishment, it had to be reviewed by a board of editors so diverse that its members argued for years over minor details. jps secretary henrietta szold then went over the manuscript 12 times. the project eventually cost about 10 times its original budget. but it was worth it. the holy scriptures became the societys best - selling volume, selling nearly 40, 000 copies within its first year of publication. most jewish textbooks, as well as the leading orthodox, conservative, and reform prayer books, turned to the societys translation when quoting scripture. the back - to - the - bible movement of the 1950s inspired jps to make its bible as widely available as possible.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42125775563684265, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.111694"} {"text": ", as well as the leading orthodox, conservative, and reform prayer books, turned to the societys translation when quoting scripture. the back - to - the - bible movement of the 1950s inspired jps to make its bible as widely available as possible. and so it published many editions : a quarto - sized pulpit bible for jewish chaplains, a two - volume hebrew - english edition, and even a large - size illustrated version that was sold door - to - door. this renewed interest in the bible also inspired harry orlinsky, professor of bible at hebrew union college - jewish institute for religion in new york, to lobby for a brand new jps translation, a clear departure from the king james version, one that would truly be considered the authoritative jewish view of what the words of the bible meant. the new bible committee first published the torah, prophets, and writings separately from the rest of the bible, over a more than 20 - year period. orlinsky headed the committee that prepared the torah, which was published in the mid - 1960s. he was also part of the group that worked on the prophets. the committee that prepared the writings was made up of other scholars from north america and israel. in 1985, all three parts were brought together in one volume, the jps tanakh. this translation came to be known as njps ( new jps ) and the original 1917 translation as the ojps ( old jps ). to date, the njps is the most widely read translation of the hebrew ( jewish ) bible, and one of the worlds most accessible and readable english bibles. you will notice that the 1917 translation uses some archaic language, such as shalt, thee, and thou, because it borrowed heavily from the king james version. several passages in the 1917 version are much more poetic in tone than those in the 1985 translation ( see psalm 23 ). also, the 1985 translation is more gender neutral than the 1917 version ( see 2 kings 25 : 9 ). sarna, jps the americanization of jewish culture 18881988, 97. sarna, jps the americanization of jewish culture 18881988, 104. greenspoon, a short history of bible translations, jps guide the jewish bible, 48. please sign up for our email newsletter to download your free version of the holy scriptures. you ' re free ebook will be sent to you via email :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4422486565045177, "token_count": 491, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.114741"} {"text": "concord expressa christian science study resource we know principle only through science. the prin \u2010 6ciple of christ is divine love, resistless life and truth. then the science of the principle must be christlike, or christian science. more than regal is the majesty 9of the meekness of the christ - principle ; and its might is the ever - flowing tides of truth that sweep the universe, create and govern it ; and its radiant stores of knowl \u2010 12edge are the mysteries of exhaustless being. seek ye these till you make their treasures yours. when a young man vainly boasted, \u201c i am wise, for i 15have conversed with many wise men, \u201d epictetus made answer, \u201c and i with many rich men, but i am not rich. \u201d the richest blessings are obtained by labor. a vessel 18full must be emptied before it can be refilled. lawyers may know too much of human law to have a clear per \u2010 ception of divine justice, and divines be too deeply read 21in scholastic theology to appreciate or to demonstrate christian charity. losing the comprehensive in the technical, the principle in its accessories, cause in effect, 24and faith in sight, we lose the science of christianity, \u2014 a predicament quite like that of the man who could not see london for its houses. 27 clouds parsimonious of rain, that swing in the sky with dumb thunderbolts, are seen and forgotten in the same hour ; while those with a mighty rush, which waken the 30stagnant waters and solicit every root and every leaf with the treasures of rain, ask no praising. remember, thou canst be brought into no condition, be it ever so severe, 150 150 : 1where love has not been before thee and where its tender lesson is not awaiting thee. therefore despair not nor 3murmur, for that which seeketh to save, to heal, and to deliver, will guide thee, if thou seekest this guidance. pliny gives the following description of the character of 6true greatness : \u201c doing what deserves to be written, and writing what deserves to be read ; and rendering the world happier and better for having lived in it. \u201d strive thou 9for the joy and crown of such a pilgrimage \u2014 the service of such a mission. a heart touched and hallowed by one chord of christian 12science, can accomplish the full scale ; but this heart must be honest and in earnest and never weary of struggling", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5452295533272535, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.141095"} {"text": "jython is distributed as a self - extracting. class file created by liftoff. to install jython, open the command line to the directory in which you have placed the jython - 21. class file and then type : you will probably type one of the following three lines, depending on your system. be sure not to put \". class \" at the end of the file name. it can be necessay to set the classpath to include the current directory which command to use depends on your operating system and java version. if you have more than one java installed, you may have to supply an explicit path the java command. when installing the jdk 1. 2 from javasoft, the default is it install both the jdk and a plugin jre. the plugin jre is added to your path, so running the java jython - 21 command will make jython use the jre. specify the full path if you want to use jdk instead, ie : c : \\ programs \\ jdk1. 2 \\ bin \\ java - cp. jython - 21. if you do not have a gui, then add - o dir _ to _ install _ to to the command above. jython will install to the specified directory without bringing up the graphical installer. e. g. to install all modules to a jython - 2. 1 subdirectory in the current directory do : after completing installation, you should be able to run jython by typing : what can go wrong you should check out this section if your jython installation doesn ' t quite work right. it will contain tips for solving the most common problems. can ' t access standard python modules not all the modules form cpython is available in jython. some modules require a c language dynamic link library that doesn ' t exists in java. other modules are missing from jython just because nobody have had a need for it before and no - one have tested the cpython module with jython. if you discover that you are missing a module, try to copy the. py file from a cpython distribution to a directory on your jython sys. path. if that works you are set. if it doesn ' t work, try asking on jython - users mailing list. any other problems with the installation should be reported to jython - dev. as a workaround you can extract the jyt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40602119041721185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.169621"} {"text": "does your child ever have difficulty speaking? does he or she hesitate or repeat syllables, words, or phrases? while your first inclination may be to call the issue stuttering, it may be a normal part of language development. so when should you be worried about a youngster struggling to get words out, how can you know if it ' s a true problem or just normal development, what causes stuttering, what can you do as a parent to help, and when should you seek professional help? these are just a few of the important questions to consider if you suspect your child is suffering from stuttering. as children learn to talk, many will stutter on occasion as part of normal language development. this interruption in speech is mistaken for stuttering, but it is actually known as dysfluency. many toddlers and preschoolers stumble on or mispronounce words, repeat sounds, hesitate as they talk, or have difficulty making certain sounds. a dysfluent child may occasionally repeat words or syllables once or twice. for example, they may say, \u201c i li - li - like that. \u201d normal dysfluency comes and goes and is more common in boys. it may be especially noticeable when a child is tired, stressed, or excited. while this may be worrisome to parents, most children learn to have normal speech and leave the dysfluency behind. as opposed to normal dysfluency, a child with a true stuttering problem will continue to stutter for longer than six months and will not improve during that time. a child with mild stuttering will repeat sounds more than twice. ( \u201c i li - li - li - li - like that. \u201d ) you may notice tension in the facial muscles, usually around the mouth. the child ' s voice may get higher in pitch with the repetitions and the child may get quiet and not breath for several seconds. a child with severe stuttering will struggle with more than 10 percent of his or her words and show considerable tension and effort. this child may even change words to avoid stuttering. a variety of factors contribute to the problem of stuttering. experts say that genetics play a large role, as nearly 60 percent of people who stutter have a family member who also stuttered. additionally, other developmental delays or language problems contribute to stuttering. for those who stutter, language is processed in a different area of the brain. there seems to be a communication problem between the brain and the body muscles responsible", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4787397598121444, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.196834"} {"text": "who also stuttered. additionally, other developmental delays or language problems contribute to stuttering. for those who stutter, language is processed in a different area of the brain. there seems to be a communication problem between the brain and the body muscles responsible for speaking. if your child has a stuttering problem, it is important for parents and other family members to model relaxed, slow, normal - sounding speech when talking with the affected child. speaking in this manner is better than telling your child to slow down or to take a deep breath. each day, parents should give their child a time of undivided attention so the child can talk freely about what is on his or her mind. parents should never show annoyance or frustration at a child ' s stuttering, and you should avoid correcting or interrupting a stuttering child. being patient and reassuring is immensely important if your child is to outgrow stuttering. a large part of overcoming stuttering is often more a matter of overcoming the fear of stuttering. therefore, drawing attention to or making fun of a stuttering child will only make it worse for the child. also try to avoid putting your child in uncomfortable situations in which they must talk in front of people. if your child ' s stuttering lasts more than six months, if the stuttering is frequent and doesn ' t seem to be improving, if it is accompanied by facial or body movement, or if it is making your child self - conscious or anxious, speech therapy should be pursued. with effective treatment, your child can overcome stuttering and gain complete control over his or her use of language.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.43392259807868566, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.200042"} {"text": "cameron, l. and rutland, a. and turner, rhiannon and holman - nicolas, rosie and powell, claire ( 2011 ) changing attitudes with a little imagination \u2019 : imagined contact effects on young children \u2019 s intergroup bias. anale de psychologia, 27 ( 3 ). pp. 708 - 717. issn 0212 - 9728. the current research tested a recent development in social psychology, namely \u2018 imagined contact \u2019, among young children ( n = 123, 5 to 10 years ). children imagined interacting with a physically disabled child, or did not take part in this activity ( the control group ). compared with the control group, children who engaged in \u2018 imagined contact \u2019 subsequently showed reduced inter - group bias in their general attitude and ratings of warmth and competence. imagined contact also led to more positive intended friendship behavior towards the disabled, but only among 5 \u2013 6 year olds. this provides partial support for our hypothesis that younger children, perhaps as a result of their lack of out - group experience, are more likely to benefit from imagined contact. implications for the development of attitudes towards the disabled, imagined contact theory and the development of classroom - based prejudice - reduction techniques based on imagined contact are discussed. | subjects : | | b philosophy. psychology. religion > bf psychology | | divisions : | | faculties > social sciences > school of psychology | | depositing user : | | lindsey cameron | | date deposited : | | 10 may 2011 11 : 03 | | last modified : | | 20 apr 2012 14 : 46 | | resource uri : | | http : / / kar. kent. ac. uk / id / eprint / 27770 ( the current uri for this page, for reference purposes ) | - depositors only ( login required ) :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5629465353442082, "token_count": 366, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.212322"} {"text": "| search results for : all about kerala & kerala history over 15, 000 square miles of land live a population of some 24 million people with an overall density of 1, 600 persons per square mile. about one - sixth is forest ; of the rest, most of the land is cultivated often with maximum efficiency according to current indian standards. rice still dominates, being the staple food of the masses. rice cultivation is becoming extremely expensive due to high wages and high price of fertilizers ; often cheap rice can be purchased from neighboring andhrapradesh and tamil nadu, kuttanad, the rich alluvial coastland is no longer considered the granary of kerala ; the soil is no longer fertile ; and labor troubles and socialist land - reforms have driven hard - working farmers out of business. farmers are paying increasing attention to cultivating tea, coffee, pepper, cardamom, and rubber in the high ranges and the middle laterite hill region. after rice, coconut is the chief crop ; the coconut acreage is nearly equal to that of rice. next to rice as the essential food. coconut palm is the basis of economy for a very large number of people. the chief products of coconut are coir, copra, oil, and oil - cake. coconut is used as a staple article of diet in meat curries, vegetable curries, and pastries. the coconut - leaves are frequently used as thatch, for the manufacture of brooms, baskets, umbrellas, tattis ( screens kept soaked to cool rooms ), fans, and firewood. a large number of cottage industrial workers are employed in the production of coir - yarns ( rope ) which will later be used to make coco - mats ( coir - mats ). tapioca or cassava is the next important crop which like potato has saved millions of people from starvation during times of famine ; people eat less tapioca these days. spices like cardamom, pepper, gingelly, cloves, and ginger are important peasant - produced cash crops. nearly every homestead still has its plantains ( banana ), areca - nut palms, and mango trees. in the past ten years the gulf countries of the middle east have become avid buyers of kerala ' s agricultural products, so much so, greedy farmers ship the best of all their products including livestock abroad leaving the natives with only the second best produce. the cashew industry, once the monopoly of kerala, is still going strong in spite of stiff competition from china and africa", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37945069097511713, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.227512"} {"text": "so much so, greedy farmers ship the best of all their products including livestock abroad leaving the natives with only the second best produce. the cashew industry, once the monopoly of kerala, is still going strong in spite of stiff competition from china and africa. fishing - plays a big part in kerala ' s cultural and commercial life. motorization of boats, better storage, and more efficient marketing have been undertaken during the past twenty - five years. they all have helped the fishing industry. because of the lack of minerals, coal, and iron ore, kerala can never become an industrial state like maharashtra, gujarat, and punjab. however, the abundance of forest products, availability of electric power, efficient supply of water, and the abundance of skilled workers have attracted many industries to kerala, notwithstanding the businessman ' s fear of the ever - looming specter of communism that kerala flaunts. except for local clay and laterite, the only minerals of kerala are ilmenite, monazite, and zircon sands on the beaches from quilon to kovalam. these contain 8 - 10 % thorium oxide which is of strategic importance in relation to atomic power. titanium from ilmenite and cerium from monazite are essential in some electrical and chemical industries - - for electrodes, tracer bullets, and benzine synthesis, among others. the titanium plant near trivandrum is a profitable undertaking. the keltron plant that manufactures radios and television sets makes kerala ' s name synonymous with t. v. the space research center of thumba is one of its kind in all of india. in short, like india, kerala also has entered the world of high technology and the age of space exploration. human potential export the major export of kerala today is its skilled workers and college graduates who go to most parts of india and abroad to places like the gulf countries. when immigration to europe and america opened up in the fifties and sixties, a large number of educated keralites went abroad seeking employment and fortune. their financial success in foreign lands resulted in increasing inflation in kerala due to higher wages and short supply of indigenous products and the rising cost of real estate. the gulf emigres hope that they would some day build a mansion and retire in glory in kerala, though the rate of immigration to the gulf countries has leveled off, immigration from kerala to other parts of india continue. this immigration phenomenon and the spread of education and prosperity have succeeded in checking kerala ' s population growth. kerala has almost achieved zero population growth. flora and fauna", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41455161920255734, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.229946"} {"text": "what exactly is anthrax, and should you be worried about it? anthrax is an infection caused by a bacterium ( a type of germ ) called bacillus anthracis ( b. anthracis ). although it ' s most commonly seen in grazing animals like sheep, pigs, cattle, horses, and goats, anthrax also can occur in humans \u2014 although it ' s very rare. in the environment, the anthrax - causing bacterium forms spores ( a version of the germ covered by a hard protective shell ) that can live in the soil for years. people can become infected by coming into contact with these spores through a break in the skin ( such as a cut or scrape ), by eating food ( usually undercooked meat ) contaminated by them, or by inhaling spores ( breathing them into the lungs ). but anthrax is not contagious, which means that it can ' t spread from person to person. it ' s extremely unlikely that you or someone you know could get anthrax. in fact, there are usually only one or two reported cases of anthrax per year. most of these have been in people who work with animals or animal products. why are people so concerned? anthrax that occurs naturally in the environment isn ' t a huge threat. but b. anthracis can be grown in a laboratory and some people are worried about anthrax germs being grown as a weapon. the issue of laboratory - grown b. anthracis received lots of attention in 2001 after an anthrax outbreak in the united states. the outbreak scared many people, in part because five people died ( which is very rare ) and also because the outbreak coincided with the september 11 terrorist attacks. however, bioterrorism experts believe that it is technologically difficult to use anthrax effectively as a weapon on a large scale. types of anthrax the three main types of anthrax are : cutaneous or skin anthrax, can occur if someone with a cut or scrape handles contaminated animals or animal products. more than 95 % of anthrax cases are of the cutaneous type, which is the least dangerous form. a person with cutaneous anthrax will notice a small sore that develops into a painless ulcer with a black area in its center. if left untreated, the infection can spread to other areas of the body. intestinal anthrax can occur if someone eats undercooked contaminated meat. int", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48210349282403375, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.412088"} {"text": "that develops into a painless ulcer with a black area in its center. if left untreated, the infection can spread to other areas of the body. intestinal anthrax can occur if someone eats undercooked contaminated meat. intestinal anthrax is far less common than cutaneous anthrax, but it can make someone much sicker. intestinal anthrax symptoms include severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, severe diarrhea, and bleeding from the digestive tract. pulmonary, or inhaled, anthrax is the rarest form of anthrax \u2014 but it ' s also the most dangerous. pulmonary anthrax can only occur if someone breathes thousands of anthrax spores into the lungs. pulmonary anthrax usually seems like a common cold or the flu at first, but it rapidly turns into severe pneumonia and requires hospitalization. it usually takes fewer than 7 days for a person to show signs of anthrax after being infected. however, symptoms of pulmonary anthrax can sometimes take months to appear. it ' s very difficult to get anthrax. just being exposed to the spores or coming into contact with an infected animal doesn ' t mean that a person will automatically develop the disease. for example, to get pulmonary anthrax ( the type of anthrax that killed the five people in the 2001 outbreak ), a person has to inhale thousands of spores. this is extremely difficult to do when the anthrax spores are found in soil or on infected animals. even in the case of the manmade outbreak in 2001, several of the people who were exposed were found to have b. anthracis spores only in their nostrils when tested. these spores hadn ' t made it to their lungs in sufficient amounts to cause a problem. in other words, the people had been exposed to the bacteria but had not developed the disease. how is anthrax diagnosed and treated? medical professionals can diagnose anthrax by taking samples from the skin sores, blood, or other bodily fluids of people who are believed to have been exposed to b. anthracis. these samples are then sent to a lab to check whether the person has the bacteria in his or her system. if anthrax is caught early, it is almost always successfully treated with antibiotics. if a person is known to have been exposed to b. anthracis but has no signs or symptoms of the disease, antibiotics may be given ( after exposure ) to prevent the disease from occurring. although", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4375036204770075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.413081"} {"text": "hereditary hemochromatosis is a genetic disease that causes the body to absorb and store too much iron. the condition gets its name from \" hemo \" for blood and \" chroma \" for color, referring to the characteristic bronze skin tone that iron overload can cause. someone with hereditary hemochromatosis who has never taken an iron supplement could find out in later years that iron overload is causing serious health problems. iron is a trace mineral that plays a vital role in the body. every red blood cell contains iron in its hemoglobin, the pigment that carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. we get iron from our diet, and normally the body absorbs about 10 % of the iron found in foods. people with hemochromatosis absorb double that amount. once absorbed, the excess iron doesn ' t leave the body. instead, it ' s stored in synovium ( joints ) and major organs such as the liver, heart, brain, pancreas, and lungs. over many years, iron accumulates to toxic levels that can damage or even destroy an organ. the iron overload can cause many health problems, most frequently a form of diabetes that ' s often resistant to insulin treatment. because of this, hereditary hemochromatosis is sometimes called \" bronze diabetes. \" some people with the disease develop symptoms by age 20, although signs of the condition usually appear between ages 40 and 60, when iron in the body has reached damaging levels. women are less likely to develop symptoms of iron buildup than men, probably due to normal iron loss during menstruation. however, hereditary hemochromatosis should not be considered a disease of older people or men. iron buildup is often present and silently causing problems long before symptoms occur \u2014 in men, women, adolescents, and in rare cases, children. causes of hereditary hemochromatosis although many people have never heard of hereditary hemochromatosis, it is not rare and affects as many as 1 in every 200 people in the united states, according to the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ). hereditary hemochromatosis is a genetic disorder caused by a mutation on a gene that regulates iron absorption \u2014 1 in every 8 to 10 people in the united states carries a single copy of this defective gene, called hfe. carriers don ' t necessarily have the condition themselves, but can pass the mutated gene on to their children. hereditary hemochromatosis is an autosomal recess", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5125836045077636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.423807"} {"text": "the united states carries a single copy of this defective gene, called hfe. carriers don ' t necessarily have the condition themselves, but can pass the mutated gene on to their children. hereditary hemochromatosis is an autosomal recessive condition, which means that in order to get it, a child must inherit two mutated hfe genes \u2014 one from each parent. if a child inherits just one mutated hfe gene, the normal gene essentially balances out the defective hfe gene. even with two mutated genes, not everyone becomes ill. although a majority of those with two mutated genes will eventually develop some type of iron overload, far fewer of them will absorb enough iron to develop serious problems. in some cases, inheriting only one mutated gene may still eventually lead to iron overload, possibly affecting the heart, according to the iron disorders institute. in these people, the iron overload may be triggered by a precipitating factor, such as hepatitis ( inflammation of the liver ) or alcohol abuse. individuals with one mutated gene who become ill may also have mutations in other genes, yet to be discovered, that increase iron absorption. some people who test positive for hereditary hemochromatosis remain symptom - free for life. kids who test positive rarely have any symptoms because iron takes years to accumulate. patients who do have symptoms may experience : muscle aches and joint pain, primarily in the fingers, knees, hips, and ankles ; one of the earliest symptoms is arthritis of the knuckles of the first and second fingers depression, disorientation, or memory problems stomach swelling, abdominal pain, diarrhea, or nausea loss of body hair, other than that on the scalp gray or bronze skin similar to a suntan increased susceptibility to bacterial infections with such a wide range of possible symptoms, the disease can be extremely difficult to diagnose. as symptoms progress, it ' s frequently misdiagnosed as chronic hepatitis, other forms of diabetes, alzheimer ' s disease, iron deficiency, gallbladder illness, menstrual problems, thyroid conditions, or polycythemia ( an increase in the number of red blood cells ). it ' s important to understand that someone with hereditary hemochromatosis can have some symptoms without having all of them ( i. e., heart problems without skin color changes, diabetes, or liver problems ). luckily, the damage from hereditary hemochromatosis is completely preventable if it ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4696648264031995, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.425009"} {"text": "of the family ( proposed by the american hemochromatosis society ) routine iron testing of all kids at age 4 ; those who have a genetic risk, but remain symptom - free, continue to be tested every 5 years thereafter if you have a family history of hereditary hemochromatosis and are concerned about your child, talk to your doctor about screening tests. besides specific treatment for complications of the condition \u2014 such as insulin for diabetes \u2014 most individuals with hereditary hemochromatosis are treated by regularly drawing blood, a process called phlebotomy that ' s similar to making a blood donation. initially, blood may be drawn once or twice weekly during the \" de - ironing \" phase until the level of iron in the body has dropped to normal. in many cases, it requires 2 or 3 years of periodic phlebotomy to reach the desired level. after the de - ironing phase, when the serum ferritin level has fallen into the normal range, the patient usually remains on a maintenance schedule of three to four phlebotomy sessions a year. doctors check ferritin levels annually to monitor iron accumulation. for most people, this treatment will continue for life. when detected and treated early, any and all symptoms of hereditary hemochromatosis can be prevented, and the person can live a normal life. if left untreated, however, it can lead to damaging or even fatal iron overload. complications of untreated iron overload include : diabetes, arthritis, depression, impotence, hypogonadism ( deficient production of sex hormones by the testicles or ovaries ), gallbladder disease, cirrhosis ( disease and scarring of the liver ), heart attack, cancer, and failure of other organs. caring for your child treatment for kids typically isn ' t as aggressive as for adults, and making some minor dietary changes can help slow iron accumulation. talk to your doctor about taking steps to delay or reduce iron overload. you might : limit red meat in your child ' s diet. iron - rich vegetables are fine because the body doesn ' t absorb iron from plant sources very well. include moderate amounts of black, green, or oolong tea in your child ' s diet. the tannin from tea helps minimize iron absorption ( note : herbal tea doesn ' t contain tannin ). avoid breakfast cereals, breads, and snacks that are enriched with iron. ensure your child is immunized against hepatitis a and b.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4550661442735571, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.438629"} {"text": "my daughter needs to undergo a surgical procedure, and the doctor has recommended \" minimally invasive \" surgery. what type of surgery is this? will it be as safe \u2014 and effective \u2014 as standard surgery? - julianne minimally invasive surgery is becoming more and more common in hospitals. these procedures are performed through tiny incisions instead of one large opening. because the incisions are small, patients tend to have quicker recovery times and less discomfort than with conventional surgery \u2014 all with the same benefits. during a minimally invasive procedure, surgeons make several small incisions in the skin \u2014 just a few millimeters, in some cases. a long, thin tube with a miniature camera attached at the end ( called an endoscope ) is passed through one of the incisions. images from the endoscope are projected onto monitors in the operating room so surgeons can get a clear ( and magnified ) view of the surgical area. special instruments are passed through the other openings. these instruments allow the surgeon to perform the surgery by exploring, removing, or repairing whatever ' s wrong inside the body. in some cases, a patient might be scheduled for a minimally invasive procedure, but after getting a view inside the body the surgeon might have to \" convert \" the procedure to an open ( conventional ) surgery. this may be because the problem or the anatomy is different from what the surgeon expected. minimally invasive surgery can take longer than conventional surgery, but the pros usually outweigh the cons. because the incisions are small, the child usually feels less pain, has less scarring, and may recover more quickly than with conventional surgery. not all procedures can ( or should ) be done through minimally invasive methods, however. the removal of cancer tumors, for example, is often best performed through open surgery. your doctor will tell you what type of procedure is best for your child. be sure to ask about the possible risks associated with any procedure, as well as the potential benefits.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4641400124357661, "token_count": 405, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.443359"} {"text": "toddlers this age are moving from the eating habits they had as infants toward a diet more like your own. your job is to keep introducing new flavors and textures. food preferences are set early in life, so help your child develop a taste for healthy foods now. toddlers have little tummies, so serve foods that are packed with the nutrients they need to grow healthy and strong, and limit the sweets and empty calories. your toddler will continue to explore self - feeding, first with fingers and then with utensils at around 15 to 18 months of age. give your child many opportunities to practice these skills, but lend a hand when frustrations arise. as skills develop, step back and let your little one take over. toddlers also like to assert their independence, and the table is one place where you should give yours some sense of control. allow your toddler to respond to internal cues for hunger and fullness but set the boundaries. remember : you decide what variety of healthy foods to offer at a meal and your child decides which of those foods to eat, how much to eat, and whether to eat at all. a word about milk milk is an important part of a toddler ' s diet because it provides calcium and vitamin d, which help build strong bones. kids under age 2 should drink whole milk for the dietary fats needed for normal growth and brain development. when your child is 2, you can probably make the switch to low - fat or nonfat milk, but talk with your doctor before doing so. between 12 and 18 months of age is a good time for transition to a cup. instead of cutting out bottles all at once, you can gradually eliminate them from the feeding schedule, starting with mealtime. offer whole milk in a cup after the child has begun the meal. if you are breastfeeding, only offer milk in a cup and avoid the bottle habit altogether. some kids don ' t like cows milk at first because it ' s different from the breast milk or formula they ' re used to. if that ' s the case, it ' s ok to mix whole milk with formula or breast milk and gradually adjust the mixture so that it eventually becomes 100 % cow ' s milk. it ' s important to watch out for iron deficiency after kids reaches 1 year of age. it can affect their physical, mental, and behavioral development, and also can lead to anemia. to help prevent iron deficiency : limit your child ' s milk intake to 16 - 24 full ounces ( 480 - 720", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.405173455721039, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.448724"} {"text": "reaches 1 year of age. it can affect their physical, mental, and behavioral development, and also can lead to anemia. to help prevent iron deficiency : limit your child ' s milk intake to 16 - 24 full ounces ( 480 - 720 milliliters ) a day. increase iron - rich foods in your child ' s diet, like meat, poultry, fish, beans, and iron - fortified foods. continue serving iron - fortified cereal until your child is 18 to 24 months old. talk with your doctor if you ' re concerned that your child drinks a lot of cow ' s milk or isn ' t getting enough iron, or if you ' re thinking of giving your child a vitamin supplement. foods to avoid by now your child should be eating a variety of foods. continue to watch for allergic reactions when introducing new foods. be aware that a child is at higher risk of developing food allergies if the child or one or more close family members have allergies or allergy - related conditions, like food allergies, eczema, or asthma. talk to the doctor if you have any concerns. avoid foods that could present choking hazards, like popcorn, hard candies, hot dogs, raw vegetables and hard fruits, whole grapes, raisins, and nuts. supervise your child at all times when eating. how much should my child eat? offer your child three meals and two or three healthy snacks a day, but keep in mind that it ' s common for toddlers to skip meals. allowing kids to skip a meal is a difficult concept for many parents, but kids should be allowed to respond to their own internal cues for hunger and fullness. don ' t push food on a child who ' s not hungry, but kids shouldn ' t be allowed to eat on demand all day long either. maintain a regular schedule of meals and snacks so your kids will come to expect that food will be available at certain times of the day. if you have any questions about how much your child should eat, speak with your doctor.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4177590797367446, "token_count": 414, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.451630"} {"text": "most people play a sport for the thrill of having fun with others who share the same interest. but it ' s not always fun and games. there can be a ton of pressure in high school sports. a lot of the time it comes from the feeling that a parent or coach expects you to always win. but sometimes it comes from inside, too : some players are just really hard on themselves. and individual situations can add to the stress : maybe there ' s a recruiter from your no. 1 college scouting you on the sidelines. whatever the cause, the pressure to win can sometimes stress you to the point where you just don ' t know how to have fun anymore. how can stress affect sports performance? stress is a feeling that ' s created when we react to particular events. it ' s the body ' s way of rising to a challenge and preparing to meet a tough situation with focus, strength, stamina, and heightened alertness. a little stress or the right kind of positive stress can help keep you on your toes, ready to rise to a challenge. the events that provoke stress are called stressors, and they cover a whole range of situations \u2014 everything from outright danger to stepping up to take the foul shot that could win the game. stress can also be a response to change or anticipation of something that ' s about to happen \u2014 good or bad. people can feel stress over positive challenges, like making the varsity team, as well as negative ones. distress is a bad type of stress that arises when you must adapt to too many negative demands. suppose you had a fight with a close friend last night, you forgot your homework this morning, and you ' re playing in a tennis match this afternoon. you try to get psyched for the game but can ' t. you ' ve hit stress overload! continuous struggling with too much stress can exhaust your energy and drive. eustress is the good type of stress that stems from the challenge of taking part in something that you enjoy but have to work hard for. eustress pumps you up, providing a healthy spark for any task you undertake. when the stress of competition starts to get to you, try these techniques to help you relax : deep breathing : find a quiet place to sit down. inhale slowly through your nose, drawing air deep into your lungs. hold your breath for about 5 seconds, then release it slowly. repeat the exercise five times. muscle relaxation : contract ( flex ) a group of muscles tightly. keep them tensed for about 5 seconds,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5173466325618725, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.461133"} {"text": "your nose, drawing air deep into your lungs. hold your breath for about 5 seconds, then release it slowly. repeat the exercise five times. muscle relaxation : contract ( flex ) a group of muscles tightly. keep them tensed for about 5 seconds, then release. repeat the exercise five times, selecting different muscle groups. visualization : close your eyes and picture a peaceful place or an event from your past. recall the beautiful sights and the happy sounds. imagine stress flowing away from your body. you can also visualize success. people who advise competitive players often recommend that they imagine themselves completing a pass, making a shot, or scoring a goal over and over. then on game day, you can recall your stored images to help calm nerves and boost self - confidence. positive self - talk : watch out for negative thoughts. whether you ' re preparing for a competition or coping with a defeat, tell yourself : \" i learn from my mistakes! \" \" i ' m in control of my feelings! \" \" i can make this goal! \" when sports become too stressful, get away from the pressure. go to a movie or hang out with friends. put your mind on something completely different. if sports make you so nervous that you get headaches, become nauseated, or can ' t concentrate on other things, you ' re experiencing symptoms of unhealthy stress that \u2019 s becoming a pattern. don ' t keep such stress bottled up inside you ; suppressing your emotions might mean bigger health troubles for you later on. talk about your concerns with a friend. simply sharing your feelings can ease your anxiety. sometimes it may help to get an adult ' s perspective \u2014 someone who has helped others deal with sports stress like your coach or fitness instructor. here are some other things you can do to cope with stress : treat your body right. eat well and get a good night ' s sleep, especially before games where the pressure ' s on. learn and practice relaxation techniques, like those described in the previous section. get some type of physical activity other than the sport you ' re involved in. take a walk, ride your bike, and get completely away from the sport that ' s stressing you out. don ' t try to be perfect \u2014 everyone flubs a shot or messes up from time to time ( so don ' t expect your teammates to be perfect either! ). forgive yourself, remind yourself of all your great shots, and move on. it ' s possible that some stress stems only from uncertainty. meet privately with your", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4786145925366616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.462933"} {"text": "from time to time ( so don ' t expect your teammates to be perfect either! ). forgive yourself, remind yourself of all your great shots, and move on. it ' s possible that some stress stems only from uncertainty. meet privately with your coach or instructor. ask for clarification if his or her expectations seem vague or inconsistent. although most instructors do a good job of fostering athletes ' physical and mental development, you may need to be the one who opens the lines of communication. you may also want to talk with your parents or another adult family member. if you ' re feeling completely overscheduled and out of control, review your options on what you can let go. it ' s a last resort, but if you ' re no longer enjoying your sport, it may be time to find one that ' s less stressful. chronic stress isn ' t fun \u2014 and fun is what sports are all about. recognizing when you need guidance to steer yourself out of a stressful situation doesn ' t represent weakness ; it ' s a sign of courage and wisdom. don ' t stop looking for support until you ' ve found it. enjoy the game winning is exhilarating! but losing and some amount of stress are part of almost any sports program \u2014 as they are in life. sports are about enhancing self - esteem, building social skills, and developing a sense of community. and above all, sports are about having fun.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46981854393354927, "token_count": 290, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.463987"} {"text": "thu october 20, 2011 ' living fossils ' just a branch on cycad family tree although dinosaurs died out 65 million years ago, there are still thought to be a few species left over from those days. plants called cycads are among these rare \" living fossils \" \u2014 they have remained pretty much unchanged for more than 300 million years, but a study in science magazine suggests that glamorous title may not be deserved. there ' s no time machine in washington, d. c., but harvard botanist sarah mathews leads me to what ' s arguably the next best thing \u2014 a room made of glass in the u. s. botanic garden, just downhill from the u. s. capitol. the sign says \" the garden primeval \u2014 the first land plants. \" right away we see something that looks like a fern growing out of the top of a palm trunk. but it ' s not a fern or a palm. in fact, it ' s more closely related to a pine tree. cycads produce seeds but not flowers. they evolved along with dinosaurs, which presumably munched them for lunch. so they ' ve earned the title living fossil. but \" that assumption began to break down as we began sequencing dna, \" mathews says. she and her colleagues \u2014 notably nathalie nagalingum from the royal botanic gardens in sydney \u2014 have used that dna to reconstruct the \" family tree \" of cycads. they find that the \" trunk \" of the family tree may reach back 300 million years, but the \" branches, \" today ' s 300 species, actually burst onto the scene about 12 million years ago. \" and then it looks like around the world on multiple continents, cycads became more species - rich, \" mathews says. what caused that sudden burst of new species? \" that ' s the really fun puzzle of course, \" she says. it ' s probably not a coincidence that other plants also put forth a burst of new species around that time, including cacti, ice - plants and agave. mathews suspects climate change played a role. \" there was drying out and cooling going on, globally, \" she says. this research is part of a broader effort to understand how all plants \u2014 most notably flowering plants \u2014 evolved. that story is gradually taking shape as scientists study more and more of the dna from plants. of course, you might argue this research has some broader philosophical repercussions as well. by finding that these species of cycads are just 12 million years", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4846952394982956, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.471978"} {"text": "story is gradually taking shape as scientists study more and more of the dna from plants. of course, you might argue this research has some broader philosophical repercussions as well. by finding that these species of cycads are just 12 million years old \u2014 and so were not survivors from the days of the dinosaurs \u2014 has mathew ' s team demoted these species from their lofty status as living fossils? she says not. \" i think that we ' ve actually found some interesting patterns for people who didn ' t think much about cycads before, \" she says. what about people who think a lot about cycads? bart schutzman edits the cycad society ' s journal ( global circulation : 500 copies ). he ' s attracted to these plants because he feels a primal bond with this ancient species. and he says the news does not rock his world. today ' s cycads still predate human species, and by a lot. \" what ' s the difference between old, older and very old, and very, very old? i mean they ' re all still very old, \" he says with a chuckle. as for the moniker, living fossil? \" it won ' t stop people from glamorizing the cycads as the living fossils because their lineage extends so far back, \" schutzman says. so here ' s a little good news from washington : a walk through the \" garden primeval \" greenhouse still offers a reasonable glimpse of foliage from the days of the dinosaurs, though the species themselves don ' t have quite the same bragging rights.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48630115666067963, "token_count": 326, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.473122"} {"text": "when spilled food makes a huge mess ( in a tunnel or on a road ) originally published on thu january 24, 2013 7 : 42 am rarely do we consider the trucks, trains and tankers that transport our food around our cities \u2014 and around the world. it ' s not until an accident happens, and the food inside these vessels comes pouring out, that we remember all this food in motion around us, and how damaging it can be when it spills. the truth is, a lot of food is extremely sticky, bulky \u2014 and sometimes, flammable. and apparently, the people who move it around are just as accident prone as the rest of us. at least, that ' s what struck us after reading this week about the massive goat cheese fire in norway, in which nearly 30 tons of a specialty brown cheese called brunost caught on fire and burned for days, forcing the closure of a tunnel for an estimated two weeks. this giant roadside cheese flambe is hardly the first food disaster to cause more than a few headaches in recent years. take, for example, the recent yogurt disaster of may 2012, in which 36, 000 pounds of chobani greek yogurt spilled down a hillside in southern new york state. then there was the great pancake syrup fiasco of 2012 : last june, an entire semitrailer ' s worth of the sticky liquid spilled across interstate 75 in ohio and kentucky. ( ironically, the accident occurred after the truck slammed into an overpass at \u2014 wait for it \u2014 buttermilk pike. ) that cleanup required the expertise of the u. s. environmental protection agency. and our pals over at the two - way reported in 2011 on the tanker filled with yeast extract destined for a marmite factory in england that crashed and spilled, jamming the m1, which connects london to the northern part of england. food disasters can be deadly, too, as the folks at smithsonian ' s food & think blog have noted. some 94 years ago, boston ' s north end fell victim to the great molasses tragedy, when a giant tank capable of holding more than 2 million gallons of the sticky stuff exploded. the blast and ensuing mini - tsunami of molasses killed 21 people and injured 150 others. but not all spills are disastrous for bystanders. in china last year, when 770 pounds of eggs spilled out of a truck in a traffic accident, locals used it as an opportunity to stock up. you can watch the video on youtube here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.440669296331486, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.477364"} {"text": "| this review appears in the november 8, 2002 issue of executive intelligence review. why hiroshima was bombed : the ' utopians ' duped a nation by william jones racing for the bomb : general leslie groves, the indispensable man, by robert norris. south royalton, vermont : steerforth press, 2002, 700 pages, hardback, $ 40. 00. the decision to use the atomic bomb, by gar alperovitz. new york : alfred knopf books, 1995, 847 pages, paperback, $ 17. 00. \" the united states decision to drop the atom bomb on hiroshima and nagasaki saved over one million american lives which would have been sacrificed by an invasion of japan. \" how often has this claim been restated whenever that horrendous event is mentioned on tv or in newspapers. and yet, it remains to this day a total fiction. not only the figure of \" one million \" which was gratuituously added in the cover story published later to enhance the much lower figures actually predicted by the war department had the united states been forced to invade japanbut even the lower, more accurate estimates, represented a complete fallacy. there would have been no casualties in a land invasion of japan because there would not have been any land invasion of japan. by mid - may 1945 it was clear to all who wished to see : japan was on the brink of surrendering. it is the merit of gar alperovitz ' s work that he documented the facts available as of 1995 by using the then - latest declassified records from the war period. the real purpose of the atomic bomb was not to win the war, but rather to shape the contours of the post - war world. alperowitz had an entire team working the files on this subject, with excellent results. the \" team \" aspect of the work leads, however, to a good deal of repetition. the recent biography by robert norris of one of the key players in that policy decision, gen. leslie groves, helps to fill out the picture of the real scope and purposes of the decision to drop the atomic bomb on japanese cities. the open conspiracy of h. g. wells in order to understand the real significance of the atom bomb decision, we must, however, go a bit beyond the confines of these two particular worksback to 1928, to the publication of a little - noticed manuscript by science - fiction writer h. g. wells, entitled the open conspiracy. in that work, wells called for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.477716884346737, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.521246"} {"text": ", however, go a bit beyond the confines of these two particular worksback to 1928, to the publication of a little - noticed manuscript by science - fiction writer h. g. wells, entitled the open conspiracy. in that work, wells called for the establishment of a \" world government \" which would supersede the nation - state as the primary form of human social and political existence. reading wells today, one gets the eerie feeling of a weird fascist experiment, wrapped in pseudo - scientific rhetoric, in which big brother controls one ' s every move. this \" utopian \" scheme, as wells himself dubbed it, probably had little hope of success, except under conditions of raw terror, where a frightened population might come to feel that only in the womb of such a \" world government \" would there be any security. with the dropping of the atomic bombs on hiroshima and nagasaki in august 1945, such a condition, it was felt by wells ' devotees, had been brought about. shortly after the dropping of the bomb in 1945, lord bertrand russell, a compatriot of wells in the \" world commonwealth \" project, wrote a short essay entitled \" the bomb and civilisation. \" in this work russell wrote : \" the prospect for the human race is sombre beyond all precedent.... either war or civilization must end, and if it is to be war that ends, there must be an international authority with the sole power to make the new bombs. all supplies of uranium must be placed under the control of the international authority, which shall have the right to safeguard the ore by armed forces. as soon as such an authority has been created, all existing atomic bombs, and all plants for their manufacture, must be handed over. and of course the international authority must have sufficient armed forces to protect whatever has been handed over to it. if this system were once established, the international authority would be irresistible, and wars would cease. at worst, there might be occasional brief revolts that would be easily quelled. \" the power of the united states in international affairs is, for the time being, immeasurably increased, \" russell continued. \" if america were more imperialistic there would be another possibility, less utopian and less desirable, but still preferable to the total obliteration of civilized life. it would be possible for americans to use their position of temporary superiority to insist upon disarmament, not only in germany and japan, but everywhere except in the united states, or at any rate in every country not prepared", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5538586002071368, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.522325"} {"text": "tremendous and violent reaction from all japanese. hanging of the emperor to them would be comparable to the crucifixion of christ to us. all would fight to die like ants. the position of the gangster militarists would be strengthened immeasurably. the war would be unduly prolonged ; our losses heavier than otherwise would be necessary. \" for the same reason, it was also clear that, were the emperor to order his troops to surrender, they would, for the very same reason, do so to the very last solder. in march 1945, macarthur sent lt. gen. george kenney, the head of his air forces, to washington to brief the joint chiefs on the situation in the pacific. in a long talk with chief of staff gen. george marshall, on march 16, kenney argued that japan had lost its air power, its navy and merchant marine, and that there was no longer any necessity to wait for an end to the war in europe or for the russians to enter the pacific war, before moving toward a surrender. as kenney relates in the macarthur i know : \" when i was in washington in march 1945, i repeated macarthur ' s ideas, but everyone i talked to in the war department and even among the air crowd disagreed. the consensus was that japan would hold out for possibly another two years.... while the dropping of the two atomic bombs may have hurried the japanese decision to quit, there is little doubt that macarthur was right in july when he told me that the projected operation olympicto invade japan on november 1, 1945would never take place. \" \" it was quite evident from a study of the context of the messages, that the japanese realized further resistance was futile, and were willing to grant any concessions to halt the war, providing the emperor remained as the spiritual head of the country, \" kenney wrote. by the spring of 1945 these peace - feelers were coming in fast and furious. on may 7, 1945, the oss representative in portugal informed president truman that the counsellor of the japanese legation in portugal had told a source that the japanese were ready to cease hostilities provided they were allowed to retain possession of the home islands and that the terms \" unconditional surrender \" not be employed in the actual peace terms. other oss sources working with the vatican ' s cardinal giuseppe montini ( later pope paul vi ), were also in touch with the japanese, who were in the process of working out the terms of an eventual japanese surrenderagain", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4423540625579797, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.527232"} {"text": "actual peace terms. other oss sources working with the vatican ' s cardinal giuseppe montini ( later pope paul vi ), were also in touch with the japanese, who were in the process of working out the terms of an eventual japanese surrenderagain with the proviso that the institution of the emperor be retained. the stated policy of the united states had been that of \" unconditional surrender. \" this had been stated by president roosevelt, almost fortuitously, when he met with british prime minister winston churchill at casablanca in january 1943. and yet, with roosevelt, the consummate politician, there was always room for finding a way out of a dilemma if the conditions warranted it. roosevelt did, in fact, deviate from the \" unconditional surrender \" formula when italy agreed to surrender in 1944. but by may 1945, franklin roosevelt was dead, and his new vice president, harry truman, had been sworn in as president of the united states. truman had replaced henry wallace as fdr ' s vice president prior to the 1944 elections, through the machinations of the southern democrats who hated roosevelt ' s new deal as well as his envisioned post - war grand design. they knew that roosevelt would not survive a fourth term. they therefore wanted to replace the strong new deal vice president henry wallace, with one of their own. former missouri tailor harry truman, a proud son of the confederacy ( both grandfathers fought for the south during the civil war ), who had come to prominence in missouri politics as a stooge of the kansas city - based criminal pendergast mob, was their man. as his chief foreign policy adviser, truman chose sen. james byrnes from south carolina, an even more dyed - in - the - wool confederate sympathizer. in june 1945, truman made byrnes secretary of state. the russian factor from the beginning of the war, the allied forces had decided that their main thrust would be in europe. in every aspect of supply and logistics, the atlantic theater received the primary attention, with macarthur, the army commander in the pacific, having to make do with whatever he got. the russian armies were almost solely deployed on the european front. after initial clashes with the japanese in manchuria in 1939, in which the japanese fared badly, the russians signed a neutrality treaty with japan. in his discussions with stalin at tehran in november 1943 and at yalta in february 1945, roosevelt had talked to the soviet leader about the possibility of redeploying russian troops to the east at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.496597292724424, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.529176"} {"text": "badly, the russians signed a neutrality treaty with japan. in his discussions with stalin at tehran in november 1943 and at yalta in february 1945, roosevelt had talked to the soviet leader about the possibility of redeploying russian troops to the east at the conclusion of the war with nazi germany. already in the beginning of the pacific campaign, macarthur had called for russian engagement against the japanese in manchuria, a measure that would have helped tie up some of their forces that would otherwise be available to be deployed against him. the russians, hard pressed by the advance of the nazi armies, were not eager to engage in a two - front war if that could be avoided. and yet, after the decisive victory of the red army at kursk in july 1943, it was felt in u. s. military circles that the russians might now consider moving against japan. in a joint chiefs ' instruction cited by alperovitz, in the fall of 1943 to the head of the american military mission in moscow, brig. gen. john deane, \" the great importance to the united states of russia ' s full participation in the war against japan after the defeat of germany, as essential to the prompt and crushing defeat of japan at far less cost to the united states and great britain, \" was clearly stated. again, just before the big three meetingroosevelt, churchill, and stalinat tehran in 1943, the joint chiefs stated : \" we are agreed that every effort should be exerted to bring the u. s. s. r. into the war against japan at the earliest practicable date, and that plans should be prepared in that event. \" by the end of 1944, the war in europe was approaching a close. following the big three meeting in yalta in february 1945, representatives were sent to macarthur to brief him on the results. macarthur again called for a russian move on manchuria in order to tie up as many japanese divisions as possible, especially if events necessitated an invasion of the japanese home islands, for which preparations were, in fact, being made. the japanese were also aware that russian refusal to renew the neutrality pact would mean that they would also have russia to fight. the signals of a japanese willingness to surrender then began to multiply. in addition to the oss contacts in italy and portugal, the japanese were also making their desires known through their representatives in moscow and in sweden, with representatives of the swedish royal family. the swedish reports were forwarded to the united states by herschel v. johnson, the u", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45018437229305897, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.532169"} {"text": "contacts in italy and portugal, the japanese were also making their desires known through their representatives in moscow and in sweden, with representatives of the swedish royal family. the swedish reports were forwarded to the united states by herschel v. johnson, the u. s. ambassador in stockholm. reporting on april 6, 1945, johnson wrote that it was \" probable that very far - reaching conditions would be accepted by the japanese by way of negotiation, \" but that \" there is no doubt that unconditional surrender terms would be unacceptable to the japanese because it would mean dishonor. application of such terms would be fatal and lead to desperate action on the part of the people.... the emperor must not be touched, \" johnson wrote. the atom bomb project on april 25, 1945, secretary of war henry stimson and gen. leslie groves, the manager of the manhattan project, met at the white house to brief the president on the status of the atomic bomb. the bomb project had been initiated by president roosevelt on the basis of an appeal by albert einstein. einstein, aware of nazi work on developing such weapons, had been urged by leo szilard, a protege of bertrand russell, who played on einstein ' s fears, to write a letter to president roosevelt urging him to begin work on an atomic weapon. szilard, a hungarian physicist and a devotee of h. g. wells, had worked his way into einstein ' s confidence while still a young physicist in berlin. in 1928 szilard had read wells ' open conspiracy, and waxed enthusiastic. by 1929 he had travelled to london to meet with wells and to negotiate the rights to publish wells ' works in central europe. szilard himself worked on a scheme to realize wells ' vision of a \" world government \" controlled by a chosen \" scientific elite. \" in fact, so enamored was he of this idea that he developed his own plan for creating such an \" elite, \" which he called the bund, \" a closely knit group of people whose inner bond is pervaded by a religious and scientific spirit. \" although formulating this proto - fascist vision at an early age, szilard bandied such ideas about in different forms until his death. how the einstein letter led to the manhattan project, under general groves, is well known. by the time the new president, harry truman, was briefed on the manhattan project in april 1945, the bomb was almost ready for testing. the growing realization by truman of the power and capability of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5223611019833334, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.535877"} {"text": "project, under general groves, is well known. by the time the new president, harry truman, was briefed on the manhattan project in april 1945, the bomb was almost ready for testing. the growing realization by truman of the power and capability of the new weapon gave truman the means to accomplish the task for which he had been chosento dismantle roosevelt ' s entire post - war design. roosevelt had dealt with the mercurial russian leader, joseph stalin, in a rather straightforward and open manner. not that this was without its difficulties, given stalin ' s propensities and paranoia. nevertheless, by 1944 roosevelt felt that he had created a certain rapport with stalin and intended to work to bring wartime ally russia into the concert of european nations after the war. writing in may 1944 in the saturday evening post, forrest davis, a correspondent favored by roosevelt, wrote : \" mr. roosevelt is striving to bring the soviet union, which has fallen out with the european tradition, back into the family of nations, as a condition precedent to world organization. convinced that unless that reunion takes place, there can be no world association, nor assured hope of peace, the president ' s ' great design ' rests on two assumptions. first, he accepts the prevalent view that the soviet union will be able to organize effectively its manpower and resources in peace as well as war, thus becoming permanently a great power. he further assumes that the interests of a victorious russian state can be reconciled to those of the atlantic powers, china, and the small nations of europe and america. mr. roosevelt, gambling for stakes as enormous as any statesman ever played for, has been betting that the soviet union needs peace and is willing to pay for it by collaborating with the west. by no means unaware of the risks, he declines, nevertheless, to acknowledge them even to close associates. the white house is a delicate sounding board, reflecting everything that happens everywhere on the globe. it would be absurd to suppose that the president has not considered the implications of his russian policy in all angles and facets. the alternativea russia excluded, aggrieved and driven in on itself to prepare for the inevitable war of continentswas to him so much worse, that he saw himself with little choice. he chose, moreover, to prosecute his policy so sincerely that the russians, proverbially mistrustful, could have no ground for misgiving. \" the utopians ' plans for establishing their global dictatorship were, on the other hand, precisely geared to play into those", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.530216626152711, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.538110"} {"text": "had a successful test of the atomic bomb to use as a bargaining chip in such a meeting. the political implications of the bomb were clearly in the forefront of interest for the utopian faction. chief among them was secretary of war henry stimson. speaking on may 14 to army chief of staff gen. george marshall and john j. mccloy ( one of stimson ' s top assistants at the war department ), relating a discussion he had just had with british foreign secretary anthony eden, stimson commented : \" it is a case where we have got to regain the lead [ over russia ] and perhaps do it in a rough and realistic way.... i told him this was a place where we really held all the cards. i called it a royal straight flush and we mustn ' t be a fool about the way we play. they can ' t get along without our help and our industries, and we have coming into action a weapon which will be unique. \" truman was of one mind with stimson on this point, and, therefore, worked to delay a meeting with stalin. truman wrote churchill that he wanted to put off the big three meeting until after june 30 on the flimsy pretext that the u. s. budget was coming up in congress. stalin was anxious to meet. harry hopkins, just back from a trip to moscow on may 28, was told the meeting would not be until july. hopkins objected : \" i think stalin would like to have the meeting at an earlier date because of the many pressing problems to be decided. \" and yet truman persisted in delaying, raising suspicions among the russians as to his motives. for what was truman waiting? general groves was pushing his scientists to test the bomb by the beginning of july. technical considerations caused a delay in the testand another delay in truman ' s planned meeting with stalin. finally, grove pushed for a test on july 14. biographer norris notes how groves, in explaining the rush to project director j. robert oppenheimer on july 2, stressed \" the importance of trying to arrange for the 14th [ of july ]... and to tell his people that it wasn ' t his fault. but came from higher authority. \" on june 5, truman then informed churchill in regard to the forthcoming meeting, \" i find, after full consideration that july 15 is the earliest date that is practicable for me to attend. \" indeed, if all went well, it was the earliest date at which truman would would know if the test", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48134678047168744, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.542917"} {"text": "the forthcoming meeting, \" i find, after full consideration that july 15 is the earliest date that is practicable for me to attend. \" indeed, if all went well, it was the earliest date at which truman would would know if the test had been successful. the decision to bomb the test in alamogordo, new mexico, on july 14, 1945, produced results beyond anyone ' s imagination. as reports streamed back to washington, the mood was almost ecstatic among the utopians. indeed, stimson felt that the effect of the bomb was so great that he advised truman the weapon might enable the united states to force the soviet union to abandon or radically alter its entire system of government. a war department memorandum on june 16 noted that \" the president feels the u. s. is by far the strongest country in the world and he proposes to take the lead at the coming meeting, \" and that in \" this connection he proposes to raise all the controversial questions. \" with the successful test of the bomb, the issue now became whether to use itand, if so, against whom? with the surrender of nazi germany already a fact, japan was really the only candidate. but what if the japanese also surrendered before the bomb was actually used in war, as all indicators were showing they intended to do? testing the bomb in a real - time situation required, therefore, delaying such a surrender for as long as possible in order to use the bomb to end the warand demonstrate in an unequivocal and stark, terrifying manner, the raw power now possessed by the united states. plans for the bombing of japan were already well under way when the alamogordo test took place. under the frenetic leadership of groves, targets were being picked. an interim committee had been set up by stimson ' s assistant, harvey bundy, consisting of stimson ; james conant, chairman of the national defense research committee ; dr. vannevar bush, director of the office of scientific research and development ( osrd ) ; dr. karl compton, head of the office of field service ( osrd ) and president of mit ; assistant secretary of state william clayton ; and the undersecretary of the navy, ralph bard. at stimson ' s suggestion, truman appointed jimmy byrnes to serve as truman ' s personal liaison to the committee. the interim committee was to advise the president on how the bomb was to be used after the war. groves, who was a member of the target committee, also received", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4840070788100501, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.544401"} {"text": "truman appointed jimmy byrnes to serve as truman ' s personal liaison to the committee. the interim committee was to advise the president on how the bomb was to be used after the war. groves, who was a member of the target committee, also received a permanent invitation to attend the meetings of the interim committee, and, in fact, attended all of their meetings. two or more bombs were to be prepared. truman became totally euphoric when groves ' more detailed report on the alamogordo experiment reached him on july 21. \" the president was tremendously pepped up by it and spoke to me of it again and again when i saw him, \" stimson confided in his diary. byrnes was also ecstatic, telling szilard \" that our possessing and demonstrating the bomb would make russia more manageable in europe. \" indeed, there was a growing feeling that with the anglo - americans retaining sole possession of the bomb, the post - war period would indeed become something of an anglo - american century, as bertrand russell would call for in his piece later in 1945. norris ' book clearly shows groves to have been a strong proponent of such a view, though more inclined to make this solely an \" american \" preserve, not to be shared fully with the british. as he would express this later more publicly, in an important quote overlooked by his biographer norris, but not lost on alperovitz, groves was committed to \" an american - administered pax - atomicaan atomic league of nations, founded upon the west ' s supposed technological superiority and the secret, preclusive monopoly of atomic raw materials. \" in the light of this policy shift, the appearance of japanese peace - feelers now became a threat that might obviate the use of the atomic bomb in war. anything that would permit the japanese to surrender before its use against japan was therefore to be squelched. the envisioned entry of the russian forces into manchuria had therefore to be delayed for as long as possible. some people in washington saw clearly what was in the works. acting secretary of state joseph grew, a former ambassador to japan, caught wind of what was happeningand it frightened him. grew renewed his efforts to quickly get a statement of intent from the united states which would guarantee a retention of the emperor, and facilitate a rapid japanese surrenderbefore the bomb could be used. more generally, grew realized that there was a substantial peace party in japan, and that the peace - feelers the allied intelligence forces were picking up, were for real", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49233516806258515, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.547160"} {"text": "emperor, and facilitate a rapid japanese surrenderbefore the bomb could be used. more generally, grew realized that there was a substantial peace party in japan, and that the peace - feelers the allied intelligence forces were picking up, were for real. the position of the united states, he felt, should be supportive of that peace party, and immediately clarifying the role of the emperor in the peace terms was absolutely essential if peace were to be quickly achieved. many leading republicans were also calling for such a statement. on july 3, the new york times reported that the senate republican minority leader, wallace white, \" declared that the pacific war might end quickly if president truman would state, specifically, in the upper chamber, just what unconditional surrender means for the japanese. \" the war department ' s operations division advised on july 12, 1945 that \" the present stand of the war department is that japanese surrender is just possible and is attractive enough to the u. s. to justify us in making any concession which might be attractive to the japanese, so long as our realistic aims for peace in the pacific are not adversely affected. \" indeed, by this time the japanese peace - feelers were becoming a drumbeat. on july 12, as truman was travelling to potsdam aboard the presidential yacht, the augusta, emperor hirohito was declaring in a meeting of the supreme council for the direction of the war, that although war planning had to continue, it was also \" necessary to have a plan to close the war at once. \" a cable intercepted on july 12 from foreign minister togo to japanese ambassador sato in moscow, and given to truman aboard the augusta on his way to potsdam, stated : \" we are now secretly giving consideration to the termination of the war because of the pressing situation which confronts japan both at home and abroad. \" unlike the previous peace - feelers, these were very official and very high - level, even involving the leadership of the japanese army, the only real hold - outs for continued fighting. by the time of the potsdam meeting it was also known that japan was asking russia, with which it still had a neutrality treaty, to help it get out of the war. using the bomb ' diplomatically ' but truman, with an entirely different agenda, was not ready for peacenot yet at any rate. indeed, arriving at potsdam, the united states was already taking measures to delay russian entry into the war in the pacific. at yalta it had been agreed that russia would enter the pacific theater in exchange for several conditions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5066525214705097, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.548877"} {"text": "peacenot yet at any rate. indeed, arriving at potsdam, the united states was already taking measures to delay russian entry into the war in the pacific. at yalta it had been agreed that russia would enter the pacific theater in exchange for several conditions : it would receive the kurile islands from japan, regain control over the chinese far eastern and south manchurian railroads as well as the ports of dairen and port arthur, and the \" independence of mongolia would be assured. \" in turn, stalin agreed to sign a treaty with nationalist china. roosevelt had assured stalin that he would convince chiang kai - shek to accept concessions to russia in manchuria. the signing of an agreement between china and the soviet union would therefore be the immediate prelude to soviet entry into manchuria. with truman ' s new agenda, and the successful demonstration of the atomic bomb, the brakes had to be put on the signing of such an agreement. on july 6, as he was leaving for potsdam, jimmy byrnes instructed averell harriman, the key contact with the soviets, to \" inform both the soviet government and t. v. soong [ the chinese foreign minister then in moscow for negotiations with the russians ] that as a party to the yalta agreement we would expect to be consulted before any arrangement is concluded between the soviet and chinese governments. \" harriman even had to pressure soong to be tougher with the russians about these concessions. \" he [ soong ] was far less concerned than we had been about such details as whether chinese or russian troops would guard the railroad or who would be the port master of dairen, \" harriman wrote. \" i saw him almost every day and urged him to be more firm. \" at potsdam, truman adopted his most belligerent pose. in a letter to his wife bess on june 20, truman wrote : \" we had a tough meeting yesterday. i reared up on my hind legs and told ' em where to get off, and they got off. i have to make perfectly plain to them at least once a day that so far as this president is concerned, santa claus is dead, and that my first interest is u. s. a., then i want the jap war won and i want ' em both in it. \" after the plenary session of july 24, truman approached stalin as stalin was about to leave the conference, and mentioned to him casually \" that we had a new weapon of unusual destructive force. \" the poker - faced stalin simply commented, according", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.44961778918635087, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.551932"} {"text": ". \" after the plenary session of july 24, truman approached stalin as stalin was about to leave the conference, and mentioned to him casually \" that we had a new weapon of unusual destructive force. \" the poker - faced stalin simply commented, according to truman, that \" he was glad to hear it and hoped we would make ' good use of it against the japanese. ' \" judging from stalin ' s placid reaction, truman and churchill thought that stalin didn ' t really understand that truman had been referring to the atomic bomb. the wily soviet leader, however, knew a lot more than he was letting on. what his russian science advisers, like the great scientist vladimir vernadsky, were not able to tell him about the bomb, well - placed spies in the manhattan project were. marshal zhukov relates stalin ' s comments to his own people following this encounter with truman. \" stalin, in my presence, told molotov about his conversation with truman, \" zhukov wrote in his memoirs. \" ' they ' re raising the price, ' said molotov. stalin gave a laugh, ' let them. we ' ll have to have a talk with kurchatov today about speeding up our work. ' \" stalin was referring to the soviet bomb program, headed up by academician i. v. kurchatov. potsdam : preventing japan ' s surrender it was also at potsdam that churchill was informed of the successful test. british chief of staff field marshal sir alan brookesby wrote that churchill \" was completely carried away. it was no longer necessary for the russians to come into the japanese war ; the new explosive alone was sufficient to settle the matter. furthermore, we now had something in our hands which would redress the balance with the russians. \" by this time, the interim committee had decided that the bomb would be used, without warning, on a japanese war plant, preferably in the vicinity of an area in which many japanese workers were living, for maximum psychological effect. norris relates how groves wanted to target kyoto itself, the most important religious center for the japanese, but stimson, anxious that the japanese remain malleable enough after the war in order to serve in the post - war battle against the spread of communism in asia, rejected this proposal, assenting only to the targetting of hiroshima, nagasaki, niigata, and kokura. there was only one true dissenter to this decision of the committeeralph bard, navy secretary james forrestal ' s undersecretary", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5184857297694818, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.553774"} {"text": "proposal, assenting only to the targetting of hiroshima, nagasaki, niigata, and kokura. there was only one true dissenter to this decision of the committeeralph bard, navy secretary james forrestal ' s undersecretary and representative. in a june 27 memorandum, bard wrote : \" ever since i have been in touch with this program i have had a feeling that before the bomb is actually used against japan, that japan should have some preliminary warning, for say two or three days in advance of use. the position of the united states as a great humanitarian nation and the fair play attitude of our people generally is responsible in the main for this feeling. \" bard also stressed that some u. s. declaration regarding the status of the emperor should be given to encourage the japanese to surrender quickly. but truman and byrnes were not prepared to issue such a declaration. in fact, the draft statement for the potsdam meeting, drawn up by stimson and john mccloy, had included explicit assurances for the emperor. william leahy, the chief of staff of the army and navy under roosevelt, who had been kept on by truman, wrote on july 18 : \" from a strictly military point of view, the joint chiefs of staff consider it inadvisable to make any statement or take any action at the present time that would make it difficult or impossible to utilize the authority of the emperor to direct a surrender of the japanese forces, in the outlying areas as well as in japan proper. \" although truman was in agreement with the policy of building up post - war japan as a counterweight to soviet influence, he, in collaboration with byrnes, decided to purge the reference to the emperor from the potsdam proclamation. as far as the japanese knew, \" unconditional surrender \" was still the policy of the allies. in a further affront to stalin, the united states issued the proclamation to the press before even informing him, much less soliciting his approval of the final text. the effect of the potsdam declaration was devastating. navy captain ellis zacharias, a specialist who had been working on psychological - warfare ideas in cooperation with the overseas branch of the office of war information, had been, like his navy commanders, keen on encouraging a quick japanese surrender. zacharias had been closely following the japanese intercepts, and knew that the signals to end the war were coming from the highest levels, and that the position of the emperor was the decisive issue. the potsdam declaration smashed these hopes. it \" wrecked everything", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4610887651275187, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.556092"} {"text": "all his plans for using it to establish the \" world government. \" in late may 1945, szilard and fellow scientists harold urey and walter bartky met with jimmy byrnes. byrnes told them that general groves had informed him that russia had no uranium, and that therefore there was no fear of them developing atomic weapons. in reality, already in 1940, russian scientist vladimir vernadsky had appointed a committee to investigate the uranium resources of the soviet union. while they did discover uranium deposits in central asia, it would be the countries of eastern europe and soviet - occupied east germany which would provide the great bulk of the uranium for the soviet nuclear program. in a memorandum to byrnes, szilard underlined that it was the post - war organization of the atomic bomb threat which would be of utmost importance. in accordance with his wellsian program, he urged that there be established international controls on atomic research, with the direct involvement of the scientists in the decisions as to its use. byrnes found the idea rather ludicrous. \" he [ szilard ] felt that scientists, including himself, should discuss the matter with the cabinet, which i did not feel desirable. his general demeanor and his desire to participate in policymaking made an unfavorable impression on me. \" more significant opposition came from the military leadership of the country, most of whom were adamantly opposed to the use of the atomic bomb. alperovitz documents this resistance quite extensively in separate chapters dealing with the reaction from each of the uniformed services ; all regarded the bombing as militarily unnecessary. stimson himself, when in europe for the potsdam talks, saw fit to solicit the opinion of gen. dwight eisenhower, commander - in - chief of allied forces in europe. \" the incident took place in 1945 when secretary of war stimson, visiting my headquarters in germany, informed me that our government was preparing to drop an atomic bomb on japan, \" eisenhower would later write in his autobiography, mandate for change. \" i was one of those who felt that there were a number of cogent reasons to question the wisdom of such an act.... the secretary, upon giving me the news of the successful bomb test in new mexico, and of the plan for using it, asked for my reaction, apparently expecting a vigorous assent. during the recitation of the relevant facts, i had been conscious of a feeling of depression, and so i voiced to him my grave misgivings, first on the basis of my belief", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5268405070329235, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.560098"} {"text": ", asked for my reaction, apparently expecting a vigorous assent. during the recitation of the relevant facts, i had been conscious of a feeling of depression, and so i voiced to him my grave misgivings, first on the basis of my belief that japan was already defeated and that dropping the bomb was completely unnecessary, and secondly because i thought that our country should avoid shocking world opinion by the use of a weapon whose employment, i thought no longer mandatory as a measure to save american lives. it was my belief that japan was, at that very moment, seeking some way to surrender with a minimum loss of ' face. ' the secretary was deeply perturbed by my attitude, almost angrily refuting the reasons i gave for my quick conclusions. \" although gen. douglas macarthur, the pacific theater commander, wasn ' t informed of the existence of the atomic bomb until five days before it was dropped on hiroshima, he had already, in the spring of 1945, sent his air force chief, maj. gen. george kenney, to washington to explain his view that the japanese were close to surrender. when kenney came to washington and explained this to gen. george marshall, marshall called in his top advisers. kenney would report to macarthur later that he had not succeeded in convincing them. macarthur, until his death, insisted that bombing hiroshima and nagasaki had no military value whatsoever. truman ' s chief of staff, adm. william leahy, who chaired the meetings of the joint chiefs of staff, continually insisted that the japanese were on the brink of surrender. as late as july 16, leahy was urging the british chief of staff to have churchill get truman to modify the term \" unconditional surrender. \" leahy would later say, quite accurately, of the decision : \" truman told me it was agreed they would use it, after military men ' s statements that it would save many, many american lives, by shortening the war, only to hit military objectives. of course, then they went ahead and killed as many women and children as they could, which was just what they wanted all the time. \" adm. ernest king, the commander in chief of the u. s. fleet, was convinced that the successful blockade of japan was bringing japan to its knees. there was no need to invade japan proper, king argued, because japan was as good as defeated. this analysis would later be fully corroborated by the strategic bombing survey, which in 1946 examined the destruction caused in japan by a combination of the blockade and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45561013165531217, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.562952"} {"text": "no need to invade japan proper, king argued, because japan was as good as defeated. this analysis would later be fully corroborated by the strategic bombing survey, which in 1946 examined the destruction caused in japan by a combination of the blockade and the incessant conventional bombing. the survey concluded that japan would likely have surrendered in 1945 without atomic bombing, a soviet declaration of war, or an american invasion. that the utopians were also aware of these facts is attested by comments made to truman on june 6 by stimson. stimson wrote in his diary. \" i told him i was anxious about this feature of the war [ massive conventional bombing ] for two reasons : first, because i did not want to have the united states get the reputation of outdoing hitler in atrocities ; and second, i was a little fearful that before we could get ready, the air force might have japan so thoroughly bombed out that the new weapon would not have a fair background to show its strength. he laughed and said he understood. \" on aug. 6 at 8 : 16 in the morning the bomber enola gay dropped \" little boy, \" with a yield equivalent to 12, 500 tons of tnt, on the city of hiroshima, with a population of 290, 000 civilians and 43, 000 soldiers. when calculations were made at the end of august, the death toll was in the realm of 100, 000, but many more would die soon thereafter from the effects of the bombing. by the end of 1950, the toll had reached 200, 000, with death rates calculated at 54 %! on aug. 9, \" fat man \" was dropped on nagasaki, with 70, 000 dead calculated by the end of 1945 and a total of 140, 000 dead within the next five years. on hearing of the successful bombing of hiroshima, truman commented, \" this is the greatest thing in history! \" general macarthur was dumbfounded, as macarthur ' s pilot, weldon e. rhoades, noted in his diary on the day after the bombing : \" general macarthur definitely is appalled and depressed by this frankenstein monster. i had a long talk with him today, necessitated by the impending trip to okinawa. he wants time to think the thing out, so he has postponed the trip to some future date to be decided later. \" the reaction and the cover - up more significant, perhaps, than the arduous plodding through the files to get a clear step - by - step picture of the events leading up to the decision, are the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43991636764575365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.567430"} {"text": "to be decided later. \" the reaction and the cover - up more significant, perhaps, than the arduous plodding through the files to get a clear step - by - step picture of the events leading up to the decision, are the revelations by the alperovitz team of the growing u. s. domestic reaction to the bombing and the frantic efforts by the perpetrators to cover their tracksa story which has received very little publicity. reports of the terrible facts and consequences of the atomic bombingsmost especially, author john hersey ' s \" hiroshima, \" which filled the august 1946 issue of the new yorker magazine and sold hundreds of thousands of copieshad a strong impact on the american public. a steady stream of criticism of the bombing came from key religious leaders in the united states. the effect of what james conant derided as \" this type of sentimentalism \" moved conantnow president of harvardto ask his friend harvey bundy to get stimson to counterattack. conant agreed with bertrand russell that the demonstration of the atomic bomb in a war situation had been essential to force the world into a control regime. but the american citizen had to be \" convinced \" by a counter - story on japan. at the time stimson was working on his memoirs, being assisted by harvey bundy ' s son, mcgeorge bundy. the two now readily undertook the task of providing the \" cover - up \" for the atom bomb decision. mcgeorge bundy would write a draft for stimson ' s perusal and signature. after his discussions with conant, harvey bundy himself had drafted a number of \" pointers \" that he felt should be included in such an article : namely, that the bomb decision was primarily ordered with the thought that it would save american lives ; that no major person in authority thought that japan would surrender on terms acceptable to the allies ; that the interim committee had rejected targets \" where the destruction of life and property would be the very greatest \" ; that the committee had discussed \" intensively \" whether the bomb should be used at all ; and that the committee had also considered the possibility of a demonstration prior to its use in war. in particular he wanted to downplay any inference that the bomb played any role in u. s. relations with the soviet union. with \" old bundy ' s \" notes in hand, \" young bundy \" who later, as national security adviser to kennedy and johnson, would help to maneuver these presidents into the jungles of vietnamwent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48330017170919315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.569477"} {"text": ". relations with the soviet union. with \" old bundy ' s \" notes in hand, \" young bundy \" who later, as national security adviser to kennedy and johnson, would help to maneuver these presidents into the jungles of vietnamwent to work on the draft. various people, including groves, supreme court justice felix frankfurter, secretary of war robert patterson, and bernard baruch, who would shortly present truman ' s first draconian nuclear control plan to the united nations, had their say in the draft. groves underlined the basic lie of the piece : that the dropping of the bomb shortened the war by months and saved many human lives which the planned invasion of japan would have exacted. conant himself wanted to make the point that, given the tremendous destruction of the conventional bombing of japan, the atom bomb was just like any other bomb, only a bit more destructive. tellingly, conant urged bundy to drop all reference to the issue of the emperor in the paper. in the final draft, bundy so exaggerated the figures that it stated twice that the dropping of the bomb had saved over a million lives. and yet, the best estimates given to general marshall of the possible casualty rates of american forces in a full - scale invasion, were always in the range of 40, 000 to 46, 000. the big lie just kept getting bigger. the essay was published in the february 1947 issue of harper ' s magazine. breaking all precedent as regards copyright, harper ' s gave permission for anyone who wanted to reproduce the article to do so. it was therefore quickly reprinted in the washington post, the st. louis post dispatch, the omaha world herald, reader ' s digest, the bulletin of atomic scientists, and many other papers. mcgeorge bundy quipped to stimson, \" the harper ' s article has been read by everyone i meet, and it seems to have covered the subject so well that i find no follow - up work needed.... i think we deserve some sort of medal for reducing these particular chatterers to silence. \" not everyone felt that the effect was sufficient, however. conant had karl compton, the president of mit, launch a parallel defense of the bombing in the atlantic monthly, upping the ante in terms of the outrageous claims of the number of lives saved. \" i believe, with complete conviction, that the use of the atomic bomb saved hundreds of thousandsperhaps several millionsof lives, both american and japanese, \" compton wrote. this was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49463351686147317, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.570814"} {"text": "terms of the outrageous claims of the number of lives saved. \" i believe, with complete conviction, that the use of the atomic bomb saved hundreds of thousandsperhaps several millionsof lives, both american and japanese, \" compton wrote. this was, for them, not merely an attempt to justify their actions. \" if the propaganda against the use of the atomic bomb had been allowed to grow unchecked, \" conant wrote stimson, \" the strength of our military position by virtue of having the bomb would have been correspondingly weakened, and with the weakening would have come a decrease in the probabilities of an international agreement for the control of atomic energy. \" indeed this, and not the defeat of japan, had been the real wellsian purpose of the bomb project to begin with. the cold war begins the effect on russia of the hiroshima and nagasaki bombings was immediate. visiting moscow together with marshal zhukov a few days after the bombing of hiroshima, eisenhower, according to edgar snow, answered \" a private question privately, \" with the following remarks : \" i would have said, i was sure we could keep the peace with russia. now, i don ' t know. i had hoped the bomb wouldn ' t figure in this war. until now i would have said that we three, britain with her mighty fleet, america with the strongest air force, and russia with the strongest land force on the continent, we three could have guaranteed the peace of the world for a long, long time to come. but now, i don ' t know. people are frightened and disturbed all over. everyone feels insecure again. \" three policies emerged for dealing with the advent of the nuclear age. bertrand russell and his utopian co - thinkers demanded the united states get ready for preventive nuclear war against the soviet union, to enforce a u. s. - british nuclear monopoly. the policy of truman, and of wall street, was the \" baruch plan \" for world government enforcement of complete nuclear technological apartheid. among truman ' s circles there was still the illusion that the united states would remain sole proprietor of nuclear weapons for a long time to come. on oct. 8, 1946, truman was asked if the united states would keep control of all nuclear technological information. \" well, i don ' t think it would do any good to let them in on the know - how, \" truman said, \" because i don ' t think they could do it, anyway. \" truman ' s initial response to this was to attempt to use", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5334190207741656, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.572610"} {"text": "don ' t think it would do any good to let them in on the know - how, \" truman said, \" because i don ' t think they could do it, anyway. \" truman ' s initial response to this was to attempt to use the forum of the united nations to impose top - down control on the nations of the world with regard to the research and development and the production of nuclear technology, and the top - down control of the nuclear materials themselvesone of the key elements in the groves post - war plans for nuclear weapons, as norris documents. truman appointed the aging financier bernard baruch, formerly head of the war production board during world war i, as the head of the u. s. delegation to the un atomic energy commission, assuring a hard line on the control issue. baruch ' s plan demanded \" swift and sure punishment \" of any nation which attempted independently to develop nuclear technology, and insisted that the veto power of the un security council be suspended entirely in matters of atomic control. bertrand russell was also delighted with the baruch plan, as the realization of his \" world government \" idea. and the soviet union ' s swift and complete rejection of the baruch plan in 1946, provided grist for russell ' s \" preventive war \" mill ; in 1949 george eliot published a book entitled if russia strikes, in which he called on the united states to present moscow with an ultimatum : cease research and production efforts on the atomic bomb and accept the baruch plan, or face an american attack that would \" raze the u. s. s. r. with an air atomic offensive. \" the \" preventive war \" scenario also won its adherents among some u. s. military layers, particularly those air forces officers who had bought into the supremacy of \" air power \" as the real war - winning capability. the head of the newly founded united states air force, gen. henry h. ( hap ) arnold, in a report to secretary of war stimson, asserted that the \" one defense against the atomic bomb \" was \" to hit it before it starts. \" in a speech at the boston navy yard on aug. 25, 1950, navy secretary francis matthews gave a speech which supported the utopians ' thesis. matthews said that the united states should consider \" instituting a war to compel cooperation for peace. \" many other leading figures in the truman administration supported matthews ' callincluding stuart symington, director of the national security resources board and former secretary of the air force", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5086340287666207, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.574642"} {"text": "states should consider \" instituting a war to compel cooperation for peace. \" many other leading figures in the truman administration supported matthews ' callincluding stuart symington, director of the national security resources board and former secretary of the air force, and gen. albert wedemeyer, commander of the sixth army. by the time of the matthews ' speech, however, the soviets had eliminated the u. s. atomic monopoly on nuclear weapons, exploding a nuclear device on the steppes of kazakstan in august 1949. the proposals for \" preventive war \" would continue on and off for several years, but neither truman, nor much less eisenhowerwho effectively judoed the utopian gameplanwere ever prepared to go that far. the world now entered the era of mutual and assured destruction. eisenhower ' s atoms for peace from here on in, preventive war with the soviets would be viewed as more and more suicidal. the resulting ' ' balance of terror \" would now be used by the same utopians as the argument for bringing the world into the era of world government, including russell ' s attempt during the cuban missile crisis to bring the americans and the soviets into an \" arms control regime. \" the third post - war nuclear policy, however, and the initiative that promised to break through this controlled environment, was the \" atoms for peace \" program launched in 1953 by president eisenhower. envisioning international cooperation between states as the means of fostering their development by the peaceful uses of nuclear power, rather than the establishment of the institutional straitjacket of a world police regime, ike succeeded in engaging the soviet union in cooperation for development. in the course of that program, between 1956 and 1959, the united states concluded nuclear cooperation agreements with 40 different countries, with the soviet union providing nuclear power for the satellite countries of eastern europe. from 1956 to 1962, the atoms for peace program provided research reactors, nuclear training, and fissionable material to 26 states. later, in a similar peace - through - development initiative, president ronald reagan adopted lyndon larouche ' s technology - sharing concept for his strategic defense initiative ( sdi ) proposal. the utopians in the reagan administrationwho included such well - known figures in today ' s \" get saddam \" operation as richard perle, doug feith, and paul wolfowitzsucceeded in sabotaging that program, creating the basis for their \" comeback \" under george herbert walker bush. they are now intent on realizing the nightmare of the wellsian - russell", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5533069136548561, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.576735"} {"text": "drayton hall, charleston vicinity, south carolina. begun in 1738 for john drayton, a prominent official and businessman in colonial south carolina, drayton hall is one of the finest and best - preserved georgian palladian houses in the nation. known for its symmetrical design, two - story portico ( porch ), and exquisite interior decorative wood and plasterwork, the house was the only plantation house on the west bank of the ashley river not to be burned during the civil war. still without running water, central heat, or electricity, drayton hall is now a national trust historic site. old blacksmith shop, fort bennett, pierre vicinity, south dakota. the old wagon wheel rims and wire resting against the wall of this run - down blacksmith shop were but a few of the items made or repaired for the united states army garrison at fort bennett. the u. s. government established the fort on the outskirts of the great sioux nation [ indian ] reservation in 1870 in order to provide protection to the personnel overseeing and implementing governmental policies following the red cloud war. built in 1880, the sod - covered shop is fort bennett \u2019 s only surviving structure. first presbyterian church ( downtown presbyterian church ), nashville, tennessee. the interior columns, moldings, and illusionistic fresco ornament shown here along the south wall of nashville \u2019 s first presbyterian church are in the egyptian revival style, an exotic style of architecture that became popular in the first half of the nineteenth century following napoleon \u2019 s conquests. the egyptian revival style is noted for its lotus - leaf - inspired capitals, bulging columns, and egyptian gorges, the dramatically curved cornice topping many egyptian buildings. begun in 1849 by william strickland, the architect of the tennessee state capitol, this is the largest and best - preserved egyptian revival church in the united states. minion nuestra senora de la purisima concepcion de acuna, san antonio, texas. the church depicted in these axonometric views is one of the oldest surviving mission churches in the american southwest. built in the mid - eighteenth century by franciscan monks from spain, the church once served as the centerpiece of a large missionary compound. in its heyday, the mission included a convent, farmland, workshops, a granary, and a pueblo, or quarters, for christianized american indians. in common with many catholic churches built at the same time in spain and europe, this church features a vaulted stone roof, twin towers, and a dome over the crossing.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.39062755362139123, "token_count": 502, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.584936"} {"text": "whose point of view? the journey of three generations ( literature link for the book whale journey ) in her 50 years, old gray has traveled a distance equal to traveling to the moon and home again. what ' s in store for her baby, about to make his first migration? whale journey by vivian french ( 1998, zero to ten limited ) is a fact - filled picture book and gripping tale about the life cycle of the gray whale. you ' ll want to \" journey \" through the book more than once as you join three generations of whales on their migration. for three scars, it may be the last of her journeys, bittersweet with memories and quite exhausting. for old gray, it ' s a middle journey, one of many more to come. she ' s been there and done that many times in her life. and for baby gray, this is a first. it ' s a time of wild excitement, challenging thrills, and unknown dangers. it ' s the same journey, yet different for each one making it. the journey of three generations provides rich opportunities for personal connections, science learning, and author ' s craft. begin with the point - of - view writing activity and expand with the extensions that follow. whatever the age of your students, you ' ll find something for everyone! try this! writing activity after reading the story, ask students to choose one of the whales in the story : three scars, old gray, or baby gray. tell them they will write a journal entry from that point of view. students may use events from the book or events they imagine will happen along the migratory journey. ( older students may wish to write a short story, essay, or memoir from their chosen character ' s point of view. ) then follow these steps in the writing process : - prewriting : for students who would benefit, encourage brainstorming with other writers who chose the same character. what is it like to be that whale? what are their fears, concerns, joys, satisfactions? what have they experienced to make them feel that way? what lies ahead for each? how do they view this migration? what memories do they have? other students may prefer freewriting or clustering to get their ideas and \" experiences \" flowing. - drafting : encourage students to freely write first drafts, leaving blanks to which they can return instead of spending time fleshing out details. have them review their drafts, then read them aloud to partners. a partner ' s questions and comments can help writers decide what to change", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5546336943699509, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.592998"} {"text": "to freely write first drafts, leaving blanks to which they can return instead of spending time fleshing out details. have them review their drafts, then read them aloud to partners. a partner ' s questions and comments can help writers decide what to change. - revising : remind students that revising is the most important step, where 85 percent of a writer ' s time should be spent. this is the chance to make their writing better, more exact, more descriptive - - or even shorter! - editing : have students check for errors, make corrections, and prepare final copies. students may wish to illustrate their stories using a favorite art - publishing and sharing : provide time for authors to share their works! - look at the author ' s craft. take another journey through the book to collect descriptive phrases that create mental pictures. then take a journey to collect strong, active verbs. next, have students imagine they ' ve been hired to create a travel brochure that makes a whale want to come along and join the 5, 000 - mile journey. display brochures or share with other classes. - have students create a timeline or draw a map that shows the annual migratory cycle of a gray whale. students to come up with a list of whale biology or migration questions for which they can research answers. journey north ' s archives or answers from experts ( see site map ) are great places to start. - encourage students to make personal connections. ask them to identify \" big journeys \" they are making in their lives. ask them to think about their life journey until now, and to identify big landmarks. how would they answer the same questions from a parent ' s or a grandparent ' s point of view? what advice would they give about life ' s journeys or milestones to children they may have in the future? what \" words to live by \" can they contribute?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4366986087460747, "token_count": 378, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.595324"} {"text": "i \u2019 ve been puzzling over a phenomenon lately that i \u2019 d like to talk a bit about. i want to put this out into the ether and get feedback from all of you. because i can \u2019 t make sense of this \u2014 and perhaps your superior brains can. with the rise in digital content, we \u2019 ve seen more and more examples of technology being created to enforce the law and / or a company \u2019 s terms of service for their product. and just because technology can do this, does it mean that we as a society should allow it? in the past, here \u2019 s how the law was enforced : - the law exists - as a member of a society, you are expected to know about the law - if you violate the law, in theory someone punishes you and here \u2019 s how the law is enforced now in some cases : - the law exists - technology is created to make it difficult or impossible for you to break the law - if you somehow manage to break through the technology and break the law, you are punished for breaching the system as well as breaking the law itself here \u2019 s a real - world example of technology - enforced laws to start the discussion. the saudi arabian government developed an rfid chip with a cyanide implant. these chips were implanted in known criminals ( supposedly terrorists ) and if their handlers or probation officers or whoever was watching them suspected that they were violating the law again, boom \u2013 cyanide in the blood \u2026 instant death. no trial, no due process, just a remotely activated death penalty. in the world of digital content we see this same practice but in a non - lethal incarnation. the utilization of internet filters in schools and libraries ( and on school - issued computers in kids \u2019 homes ) is intended as a way to mandatorily enforce laws against child pornography and the display of harmful and obscene materials in public. advocates for this technology sell it as a way to enforce these laws without human intervention. unfortunately, the technology doesn \u2019 t actually work very well, and about 30 % of sites that should be blocked aren \u2019 t and 30 % of sites that should be allowed get blocked erroneously. the intention is good, but the side effects are not worth the trade off \u2014 both access to legitimate information and the false sense of security the technology creates. some schools and libraries realize the inherent flaws in the technology and choose, instead, to do what we as a society have been doing for generations \u2014 trusting people to follow the law, and when they don \u2019 t we have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.54402317141046, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.604537"} {"text": "of security the technology creates. some schools and libraries realize the inherent flaws in the technology and choose, instead, to do what we as a society have been doing for generations \u2014 trusting people to follow the law, and when they don \u2019 t we have policies in place for reprimands or punishments ( e. g. calling the cops on their asses ). another key example is the technology used in digital rights management, called \u201c digital restrictions management \u201d by its detractors, including yours truly. once again, the technology was created to enforce the applicable copyright law as well as the company - created terms of service for their products and content. and once again, the technology doesn \u2019 t actually work. why? digital rights management technology doesn \u2019 t work because it doesn \u2019 t do what the companies tell you it does : stop piracy. if copyrighted content was easy to get legally at a fair price in an easy to access format ( read : one not locked down with layers of drm software ), then more people would be willing to pay for it. why? convenience and safety. it \u2019 s why the music industry is selling drm - free mp3s and still making money. i \u2019 d rather give $ 7. 99 to a band and get a full, drm - free, legal copy of their album than try to find a complete, high quality, virus - free version on a torrent site. ultimately, these failed attempts to decrease piracy and ( in theory ) increase sales not only fail, but they drive even more users away. i strongly believe it is the current state of drm that drives people into the arms of the pirates \u2014 not greed, a lack of ethics, or pure evil. unless you count drm as pure evil, which i do. so \u2026 if the idea of the cyanide - laden rfid chip disturbs you, then ( following my logic, anyway ) the idea of internet filters and digital rights management should equally perturb you. and if you \u2019 re a librarian, then dammit \u2014 both internet filters and digital rights management should perturb you as a professional and you should do everything in your power to fight them both \u2014 in your own library and in the profession as a whole. fight, librarians! fight!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.565882646246935, "token_count": 461, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.607499"} {"text": "in this section... pathologies detected by cardiac catheterization cardiac catheterization, as discussed earlier, involves the insertion of a catheter into the heart for the diagnosis of various diseases. cardiac catheterization is typically used for diagnosing the following pathologies. aortic dissection - cardiac catheterization is a method used in treating aortic dissection. the catheter called a stent is inserted and threaded to the location of the tear. the stent then provides as a channel for blood flow with minimal leakage. aortic aneurysm \u2013 as with aortic dissection, cardiac catheterization is a method of treatment. a stent is inserted and threaded to the location of the affected blood vessel. the stent provides a channel for blood flow without further damaging the widened blood vessel. congenital heart disease \u2013 cardiac catheterization is performed to measure oxygen levels and pressures within the heart chambers. cardiac catheterization may also be used as a way to treat conditions by closing holes to prevent mixing of the blood between chambers. aortic regurgitation - cardiac catheterization can be used as a diagnostic tool since it is a method of measuring blood pressure in the various chambers. atrial septal defects ( asd ) \u2013 cardiac catheterization has been used to evaluate this defect. this invasive procedure allows the analysis of the oxygen saturation in both right and left sides of the heart. cardiomyopathy \u2013 cardiac catheterization has been used to measure blood pressures in the various cardiac chambers to diagnose this condition. coronary heart disease \u2013 cardiac catheterization is used to inject dye to make the coronary arteries visible on x - rays, thereby showing where blockages are.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5193285416284024, "token_count": 371, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.612802"} {"text": "sunday, july 22, 2012 long time readers of this blog will know that it ' s a myth that people with asperger ' s syndrome can ' t empathize and that if a situation is explained to them, they can certainly feel emotion and put themselves \" into the shoes of another \". the question is, can a person with asperger ' s learn to empathize automatically and without the need for explanation. empathy is a tricky thing to define but one thing is for sure ; it isn ' t about feeling sorry for someone. it ' s about either feeling as they do, understanding how they feel or having a reciprocal feeling. some of the biggest challenges for people with asperger ' s syndrome lie around the interpretation of gestures, tone and expression in both directions, sending and receiving. gestures, tone and expression are the primary means of communicating the human emotional state with talking and writing being used far less. in fact, quite often spoken expression confusingly communicates the exact opposite of what the emotional state is ; for example when a person says \" oh, that is just great! \" given these communication difficulties, the question then becomes less about empathy and more about expression. i guess you could ask, can a neurotypical person learn to express their true feelings in the moment? can an aspie learn to interpret those feelings and express empathy in a way that can be understood by a neurotypical - again, in the moment. it ' s clear why people with asperger ' s syndrome often need a detailed explanation before they can get into the shoes of another. it ' s just not normal for us and since we ' re using our own emotional state as a guide, our reactions to news and events are less empathetic of others and more interpetive of our own internal state. neurotypicals may be surprised to hear that your own empathy towards us is usually not in a form that we want either. we ' ve all heard those \" horror stories \" about people with aspgerger ' s syndrome who either act indifferent or laugh at funerals. sadly these incidents lead people to presume that they are cold and \" without emotion \". the problem here is that their emotional state is not the same as the majority, not that they don ' t have emotions at all. an aspie with strong beliefs may feel that a person has moved on to a much better life. they may feel that grandma has finally been reunited with grandpa and that they will be happy as a result. in this case", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4857418889113172, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.641131"} {"text": "t have emotions at all. an aspie with strong beliefs may feel that a person has moved on to a much better life. they may feel that grandma has finally been reunited with grandpa and that they will be happy as a result. in this case, they ' re empathising with the recently dead, not the recently bereaved. this doesn ' t make their reaction any less empathetic and it certainly doesn ' t make them a \" cold person \". it ' s the interpretation of others who misread the target of the emotion that is at fault. as people with asperger ' s syndrome pass through life they, like everyone else, acumulate a lot of \" social wisdom \". eventually they learn that their laughter, though well founded, has no place at a funeral and that the correct \" group feelings \" are of loss and sadness. the first time that these expressions kick in, they may be a little forced or fake. later as the aspie begins to get into a proper understanding of loss, usually because they suffer loss themselves and have an emotional state to relate to, those expressions become real and stronger. it ' s not usual to see an older person with asperger ' s syndrome overwhelmed by sadness at a funeral, even one for a distant relative. once those feelings of sadness are tapped into, it ' s difficult to let go and almost impossible to control the intensity of feeling. it ' s been said that people with asperger ' s syndrome often feel emotion more strongly than others. i ' d be inclined to agree with that. i used the funeral example above to show a progression from delayed and even wrong emotion to instantaneous \" empathy \". clearly it is possible for a person with asperger ' s syndrome to learn how another is feeling but they need a few key things to happen ; the situation must be clearly stated in the case of a funeral, it ' s easy to tell that one is occurring, hence a person with asperger ' s syndrome can easily tap into the feelings ( and rules ) for prior funerals. if the feelings of a neurotypical match those of a previous occurance, you need to let your aspie know. sad puppy - dog eyes aren ' t necessarily going to communicate what is needed. you need to \" use your words \". the target must be obvious in the funeral example, the target wasn ' t the deceased person, it was the grieving family. our aspie projected empathy towards the wrong target. usually in domestic situations", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5045270816221545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.642540"} {"text": ". you need to \" use your words \". the target must be obvious in the funeral example, the target wasn ' t the deceased person, it was the grieving family. our aspie projected empathy towards the wrong target. usually in domestic situations, the target is more obvious but just in case, make sure that your aspie knows that the target is you. perhaps even say \" can you understand what i ' m feeling? \" or \" can you see it from my point of view? \" these things will help your aspie to find the target. the emotion must be familiar one of most commmon and obviously \" doomed to failure \" empathetic problems occurs when a woman experiences strong period pain and expects her male partner to be empathetic. we understand stomach aches and headaches, which are similar but still far from the same but that ' s about as much understanding as a male can bring to the table. you need to use expressive language such as ; \" it ' s like being repeatedly punched in the gut \" to get the idea accross. empathy works best when you can relate to an emotion or feeling so if you can relate your feelings back to something your aspie will understand, then do so. it ' s your best chance. the requirement for empathy must be stated aspies, and male aspies in particular, are problem solvers. throw a problem at them and their brains will go into overdrive to solve it. the problem is that quite often their partners don ' t want solutions, they simply want empathy. unfortunately, too often the need for empathy is presented in the form of a problem to be solved. if you don ' t want solutions, just empathy, then please say it clearly. the moment must be right picture this, you ' re in the middle of a fight with your partner and then suddenly he turns around and asks you if you could get him a bowl of ice cream. it ' s not going to happen. you ' re going to say \" get it yourself! \" the same applies to empathy. if you ask for empathy in the middle of a fight, you ' re simply not going to get it. choose your moments carefully. so, is it possible for your aspie partner to empathise in the moment without you having to spend time explaining things to them? no. the main reason for this is that it ' s not yet possible for us to read each other ' s minds. is is possible for you, to communicate your needs in a short series of words", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4664609619330826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.644695"} {"text": "having to spend time explaining things to them? no. the main reason for this is that it ' s not yet possible for us to read each other ' s minds. is is possible for you, to communicate your needs in a short series of words and get the empathy you require without a long discussion of why? yes, definitely yes but it will take a bit of practice. start with longer and more expressive conversations and then over your years as a couple, you ' ll find yourselves increasingly able to anticipate each other ' s needs. of course, if you ' ve already been married 10 + years and it ' s not happening, then there ' s a good chance that there is something wrong with the expression techniques that you and your partner are using. if that ' s the case, see a counselor - or better still go on a marriage encounters course. you ' ll find that a change of technique makes all the difference. saturday, july 21, 2012 today i ' m blogging over at special - ism and the subject is disciplining children with special needs, click over to have a read. discipline and kids with special needs discipline and kids with special needs posted by gavin bollard at 10 : 42 am wednesday, july 11, 2012 this post is a response to ; want to commit suicide because of my son \u2019 s autism tammy, who blogs at autism learning felt ( http : / / www. autismlearningfelt. com / ) was looking through the search words used to get to her blog when she saw \u201c want to commit suicide because of my son \u2019 s autism \u201d. her post is a heartfelt response to the unknown person who searched for the phrase. please read tammy ' s post. a short while ago, there was a wave of support for a similar search using the term \" i wish i didn ' t have aspergers \" and it was great to see the community come together to provide support and encouragement for the person in this position but i ' m keen to see whether or not we ' re willing to open our arms to the carers. i hope so. the issues between advocates with autism and carers unfortunately, there is one big problem which stands between the advocates with autism and carers of people with autism - and it ' s a misunderstanding. advocates with autism see themselves as fighting to be accepted, not changed and certainly not cured. they see society as a major problem but they often see their carers as problems too. their view is person - centric and it ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.453098497563598, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.646785"} {"text": "a misunderstanding. advocates with autism see themselves as fighting to be accepted, not changed and certainly not cured. they see society as a major problem but they often see their carers as problems too. their view is person - centric and it ' s all about themselves and others like themselves. they ' re usually less concerned about what they can ' t do and more focused on what they can. it ' s a great positive attitude which makes it much easier to accept oneself and be the best that you can be. carers have exactly the opposite view. often they are carers of people with autism who are unable to self - advocate. as such they aren ' t as attuned to the internal thinking of those under their care and can only report what they see from their point of view. since they are focussed on their job as carers, they think in terms of the things they are required to do for the people under their care. obviously if a carer needs to do something, then it registers as a deficit. carers still blame society for many of the issues but they also find issues with the \" disabilities \" of the people under their care. carers and advocates are mostly thinking the same things. they have similar needs and they are fighting for many of the same rights and support. unfortunately their different frames of reference often put them at odds with each other. when carers burn out carers are often buried under the weight of their responsibilities. since they are usually parents or close relatives, they feel that they have a responsibility to the people under their care and they are unable to escape from their situations. caring is hard work and long hours. it often requires the carers to put their working and social lives on hold while they address the needs of their children well past the years they expected to. it ' s little wonder that carers often feel burnt out. it doesn ' t help either that the people who need carers often have communications difficulties and are unable to make it clear just how much they appreciate the help. we all know about carers who reach breaking point and end up harming those in their care. these are well documented cases - and the autism community has rightly risen up in anger. it ' s understandable. there ' s no excuse to ever hurt a person who needs assistance. if you can ' t cope, then at least hand them over to \" the system \". if nothing else, it ' s a much better option than harming them. unfortunately, the autism community and our society", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47434530718680856, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.649046"} {"text": "hurt a person who needs assistance. if you can ' t cope, then at least hand them over to \" the system \". if nothing else, it ' s a much better option than harming them. unfortunately, the autism community and our society are both neglecting carers on the edge. these carers aren ' t harming their children but they aren ' t coping either. they shouldn ' t be condemned but consoled. they need support to lighten their load, they need options to provide them with breaks and most of all, they need reassurance that their efforts aren ' t in vain. this is one of the major issues i have with fundraising for autism research. those funds aren ' t required to increase the scans for autism, or to print placards and leaflets about immunization - or even to support scientists in their search for the elusive autism genetic code. no, that funding should be used to provide services and assistance to people who are already on the autism spectrum and their carers. they should be used to improve the quality of life of families - not to try to detect and remove autism before it is born. the message to carers i know that i ' ve strayed a little from the main point of this article but somehow it all felt important. my message to carers in general and to the carer on the edge who wrote ; \u201c i want to commit suicide because of my son \u2019 s autism \u201d in particular is ; thank you carers! your care and your dedication is very much appreciated by those whose lives you enrich every day with your presence. we know that it ' s not an easy task and we know that sometimes we seem less appreciative than we should be. we know that your life has not gone in the direction you probably imagined. we didn ' t choose the difficulties we face either but this is who we are and we are willing to work with what we have. there are a lot of positives in our life, if only you could see them from our point of view. i would love it if you could spend less time looking for miracle cures and more time simply trying to understand what it feels like to be me. the autism blogging and facebook communities are there for you. please talk to these people because they hold the keys to that understanding. we want you to continue doing your best but we need you to look after yourself too. take regular breaks, arrange respite care and seek counselling for yourself. an exhausted carer can '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4552008787206066, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.650935"} {"text": "people because they hold the keys to that understanding. we want you to continue doing your best but we need you to look after yourself too. take regular breaks, arrange respite care and seek counselling for yourself. an exhausted carer can ' t help anyone. don ' t consider permanent solutions like murder and suicide. if you find yourself thinking along these lines get help - it will get better but only if you ask for help. there ' s no shame in asking and your life and my life are both too valuable to risk if you ' re feeling overwhelmed. finally, don ' t sweat the small stuff. it doesn ' t matter that our reading level is behind that of other kids our age or that we don ' t eat with our mouths closed. don ' t paint our future with the word never. don ' t give up, just wait and see what happens. don ' t withhold activities and opportunities simply because you think we won ' t cope - give us a go and if it fails, try again next year - we may surprise you. looking from the outside in might make you feel sad but if only you could see from our point of view, you ' d understand how happy we can be too. don ' t interpret a grimace as an expression of pain or a jumping episode as simply exercise - these are often expressions of extreme happiness and if it is you that gets this response from us, then please understand that we ' ve just given you a \" million dollar smile \". tuesday, july 3, 2012 we are a society obsessed with betterment through numbers and it seems that we are constantly trying to find ways to have simple numbers prove our worth in society. films, for example, are rated by the number of stars a reviewer gives them - or by their gross takings at the box office but neither of these is a personal rating applicable to you, the viewer. we ' ve all had times where we ' ve disagreed with critics and we all know that box office success doesn ' t always mean that a film is great. the same applies to other parts of our lives. people who engage us in conversation want to know what type of car we drive, where we live and what we do for a living. they seem like harmless enough questions but quite often these people are fishing for the clues which will help them either outrank you in some way - or become insanely jealous. of course, our lives are far too complex to be defined by such simple comparisons but that doesn ' t stop people from trying - particularly if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47808608265026803, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.652061"} {"text": "fishing for the clues which will help them either outrank you in some way - or become insanely jealous. of course, our lives are far too complex to be defined by such simple comparisons but that doesn ' t stop people from trying - particularly if they have the numbers on their side. believe it or not, school grades and awards are just another ranking. unfortunately, they ' re a ranking which can destroy young lives if they ' re taken too seriously. \" you ' ll never get a good job if you can ' t get good grades \", a parent will often say, \" you ' ll end up being unemployed or collecting garbage for the rest of your life \". such statements aren ' t helpful - and they ' re not true either. we live in a world where the \" white collar \" middle - management class is top - heavy and surplus - and there aren ' t enough tradies to go around. people can live without a project manager but leave them with a blocked toilet for a few days and they ' ll pay almost anything to have it fixed. even those of us with good grades are at the mercy of our social skills. it ' s the main reason why so many people with asperger ' s syndrome work in jobs far below their capabilities and certification - or not at all. it ' s not what you know, it ' s who you know, how you relate to others and how well you fit into normal social conventions. the three \" r \" s no doubt you ' ve heard of the three \" r \" s ; reading, writing and arithmetic. these are core skills which will be needed by our kids throughout their lives regardless of the career they pursue. they will need to be able to read signs, fill in forms and calculate costs as part of their daily lives. the three rs form the basis of all other parts of learning and need to be developed in the school years because our capacity to learn drops off sharply in our twenties. these skills take precedence over everything else including, science, religion, shakespeare and art. so if your special needs child is failing shakespeare, ask yourself ; are they improving in reading, writing and basic arithmetic? these are the things which really matter. you ' re probably interpreting the three rs as having kids who can read books, write essays and perform pages of mathematics. these a great ideas but let us be a little looser in our interpretation. - reading is to communicate via unspoken language. you ' ll find that there are signs to be read all around us but only some", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49469786118991727, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.653099"} {"text": "write essays and perform pages of mathematics. these a great ideas but let us be a little looser in our interpretation. - reading is to communicate via unspoken language. you ' ll find that there are signs to be read all around us but only some of them have words. have your child interpret iconic signs as well as words. in fact, iconic signs are often an easier place to start. start with the basics such as ladies and gents toilets and then move up to less obvious ones like stop and give way. make sure that you child understands the meanings of these signs since reading without understanding meaning is pointless. when iconic signs are mastered, work on worded signs, street names for example. show your child how to reference street names in a directory or gps as you drive. reading is not just about books. - writing is a means of communication via written language. just as the first writings were pictographs, so too can your child ' s first written communication. have them draw things that they want such as food and drink. leave bottles and cans with labels about for them to copy - you ' ll find that they copy the words too. don ' t stress over legibility - i know plenty of doctors who can ' t write legibly today. don ' t stress over backward or transposed letters either. it is a pain and it is disconcerting when it continues for years but it ' s not necessarily a sign of dyslexia. be patient with your child ' s stresses and remember that low muscle tone which is common in children with aspergers syndrome, can make writing very uncomfortable. ultimately, if your child has too much difficulty forming letters, then give them alternatives such as touchpads or computers to type on. remember that writing isn ' t about letter formation, it ' s about getting ideas down onto paper in a form that others can understand. - the idea behind arithmetic is that your child should be able to conceptualise quantity and adjustments to it quantity. you ' ll find very little everyday life mathematics that involves multiplication and division most of the time it ' s simply addition and subtraction. fractions rarely make an appearance and many people can go through their entire post - school lives without raising numbers to powers or using algebra or calculus. for most of us, mathematics is all about determining how much change to expect when buying things so that you can tell if you can afford something and if you ' re being \" ripped off \". with that in mind, take your child on trips to the shops.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5098246851854402, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.654165"} {"text": "us, mathematics is all about determining how much change to expect when buying things so that you can tell if you can afford something and if you ' re being \" ripped off \". with that in mind, take your child on trips to the shops. give them small amounts of money and ask them to buy what they can. lolly shops with patient storekeepers are great for this exercise and it ' s this kind of maths that is far more important than pages of exercise problems. beyond the \" three rs \" after the three r ' s come social skills and the ability to form concepts. usually neither of these even warrant a grade at school but they ' re critical skills. social skills are far more critical than than grades, degrees and diplomas when it comes to getting a job - and they ' re even more important when it comes to keeping it. if your child isn ' t learning appropriate social skills at school, then get them involved in extracurricular activities. these can include sports, scouting, chess clubs, movie clubs - anything provided that there ' s a social aspect to it. the ability to generalise from concepts is critical too but for some reason, this isn ' t even a skill that is taught or acknowledged. it ' s simply expected to materialise from nowhere. unfortunately, it ' s not something that happens easily when a child has asperger ' s syndrome. in those cases, it needs to be taught explicitly. put away the report cards we ' d all like our children to get great marks and we ' d all like them to get student of the week or citizen of the term but the fact is that sometimes our child ' s differences work against them. lets not fall into the trap of comparing our child ' s metrics with those of other children. it gets in the way of real learning.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5153045596100698, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.654822"} {"text": "while pipeline construction requires a substantial capital expenditure, it is fast becoming the preferred mode of transportation of oil and gas resources when there is a long - term commitment between trade partners. as a result, the global oil and gas trunk pipeline length is set to increase by over 100, 000km by 2015. the majority of oil and gas transportation occurs through tankers and pipelines. oil and gas companies tend to prefer pipeline trade over trade through tankers, as pipeline trade requires fewer operational procedures and low operating expenditure. high consuming nations will go to new lengths to meet oil and gas demand globaldata estimates that the global oil and gas trunk pipeline length will increase by 104, 884. 2km during 2011 \u2013 2015, the top five countries in terms of planned pipeline length addition will account for around half of all planned additions globally ; namely russia, india, the us, china and canada. russia plans to develop pipeline infrastructure to target asian markets such as korea and china for oil and gas exports, while china plans to add pipelines to secure its oil and gas supplies from source countries such as myanmar and russia. however, india, the us and canada mainly plan to develop their pipeline infrastructure for transportation reasons. while india is focused on the internal transportation of gas and petroleum products, the us and canada seek to transport gas and petroleum products from resource - rich to resource - deficient regions across their large geographical areas. the successful development of unconventional energy sources in north america has led to new pipeline construction projects in the region. due to the successful development of oil sands in canada and shale gas fields in the us, the countries are better equipped to meet the growing regional demand across north america. this will, of course, depend on the construction of new pipelines or upgrades to the capacity increment of existing pipelines. top countries step on the gas in terms of global pipeline addition plans global natural gas production is expected to increase at an average annual growth rate ( aagr ) of 2. 7 % during 2011 \u2013 2015. during the same period, global oil production is expected to increase at an aagr of 1. 0 %. the increase in oil and gas production will naturally lead to the expansion of the existing pipeline network in order to transport the oil and gas production to various demand centers. due to a higher rate of gas production, gas pipelines will be responsible for 75 % of the total global planned pipeline length addition during 2011 \u2013 2015. the majority of global pipeline length additions will be associated with state - owned companies. of the top 10 companies in terms", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42684612314184256, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.658761"} {"text": "faces, vertices, and edges of cylinders, cones, and spheres date : 12 / 28 / 2003 at 17 : 21 : 33 from : cara subject : characteristics of polyhedra i need to know how many faces, vertices, and edges do cylinders, cones, and spheres have? logically i would say that a sphere has 1 face, 0 vertices and 0 edges. problem : a face is flat, sphere is not flat. secondly this does not satisfy euler ' s formula v - e + f = 2. i would say a cone has 2 faces, 1 edge, and 1 vertex. problem : while this does satisfy euler, it does not satisfy the definitions. date : 12 / 28 / 2003 at 20 : 41 : 45 from : doctor peterson subject : re : characteristics of polyhedra hi, cara. to start, take a look at this page : cone, cylinder edges? http : / / mathforum. org / library / drmath / sets / select / dm _ cone _ edge. html properly speaking, euler ' s formula does not apply to a surface, but to a network on a surface, which must meet certain criteria. the \" natural \" faces and edges for these surfaces, or those determined by applying the definitions used for polyhedra, do not meet these criteria. just taking the natural parts of a cone, as you say, it has one presumed vertex, the apex ; one edge, the circle at the base ; and two faces, one flat and one curved. ( i say \" presumed \" because the apex is not really a vertex in the usual sense of a place where two or more edges meet, but it is a point that stands out. ) this gives 1 - 1 + 2 = 2 so it does fit the formula ; but there is no reason it should, really, because it doesn ' t fit the requirements for the theorem, namely that the graph should be equivalent to a polyhedron. each face must be simply connected ( able to shrink to a disk, with no \" holes \" in it ), and likewise each edge must be like a segment ( not a circle ). one of our \" natural \" faces has a \" vertex \" in the middle of it, so it is not simply connected ; and the \" edge \" has no ends, so it doesn ' t fit either. these errors just happen to cancel one another out. as another example, take a cylinder, which in its natural state has no vertices, two \" edges \", and three", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5689812854175688, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.663439"} {"text": "in his essay, \" tradition and the individual talent, \" t. s. eliot said that \" not only the best, but the most individual parts of [ the poet ' s ] work may be those in which the dead poets, his ancestors, assert their immortality most vigorously. \" 1 the poet ' s ancestors are those to whom he is indebted for all that he has inherited \u2014 his language, his sensibility, his outlook, and his standards of conduct. he acknowledges his debt by letting these forebears speak through his work. paradoxically, the more freely and fully he allows them to speak \u2014 which is to say the less he self - indulgently tries to make his work appear original with him \u2014 the more completely his work bears the stamp of his individuality. tradition provides discipline ; out of the discipline springs the unselfconscious and uncontrived quality of all good writing, which in this essay we will call \" spontaneity. \" eliot wrote this essay before he was converted to anglicanism. he thought he was describing a general cultural phenomenon, which is that a cultural tradition ( for example, that of europe ) could liberate the artist who assimilated it. we agree with eliot ' s thesis, but only if it is taken to its proper conclusion. that conclusion is that tradition will liberate the artist only if he becomes a guileless and self - forgetful individual, and we believe self - forgetfulness is possible only by yielding one ' s heart to god. why are assimilation of the tradition and personal self - forgetfulness indispensable qualities of a genuine artist? why do we add this to eliot ' s thesis? because the artist ' s talent is more than flair and ability that he possesses naturally. it is also a sensitivity to the ways and heritage of his people ; probably without being aware of it he speaks for them, because he uses the language and images bequeathed to his people by its forebears. so, in significant part, his talent is something entrusted to him by others, and it is just for this reason that using this talent self - servingly is forbidden. if he does ( and nonuse, too, is a kind of self - service ), what he will produce will be artificial. on the other hand, the tradition is given fresh life in and through artists who magnify their talents without self - regard. nowhere else does literary tradition live. nowhere but in such artists can a living past be encountered. without them", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4935209929771728, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.692982"} {"text": "be artificial. on the other hand, the tradition is given fresh life in and through artists who magnify their talents without self - regard. nowhere else does literary tradition live. nowhere but in such artists can a living past be encountered. without them, ritual petrifies and folk art becomes sentimental or vulgar. we have inverted the title of eliot ' s essay because we want to express this modification of eliot ' s thesis. the inversion expands the usual connotations of the terms \" talent \" and \" tradition. \" it suggests that there is a strong sense in which talents are fully employed by individuals only when they do not regard them as their own ( or simply, do not regard them ), and that there is an equally strong sense in which tradition exists only in the form of individuals in whom it is reincarnated. we use this word rather than \" transmitted \" because it suggests that tradition is not merely transported intact by individuals along the passageway of time, but renewed and revitalized. eliot was thinking of the literary tradition in a way that comprehends the whole of that tradition, including the writing of philosophy, criticism, drama, social tracts, psychology, and history. what we have to say about the historian in this essay might be said ( with appropriate adjustment of detail ) about any practitioner of any literary art, and this is a point that needs to be kept firmly in mind if our thesis is to be intelligible. for our motivation in thinking about the subject is not accusatory. we would do ill to write of other people, present or past, as if their plight were not ours. indeed, we have keenly felt the moral hazards that beset historians in our own disciplines of philology and philosophy. the discipline that must be acquired in order to assimilate one ' s tradition is more than an accumulation of information. in the historian ' s case this discipline is a matter of care, in every sense of that word : carefulness in studying the random residue which past people have left of themselves and caring for them even though they are no longer with us. without careful discipline there can be no incarnation of tradition, and without incarnation there is no individuality. by defining the historian ' s discipline this way, we want to distinguish it from method. method can be mastered and misused. for some practicing historians ( philosophers, psychologists, and so forth ), this is just what happens ; their method is not simply the thoroughgoing care with which they set out a story of the past. instead it is an affect", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.519969289643393, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.693980"} {"text": "mastered and misused. for some practicing historians ( philosophers, psychologists, and so forth ), this is just what happens ; their method is not simply the thoroughgoing care with which they set out a story of the past. instead it is an affectation, a style deliberately adopted with an eye for professional legitimacy and success. in the writing of the disciplined historian who is absorbed in what is to be done rather than in any social advantage that might accrue from doing it, there is unmistakable freshness, individuality. on the other hand, the historian who employs method and style for social recognition ' s sake cannot duplicate these results. the reason is, in seeking recognition he is withholding part of himself from his work, controlling his response as a whole human being to historical situations in favor of what he thinks is an ideal response of a historian. however he may try to make it \" original, \" his work will be stylistically stereotyped. he will produce less than he understands in order to conform to the accepted canons of historical writing. method and rigor are necessary for the sort of historical work we want to praise, but not sufficient \u2014 just as the law is honored by all who live the gospel, but not all who live the law honor the gospel. our subject, then, is the abuse of method which might be thought of as an academic analogue of self - righteousness. and our thesis is that those who are in the historian ' s profession primarily for themselves will, like the self - righteous, make sounds of brass. until recent years, stylistic anonymity among historians for self - promotional purposes masqueraded as \" objectivity. \" but the issue is not an epistemological one about the possibility of telling the past ' s story \" wie es eigentlich gewesen ist, \" even though historiographers may have thought otherwise for decades. the issue is a psychological one about the quality of the historian ' s motivation. with the breakdown of philosophical positivism in our century, many historians have disclaimed any profession of objectivity, yet even some of these still assess one another ' s work against ( largely tacit ) methodological and stylistic norms. it is not the objectivity / subjectivity axis that should command our ultimate historiographical concern, but the purity - of - heart / impurity axis. the question is not whether the historian, like other craftsmen, colors what he makes with his own personality, for inevitably he does. rather, the question is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49349257289978743, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.694985"} {"text": "ultimate historiographical concern, but the purity - of - heart / impurity axis. the question is not whether the historian, like other craftsmen, colors what he makes with his own personality, for inevitably he does. rather, the question is what sort of colors he gives it. does he discolor it by harboring self - seeking intentions? we have no disposition to pick on historians. philosophers are probably even more self - crippling, because the modes of philosophical thinking are more explicit, canonized, and coercive than the modes of historical thinking. for example, many philosophers assume that, except in its most extreme speculative reaches, contemporary logic defines not only the standard of one type of discourse among others, but the single type of discourse in which certain kinds of truths may be stated. historically, logic was no such standard ; instead, it was considered a branch of rhetoric \u2014 and that in fact is what it is. to speak with philosophical precision is to adopt a very narrow register of human speech in which much that human beings experience cannot be expressed or described. why would anyone speak so artificially? why would anyone be willing to censor his responses as a whole person in deference to narrow philosophical canons of expression? recent work in the rhetoric of scientific discourse suggests that at least some of the motives are self - assertion and professional legitimacy, and if there are others, we do not know them. so philosophers and historians alike make myths when they take themselves too seriously : when they promote themselves in their work. ( of course, this means not taking themselves seriously enough as individual human beings \u2014 trusting the canons of their discipline more than their own sensibility. ) believing that a disciplinary method is a mode of knowing rather than a heuristic device for arranging material for specific purposes may not be simply an error. it may be a sin. the historian or philosopher who uses his discipline self - promotionally finds immediate promise of exoneration in the view that the discipline can validate his work independently of his intentions. he clings to the idea that his social purposes are professionally irrelevant. by this means, he provides himself with an alibi if his conscience accuses him of seeking his own interest. how can he be accused of coloring his materials, he insists, when his constant aim is to rid them of coloration? preoccupation with technique and method fits plato ' s definition of sophistry and pinpoints the self - seeking in it : one sends out a highly controlled signal in order to elicit a highly manipulated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5198326828567654, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.695953"} {"text": "is to rid them of coloration? preoccupation with technique and method fits plato ' s definition of sophistry and pinpoints the self - seeking in it : one sends out a highly controlled signal in order to elicit a highly manipulated response. one can sin in scholarship as anywhere else. it is wrong in writing to do anything but write what is in us to be written. understanding past people the problem of understanding people in the past, including their policies and institutions, is only a form of the problem of understanding people generally. by setting out certain features of our ability to understand our contemporaries, we may illuminate the claims we are making about historical knowledge. consider the following points : knowing about people is not knowing them ; that is, it is not understanding them. one cannot but withdraw from other human beings \u2014 and thus render them humanly unreal \u2014 if one concentrates on what properties they have, for that construes them as objects. nietzsche, heidegger, buber, polanyi, and levinas have all taught us this by numerous cogent insights. when we know a person, we know more than we can tell ; and supposing otherwise is a mode of pushing that person away. understanding people, as opposed to knowing about them, comes in the course of being with them unselfconsciously ; it is a residuum of living in a sharing, trusting, and caring community with them. hence to observe people in order to know about them rather than to respond unguardedly to them is to withdraw from the conditions which must obtain if they are to be understood. thus, acting as if one is an observing center rather than a person does not mean one is disinterested. such action is an apparent self - obliteration in the form of a perceptual and stylistic anonymity which is actually an intense preoccupation with guarding, vindicating, and advancing the self. it is an intense form of self - assertion. a historian can live with and understand past people only if he regards the accoutrements of his profession ( the habits, the jargon, the frame of reference, and so forth ) as inferior to, and less valuable than, himself as a man and any man as a man. only then can he enter with unselfconscious empathy into others ' situations. the historian as tradition incarnate contrast the self - seeking, depersonalizing writer of history with the guileless one.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5230385628665888, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.696869"} {"text": "and any man as a man. only then can he enter with unselfconscious empathy into others ' situations. the historian as tradition incarnate contrast the self - seeking, depersonalizing writer of history with the guileless one. the former imposes generalizations and theories upon \" the data. \" the latter expresses patterns of selection in his work that go beyond what he can deliberately produce or even completely comprehend. these living patterns of selection taken together are an expression of what he is as one who by historical study has assimilated tradition through his language, in his interaction with his immediate forebears. this tradition then expresses itself in his unselfconscious writing and teaching. and therefore what he produces is right. it is not false to what he transforms. when he speaks or writes it is as if history is finding one expression of its accumulating truth in his responses to that part of the world which has preceded him. the self - serving historian, on the other hand, stylizes what he comprehends of the past and thwarts the flow of tradition through him. he is untrue to the living tradition that has enabled him to become both a person and a historian. if a historian accepts the gospel, he is adopted ; he gains a new ancestry ; a fresh heritage becomes active in him. his open, artless, and fresh way of seeing and speaking about the past will be a correlative, an expression, of the new person he has become. if purely motivated, he gives the history he has absorbed a spontaneous \u2014 that is, an unguarded and guileless \u2014 expression. that kind of expression is wisdom. on the other hand, the self - deceived historian performs something extraneous to the purpose of the history which had made him what he is, and he is thereby unfaithful to himself. and if he knows anything about the gospel, he is unfaithful to the lord. he does not produce wisdom. let us further contrast generalization and wisdom. generalizations are generally valid for general purposes ; they are not valid for specific purposes. we may induce a generalization from a number of specifics, but when we have done so we find that it does not completely apply to any of them. perhaps in natural science it could ( or could it? ), but historically it will not. any generalization to be valid has to be one arising totally from a total specific situation, not a generalization inductively arrived at over", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5683353866634988, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.697861"} {"text": "of them. perhaps in natural science it could ( or could it? ), but historically it will not. any generalization to be valid has to be one arising totally from a total specific situation, not a generalization inductively arrived at over many instances. this is where the word \" wisdom \" comes in : we read history in order to gain the great historian ' s wisdom. in him we encounter a unique historical situation alive in a living, interfusing, and blending individual, the historian. and we discover in the nature of that unique totality something of the nature of all other unique totalities \u2014 something which cannot be expressed in any list of generalizations, however lengthy. that is why history is an art rather than a science ( we are assuming, we suspect incorrectly, that there are in fact sciences, the essence of which can be expressed in a theory, i. e., in an adequate and consistent set of generalizations ). it is why a fine history, like a baucis - and - philemon pitcher, is inexhaustible ( though not unfathomable ). there is no essential difference between the way in which herodotus and thucydides use their material and the way in which aeschylus and sophocles use theirs. the swedish philosopher, hans larsson, said in 1892 ( in spite of the shadow of herbert spencer ) that social scientists should not ignore the fact that literature has given them far more subtle exemplars of human behavior than they themselves describe. ( the converse is also true : when social scientists describe behavior well, they write literature ; adler is not literature but freud is, and that is the only reason why freud is worth more attention. ) the historian can be true to the history reposited within him only if he endeavors to give it the form that suits the whole of it, and not merely parts of it. in doing this, he is doing the same thing as someone who makes a poem. he should from this point of view recognize himself as an artist and realize that his totality of knowledge should be expressed through a totality of means. the historian who has a style that is true to him will produce history that is also true to him, and because it is true to him in this naive sense it will have truth in it. this is a patently different sense of \" truth \" than is current among many social scientists. it is predicated upon the view that contact with history is not contact with the past as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5768678430165192, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.698860"} {"text": "to him in this naive sense it will have truth in it. this is a patently different sense of \" truth \" than is current among many social scientists. it is predicated upon the view that contact with history is not contact with the past as such but with the historian who embodies the tradition in his own unique way. the book he writes is only an aspect of what he has achieved in human terms and cannot be understood apart from that achievement. the historian whose style is true to him will be one in whom the tradition will have been truly incarnated ; style and what we are calling \" incarnation \" are but aspects of the same thing. and if the style is wrong, the history written will be wrong. there is no question of the style ' s varying independently of the \" facts \" \u2014 of the style ' s being wrong and the \" facts \" right or of the style being right and the \" facts \" wrong. to think otherwise is to have a befuddled \u2014 an objectivist \u2014 view of factuality. in the light of this personifying view of truth gibbon comes off as a great historian, for his style expresses himself. the same can be said of thucydides, herodotus, and livy ; it could not be said of those nineteenth - century historians who were eager to put rational order onto the material ; or of those twentieth - century historians who consider it imperative to order the material professionally and impersonally. there is never a more significant result of the study of history than the historian himself. historical uniqueness and moral universalizability these three things happen together if they happen at all : the author is self - forgetful, the historical situation is captured in its uniqueness, and \u2014 we have not mentioned this yet \u2014 the history written serves as an inexhaustible fund for moral lessons. yet it is not didactic in any ordinary sense of that term. only a history that in the first instance tried to abstract out the moral content of a past situation would in the second instance be compelled to try to reimpose it in the form of cautionary conclusions. a situation captured in its uniqueness has moral relevance because it is a whole situation like our own situation. we are free to see it in any of indefinitely many ways, including those most instructive for us. but when the historical situation is subsumed under a generalization, it is seen in just one way, and we can easily exclude ourselves from it. many similarities between that situation and our circumstance", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5052258626304169, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.701040"} {"text": "ways, including those most instructive for us. but when the historical situation is subsumed under a generalization, it is seen in just one way, and we can easily exclude ourselves from it. many similarities between that situation and our circumstance are artificially suppressed. ( this is one of the great lessons of nietzsche ' s doctrine that all events, including the propagation of ideas, have multiple genealogies. ) we let our preoccupation with discrete personal properties and comparisons become a pseudo - mosaic alternative to conscience. ( why aren ' t we led by everything we see to have a broken heart and contrite spirit? certainly it is not because we don ' t have ample cause. ) but letting the story tell itself in all of the completeness with which we spontaneously apprehend it is tantamount to a repudiation of this pseudo - mosaic context. the reader is left to face up to the whole of the matter \u2014 to be impressed by moral dimensions and standards inherent in the story, dimensions which even the author may not suspect are there. take the example of david. david is not just any oriental monarch. he has been chosen by the lord to be the leader of israel. he has shown himself obedient in every particular to the lord. he has not tried to hasten or evade the lord ' s plan for him ; he has not anticipated the time when he is to take over the kingdom ; he has left the shape and direction of his destiny to the lord. he spares saul ' s life more than once. he makes his way faultlessly to the throne. who else in history ever did that? only after he has achieved the throne does he fail, and the story of his failure, down to his last bloody deathbed utterance, is told in more detail than the story of his success. now to make the moral point of the story of david other than the way in which nathan did would be to hide that point. that is, to impose a superficial moral generalization on the story would be to rob it of its moral applicability to every reader \u2014 its moral universalizability. what nathan did was to set david a trap by presenting a parable, and david fell into the trap. the climax of david ' s life is nathan ' s statement : \" thou art the man. \" this climax is not set out in detail and the moral point is not put in a proposition : it could not be. we cannot even say that the story shows the moral point (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5227549676632504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.702008"} {"text": "life is nathan ' s statement : \" thou art the man. \" this climax is not set out in detail and the moral point is not put in a proposition : it could not be. we cannot even say that the story shows the moral point ( i. e., the punishment for adultery and murder ). that is too cut and dried and limited a characterization, for the punishment does not \" fit the crime \" : the crime ' s consequences are its punishment \u2014 to be an adulterer is the punishment for adultery. instead, the history ' s moral point pulsates throughout the whole of it, as through a parable, and cannot be abstracted from it. and we in our own individual and different ways \u2014 in ways apposite to our individual cases \u2014 draw the parable ' s conclusion \u2014 a conclusion which may well differ from what we may discover upon returning to the story later, after further experiences have altered us. we are allowed to experience david ' s life totally, to sense its emotive tides, to work out the ironical implications of the account. the inspired historian has produced, in a language of the whole man which uses all the devices of rhetoric ( including juxtaposition ), a better biography, a finer account, than any other anywhere. it is written for a spiritually educated and subtle people. it goes as far as history can go, which is to re - create the story of a past human being in the terms in which it is lived and valued, which is to say, in predominantly moral terms. the closest a self - deceiving historian can come to morality is this : \" there but for the grace of god go i. \" this effort at self - decontamination is not found in a historian who produces pure history, precisely because his acknowledgment of impurity has been for him a path to purity. the response of the guileless historian is therefore, \" lord, have mercy on me, there go i also. \" this is what the prophet nathan, speaking for the lord, meant when he said, \" thou art the man. \" and for us, in all of the pages of history, there is implicit in every line the unarticulated reminder : \" we are the men. \" thus does the response of the guileless historian place him in community with the past people he encounters in his work. he understands them as people. it is remarkable that only as we become more individual, rather than less, can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5028429218020691, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.703054"} {"text": "the men. \" thus does the response of the guileless historian place him in community with the past people he encounters in his work. he understands them as people. it is remarkable that only as we become more individual, rather than less, can we live in community with one another. and conversely : only as we live in and through one another in our individual uniqueness \u2014 the historian taking past people to understand and they taking him to be understood by \u2014 is it possible for us to partake of each other ' s strengths and be individually richer for it. otherwise, our relation to one another is manipulative : we treat ourselves and each other as replicable \u2014 indeed, as artifacts which in our social interaction with one another we ourselves are continuously producing. for those of us who insulate ourselves from one another by using each other, even the present is a sort of past, cadaverized, an unbridgeable distance away ; whereas for the pure even the past is present, vivified and immediately felt. this is in the spirit not only of the gospel but of thinkers like heidegger, who have tried to clear away the intellectual debris from our modern mentality so that we might receive the revelation from god if only it were to come. what shall it profit a man? it cannot profit a person to try to be individualistic in his way of perceiving others ' situations or in his way of writing about them. it is as unprofitable as trying to be nonchalant or sincere. one who does not feel exigencies in his present situation is nonchalant ; one who tries to be nonchalant is tense. one who is concentrating wholly on something other than himself in what he is doing is sincere ; one who is trying to be sincere is concentrating on himself, no matter how hard he pretends he is not. taking thought to make ourselves or our work be some particular way or other is in principle self - defeating. another reason why it is profitless to try to be an individual is that taking thought to make ourselves is self - delimiting. taking thought for the morrow in any way at all means trying to conform to an anticipated pattern of self which in principle is too simple to be a self. the more we conform to that pattern, the more we make of ourselves not an individual but rather a replicable artifact \u2014 our own artifact. and the work we produce is also too simple to be the work of the self, for behind it was the motivation to produce that which will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5377147458829489, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.704121"} {"text": "pattern, the more we make of ourselves not an individual but rather a replicable artifact \u2014 our own artifact. and the work we produce is also too simple to be the work of the self, for behind it was the motivation to produce that which will reflect a character too simple to be a self. a third reason why we cannot by taking thought add a cubit to our stature as historians : by trying to conform ourselves to a replicable model of what a historian should be we block our own creativity. how? taking thought for the morrow means substituting an imagined tomorrow for the one that is really going to be there. and as we do not know the one that is really going to be there, we prepare ourselves for a number of hypothetical tomorrows that will never come. we do this instead of being ready, by merely being ourselves, for any tomorrow that will come. when we wake up in the morning, we don ' t readily pick up the thread of the day that awaits us, for we have determined in advance where it will be, and therefore we do not see where it really is. alas for benjamin franklin, planning his day at 5 : 00 a. m., how he will manipulate various philadelphians! he must compulsively and obsessively try to extrude many threads, to manipulate many clues to the labyrinth in order to convince himself that he is on the right track. and franklin ' s kind of planning for the future is simply the mirror image of the self - serving historian ' s planning for the past. the generalizations the historian has convinced himself are the right guidelines for interpreting history preclude him from discovering new patterns in the history he encounters ; he is only able to gather more details. here is a fourth reason why writing the kind of history we have suggested is not something a person could possibly set out to do : to try to get for ourselves in any fashion is to be anxious over the treasure we seek, and to be thus anxious is to forfeit the freedom and spontaneity or openness necessary for a total response to a total situation. that is a message of w. h. auden ' s poem, \" the bard. \" he was their servant \u2014 some say he was blind \u2014 and moved among their faces and their things ; their feeling gathered in him like a wind and sang : they cried \u2014 ' it is a god that sings ' \u2014 and worshipped him and set him up apart and made him vain till he mistook for song the little tremor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5222688675731294, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.705088"} {"text": "their faces and their things ; their feeling gathered in him like a wind and sang : they cried \u2014 ' it is a god that sings ' \u2014 and worshipped him and set him up apart and made him vain till he mistook for song the little tremors of his mind and heart at each domestic wrong. songs came no more : he had to make them. with what precision was each strophe planned. he hugged his sorrow like a plot of land, and walked like an assassin through the town, and looked at men and did not like them, but trembled if one passed him with a frown. 2 the moment we start to care about succeeding we forfeit every possibility of it. auden ' s bard was, to begin with, a servant ; later, a slave. at first he did not regard himself as being original. he did not repeat himself at all. instead he expressed what came to him to be expressed and thus passed on an oral tradition. later, he insisted on his originality and individuality and suffocated his creativity. in the first phase he was a classicist ; in the second, a romantic. a milton landscape is a characteristic landscape \u2014 it is a typical landscape ; yet at the same time it is milton ' s landscape. he did not try to make it his : it is his because in looking in another direction than himself he did not obstruct the expression of his personality in and through it. it is only the inferior artist who feels a need to make a highly individual response in order to be able to do something original, new, and different. the result is strained. the result is precious. the result, ironically, is replicable : the original of the piece is already a stereotype. for his part, the classicist is never concerned with individuality for its own sake. he is concerned with tradition. were we living in 1798 and afflicted with tremors of insecurity about whether what we were writing would be regarded as individual, we might take exception to this statement, because our contemporaries would be interpreting the tradition as a means of throttling individuality. but the truth is that tradition can liberate the person who interacts with it. almost any moderately intelligent human being could produce something highly individual and profound if he took no thought for what was in it for him, provided he had assimilated a good deal of the tradition. the old statement that everyone has at least one book in him is relevant here ; and, indeed, we have had", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49417417819775666, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.706116"} {"text": "profound if he took no thought for what was in it for him, provided he had assimilated a good deal of the tradition. the old statement that everyone has at least one book in him is relevant here ; and, indeed, we have had occasional examples in english literature of a peculiar pellucidity appearing just once. john woolman ' s journal is an example. compare it with franklin ' s autobiography. the inadequacy and arrogance of franklin resemble the explanations of the knights in eliot ' s murder in the cathedral. they are murderers who rationally explain away their act. ( whatever books there may have been in franklin, he murdered them. ) it is not beside the point that in creating the rationalizing knights eliot was satirizing shaw. shaw ' s plays are appealing to many, for they offer an easy clarity, and ( like many psychiatrists and psychotherapists and like eliot ' s knights ) a facile \u2014 a reasonable \u2014 mode of explaining away personal guilt. the witch doctor, the advertiser, and the politician make similar offers \u2014 reasonable offers. these offers are quackery. an essential feature of this kind of quackery is its respectability. the offers come in the guise of a virtuous practice to be followed, an approved technique or method, with all of the half - suspected quasitheory shared by the people who endorse it. the quacks rail at historicism and point to the history hitler wrote as a misuse of history. that is a way of establishing their respectability by comparison. their doctrine is almost irresistible when made so respectable \u2014 so decently indecent. from that point they can perpetrate immoralities in an atmosphere of legitimacy, as in the contemporary theater where lewdness frolics on the stage without being condemned as such because, besides being immoral, it is also dishonest about what it is. was not hitler partly seduced by the wrong kind of history that he read? for a person to be a historian \u2014 a genuine historian \u2014 is for him cheerfully to run the risk that he may never be acknowledged as such. he will also have to concede in advance that he himself may discover what he has had to say after, rather than before, he writes his words. he will draw his identity at a source different from the well of his peers ' opinions. we have been advocating what used to be called \" enthusiasm. \" contrary to what some would have us believe, enthusiasm has nothing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4915419917744734, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.707404"} {"text": "before, he writes his words. he will draw his identity at a source different from the well of his peers ' opinions. we have been advocating what used to be called \" enthusiasm. \" contrary to what some would have us believe, enthusiasm has nothing to do with romanticism ; and if they think it historically has nothing to do with classicism, it is because they tend not to consider the classicists, like milton and dante, who were enthusiastic christians. we acknowledge that nothing could be more alien to the intellectualist ideal of calculated impersonality. it is true that this ideal seems not altogether unwarranted, for historical instances of enthusiasm have been justifiably attacked. there is this danger in enthusiasm, that impure people, like hitler, will yield to an impure spirit. our thesis in this paper is that by the same token, there is an equally horrifying danger in the repudiation of enthusiasm \u2014 namely, in the protection which some erect against novelty and spontaneity in themselves \u2014 a disguised form of demonism in which seizure by the holy spirit is precisely what is resisted. the one alternative to being possessed by some sort of devil is to yield to \u2014 voluntarily to let ourselves be taken over by \u2014 god ' s spirit. the depersonalizing \" wisdom \" of the age, like the so - called wisdom of ages generally, will when unmasked be seen to be only the self - protective smoke screen of a professional clique so fearful of self - revelation through their productions that they have yielded themselves up proudly to the demon of reasonableness. what was to be the value of the long looked forward to, long hoped for calm, the autumnal serenity and the wisdom of age? had they deceived us or deceived themselves, the quiet - voiced elders, bequeathing us merely a receipt for deceit? the serenity only a deliberate hebetude, the wisdom only the knowledge of dead secrets useless in the darkness into which they peered or from which they turned their eyes. there is, it seems to us, at best, only a limited value in the knowledge derived from experience. the knowledge imposes a pattern, and falsifies, for the pattern is new in every moment and every moment is a new and shocking valuation of all we have been. we are only undeceived of that which, deceiving, could no longer harm. in the middle, not only in the middle of the way but all the way, in a dark wood,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5035024083483672, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.708427"} {"text": "shocking valuation of all we have been. we are only undeceived of that which, deceiving, could no longer harm. in the middle, not only in the middle of the way but all the way, in a dark wood, in a bramble, on the edge of a grimpen, where is no secure foothold, and menaced by monsters, fancy lights, risking enchantment. do not let me hear of the wisdom of old men, but rather of their folly, their fear of fear and frenzy, their fear of possession, of belonging to another, or to others, or to god. the only wisdom we can hope to acquire is the wisdom of humility : humility is endless. \u2014 t. s. eliot, \" east coker \" 3 if you ask us to point to a historian who represents much of what we say, we can readily do it : hugh nibley, of whom we thought as we wrote. who among us has been more completely absorbed in peoples of the past and less occupied with impressing anyone with his style? who has expressed his own personality so well, with so little thought for it? who has better inspired us to care about and learn from the vast population of historical souls who have intrigued and delighted him over the years? and he has done this not by exhortation but by his example of wonder and absorption in his constant learning and his gracious acts of sharing it with us. this essay originally appeared in a slightly different form in the unpublished \" tinkling cymbals : essays in honor of hugh nibley, \" john w. welch, ed., 1978. 1. t. s. eliot, selected essays, new ed. ( new york : harcourt, brace and world, 1960 ), 4. 2. w. h. auden, a selection by the author ( harmondsworth, middlesex : penguin, 1958 ), 60. 3. t. s. eliot, collected poems 1909 - 1962 ( new york : harcourt, brace and world, 1963 ), 184 - 85.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4880148118822435, "token_count": 420, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.709186"} {"text": "what is acceptance? from the dictionary it \u2019 s \u201c the act or process of accepting \u201d. makes sense. i had been raised without a father. he \u2019 s not dead, but he seems to be in a difficult place where he can no longer be with us. it \u2019 s sad. very sad. people may think why i still think of my father, why don \u2019 t i hate him for leaving us, why do i care, why? mainly because he \u2019 s my father. a female child needs her father \u2019 s comfort in difficult times, as per a male child needs his mother. it \u2019 s so hard to contain all the burden of not having someone to run to in times like these. one thing that i am proud of is that i never gave up on myself. i know it \u2019 s easy to say all this because i \u2019 m still young and all but one thing is certain, the world has placed me in a situation only i could handle and i know i can. i \u2019 ve dealt with different people, situations, emotions, all that the world could feed me at a very young age. as many people see me as a normal girl, i \u2019 m not. deep down i \u2019 m broken and i \u2019 m searching for a way to fix myself. how i handle things? there goes the acceptance. you have to accept everything that you cannot change, everything your hands are not capable of fixing, everything the world would be giving you. for a while you would cry, get angry, be furious, be regretful, but then you would find another way to remain with the happiness that you could still get. - learn from the past, this means learn from other people \u2019 s as well not just yours. this lead me to a very bright path today. - live in the present, because thinking about the past or the future won \u2019 t help. - forget the future, it \u2019 s never going to be a straight path towards your goals. - accept the unacceptable and let them live where you have a joyful life.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5117302355979194, "token_count": 415, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.711263"} {"text": "kentucky historical society khs to host family history workshop sept. 8 frankfort, ky. ( aug. 23, 2012 ) \u2013 the kentucky historical society ( khs ) and kentucky genealogical society ( kgs ) will host a free family history workshop at 10 : 30 a. m. saturday, sept. 8, at the thomas d. clark center for kentucky history in downtown frankfort. topics include frankfort cemetery and how to locate and document burial sites. the morning session will be a presentation about the historic frankfort cemetery by its former superintendent, jim richardson. frankfort cemetery, incorporated in 1844, is on the national register of historic places and is the final resting place of 17 kentucky governors and a number of notable military leaders, civic leaders, artists, writers and early pioneers, including daniel boone. participants will receive driving directions and a map of frankfort cemetery, and be able to visit the cemetery after the workshop, weather permitting. in the afternoon, tina wingate will talk about her work documenting frankfort cemetery. she will also demonstrate strategies for using findagrave. com to locate ancestors \u2019 burial sites, post photos and gravestone transcriptions, and document cemeteries. to make a reservation, contact the khs reference desk at 502 - 564 - 1792, ext. 4460 or khsrefdesk @ ky. gov. the registration deadline for this workshop is noon friday, sept. 7. presented by khs and kgs on the second saturday of each month, each free family history workshop takes place at the center for kentucky history. topics range from how to begin documenting your ancestry to specialized resources for experienced genealogists. if requested at the time of registration, an optional light lunch is available for $ 6, payable at the door. - 30 - an agency of the kentucky tourism, arts and heritage cabinet, the kentucky historical society, established in 1836, is committed to helping people understand, cherish and share kentucky ' s history. the khs history campus includes the thomas d. clark center for kentucky history, the old state capitol and the kentucky military history museum at the state arsenal. for more information about the kentucky historical society and its programs, visit www. history. ky. gov.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.384640151166539, "token_count": 451, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.714849"} {"text": "a reference resource william jennings bryan ( 1913 \u2013 1915 ) : secretary of state william jennings bryan was born in salem, illinois, on march 19, 1860. he graduated from illinois college in 1881 and earned his law degree in 1883 from the union college of law in chicago. after practicing law for two years, bryan moved to nebraska, becoming, in 1890, only the second democrat to win a nebraska seat in the u. s. house of representatives. bryan remained in the house for two terms before running unsuccessfully for the u. s. senate in 1894. as a delegate to the 1896 democratic convention, bryan ' s rousing \" cross of gold \" speech, advocating a silver standard for u. s. currency, rallied the masses behind him and brought him his party ' s nomination for the presidency. he would lose the election that november to republican candidate william mckinley of ohio. following the outbreak of the spanish - american war in 1898, bryan served as a colonel in nebraska ' s third regiment. he ran for the presidency once again in 1900, only to meet with the same result. bryan subsequently founded a newspaper - - the commoner - - to disseminate his ideas, writing editorials for the sheet between 1901 and 1908 and speaking often in public. in 1908, bryan chose once again to run for the presidency, losing to the popular secretary of war, william howard taft. four years later, bryan became president woodrow wilson ' s secretary of state. he would resign from that position on june 8, 1915, following the sinking of the british cruise liner lusitania, fearing that the president ' s stern warnings to germany, and wilson ' s reluctance to ban passenger travel on belligerent ships, would involve the united states in hostilities. bryan continued to write and lecture, and in the famed scopes trial in dayton, tennessee, defended the teaching of creationism in public schools. william jennings bryan died in dayton on july 26, 1925, shortly after the trial ' s conclusion.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.40397764560117055, "token_count": 399, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.717546"} {"text": "commemorated on february 25 saint tarasius, patriarch of constantinople was of illustrious lineage. he was born and raised in constantinople, where he received a fine education. he was rapidly promoted at the court of the emperor constantine vi porphyrogenitos ( 780 - 797 ) and constantine ' s mother, the holy empress irene ( august 7 ), and the saint attained the rank of senator. during these times the church was agitated by the turmoil of the iconoclast disturbances. the holy patriarch paul ( august 30 ) although he had formerly supported iconoclasm, later repented and resigned his office. he withdrew to a monastery, where he took the schema. when the holy empress irene and her son the emperor came to him, st paul told them that the most worthy successor to him would be st tarasius ( who at this time was still a layman ). tarasius refused for a long time, not considering himself worthy of such high office, but he then gave in to the common accord on the condition, that an ecumenical council be convened to address the iconoclast heresy. proceeding through all the clerical ranks in a short while, st tarasius was elevated to the patriarchal throne in the year 784. in the year 787 the seventh ecumenical council was convened in the city of nicea, with patriarch tarasius presiding, and 367 bishops attending. the veneration of holy icons was confirmed at the council. those bishops who repented of their iconoclasm, were again received by the church. st tarasius wisely governed the church for twenty - two years. he led a strict ascetic life. he spent all his money on god - pleasing ends, feeding and giving comfort to the aged, to the impoverished, to widows and orphans, and on holy pascha he set out a meal for them, and he served them himself. the holy patriarch fearlessly denounced the emperor constantine porphyrigenitos when he slandered his spouse, the empress maria, the granddaughter of st philaretos the merciful ( december 1 ), so that he could send maria to a monastery, thus freeing him to marry his own kinswoman. st tarasius resolutely refused to dissolve the marriage of the emperor, for which the saint fell into disgrace. soon, however, constantine was deposed by his own mother, the empress irene. st tarasius died in the year 806. before his death, devils examined his life from the time of his youth, and they tried", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.36547831955485693, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.722299"} {"text": "here \u2019 s a provocative history, claiming the shape of american culture lies in the pocketbook : armies of consumers : 1776 \u2019 s secret weapon? deceptively simple, his argument goes like this : two and a half million strong and scattered along 1, 800 miles of coastline, the colonists had little in common besides a weakness for what samuel adams derisively termed \u201c the baubles of britain. \u201d when britain imposed stiff taxes on this appetite for stuff \u2014 without granting any political representation \u2014 americans responded with an ingenious invention with instant and widespread appeal : the consumer boycott. by the time the first continental congress was convened in september 1774, transforming mass consumer mobilization into a successful political rebellion was a relatively straightforward task. [... ] it sounds far - fetched, possibly scandalous : pinning americans \u2019 success in the war for independence even partly on their common experience in the marketplace. moreover the notion seems to contradict the long - standing assumption among scholars that lofty ideas elegantly expressed \u2014 and a brisk trade in political pamphlets and newspapers \u2014 were sufficient to unite the public behind the revolutionary cause. [... ] and while others, including gordon s. wood, another pulitzer prize - winning historian, who teaches at brown, predict that mr. breen \u2019 s thesis will be controversial, they concede his book is important. \u201c i \u2019 m not persuaded by the attempt to explain the revolution, \u201d mr. gordon said. but he added, it is the first book about the period \u201c to show the scale and depth of consumption in any kind of statistical detail. \u201d how long before this set of thoughts becomes a basis for a new interpretation of \u201c progress of science and useful arts? \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48235801831753433, "token_count": 345, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.724647"} {"text": "while seagrasses can be damaged by random and unpredictable natural phenomena, following several simple steps can prevent the damage caused by humans. each species of seagrass recovers from damage at a different rate, but in general, recovery can take anywhere between a few months to several years. injuries to leaves and stems are less detrimental than damage to the underground root system, from which seagrasses may not be able to recover. as florida ' s population grows, the number of boats on the water also increases. the negative effects of careless boating on seagrasses are becoming more pronounced, especially in nearshore communities and popular boat access areas. when a boat ' s propeller cuts through seagrasses, it fragments the bed and can restrict the movement of the species found in that habitat. this loss is detrimental to not only the animals that depend on seagrasses, but to the economy of the area and the state of florida. the institute ' s 1995 publication, scarring of florida ' s seagrasses : assessment and management options, analyzes damage resulting from propeller scars in florida ' s seagrass beds. this document includes many gis - based maps documenting areas where scarring is present, information about the recovery of seagrasses after prop scar damage, and management options that address the problem. another important factor to consider when boating is what can happen to personal property when grounding in a shallow bottom area or seagrass bed : vessel engines, hulls, and propellers can be damaged. in addition to towing fees, groundings that cause damage to seagrasses can result in both federal and state fines. the economic and environmental importance of seagrasses has led to regulations that can hold boaters that scar seagrass beds responsible for the costs of assessing damage, restoring habitat, and long - term monitoring of the restored area. the easiest way to protect seagrasses is by preventing damage in the first place. the tips that follow on how to protect seagrasses are taken directly from the institute ' s publication, florida ' s seagrass meadows. - be aware : if you live near the coast or along a river, be careful when applying fertilizers and pesticides to your lawn. use only the amount of fertilizer required and consider using a slow - release fertilizer. gutters and storm drains transport excess lawn chemicals to the water. - read the waters : wear polarized sunglasses when boating to reduce the surface glare to help you see shallow areas and seagrass beds. polarized sunglasses can also help you see and avoid", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43477878841621365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.728319"} {"text": "gutters and storm drains transport excess lawn chemicals to the water. - read the waters : wear polarized sunglasses when boating to reduce the surface glare to help you see shallow areas and seagrass beds. polarized sunglasses can also help you see and avoid manatees and underwater hazards. - know your boating signs and markers : operate your boat in marked channels to prevent running aground and damaging your boat and seagrass beds. know the correct side to stay on when approaching channel markers. learn the shapes and markings of signs warning boaters of dangerous shallows and areas where boats are prohibited by law. - know your depth and draft : when in doubt about the depth, slow down and idle. if you are leaving a muddy trail behind your boat, you are probably cutting seagrass. tilt or stop your engine if necessary. if you run aground, pole or walk your boat to deeper water. never try to motor your way out. this will cause extensive damage to seagrass and may harm your motor. know the times for your low and high tides. - be on the lookout : docks, boathouses, and even boats can block sunlight from reaching the seagrass below. when building or repairing a dock, consider building the dock five feet above the water and using grating rather than planks. extend the dock to deeper water so your boat does not shade seagrass. - study your charts : use navigational charts, fishing maps, or local boating guides to become familiar with waterways. these nautical charts alert you to shallow areas so you don ' t run aground and damage seagrass. know before you go.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4324155299751351, "token_count": 321, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.728929"} {"text": "circulating tumor cells can reveal genetic signature of dangerous lung cancers using a miniature laboratory - on - a - chip device, a team of investigators at the massachusetts general hospital, led by daniel haber, m. d., ph. d., and mehmet toner, ph. d., both members of the mit - harvard center for cancer nanotechnology excellence ( ccne ), has developed a method that detects and analyzes the genetic signature of rare tumor cells in the bloodstream. the results from this analysis allowed the researchers to identify those patients most likely to respond to a specific targeted treatment. this chip - based analysis also allowed the researchers to monitor genetic changes that occur during therapy. according to dr. haber, this chip opens up a new field of studying tumors in real time. \u201c when the device is ready for larger clinical trials, it should give us new options for measuring treatment response, defining prognostic and predictive measures, and studying the biology of blood - borne metastasis, which is the primary method by which cancer spreads and becomes lethal. \u201d dr. haber and his team published their results in the new england journal of medicine. circulating tumor cells ( ctcs ) are living solid - tumor cells found at extremely low levels in the bloodstream. until the development of the ctc - chip by the massachusetts institute of technology ( mit ) - harvard ccne team, it was not possible to get information from ctcs that would be useful for clinical decision - making. the current study was designed to determine whether the device could go beyond detecting ctcs to helping analyze the genetic mutations that can make a tumor sensitive to treatment with targeted therapy drugs. the researchers tested blood samples from patients with non - small - cell lung cancer ( nsclc ), the leading cause of cancer death in the united states. in 2004, cancer researchers had discovered that mutations in a protein called epidermal growth factor receptor ( egfr ) determine whether nsclc tumors respond to a group of drugs called tyrosine kinase inhibitors ( tkis ), which includes gefitinib ( iressa ) and erlotinib ( tarceva ). although the response of sensitive tumors to those drugs can be swift and dramatic, eventually many tumors become resistant to the drugs and resume growing. the ctc - chip was used to analyze blood samples from 27 patients \u2014 23 who had egfr mutations and 4 who did not \u2014 and ctcs were identified in samples from all patients. genetic analysis of ctcs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.501409713220966, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.732449"} {"text": "the drugs and resume growing. the ctc - chip was used to analyze blood samples from 27 patients \u2014 23 who had egfr mutations and 4 who did not \u2014 and ctcs were identified in samples from all patients. genetic analysis of ctcs from mutation - positive tumors detected those mutations 92 percent of the time. in addition to the primary mutation that leads to initial tumor development and tki sensitivity, the ctc - chip also detected a secondary mutation associated with treatment resistance in some participants, including those whose tumors originally responded to treatment but later resumed growing. blood samples were taken at regular intervals during the course of treatment from four patients with mutation - positive tumors. in all of those patients, levels of ctcs dropped sharply after tki treatment began and began rising when tumors resumed growing. in one patient, adding additional chemotherapy caused ctc levels to drop again as the tumor continued shrinking. throughout the course of therapy, the tumors \u2019 genetic makeup continued to evolve. not only did the most common resistance mutation emerge in tumors where it was not initially present, but new activating mutations \u2014 the type that causes a tumor to develop in the first place \u2014 appeared in seven patients \u2019 tumors, indicating that these cancers are more genetically complex than expected and that continuing to monitor tumor genotype throughout the course of treatment may be crucial. \u201c if tumor genotypes don \u2019 t remain static during therapy, it \u2019 s essential to know exactly what you \u2019 re treating at the time you are treating it, \u201d says haber. \u201c biopsy samples taken at the time of diagnosis can never tell us about changes emerging during therapy or genotypic differences that may occur in different sites of the original tumor, but the ctc - chip offers the promise of noninvasive continuous monitoring. \u201d this work, which was supported in part by the national cancer institute \u2019 s alliance for nanotechnology in cancer, is detailed in the paper \u201c detection of mutations in egfr in circulating lung - cancer cells. \u201d an abstract of this paper is available through pubmed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5149583715618253, "token_count": 412, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.734831"} {"text": "by itself, the wnv - cp protein can cause inflammation. weiner and his colleagues found that wnv - cp drives apoptosis in cell cultures through what is called the mitochondrial pathway. the protein begins the process of cell suicide by somehow disrupting the membrane potential of the cell ' s mitochondria, which then leads to the activation of proteins such as caspase - 9 and caspase - 3 that start a cascade of reactions to subsequently cause the cell to digest itself. since the protein enters the nucleus of the cell, it is possible that wnv - cp changes the host cell ' s transcriptional machinery, resulting in an over production of certain proteins related to an apoptotic program, which consequently feed back to the mitochondria. alternatively, as wnv - cp moves from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, it may inactivate an important part of the cell ' s natural control system that keeps apoptosis in check overpowering the guard as it were thus inducing the cell suicide. \" overall, our data suggest that wnv - cp may interact with host cell proteins to induce apoptosis in the host cell, \" said weiner, \" identifying these proteins will likely give more insight into the biology of west nile. \" the proteins pathogenic properties extend outside of the tissue culture. wnv - cp also directly caused apoptosis and inflammation in mouse muscle cells. more importantly, the wnv - cp protein caused inflammation and apoptosis in mouse brain in a manner similar to what is observed in natural infections.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4788848141760978, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.738101"} {"text": "for national geographic news if a worker ant dares to reproduce in the presence of the queen, her sisters will smell her attempt and attack, according to a new study. typically, only queens produce offspring in an ant colony, and males die after mating. the sons and the daughter queens fly away, with hopes of reproducing elsewhere, while the worker daughters stay on to build the colony and care for the next generation. these worker ants are biologically capable of a type of parthenogenesis, the process that allows a female to produce offspring without a mate. when they try, however, they produce chemicals called pheromones that their sisters detect with antennas. \" it ' s basically smell, but not the smell we know, \" said study co - author jurgen liebig of arizona state university. if the colony lacks a queen, workers are permitted to have their own babies, liebig explained. but when a queen is present, only she is allowed to produce the pheromone that signals fertility status. if a worker tries to \" cheat, \" her sisters will physically restrain the disobedient ant from successfully reproducing. ( related : \" ants practice nepotism, study finds \" [ february 26, 2003 ]. ) the research was published online january 8 in the journal current biology. scent of a woman ant previous studies showed a correlation between ant ' s reproductive policing behavior and these pheromones, liebig said, so there was strong reason to believe the chemicals were tipping them off. \" the problem was that nobody could ever show it, \" he said. liebig ' s team studied the ant species aphaenogaster cockerelli because it uses a simple version of the compound that the scientists could easily obtain. sources and related web sites", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48241469044432084, "token_count": 367, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.741157"} {"text": "you \u2019 ve heard that you should lower your cholesterol, but do you know why? sometimes we tend to ignore advice when we don \u2019 t understand the reasons. that \u2019 s why it \u2019 s important to learn what cholesterol is, what it does in your body and why you need to make sure too much isn \u2019 t flowing in your blood. cholesterol is a waxy, fat - like substance that your body needs to function normally. it \u2019 s used in the cell membranes that surround cells throughout your body. you also use cholesterol to make important chemicals, including hormones, vitamin d and the acids that help you digest fat. \u201c cholesterol has a variety of uses in the body that are very important, \u201d says dr. james cleeman, coordinator of nih \u2019 s national cholesterol education program, \u201c but the body makes all it needs and we don \u2019 t need to get any more from our food. \u201d in fact, when the level of cholesterol in the blood gets too high, it can start to cause trouble. the landmark framingham heart study, funded by nih, first showed that the higher the cholesterol level in your blood, the greater your risk for heart disease \u2014 the number 1 killer of americans, both women and men. what \u2019 s the connection? well, there are 2 forms of cholesterol in your blood : ldl and hdl. when there \u2019 s too much cholesterol in your bloodstream, the cholesterol from ldl can build up in the walls of your arteries. along with fats like triglycerides and other things in the bloodstream, it forms a growing \u201c plaque \u201d that bulges out of the artery wall and can begin to block blood flow \u2014 a process called atherosclerosis. problems get even worse if a plaque bursts and a blood clot forms on top, which can block an artery. \u201c where ldl cholesterol does its most harm, \u201d cleeman says, \u201c is in the walls of the arteries going to the heart \u2014 the coronary arteries. \u201d that \u2019 s why a high ldl cholesterol level increases your risk for heart disease. like any muscle, the heart \u2019 s own muscle needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients, delivered by the blood in the coronary arteries. when these arteries become narrowed or clogged by plaque, the result is coronary heart disease. if the blood supply to a portion of the heart is completely cut", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46247438685385134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.746886"} {"text": "constant supply of oxygen and nutrients, delivered by the blood in the coronary arteries. when these arteries become narrowed or clogged by plaque, the result is coronary heart disease. if the blood supply to a portion of the heart is completely cut off, the result is a heart attack. hdl cholesterol seems to have the opposite effect of ldl ; higher hdl levels are associated with a lower risk for heart disease. some factors affecting your cholesterol level are out of your control. as you get older, for example, your cholesterol level naturally rises. before menopause, women have lower total cholesterol levels than men of the same age, but after menopause women \u2019 s ldl levels tend to rise. high blood cholesterol can also run in families. your genes affect how fast you make cholesterol and remove it from the blood. however, there are things you can control. \u201c the clinical trial data are absolutely conclusive that lowering ldl cholesterol reduces your risk for heart disease, \u201d cleeman says. \u201c this is true both for those with high cholesterol levels and for those with average cholesterol levels. \u201d how do you know whether your cholesterol levels are where they should be? in general, the higher your risk for heart disease, the lower your ldl level should be. cleeman says, \u201c your goal is individualized to your risk for a heart attack. the number depends on your own risk factors. \u201d nih has a heart disease risk calculator online at http : / / hp2010. nhlbihin. net / atpiii / calculator. asp, but you should also talk to your doctor about your risk factors and what your cholesterol levels should be. \u201c a person who has a cholesterol level higher than their goal ldl should follow the tlc program, \u201d cleeman recommends. tlc stands for therapeutic lifestyle changes. it involves 3 things : changing what you eat, doing more physical activity and controlling your weight. first, diet. saturated fat raises your ldl cholesterol level more than anything else in your diet. it \u2019 s found mostly in meats and full - fat dairy products like whole milk, cheese and butter. another type of fat called trans fat raises cholesterol similarly, but makes up far less of the american diet. cholesterol in foods can also raise blood cholesterol levels, but its effect is not as strong as these", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48681161464162703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.747814"} {"text": "cheese and butter. another type of fat called trans fat raises cholesterol similarly, but makes up far less of the american diet. cholesterol in foods can also raise blood cholesterol levels, but its effect is not as strong as these fats \u2019. saturated fat, trans fat and cholesterol are all listed on food labels so that you can choose foods with lower amounts to help lower your ldl cholesterol level. foods with soluble fiber \u2014 such as whole grain cereals, fruits and beans \u2014 help lower your cholesterol, too. and some products, such as specially labeled margarines, orange juices and yogurts, contain the ldl - lowering compounds \u201c stanols \u201d and \u201c sterols. \u201d excess weight can increase your ldl cholesterol level. \u201c fat tissue is not inert, \u201d cleeman says. \u201c it \u2019 s chemically active and produces all kinds of changes. \u201d one is raising ldl blood cholesterol levels. losing weight can help lower your ldl and total cholesterol levels, as well as raise your hdl and lower your triglycerides. regular physical activity can help you control your weight, lower your ldl and raise your hdl levels. you should try to be physically active for at least 30 minutes a day. if these lifestyle changes don \u2019 t lower your ldl cholesterol enough, medication can help. \u201c medication should be added to lifestyle changes, \u201d cleeman advises, \u201c not substituted for them. \u201d lifestyle changes can bring benefits medications can \u2019 t. while both can lower ldl, lifestyle improvements can lower blood pressure and other risk factors as well. nih \u2019 s national heart, lung and blood institute recommends that everyone older than 20 have their blood cholesterol measured at least once every 5 years. learn your numbers. then talk to your doctor about whether you need to take steps to alter your diet, lose weight or get more physically active to lower your blood cholesterol and stay healthy.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39418070427761376, "token_count": 412, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.748598"} {"text": "new tool developed to trace brown fat, fight obesity london, july 19 ( ians ) scientists have enlisted a pioneering new tool which uses thermal imaging to spot brown fat - the body ' s good fat - to fight obesity. brown fat plays a vital role in quickly burning away the calories and produces 300 times more heat than any other tissue in the body. it means that the more of it we have, the less likely we are to store excess energy or food as harmful fat. michael symonds, professor of developmental physiology at the university of nottingham, who led the study, said : \" this completely non - invasive technique could play a crucial role in our fight against obesity, \" the journal of paediatrics reports. \" potentially, we could add a thermogenic index to food labels to show whether that product would increase or decrease heat production within brown fat. in other words, whether it would speed up or slow down the amount of calories we burn, \" added symonds, according to a nottingham statement. helen budge, clinical associate professor in neonatology at nottingham, who worked with symonds, said : \" babies have a larger amount of brown fat which they use up to keep warm soon after birth making our study ' s finding that this healthy fat can also generate heat in childhood and adolescence very exciting. \" read more : university grants commission ( ugc ) | guru nanak dev university | kumaon university nainital | gorakhpur university | agra university | ayurvedic university | bundelkhand university so | mds university ajmer dtso | madras university po | world university centre | pondicherry university | annamalai university | kannur university campus | calicut university | kochi university | jadavpur university | kolkata university | budge budge natun bazar s. o. | budge budge s. o. ( hsg - ii ) | vidyasagar university so 4th c v raman int ' l fellowship launched for research may 21, 2013 at 10 : 07 pm we will bring a new law to regulate fixing : jitendra singh may 21, 2013 at 10 : 00 pm court allows five day police custody for the ipl fixers may 21, 2013 at 9 : 58 pm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5338629592266437, "token_count": 460, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.752289"} {"text": "in 1860 \u2013 61 robert o \u2019 hara burke and william john wills led an expedition to cross australia from melbourne in the south to the gulf of carpentaria in the north. after arriving at their base camp at cooper \u2019 s creek, burke selected wills, john king and charles gray to accompany him to the gulf and left four men at the base camp. they reached the gulf but on their return journey gray died of exhaustion, and when the others arrived back at the base camp it was deserted, the reserve party having departed only nine hours before they arrived. burke decided to try to reach a police station at mount hopeless, but they eventually became too weak to continue, and he and wills died from exhaustion and starvation. only king survived, kept alive by indigenous australians until a search party found him. lambert depicted the exhausted body of burke slumped against a tree, with king standing looking into the far distance and wills crouching near an exhausted camel. he placed the event within a harsh and desolate australian outback scene, overlooked by ominous black crows. he made this watercolour as an illustration for w. h. lang \u2019 s account of the expedition. it was published with the caption : \u2018 on the way to mount hopeless \u2019 in a volume of boys \u2019 stories, romance of empire : australia, in 1908. this was the first attempt to present australia \u2019 s history in the form of an illustrated book for boys and met with considerable success. many artists depicted this story, including ludwig becker and hermann beckler, who participated in the expedition. john longstaff painted arrival of burke, wills and king at the deserted camp at cooper \u2019 s creek, sunday evening, 21st april 1861 ( national gallery of victoria, melbourne ) in the same year that lambert made this watercolour.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4136091852087096, "token_count": 358, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.754085"} {"text": "france 1868 \u2013 1941 breton women with umbrellas [ les bretonnes aux ombrelles ] 1892 oil on canvas canvas 81. 0 ( h ) x 105. 0 ( w ) cm musee d ' orsay, paris, purchase 1955 \u00a9 rmn ( musee d ' orsay ) / herve lewandowski in 1886, at the age of eighteen, bernard set off on a walking trip through normandy and brittany. there he met paul gauguin in pont - aven, at the recommendation of emile schuffenecker. two years later, in a letter from arles dated 20 june 1888, van gogh proposed that bernard meet again with the older artist : \u2018 gauguin too is bored at pont - aven and complains like you of his isolation. why not go and see him? \u2019 1 bernard did so. he was just twenty years old and brimming with new theories and ideas about how to make art. it was at pont - aven that bernard painted a canvas, breton women in a meadow, which, according to the artist, preceded gauguin \u2019 s radical painting vision of the sermon ( jacob wrestling with the angel ). 2 the two artists worked together, along with louis anquetin and paul serusier, developing a style which came to be known as \u2018 cloisonisme \u2019, or cloisonnism \u2014 a term coined by the critic edouard dujardin when reviewing the art of anquetin in his essay for la revue independante, 1 march 1888. cloisonnism abandoned three - dimensional modelling for flatter two dimensional forms with heavy dark outlines. it was a style that shunned naturalism and adopted a more symbolic focus, assuming a brighter palette in order to express human emotion. it was, in part, inspired by gothic art ( particularly stained - glass and enamel work ) and japanese ukiyo - e woodblock prints, in vogue amongst many artists of the pont - aven school. the close artistic collaboration between bernard and gauguin ended in 1891, when gauguin was described as the founder of the evolving pont - aven movement. 3 bernard considered this role rightfully his. bernard \u2019 s sister madeleine accused gauguin of reneging on his promise to exhibit together with bernard before he left for tahiti : \u2018 you are a traitor, you have broken your pledge and done the greatest harm to my brother, who is the real initiator of the art that you claim as being your own \u2019. 4 breton women with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45575850258994144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.757447"} {"text": "before he left for tahiti : \u2018 you are a traitor, you have broken your pledge and done the greatest harm to my brother, who is the real initiator of the art that you claim as being your own \u2019. 4 breton women with umbrellas was made the year after this rift. it is one of a series of paintings created in bold outlines and colours which extend bernard \u2019 s monumental style of the late 1880s and signal his claim to be the originator of what he called \u2018 pictorial symbolism \u2019. the canvas reveals bernard \u2019 s continuing fascination with gothic art and adds to the exotic perception of breton women as timeless and immutable beings, living simple pious lives. the artist has depicted these figures in simplified forms and bold colours, and placed them within an almost two - dimensional village backdrop. bernard came to admire these women, and frequently represented them as figures of devotion, as if they had stepped out of the art of the medieval ages. text \u00a9 national gallery of australia, canberra 2009 from masterpieces from paris : van gogh, cezanne, gauguin and beyond post - impressionism from the musee d ' orsay exhibition book, national gallery of australia, canberra 2009 - quoted in douglas lord ( ed. and trans. ), letters to emile bernard, new york : museum of modern art 1938, p. 40. - national gallery of scotland, edinburgh. - in an article by albert aurier, \u2018 le symbolisme en peinture \u2014 paul gauguin \u2019, mercure de france, march 1891, pp. 159 \u2013 64. - henri dorra, emile bernard and paul gauguin, gazette des beaux - arts, 6 series, vol. 45, april 1955, p. 244.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42314095067700436, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.758072"} {"text": "during the 1980s the number of babies born annually was around 12. the total twice fell sharply in the 1990s until just a single calf appeared in 2000. since then, the average has risen to more than 20 calves a year. yet this remains 30 percent below the whales ' potential rate of reproduction. why? if scientists are to guide the species ' salvation, they need more data and more answers. fast. one august morning in 2006, when the sea was a sheet of dimpled satin shot through with silver threads, i joined scott kraus, the new england aquarium ' s vice president of research, and rosalind rolland, a veterinarian and senior scientist with the aquarium, on an unlikely quest in the bay of fundy. when leviathans rose in the distance through the sea ' s shimmering skin, kraus steered the boat downwind of where they had briefly surfaced, handed me a data sheet to log our movements, and zigzagged into the faint breeze. rolland moved onto the bow. beside her was fargo, the world ' s premier whale - poop - sniffing dog. fargo began to pace from starboard to port, nostrils flaring. rolland focused on the rottweiler ' s tail. if it began to move, it would mean he had picked up a scent \u2014 and he could do that a nautical mile away. twitch \u2026 twitch \u2026 wag, wag. \" starboard, \" rolland called to kraus. \" a little more. nope, too far. turn to port. ok, he ' s back on it. \" a quarter of an hour ran by like the bay ' s currents. all i saw were clumps of seaweed. suddenly, the dog sat and turned to fix rolland with a look. we stopped, and out of the vast ocean horizon came a single chunk of digested whale chow, bobbing along mostly submerged, ready to sink from view or dissolve altogether within minutes. kraus grabbed the dip net and scooped up the fragrant blob. you ' d have thought he was landing a fabulous fish. \" at first, people are incredulous. then come the inevitable jokes. but this, \" said the man who has led north atlantic right whale research for three decades, \" is actually some of the best science we ' ve done. \" with today ' s technology, dna from sloughed - off intestinal cells in a dung sample can identify the individual that produced it. residues of hormones tell rolland about the whale ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45347002355525506, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.760484"} {"text": "please use this identifier to cite or link to this item : http : / / hdl. handle. net / 1959. 13 / 916979 - the ' humped ' soil production function : eroding arnhem land, australia heimsath, arjun m. ; hancock, greg r. - the university of newcastle. faculty of science & information technology, school of environmental and life sciences - we report erosion rates and processes, determined from in situ - produced beryllium - 10 ( \u00b9\u2070be ) and aluminum - 26 ( \u00b2\u2076al ), across a soil - mantled landscape of arnhem land, northern australia. soil production rates peak under a soil thickness of about 35 cm and we observe no soil thicknesses between exposed bedrock and this thickness. these results thus quantify a well - defined \u2018 humped \u2019 soil - production function, in contrast to functions reported for other landscapes. we compare this function to a previously reported exponential decline of soil production rates with increasing soil thickness across the passive margin exposed in the bega valley, south - eastern australia, and found remarkable similarities in rates. the critical difference in this work was that the arnhem land landscapes were either bedrock or mantled with soils greater than about 35 cm deep, with peak soil production rates of about 20 m / ma under 35 \u2013 40 cm of soil, thus supporting previous theory and modeling results for a humped soil production function. we also show how coupling point - specific with catchment - averaged erosion rate measurements lead to a better understanding of landscape denudation. specifically, we report a nested sampling scheme where we quantify average erosion rates from the first - order, upland catchments to the main, sixth - order channel of tin camp creek. the low ( ~ 5 m / ma ) rates from the main channel sediments reflect contributions from the slowly eroding stony highlands, while the channels draining our study area reflect local soil production rates ( ~ 10 m / ma off the rocky ridge ; ~ 20 m / ma from the soil mantled regions ). quantifying such rates and processes help determine spatial variations of soil thickness as well as helping to predict the sustainability of the earth ' s soil resource under different erosional regimes. - earth surface processes and landforms vol. 34, issue 12, p. 1674 - 1684 - publisher link - john wiley & sons - resource type - journal article", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5518547916078922, "token_count": 489, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.762870"} {"text": "find a physician more on flu ( influenza ) more on flu ( influenza ) research and clinical trials more on flu ( influenza ) what is influenza ( flu )? influenza ( or flu ) is a highly contagious viral respiratory tract infection. an estimated 5 to 20 percent of the population in the us contract influenza each year. influenza is characterized by the abrupt onset of fever, muscle aches, sore throat, and a nonproductive cough. influenza can make people of any age ill. although most people are ill with influenza for only a few days, some have a much more serious illness and may need to be hospitalized. influenza can also lead to pneumonia and death. influenza viruses are divided into three types, designated as a, b, and c. - influenza types a and b are responsible for epidemics of respiratory illness that occur almost every winter and are often associated with increased rates for hospitalization and death. efforts to control the impact of influenza are focused on types a and b. - influenza type c usually causes either a very mild respiratory illness or no symptoms at all. it does not cause epidemics and does not have the severe public health impact that influenza types a and b do. influenza viruses continually mutate or change, which enables the virus to evade the immune system of its host. this makes people susceptible to influenza infection throughout their lives. the process works as follows : - a person infected with influenza virus develops antibody against that virus. - the virus mutates or changes. - the \" older \" antibody no longer recognizes the \" newer \" virus. - reinfection occurs. the older antibody can, however, provide partial protection against reinfection. currently, three different influenza viruses circulate worldwide : two type a viruses and one type b virus. immunizations given each year to protect against the flu contain the influenza virus strain from each type that is expected to cause the flu within that year. facts about the flu : although each flu season is different, approximately 5 to 20 percent of the population will get the flu each year. approximately 36, 000 of those who get the flu will die from it or from complications. what causes influenza? the influenza virus is generally passed from person to person by airborne transmission ( i. e., sneezing or coughing ). but, the virus can also live for a short time on objects - such as doorknobs, pens, pencils, keyboards, telephone receivers, and eating or drinking utensils. therefore, it may also be spread by touching something that has", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5221802240941783, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.774094"} {"text": ", the virus can also live for a short time on objects - such as doorknobs, pens, pencils, keyboards, telephone receivers, and eating or drinking utensils. therefore, it may also be spread by touching something that has been handled by someone infected with the virus and then touching your own mouth, nose, or eyes. what are the symptoms of the flu? the following are the most common symptoms of the flu. however, each individual may experience symptoms differently. influenza is called a respiratory disease, but the whole body seems to suffer when a person is infected. people usually become acutely ill with several, or all, of the following symptoms : - high fever - clear nose - sneezing at times - cough, often becoming severe - severe aches and pains - fatigue for several weeks - sometimes a sore throat - extreme exhaustion fever and body aches usually last for three to five days, but cough and fatigue may last for two weeks or more. although nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea may accompany the flu, these gastrointestinal symptoms are rarely prominent. \" stomach flu \" is an incorrect term sometimes used to describe gastrointestinal illnesses caused by other microorganisms. the symptoms of the flu may resemble other medical conditions. always consult your physician for a diagnosis. treatment for influenza : specific treatment for influenza will be determined by your physician based on : - your age, overall health, and medical history - extent and type of influenza, and severity of symptoms - your tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies - expectations for the course of the disease - your opinion or preference the goal of treatment for influenza is to help prevent or decrease the severity of symptoms. treatment may include : - medications to relieve aches and fever ( aspirin should not be given to children with fever without first consulting a physician ). the drug of choice for children is acetaminophen ( tylenol ). - medications for congestion and nasal discharge - bed rest and increased intake of fluids antiviral medications - when started within the first two days of treatment, they can reduce the duration of the disease but cannot cure it. four medications have been approved and include amantadine, rimantadine, zanamivir, and oseltamivir. some side effects may result from taking these medications, such as nervousness, lightheadedness, or nausea. individuals with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are cautioned about using zanamivir. viral resistance to these drugs may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5026041433608577, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.775045"} {"text": ". some side effects may result from taking these medications, such as nervousness, lightheadedness, or nausea. individuals with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are cautioned about using zanamivir. viral resistance to these drugs may vary. some drugs may be ineffective if current viral strains have developed resistance. all of these medications must be prescribed by a physician. consult your physician for more information. how to prevent the flu : a new influenza vaccine is introduced each september. it is usually recommended for specific groups of people ( see below ), as well as for persons who want to avoid having the flu. in addition, three antiviral medications ( amantadine, rimantadine, and oseltamivir ) are approved for use in preventing the flu. all of these medications are available by prescription, and a physician should be consulted before any medication is used for preventing the flu. a nasal - spray flu vaccine, called flumist, is currently approved to prevent flu due to influenza a and b viruses in healthy children and adolescents ( ages two to 17 ), and healthy adults ( ages 18 to 49 ). as with other live virus vaccines, flumist should not be given for any reason to pregnant women and people with immune suppression, including those with immune deficiency diseases, such as aids or cancer, and people who are being treated with medications that cause immunosuppression. flumist also should not be given to the following groups of people : - children less than two years of age - any person with asthma - children less than five years of age with recurrent wheezing following these precautions may also be helpful : - when possible, avoid or limit contact with infected persons. - frequent handwashing may reduce, but not eliminate, the risk of infection. - a person who is coughing or sneezing should cover his / her nose and mouth with a handkerchief to limit spread of the virus. how effective is the flu vaccine? vaccine effectiveness varies from year to year, depending upon the degree of similarity between the influenza virus strains included in the vaccine and the strain or strains that circulate during the influenza season. vaccine strains must be chosen 9 to 10 months before the influenza season, and sometimes mutations occur in the circulating strains of viruses between the time vaccine strains are chosen and the next influenza season. these mutations sometimes reduce the ability of the vaccine - induced antibody to inhibit the newly mutated virus, thereby reducing vaccine effectiveness. vaccine effectiveness also varies from one person to another, depending on factors such as age and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47712834299354445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.776156"} {"text": "are chosen and the next influenza season. these mutations sometimes reduce the ability of the vaccine - induced antibody to inhibit the newly mutated virus, thereby reducing vaccine effectiveness. vaccine effectiveness also varies from one person to another, depending on factors such as age and overall health. what are the side effects of the flu vaccine? the most serious side effect that can occur after influenza vaccination is an allergic reaction in people who have a severe allergy to eggs. for this reason, people who have an allergy to eggs should not receive the influenza vaccine. the national center for infectious diseases ( a division of the centers for disease control and prevention, cdc ) says that influenza vaccine causes no side effects in most people who are not allergic to eggs. less than one - third of people who receive the vaccine experience some soreness at the vaccination site, and about 5 to 10 percent experience mild side effects, such as headache or low - grade fever for about a day after receiving the vaccination. because these mild side effects mimic some influenza symptoms, some people believe the influenza vaccine causes them to get influenza. however, according to the cdc, \" influenza vaccine produced in the united states has never been capable of causing influenza because the only type of influenza vaccine that has been licensed in the united states to the present time is made from killed influenza viruses, which cannot cause infection. \" who should immunize against the flu? the flu causes complications that may develop into a more serious disease or become dangerous to some groups, such as elderly people and those with chronic medical conditions. for these reasons, the cdc recommends that the following groups immunize themselves each year. always consult your physician for more information regarding who should receive the flu vaccine : - persons 50 years old or older ( vaccine effectiveness may be lower for elderly persons, but it can significantly reduce their chances of serious illness or death from influenza. ) - children and adolescents six months to 19 years of age - residents of nursing homes and any other chronic care facilities that house persons of any age who have chronic medical conditions - adults and children who have chronic disorders of the pulmonary or cardiovascular systems, including children with asthma - adults and children who have the following medical conditions : - chronic metabolic diseases ( i. e., diabetes ) - renal dysfunction - children and teenagers ( aged 6 months to 19 years ) receiving long - term aspirin therapy - women who will be pregnant during flu season in addition, the following groups should be vaccinated : - healthcare providers - employees of nursing homes and chronic care facilities", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.480366823106791, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.777151"} {"text": "teenagers ( aged 6 months to 19 years ) receiving long - term aspirin therapy - women who will be pregnant during flu season in addition, the following groups should be vaccinated : - healthcare providers - employees of nursing homes and chronic care facilities who have contact with patients or residents - providers of home care to persons at high risk - household members ( including children ) of persons in high - risk groups - persons of any age who wish to decrease their chances of influenza infection, excluding persons who are allergic to eggs when should i get a flu shot? the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) recommends getting the flu shot every year, between september and mid - november, before the flu season hits ( usually december to april ). the flu shot takes one to two weeks to become effective. although there are many new medications designed to treat flu symptoms and even shorten the duration of the illness, the flu vaccine still offers the best protection against the flu. if i get the flu shot, can i still get the flu? every year, the flu shot \" cocktail \" changes to combat the current strains of influenza affecting the population. the world health organization ( who ) monitors flu outbreaks worldwide and recommends appropriate vaccine compositions to be used for the next year. however, sometimes, a strain may appear that was not included in the flu vaccine. people who have had the flu shot tend to have milder symptoms if they contract the flu. traveling and exposure to the flu : because the flu is a highly contagious infection usually spread by droplets produced by an infected person who is coughing or sneezing, travelers are very susceptible to contracting the flu. the cdc recommends that travelers have the flu vaccine at least two weeks in advance of planned travel to allow time to develop protective immunity. there are other anti - viral drugs available to help prevent viral infections and complications. consult your physician for more information. click here to view the online resources of infectious diseases", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4165439109858675, "token_count": 391, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.777972"} {"text": "- blockages in the lungs and airways - problems digesting and absorbing nutrients | copyright \u00a9 nucleus medical media, inc. | - parents who are known carriers of the cf gene - siblings with cf - parents with cf ( mostly mother since men with cf are often sterile ) - difficulty passing the first stool ( meconium ) - meconium ileus ( intestinal obstruction ), sometimes requires surgery - salty sweat - coughing and wheezing - shortness of breath - difficulty with exercise - repeated pneumonia - severe, chronic sinusitis - abnormally shaped clubbed finger tips - barrel chest - nasal polyps - trouble gaining weight - poor growth - failure to thrive - bulky, bad - smelling, floating stools, due to poor digestion of fats - insulin - dependent diabetes - liver cirrhosis - salty sweat - mildly decreased fertility in females - prolapsed rectum - prevention of sperm production in males - sweat chloride testing ( still the standard for making a diagnosis of cf ) - transepithelial difference measurement - improving the amount of nutrition your body receives - preventing and treating lung infections - keeping the airways and lungs as clear as possible - high - calorie diet planned by a registered dietitian - nutritional supplements, including fat - soluble vitamins - pancreatic enzyme tablets with meals to improve digestion and absorption of nutrients - drinking lots of fluids, especially in hot weather or when ill managing lung infections - inhaled and / or systemic antibiotics - antibiotics to treat recurrent lung infections lung and airway support - bronchodilators \u2014 to relax muscles and open the airway - steroid inhalers \u2014 to decrease swelling and irritation - mucolytic agents \u2014 to reduce mucus and help it move out of the lung - hypertonic saline is a special type of salt water. a nebulizer machine creates a mist of this saline, which is inhaled by the user. the mist may help thin out the mucus in the lungs. - chest percussion and postural drainage or high - frequency chest wall oscillation are rhythmic clapping over the chest. they may help clear mucus from airways. american lung association http : / / www. lungusa. org / cystic fibrosis foundation http : / / www. cff. org / about kids health http : / / www. aboutkidshealth. ca / sick kids http : / / www. sickkids. ca / about cystic fibrosis : what you need to know. cystic fibrosis foundation website", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.44840247326168436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.781479"} {"text": "kids health http : / / www. aboutkidshealth. ca / sick kids http : / / www. sickkids. ca / about cystic fibrosis : what you need to know. cystic fibrosis foundation website. available at : http : / / www. cff. org / aboutcf /. accessed december 11, 2012. cystic fibrosis. american academy of pediatrics healthy children website. available at : http : / / www. healthychildren. org / english / health - issues / conditions / chronic / pages / cystic - fibrosis. aspx. updated january 9, 2012. accessed december 11, 2012. cystic fibrosis. ebsco dynamed website. available at : http : / / www. ebscohost. com / dynamed. updated november 7, 2012. accessed december 11, 2012. cystic fibrosis testing. american medical association website. available at : http : / / www. ama - assn. org / ama / pub / physician - resources / medical - science / genetics - molecular - medicine / related - policy - topics / genetic - testing / cystic - fibrosis - testing. shtml. accessed december 11, 2012. conn hf, rakel re. conn \u2019 s current therapy. 54th ed. philadelphia, pa : wb saunders company ; 2002 : 720 - 721. federico, mj, kerby, gs, deterding, rr, et al. respiratory tract & mediastinum. in hay w. w., et al, eds. current diagnosis & treatment : pediatrics. 20th ed. new york, ny : mcgraw - hill companies, inc ; 2011. kleigman rm, jensen hb, behrman re, stanton bf. nelson textbook of pediatrics. 18th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2007. 4 / 16 / 2009 dynamed ' s systematic literature surveillance http : / / www. ebscohost. com / dynamed / what. php : lai hj, shoff sm, farrell pm ; wisconsin cystic fibrosis neonatal screening group. recovery of birth weight z score within 2 years of diagnosis is positively associated with pulmonary status at 6 years of age in children with cystic fibrosis. pediatrics. 2009 ; 123 : 714 - 722. - reviewer : michael woods, md - review date : 11 / 2012 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44553583100922645, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.782234"} {"text": "every year, tens of millions of sharks are killed for their fins alone. shark fins are used to make shark fin soup, a popular and expensive dish that is a symbol of wealth and status primarily in asian cultures. the demand for fins can lead to cruel and wasteful practices, such as cutting off a shark \u2019 s fins at sea and then throwing the rest of the shark, sometimes still alive, back into the water. and shark fin soup can be dangerous to humans. since sharks are at the top of the food chain, they accumulate toxins like mercury, which is a dangerous neurotoxin. so are there any alternatives to shark fin soup? shark fins themselves have no taste and are used only for texture. in traditional shark fin soup recipes, chicken or fish stock is added to give the soup flavor which means that there are a lot of ways to enjoy shark fin soup without using shark fins \u2013 like this recipe from the monterey bay aquarium : today, the maryland state senate education, health, and environmental affairs committee is holding a hearing on numerous bills including a bill that would ban the possession, sale, trade and distribution of shark and ray fins. this bill will help protect global shark populations by reducing the demand for their fins. each year, tens of million sharks are killed so that their fins can be used in shark fin soup. in the united states, the cruel and wasteful practice of shark finning is illegal. however, many fins are imported from all around the world, contributing to the demand for shark fins and the overfishing of sharks. hawaii, oregon, washington, and california have already passed similar laws, and bills have also been introduced in new york, illinois, florida, and virginia. oceana supports maryland \u2019 s initiative and asks that state residents do so as well. please show your support by telling your legislator to vote for sb 465! in singapore, we \u2019 re seeing more proof that dedicated activists can make a difference in the world. singapore is one of the shark fin capitals of the world, but thanks to an outcry from local customers, its largest supermarket chain, fairprice, will be pulling fins from its shelves. shark fins are often cut from live sharks, which are then thrown overboard to die. the huge demand for fins, considered a delicacy, puts some shark species at risk of extinction. and while shark fin is a culturally important food in singapore, the tide is turning. a campaign by divers against shark fins caused one of fairprice \u2019 s suppliers to launch an online", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41010207242059027, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.791672"} {"text": "delicacy, puts some shark species at risk of extinction. and while shark fin is a culturally important food in singapore, the tide is turning. a campaign by divers against shark fins caused one of fairprice \u2019 s suppliers to launch an online attack ad that said \u201c screw the divers! \u201d luckily for sharks, the ad backfired. not all singaporeans are shark fin fans. local groups like project fin have been fighting to create change from the inside out, and they are finally having an impact. in response to the ad, singaporeans sent hundreds of complaints to fairprice and suggested a boycott. in response, fairprice made the smart \u2014 and surprising \u2014 decision to stop selling shark fins. \" it is encouraging to see fairprice respond promptly to the public reaction. they can progress further by selling only sustainable food, \" said jennifer lee, founder of project fin. kudos to the singaporean shark protectors for such a powerful victory in the wake of cultural pressure. it \u2019 s not every day that you hear about the marshall islands. scattered across a swath of the pacific ocean, these islands are home to only about 68, 000 people. but as of this week, the waters around these islands may become home to a whole lot more sharks. that \u2019 s because the government has decided to make all of its waters \u2014 more than 750, 000 square miles, or about the size of mexico \u2014 a shark sanctuary. this move will almost double the area in which sharks are protected globally. within the marshall islands, it will now be illegal to commercially fish sharks, sell any shark products, and use wire leaders ( a type of fishing gear often responsible for shark deaths ). in addition, all sharks caught accidentally must be released, and fishing boats will be required to bring all their catch directly to port for inspection \u2014 an important step in combating seafood fraud. fines for having shark products will run the equivalent of $ 25, 000 to $ 200, 000. great news this shark week! we just got word that oregon governor john kitzhaber will sign a bill this afternoon banning the sale, trade, and possession of shark fins in the state. oceana was instrumental in the passage of this bill, which passed the state house and senate with bipartisan support. the bill \u2019 s passage moves the u. s. west coast closer to a full ban on the trade of shark fins, thereby helping to protect global populations of at - risk shark species that are being targeted in unsustainable and unregul", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4353063131802182, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.792732"} {"text": "the bill \u2019 s passage moves the u. s. west coast closer to a full ban on the trade of shark fins, thereby helping to protect global populations of at - risk shark species that are being targeted in unsustainable and unregulated fisheries worldwide. while shark finning is illegal in the u. s., current federal laws banning the practice do not address the shark fin trade. as a result, fins are being imported to the u. s. from countries with few or even no shark protections in place. governor chris gregoire of washington state signed similar legislation into law on may 12, 2011 and a bill in the california legislature passed the assembly and is currently under consideration in committee in the senate. we commend governor kitzhaber for his extraordinary leadership to protect the ocean \u2019 s top predators, and congratulate our pacific colleagues for their work in achieving this victory! fantastic news! earlier this afternoon, the chilean national congress passed a nationwide ban on shark finning. this groundbreaking decision comes on the heels of a very similar ban passed by the united states congress last december, and puts both countries at the forefront of shark conservation. oceana drafted the chilean bill in january, and we are elated to see it pass into law \u2013 without a single dissenter. shark finning is an inhumane practice that often involves throwing the rest of the shark \u2019 s body back into the water once the desired fin is obtained. despite its cruelty, shark finning is incredibly rampant, due to culinary demand from asian countries such as china, where shark fin soup is popular. with the passage of this bill, chile joins a growing list of countries leading the way in shark conservation. because sharks do not respect national boundaries, this legislation will help protect shark populations and ocean health in chile and beyond. stellar news for sharks today : washington governor christine gregoire signed into law a ban on the trade of shark fins. \u201c by signing this legislation the governor took a very large west coast leadership role in initiating action to address a global problem, \u201d said whit sheard, senior advisor and pacific counsel for oceana. \u201c this bill will do two things, help us move closer to ending the wasteful and unnecessary depletion of our ocean \u2019 s top predators and serve as a model for oregon and california as they have similar pending legislation. \u201d while shark finning is illegal in the u. s., current federal laws banning shark finning do not address the issue of the shark fin trade. as a result, fins are being", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.38154454980121694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.793671"} {"text": "for oregon and california as they have similar pending legislation. \u201d while shark finning is illegal in the u. s., current federal laws banning shark finning do not address the issue of the shark fin trade. as a result, fins are being imported to the u. s. from countries with limited to zero shark protections in place. similar legislation passed recently in hawaii and guam and is pending in oregon and california. each year, tens of millions of sharks are killed for their fins, mostly to make shark fin soup. in this wasteful and cruel practice, a shark \u2019 s fins are sliced off while at sea and the remainder of the animal is thrown back into the water to die. congrats to oceana \u2019 s pacific campaigners for helping win this great victory for sharks! chinese nba basketball star yao ming hopes so. as center for the houston rockets, ming is spreading the word to \u201c say no to shark fin soup \u201d with his new ads sponsored by oceana and wildaid. ming \u2019 s message is traveling through san francisco by bus, including those on chinatown routes to support legislation ( ab 376 ) to ban the possession, sale, trade, and distribution of shark fins in california. great news from the evergreen state : washington state \u2019 s legislature has passed a bill banning the illegal trade of shark fins, an extraordinary step toward shark conservation on the u. s. pacific coast. the legislation now goes to the governor \u2019 s desk to be signed into law. while shark finning is illegal in the u. s., current federal laws banning shark finning do not address the issue of the shark fin trade. as a result, fins are being imported to the u. s. from countries with limited to zero shark protections in place. similar legislation passed recently in hawaii and is pending in oregon and california. \u201c this legislation is an excellent example of a state taking action to address a global problem, \u201d said whit sheard, senior advisor and pacific counsel for oceana. \u201c this bill will help us move closer to ending the wasteful and unnecessary depletion of our ocean \u2019 s top predators. \u201d as shark week comes to a close, we thought we \u2019 d hit you with the good stuff : numbers. here are some of the most revealing statistics about sharks that we could find : 400 million : approximate number of years that sharks have been on planet earth. 50 : number of shark species that are listed as vulnerable, endangered or critically endangered on the iucn red list of threatened species 138, 894 : number of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4117663280795842, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.794581"} {"text": "front page titles ( by subject ) origin and causes of the sterility of first crosses and of hybrids. - the origin of species by means of natural selection or the preservation of favored races in the struggle for life, vol. 2 return to title page for the origin of species by means of natural selection or the preservation of favored races in the struggle for life, vol. 2 the online library of liberty a project of liberty fund, inc. search this title : also in the library : origin and causes of the sterility of first crosses and of hybrids. - charles darwin, the origin of species by means of natural selection or the preservation of favored races in the struggle for life, vol. 2 the origin of species by means of natural selection or the preservation of favored races in the struggle for life, with additions and corrections from the sixth and last english edition, in two volumes ( new york : d. appleton and co., 1896 ). volume 2. part of : the origin of species by means of natural selection or the preservation of favored races in the struggle for life, 2 vols. about liberty fund : the text is in the public domain. fair use statement : origin and causes of the sterility of first crosses and of hybrids. at one time it appeared to me probable, as it has to others, that the sterility of first crosses and of hybrids might have been slowly acquired through the natural selection of slightly lessened degrees of fertility, which, like any other variation, spontaneously appeared in certain individuals of one variety when crossed with those of another variety. for it would clearly be advantageous to two varieties or incipient species, if they could be kept from blending, on the same principle that, when man is selecting at the same time two varieties, it is necessary that he should keep them separate. in the first place, it may be remarked that species inhabiting distinct regions are often sterile when crossed ; now it could clearly have been of no advantage to such separated species to have been rendered mutually sterile, and consequently this could not have been effected through natural selection ; but it may perhaps be argued, that, if a species was rendered sterile with some one compatriot, sterility with other species would follow as a necessary contingency. in the second place, it is almost as much opposed to the theory of natural selection as to that of special creation, that in reciprocal crosses the male element of one form should have been rendered utterly impotent on a second form, whilst at the same", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.493850038041417, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.810301"} {"text": "the second place, it is almost as much opposed to the theory of natural selection as to that of special creation, that in reciprocal crosses the male element of one form should have been rendered utterly impotent on a second form, whilst at the same time the male element of this second form is enabled freely to fertilise the first form ; for this peculiar state of the reproductive system could hardly have been advantageous to either species. in considering the probability of natural selection having come into action, in rendering species mutually sterile, the greatest difficulty will be found to lie in the existence of many graduated steps from slightly lessened fertility to absolute sterility. it may be admitted that it would profit an incipient species, if it were rendered in some slight degree sterile when crossed with its parent form or with some other variety ; for thus fewer bastardised and deteriorated offspring would be produced to commingle their blood with the new species in process of formation. but he who will take the trouble to reflect on the steps by which this first degree of sterility could be increased through natural selection to that high degree which is common with so many species, and which is universal with species which have been differentiated to a generic or family rank, will find the subject extraordinarily complex. after mature reflection it seems to me that this could not have been effected through natural selection. take the case of any two species which, when crossed, produced few and sterile offspring ; now, what is there which could favour the survival of those individuals which happened to be endowed in a slightly higher degree with mutual infertility, and which thus approached by one small step towards absolute sterility? yet an advance of this kind, if the theory of natural selection be brought to bear, must have incessantly occurred with many species, for a multitude are mutually quite barren. with sterile neuter insects we have reason to believe that modifications in their structure and fertility have been slowly accumulated by natural selection, from an advantage having been thus indirectly given to the community to which they belonged over other communities of the same species ; but an individual animal not belonging to a social community, if rendered slightly sterile when crossed with some other variety, would not thus itself gain any advantage or indirectly give any advantage to the other individuals of the same variety, thus leading to their preservation. but it would be superfluous to discuss this question in detail ; for with plants we have conclusive evidence that the sterility of crossed species must be due to some principle, quite independent of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.54742652888785, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.811250"} {"text": "the same variety, thus leading to their preservation. but it would be superfluous to discuss this question in detail ; for with plants we have conclusive evidence that the sterility of crossed species must be due to some principle, quite independent of natural selection. both gartner and kolreuter have proved that in genera including numerous species, a series can be formed from species which when crossed yield fewer and fewer seeds, to species which never produce a single seed, but yet are affected by the pollen of certain other species, for the germen swells. it is here manifestly impossible to select the more sterile individuals, which have already ceased to yield seeds ; so that this acme of sterility, when the germen alone is affected, cannot have been gained through selection ; and from the laws governing the various grades of sterility being so uniform throughout the animal and vegetable kingdoms, we may infer that the cause, whatever it may be, is the same or nearly the same in all cases. we will now look a little closer at the probable nature of the differences between species which induce sterility in first crosses and in hybrids. in the case of first crosses, the greater or less difficulty in effecting an union and in obtaining offspring apparently depends on several distinct causes. there must sometimes be a physical impossibility in the male element reaching the ovule, as would be the case with a plant having a pistil too long for the pollen - tubes to reach the ovarium. it has also been observed that when the pollen of one species is placed on the stigma of a distantly allied species, though the pollen - tubes protrude, they do not penetrate the stigmatic surface. again, the male element may reach the female element but be incapable of causing an embryo to be developed, as seems to have been the case with some of thuret \u2019 s experiments on fuci. no explanation can be given of these facts, any more than why certain trees cannot be grafted on others. lastly, an embryo may be developed, and then perish at an early period. this latter alternative has not been sufficiently attended to ; but i believe, from observations communicated to me by mr. hewitt, who has had great experience in hybridising pheasants and fowls, that the early death of the embryo is a very frequent cause of sterility in first crosses. mr. salter has recently given the results of an examination of about 500 eggs produced from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5321418205432207, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.812364"} {"text": "in hybridising pheasants and fowls, that the early death of the embryo is a very frequent cause of sterility in first crosses. mr. salter has recently given the results of an examination of about 500 eggs produced from various crosses between three species of gallus and their hybrids ; the majority of these eggs had been fertilised ; and in the majority of the fertilised eggs, the embryos had either been partially developed and had then perished, or had become nearly mature, but the young chickens had been unable to break through the shell. of the chickens which were born, more than four - fifths died within the first few days, or at latest weeks, \u201c without any obvious cause, apparently from mere inability to live ; \u201d so that from the 500 eggs only twelve chickens were reared. with plants, hybridised embryos probably often perish in a like manner ; at least it is known that hybrids raised from very distinct species are sometimes weak and dwarfed, and perish at an early age ; of which fact max wichura has recently given some striking cases with hybrid willows. it may be here worth noticing that in some cases of parthenogenesis, the embryos within the eggs of silk moths which had not been fertilised, pass through their early stages of development and then perish like the embryos produced by a cross between distinct species. until becoming acquainted with these facts, i was unwilling to believe in the frequent early death of hybrid embryos ; for hybrids, when once born, are generally healthy and long - lived, as we see in the case of the common mule. hybrids, however, are differently circumstanced before and after birth : when born and living in a country where their two parents live, they are generally placed under suitable conditions of life. but a hybrid partakes of only half of the nature and constitution of its mother ; it may therefore before birth, as long as it is nourished within its mother \u2019 s womb, or within the egg or seed produced by the mother, be exposed to conditions in some degree unsuitable, and consequently be liable to perish at an early period ; more especially as all very young beings are eminently sensitive to injurious or unnatural conditions of life. but after all, the cause more probably lies in some imperfection in the original act of impregnation, causing the embryo to be imperfectly developed, rather than in the conditions to which it is subsequently exposed. in regard to the ste", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5040180422718095, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.813317"} {"text": ". but after all, the cause more probably lies in some imperfection in the original act of impregnation, causing the embryo to be imperfectly developed, rather than in the conditions to which it is subsequently exposed. in regard to the sterility of hybrids, in which the sexual elements are imperfectly developed, the case is somewhat different. i have more than once alluded to a large body of facts showing that, when animals and plants are removed from their natural conditions, they are extremely liable to have their reproductive systems seriously affected. this, in fact, is the great bar to the domestication of animals. between the sterility thus superinduced and that of hybrids, there are many points of similarity. in both cases the sterility is independent of general health, and is often accompanied by excess of size or great luxuriance. in both cases the sterility occurs in various degrees ; in both, the male element is the most liable to be affected ; but sometimes the female more than the male. in both, the tendency goes to a certain extent with systematic affinity, for whole groups of animals and plants are rendered impotent by the same unnatural conditions ; and whole groups of species tend to produce sterile hybrids. on the other hand, one species in a group will sometimes resist great changes of conditions with unimpaired fertility ; and certain species in a group will produce unusually fertile hybrids. no one can tell, till he tries, whether any particular animal will breed under confinement, or any exotic plant seed freely under culture ; nor can he tell till he tries, whether any two species of a genus will produce more or less sterile hybrids. lastly, when organic beings are placed during several generations under conditions not natural to them, they are extremely liable to vary, which seems to be partly due to their reproductive systems having been specially affected, though in a lesser degree than when sterility ensues. so it is with hybrids, for their offspring in successive generations are eminently liable to vary, as every experimentalist has observed. thus we see that when organic beings are placed under new and unnatural conditions, and when hybrids are produced by the unnatural crossing of two species, the reproductive system, independently of the general state of health, is affected in a very similar manner. in the one case, the conditions of life have been disturbed, though often in so slight a degree as to be inappreciable by us ; in the other case, or that of hybrids, the external conditions have remained", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5301102585948347, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.814380"} {"text": "very similar manner. in the one case, the conditions of life have been disturbed, though often in so slight a degree as to be inappreciable by us ; in the other case, or that of hybrids, the external conditions have remained the same, but the organisation has been disturbed by two distinct structures and constitutions, including of course the reproductive systems, having been blended into one. for it is scarcely possible that two organisations should be compounded into one, without some disturbance occurring in the development, or periodical action, or mutual relations of the different parts and organs one to another or to the conditions of life. when hybrids are able to breed inter se, they transmit to their offspring from generation to generation the same compounded organisation, and hence we need not be surprised that their sterility, though in some degree variable, does not diminish ; it is even apt to increase, this being generally the result, as before explained, of too close interbreeding. the above view of the sterility of hybrids being caused by two constitutions being compounded into one has been strongly maintained by max wichura. it must, however, be owned that we cannot understand, on the above or any other view, several facts with respect to the sterility of hybrids ; for instance, the unequal fertility of hybrids produced from reciprocal crosses ; or the increased sterility in those hybrids which occasionally and exceptionally resemble closely either pure parent. nor do i pretend that the foregoing remarks go to the root of the matter ; no explanation is offered why an organism, when placed under unnatural conditions, is rendered sterile. all that i have attempted to show is, that in two cases, in some respects allied, sterility is the common result, \u2014 in the one case from the conditions of life having been disturbed, in the other case from the organisation having been disturbed by two organisations being compounded into one. a similar parallelism holds good with an allied yet very different class of facts. it is an old and almost universal belief founded on a considerable body of evidence, which i have elsewhere given, that slight changes in the conditions of life are beneficial to all living things. we see this acted on by farmers and gardeners in their frequent exchanges of seed, tubers, & c., from one soil or climate to another, and back again. during the convalescence of animals, great benefit is derived from almost any change in their habits of life. again, both with plants and animals, there is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5610218772825483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.815325"} {"text": ", & c., from one soil or climate to another, and back again. during the convalescence of animals, great benefit is derived from almost any change in their habits of life. again, both with plants and animals, there is the clearest evidence that a cross between individuals of the same species, which differ to a certain extent, gives vigour and fertility to the offspring ; and that close interbreeding continued during several generations between the nearest relations, if these be kept under the same conditions of life, almost always leads to decreased size, weakness, or sterility. hence it seems that, on the one hand, slight changes in the conditions of life benefit all organic beings, and on the other hand, that slight crosses, that is crosses between the males and females of the same species, which have been subjected to slightly different conditions, or which have slightly varied, give vigour and fertility to the offspring. but, as we have seen, organic beings long habituated to certain uniform conditions under a state of nature, when subjected, as under confinement, to a considerable change in their conditions, very frequently are rendered more or less sterile ; and we know that a cross between two forms, that have become widely or specifically different, produce hybrids which are almost always in some degree sterile. i am fully persuaded that this double parallelism is by no means an accident or an illusion. he who is able to explain why the elephant and a multitude of other animals are incapable of breeding when kept under only partial confinement in their native country, will be able to explain the primary cause of hybrids being so generally sterile. he will at the same time be able to explain how it is that the races of some of our domesticated animals, which have often been subjected to new and not uniform conditions, are quite fertile together, although they are descended from distinct species, which would probably have been sterile if aboriginally crossed. the above two parallel series of facts seem to be connected together by some common but unknown bond, which is essentially related to the principle of life ; this principle, according to mr. herbert spencer, being that life depends on, or consists in, the incessant action and reaction of various forces, which, as throughout nature, are always tending towards an equilibrium ; and when this tendency is slightly disturbed by any change, the vital forces gain in power.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5389085412017149, "token_count": 481, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.816340"} {"text": "front page titles ( by subject ) chap. vi. : the reason why interest was lowered one half after the conquest of the indies. - complete works, vol. 2 the spirit of laws the online library of liberty a project of liberty fund, inc. search this title : chap. vi. : the reason why interest was lowered one half after the conquest of the indies. - charles louis de secondat, baron de montesquieu, complete works, vol. 2 the spirit of laws the complete works of m. de montesquieu ( london : t. evans, 1777 ), 4 vols. vol. 2. about liberty fund : the text is in the public domain. fair use statement : the reason why interest was lowered one half after the conquest of the indies. garcilasso informs us, \u2021 that in spain, after the conquest of the indies, the interest, which was at ten per cent. fell to five. this was a necessary consequence. a great quantity of specie being all of a sudden brought into europe, much fewer persons had need of money. the price of all things increased, while the value of money diminished ; the proportion was then broken, and all the old debts were discharged. we may recollect the time of the system ; * when every thing was at a high price except specie. those who had money after the conquest of the indies, were obliged to lower the price or hire of their merchandize ; that is, in other words, their interest. from this time they were unable to bring interest to its ancient standard, because the quantity of specie brought to europe has been annually increasing. besides, as the public funds of some states, founded on riches procured by commerce, gave but a very small interest, it became necessary for the contracts of individuals to be regulated by these. in short, the course of exchange having rendered the conveying of specie from one country to another remarkably easy, money cannot be scarce in a place where they may be so readily supplied with it, by those who have it in plenty. [ \u2021 ] history of the civil wars of the spaniards in the west indies. [ * ] in france, mr. law \u2019 s project was called by this name.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46747721153523136, "token_count": 459, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.821243"} {"text": "sugar might not be the infant pain reliever clinicians have long thought it to be, according to a study in the lancet. at a hospital in london, researchers randomly assigned 44 newborns to receive a squirt of either sugared or plain water before pricking their heels. ( the heel prick is a common method for drawing infants ' blood. ) meanwhile, electroencephalography ( eeg ) electrodes measured the infants ' pain - specific brain activity. previous studies have found that newborns exhibit fewer grimaces and other facial expressions of pain when given sugared water before a procedure. despite that, in this study the eegs showed no difference in pain between children given sugared or plain water. caveat : activity in the targeted brain regions might not capture the entirety of infant pain, an accompanying editorial said. the small number of infants in the study meant that the researchers would only have been able to detect a large difference between the two groups. - oral sucrose as an analgesic drug for procedural pain in newborn infants : a randomised controlled trial internal clocks : tissue from hair follicles can reveal where people are in the circadian rhythm that governs their sleeping and waking periods, according to a study in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences. the genes regulating this so - called circadian clock leave traces of their activity throughout the body. previously, the researchers tried sampling blood and mouth - tissue cells for dna to track circadian phases. they decided that collecting follicle cells, attached to the bottom of plucked chin or head hairs, would be an easier and less - invasive method. in one experiment, they found that follicle cells from an average of 10 hairs contained enough information to differentiate among workers with morning, afternoon or night shifts. caveat : the study doesn ' t include the costs of processing hair follicles. the technique, which could help diagnose erratic or slow - to - adapt circadian clocks, needs to be improved before it ' s ready for clinical use, the researchers said. lung cancer : the world ' s most prescribed anti - diabetes drug halved the eventual size of lung tumors in mice, according to a study in cancer prevention research. metformin, typically the first choice for treating type 2 diabetes, may slow tumor growth by regulating enzymes that become overactive during cancer. the researchers injected cancer - prone mice with a carcinogen specific to cigarette smoke, and then gave them either a placebo or moderate doses of metformin. after 13", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49630091040681557, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.828466"} {"text": ", may slow tumor growth by regulating enzymes that become overactive during cancer. the researchers injected cancer - prone mice with a carcinogen specific to cigarette smoke, and then gave them either a placebo or moderate doses of metformin. after 13 weeks, the lung tumors in metformin - fed mice were 38 % to 53 % smaller than those in the placebo - fed mice on average. more - potent, injected doses of metformin led to a 72 % tumor reduction. caveat : as with all animal studies, the findings might not apply to human subjects. the national cancer institute is planning a clinical trial to test metformin in people at highest risk of developing lung cancer. brain exercises : reading and other cognitive exercises compress late - life dementia into a shorter but more - rapid decline, according to a study in neurology. at the beginning of the study, 1, 157 dementia - free seniors reported how often they read newspapers, magazines and books ; listened to the radio ; watched television ; played games like cards or crosswords and visited museums. every three years, the researchers tested a subset of the participants for cognitive impairment, and followed those patients for another 5. 7 years on average. cognitive exercise appeared to delay dementia. every one - point increase on a five - point mental - activity scale corresponded to an average 52 % slower cognitive impairment at first. but the exercises appeared to have the opposite effect on subjects who had developed alzheimer ' s : for every one - point increase on the scale, cognitive skills declined 42 % more quickly. caveat : the researchers tested each participant fewer than four times on average, and the participants reported their cognitive exercises just once. migraine : researchers discovered the first common gene linked to migraine risk, according to their report in nature genetics. the researchers compared dna samples from 2, 731 migraine sufferers to 10, 747 otherwise similar subjects, examining more than 400, 000 dna sequences per participant. a variation in only one sequence, on the long arm of chromosome 8, appeared to have any effect on the debilitating condition. the researchers confirmed their initial findings by examining this sequence in another 3, 202 people with migraine and 40, 062 controls. overall, 24. 3 % of migraine sufferers and 20. 6 % of non - sufferers carried the variant \u2014 an 18 % higher rate for sufferers. the sequence ' s location, between two genes that help regulate the neurotransmitter glutamate, provides fresh clues for understanding", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5193745120446436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.829514"} {"text": ". 6 % of non - sufferers carried the variant \u2014 an 18 % higher rate for sufferers. the sequence ' s location, between two genes that help regulate the neurotransmitter glutamate, provides fresh clues for understanding and treating migraine. caveat : all subjects were european, and all migraine sufferers were recruited from specialized headache clinics. it ' s unclear whether the variant is as common, or as closely associated with migraine, in other populations. low - carbohydrate diets : low - carbohydrate diets based on animal protein appear to shorten dieters ' lives, while those based on vegetable proteins appear to increase longevity, according to a study in annals of internal medicine. researchers tracked 85, 168 female nurses between 1980 and 2006. they also tracked 44, 548 male health - care professionals ( such as optometrists and veterinarians ) between 1986 and 2006. during that time, about 16 % of the participants died. the participants who consumed few carbohydrates and the greatest proportion of animal protein and fat were 23 % more likely to die than those who consumed the least. on the other hand, the mortality rate was 20 % lower for participants on low - carb diets who consumed the most vegetable protein and fat, compared to those who consumed the least. caveat : smaller differences in diet \u2014 for example, between diets in the 40th and 60th percentiles for carbohydrates, instead of the top and bottom 10 % \u2014 were mostly insignificant. the researchers adjusted their analyses for age, physical activity and smoking, but not race, income or education. esophageal cancer : the most popular anti - osteoporosis medications may boost the risk of esophageal cancer, according to a study in the british medical journal. the food and drug administration raised the possibility last year of a link between oral bisphosphonates and esophageal cancer, based on case reports it collected. yet a recent analysis of a large british patient database suggested that the medications weren ' t to blame for the cancer. the bmj study used the same database, but tracked patients for nearly twice as long : 7. 7 years versus 4. 5 years on average. over the longer period, a greater proportion of the 2, 954 patients with esophageal cancer had used oral bisphosphonates, compared to a control group. ( there was no association between the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.495014129260553, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.830650"} {"text": ". 5 years on average. over the longer period, a greater proportion of the 2, 954 patients with esophageal cancer had used oral bisphosphonates, compared to a control group. ( there was no association between the medication and gastric or colorectal cancer. ) the risk was concentrated among patients who had received at least 10 prescriptions for oral bisphosphonates. they were 93 % more likely to get esophageal cancer than subjects who received no prescriptions. the overall risk for esophageal cancer in europe and north america is about 1 in 1, 000. caveat : the data didn ' t show whether patients who were prescribed oral bisphosphonates actually used them, or whether they followed the instructions meant to reduce esophageal irritation. - oral bisphosphonates and risk of cancer of oesophagus, stomach, and colorectum : case - control analysis within a u. k. primary care cohort heart health : margarine fortified with omega - 3 fatty acids appears not to prevent second heart attacks, according to a study in the new england journal of medicine. dutch researchers gave 4, 837 elderly heart - attack survivors, all taking \" state - of - the - art \" medications, each a 40 - month supply of margarine. one - quarter of patients received standard margarine, while the others were given margarine laced with omega - 3s derived from fish, plants or a mix of the two. by the end of the 40 months, 14 % of the patients had another heart attack, a stroke or other major cardiovascular trauma. the type or amount of margarine the patients consumed had no significant influence on this rate. the findings contrast with earlier studies, which found that omega - 3s helped to protect the heart. one possible explanation, according to the researchers : the increasing use of highly effective cardiovascular drugs, particularly cholesterol - reducing statins, could have outweighed any benefits of omega - 3s. caveat : if the study had enrolled more patients, particularly women, it would have had more power to detect possible omega - 3 effects. nearly 80 % of the participants were male, yet the fortified margarines seemed more effective in women.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4675610583535352, "token_count": 468, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.831702"} {"text": "sin has a lot of moving parts. it features seven ancient figures, some of whom have instant name recognition ( jesus, paul, augustine ) and some of whom do not ( valentinus, marcion, justin, origen ). jesus and paul were both jews whose ideas about sin related in positive and creative ways to the sacrificial cult of jerusalem \u2019 s temple. marcion, valentinus and justin, all gentiles, shaped subsequent centuries of christian doctrine by arguing about how to read jewish scriptures ( which by 300 ce will become the \u2018 old testament \u2019 for some churches ), how to identify the god of the jewish bible ( is he the father of christ, or someone else? ), how to understand evil, and, thus, how to understand sin. origen and augustine, finally, were two towering geniuses of the early church. dealing with the same scriptural and doctrinal points of principle, they each framed huge, complex, and contrasting theologies. not only do their ideas of sin contrast dramatically : so too do their ideas about the universe, about humanity, and about god. learn more about sin : the early history of an idea at the princeton university press website. page 99 introduces these last two men, and sets up these contrasts. according to origen, all would be saved ; according to augustine, most were damned. according to origen, since god is just, he gave humanity free will so that a person could choose whether or not to sin. according to augustine, since god is just, he condemned all humanity to a broken will as part of the price of original sin. according to origen, even satan will at last be redeemed ; according to augustine, even babies, if unbaptized, go to hell. augustine is one of history \u2019 s winners. his views prevailed. in their secular refraction, they continue to affect even american public policy : according to augustine, since sex is a sinful act, its only morally admissible function is procreation. any other use of sex other than for procreation \u2013 as the expression of affection, say \u2013 is to be condemned. the current struggles over whether u. s. government funds can or should be used to provide americans with access to contraception is an early 21st - century spin - off of augustine \u2019 s early fifth - century arguments on the nature of sin.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5004654408061617, "token_count": 485, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.835699"} {"text": "archosaurs ( [ greek for ' ruling lizards ' ) are a group of diapsid reptiles that first evolved from archosauriform ancestors during the olenekian ( lower triassic period ). they are represented today by birds and crocodiles. archosaurs are set apart by having socketed teeth ( a feature that inspired the traditional name, ' thecodonts ', for the triassic forms ) and four - chambered hearts, among other characteristics. most early forms were carnivores, with narrow serrated meat - tearing teeth. their \" reptilian \" metabolism seem to have given them a clear advantage over the mammal - like therapsids that were their contemporaries in the arid interiors and strong monsoon climates that were the natural result of the single world - continent, pangaea. thus, whereas the permian was dominated by synapsids, the triassic came to be dominated by sauropsids. there are two primary groups of archosaurs \u2014 the ornithodira which were insignificant during the middle triassic but in the late triassic radiated as the dinosaurs and pterosaurs ; and the crurotarsi, which were the predominant group at this time, and included a number of purely triassic groups like the rauisuchians, the phytosaurs, and the herbivorous aetosaurs, as well as the ancestors of the crocodilians. a number of these archosaur groups - chiefly those large crurotarsi that are in pre - cladistic books called the thecodonts - became extinct 195 million years ago, during the triassic - jurassic extinction event. the survivors - the dinosaurs and the pterosaurs among the ornithodira, and first the sphenosuchia and protosuchia then their descendants the crocodilia among the crurotarsi - flourished during the jurassic and cretaceous periods. the dinosaurs dominated the land, the pterosaurs and later another archosaurian group, the birds, dominated the air, and the crocodiles dominated the rivers and swamps and even invaded the seas ( the teleosaurs and metriorhynchidae ). most of these taxa perished 65 million years ago, during the cretaceous - tertiary extinction event. the only groups of archosaurs to continue through to the tertiary and, ultimately, to the present day, are the birds ( which are descended from the dinosaurs ) and the crocodylia ( which include all modern crocodiles, alligators, and ghari", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4607421432346271, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.840017"} {"text": "of archosaurs to continue through to the tertiary and, ultimately, to the present day, are the birds ( which are descended from the dinosaurs ) and the crocodylia ( which include all modern crocodiles, alligators, and gharials ). birds are traditionally treated as a separate class, aves, while the rest of the archosaurs are treated as a subclass or infraclass, archosauria, within the class reptilia. more recently, with the cladistic method dominating biology, only monophyletic groups are considered valid and birds are included within the division archosauria. avesuchia ` - - archosauria | - - crurotarsi | | -? ctenosauriscidae | ` - - crocodylotarsi | | - - ornithosuchidae | ` - - + - - phytosauria | ` - - suchia | | - - prestosuchidae | ` - - rauisuchiformes | | - - aetosauria | ` - - rauisuchia | | - - rauisuchidae | ` - - + - - paracrocodylomorpha | ` - - crocodylomorpha ( crocodiles and relatives ) ` - - ornithodira | - - pterosauromorpha | | - - scleromochlus | ` - - pterosauria ` - - dinosauromorpha ` - - dinosauriformes ` - - dinosauria | - - ornithischia ` - - saurischia ` - - aves ( birds ) - benton, m. j. ( 2004 ), vertebrate paleontology, 3rd ed. blackwell science ltd - carroll, r. l. ( 1988 ), vertebrate paleontology and evolution, w. h. freeman and co. new york | this page uses content from wikipedia. the original article was at archosauria. the list of authors can be seen in the page history. as with paleontology wiki, the text of wikipedia is available under the gnu free documentation license. |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4437102132613333, "token_count": 441, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.840755"} {"text": "the tumor ( images a & b ) shows lobules of cells similar to basal cells with masses of small keratinocytes surrounded by larger, palisading cells ( image c ) on the periphery of the lobules. these uniform tumor cells possess large, oval, elongated nuclei and scant, poorly defined cytoplasm. there are no intercellular bridges. the nuclear size is relatively uniform and identifiable mitoses ( image d ) are normal, although variable. the surrounding myofibroblastic stroma ( image c ) is arranged in parallel bundles. there are an abundance of keratotic cysts and occasional retraction lacunae ( image c ) where the stroma retracts from the tumor. the odontogenic keratocyst is lined by a two to five layer squamous cell epithelium with a well - differentiated basal layer. it forms keratin, possesses no granulocytic cell layer or rete ridges, and may consist of one large cyst, or multiple microcysts. the parakeratotic odontogenic cyst ( images e & f ) possesses a thin lining of stratified squamous epithelium with a palisading basal layer and a corrugated surface of parakeratin. the epithelium surrounds a cyst cavity containing keratin. the orthokeratotic odontogenic cyst ( image g ) also possesses a thin surrounding epithelium but without a corrugated surface. there is a well - developed granular layer and a flattened or cuboidal, non - palisading, basal layer. this cyst cystcontains orthokeratin.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44734582154854297, "token_count": 352, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.842448"} {"text": "if you take a prescription or an over - the - counter drug, and you can answer yes to any of these other questions, then you may be experiencing a drug interaction or conflict that is having an negative affect on your health : - do you take more than one drug - prescription or over - the - counter? - do you take vitamins or other supplements? - do you ever drink grapefruit juice, eat licorice or chocolate? - do you enjoy a glass of wine, a bottle of beer or another alcoholic beverage? drug - to - drug, drug - to - supplement, drug - to - food and drug - to - alcohol conflicts and interactions may simply give you a bit of intestinal discomfort - or they may kill you. we hear too frequently in the news about a celebrity who has died because of conflicts from drugs, in particular. sometimes we hear them labeled as overdoses. but overdoses can result from a drug that was taken in its prescribed quantity, then its effect was altered by the presence of another substance like another drug or alcohol. michael jackson, heath ledger, anna nicole smith, and others are all considered to have died from drug interactions. here are some examples of drug conflicts and interactions that may surprise you. drug with other drug conflicts : if you take more than one drug, then your drugs may be getting in each other ' s way. the more different medications you take, the more chances there are of conflicts. according to the institute for safe medication practices, almost 40 % of americans take four or more different drugs. here are some examples of problems that can occur when two conflicting drugs are taken by the same patient : antihistimines, those usually over - the - counter drugs we take for runny noses, sneezing, congestion or watery eyes, can increase the depressive effects of many sedatives, tranquilizers, high blood - pressure medications or medicines for depression. in turn, that makes patients sleepier and more fatigued, which can be deadly to the patient or others if the patient tries to drive a car, operate heavy machinery or any other activity that requires concentration. antihistimines can also cause an increase in blood pressure or speed up the heart rate of patients who take blood pressure - reducing medications. acid reducers like prilosec ( omeprazole ), nexium or others known as drugs to treat gerd ( gastrointestinal esophageal reflux disease ) will interact with any drug that contains cimt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5028979268894836, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.848031"} {"text": ". acid reducers like prilosec ( omeprazole ), nexium or others known as drugs to treat gerd ( gastrointestinal esophageal reflux disease ) will interact with any drug that contains cimtidine, such as some asthma drugs, seizure drugs or warfarin ( coumadin ), used as a blood thinner. cardorone ( also called amiodarone ) conflicts with the cholesterol - lowering drug, zocor ( simvastatin ) and can lead to kidney failure or death if the dose of zocor is 20 mg or higher. cardarone also conflicts with coumadin. there may be thousands of examples of these interaction problems. be sure to double check any possible conflicts before you begin taking a new drug that could possibly conflict with a drug you already take. drug with vitamins, minerals or herbal supplement conflicts : at least 50 % of americans take dietary supplements according to the federal government. vitamins, minerals, amino acids, herbs, botanicals and other substances that many of us call \" natural \" are being ingested in hopes of improving our health. whether or not most of them truly help us is not the question here. but whether or not they might have an impact on the effectiveness of drugs we take is something we must all be concerned with. here are some examples of drug and supplement conflicts : vitamin e and ginko biloba can interact with coumadin ( also called warfarin, jantoven, marevan, lawarin, waran and warfant ), increasing its blood - thinning properties and putting those who take it at risk for increased bleeding. ginseng also interacts with coumadin and also creates potential bleeding problems for people who take heparin, aspirin or nsiads ( ibuprofen, naproxen and others ). ginseng can also cause headaches, nervousness or hyperactivity among those who take mao inhibitors. st. john ' s wort may create problems for those who take antidepressants. drug with food and alcohol conficts : according to the food and drug administration, some foods and all alcoholic beverages can increase how the body metabolizes some drugs, meaning the drug will be absorbed and used by the body in a different way than it was intended to. this can increase, decrease or neutralize the effect of the drug. here are some examples : grapefruit juice can cause problems for people", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4775009999420644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.848957"} {"text": ", meaning the drug will be absorbed and used by the body in a different way than it was intended to. this can increase, decrease or neutralize the effect of the drug. here are some examples : grapefruit juice can cause problems for people who take certain blood - pressure lowering medications or for those who take cyclosporin after an organ transplant. there may be dozens of other drugs that grapefruit juice affects, causing problems for those who drink it along with those drugs. ( learn more about avoiding these drug conflicts and interactions. ) chocolate - who can live without chocolate? some of us need to - because the drugs we take will become problematic if we eat chocolate, too. for example, anyone ( including children ) who takes a stimulant drug such as ritalin or a sedative - type drug like ambien must avoid any food that includes caffeine, including chocolate and coffee. chocolate can also cause problems for anyone who takes mao inhibitors for depression or parkinson ' s disease. mao inhibitors include drugs like nardil ( phenelzine ) or parnate ( tranylcypromine ). in fact, chocolate isn ' t the only food that needs to be avoided by those who take mao inhibitors. here is a list of foods to avoid, which include smoked, aged or pickled meat or fish, sauerkraut, aged cheeses, beef or chicken liver and red wines. licorice, another favorite, needs to be avoided by people who take certain blood - pressure lowering drugs like digitalis ( also called digoxin, digitoxin, cardoxin, digitek, lanoxicaps or lanoxin. ) with so many ways to negatively affect the drugs we take to improve our health, it makes sense to avoid those drug conflicts and interactions. whenever your provider gives you a new prescription for a drug, or if you decide to use an over - the - counter drug to address difficult symptoms, be sure you make yourself aware of the potential conflicts, then avoid them. from medline plus ( national library of medicine ) from the fda", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5372487378830572, "token_count": 428, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.849741"} {"text": "may 04 2010 today we talked about hydrogen and how it can be used to power vehicles. of the forty - four free response questions on previous a. p. exams, none have addressed hydrogen power, so mr. willard said this would be \u201c good knowledge to have in our pockets. \u201d first we reviewed what we already knew about hydrogen. hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe. despite this fact, there is almost none in the troposphere, and this is because hydrogen has a very low density and so it rises. additionally, hydrogen is very unstable, so it likes to bond with things ( i. e. with oxygen, thus water ). in a hydrogen - powered car, the traditional internal combustion engine is replaced with a fuel cell. here is a link to a video we watched in class about how a fuel cell works : how a fuel cell works : inside a hydrogen - powered car ( http : / / auto. howstuffworks. com / fuel - efficiency / alternative - fuels / dangerous - hydrogen - fuel1. htm ) as with every energy source, there are pros and cons. the pros to a hydrogen - powered car is that water is its only emission, it is a strategy for reducing fossil fuel use, and hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe. on the flip side, the cons to a hydrogen - powered car are that we have to harvest the hydrogen or \u201c make it \u201d ( which requires energy input ), since this source of energy is new, the infrastructure for hydrogen power is not there, and that we can \u2019 t simply convert petro - gas stations to hydrogen gas stations. perhaps we can add on to our petro - gas stations, and if we harvest the hydrogen or \u201c make \u201d the hydrogen by generating energy from renewable resources such as wind or solar power, technically the energy is still clean. but if we generate the energy for hydrogen from a coal - based power plant, then we \u2019 re just moving the source, but the impact is still the same. hydrogen can be \u201c harvested \u201d or \u201c made \u201d from electrolysis ( splitting water ), from biomass, and from fuel. the u. s. government is currently funding research on hydrogen power in the state of california. hydrogen power is still very much in the research and development stage. hope this helped! below is a picture of a typical hydrogen fuel cell :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5594239771623866, "token_count": 486, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:24.853619"} {"text": "the list has been arranged, as possible, in reverse chronological order. i should note that the contents have been lightly edited to reduce entry length ; almost all of these edits have removed references to recent sources in the outside literature which are not further identified. my apologies for this to the authors, but readers should of course consult the original sources to get the full picture, often extending well beyond wallace studies per se.... how is it that the memes of poetry remained a strong presence in the life of wallace but disappeared from the life of darwin even though both men were very much involved in scientific research that led both to the same revolutionary paradigm of natural selection? perhaps the answer to this question may be found in a famous clash between the two scientific titans. for as himmelfarb ( 1986 ) has remarked, ' wallace not only had the distinction of being the first darwinist ; he was also the first renegade darwinist '. and the issue on which wallace became a ' renegade ' was hardly trivial. whereas darwin believed that the science of evolution could completely account for the human species, wallace had his doubts. his ' little heresy ' as he called it was actually not so little, for he questioned whether the science of natural selection could account for ' the moral and higher intellectual nature of man '... - - bryce christensen, october 2012. changing english : studies in culture and education 18 ( 4 ) : 400.... the first author who expected mimicry by light was wallace ( 1878 ) himself, who erroneously supposed click beetles for firefly mimics. nevertheless, their light is different and they also appeared inedible too ( harvey 1956 ). cockroaches are fat and tasty, so the mimic is at the place. one mimicry by light ( aggressive, batesian - wallacian or peckhammian ) is actually known ( lloyd 1965, 1984 ) : predaceous fireflies photuris ( and also bicellychonia ) mimic the flash responses of females of other, up to five different ( lloyd 1983 ) species, attract males, and catch them, often during flight... - - peter vrsansky et al., september 2012. naturwissenschaften 99 ( 9 ) : 748.... background matching prey coloration and its adaptive features have been recognized by biologists for a long time. the related idea that prey animals can decrease their probability of being detected through behavioural features was already discussed by alfred russel wallace...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5043971375050031, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.135292"} {"text": "... background matching prey coloration and its adaptive features have been recognized by biologists for a long time. the related idea that prey animals can decrease their probability of being detected through behavioural features was already discussed by alfred russel wallace.... it has been shown experimentally that background matching effectively reduces predation risk imposed by predators, for example, in fishes and birds. preference for backgrounds that reduce the risk of detection has thus been suggested to be an important and wide spread strategy among prey animals to decrease their predation risk. it is also a common assumption that prey animals have been selected to actively prefer visually matching backgrounds. however, considering the popularity of this idea, surprisingly few experimental studies testing it exist... - - karin kjernsmo & sami merilaita, august 2012. proceedings of the royal society of london, series b, biological sciences 279 ( 1745 ) : 4192.... after planting doubts about sexual selection as the unique explanation, wallace ( 1868 ) associated sexual dichromatism with the nesting habits of birds in relation to the risk of nest predation. he considered that, assuming that ( i ) incubation attendance by either sex promotes cryptic plumage in open nesters, but ( ii ) not in cavity or domed nesters, ( iii ) conspicuous sexual monochromatism should be associated with cavity or domed nesting, and ( iv ) sexual dichromatism with conspicuous males and cryptic females should be related to open nesting ( table 1 ). wallace ( 1868 ) offered support for the two last predictions by listing 23 phylogenetically related groups of birds ( i. e. families or genera ) with conspicuous monochromatism nesting in cavities or domed nests and seven families with bright males and dull females with open nesting habits. wallace ( 1868, 1889 ) also predicted that because of the higher phylogenetic lability of plumage colour, changes in nesting habits would come first and be followed by changes in coloration. darwin ( 1871 ) disagreed with this view and forcefully argued that plumage coloration could select for changes in nesting habits while the opposite was less plausible. in nearly a century and a half elapsed since wallace first presented his theory on avian sexual dichromatism in relation to nesting habits, few attempts have been made to empirically check its validity despite the attention that sexual dichromatism as variable reflecting the strength of sexual selection in different bird species has received during the last decades ( see for instance, amundsen & parn, 2006 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5274490562852852, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.136775"} {"text": "been made to empirically check its validity despite the attention that sexual dichromatism as variable reflecting the strength of sexual selection in different bird species has received during the last decades ( see for instance, amundsen & parn, 2006 ) and the huge increase in information on avian natural history and phylogeny... - - j. j. soler & j. moreno, may 2012. journal of evolutionary biology 25 ( 8 ) : 1615.... in this article, we tested some assumptions and predictions of wallace \u2019 s theory by analysing plumage conspicuousness and dichromatism, nesting habits and incubation attendance of european passerines as described in handbook of birds of the western palearctic ( hbwp ; cramp & perrins, 1988, 1992, 1993, 1994a, b ). we have also corrected for phylogenetic relationships in all analyses as nesting habits, and to a lesser degree sexual dichromatism, may show a marked phylogenetic component as already argued by wallace ( 1889 ). according to the fundamental assumption of wallace that incubation attendance by either sex promotes cryptic plumage in open nesters, but not in cavity nesters, conspicuousness in either sex should be related to incubation attendance, nest type and their interaction ( prediction 1 ). moreover, the predictions by wallace that conspicuous sexual monochromatism should be associated with cavity or domed nesting, and sexual dichromatism with conspicuous males and cryptic females should be related to open nesting, were tested by relating degree of male and female conspicuousness to nest type and sexual dichromatism.... - - j. j. soler & j. moreno, may 2012. journal of evolutionary biology 25 ( 8 ) : 1615 - 1616.... the world ' s terrestrial zoogeographical regions were originally outlined by sclater ( 1858 ) and wallace ( 1876 ), primarily on the basis of vertebrates, because their distribution records were the most complete at the time. since then, the completeness of records has improved dramatically for both vertebrates and invertebrates, and although invertebrates represent a far greater proportion of total animal diversity, tetrapod vertebrates remain the best group for comparatively testing biogeographical hypotheses, with a comprehensive data set having become openly available online ( wwf 2010 ). specifically, where the world ' s biogeographical regions are concerned, it makes sense to test their accuracy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5193298712375853, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.137699"} {"text": "group for comparatively testing biogeographical hypotheses, with a comprehensive data set having become openly available online ( wwf 2010 ). specifically, where the world ' s biogeographical regions are concerned, it makes sense to test their accuracy using the same groups of organisms used to delimit them in the first place... - - serban proches & syd ramdhani, march 2012. bioscience 62 ( 3 ) : 260.... during his student days, however, meyer had also encountered the works of the british naturalist alfred russel wallace. in 1869, when wallace published the malay archipelago, describing his travels and observations in the region from 1854 to 1862, meyer produced an authorised translation, der malayische archipel, within the same year. in 1870, he added two collections on the origin of species and the theory of natural selection, translated from original essays by wallace and darwin. on 6 july of the same year, meyer embarked for batavia ( jakarta ) and by the end of september was stationed in menado ( manado, north sulawesi ). clearly, his admiration for wallace ' s work influenced his decision to go abroad ; indeed, chris ballard counts him as one among a ' wave of naturalist explorers ' who travelled to the malay archipelago during the 1870s in wallace \u2019 s wake, ' each bearing copies of his book and consciously emulating his earlier feats '... - - hilary howes, march 2012. the journal of pacific history 47 ( 1 ) : 25.... most species remain undescribed and unknown. recognizing and describing them is, however, just the beginning of a process. for most of the species already described, we probably know little more than some morphological characteristics and a few, if not a single, locality ( as a spot distribution within an unknown range ). this shortfall was named by lomolino ( 2004 ) as the \" wallacean shortfall \". compiling good distributional data is the first stage of any systematic conservation planning exercise ( margules and pressey, 2000 ). without reasonable information of where species live, it is impossible to know which are endangered and where to concentrate efforts to preserve them... - - pedro cardoso et al., november 2011. biological conservation 144 ( 11 ) : 2651.... wallace ' s line demarcates the most abrupt faunal transition in the world. to a seasoned naturalist like wallace, this unique juxtaposition of dramatically different faunas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4962815045949761, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.138619"} {"text": ". biological conservation 144 ( 11 ) : 2651.... wallace ' s line demarcates the most abrupt faunal transition in the world. to a seasoned naturalist like wallace, this unique juxtaposition of dramatically different faunas, first noted by muller ( 1846 ), was obvious, was anomalous, and begged explanation ; so it is perhaps no accident that biogeographic study effectively began in the iaa. the range limits of many terrestrial taxa are coincident with the eastern edge of the sunda shelf, and the taxonomic compositions of communities on either side are distinctly different. wallace advocated geological explanations for these biological differences. he suggested, for example, that bali and lombok were formerly widely separated and had only recently moved to their present positions < 40 km apart ; he also noted that faunal discontinuities were associated with deep straits ( wallace 1860 ). wallace first described the line in an 1858 letter to h. w. bates ( marchant 1916, p. 66 ) before he mapped the line ( wallace 1863 ) that was later given his name by huxley ( 1868 ) and expounded upon these observations in books on the iaa and biogeography in general ( e. g., wallace 1869 ). the veracity of wallace ' s observations was debated because the existence of such a stark faunal divide seemed improbable, and this spurred intense study of distribution patterns in the region ( e. g., weber 1902 )... \u2013 david j. lohman et al., august 2011. ecology, evolution, and systematics 42 : 208.... the processes governing the evolution of sexual dimorphism provided a foundation for sexual selection theory. two alternative processes, originally proposed by darwin and wallace, differ primarily in the timing of events creating the dimorphism. in the process advocated by darwin, a novel ornament arises in a single sex, with no temporal separation in the origin and sex - limitation of the novel trait. by contrast, wallace proposed a process where novel ornaments appear simultaneously in both sexes, but are then converted into sex - limited expression by natural selection acting against showy coloration in one sex. here, we investigate these alternative modes of sexual dimorphism evolution in a phylogenetic framework and demonstrate that both processes contribute to dimorphic wing patterns in the butterfly genera bicyclus and funonia... our analyses support both hypotheses advocated by darwin and wallace for the origin of sexual dimorphism", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5337425187006923, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.139625"} {"text": "phylogenetic framework and demonstrate that both processes contribute to dimorphic wing patterns in the butterfly genera bicyclus and funonia... our analyses support both hypotheses advocated by darwin and wallace for the origin of sexual dimorphism : some sexually dimorphic ornaments arise concomitantly with sex - limited expression, while others arise in both sexes but are subsequently lost in one sex. thus both modes of evolution are applicable to the evolution of sexual dimorphism in butterflies... - - jeffrey c. oliver & antonia monteiro, 7 july 2011. proceedings of the royal society of london, series b, biological sciences 278 ( 1714 ) : 1981, 1985.... wallace ( 1889 ) was the first to propose that cuckoo - hawk resemblance was a form of mimicry, which wyllie ( 1981 ) suggested might aid parasitic laying by frightening aggressive hosts away from the nest. in support of this idea, hawk - like plumage, with cryptic upperparts and pale, barred underparts, is more prevalent in parasitic than in nonparasitic cuckoos ( payne 1967 ) and most likely evolved after the evolution of brood parasitism ( kruger et al. 2007 )... \u2013 justin a. welbergen & nicholas b. davies, may - june 2011. behavioral ecology 22 ( 3 ) : 574.... while there were numerous previous philosophical treatises on the topic, stretching back to speculations about the origin of the universe in ancient times, scientific proposals are more recent. a well known one was biologist alfred russell wallace, who wrote in 1904 : \" such a vast and complex universe as that which we know exists around us, may have been absolutely required... in order to produce a world that should be precisely adapted in every detail for the orderly development of life culminating in man \". but that was before modern cosmology was established ; the idea of the expanding and evolving universe was yet to come... - - george ellis, 13 may 2011. general relativity and gravitation 43 ( 11 ) : 3213. this brings us back to the popp. et al. analysis of empetrum. their dating analysis shows quite convincingly that the relevant phylogenetic splits do not date to the jurassic - - not even close. instead, they probably happened in the pleistocene less than 1 mya. we can, therefore, immediately rule out ancient vicariance, but it is not quite as easy to choose between a darwin or a wallace migration scenario and the long -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5381213255366744, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.140615"} {"text": "even close. instead, they probably happened in the pleistocene less than 1 mya. we can, therefore, immediately rule out ancient vicariance, but it is not quite as easy to choose between a darwin or a wallace migration scenario and the long - distance dispersal favored by popp et al. as popp et al. point out, empetrum is not currently known along the andes, and its distinctive pollen grains have never been found there. however, as wallace ( 1880 ) argued, this does not entirely rule out that they passed through the andes and then disappeared as suitable habits shrank... - - michael j. donoghue, 19 april 2011. proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america 108 : 6341 - 6342.... although theories of animal colouration were developed principally in regard to terrestrial species ( wallace 1879 ; poulton 1890 ; cott 1940 ; edmunds 1974 ), from early on they were applied to aquatic species too ( e. g., wallace 1889 ; beddard 1895 ; longley 1916, 1917 ). nonetheless, colouration of aquatic organisms is subject to different selection pressures than those operating on land because scattering of light in water leads to an unchanging angular distribution of light direction ; light only penetrates surface waters, the extent to which additionally depends on turbidity ; light may be refracted at the surface ; and species that use the water column may be viewed by prey, predators or conspecifics from almost any angle ( lythgoe 1987 ; marshall 2000 ; hanlon et al. 2009 ; zylinski et al. 2009 ). these properties favour certain mechanisms of crypsis including transparency, counter illumination and countershading ( johnsen 2011 ; johnsen et al. 2004 ; ruxton et al. 2004 )... \u2013 tim caro et al., april 2011. evolutionary ecology 25 ( 6 ) : 1232.... more than 130 years on, the biogeographic scheme of sclater and wallace continues to form a basis for continental - scale geographic comparison of mammalian communities. any observer of modern africa can quickly recognize the stark ecological boundary delimited by the sahara desert, with the vast diversity of african - endemic taxa restricted to regions to its south. with almost no african fossil record to consult, scientists of the 19th and early 20th centuries could only speculate on the age or historical development of this continent ' s biogeography. in contrast, the last 100 years of pale", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49683442464124317, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.141642"} {"text": "regions to its south. with almost no african fossil record to consult, scientists of the 19th and early 20th centuries could only speculate on the age or historical development of this continent ' s biogeography. in contrast, the last 100 years of paleontological exploration have provided a wealth of information that allows for an investigation into the developmental history of african endemism as a whole, and the ethiopian biogeography realm in particular. wallace ' s proposal of \" long epochs \" of isolating barriers can now be more precisely formulated and addressed... - - faysal bibi, february 2011. plos one 6 ( 2 ) : 1 - 10.... wallace noted the problem of incipient evolutionary stages. he argued that incipient and intermediate stages might have little selective survival advantage, as with a partially developed wing ; yet evolution progressed to new forms and greater complexity as if teleologically guided. wallace thus predicted the problem of \" irreducible complexity \" ( behe, 2004 ). a group composed of paleo - anthropologists and linguists similarly argued that the physical and cognitive articulations required for human speech are so sophisticated that it is difficult to imagine intermediary systems ( picq et al., 2008 ). they described as a neo - darwinian tautology the argument that if a human feature existed, then it must be adaptive, otherwise it would not have survived. this is a form of panglossian, overly - optimistic ), post - hoc reasoning... - - michael m. delmonte, january 2011. the international journal of healing and caring 11 ( 1 ).... the evolution of longer floral tubes forced the evolution of longer insect proboscides, which in turn forced the selection for even longer floral tubes. wallace ( 1867 ) noted that this positive feedback system would continue generating longer and longer traits until it is balanced by an opposing selective pressure. although he did not elaborate much on opposing selective pressures, wallace ( 1867 ) implied that proboscis and tube lengthening would only be advantageous to a point, after which increased length may become a liability ( e. g. harder 1983 ; kunte 2007 ). insects with excessively long proboscides may have difficulty maneuvering them and inserting them accurately into the narrow gullets of flowers ( e. g. harder 1983 )... - - allan g. ellis & bruce anderson, 2011. in sebastien patiny, ed., evolution of plant - pollinator", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5352931643737155, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.142561"} {"text": "and inserting them accurately into the narrow gullets of flowers ( e. g. harder 1983 )... - - allan g. ellis & bruce anderson, 2011. in sebastien patiny, ed., evolution of plant - pollinator relationships ( cambridge university press ) : 237 - 262.... inspired by evolutionary computation, artificial life, multi - agent systems and social cognition, we develop a more realistic distribution of environments. the basic idea is straightforward : intelligence is the result of evolution through millions of generations interacting with other live beings. thus we define intelligence in this context, interacting with other agents of similar intelligence. we formalise the so - called darwin - wallace distribution for agents and environments. despite the many options and the many sources of uncomputability, we claim that, conceptually, the notion of darwin - wallace distribution is useful to re - visit previous definitions of intelligence. the next step is how this notion can be used for agi development and evaluation. we present a procedure which approximates a darwin - wallace distribution by using intelligence tests over environments such that ' certified ' systems are incorporated into the environments, so making them socially more complex... - - jose hernandez - orallo et al., 2011. ' on more realistic environment distributions for defining, evaluating and developing intelligence ' ( http : / / users. dsic. upv. es ) : 3. wallace ' s approach to cosmology shows how the consideration of the conditions necessary for the evolution of life is not wedded to any particular theory of star formation and development but must be used appropriately in any cosmology we pursue... - - john d. barrow, 2011. the book of universes : exploring the limits of the cosmos ( w. w. norton ).... the term used to describe this type of speciation is allopatry, as opposed to sympatry, where ancestral and descendant species coexist in the same environment ( or parapatry if they exist side by side, with a hybridisation zone in between ). if two populations having evolved separately come back in contact later on, the intermediate phenotype of their offspring could make them unfit for either environment, and this would then provide the selective pressure for the selection of additional reproductive barriers, in a process called reinforcement, and often referred to as ' the wallace effect '. indeed, the earliest promoter of the view that reinforcement could occur under the pressure of natural selection was undoubtedly alfred wallace, who disagreed with darwin ' s views", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5882657696930675, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.143753"} {"text": "reproductive barriers, in a process called reinforcement, and often referred to as ' the wallace effect '. indeed, the earliest promoter of the view that reinforcement could occur under the pressure of natural selection was undoubtedly alfred wallace, who disagreed with darwin ' s views that reproductive isolation could not possibly result from natural selection : \" the sterility of first crosses and of their hybrid progeny has not been acquired through natural selection \" ( the origin, summary of hybridism chapter ). this point was a subject of written exchanges and arguments in private correspondence between the two around 1858 [ [ sic ] ], 10 years after their joint communication to the linnean society in july 1858, but wallace formally published his views only in 1889, some twenty year later, in chapter vii of his book called darwinism. on the subject of allopatry versus sympatry, i do take a very divergent view to that adopted by a majority of evolutionary biologists to this day. rather, i choose to follow wallace ' s path against darwin ' s in thinking that natural selection plays a major role in the reproductive isolation that defines species, and i shall actually venture some steps further than wallace, and will advocate in the following pages that natural selection can act on the very first stages of reproductive isolation, and not just on reinforcement after divergence has taken place... - - etienne joly, 25 november 2010. nature precedings : 3.... by the time he wrote island life, wallace ( 1881 ) knew of 21 species of philippine mammals, most of which are either widespread species or palawan endemics. thus, he had virtually no knowledge of the highly endemic mammal communities in the oceanic philippines. at the time, even less was known of amphibian and reptile diversity ( boulenger, 1894 ). thus, wallace ' s impression of the philippine fauna, and his biogeographic delineations of it, were taken from a very small, biased sample of the diversity... - - jacob a. esselstyn et al., november 2010. journal of biogeography 37 ( 11 ) : 2055.... with growing knowledge about species distributions, updated summary information on species richness, endemism and faunistic resemblance has been assembled and analysed within the classic wallace scheme ( chapin, 1923 ; smith, 1983 ; cole et al., 1994 ; newton & dale, 2001 ). furthermore, various refinements have been proposed, many of them addressing delineations of sub", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5318475683219969, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.144689"} {"text": "albedo ) is now generally recognized as the dominant feedback factor. the net contributions of clouds and fog, although clearly important, are less obvious and are difficult to quantify... - - wolfgang h. berger, michael schulz & gerold wefer, october 2010. international journal of earth sciences 99, supplement 1 : 171 - 189. for wallace, the two processes of isolation in space and biological differentiation through time were inseparable, because one ( isolation ) led to the other ( speciation ). wallace ' s view of what constituted natural - - the dual criteria of biological and geological uniqueness - - has some important implications for how natural biogeographical units are identified. because wallace was the first to suggest a geological / historical component to the identification of natural biogeographical areas. i propose to name such entities wallacean biogeographical units... - - bernard michaux, september 2010. biological journal of the linnean society 101 : 193 - 212.... in my view there is a further step to take, and that is to confirm that areas of endemism are also wallacean biogeographical units. these are the fundamental units for further biogeographical analysis because they are natural entities, not human constructs. for example, ' sulawesi ' is an area of endemism, but not a wallacean biogeographical unit : it is a human geopolitical construct that has no biogeographical reality. any attempt to use the area ' sulawesi ' in biogeographical analysis is doomed to failure... - - bernard michaux, september 2010. biological journal of the linnean society 101 : 193 - 212.... roy davies has assembled a convincing case that darwin was much more cavalier with attribution, particularly with regard to wallace, than commonly thought and in several instances failed to cite or give adequate credit to his antecedents. he concludes that wallace has a stronger claim to the theory of evolution than commonly realized... - - david lloyd, julian wimpenny & alfred venables, september 2010. journal of biosciences 35 : 339 - 349. that wallace almost certainly solved the problem of divergence before darwin did is, perhaps, not surprising. wallace had much the greater experience in the field of biogeography, which was so fundamental to unravelling the relationships between species. but, even more importantly, he had the advantage that, unlike darwin, he", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5482812829106547, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.147262"} {"text": "is, perhaps, not surprising. wallace had much the greater experience in the field of biogeography, which was so fundamental to unravelling the relationships between species. but, even more importantly, he had the advantage that, unlike darwin, he was looking actively for evidence of evolution while in the field, and could therefore tailor his data collection appropriately. by contrast, sulloway has recently argued most persuasively that during the voyage on the beagle darwin was still a creationist in attitude ; this blunted his appreciation of the evolutionary significance of the galapagos fauna to the extent that he failed to collect a single tortoise specimen and neglected to label his finch specimens with their exact islands of origin... - - david lloyd, julian wimpenny & alfred venables, september 2010. journal of biosciences 35 : 339 - 349.... ' muir went over to darwinism with all the rest ' ( worster, 2008, p. 204 ), stating ' not that i would in any way oppose the discovered truths of evolution for i embrace them cordially ' ( worster, 2008, p. 206 ). and so worster ( p. 207 ) suggests a ' glowing endorsement ' of darwinism, taking muir ' far... from, the evangelical orthodoxy and towards a more liberal, science - based view of the world '. there is, then, a likely influence of darwin in muir ' s later life and reading. moreover, books in the muir collection at pacific university show that he was also reading the works of alfred russel wallace, whom he met, the two naturalists together visiting the muir woods of northern california ( wallace, 1905, p. 158 )... - - r. m. mcdowall, september 2010. journal of biogeography 37 ( 9 ) : 1634.... biological barriers act throughout the lifecycle and are often classified according to the point in the life cycle that they are encountered ( e. g. premating vs. postmating ). barriers at each stage can arise as byproducts of within lineage evolution as a result of natural or sexual selection or genetic drift, but natural selection against maladaptive hybridization itself can also drive evolution of reproductive isolation barriers ( wallace, 1889 ; fisher, 1930 ; dobzhansky, 1937 ). this process is usually termed reinforcement, and as the name implies, it requires the pre - existence of some degree of reproductive isolation, which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4982844158022841, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.148200"} {"text": "evolution of reproductive isolation barriers ( wallace, 1889 ; fisher, 1930 ; dobzhansky, 1937 ). this process is usually termed reinforcement, and as the name implies, it requires the pre - existence of some degree of reproductive isolation, which is then ' reinforced ' by the evolution of additional barriers. studies of reinforcement have focused overwhelmingly on premating barriers.... nevertheless, selection on postmating barriers is at least theoretically possible ( wallace, 1889 ; coyne, 1974 ). wallace argued that selection among demes could drive hybrid inviability by reducing the negative impact of low - quality hybrids ( wallace, 1889 )... - - e. turner, d. j. jacobson & j. w. taylor, august 2010. journal of evolutionary biology 23 ( 8 ) : 1642.... he spent years living on his own in amazonia and then in the malay archipelago, making detailed and sympathetic observations about local peoples, practices and cultures. in the latter context his travelling companion and research assistant for many years was a young malay man, ali. at their parting, in 1862, wallace commissioned a photograph of ali to carry home to england and included it in his 1905 autobiography. compare this to the erasure of non - white participation and assistance in other european explorers ' accounts of the time... - - kathleen bolling lowrey, august 2010. anthropology today 26 ( 4 ) : 18 - 21.... one must simply concede that during the 20th - century history of the discipline anthropologists have accumulated a huge wealth of data relating to question 3 for which no plausible explanation, general theory, or provisional hypothesis exists... and this is why, under present circumstances, i want to advocate for wallace - - a brilliant and unashamed crank - - as an ancestor - figure for contemporary anthropology. in wallace ' s articulation of the theory of evolution, he arrived at the same answers to questions 2 and 3, responding as follows : ( 1 ) common origin, endless divergence ; ( 2 ) co - operation ; ( 3 ) no... - - kathleen bolling lowrey, august 2010. anthropology today 26 ( 4 ) : 18 - 21. wallace quite rightly considered the lush complexity of human thought a serious mystery, one inexplicable within the necessity - driven framework of natural selection. as he put it, the human brain ' furnishes a surplusage of power - - of an instrument beyond the needs of its possessor '. this sounds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5067361039343428, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.149205"} {"text": ", one inexplicable within the necessity - driven framework of natural selection. as he put it, the human brain ' furnishes a surplusage of power - - of an instrument beyond the needs of its possessor '. this sounds very much like levi - strauss ' s enchanting assertion that ' the universe is never charged with sufficient meaning [... ] the mind always has more meanings available than there are objects to which to relate them '... - - kathleen bolling lowrey, august 2010. anthropology today 26 ( 4 ) : 18 - 21. wallace ( 1890 ) suggested that the primary function of egg coloration was to provide crypsis to avoid predation, although the experimental evidence supporting this hypothesis has been equivocal. one possible reason for this is that the experimental protocols typically involve painting eggs and comparing predation rates on painted versus natural eggs. with but one exception, all the egg - predation experiments cited in their review use painted eggs... - - michael i. cherry & andrew g. gosler, august 2010. biological journal of the linnean society 100 : 753 - 762.... beatty et al. ( 2004 ) conducted another study, this time assessing the selection for mimicry using human predators and computer - generated prey. they found that when there are only 2 unprofitable prey types, selection for mimicry was weak. one reason for the results, they suggested, was that predators may not be sufficiently confused to generate selection for mimicry when just 2 different forms are involved. in an explanation for the evolution of conspicuous signals, wallace ( 1889, p. 255 ) suggested that \" not only do fewer individuals of each species need to be sacrificed in order that their enemies learn the lesson of their inedibility ( in cases of mimicry ), but they are more easily recognized at a distance and thus escape even pursuit. there is thus a kind of mimicry between closely allied species as well as between species of distinct genera, all tending to the same beneficial end. \" one explanation for beatty et al ' s findings is that mimicry reduces confusion in visually complex environments. it has also been argued, in a theoretical treatment, that the mere coexistence of visually distinctive aposematic species can be mutually beneficial ( turner and speed 1999 ). if predators that ingest members of one chemically defended species become risk averse with respect to further toxin ingestion, while their physiology copes with the toxins, it has been suggested", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5912573944853284, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.151131"} {"text": "can be mutually beneficial ( turner and speed 1999 ). if predators that ingest members of one chemically defended species become risk averse with respect to further toxin ingestion, while their physiology copes with the toxins, it has been suggested that predators may heighten avoidance of species that could contain toxins, even in the absence of signal mimicry... \u2013 hannah m. rowland et al., july - august 2010. behavioral ecology 21 ( 4 ) : 851 - 852.... selection fundamentally acts on genes or individuals of distinct species. at the individual level, the success of a collection of interesting genes is mediated through the fitness of an individual phenotype. but what is the phenotype? what is a species? it may be worth remembering what alfred russel wallace, natural selection ' s co - discoverer, published as species definition : ' a species... is a group of living organisms, separated from all other such groups by a set of distinctive character ( istic ) s, having relations to the environment not identical with those of any other group of organisms, and having the power of continuously reproducing its like '. thus, it is the relation to the environment which is one of the features defining a species. the crucial role of many microbes in development demonstrates that environmental and genetic information interact... - - sebastian fraune & thoms c. g. bosch, july 2010. bioessays 32 ( 7 ) : 578.... darwin ( at least, in the first edition of the origin of species ) relied on selection as the main cause of evolutionary change, but saw that hybrid sterility could not be directly selected ; instead, he argued that it arises as a side - effect of divergence. in contrast, wallace ' s ( 1889 ) enthusiasm for selection led him to argue that not only could it strengthen prezygotic isolation, by what we now call reinforcement, but that group selection could even cause hybrid sterility. then, as now, ecological divergence that allows distinct species to live together in sympatry received less attention than reproductive isolation... - - n. h. barton, 12 june 2010. philosophical transactions of the royal society, series b, biological sciences 365 : 1825 - 1840.... in the present study, we use all known non - african charaxes species to explore the history of diversification in the oriental and australian region, especially the ' transitional ' wallacea. several", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5154725185642468, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.152290"} {"text": "biological sciences 365 : 1825 - 1840.... in the present study, we use all known non - african charaxes species to explore the history of diversification in the oriental and australian region, especially the ' transitional ' wallacea. several of these charaxes species are poorly known and / or represent recently described taxa. indeed, the highly distinctive c. marki lane & muller is known only from the holotype. this work forms part of a larger study that demonstrates wallacea is not only a transitional zone, but also comprises a very unique area, with distinct geological and biogeographic histories... \u2013 chris j. muller, niklas wahlberg & luciano b. beheregaray, 1 june 2010. biological journal of the linnean society 100 ( 2 ) : 458. despite southeast asia ' s abundance of organisms and islands, however, finding a repeated signal of geological events beyond the encroachment of the indo - australian plate has been difficult. a hierarchy of southeast asian landmass associations, expressed as a single area cladogram, would be a more intriguing pattern to extrapolate and explore. just such a hypothesis was suggested by wallace ( 1863 ) and used as a theoretical model by nelson & platnick ( 1981 ). unfortunately, a convincing area cladogram for the region has been elusive, notwithstanding proposals for certain taxa... - - ronald m. clouse & gonzalo giribet, june 2010. journal of biogeography 37 : 1114 - 1130.... while the distribution of many flora and fauna conforms to wallace ' s line, the seafaring capabilities of human settlers to this region undoubtedly overcame this barrier to dispersal. indeed, asian ancestry exceeds 50 per cent as far as east as the island of alor, which is well within wallacea and approximately 1000 km east of bali, as well as on the island of sulawesi, which is located east of wallace ' s line in the north. curiously, wallace himself noted this difference, positing a second line in eastern indonesia corresponding to changes in human phenotype ( wallace 1869... ). wallace ' s second ' phenotypic ' line broadly parallels the rapid decline in asian admixture identified here... - - murray p. cox et al., 22 may 2010. proceedings of the royal society, series b, biological sciences 277 : 1589 - 1596.... wallace was scandalized by darwin ' s sexual selection theory", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49878593158255047, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.155173"} {"text": "... - - murray p. cox et al., 22 may 2010. proceedings of the royal society, series b, biological sciences 277 : 1589 - 1596.... wallace was scandalized by darwin ' s sexual selection theory, considering it darwin ' s greatest error, because it appeared to admit a subjective factor into evolutionary theory, because it appeared to admit a subjective factor into elocutionary theory. indeed, it appeared to elevate aesthetic appreciation to the status of a significant factor in evolution. wallace ' s alternative theory to account for exaggerated display traits relied instead on explanations that invoked incidental physiological mechanisms in males and the need to suppress their effects in females, to avoid predation... wallace was of course wrong in his denial of the plausibility of sexual selection, although not completely wrong to doubt that aesthetic appreciation of combative prowess were the primary factors. it took a century to recognize that the theory needed to be based instead on asymmetries of parental investment in offspring care between the sexes. today, sexual selection theory is again considered an important adjunct to the theory of natural selection ; however, its reinstatement has not resuscitated the power of darwin ' s account of language origins... - - terrence w. deacon, 11 may 2010. proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america 107, supplement 2 : 9000 - 9006.... few scientists today accept wallace ' s creationism, teleology, or spiritualism. nonetheless it is appropriate to engage the profound puzzle he raised ; namely, why do humans have the ability to pursue abstract intellectual feats such as science, mathematics, philosophy, and law, given that opportunities to exercise these talents did not exist in the foraging lifestyle in which humans evolved and would not have parlayed themselves into advantages in survival and reproduction even if they did? i suggest that the puzzle can be resolved with two hypotheses. the first is that humans evolved to fill the \" cognitive niche, \" a mode of survival characterized by manipulating the environment through casual reasoning and social cooperation. the second is that the psychological faculties that evolved to prosper in the cognitive niche can be coopted to abstract domains by processes of metaphorical abstraction and productive combination, both vividly manifested in human language... - - steven pinker, 11 may 2010. proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america 107, supplement 2 : 8993.... toward the end of their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5457721406911317, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.156427"} {"text": "both vividly manifested in human language... - - steven pinker, 11 may 2010. proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america 107, supplement 2 : 8993.... toward the end of their lives, darwin and wallace became estranged. darwin argued that natural selection was sufficient to explain the origin of the existing biological world. wallace believed that natural selection alone was insufficient to explain the existence of complex structures such as the human brain. from the bioenergetic perspective, wallace ' s reservations were justified, as complexity can be generated only through the information - generating power of energy flow and the cumulative information storage capacity of nucleic acids. it took more than 3. 5 billion years for these systems to amass sufficient information to generate the human brain. thus the missing concept that wallace sought to explain the ascent of man is the interaction between energetics and information... - - douglas c. wallace, 11 may 2010. proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america 107, supplement 2 : 8952. wallace proposed to redefine darwinism in a way that excluded darwin ' s principle of sexual selection. the main result of the darwin - wallace controversy was that most darwinian biologists avoided the subject of sexual selection until at least the 1950 ' s, ronald fisher being a major exception. this controversy still deserves attention from modern evolutionary biologists, because the modern approach inherits from both darwin and wallace. the modern approach tends to present sexual selection as a special aspect of the theory of natural selection, although it also recognizes the big difficulties resulting from the inevitable interaction between these two natural processes of selection... - - jean gayon, february 2010. comptes rendus biologies 333 : 134 - 144.... early evolutionary theories of senescence ( wallace, ca. 1865 ; weismann, 1889 ) were group - selectionist in nature, proposing that individuals senesce and eventually die in order to make space and resources available for future generations composed of younger, more vigorous individuals. however, such arguments are circular because, if ageing is one of the reasons why individuals must be replaced, they presuppose that individuals must deteriorate over time. moreover, they fail to explain how a population of altruistically senescing individuals would not be subject to invasion by more slowly senescing or even non - senescing invaders. recent studies have placed group - selectionist arguments on a stronger theoretical foundation by emphasizing instances where sen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.561670692490698, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.157499"} {"text": "population of altruistically senescing individuals would not be subject to invasion by more slowly senescing or even non - senescing invaders. recent studies have placed group - selectionist arguments on a stronger theoretical foundation by emphasizing instances where senescence appears to be \" selected for its own sake \" as a result of kin - or group - level benefits including payoffs to close relatives, and reduced local extinction risk due to communicable diseases or chaotic population dynamics... - - robert a. laird & thomas n. sherratt, february 2010. biosystems 99 ( 2 ) : 130.... other questions, such as whether maternal emotions influence the fetus, have made a remarkable tour. alfred russel wallace was co - originator of the theory of evolution by natural selection written in 1859 by darwin. when wallace ( 1893c ) wrote the above quoted sentence in a letter entitled ' prenatal influences on character ' into nature, the belief that a mother ' s emotions could affect the child she carries was seen as resting on old wives ' tales. wallace ( 1893a, b ) was also publishing articles about the possibility of being able to study whether ' individually acquired characters are inherited '. lamarck had incorporated this idea in his theory of directed evolution ; it was seriously challenged in 1880 by weismann ' s theory, on which the modern understanding of genetic inheritance became based, and since the turn of the 20th century it became widely rejected by the scientific community. however, this old question that had originated in ancient time, with greek philosophers, recently got renewed interest with the discovery of epi - genetic variation between individuals and the finding that in some cases epigenetic variants can be inherited by the offspring, a biological inheritance that cannot be explained by changes in the dna - sequence itself... - - bea r. h. van den bergh, january / february 2010. infant and child development 19 ( 1 ) : 42. the wallace ( 1881 ) and briggs ( 1966 ) lineage age hypothesis suggests that there are low levels of endemism in the azores biota because the biota is of recent ( post - pleistocene ) origin. avila et al. ( 2008 ) challenged this hypothesis to explain at least mollusc diversity patterns by demonstrating that the endemic mollusc fauna of the azores was largely unaffected by pleistocene climatic oscillations and that the current endemic fauna is therefore not of post - pleistocene origin. evidence from phylogenetic relationships of azorean plant lineages suggests that the lineage age hypothesis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5078127078545464, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.158548"} {"text": "endemic mollusc fauna of the azores was largely unaffected by pleistocene climatic oscillations and that the current endemic fauna is therefore not of post - pleistocene origin. evidence from phylogenetic relationships of azorean plant lineages suggests that the lineage age hypothesis similarly fails to explain the distinctive patterns of azorean endemic plant diversity... - - mark a. carine & hanno schaefer, january 2010. journal of biogeography 37 : 77 - 89.... although it is sometimes argued that aposematic signalling is fundamentally about raised distinctiveness rather than heightened conspicuousness, the two often amount to the same thing ( wallace 1889 ). if this is generally true, the association between conspicuousness and aposematism in the primary evolution of warning signals, in our view, is not problematic... - - thomas j. lee, nicola m. marples & michael p. speed, january 2010. animal behaviour 79 ( 1 ) : 70.... wallace ' s essay was remarkable for two reasons : first, it conveys a sophisticated understanding of the nature of selection among individuals belonging to a normal distribution of trait values. \" the flowers most completely fertilized by these moths being those which had the longest nectaries, there would in each generation be on the average an increase in the length of the nectaries, and also an average increase in the length of the proboscis of the moths, and this would be a necessary result from the fact that nature ever fluctuates about a mean, or that in every generation there would be flowers with longer and shorter nectaries, and moths with longer and shorter probosces than the average \" ( p. 476 ). second, wallace actually mentions xanthopan ( macrosila ) morganii, the species of moth that is now considered the most likely pollinator of a. sesquipedale. wallace was not aware of the long - tongued malagasy race of this hawkmoth, but he had measured a specimen of the african mainland form in the british museum and found that its tongue measured 7. 5 inches [ 18 centimeters ]. wallace ( 1867 ) wrote \" that such a moth exists in madagascar may be safely predicted ; and naturalists who visit that island should search for it with as much confidence as astronomers searched for the planet neptune, - - and they will be equally successful! \"... - - steven d. johnson & bruce anderson, 2010. evolution, education and outreach 3 ( 1 ) : 34", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.509739264838436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.159568"} {"text": "for it with as much confidence as astronomers searched for the planet neptune, - - and they will be equally successful! \"... - - steven d. johnson & bruce anderson, 2010. evolution, education and outreach 3 ( 1 ) : 34.... in the 1890s an english linguist, s. h. ray, pointed out that some of the languages of british new guinea and the solomon islands were not austronesian. a parallel discovery had already been made in the moluccas by in the 1850s by the naturalist a. r. wallace, when he collected vocabularies in these easternmost islands of the indo - malaysian archipelago. in a well - known book on his travels in this region wallace proposed a distinction between ' malay ' and ' papuan ' languages in the moluccas. following wallace ' s lead, ray applied the name ' papuan ' to the non - austronesian languages of melanesia, as a convenient catch - all. soon after, wilhelm schmidt observed that non - austronesian languages were present on the north coast of the new guinea mainland and in new britain. what was striking about the various small groups of papuan languages, was that, unlike the austronesian languages, there was no evidence of common origin. only in the last 50 years has the full extent of the diversity of the languages of near oceania become clear... - - jan lucassen, 2010. in migration history in world history : multidisciplinary approaches ( brill ) : 87 - 88.... any system seeking to utilize all the energy or resources for its own purposes is bound to be challenged by other systems. the consequence of these interactions between self - organizing systems is a continuous stream of new things, or in the case of humans, new thinking. this is diversity. bateson interpreted self - organizing systems as working together to sustain the existence of an evolving ecosystem. this approach has its roots in alfred russell wallace ' s work. wallace saw that the job of evolution was to maintain the constancy of something in his case, the entire ecosystem made up of all species and their environment - - a process rather like the cruise control system or constant velocity transmission ( cvt ) on a motor car. we can also think of it in terms our bodies ' ability to adapt to changes in the outside temperature, at least within a limited range. by shivering or perspiring, our body temperature remains more or less constant because we vary internal conditions in response to those changes in outside temperature..", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5244703729215052, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.160865"} {"text": "our bodies ' ability to adapt to changes in the outside temperature, at least within a limited range. by shivering or perspiring, our body temperature remains more or less constant because we vary internal conditions in response to those changes in outside temperature... - - edward moulding, 2010. in 5s : a visual control system for the workplace ( authorhouse ) : 129.... indonesia, the world ' s largest archipelago, is a chain of more than 17, 000 islands that stretches between the continents of asia and australia... early explorers noticed morphological differences from east to west that were dramatic enough to lead alfred russell wallace to designate a human phenotypic boundary demarcating the transition between asian and melanesian features. relative to his more well - known biogeographic boundary, this line lies slightly east, running between the islands of sumbawa and flores ( wallace 1869... ). the languages of the region follow a similar pattern, with the majority belonging to the extensive austronesian language family but with more distantly related papuan languages occurring in the far eastern provinces, especially in areas where melanesian features predominate ( wallace 1869 ). to explain these patterns, the prehistory of this region has often been framed as the story of two major range expansions : the initial paleolithic colonization of sahul ~ 45 ka ago and the much later neolithic expansion of austronesian - speaking farmers ( 4 - 6 ka ago ) out of mainland asia or taiwan into indonesia and the pacific... - - tatiana m. karafet et al., 2010. molecular biology and evolution 27 ( 8 ) : 1833.... even within the technologist ' s definition of technology as dealing with mechanical artifacts alone, wallace ' s insight has major relevance. the subject matter of technology, according to the preface to history of technology, is \" how things are done or made \" ; and most students of technology, to my knowledge, agree with this. but the wallace insight leads to a different definition : the subject matter of technology would be \" how man does or makes. \" as to the meaning and end of technology, the same source, again presenting the general view, defines them as \" mastery of his ( man ' s ) natural environment. \" oh no, the wallace insight would say ( and in rather shocked tones ) : the purpose is to overcome man ' s own natural, i. e. animal, limitations. technology enables man, a land - bound biped, without gills", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.564502587255798, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.161884"} {"text": ". \" oh no, the wallace insight would say ( and in rather shocked tones ) : the purpose is to overcome man ' s own natural, i. e. animal, limitations. technology enables man, a land - bound biped, without gills, fins, or wings, to be at home in the water or in the air. it enables an animal with very poor body insulation, that is, a subtropical animal, to live in all climate zones. it enables one of the weakest and slowest of the primates to add to his own strength that of elephant or ox, and to his own speed that of the horse. it enables him to push his life span from his \" natural \" twenty years or so to threescore years and ten ; it even enables him to forget that natural death is death from predators, disease, starvation, or accident, and to call death from natural causes that which has never been observed in wild animals : death from organic decay in old age... - - peter ferdinand drucker, 2010. technology, management, and society ( harvard business press ) : 41 - 42.... what i have called here the \" wallace insight, \" that is, the approach from human biology, thus leads to the conclusion that technology is not about things : tools, processes, and products. it is about work : the specifically human activity by means of which man pushes back the limitations of the iron biological law which condemns all other animals to devote all their time and energy to keeping themselves alive for the next day, if not for the next hour. the same conclusion would be reached, by the way, from any approach, for instance, from that of the anthropologist ' s \" culture, \" that does not mistake technology for a phenomenon of the physical universe. we might define technology as human action on physical objects or as a set of physical objects characterized by serving human purposes. either way the realm and subject matter of the study of technology would be human work... - - peter ferdinand drucker, 2010. technology, management, and society ( harvard business press ) : 42 - 43.... by contrast, alfred russell wallace, co - discoverer with darwin of the principle of natural selection, believed that count words were essential for numerical cognition, in particular arithmetic : \" if, now, we descend to those savage tribes who only count to three or five, and who find it impossible to comprehend the addition of two and three without having the objects actually before them, we feel that the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5663601812511941, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.162909"} {"text": "cognition, in particular arithmetic : \" if, now, we descend to those savage tribes who only count to three or five, and who find it impossible to comprehend the addition of two and three without having the objects actually before them, we feel that the chasm between them and the good mathematician is so vast, that a thousand to one will probably not fully express it \" ( wallace, 1871, p. 339 ). the question of the role of language in arithmetic became the focus of recent experimental psychological studies in cultures with few number words, in particular the piraha and the munduruku, two cultures from the amazon forest with an extremely limited number vocabulary... - - helen de cruz, hansjorg neth & dirk schlimm, 2010. in benedikt lowe & thomas muller, eds., phimsamp : philosophy of mathematics : sociological aspects and mathematical practice ( college publications ) : 74.... moreover, alfred wallace, co - inventor of the theory of the evolution by natural selection, doubted that evolution could produce anything like states of consciousness. this problem was later labelled the \" explanatory gap \". individuals use different names for what it is that they are opposing to physical phenomena. huxley and romanes used \" consciousness \". some use \" sentience \"... many now refer to \" phenomenal consciousness \" ( pc ) in contrast with \" access consciousness \" ( ac ), or, in the terminology of chalmers, distinguish the so - called \" hard problem \" of consciousness from a ( relatively ) \" easy problem \". such formulations presuppose a dichotomy : a binary divide between things that do and things that do not have the problematic extra feature over and above their physical features... \u2013 stephane doncieux, 2010, in from animals to animats 11 : 11th international conference on simulation and adaptive behavior ( springer ). one possibility is that wallace was deliberately romanticizing his actual observations and experiences there. nancy stepan has noted that the popular success of the malay archipelago came from its fulfilment of contemporaneous readers ' expectations of what an account of the tropics should be, in contrast to his 1853 account of his travels in south america, travels on the amazon and rio negro, which was not only \" unromantic, \" but \" unheroic, \" and did not sell well... however, i would like to put forth another possibility : what if wallace ' s portrayal of the archipelago", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5863657736125445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.164028"} {"text": "and rio negro, which was not only \" unromantic, \" but \" unheroic, \" and did not sell well... however, i would like to put forth another possibility : what if wallace ' s portrayal of the archipelago as paradise, and more specifically, his portrayal of interracial relations and \" uncivilized \" society as positively pre - lapsarian, resulted not from the impulse to romanticize, but rather, a stubborn fidelity to scientific accuracy?... - - tiffany tsao, 2010. australasian journal of victorian studies 15 : 28 - 41.... i will show how wallace arrived at his surprisingly favourable and anti - scientific \" assessments of the inhabitant races and communities of the malay archipelago by applying the principles of taxonomic classification to the human realm. given that wallace ' s primary employment in the malay archipelago was to collect specimens of flora and fauna and classify them according to the principles of the linnaean taxonomic classification system, his adoption of what i will term a \" taxonomic perspective \" in viewing the humans whom he encountered should hardly be surprising. using these same principles of taxonomic classification, wallace was able to achieve a perspective on the malay archipelago hitherto unachieved by authoritative accounts of the region, challenging the predominant scientific views of race held at the time and unsettling even his own views of the \" uncivilized \" races... - - tiffany tsao, 2010. australasian journal of victorian studies 15 : 28 - 41.... for wallace, feeling \" that savages were in some respects superior, would not have necessarily made it true. i would argue instead that his positive portrayals of human life in the archipelago had just as much scientific basis as his opening portrayals of the archipelago ' s natural environment as an otherworldly eden. if wallace ' s construction of a paradisiacal natural environment relied on his utilization of scientific precedent and natural selection theory, it was his application of taxonomic classification that enabled him to see the human individuals and communities of the archipelago as uniquely paradisiacal as well. wallace ' s taxonomic perspective enabled him to break away not only from dominant perceptions of the races as different stages on a single, linear scale of sociocultural evolution, but also from the social darwinist tendency of his day to view interracial relations as an inexorable struggle in which the white races would prevail... - - tiffany tsao, 2010. australasian journal of victorian studies 15 :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5126469622300643, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.165074"} {"text": "the social darwinist tendency of his day to view interracial relations as an inexorable struggle in which the white races would prevail... - - tiffany tsao, 2010. australasian journal of victorian studies 15 : 28 - 41.... cloete ' s poetry does not shy away from inter alia \" controversial scientific subjects \" in a number of poems, and he contemplates the origin of creation and the development of life on earth. the reader is led to consider cloete ' s views on creation and evolution. in this article the emphasis will be on the role of evolution in cloete ' s poetry and how he uses a well - known observation by one of the main exponents of evolution theory in one of his poems, \" toegedig aan alfred r. wallace \", to present a text that expresses wonderment at a natural phenomenon... - - johann lodewyk marais, desember 2009. tydskrif vir geeteswetenskappe 49 ( 4 ) : 548.... this paper is divided into three parts. in the first part i will outline the development of the reciprocal nature of biology and geology. surprisingly reciprocality had been proposed more than 50 years before wegener by the biogeographer alfred russel wallace, co - author of the theory of evolution by means of natural selection ( wallace, 1858 ). i will briefly outline wallace ' s biogeographic ideas as they pertain to reciprocality, before examining wegener ' s reconstruction hypothesis of the cretaceous polar region in more detail... - - b. michaux, december 2009. gondwana research 16 ( 3 - 4 ) : 656.... the female limitation of mimicry is usually explained by a combination of sex - dependent predation pressure and sexual selection : ( 1 ) female butterflies carry heavy egg - loads and are therefore aerodynamically constrained in their escape flights. thus, females are thought to be more vulnerable to predation and presumably gain a greater fitness advantage from batesian mimicry compared to males ( wallace 1865... ), and ( 2 ) wing colour patterns are assumed to be constrained by sexual selection to a much greater extent in males than in females. thus, male mimicry is selectively disfavoured when its natural selective advantage is overwhelmed by the sexual selective advantage of nonmimetic coloration that may be more successful during inter - or intrasexual encounters", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5582561174170926, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.166517"} {"text": "in males than in females. thus, male mimicry is selectively disfavoured when its natural selective advantage is overwhelmed by the sexual selective advantage of nonmimetic coloration that may be more successful during inter - or intrasexual encounters. however, these hypotheses do not explain the presence of and natural variation in female - limited mimetic polymorphism... - - krushnamegh kunte, november 2009. animal behaviour 78 ( 5 ) : 1029.... the behavior of females in search of a mate impacts the success of males in mate competition and, hence, the force of sexual selection on male phenotypic characters. the search behavior of females is also subject to selection because the search strategy used by a female determines the likelihood that she encounters a high quality male in the search process. this latter idea is germinal in the views of alfred r. wallace who argued that females would, had they evolved the cognitive ability, choose mates who provide them with a fitness benefit ( wallace, 1871, 1889 ; reviewed by cronin, 1991 ). the search strategy favored by selection, in this situation, is the strategy that provides the highest fitness return to searchers. janetos ( 1980 ) stimulated the study of search strategies when, more than one hundred years later, he showed that a fixed sample search strategy provides a higher fitness return to females than several alternative strategies.... - - daniel d. wiegmann, steven m. seubert & gordon a. wade, october 2009. journal of theoretical biology 262 ( 4 ) : 596.... more than 150 years ago, wallace had already recognized a profound connection between geology and the distribution of plants and animals, and many of his insights were based on his observations in southeast asia. our understanding of the earth has changed considerably since wallace ' s time but an understanding of the geology of southeast asia remains fundamental to interpreting biotic distributions in the region. however, the links between geological history and life are not simple, and a great deal of work is still required to understand the complex interrelationships and feedbacks between plate tectonics, changing distributions of land and sea, emergence of land and rise of mountains, subsidence below sea level and formation of deep ocean basins, uplift and erosion, changing ocean currents, climatic impacts of all these changes, and their effects on plants and animals and their evolution and distribution... - - r. hall, october 2009. blumea 54 (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.473207574678862, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.168947"} {"text": "of deep ocean basins, uplift and erosion, changing ocean currents, climatic impacts of all these changes, and their effects on plants and animals and their evolution and distribution... - - r. hall, october 2009. blumea 54 ( 1 - 3 ) : 148.... because most butterflies can fold their wings together, hiding the dorsal surface, a dorsal - ventral partitioning of visual signals may present one solution to accommodating potentially antagonistic selective pressures. the speculation that dorsal wing patterns are important for mate signalling, while the ventral surface may be more subject to selection by natural enemies is, in fact, not new ( darwin 1871 ; wallace 1889 ), although no study has directly tested this hypothesis in a comparative framework. in addition to a dorsal / ventral partition, butterflies may separate signals between forewing and hindwing, given their ability to hide the forewing behind the hindwing when at rest. these two surface axes, dorsal - ventral and forewing / hindwing, offer butterflies two spatial dimensions that may be partitioned to serve different, potentially antagonistic, signal functions... - - jeffrey c. oliver, kendra a. robertson & antonia monteiro, 7 july 2009. proceedings of the royal society of london, series b, biological sciences 276 ( 1666 ) : 2369. island radiations are thought to undergo evolutionarily short ' taxon cycles ' of diversification and rapid demise, before being superseded by different lineages of colonizers. the archipelagos of wallacea ( eastern indonesia ), melanesia ( including new guinea ) and oceania have long served as a natural laboratory to study the evolutionary dynamics of such colonizations and biological radiations ( wallace 1859... ). yet, the faunal origins and mechanisms responsible for the region ' s diversification as well as their contribution to global diversity remain poorly understood... - - michael balke et al., 7 july 2009. proceedings of the royal society of london, series b, biological sciences 276 : 2359 - 2367. darwin ( 1862 ) and wallace ( 1867 ) provided a possible explanation for such extreme elongation, suggesting that the long nectar spur of the malagasy star orchid ( angraecum sesquipedale ) evolved in a coevolutionary race with a giant hawkmoth. according to this model, selection on the hawkmoth favours longer tongues to better reach the orchid ' s nectar, while selection on the orchid favours nectar spurs that are longer than hawkmoth tongues", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4884104197294758, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.171192"} {"text": "russel wallace, the co - originator of the theory of evolution by natural selection, in his 1881 book island life. first, many islands are either volcanic in origin or have been completely under water at some point in their history. these islands emerge above the ocean surface as blank slates for colonization and subsequent evolutionary diversification, on which the development of ecological and evolutionary systems can be observed from their beginnings. each island represents a new opportunity for living forms to appear and proliferate. the first colonists, finding untapped resources and lacking the constraints of a resident biota, often diversify in novel directions. this evolutionary idiosyncrasy is enhanced by unbalanced colonization - - strong dispersal abilities are not evenly distributed across the ecological spectrum of continental biotas - - with the result that some ecological niches on islands are filled by diversification rather than colonization... - - jonathan b. losos & robert e. ricklefs, 12 february 2009. nature 457 ( 7231 ) : 830 - 831. wallace, who promoted strickland ' s methods, wrote that every systematic work should include diagrams, \" without which it is often impossible to tell whether two families follow each other because the author thinks them allied, or merely because the exigencies of a consecutive series compels him so to place them \". in essence, wallace claims that without diagrams the reader cannot know whether information is meaningful or is simply a product of the representational medium ' s limitations ; darwin capitalizes on this basic ambiguity within his diagram itself... - - heather brink - roby, winter 2009. victorian studies 51 : 247 - 273.... many questions are involved in wallace ' s line, but it represents a line of major faunal break between the oriental and the australian regions. according to sweet & pianka ( 2003 ), varanid species are diversified to the east of wallace ' s line while this side lacks carnivorous placental mammals. the diversity of varanid species and that of carnivorous mammals are virtually inverted to the west of wallace ' s line, a region that harbours nearly 20 mammalian carnivores and that lacks small varanid lizards. these observations suggest that the coexistence of mammalian carnivores and varanid lizards is limited because they are too similar as predators... - - marc auge & richard smith, january 2009. zoological journal of the linnean society 155 : 148 - 170. the little that we have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5399342761663228, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.176508"} {"text": ": 372.... despite of their seemingly large number, aerosol particles are true trace constituents of the atmosphere, their mass fraction typically being below one part per billion and thereby much below that of any important gaseous climate agent. nevertheless they may have a profound influence on our climate. this perception is not at all new, only 20 years after aitken discovered the importance of aerosols as condensation nuclei, alfred r. wallace noted in 1898 : \" but in all densely - populated countries there is an enormous artificial production of dust.. this superabundance of dust... must almost certainly produce some effect on our climate ; and the particular effect it seems calculated to produce is the increase of cloud and fog, but not necessarily any increase of rain. \"... - - j. feichter & t. leisner, 2009. the european physical journal, special topics 176 ( 1 ) : 84.... non - exclusive hypotheses have traditionally been proposed to account for spectacular woodiness examples in the neo - flora of oceanic islands ( wallace, 1878... ). selection for successful pollination with large, long - lasting inflorescences, niche competition among initial colonizers, and promotion of the outbreeding ratio to overcome inbreeding depression may be related to echium longevity and woodiness. irrespective of the causes generating woodiness, the trait utility of this character is manifested by the large number of woody plant groups that rapidly evolved from herbaceous ancestors not only in macaronesia ( sonchus, isoplexis, aeonium group, pericallis ), but also in the hawaiian ( silversword alliance, schieda ), galapagos ( scallesia ), and juan fernandez ( dendroseris ) archipelagos... - - federico garcia - maroto, 2009. molecular phylogenetics and evoution 52 ( 3 ) : 572.... the current extinction crisis and the extent of anthropogenic alteration of natural habitats have reached alarming proportions... potential hindrances to global assessment of priority list candidates have been divided into eight categories : ( 1 ) the extreme heterogeneity of existing data ; ( 2 ) the restricted availability of relevant data and lack of information exchange between scientists and conservationists ; ( 3 ) the uncertainty in species number and taxonomic division of the given taxon ( linnean shortfall ) ; ( 4 ) the fragmentary knowledge of distributions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5288035294995932, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 32, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.180572"} {"text": ") the restricted availability of relevant data and lack of information exchange between scientists and conservationists ; ( 3 ) the uncertainty in species number and taxonomic division of the given taxon ( linnean shortfall ) ; ( 4 ) the fragmentary knowledge of distributions ( wallacean shortfall ) ; ( 5 ) incomplete or erroneous red - listing across the entire distribution of a given taxon ; ( 6 ) the lack of homogenous and reliable population trend data ; ( 7 ) the lack of exhaustive information on observed and potential threats ; and finally ( 8 ) the incomplete general biological knowledge of a given taxon ( e. g., its reproduction biology, genetic diversity, dispersal parameters, etc. ). it has been demonstrated that linnean and wallacean shortfalls are among the most serious problems in modern conservation biology and biogeography, and that the majority of deficits in knowledge during any global conservation status assessment results from these two shortfalls... - - gregor kozlowski et al., 2009. biodiversity and conservation 18 ( 9 ) : 2308. it has long been recognized that thailand is subdivided into two zoogeographic subregions with the indochinese subregion to the north and sundaic subregion to the south with a transition zone in the isthmus of kra. distribution patterns corresponding to this division have been observed in a range of biota including rodents, insects, reptiles and plants. initially, wallace ( 1876 ) had placed the transition zone at 13 - 14\u00ban, whereas wells fixed the avifaunal transition zone at about 10\u00ba30 ' n, in the isthmus of kra. subsequently, hughes et al., based on forest birds, found a highly significant transition zone at 11 - 12\u00ban, in the north of the peninsula. the distribution patterns of the three species [ considered here ] were of considerable interest since they strongly support the existing concepts of a subregional division... - - pipat soisook et al., december 2008. acta chiropterologica 10 ( 2 ) : 238. the powerful effect of clinging on the emotional behavior of infant nonhuman primates had been known for many years. it was mentioned by van wagenen in her recommendations and in many other naturalistic accounts of primate infants. one of my favorite quotations is from alfred russel wallace, who describes an \" artificial mother \" of buffalo skin he devised for an orphan orangutan ( 1869 ). all of us associated with the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5171543925781599, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 33, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.184888"} {"text": "other naturalistic accounts of primate infants. one of my favorite quotations is from alfred russel wallace, who describes an \" artificial mother \" of buffalo skin he devised for an orphan orangutan ( 1869 ). all of us associated with the nursery project were impressed by the strength of the infants ' emotional attachment to their cloths. when i suggested to harlow that we devise an experiment pitting our monkeys ' responses to the feeding station against their attachment to a claspable object, he urged me to proceed. accordingly, i designed an experiment around two mother surrogates that were the functional counterparts of the diaper and the feeding rack. these prototypes had the bodies of the final versions, although they lacked the famous distinctive faces, which were added later... - - william a. mason, december 2008. integrative psychological and behavioral science 42 ( 4 ) : 390 - 391.... wallace wrote that \" [ i ] n the equable equatorial zone there is no... struggle against climate. every form of vegetation has become alike adapted to its genial heat and ample moisture, which has probably changed little even throughout geological periods \". we now know that lowland tropical climates have changed substantially and relentlessly ever since species - rich forests resembling modern ones first occupied the lowland wet tropics in the mid - tertiary. although the notion of long - term constancy of tropical climates is now universally dismissed, wallace ' s view of tropical climates as benign lingers on, underlying the apparently widespread conviction that \" [ m ] any tropical species may well be able to withstand higher temperature [ s ] than those in which they currently exist. \"... - - robert k. colwell et al., 10 october 2008. science 322 ( 5899 ) : 259.... we must consider the possibility that hominids in general and humans in particular have partially escaped from classic darwinian selective control of some aspects of the genome, and that humans have even escaped the final stage of baldwinian genetic hard - wiring of long - standing species - specific learned behaviors. this might in turn help to explain the unusual degree of exaptation displayed by the human brain, presented as ' wallace ' s conundrum ' in box 6. the advantages of such novel changes are flexibility, plasticity, more rapidly developing population diversity and greater opportunities - - but the disadvantages are that genomes cannot recover what has been irrevocably lost, and cultural advantages can be sensitive to the whims", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5296908640642661, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 34, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.187100"} {"text": "such novel changes are flexibility, plasticity, more rapidly developing population diversity and greater opportunities - - but the disadvantages are that genomes cannot recover what has been irrevocably lost, and cultural advantages can be sensitive to the whims of history and fate... - - ajit varki, daniel h. geschwind & evan e. eichler, october 2008. nature reviews genetics 9 ( 10 ) : 758. the importance of avian egg coloration for crypsis, once accepted as a general principle ( wallace 1890, cott 1940, von haartman 1957, harrison 1968 ), has recently been questioned because tests of this hypothesis have often failed to support a role for egg coloration in deterring predation. as a result, more recent work has emphasized the importance of nest crypsis as the primary mediator of clutch survival... - - david westmoreland, september 2008. journal of field ornithology 79 ( 3 ) : 263. evolved mimicry of hawks by parasitic cuckoos. wallace ( 1889 ) suggested that the resemblance was an example of protective mimicry, which might reduce attacks from hawks, noting that cuckoos were otherwise ' an exceedingly weak and defenceless group of birds '. prolonged periods of surveillance for host nests, sometimes from exposed perches, might make parasitic cuckoos especially vulnerable to hawk attack. in asia, drongo - cuckoos ( surniculus lugubris ) may likewise gain from protective mimicry of drongos dicrurus spp., which are extremely aggressive to larger birds, including birds of prey and crows ( wallace 1889 ). alternatively, hawk mimicry might influence host behaviour, either by frightening or luring hosts away to facilitate egg laying or by inducing mobbing to help the cuckoo locate host nests, which may be especially advantageous in open country with few secret vantage points... - - n. b. davies & j. a. welbergen, august 2008. proceedings of the royal society of london, series b, biological sciences 275 ( 1644 ) : 1818.... it has been argued that ostriches lay white eggs because they are powerful enough to defend their nests ( wallace 1889 ). however, when nests are unattended, such big eggs are quite visible on the ground to both mammalian and avian predators. in our visibility study, a naturally white egg was seen first by the observer, suggesting that the brown eggs are better concealed. ostriches would therefore have derived a selective", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5241702311999425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 35, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.188807"} {"text": "big eggs are quite visible on the ground to both mammalian and avian predators. in our visibility study, a naturally white egg was seen first by the observer, suggesting that the brown eggs are better concealed. ostriches would therefore have derived a selective advantage in the face of predators by having brown eggs. our results therefore are consistent with the prediction, and support bertram and burger ' s conclusion, that white ostrich eggs minimise overheating, but are prone to predation... - - flora john magige et al., july 2008. journal of ornithology 149 ( 3 ) : 327. why there are so many species in tropical rainforests is one of the most complex and debated questions in evolutionary biology. among the mechanisms that have been proposed to explain diversification in the tropics is the idea that mode of speciation might differ with latitude. a long - standing hypothesis, first proposed by wallace ( 1878 ) and developed by dobzhansky and schemske, is that biotic interactions play a greater role in the adaptation of tropical populations than do abiotic factors, whereas the converse holds for temperate - zone populations... - - g. leotard et al., july 2008. journal of evolutionary biology 21 ( 4 ) : 1133. within each of his major biogeographical regions, wallace ( 1876 ) distinguished between four subregions. for the palearctic he recognized a northern european, southern european, siberian, and manchourian subregion. however, it had already been pointed out by contemporary workers that wallace ' s separation of the european and siberian subregions, for example, was based on insufficient data and that the criteria used were more geographic than faunistic. nevertheless, in later years wallace ' s boundary between the european and siberian subregions, running along the ural mountains and the caspian sea, has been used to demarcate western subsections of the palearctic region... - - mansour aliabadian et al., 2008. contributions to zoology 77 ( 2 ) : 101.... wallace writes that, among human beings, there is no evident distinction between the mental powers of the most primitive and the most advanced... from this manner of observation it follows, wallace argued, that characteristic human abilities must be latent in primitive man, existing somehow as an unopened gift \u2014 the entryway to a world that primitive man himself does not possess and would not recognize. but the idea that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48982093351055644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 36, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.190033"} {"text": "observation it follows, wallace argued, that characteristic human abilities must be latent in primitive man, existing somehow as an unopened gift \u2014 the entryway to a world that primitive man himself does not possess and would not recognize. but the idea that a biological species might possess latent powers makes no sense in darwinian terms. it suggests the forbidden doctrine that evolutionary advantages were frontloaded, far away and long ago. it is in conflict with the darwinian principle that just as useful genes are selected for cultivation and advancement, useless genes are subject to negative selection pressure and must therefore drain away into the sands of time. wallace identified a frank conflict between his own theory and what seemed to him to be obvious facts about the solidity and unchangeability of human nature. that conflict persists ; it has not been resolved... - - david berlinski, april 2008. commentary 125 ( 4 ) : 35.... alfred russel wallace ( 1853 ) was perhaps the first naturalist to write about the white - water, clear - water, and black - water river types of the amazon basin and to relate the color of tributaries to the nature of their drainage basins. wallace astutely linked the sediment load of white - water tributaries to erosion in their steep andean headwaters, and identified clear - water rivers with the crystalline \" mountains of brazil \" ( the guyana and brazilian shields ). he knew that black - water rivers emerged from lowland sources, and he correctly attributed their dark coloring to leaching of \" decaying leaves, roots, and other vegetable matter \" ( wallace 1853 )... - - michael e. mcclain & robert j. nainan, april 2008. bioscience 58 ( 4 ) : 325. while he maintained that ' social heredity ' was consistent with the theory of evolution by natural selection, baldwin followed wallace in claiming that humans had evolved to such a degree of conscious intelligence that they had freed themselves from the pressures of natural selection, and surmounted instinctual constraints on behavior : ' intelligence and the social life which it makes possible so far control the acquisitions of life to limit the action of natural selection as a law of evolution. ' in this fashion baldwin defended human freedom against the hereditarian determinism of darwin ' s theory of evolution, by claiming that thought and will had emancipated humans from the constraints of natural selection... - - john d. greenwood, february 2008. history of the human sciences 21 ( 1 ) : 114. later behaviorists rejected the role", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5763496306429157, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 37, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.191537"} {"text": "by claiming that thought and will had emancipated humans from the constraints of natural selection... - - john d. greenwood, february 2008. history of the human sciences 21 ( 1 ) : 114. later behaviorists rejected the role of consciousness and purpose in human and animal psychology and behavior - - with the notable exception of edward c. tolman - - but continued to stress the critical role of plasticity and learning in adaptive behavior. they also depreciated the explanatory role of inherited instincts, which became the object of sustained critiques by behaviorist psychologists in the 1920s. like functional psychologists ( and wallace ), behaviorists came to believe that humans had developed ( through evolution by natural selection ) to such a degree that they could surmount the constraints of their biological inheritance, and exploit their intelligence to create a scientific psychology devoted to the further advancement and improvement of the human condition... - - john d. greenwood, february 2008. history of the human sciences 21 ( 1 ) : 118.... in other words, as wallace so clearly realized, human symbolic reasoning is not simply an extrapolation of this extended history, simply a little bit more of the same. it is, instead, something truly new and unpredicted by what went before \u2014 even by the increase in the mass of metabolically expensive brain tissue that seems to have independently characterized several lineages within the genus homo, though it was clearly dependent on this development. and while wallace was regrettably unable to profit from our modern perspective, today it is possible to see that the origin of modern human consciousness must have been an emergent event, whereby an entirely unanticipated level of complexity was achieved by a sheer chance coincidence of acquisitions... - - ian tattersall, 2008. comparative cognition & behavior reviews 3 : 111. researchers of animal coloration have noted the perplexing nature of egg pigmentation in open - nesting birds ( i. e., birds whose nests are not in cavities or enclosed by a dome ). one of the founders of the theory of natural selection wrote \" the colours of birds ' eggs have long been a difficulty on the theory of adaptive coloration, because, in so many cases it has not been easy to see what can be the use of the particular colours, which are often so bright and conspicuous that they seem intended to attract attention rather than to be concealed \" ( wallace 1890 ). wallace went on to argue that bird eggs are well camouflaged when viewed from below", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5058169493558576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 38, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.192748"} {"text": "can be the use of the particular colours, which are often so bright and conspicuous that they seem intended to attract attention rather than to be concealed \" ( wallace 1890 ). wallace went on to argue that bird eggs are well camouflaged when viewed from below via light penetrating the nest... - - david westmoreland & richard a. kiltie, november 2007. journal of avian biology 38 ( 6 ) : 686 - 687. alfred wallace, darwin ' s contemporary and rival, argued that when species hybridize, natural selection favors individuals who are more fussy about whom they mate with, which therefore increases female discrimination of males from different species. modern evolutionary genetics has questioned the importance of the \" wallace effect \" ( also known as \" reinforcement \" ) because genetic recombination between female discrimination and male trait genes would scramble combinations of loci that favor speciation. several solutions to this have been proposed, including close genetic linkage of such loci. a simpler possibility is sexual imprinting, which causes a female to prefer males that resemble her father... - - michael g. ritchie, 5 october 2007. science 318 : 54. while chamupati largely ignored darwin, whose views of hindu scriptures were hardly flattering, chamupati was attracted to the ideas of alfred russel wallace, codiscoverer of evolution. chamupati noted wallace ' s praise of the mind of the vedic hymn makers who, despite the \" very limited knowledge [ of nature ] at this early period,... could not have been in any way inferior to those of the best of our religious teachers and poets \u2014 to our miltons and our tennysons. \" for chamupati and other followers of dayananda, wallace was far more congenial than darwin, for, despite wallace ' s espousal of some of the most theologically challenging aspects of evolutionary theory, namely, random variation and natural selection, wallace made considerable exceptions. he insisted on some sort of \" spiritual influx \" to account for the origin of life as well as of mind and morality. accordingly, he was a much safer corroborator of vedic insights, at least in chamupati ' s views... - - c. mackenzie brown, september 2007. zygon 42 ( 3 ) : 718. using the theoretical framework of evolution by natural selection, wallace developed crawfurd ' s proposal that the two distinct aboriginal races were the malays and papuans. from his observations, wallace post", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5434282373263866, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 39, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.193831"} {"text": "zygon 42 ( 3 ) : 718. using the theoretical framework of evolution by natural selection, wallace developed crawfurd ' s proposal that the two distinct aboriginal races were the malays and papuans. from his observations, wallace postulated an ethnological line dividing the malayan and polynesian races. the position of this line east of the famous line dividing the indo - malayan and austro - malayan bioregions demonstrated crawfurd ' s hypothesis that the civilized malays were pushing the savage papuans back from their natural border. wallace ' s ethnological line functioned to support his representation of two races as radically different from each other, not only in terms of physical characteristics but also in what wallace called ' moral characteristics ' ( 1869 : 588 )... - - daniel p. s. goh, september 2007. international journal of cultural studies 10 ( 3 ) : 328. darwin ' s originality and priority are, strictly speaking, separate questions. one can be original and yet fail to achieve priority if, for example, someone else comes forward first in print with the same theory without one ' s knowledge. such, in fact, is more or less the case with a. r. wallace. no one, least of all darwin, doubted that wallace arrived at his theory independently of darwin, but darwin was proven by history to have brought the theory into print \u2014 if not exactly publication \u2014 first. nevertheless, darwin often conflated the two issues in his private correspondence, referring to his originality and priority almost as if they were interchangeable ideas... - - curtis n. johnson, fall 2007. journal of the history of biology 40 ( 3 ) : 533. at a given latitude, the most striking feature of avian seasonality is the consistency with which the successive stages of reproduction, moult and migration take place each year \u2014 not only on a populational scale, but also within individuals. day - length \u2014 the most consistent sources of temporal information about the environment \u2014 was suggested to play a role in the scheduling of avian annual cycles, in particular of migration, as early as 1876 ( e. g. palmen 1876 ; wallace 1876 )... - - timothy coppack, 23 june 2007. journal of ornithology 148, suppl. 2 : s460. [ concerning the organization of a forest preserve ]... although wallace ' s proposal is controversial and raises environmental concerns, it is important to recognize that he was focused on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5247588653390308, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 40, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.194960"} {"text": "ornithology 148, suppl. 2 : s460. [ concerning the organization of a forest preserve ]... although wallace ' s proposal is controversial and raises environmental concerns, it is important to recognize that he was focused on key ecological issues. he fought to preserve in an unsullied state the forests that had not been cleared. he also recognized that severe ecological destruction had been wrought on the state of nature. and in this, he contributed to a philosophy of ecological restoration by raising the issue of how we are to address anthropogenic environmental problems. in \" epping forest, \" wallace documented that environmental degradation had taken place, as profiteers and lords of manors had destroyed whole areas of the forest. he provided a reasoned discussion of the different temperate forests in the northern hemisphere and an argument that recognized how the species found in a particular location are, in part, influenced by the much longer, geological, and climate history of the earth. in this, wallace provided important insights and helped open a realm of debate... - - brett clark & richard york, june 2007. organization & environment 20 ( 2 ) : 231. wallace found fault with two aspects of domestication as a heuristic for understanding adaptation in nature. he argued first that the analogy was flawed : artificial selection requires an intelligent selector, whereas no such force acts in natural systems. additionally, he insisted that the selection itself was fundamentally different, leading to intrinsically different kinds of variation. domesticated species, he wrote, \" are abnormal, irregular, artificial ; they are subject to varieties which never occur and never can occur in a state of nature : their very existence depends altogether on human care ; so far are many of them removed from that just proportion of faculties, that true balance of organization, by means of which alone as an animal left to its own resources can preserve its existence and continue its race. \" both wallace ' s lines of argument find modern audiences, from those who see a fundamental difference between the conscious selection of humans and natural processes to those who argue that variation in domesticated species differs from that in nature... - - jeffrey ross - ibarra, peter l. morrell & brandon s. gaut, 15 may 2007. proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america 104, suppl. 1 : 8641 - 8642. the coloration of this genus of weevils is among the most astonishing visual effects displayed in nature. many animal species that are distasteful", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5255440894998036, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 41, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.196019"} {"text": "sciences of the united states of america 104, suppl. 1 : 8641 - 8642. the coloration of this genus of weevils is among the most astonishing visual effects displayed in nature. many animal species that are distasteful to predators have evolved aposematism ( they have a distinctive, conspicuous coloration, which functions as a warning signal, advertising their inedibility to potential predators ). wallace notes in a passage on the genus pachyrrhynchus that many weevils have excessive hard integuments, which render them inedible to most birds, and our own dissections of this species confirm their extremely tough exoskeleton. it seems likely, therefore, that the stark coloration of this species is a form of aposematism. further evidence in support of this comes from the finding that a number of edible species, such as the longicorn beetles doliops curculionides and doliops geometrica and the cricket scepastus pachyrhynchoides mimic various pachyrrhynchus species weevils... - - victoria welch et al., 30 april 2007. physical review e 75 ( 4 ) : 7. several features of the results give some reassurance because they support plausible notions and other evidence that most nonsynonymous mutations and many nonsynonymous polymorphisms are deleterious. our analysis implies that some 19 of 20 new amino acid replacements are deleterious with an average fitness reduction on the order of five times the reciprocal of the effective population size. these estimates pertain only to the subset of nonsynonymous mutations whose effect are not so severe as to preclude their becoming polymorphic, but they support other evidence that selection against deleterious mutations plays in key role in shaping patterns of genetic variation in drosophila. likewise, we estimate that [ about ] 7 of 10 amino acid replacements that are polymorphic in samples are deleterious. one feature of our results that might animate some surprise is the high proportion of amino acid fixations between species that show positive selection, [ about ] 95 % in our data. this finding seems to reflect what wallace called the \" overwhelming odds against the less fit \"... - - stanley a. sawyer et al., 17 april 2007. proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america 104 ( 16 ) : 6509. given that phenomena strive for reality - - that is, to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5554215333613286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 42, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.197041"} {"text": "... - - stanley a. sawyer et al., 17 april 2007. proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america 104 ( 16 ) : 6509. given that phenomena strive for reality - - that is, to become distinct - - then there must by default be a process whereby constitutive elements are demarcated as ' included ' and, of course, an opposite process, whereby elements become the ' excluded '. according to [ charles ] fort : \" it is our expression that nothing can attempt to be, except by attempting to exclude something else : that that which is commonly called ' being ' is a state that is wrought more or less definitely proportionately to the appearance of positive difference between that which is included and that which is excluded. \" this process leaves a trace, however, in the sense that one cannot subsequently provide a full and comprehensive description of the thing in question. even darwin, fort argued, ' was never able to tell what he meant by a \" species \". ' echoing wallace ' s ( 1875 ) earlier concerns over the close - mindedness of modern science, fort argued that this body of knowledge was itself but one instance of localization, wherein an attempt is made to separate out those explanations which are deemed acceptable and proper from those that are not. the raw material of the world becomes organized and interpreted to fit into preconceived notions of how things should work. slowly but surely, this drive towards explanation causes a plethora of facts and events to emerge from this chaotic landscape, each of which is seen to form part of an overarching pattern. ' a theory feels its way through surrounding ignorance, ' he suggested, like ' a wagon train feels its way across a prairie. ' and yet, ' science relates to real knowledge no more than does the growth of a plant, or the organization of a department store, or the development of a nation : that all are assimilative, or organizing, or systematizing processes that represent different attempts to attain the positive state - - the state commonly called heaven, i suppose i mean '... - - deborah dixon, april 2007. cultural geographies 14 ( 2 ) : 193. the conspicuous displays that warn predators of defenses carried by potential prey have been of interest to evolutionary biologists from the time of wallace and darwin to the present day. although most studies implicitly assume that these \" aposematic \" warning signals simply indicate the presence of some repellent defense such as a toxin, it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6237243748040486, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 43, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.198181"} {"text": "been of interest to evolutionary biologists from the time of wallace and darwin to the present day. although most studies implicitly assume that these \" aposematic \" warning signals simply indicate the presence of some repellent defense such as a toxin, it has been speculated that the intensity of the signal might reliably indicate the strength of defense so that, for example, the nastiest prey might \" shout loudest \" about their unprofitability. recent phylogenetic and empirical studies of dendrobatid frogs provide contradictory views, in one instance showing a positive correlation between toxin levels and conspicuousness, in another showing a breakdown of this relationship. in this paper we present an optimization model, which can potentially account for these divergent results... - - michael p. speed & graeme d. ruxton, march 2007. evolution 61 ( 3 ) : 623.... kantian philosophers do not have the exclusive right to transcendental arguments, which can be and are used by philosophers and scientists alike. for instance, physicists such as stephen hawking and roger penrose have invoked the anthropic principle, the weak version of which was anticipated by alfred russel wallace ( 1904, pp 256 - 257 ) : \" such a vast and complex universe as that which we know exists around us, may have been absolutely required... in order to produce a world that should be precisely adapted in every detail for the orderly development of life culminating in man. \" more recently, the biologists john bonner and richard lewontin have offered transcendental arguments for the modular organization of development as a requirement for evolvability... - - werner callebaut, march 2007. acta biotheoretica 55 ( 1 ) : 77 - 78. in his extensive monograph of the genus, talbot, building on the earlier work of wallace ( 1867 ), dixey ( 1894 ) and others, originally divided delias into twenty species - groups, according to differences in form of the androconia, male genitalia and, to a lesser extent, wing pattern. talbot noted, however, that the australian endemic d. aganippe, provisionally placed in the belisama group, ' seems somewhat isolated ' on structural grounds and is ' placed doubtfully in this group '. wallace ( 1867 : 349 ) similarly remarked that, ' it is difficult locate this common australian species ', and placed d. aganippe in the belladonna group... -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5524380910894297, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 44, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.199153"} {"text": "and is ' placed doubtfully in this group '. wallace ( 1867 : 349 ) similarly remarked that, ' it is difficult locate this common australian species ', and placed d. aganippe in the belladonna group... - - michael f. braby & naomi e. pierce, january 2007. systematic entomology 32 ( 1 ) : 6.... in his notes, essays and correspondence from the field, wallace consistently emphasized species and genera, and separated these descriptions from his rarer and briefer discussions of individual organisms. the first passage above, from an 1857 article describing collecting in the aru islands, is typical : wallace provides an enthusiastic litany of species, families and genera. it is easy to miss his distinction at the end of the passage, between families, species and individuals, in terms of \" abundance. \" yet this too is characteristic of wallace ' s writings from the field. at a given locality, families contain more or fewer species, and species contain more or fewer individual organisms. wallace did not collapse or confuse these levels, but carefully distinguished between different sorts of abundance. in general, his natural history writing emphasized species, with clear distinctions between individual organisms and groups... - - melinda b. fagan, 2007. journal of the history of biology [ electronic file ]. the contrast in the two naturalists ' writings from the field thus has two aspects. first, wallace emphasized groups of organisms, while darwin described many details of individual organisms. second, wallace clearly distinguished between groups and individuals, while darwin was more ambiguous. both aspects can be explained by differences in natural history practice. wallace and darwin ' s contrasting habits and working routines in the field were shaped in turn by their different circumstances and motivations. the two naturalists went to the field with different training and social connections, different finances and responsibilities, and different theoretical interests... - - melinda b. fagan, 2007. journal of the history of biology [ electronic file ]. the use of soil animals as protein source in human nutrition is still widely represented in indigenous populations in most regions of the world and was first reported by wallace ( 1853, 1889 ) more than 100 years ago... - - t. decaens et al., november 2006. european journal of soil biology 42 ( suppl. 1 ) : s26.... knowledge about biodiversity remains inadequate and plagued by the so - called linnean and wallacean shortfalls ( lomolino, 2004 ; whittaker", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5023717039782496, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 45, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.201132"} {"text": "journal of soil biology 42 ( suppl. 1 ) : s26.... knowledge about biodiversity remains inadequate and plagued by the so - called linnean and wallacean shortfalls ( lomolino, 2004 ; whittaker et al., 2005 ; see also brown & lomolino, 1998 ). the first refers to the fact that most species living on earth were still not formally described, whereas the second is defined by the fact that, for the majority of taxa, geographical distributions are also poorly understood and contain many gaps. as recently pointed out by whittaker et al. ( 2005 ), these two shortfalls are scale dependent, both on evolutionary and on ecological dimensions. although work done since the 18th century allows us to make general predictions of broad - scale diversity gradients based on current climate effects ( see hawkins, 2004 and references therein ), we are far from a predictive theory capable of predicting species diversity based on complex environmental and historical factors acting at different scales in time and space... - - luis mauricio bini et al., september 2006. diversity and distributions 12 ( 5 ) : 475. here i present a critical review of the literature which, when combined with the results of some comparative analyses, suggests that just a few selective agents can explain much of the variation in egg appearance. ancestrally, bird eggs were probably white and immaculate. ancient diversification in nest location, and hence in the clutch ' s vulnerability to attack by predators, can explain basic differences between bird families in egg appearance. the ancestral white egg has been retained by species whose nests are safe from attack by predators, while those that have moved to a more vulnerable nest site are now more likely to lay brown eggs, covered in speckles, just as wallace hypothesized more than a century ago. even blue eggs might be cryptic in a subset of nests built in vegetation. it is possible that some species have subsequently turned these ancient adaptations to new functions, for example to signal female quality, to protect eggs from damaging solar radiation, or to add structural strength to shells when calcium is in short supply. the threat of predation, together with the use of varying nest sites, appears to have increased the diversity of egg colouring seen among species within families, and among clutches within species. brood parasites and their hosts have probably secondarily influenced the diversity of egg appearance. each drives the evolution of the other ' s egg colour and patterning, as hosts attempt to avoid exploitation by rejecting odd", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5288697239660636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 46, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.203444"} {"text": "within families, and among clutches within species. brood parasites and their hosts have probably secondarily influenced the diversity of egg appearance. each drives the evolution of the other ' s egg colour and patterning, as hosts attempt to avoid exploitation by rejecting odd - looking eggs from their nests, and parasites attempt to outwit their hosts by laying eggs that will escape detection... - - r. m. kilner, august 2006. biological reviews 81 ( 3 ) : 383. wallace ' s hypothesis for egg colouring is intuitively appealing because it can explain why so many bird eggs are white or speckled or some shade of brown in colour, and because it is consistent with observations that more cryptic offspring are less vulnerable to attack by predators. furthermore, lack ( 1958 ) found that a species ' nest site could explain some of the variation in egg patterning and colouring amongst the turdinae. he found that hole - nesters were more likely to lay white immaculate eggs, whereas about 80 % of birds whose nests were placed in exposed sites covered their eggs in red or brown speckling, which he interpreted as an adaptation for concealment. however, experimental evidence in support of wallace ' s hypothesis is rather mixed... - - r. m. kilner, august 2006, biological reviews 81 ( 3 ) : 385. why do organisms age and die? this question has long vexed biologists. alfred russel wallace first suggested that ageing and death might be adaptive ( weismann 1882, wallace 1889 ). in the 1860s wallace wrote \" natural selection... in many cases favours such races as die almost immediately after they have left successors. \" despite some early support, this adaptive view of ageing and death was soon dismissed, to such an extent that in the 1920s it was labelled a \" perverse extension of the theory of natural selection \" ( pearl 1922 ). this has remained the case since with almost all biological gerontologists believing that \" longevity determination is under genetic control only indirectly, \" and that \"... ageing is a product of evolutionary neglect, not evolutionary intent. \" today, there are three largely competing theories used to explain ageing ; mutation accumulation, antagonistic pleiotropy and disposable soma... - - calvin dytham & justin m. j. travis, june 2006. oikos 113 ( 3 ) : 531. when you ask beginning students why we age, they usually respond that physical decay culls", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5119252157732808, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 47, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.205315"} {"text": "soma... - - calvin dytham & justin m. j. travis, june 2006. oikos 113 ( 3 ) : 531. when you ask beginning students why we age, they usually respond that physical decay culls the old to make way for the young, says evolutionary biologist ophelie ronce of the university of montpelier in france. that explanation carries a long pedigree \u2014 it dates back to alfred russel wallace the co - discoverer of natural selection \u2014 but most modern evolutionists spurn it... - - mitch leslie, 3 may 2006. science of aging knowledge environment 2006 no. 8 : nf12. during his collecting expedition in the rio negro and tributary rio uaupes basins ( 1850 to 1852 ), wallace collected and sketched a specimen that was most likely tetranematichthys wallacei. his pencil sketch of the specimen ( wallace, 2002 : fig. 122 ) clearly illustrated the elongate dorsal - fin spine, the ossified, curved maxillary barbels, the elongation of the anterior rays of the anal fin, and the overall form of the head and body characteristic of nuptial males of tetranematichthys ( note : the orientation of the fish in the illustration is such that the mandibular barbels are not apparent ). given that t. wallacei is the only species of the genus known to occur in the rio negro and rio uaupes basins, we identify wallace ' s specimen as that species... - - richard p. vari & carl j. ferraris, jr., may 2006. copeia 2006 ( 2 ) : 176.... it was not just that science was monoparadigmatic ; its monoculturalism extended beyond the surveillance of the gaze to the fact that the creation of the object had to deny the subjective self and its knowledge. in relating to the other, modern western science either eliminated, assimilated, ghettoized or museumized them. science had no place for defeated knowledges ; the idea of an alternative science arose as a charter to challenge the current politics of knowledge. it was that great dissenting scientist alfred wallace who formulated the problem long before thomas kuhn. in his wonderful century ( wallace, 1898 ), a portrait of the achievements of 19th - century science, wallace begins with a celebration of western science and then observes that a science at its moment of dominance tends to be coercive and to ignore competing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5451232921455114, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 48, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.207354"} {"text": "in his wonderful century ( wallace, 1898 ), a portrait of the achievements of 19th - century science, wallace begins with a celebration of western science and then observes that a science at its moment of dominance tends to be coercive and to ignore competing theories and hypotheses. wallace believed that the success of science made it ethically and cognitively imperative for the scientist to invent and explore alternatives... - - shiv visvanathan, march - may 2006. theory, culture & society 23 ( 2 - 3 ) : 166. wallace ' s field practices fit best into the survey tradition, which flourished during the shift from the 19th - century armchair to intensive ethnographic fieldwork in the early 20th century... both survey and intensive ethnography were attempts to shift knowledge production into the field. long before researchers gave field ethnography rather than armchair theorizing the highest prestige, wallace was developing a greater role for regional survey work... - - jeremy vetter, march 2006. journal of the history of biology 39 ( 1 ) : 98. for more than a century, a debate has raged as to whether death constitutes an intentional ontogenetic program, the so - called wallace - weismann hypothesis, or the passive result of an inexorable accumulation of defects. by accounting for benefits to kin, the former assertion becomes more plausible. the inability to identify definable discreet mechanistic pathways for programmed death has provided a major source for criticism of this theory. although evolutionary dynamics and pluralism may both contribute to the darwinian value of phenoptosis, intuitive appeal persists in the notion of an oligarchy of functional hubs underpinning the many proximate mechanisms of phenoptosis. indeed, given its processes ' central roles in apoptosis, the mitochondrion may represent an ideal candidate to serve as one such hub on the level of the organelle. the induction of cellular damage by reactive oxygen species has been noted to be a mechanism of self - termination that encompasses all scales of biology. however, we believe that identification of hubs that operate on the level of systems as opposed to that of subcellular components may afford greater potential utility for modification and correction. endocrine pathways, particularly those involving reproduction and circadian rhythms, have already been implicated in this regard... - - anthony j. yun, patrick y. lee & john doux, 2006. medical hypotheses 67 ( 5 ) : 1082. whe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5685364854679766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 49, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.208736"} {"text": "involving reproduction and circadian rhythms, have already been implicated in this regard... - - anthony j. yun, patrick y. lee & john doux, 2006. medical hypotheses 67 ( 5 ) : 1082. whewell ( 1853 ) was the first to propose that the solar system has a habitable region comparable to the modern conception of the chz [ circumstellar habitable zone ]. he termed it the \" temperate zone. \" in an impressive treatise for the period, wallace ( 1903 ) enumerated several planetary habitability factors, including obliquity, mass, distance from the sun, atmospheric composition, and proportion of water to land... - - guillermo gonzalez, december 2005. origins of life and evolution of biospheres 35 ( 6 ) : 556.... in this paper, we describe individual - based evolutionary model of aposematism and defense in spiny and poisonous species. we show that with spines, aposematism is easy to explain by a route in which predator biases are not out of sequence. thus, aposematism evolves in our simulations if predators : ( 1 ) can recognize spines as dangerous ( because they are common in prey populations anyway ), ( 2 ) can use conspicuous markings to better notice and evaluate the significance of spines ( resulting in cautious handling ), and ( 3 ) can use conspicuousness as a cue for distinctiveness such that animals with colourful spines are less easily confused with nonspiny edible prey ( as wallace,, originally suggested for the general function of aposematism )... - - michael p. speed & graeme d. ruxton, december 2005. evolution 59 ( 12 ) : 2501.... in the past, applying the logic of adaptationism to such central and seemingly unique human capacities has often triggered strong resistance. wallace himself, although the co - creator of natural selection theory, considered self - consciousness as too complex to be one of its outcomes ( wallace, 1889 ). note that his main argument was that the sense of self seemed to constitute a radical departure from other forms of phenomenal awareness. but this argument itself relied on the assumption that there is an integral self - system. given that assumption, it seems indeed difficult to consider the self as the result of a slow, incremental process of natural selection, each step of which is conducive to better reproductive potential. it is by contrast more tractable to evaluate the potential evolutionary background of separate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5517383899041752, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 50, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.209802"} {"text": "indeed difficult to consider the self as the result of a slow, incremental process of natural selection, each step of which is conducive to better reproductive potential. it is by contrast more tractable to evaluate the potential evolutionary background of separate self - relevant systems... - - pascal boyer, philip robbins & anthony i. jack, december 2005. consciousness and cognition 14 ( 4 ) : 653. as is often the case in evolutionary ecology, mathematical models have outpaced empirical data and the theoretical basis of the wallace effect has been established in more than 100 mathematical models. supporting field data are less common, however, and are rarely unambiguous. part of the problem is in not knowing the origin of the supposedly split populations : the only way properly to test the basis for sympatric speciation would be to experimentally manipulate a population, but the timescales of speciation are too long for such a study to observe incipient speciation within the lifespan of a single research project... - - jeff ollerton, 3 august 2005. heredity 95 : 181. in between mill and edgeworth, the classical economists ' notion of sympathy was attacked, and was largely overcome. the co - discover of the law of natural selection, a. r. wallace, had argued in 1864 that the doctrine of natural selection did not apply to humans because of ethical concerns generated by human sympathy. our morals do not allow us to let the infirm perish ( wallace, 1864, clxii ). in response, the co - founder ( with francis galton ) of eugenics, w. r. greg, insisted that if sympathy blocked the ' salutary ' effects of the survival of the fittest, such sentiments should be suppressed. so, when the ' law ' of ' natural selection ' failed for humans - - because of sympathy and ethics - - the eugenic thinkers who so influence post - classical economics proposed to rid humanity of sympathy. - - sandra j. peart & david m. levy, august 2005. canadian journal of economics 38 ( 3 ) : 950. another english socialist of a very different temper, alfred russel wallace, co - founder of the theory of natural selection, took a different tack. the humane wallace was a reformer but also a stout defender of darwinian inheritance. so, although he believed that english society was increasingly dysgenic, wallace rejected compulsory eugenics as elitist and barbarous. wallace proposed that eugenic ends could be realized by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5321944083045028, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 51, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.211097"} {"text": "was a reformer but also a stout defender of darwinian inheritance. so, although he believed that english society was increasingly dysgenic, wallace rejected compulsory eugenics as elitist and barbarous. wallace proposed that eugenic ends could be realized by an expansion of women ' s education and their political and economic freedom. like mill, he believed that the law could reduce women ' s economic dependency, which, he argued, would work to reduce the incentive for women to make dysgenic marriages. \" progress is still possible, nay, is certain, \" said wallace, \" by... that mode of selection which will inevitably come into action through the ever - increasing freedom, joined with the higher education of women \" ( 1892 ). he envisioned selection as \" effected through the agency of female choice in marriage \" ( 1890 ). in leaving \" the improvement of the race to the cultivated minds and pure instincts of the women of the future \" ( 1890 ), the idealistic wallace partly anticipates the eugenic feminism of charlotte perkins gilman... - - thomas c. leonard, july 2005. american journal of economics and sociology 64 ( 3 ) : 782.... at present, this genus of tropical and subtropical america, distributed from the central part of mexico to the north of argentina, including the west indies, consists of ca. 350 species and is confined mainly to humid forests or grows along the edges of rivers. its accumulated species diversity may be explained by gradual addition through geological time. this process was proposed by wallace ( 1878 ) and turned out to result in greater accrual of species in tropical zones than in temperate regions. this, as explained by the \" museum model, \" suggests that a stable tropical climate permitted the buildup of species through time... - - l. calvillo - canadell & s. r. s. cevallos - ferriz, july 2005. international journal of plant sciences 166 ( 4 ) : 688. wallace ( 1878 ) was among the first to argue that the low diversity of the polar regions is largely a reflection of past episodes of glaciations and climatic change that repeatedly drove many high - latitude taxa to extinction, leaving little opportunity for diversity to recover, and this idea has had subsequent proponents... - - emma e. goldberg et al., june 2005. american naturalist 165 ( 6 ) : 628. the conditions under which aposematism, the conspicuous coloration of unpalatable or otherwise defended prey,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4918310655553567, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 52, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.212168"} {"text": "had subsequent proponents... - - emma e. goldberg et al., june 2005. american naturalist 165 ( 6 ) : 628. the conditions under which aposematism, the conspicuous coloration of unpalatable or otherwise defended prey, could evolve have long been a topic of speculation ( wallace 1867 ; poulton 1890 ). a perceived roadblock to the initial establishment of rare, aposematic mutants is the intense predation to which they would be subjected by naive predators. conspicuous prey, albeit defended, are much more likely to be seen by predators, and if predators are unaware of their defence ( and do not show neophobia ), then such prey are more likely to be attacked on encounter. this means that rare conspicuous mutants of defended prey should, on average, be attacked more frequently than their cryptic conspecifics. a possible solution to this problem, first suggested by fisher ( 1930 ), is that gregariousness could facilitate the evolution of distastefulness ( and hence aposematism ). thus, if prey are warningly coloured and aggregated, then an attack on one individual by a naive predator could lead to subsequent avoidance of others in the group, often relatives, that share the same trait ( this proposal was the initial inspiration for hamilton ' s ( 1963 ) theory of kin selection )... - - christopher d. beatty, roderick s. bain & thomas n. sherratt, 23 may 2005. animal behaviour 70 : 199. the darwinian theory and wallace ' s original theory can be formalized in terms of what is called today the carrying capacity of the environment, usually denoted by k ; in wallace ' s words, this is the level at which \" the population must have reached its limits, and have become stationary. \" suppose that the carrying capacity of the parental form on its own is k, and that the carrying capacities of the parental form and the advantageous variation when they coexist are k1 and k2 respectively. under darwin ' s theory k1z0, whereas k2 is equal to or perhaps slightly greater than k, so that the parental form eventually becomes extinct even in a constant environment. under wallace ' s theory both carrying capacities are greater than zero, with k1! k2, so that both forms can coexist ; if the environment deteriorates, both carrying capacities decrease, and if the deterioration is severe k1 becomes 0, so that the parental form becomes extinct. when the environment recovers, the carrying capacities return to their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.546747519393022, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 53, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.213331"} {"text": "both forms can coexist ; if the environment deteriorates, both carrying capacities decrease, and if the deterioration is severe k1 becomes 0, so that the parental form becomes extinct. when the environment recovers, the carrying capacities return to their original values so that both types can again coexist... - - michael bulmer, 22 may 2005. notes & records of the royal society 59 ( 2 ) : 130. it was wallace ( 1855 ) who was the first to recognize the correlation between geographic distribution and evolutionary relationship. wallace ( 1855 ) in fact described how a process akin to what is now called vicariance might have produced modern faunal differences in the galapagos islands if these now distinct islands were once joined. in effect, wallace ( 1855 ) was arguing that one way the geological world impinges on the biological world is through the mechanism we now refer to as allopatric speciation. if speciation is allopatric, species can disperse over geographic barriers ( that have geological or climatic causes ) and become isolated, or geological or climatic changes can cause populations of species to become isolated from one another by creating barriers within formerly continuous ranges ; the latter is termed vicariance. in either case, the isolated populations diverge and eventually speciate... - - bruce s. lieberman, 11 april 2005. palaeogeography, palaeocimatology, palaeoecology 219 : 25. although these definitions vary, the common emphasis is on the provision of a more stimulating environment. historically alfred russel wallace may have been one of the first individuals to provide enrichment to captive animals ( wallace 1869 ). upon receipt of an orphan orangutan in his camp, he fashioned an artificial mother from a buffalo skin that appeared to comfort the animal, served as a surrogate mother, and thereby enriched the animal ' s environment. shortly afterward, wallace received another animal in camp, a cynomolgus monkey, and the two animals were successfully paired. thus wallace ' s earliest attempts at enriching the animal ' s environment included the provision of both inanimate and animate exemplars of enrichment... - - james l. weed & james m. raber, march 2005. ilar journal 46 ( 2 ) : 118. a. r. wallace originally invented the concept now known as aposematism to describe prey that combine warning displays with secondary defences ( wallace 1867, 1889 ). more than a century later, the evolution of aposematism remains a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.51978501084918, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 54, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.214334"} {"text": "118. a. r. wallace originally invented the concept now known as aposematism to describe prey that combine warning displays with secondary defences ( wallace 1867, 1889 ). more than a century later, the evolution of aposematism remains a remarkably fertile and controversial area of research. warning displays are still of interest to researchers, in part, because the proximate mechanisms by which they operate tell us much about predator behaviour and predator - prey coevolution. as originally envisaged by wallace ( 1867 ) and poulton ( 1890 ), warning displays function to enhance discrimination, to accelerate learning and perhaps slow down forgetting... - - michael p. speed & graeme d. ruxton, 21 february 2005. proceedings of the royal society of london, series b, biological sciences 272 : 431.... aposematic displays remain the focus of considerable attention because, for many researchers, their initial origins contain at least two important evolutionary paradoxes. first, it is generally assumed that before the first aposematic traits evolved, prey were both highly cryptic and had effective secondary defences. if secondary defences are costly ( and they often are ), then their presence in prey already highly protected by crypsis is paradoxical : why pay for repellent secondary defences if your enemy rarely finds you? second, there is a better - known paradox of warning signals, which also emerges from commonly held assumptions about initial conditions. ever since the seminal theoretical model of harvey et al. ( 1982 ), it is widely taken that aposematic mutants must emerge from defended cryptic species. when this is the case, new aposematic forms suffer combined and highly effective barriers to survival because of their rarity and their conspicuousness... - - michael p. speed & graeme d. ruxton, 21 february 2005. proceedings of the royal society of london, series b, biological sciences 272 : 431.... as wallace originally envisaged, warning displays might be conspicuous so as to be \" very distinct from the protective tints of the defenceless animals allied to them \" ( wallace 1889, p. 232 ). hence a good reason that aposematism may evolve initially is to prevent confusion with undefended prey. on its own, behavioural conspicuousness itself may not be a sufficiently reliable signal of non - profitability to function as an aposematic display. as we found... prey can evolve some heightened levels of behavioural conspicuousness even when they do not evolve adaptive secondary defences. hence,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5236973357624245, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 55, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.215357"} {"text": "may not be a sufficiently reliable signal of non - profitability to function as an aposematic display. as we found... prey can evolve some heightened levels of behavioural conspicuousness even when they do not evolve adaptive secondary defences. hence, some additional discriminative cue may be necessary for defended prey to minimize erroneous attacks by educated predators... - - michael p. speed & graeme d. ruxton, 21 february 2005. proceedings of the royal society of london, series b, biological sciences 272 : 436. the language faculty is one component of what the co - founder of modern evolutionary theory, alfred russel wallace, called \" man ' s intellectual and moral nature \" : the human capacities for creative imagination, language and symbolism generally, mathematics, interpretation and recording of natural phenomena, intricate social practices, and the like, a complex of capacities that seem to have crystallized fairly recently, perhaps a little over 50, 000 years ago, among a small breeding group of which we are all descendants - - a complex that sets humans apart rather sharply from other animals, including other hominids, judging by traces they have left in the archaeological record. the nature of the \" human capacity, \" as some researchers now call it, remains a considerable mystery. it was one element of a famous disagreement between the two founders of the theory of evolution, with wallace holding, contrary to darwin, that evolution of these faculties cannot be accounted for in terms of variation and natural selection alone, but requires \" some other influence, law, or agency, \" some principle of nature alongside gravitation, cohesion, and other forces without which the material universe could not exist. although the issues are framed differently today within the core biological sciences, they have not disappeared... - - noam chomsky, winter 2005. linguistic inquiry 36 ( 1 ) : 3.... rohde ( 1978, 1992 ) expanded earlier suggestions that high - energy levels may increase speciation rates ( wallace, 1878 ). relationships between speciation / extinction rates and energy may arise directly through the influence of solar energy on mutation rates, and most literature on the diversification rate mechanism focuses on this relationship. alternatively, both solar and productive energy availability may influence speciation / extinction rates indirectly through variables such as body size and reproductive rates... - - karl l. evans, philip h. warren & kevin j. gaston, february 2005. biological reviews 80 ( 1 ) : 14.... adaptationism is usually traced back to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5149024604056541, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 56, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.216613"} {"text": "variables such as body size and reproductive rates... - - karl l. evans, philip h. warren & kevin j. gaston, february 2005. biological reviews 80 ( 1 ) : 14.... adaptationism is usually traced back to alfred r. wallace, one of the two great biological revolutionaries, who was also one of the forefathers of modern astrobiology with his intriguing and remarkably prescient 1903 book man ' s place in the universe. this view is the scientific foundation of schroeder ' s solution to fermi ' s paradox. intelligence is an adaptive trait, like any other. adaptive traits are bound to disappear once the environment changes sufficiently for any selective advantage which existed previously to disappear. in the long run, the intelligence is bound to disappear, as its selective advantage is temporally limited by ever - changing physical and ecological conditions... - - milan m. cirkovic, january - february 2005. journal of the british interplanetary society ( jbis ) 58 ( 1 - 2 ) : 65. the first report of a tool - using parrot in the wild was in 1869, by wallace ( 2000 ). he described a black palm cockatoo ( probosciger aterrimus ) in new guinea using a piece of leaf as a wedge while feeding from kanary nuts ( canarium commune ). according to the author, after starting to groove the nut with its lower mandible, the bird held it in its foot and bit off a piece of leaf. this was retained in the deep notch of the upper mandible while the bird started to seize the nut once again, fixing the edge of the lower mandible in the notch and braking off a piece of shell by a powerful nip. wallace suggested that the nut was prevented from slipping by the elastic tissue of the leaf ( wallace 2000 )... - - andressa borsari & eduardo b. ottoni, january 2005. animal cognition 8 ( 1 ) : 48.... the wakatobi marine national park includes all coral reefs, islands, and communities within its boundaries and is centered around the main islands in the wakatobi archipelago. the area is considered \" a geological and biological anomaly \" and is located at a zone of transition between the two distinct faunas associated with the asian and australian continents. wallace ( 1869 ) postulated that the islands of sulawesi had been isolated far longer than the surrounding islands, giving evolution a much greater opportunity to shape a unique fauna... - - benjamin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5295066073968597, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 57, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.219024"} {"text": "two distinct faunas associated with the asian and australian continents. wallace ( 1869 ) postulated that the islands of sulawesi had been isolated far longer than the surrounding islands, giving evolution a much greater opportunity to shape a unique fauna... - - benjamin p. horton et al., january 2005. journal of foraminiferal research 35 ( 1 ) : 4. wallace ' s rhetorical world was as remote from darwin ' s as their social worlds - - they wrote up their theories differently. although a colonial infrastructure made much of wallace ' s fieldwork possible, the solitary english collector, living alongside natives and dependent on their knowledge and skills, eschewed the rich imperial language in which darwin depicted evolving life. wallace thought spatially and described his theories in ways appropriate to the welsh mapmaking enterprise from which he first learned about native habitats. he wrote with artless clarity. one searches in vain for conquering colonial imagery in his major theoretical essays between 1855 and 1864. here \" organic beings \" are continually \" peopling \" the earth and making it a \" theatre of life. \" new species evolve under changed \" physical conditions \" in \" an unbroken and harmonious system. \" the faunas of \" neighboring countries \" testify to their geological past, showing that new species were \" gradually introduced \" as the regions became isolated. the arrival of \" chance immigrants \" is often followed by \" natural extinction and renewal of species, \" and those organisms with \" greater powers of dispersion \" and \" a greater plasticity of organization \" have \" extended themselves \" over continents. the \" regular and unceasing extinction of species, and their replacement by allied forms \" is an \" established fact, \" contingent in every case on the quantity and quality of available food... - - james moore, 2005. in david n. livingstone & charles w. j. withers, eds., geography and revolution ( university of chicago press ) : 121 - 122. in the malay archipelago, wallace ' s most popular and widely read book, the only \" empire \" is austrian, \" imperial \" is a common species name, and only the dutch, the portuguese, and ants have \" colonies. \" \" aborigines \" are always human, \" natives \" are established residents ( also marsupials in the moluccas and flowers in the himalayas ), and people wage \" war, \" \" conquer, \" and \" exterminate \" one another ( also the flying opossum ). \" competition \" too is a human", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.51639388249843, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 58, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.220643"} {"text": "evolutionary convergence, is more likely to involve planarians, myriapods, fishes, snakes, and other groups with relatively simple body forms... third, among vertebrates, snake mimicry is unusually widespread because of ( 1 ) and ( 2 ), and because venomous species can severely injure or kill predators... fourth, the origin of noxious attributes can markedly increase diversity within a clade beyond that encompassed by unpalatable species ; dangerous models thereby make otherwise \" unprotected niches \" possible for harmless relatives, and even for lifestyles not used by the models themselves... - - harry w. greene & roy mcdiarmid, 2005. in maureen donnelly et al., eds., ecology and evolution in the tropics : a herpetological perspective ( university of chicago press ) : 205 - 206. proposed originally by a. r. wallace in the mid 19th century ( wallace 1852 ), the riverine barrier hypothesis states that major amazonian rivers significantly reduce or prevent gene flow between populations inhabiting opposite river banks, hence promoting speciation. in a phylogeographic framework, the main prediction of the riverine barrier hypothesis is that sister intraspecific clades and species will exist across major rivers rather than within major amazonian interfluves ; furthermore, phylogeographic and population genetics data can distinguish between primary divergence across rivers ( predicted by the riverine barrier hypothesis ) versus secondary contact along rivers between nonsister taxa that diversified elsewhere. a second prediction of the riverine barrier hypothesis comes from the observation that the upper reaches of all major amazonian rivers are narrower than the lower reaches ; therefore, a gradual reduction of the \" river - barrier effect \" is expected to take place from the lower to the upper part of the river ' s course... - - alexandre aleixo, june 2004. evolution 58 ( 6 ) : 1303.... the possibility that at least some instances of similarity among distasteful species may have evolved through selection to deceive predators has been frequently raised. even before the publication of the theory of mullerian mimicry, wallace ( 1871 ) proposed that \" distasteful secretion is not produced alike by all members of the family and that where it is deficient, protective imitation comes into play \"... - - thomas n. sherratt, michael p. speed & graeme d. ruxton, may 2004. journal of theoretical biology 228 : 217 - 218. alfred russel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5064940311787944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 60, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.222687"} {"text": "it is deficient, protective imitation comes into play \"... - - thomas n. sherratt, michael p. speed & graeme d. ruxton, may 2004. journal of theoretical biology 228 : 217 - 218. alfred russel wallace was the first to suggest that aging and death might be evolved traits. in the 1860s, he suggested that individuals are programmed to die so that they do not compete with their offspring. his idea had some early support, notably from the influential german biologist august weismann, but by the 1920s it had been dismissed as a \" perverse extension of the theory of natural selection \". by the middle of the last century, the focus of evolutionary theory on senescence had shifted to other theories such as mutation accumulation and antagonistic prejotropy... recent discoveries in nematodes, insects, and mammals of genes that, when mutated, increase life span, have increased interest in the evolution of aging. in this article, i show that within a spatially structured population, programmed death does evolve and suggest that it is time to reconsider the \" perverse \" theories of wallace and weismann... - - justin travis, april 2004. journal of gerontology a : biological sciences 59 ( 4 ) : 301. conspicuous and simple color patterns ( often red, yellow, or white in combination with black ) are common among animals that are distasteful, noxious, or otherwise potentially dangerous to their predators (... wallace, 1867 ). the common view is that conspicuousness has evolved because it constitutes a strong visual signal that is easy for receiving predators to detect, learn, and associate with unpalatability. however, conspicuous coloration may provide protection against predators even if the prey lacks chemical or structural defense mechanisms, because coloration may elicit spontaneous avoidance behaviors in naive predators. it has been suggested that bilateral asymmetry also may play a role in communication, but this has been studied primarily within the context of mate choice... - - anders forsman & joakim herrstrom, january - february 2004. behavioral ecology 15 ( 1 ) : 141. although we have many species from most of the major species groups and subgroups related to d. melanogaster in our analysis, speciation patterns for independent species groups and subgroups need to be examined with a number of genes to generalize these inferences. nevertheless, if the observed correspondence between the time of species divergences and paleoclimate changes is true, it supports", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.539273169329167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 61, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.223611"} {"text": ". in david rothenburg & wandee j. pryor, eds., writing the future : progress and evolution ( mit press ) : 3 - 4. steven pinker ( how the mind works ) and daniel dennett ( darwin ' s dangerous idea ) speak for mainstream evolutionary theory when they insist that the mind was built up incrementally by way of small, selective advantages in the same way as a bird ' s wing. they see the growth of intelligence as wholly a matter of problem solving and toolmaking - - practical talents to which natural selection easily applies. they simply ignore wallace ' s dilemma, offering no reason why the mind should ever have developed beyond simple counting, toolmaking, and enough verbal ability to coordinate a hunting expedition... - - theodore roszak, 2004. in david rothenburg & wandee j. pryor, eds., writing the future : progress and evolution ( mit press ) : 5. one could argue that males can survive better by being smaller and more cryptic than females. the importance of predation to the evolution of sexual dimorphism was first stressed by wallace ( 1889 ), who suggested that crypsis in females is favoured because bright colours potentially attract nest predators. recent comparative studies, such as that undertaken by martin & badyaev ( 1996 ), seem to confirm this point. in tinamous, reversed sexual roles and predation risks incurred by incubating males may explain why they are less colourful than their conspecific females. small size and cryptic coloration are probably complementary strategies to avoid predators... - - p. l. tubaro & s. bertelli, november 2003. biological journal of the linnean society 80 ( 3 ) : 526. to understand why small monitor species have radiated so dramatically through australia, new guinea, and their adjacent islands, but not elsewhere, we examined the possible role of wallace ' s line... in contrast to its influence on the mammals, wallace ' s line is not a barrier to monitors - - or is it? that depends on the adult size of the species... large monitor species ( in which adults are greater than four feet long ) are just as diverse on lands east of wallace ' s line as they are to the west, or for that matter in mainland asia and africa. small monitor species, however, occur only to the east of the line... - - samuel s. sweet & eric r. pianka, november 2003. natural history 112 ( 9 ) : 44. it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5182147224946877, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 63, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.226359"} {"text": "matter in mainland asia and africa. small monitor species, however, occur only to the east of the line... - - samuel s. sweet & eric r. pianka, november 2003. natural history 112 ( 9 ) : 44. it has long been recognized that prey that possess significant defenses against predators tend to be conspicuous in some way ( wallace 1867 ; darwin 1871 ; poulton 1890 ). the contemporary explanation for this phenomenon, termed \" aposematism \" ( poulton 1890 ), is that there is \" something special \" about the educational properties of conspicuous traits as a signal of defense. for example, it has been repeatedly shown that predators learn to avoid unpalatable prey more quickly when they are conspicuous than when they are cryptic. this theory for the evolution of aposematism is plausible, but there is an important caveat. whatever the underlying cause of aposematism, it is likely that predators would evolve an enhanced psychological predisposition to learn to avoid conspicuous prey precisely because such prey tend to be defended... - - thomas n. sherratt & christopher d. beatty, october 2003. the american naturalist 162 ( 4 ) : 377. ' the darwinian theory is wrong because random variations tend to worsen performance '. thus wrote fred hoyle in his famous book ' the intelligent universe '. hoyle pointed out three important things in this book. first, that the idea of natural selection had been around for several decades before darwin wrote the origin. secondly, that it was wallace ' s clear letter of 1858 that really clarified darwin ' s mind on the matter. thirdly, and more important, natural selection as conceived by darwin and wallace just won ' t work mathematically. the odds are stacked hugely against random change producing even one new protein... - - anthony k. campbell, july 2003. astrophysics and space science 285 ( 2 ) : 571. with respect to the theory of sexual selection, darwin ( 1859, 1872 ) developed this novel concept but did not describe the function of this behaviour ( for instance, the role of the male peacock ' s tale ). as dawkins has pointed out, it was wallace who speculated that a male with brightly coloured tail feathers is showing that he is a high - quality individual. subsequent studies have shown that this idea is supported by experimental evidence. hence, with respect to the second mode of selection in nature, wallace developed the concept originally proposed by darwin ( 1859, 1872 ) and did draw the correct conclusions... -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5505439768370406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 64, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.228723"} {"text": ". subsequent studies have shown that this idea is supported by experimental evidence. hence, with respect to the second mode of selection in nature, wallace developed the concept originally proposed by darwin ( 1859, 1872 ) and did draw the correct conclusions... - - u. kutschera, 1 may 2003. theory in biosciences 122 ( 4 ) : 357 - 358. why do we believe wallace when he writes about evolution yet ignore him when he turns to spiritualism? part of the reason is the context in which we receive his writings today. spiritualism is now out of fashion, hoaxes have been exposed, and there is no longer a social context for the idea of spiritualism. the experiments, while repeatable in wallace ' s day, are no longer repeatable, and thus they fail one of the hallmarks of the scientific method. but they were repeatable then! when one reads wallace ' s works, one is struck by how he acted with complete warrant in exploring spiritualism scientifically. as kuhn has demonstrated, wallace was operating under the social constructs of his day... - - steven l. peck, march 2003. zygon 38 ( 1 ) : 11. as we shall show, the concept of the diorama emerged from the construction of biogeographical zones. moreover, the concept of biogeographical zones not only triggered the vision of the diorama as its \" musee imaginaire \" but, from the very beginning, theorizing on biogeographical zones was captured by visual means such as maps and illustrations. these images had a strong impact on the emergence of dioramic displays by providing two - dimensional forerunners for what were later implemented as three - dimensional museum installations. as we show in this paper, the new mode of illustration introduced by wallace in 1876 formed a crucial influence. in the geographical distribution of animals wallace elected to illustrate different biogeographical zones by the simultaneous display of animals from different taxa against an ecologically appropriate background. by and large, each animal was itself in some way unique to its zone and could potentially have been used as a surrogate for the zone... - - julia voss & sahotra sarkar, february 2003. philosophy & geography 6 ( 1 ) : 61. wallace insisted that none of these suggestions went to the heart of the problem. none of these people had suggested anything more than some ' force ' - - but force is a cause of motion, not a cause of organization. there must", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5905906890175766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 65, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.230455"} {"text": ") : 61. wallace insisted that none of these suggestions went to the heart of the problem. none of these people had suggested anything more than some ' force ' - - but force is a cause of motion, not a cause of organization. there must be something more than merely a force. there must be some agency that guides and coordinates the process which builds up that infinitely complex machine, the living organism. wallace thought of the cell as being not only self - repairing, but also self - renewing, self - multiplying, self - adapting to its ever - changing environment, so as to be, potentially, everlasting... - - roger steer, 2003. in his letter to an influential atheist ( authentic lifestyle ) : 27. the co - inventor of evolutionary theory, alfred russel wallace, was aware of the significance of darwin ' s views. in his book, darwinism, ( originally published in 1890 ) wallace took pains to distance himself from darwin on the question of human capacities. he pointed to the mistake that someone might make by conjecturing that all geological changes are due to factors such as flooding, volcanic activity, the action of the wind and the sun, and so on while overlooking the special contribution made by glaciation. glaciation is an important cause of change, but is radically different from the other causes of geological change. by analogy, wallace argues, \" because man ' s physical structure has been developed from an animal form by natural selection, it does not necessarily follow that his mental nature... has been developed by the same causes only ( wallace 1897 : xx ). \" our mental capacities and our morality, wallace suggests, may be due to something quite different from natural selection... - - andrew brennan, 2003. worldviews 7 ( 3 ) : 276 - 277. in the second edition of primitive culture, tylor ' s doubts about psychic phenomena were suppressed and spiritualism roundly denounced as a survival of animistic beliefs ( tylor 1873 ). yet, even the formulations used in primitive culture betray an ambivalence within its scheme of mental evolution that seems fundamental to contemporary scientific politics. tylor felt forced to class modern spiritualism with \" primitive \" animism - - the kind of arbitrary classification that wallace was up against in his critique of primitive culture and in his earliest writings on botany. but tylor also had to acknowledge that spiritualism was not just a survival but an extraordinary revival of animism. he even went as far as to recognize", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5520535545653413, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 66, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.231407"} {"text": "wallace was up against in his critique of primitive culture and in his earliest writings on botany. but tylor also had to acknowledge that spiritualism was not just a survival but an extraordinary revival of animism. he even went as far as to recognize the anomalous status of spiritualism within his progressionist scheme, because the former \" is a truly remarkable case of degeneration \" ( 1873 ), the possibility of which primitive culture was originally intended to argue out of existence... - - peter pels, 2003. in birgit meyer & peter pels, eds., magic and modernity : interfaces of revolution and concealment ( stanford univ. press ) : 258.... in miracles and modern spiritualism, the argument about perception was developed after wallace denounced the theoretical fallacy of assuming that because spiritualist phenomena ran counter to our knowledge of the laws of nature, they cannot exist. he argued that the physical phenomena that occur during a seance, can only be explained by presuming invisible intelligences, which was only \" another and more striking illustration than any we have yet received of how small a portion of the great cosmos our senses give us cognisance \" ( 1874 ). he compared the force exerted by these intelligences with light, heat, electricity, and magnetism ( ala \" modes of motion \" of a space - filling \" ether \" ) to show how these \" diffuse and subtle \" forms of matter can act upon \" ponderable bodies \" and become known to us only by their effects. the fact that we do not know this higher sense is no argument, wallace wrote, because likewise the \" faculty of vision \" would be \" inconceivable \" to a race of blind men. \" it is possible and even probably that there may be modes of sensation as superior to all ours as is sight to that of touch and hearing \" ( 1874 ). the subject of divination, in particular, allowed wallace to elaborate on this? the clairvoyance that is at the basis of divination led him to suppose a \" new sense \" that amounts to \" a kind of rudimentary perception, which can only get at the truth by degrees. \"... - - peter pels, 2003. in birgit meyer & peter pels, eds., magic and modernity : interfaces of revolution and concealment ( stanford univ. press ) : 262.... the lesson seems to be : if you think hard about species origins", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5405345104371437, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 67, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.232292"} {"text": "in birgit meyer & peter pels, eds., magic and modernity : interfaces of revolution and concealment ( stanford univ. press ) : 262.... the lesson seems to be : if you think hard about species origins, then it does not matter how you travel, you will reach the theory of natural selection in the end. on closer inspection, however, the wallace case offers at least a few openings to those sceptical about the independence of the theory from its history. one move would be to deny that wallace did, in fact, ' co - discover ' the theory of natural selection. rather, he came up with a theory quite different from darwin ' s, and darwin ' s overreaction in 1858 has misled historians ever since... - - gregory radick, 2003. in jonathan hodge & gregory radick, eds., the cambridge companion to darwin ( cambridge univ. press ) : 150. three features of wallace ' s account of the evolution of human mind and morals stand out. first, he conceived the selective environment to be other proto - human groups - - which would have an accelerating effect on the evolutionary process, since social environments would rapidly change through responsive competition. second, he proposed that selection worked on the group, rather than the individual - - which allowed him to explain the rise of altruistic behaviour, that is, behaviour perhaps harmful to the individual but beneficial to the group. in his original essay on the transmutation of species ( 1858 ), wallace conceived of the struggle for existence as occurring among varieties instead of individuals. he continued to think in such group terms when considering the evolution of moral behaviour. finally, in a note to the published version of his talk to the anthropological society, he mentioned that he was inspired to develop his thesis by reading herbert spencer ' s social statics. spencer ' s own early brand of socialism had pulled wallace to his side. in social statics, ( 1851 ), spencer had envisioned a gradual and continual adjustment of human beings to the requirements of civil society, with individuals accommodating themselves to the needs of their fellows, so that eventually a classless society would emerge in which the greatest happiness for the greatest number would be realised. spencer assumed that the inheritance of useful habits would be the means by which such evolutionary progress would occur, while wallace believed natural selection to be the agent of that progress... - - robert j. richards, 2003. in jonathan hodge & gregory radick, eds., the cambridge companion", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5595626674498131, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 68, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.234980"} {"text": "would be the means by which such evolutionary progress would occur, while wallace believed natural selection to be the agent of that progress... - - robert j. richards, 2003. in jonathan hodge & gregory radick, eds., the cambridge companion to darwin ( cambridge univ. press ) : 102 - 103. on the basis of personal experiments and reliable reports from other scientists, wallace concluded that the universe is populated with a hierarchy of spirit beings, some of whom are in contact with the human population on earth, usually through mediums. according to wallace, the spirit beings lower in the hierarchy, acting through mediums, were responsible for a variety of paranormal phenomena, including clairvoyance, miraculous healings, communications from the dead, apparitions, materializations of physical objects, levitations, etc. more powerful spirit beings may have played a role in the process of evolution, guiding it in certain directions... - - michael a. cremo, 2003. in his human devolution : a vedic alternative to darwin ' s theory. ( bhaktivedanta book publishing inc. ) : 102.... hume appealed to uniform human experience in his refutation of miracles. for example, hume observed \" it is a miracle that a dead man should come to life ; because that has never been observed in any age of any country \" wallace noted two flaws in this argument. first, the appeal to uniform human experience, granting the truly uniform nature of the experience, insures that no really new fact could ever be established. second, wallace questioned the veracity of hume ' s version of uniform human experience. \" reputed miracles abound in all periods of history, \" wrote wallace ( 1896, p. 8 ). and they continued up to the present, thus nullifying hume ' s assumption... - - michael a. cremo, 2003. in his human devolution : a vedic alternative to darwin ' s theory. ( bhaktivedanta book publishing inc. ) : 116.... the space - filling ether of nineteenth century physics is no longer with us. but there are modern scientific concepts that would allow wallace ' s basic system to operate. according to deterministic chaos theorists, immeasurably small random perturbances of matter can rapidly propagate into large - scale effects that are not easily predictable. scientists sometimes give the example of a caribbean butterfly that by its wings sets off motions of air molecules. these movements might eventually ampli", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5684921586204139, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 69, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.236178"} {"text": "small random perturbances of matter can rapidly propagate into large - scale effects that are not easily predictable. scientists sometimes give the example of a caribbean butterfly that by its wings sets off motions of air molecules. these movements might eventually amplify to steer a hurricane from open sea into the american coast. if the butterfly had flapped its wings slightly differently, the hurricane might not have hit land. according to this idea, wallace ' s spirit beings might make infinitesimal adjustments on the subatomic level that would quickly propagate into observable spiritualist effects. one might also propose that they are somehow capable of manipulating the curvature of einstein ' s space - time continuum. they could thus produce gravitational effects, for gravity is said to be the result of curvature in the continuum. or one might propose that the spirit beings induce slight changes in the quantum mechanical vacuum, which in some ways resembles an ether. of course, this approach is limiting, and rather than straining to find ways to explain spiritualist phenomena in conformity with currently accepted physical laws, it may make more sense to come up with a new theoretical system that more naturally incorporates both the normal and paranormal phenomena... - - michael a. cremo, 2003. in his human devolution : a vedic alternative to darwin ' s theory. ( bhaktivedanta book publishing inc. ) : 128.... wallace favored the latter course, but his system has certain puzzling features. although a dualist, he does not appear to accept the existence of individual conscious entities before their earthly embodiment. according to wallace, there is an original spiritual mind from which matter is generated. individual spiritual minds, associated with spiritual bodies ( souls ), are only developed from and in material bodies, as they come into existence ( wallace 1885 ; in smith 1991, p. 100 ). after death, the individual minds, as above stated, go to \" the first grade of spirit life, \" where they experience progress or the lack of it based on their earthly habits. but if individual spirit souls can exist after earthly embodiment, why not before? and why is there any need at all for earthly embodiment, which is not an altogether pleasant experience? why not skip that and go directly to the highest grade of spiritual life?... - - michael a. cremo, 2003. in his human devolution : a vedic alternative to darwin ' s theory. ( bhaktivedanta book publishing inc. ) :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6143402645240131, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 70, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.238020"} {"text": "to the highest grade of spiritual life?... - - michael a. cremo, 2003. in his human devolution : a vedic alternative to darwin ' s theory. ( bhaktivedanta book publishing inc. ) : 129.... here is another problem with wallace ' s system. in his works, wallace details reports of varied spiritualistic phenomena, such as levitation, apparitions, and clairvoyance, from his own time and throughout history. but he ignores reports of transmigration of souls, which occur widely in almost all times and places. the reports of transmigration are just as credible as any other category of evidence he considers. the existence of this phenomena requires, however, certain modifications in wallace ' s system. at death, souls would pass not necessarily into the first phase of spiritual existence but perhaps into new material bodies. according to religious systems that incorporate transmigration, such as the vedic system, some souls, because of their strong attachment to their last embodiment, do not attain new material bodies, but remain for some time as ghosts. this actually fits in quite well with the observations of wallace and other spiritualists, who found that the spirits they contacted often desired to communicate with living friends and relatives... - - michael a. cremo, 2003. in his human devolution : a vedic alternative to darwin ' s theory. ( bhaktivedanta book publishing inc. ) : 129. instead of unthinkingly placing english society at the top of the evolutionary tree, he argued that the evolutionary process had gone awry. in wallace ' s hands evolutionary theory ceased to act as a rationalization of what was and became a promise of what could be. the key here was to hold up so - called savage societies as occasionally more civilized and more advanced than the west. thus towards the end of his popular travel book the malay archipelago ( 1869 ), wallace favourably contrasted primitive morality with the ' social barbarism ' of victorian england. if a savage society could attain a higher level of morality, then something must have disturbed england ' s evolutionary progression. the villain was laissez - faire individualism. human evolution - - the development of man ' s moral and intellectual faculties - - depended upon the extent to which man was exempted from an individualist, physical struggle. yet victorian society celebrated individualism... - - david a. stack, 2003. in his the first darwinian left : socialism and darwinism", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5248514774859767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 71, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.239089"} {"text": "- - depended upon the extent to which man was exempted from an individualist, physical struggle. yet victorian society celebrated individualism... - - david a. stack, 2003. in his the first darwinian left : socialism and darwinism 1859 - 1914 ( new clarion press ) : 28. historians of science have raised the suggestion that wallace ' s version of natural selection was not quite so darwinian as darwin himself believed. wallace persistently used the word ' variety ' as the level of entity at which natural selection acts. you heard an example in the long passage i have just read out. and some have suggested that wallace, unlike darwin who clearly saw selection as choosing among individuals, was proposing what modern theorists rightly denigrate as ' group selection '. this would be true if, by ' varieties ', wallace meant geographically separated groups or races of individuals. at first i wondered about this myself. but i believe a careful reading of wallace ' s paper rules it out. i think that by ' variety ' wallace meant what we would nowadays call ' genetic type ', even what a modern writer might mean by a gene. i think that, to wallace in this paper, variety meant not local race of eagles, for example, but ' that set of individual eagles whose talons were hereditarily sharper than usual. '... - - richard dawkins, october 2002. the linnean 18 ( 4 ) : 20.... modern wallaceans accept that peacocks ' tails and similar bright organs are advertisements to females. but they want the males to be advertising genuine quality. a male with bright coloured tail feathers is showing that he is a high quality male... the late w. d. hamilton, of oxford university, was a prime example of a wallacean in this sense. he believed that sexually selected ornaments were badges of good health, selected for their capacity to advertise the health of a male - - bad health as well as good. one way to express hamilton ' s wallacean idea is to say that selection favours females who become skilled veterinary diagnosticians. at the same time, selection favours males who make it easy for them by, in effect, growing the equivalent of conspicuous thermometers and blood - pressure metres. the long tail of a bird of paradise, for hamilton, is an adaptation to make it easy for females to diagnose the male ' s health, good or bad. an example of a good general diagnostic is a suscept", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5641328671399635, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 72, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.240102"} {"text": "pressure metres. the long tail of a bird of paradise, for hamilton, is an adaptation to make it easy for females to diagnose the male ' s health, good or bad. an example of a good general diagnostic is a susceptibility to diarrhoea. a long dirty tail is a give - away of ill - health. a long clean tail is the opposite. the longer the tail, the more unmistakeable the badge of health, whether good health or poor... - - richard dawkins, october 2002. the linnean 18 ( 4 ) : 22 - 23.... a significant positive correlation between the proportion of range area above 100 m and total range size for each species is used to suggest that past sea - level rises may explain smaller range sizes in low - lying regions and that riverine barriers have been important in shaping the current distribution of c. cleonus group species... unfortunately, it is not clear exactly how important rivers have been or continue to be in the current distribution of c. cleonus group species because some of the central and lower amazonian material is historical and the label data probably generalized ; in such cases, uncertainty remains as to which bank specimens were really collected from, especially with the possibility of subsequent shifts in river course. having said this, several lines of evidence do suggest that rivers have been influential in shaping the current distributions of c. cleonus group species... - - jason p. w. hall & donald j. harvey, july 2002. evolution 56 ( 7 ) : 1489, 1493 - 1494. some cosmologists, including alfred russel wallace, freeman dyson and paul davies, have formed the opinion that, in the words of fred hoyle, \" the universe is a put - up job \". they are expressing their marvel that the values of its constants and the forms of its laws are just those which allow such phenomena as the formation of planets, complex chemistry, life and intelligence. some of them - - including paul davies - - go further than this. they argue that the laws of the universe were somehow legislated with purpose so that planets, chemistry and life could develop... wallace, hoyle, dyson and others have made the point that even slight changes in some values of fundamental or cosmological constants, or even in the laws of physics themselves, would imply a universe in which life as we know it would not exist. here are a few examples :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.563825645795011, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 73, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.241127"} {"text": "have made the point that even slight changes in some values of fundamental or cosmological constants, or even in the laws of physics themselves, would imply a universe in which life as we know it would not exist. here are a few examples : if the universe were much less dense, then stars and planets might not form. if the universe were much more dense, then it would have stopped expanding and contracted back into a hot big crunch long ago, possibly before any supernovae had had time to generate the elements needed for life. what if the laws of physics were different? if the strong nuclear force were much weaker than it is, then the electrostatic repulsion between protons would prevent the formation of large nuclei - - hydrogen might be the only element. if gravity were different, or if the geometry of space - time were different, then stars might not form or planets might not have stable orbits... - - joe wolfe, http : / / www. phys. unsw. edu. au / ~ jw / danish. html ( accessed 3 march 2002 ). the check that ' human nature ' placed upon hopes of social improvement is illustrated by malthusianism. this was popularly conceived of as an argument about the limits human nature - - in particular the impulse to procreation - - placed upon progress. thus the transformation sought by owen in social relations was predicated upon the malleability and educability of the individual. human nature can be improved beyond the limits set by present - day social relations, and education and environmental reform both play a role in this. did these ideas influence wallace ' s views on nature? in one important respect they did. wallace ' s views on instinct and its role in animal and human behaviour are different from those of darwin and contradict much of what passed for darwinian psychology after the publication of the origin. when wallace talks about instinct in nature, whilst not denying its existence, he tends to discount the role of preformed, inherited behaviour and to talk up the notion of learning. moreover, he returns throughout his life to the same proposition : the role of instinctive behaviour is small, that of learning relatively greater... - - greta jones, march 2002. british journal for the history of science 35 ( 1 ) : 81.... wallace saw many instances of mismatch between existing faculties and the environment. the natural world, like the social, was a site of dissonance between wants and the environment. the wants were relatively fixed points -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5741161435684028, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 74, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.242205"} {"text": ") : 81.... wallace saw many instances of mismatch between existing faculties and the environment. the natural world, like the social, was a site of dissonance between wants and the environment. the wants were relatively fixed points - - the need for food and so on - - but the behavioural responses to these were malleable. he noted a species of bird which in africa and india ' eat only insects ' whilst those in south america ' in great measure live upon fruits which they capture on the wing as they do insects. there is no difference in their structure but being in different countries surrounded by different circumstances they are led to adopt different habits '. in downgrading instinct wallace introduced the idea there was always space for change, a potential for specialization or variability in behaviour even among individuals from the same species. nature was not filled up with all that was possible for its full exploitation. the potential spaces in it were not necessarily occupied nor all the forms of behaviour found in natural organisms perfectly matched to their environment. wallace constantly repeated this. in the case of the anatomy of birds wants and habits were limited by their structure, not structure by wants and habits, but even with the same structure behaviour differed. there is always room for modification and change. this contributes to the unsettled and evolving natural world... - - greta jones, march 2002. british journal for the history of science 35 ( 1 ) : 83.... the difference in approach between darwin ' s and wallace ' s views on population is discernible in their respective contributions to the linnean society in 1858. darwin introduces malthus almost immediately and proceeds to litter his text with phrases and analogies from the essay on population. for darwin, nature at war is ' the doctrine of malthus applied in most cases with tenfold force '. along with the struggle for mates introduced in his closing paragraphs, death is a major selective factor and death is the consequence of this ' enormous multiplying power '. in contrast wallace begins with the question of varieties and the instability of species. he does not mention malthus in his paper but he does quickly turn to the ' struggle for existence ' and to population. however, in wallace ' s hands the force of population increase loses that all - encompassing ontological character it displays in darwin ' s first public exegesis of his theory. malthus is certainly present in wallace ' s paper but it is malthus read by an owenite... - - greta jones, march 2002.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5517038705242613, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 75, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.243245"} {"text": "encompassing ontological character it displays in darwin ' s first public exegesis of his theory. malthus is certainly present in wallace ' s paper but it is malthus read by an owenite... - - greta jones, march 2002. british journal for the history of science 35 ( 1 ) : 93. selection in favour of individuals that resemble the background has been invoked as the probable cause of cryptic coloration in prey species for over a century and there have been numerous demonstrations that predators preferentially feed on more conspicuous prey items. our study is, however, the only work other than endler ' s research on colour - pattern selection in guppies that has shown significant directional selection by predators over multiple successive prey generations when compared with a non - select control... - - alan b. bond & alan c. kamil, february 2002. nature 415 ( 6872 ) : 612. the evolutionism of darwin ( 1859 ) and wallace ( 1875 ) is radically different from all previous lines of thought in that it uses the notion of contingency applied to living beings. francois jacob writing about this issue stated : \" with the theory of evolution, as with statistical thermodynamics, the notion of contingency became established in the very heart of nature. since newton ( 1934 ), physics had been based on a rigid determinism, which extended to all sciences. evolutionary theory and statistical thermodynamics completely transformed the way of looking at nature, mainly because they brought together and gave the same status of related and measurable quantities to order and chance - - two concepts which until then had been incompatible. \"... - - bernardo dubvrovsky, january 2002. progress in neuro - psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry 26 ( 1 ) : 2. the theories he worked out during and after his travels in the east indies dwelled essentially on spatial relationships, the reason to consider wallace as being, fundamentally, a geographer. consequently, geographical information was instrumental for wallace both for his biogeographical as well as evolutionary contributions to biology. in several seminal papers and books he developed innovations in the historical reconstructions of faunas and, thus, implemented zoological geography as a biological discipline within the framework of evolutionary theory. it is, as smith correctly stated, usually little appreciated how strongly natural processes are constrained by the necessity of having to take place in a three - dimensional space, and wallace ' s skill at spatial analysis is best illustrated by his contribution to the biogeography of the aus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5829219804683846, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 76, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.244276"} {"text": "smith correctly stated, usually little appreciated how strongly natural processes are constrained by the necessity of having to take place in a three - dimensional space, and wallace ' s skill at spatial analysis is best illustrated by his contribution to the biogeography of the australasian region... - - matthias glaubrecht, 2002. verhandlungen zur geschichte und theorie der biologie 9 ( 2 ) : 265. from darwin ' s publication of origin of species until wallace ' s publication of his autobiography in 1905, wallace was perhaps the most influential critic of the idea that the bright coloration of animals could be the outcome of female mate choice. wallace saw no reason to invoke what to him was an unsubstantiated assumption that females of non - human animals were capable of and inclined to discriminate among males based on the quality of their ornaments ( wallace 1878, 1889 ). instead, wallace searched for explanations of colorful plumage that would allow such traits to be understood as utilitarian, not ornamental and extravagant. in his studies of bird coloration, wallace did not focus exclusively or even primarily on gaudy plumages. rather wallace focused much of his research on the subtle differences among species and individuals in explicitly non - ornamental traits like the buff, brown, gray, and green plumage of birds ( wallace 1878, 1889 )... - - geoffrey e. hill, 2002. in his a red bird in a brown bag : the function and evolution of colorful plumage in the house finch ( oxford university press ) : 7.... far more convincingly than darwin, wallace showed how most plumage coloration supported the theory of evolution by natural selection. most species, most of the time, are colored in ways that appear to enhance their survival and fecundity. wallace provided an explanation for sexual dichromatism and drab female plumage that stands today as a triumph of the power of the comparative method in addressing evolutionary questions. through his knowledge of the nesting biology of birds, wallace showed that species with exposed nests in which the female alone incubates almost invariably have drab female plumage whether the male is colorful or not. retesting and confirmation of this idea have only lately occurred. wallace also was the first to set forth the idea that colorful plumage functions as a signal of species recognition. this became the most widespread explanation for colorful plumage for over seventy years, and it remains a too - often - ignored hypothesis in modern treatments of plumage coloration. wallace also foreshadowed the now popular and well -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5452205880036186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 77, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.245304"} {"text": "as a signal of species recognition. this became the most widespread explanation for colorful plumage for over seventy years, and it remains a too - often - ignored hypothesis in modern treatments of plumage coloration. wallace also foreshadowed the now popular and well - supported idea that ornamental plumage could serve as a reliable signal of condition in his discussions of vital energy ( wallace 1878, 1889 )... - - geoffrey e. hill, 2002. in his a red bird in a brown bag : the function and evolution of colorful plumage in the house finch ( oxford university press ) : 10. wallace never seems to have suffered from the abstract doctrine of philosophical necessity. charting his intellectual progress toward science, he notes that robert owen provided his introduction to \" advanced views. \" owen ' s \" fundamental principle, on which all his teaching and all his practice were founded, was that the character of every individual is formed for and not by himself, first by heredity... and second by environment. \" here, as with martineau, mill, galton, and darwin, philosophy intersects moral vocation, for this view requires restructuring the moral and legal system, which is based on the view that \" all men could be good if they liked. \" in a determinist system, people cannot be \" deterred from future aggression \" unless the conditions in which they develop are changed. hence owen ' s \" successful \" new lanark. for wallace, implicitly, the vocation of science and, one might hazard, the nature of his theory, grow from this insight into hereditary and environmental determinism... - - george levine, 2002. in his dying to know : scientific epistemology and narrative in victorian england ( university of chicago press ) : 110.... while wallace defers to chance in amusing ways and exhibits a darwinian modesty in relation to his career, he sees a pattern of happy accident that implies something other than mere material causation. for himself, he can argue that : \" many of the conditions and circumstances that constitute our environment, though at the time they may seem unfortunate or even unjust, yet are often more truly beneficial than those which we should consider more favourable. sometimes they only aid in the formation of character ; sometimes they also lead to action which gives scope for the use of what might have been dormant or unused faculties ( as, i think has occurred in my own case ). \" but often, he says, those circumstances are not favorable, and if they consistently lead to bad consequences, \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5392238483027227, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 78, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.246434"} {"text": "gives scope for the use of what might have been dormant or unused faculties ( as, i think has occurred in my own case ). \" but often, he says, those circumstances are not favorable, and if they consistently lead to bad consequences, \" the system of society \" is at fault. wallace ' s willingness to accept inconsistency, to refuse the totalizations of a system making, marks his autobiography and his scientific life, and surely was consistent with - - either as cause or effect - - his own strong leanings toward socialism... - - george levine, 2002. in his dying to know : scientific epistemology and narrative in victorian england ( university of chicago press ) : 111. abstract : an annotated facsimile of those pages of alfred russel wallace ' s notebook recording his consignments from the malay archipelago to his london agent, samuel stevens, is provided. records of individual consignments are linked with the stages of wallace ' s and charles allen ' s itineraries to which they relate and are amplified from data provided by wallace elsewhere ; wherever possible, dates and places of the despatch of consignments and of the dates of their receipt in london are noted ; and the dates of material becoming available for study are established, chiefly from british museum accessions registers. it is intended that this should provide readier access to scattered collection data and should in particular assist in determining what specimens may properly be regarded as types or syntypes of the many taxa described by numerous contemporary authors from wallace ' s material... - - daniel b. baker, december 2001. zoologische mededelingen 75 ( 16 - 25 ) : 251. it was precisely this latter characteristic, and the way in which wallace ' s radical positions intertwined - - his faith that some kind of willpower or spirit, lying outside or beyond natural selection, was responsible for moral evolution in the human species ; his rejection of the more crude, social darwinian deductions from biological theory ; and his attack on the wastage of nature caused by rampant industrialism - - that make him a valuable exponent of both the potentialities and the limitations of evolutionism as a philosophy. i am particularly interested here, of course, in wallace as a tropicalist, especially the concern he articulated for the despoliation of tropical nature, a theme that emerged in his mature consideration of his tropical experiences and which, though connected to the new evolutionary outlook, was not a necessary outcome of it (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5344198315307793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 79, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.247570"} {"text": "as a tropicalist, especially the concern he articulated for the despoliation of tropical nature, a theme that emerged in his mature consideration of his tropical experiences and which, though connected to the new evolutionary outlook, was not a necessary outcome of it ( darwin, for example, did not share wallace ' s concerns about the consequences of tropical destruction ). this is perhaps the most overlooked aspect of wallace ' s multifaceted contributions ( most histories of environmentalism make no mention of him ). in this chapter, then, i approach wallace as arguably the most interesting student of tropical nature in the second half of the nineteenth century, a writer of popular natural - history books who was also a philosopher of nature, someone whose evolving representations of tropical nature take us into the post - humboldtian, evolutionary era, and into the beginnings of the ecological era properly speaking... - - nancy leys stepan, 2001. in her picturing tropical nature ( cornell university press ) : 59.... it was in the tropics, especially the islands of the east indies, that wallace first became aware of the ambiguities of the human presence in nature, the fragility of the evolutionary balance and the threat posed to it by overweening domination for purposes of commerce and gain. in his mature writings, he expressed the ideas that nature had not, in fact, been created just for human appreciation or consumption ; that plants, animals and human beings formed a network of mutual interdependence ; and that it was europeans ' actions that had the most profoundly negative effects on nature and culture, effects which could not be repaired easily... - - nancy leys stepan, 2001. in her picturing tropical nature ( cornell university press ) : 80. wallace ' s line, essentially based on information about birds and larger mammals, with later attempts to delimit the oriental from the australian realm, has had enormous heuristic value and may even have triggered much of the biogeographic research which has been carried out in the region. even today, as exemplified by the conference from which this volume arose, interest in the wallacean region persists and may even have increased. with the availability of new data in geology and new methods, in particular for phylogeny reconstruction and for the measurement of genetic distinctiveness, the area has become even more interesting for biogeographers... - - w. r. erdelen, 2001. in ian metcalfe et al., eds., faunal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49770878081082237, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 80, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.248480"} {"text": "and for the measurement of genetic distinctiveness, the area has become even more interesting for biogeographers... - - w. r. erdelen, 2001. in ian metcalfe et al., eds., faunal and floral migrations and evolution in se asia - australia ( a. a. balkema publishers ) : 129.... there was undeniably an ' individualist ' accent to wallace ' s program of interventionist egalitarianism. wallace was not a collectivist. his socialism was never an attraction to a great and organising state. \" socialism \" was to wallace ' the use by everyone of his faculties for the common good, and the voluntary organisation of labour for the equal benefit of all ' ( wallace, 1905 ). the use of the word ' voluntary ' in his definition of socialism is surely significant. under wallace ' s socialism industry would be run by enterprises composed of capital - owning workers. land nationalisation would not amount to a system of state farms or agricultural collectives. rather, the state would be the sole owner of land, and would rent out its land to a throng of individual tenants... - - william coleman, 2001. in john laurent & john nightingale, eds., darwinism and evolutionary economics ( edward elgar ) : 42.... the previous sections have used the case of alfred russel wallace to scrutinise the proposition that natural selection was a projection onto nature of a political economy apologetic for a dominant class interest. this proposition is just one manifestation of a general and familiar vision of science... alfred wallace ' s scientific achievement, we have argued, makes for a jarring disconfirmation of this theory. rather than seeking to inscribe norms justifying the dominance of one class, one race, one genera, wallace sought to overturn such conventional dominance : of the wealthy, of the white race and ( we may add here ) of men. and, rather than being ' organically connected ' to science ' s ruling elite, few could be less connected than wallace to the elite and its social formations... - - william coleman, 2001. in john laurent & john nightingale, eds., darwinism and evolutionary economics ( edward elgar ) : 44. our results find that wallace ' s line is supported by the data he collected in the field and suggest that wallace ' s line does indeed demarcate a major faunal break. these results are in keeping with modern geological evidence on the origins", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5569001295698173, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 81, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.250260"} {"text": "44. our results find that wallace ' s line is supported by the data he collected in the field and suggest that wallace ' s line does indeed demarcate a major faunal break. these results are in keeping with modern geological evidence on the origins of the region, and hence with wallace ' s original contention. wallace ' s data conform with his suggestion that the modern distribution of species reflects the geological history of the land masses. modern geological knowledge indicates that the islands west of wallace ' s line comprised the single land mass of sundaland connected to mainland asia until the eocene. similarly, many islands on the sahul shelf were also connected to new guinea / australia. the central islands, however, have a far more complex and isolated history. sulawesi, for example, seems to be an amalgam of a number of different islands with different biogeographic origins. similarly, the northern moluccan islands seem to have been very recent arrivals for the eastern pacific arc which may have had closer contact with australia and new guinea than their present location suggests... - - d. clode & r. o ' brien, 2001. in ian metcalfe et al., eds., faunal and floral migrations and evolution in se asia - australia ( a. a. balkema publishers ) : 118.... with the complex geological history of this region increasingly being understood, we now stand a far better chance of assessing wallace ' s real legacy - - the extent to which species distributions are limited by underlying geological history. this is a far more interesting question than arguing over the placement of arbitrary and illustrative lines. different taxonomic groups ( with different histories and different dispersal abilities ) will undoubtedly differ in the extent to which they adhere to different biogeographic boundaries ( as foreshadowed in wallace, 1877 ) including wallace ' s line. such variations merely reflect our expanding knowledge of both the species and the effect their geographical history has had on them... - - d. clode & r. o ' brien, 2001. in ian metcalfe et al., eds., faunal and floral migrations and evolution in se asia - australia ( a. a. balkema publishers ) : 119. the amazonian tropical rainforest harbors a species diversity that is vastly disproportionate to its geographic area. numerous hypotheses have been proposed to account for this, tending to emphasize aspects of the maintenance or origins of the megadiversity. the oldest such hypothesis has", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4900125215736387, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 82, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.251894"} {"text": "species diversity that is vastly disproportionate to its geographic area. numerous hypotheses have been proposed to account for this, tending to emphasize aspects of the maintenance or origins of the megadiversity. the oldest such hypothesis has its roots in the works of alfred russel wallace, who observed that the ranges of some closely related neotropical vertebrate species ( primates, birds ) abut at major rivers. indeed, wallace defined distinct areas within south america, bounded by major amazonian rivers like the negro, madeira, and amazon, which differed in species composition of communities. these and similar observations have prompted the suggestion that lowland amazonian rivers, of which there are many, may function as effective barriers to the dispersal of organisms. this may have a variety of consequences for patterns of species diversity on the amazonian landscape. first, major amazonian rivers may have played a significant role in species generation by impeding gene flow between populations with the eventual evolution of sister species on opposite banks. second the expansion of species from their centers of origin may be halted by the presence of large watercourses ; therefore, they may be restricted to only one bank. finally, compared with a species distributed across landscapes without barriers, the probability of subsequent recolonization of a species that has gone locally extinct on one bank will be lower because immigration from the opposite bank is less likely... all of these factors might be expected to accentuate differences in species composition of opposite - bank communities... - - claude gascon et al., 5 december 2000. proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america 97 ( 25 ) : 13672. whether the great rivers of amazonia have something to do with species origins or are simply biogeographic sutures, the biotas of opposite banks ought to differ if the riverine barrier hypothesis is correct. characteristically, in wallace ' s monkey paper, he not only presented his data on primate distributions in relation to major rivers in the amazon basin, but also suggested a testable, quantitative hypothesis : that the composition of species assemblages would differ in relation to the width of the river, the difference thus increasing from headwaters toward the mouth... - - robert k. colwell, 5 december 2000. proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america 97 ( 25 ) : 13470. the part that natural selection plays in the origin of species has long been debated. it is easy to see that if two populations are kept", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5033790072667752, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 83, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.252879"} {"text": "2000. proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america 97 ( 25 ) : 13470. the part that natural selection plays in the origin of species has long been debated. it is easy to see that if two populations are kept separate - - by mountains or ocean, for example - - they will eventually become so different that they can no longer interbreed successfully. their differences may have evolved by natural selection, but their reproductive isolation is merely a side effect of changes that emerged for other reasons. this view seems unsatisfactory to those who emphasize the positive aspect of selection in evolution. both alfred russel wallace and theodosius dobzhansky argued that natural selection would reinforce reproductive barriers between diverging populations. there has been little evidence, however, that selection has in fact contributed directly to the formation of new species ( speciation ) in this way. reports by higgie et al. and hendry et al., on pages 519 and 516 of this issue, provide examples from fruit fly and sockeye salmon populations showing that selection can produce the kind of isolation that separates species in the wild, and moreover, that it can do so within a very short time ( a dozen or so generations )... - - nick barton, 20 october 2000. science 290 ( 5491 ) : 462. what is less explicable is why the differences between wallace and darwin over the origin of distributional patterns have been confounded. apart from a single chapter in the origin of species, darwin wrote little on biogeography, yet his views on the efficacy of dispersal dominated biogeographical theory until relatively recently. i think the answer lies in wallace being too far ahead of his time. i have often wondered what wallace would have thought about modern geological evidence concerning the origin of indonesia, and i am convinced it would have given him the key to understanding the distributional patterns he described in malay archipelago. the problem, of course, was that this evidence was not available until a century later. given the lack of credible alternative explanations and the pressure from darwin to conform to accepted ideas, wallace was unable to develop his own theory fully. over time his original thoughts were lost and his name became associated with darwin ' s idea of dispersal. a reappraisal of wallace ' s work on its own terms seems long overdue and would be a fitting millennial tribute to an outstanding scientist... - - b. michaux, january 2000. journal of biogeography 27 (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5293422458746342, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 84, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.253996"} {"text": "reappraisal of wallace ' s work on its own terms seems long overdue and would be a fitting millennial tribute to an outstanding scientist... - - b. michaux, january 2000. journal of biogeography 27 ( 1 ) : 221 - 222.... florence clemens was the first to show how conrad made use of wallace ' s work in his fiction. she demonstrated how, in lord jim, conrad used wallace ' s account of his visit to the rajah of goa as the basis of his description of doramin ' s household ; how he used wallace ' s account of his friend, mr. mesman, in describing stein ; how he drew on wallace ' s own experiences for his presentation of stein ' s activities as a naturalist. she argued that conrad used the malay archipelago, in particular, ' for backgrounds with which he was unfamiliar '. conrad, for example, had never visited bali or timor : ' all the information which dain maroola of almayer ' s folly gave nina almayer about his country on bali could have been gleaned ' from wallace ; similarly, ' all that is told in victory of the timor scene and government ' in the account of morrison ' s experiences in delli derives from wallace also. the malay archipelago was acknowledged by conrad as one of the sources for his malay fiction... - - robert hampson, 2000. in his cross - cultural encounters in joseph conrad ' s malay fiction ( palgrave ) : 73. the lowland forests of the amazon basin contain a disproportionately large fraction of global species diversity. a number of vicariant speciation mechanisms have been presented to explain this high diversity. these hypotheses share the idea that historical and geographically pervasive barriers to gene flow have facilitated speciation in allopatry across much of amazonia, but obviously differ with respect to the identity, location and duration of these barriers. the oldest of these, the riverine barrier hypothesis, derives from observations of animal distributions made by wallace ( 1849, 1876 ). it posits a role for major amazonian water courses in impeding gene flow between populations on opposite banks. the predictions for this hypothesis include that ( i ) many recently evolved sister taxa occupy opposite banks of large rivers, ( ii ) levels of genetic differentiation between populations on opposite river banks increases with increasing river width and flow rate and ( iii ) taxa of the upland terra firme forest show higher levels of differentiation across rivers than taxa of the seasonally flooded var", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4998598691493256, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 85, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.254909"} {"text": "rivers, ( ii ) levels of genetic differentiation between populations on opposite river banks increases with increasing river width and flow rate and ( iii ) taxa of the upland terra firme forest show higher levels of differentiation across rivers than taxa of the seasonally flooded varzea forests found adjacent to the river. this last prediction assumes that the strength of the barrier to gene flow is greater for exclusively terra firme species because it consists of both the river itself plus the varzea forests of both river banks... - - s. c. lougheed et al., september 1999. proceedings of the royal society of london b 266 : 1829.... the \" pan - selectionist \" view that variation is potentially available in all directions from any given phyletic starting - point, and that selection determines which subset of variants prevails. the alternative is the \" developmental constraint \" view that many of the gaps we observe between different morphologies do not arise from the non - adaptiveness of the absent forms but rather from the difficulty of making them through an ontogenetic process. the pan - selectionist view can be traced back to wallace ( 1870 ), who considered variation to be omnipresent and available in all phenotypic directions imaginable, apparently without even a quantitative bias in any direction. he refers to \" universal variability - - small in amount but in every direction \", and mayo ( 1983 ) boldly states that \" the major constraint on natural selection as an agent of change is natural selection as a stabilizing force \", apparently relegating any kind of developmental constraint to a minor role at best... - - wallace arthur & malcolm farrow, june 1999. journal of theoretical biology 200 : 183 - 184. under wallace ' s scheme, the event that concerns romanes - - the initiation of the speciation process - - already has taken place. wallace deals with events subsequent to the process of reproductive isolation. the idea that the infertility he notes might relate to what romanes proposed does not occur to wallace. in a separate section of his book he describes physiological selection as \" another form of infertility, \" and then proceeds to attack the theory... - - donald r. forsdyke, spring 1999. queen ' s quarterly 106 ( 1 ) : 121. wallace ' s first essay on the origin of the colour sense was published simultaneously with, but independently of, gladstone ' s paper. he had presented a possible evolutionary route for animal colour vision, starting with perception", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.580513081564227, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 86, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.255820"} {"text": "s quarterly 106 ( 1 ) : 121. wallace ' s first essay on the origin of the colour sense was published simultaneously with, but independently of, gladstone ' s paper. he had presented a possible evolutionary route for animal colour vision, starting with perception of degrees of brightness, ending with perception of colours according to wave length. in his view, green and blue would have been the first colours to which the eye became specially adapted, in accord with their universal presence in foliage and sky, as well as their soothing influence. reds, yellows and violets would follow, as present in small amounts, offering great contrast, and useful to animals hunting for food and mates. this essay was revised and republished a year later, with specific response to gladstone ( and through him, to magnus and geiger ). ' these curious facts ' wrote wallace, with regard to gladstone ' s homeric data, ' can not, however, be held to prove so recent an origin for colour - sensations as they would at first sight appear to do '. he pictured brightly coloured structures as having evolved in response to an already present and well - developed ability of animals, especially birds, to see colour, long before the arrival of man. wallace concluded that ' man ' s perception of colour in the time of homer was little if any inferior to what it is now... owing to a variety of causes, no precise nomenclature of colours had become established... - - elizabeth henry bellmer, 1 january 1999. annals of science 56 ( 1 ) : 38. as the new century ripened and imperialist rivalries increased, wallace became convinced that a vast civilizational crisis was at hand and that the very survival of the human species demanded the rapid overthrow of capitalism. a few months before his death in 1913, he wrote ( the revolt of democracy ), \" there must be no further compromise, no mere talking. to allow the present state of things to continue is a crime against humanity. \" how ironic to recall his warnings today when billionaire arsonists have set almost the entirety of wallace ' s malay archipelago ablaze with their greed... - - mike davis, march 1998. capitalism, nature, socialism 9 ( 1 ) : 77. wallace ' s major contribution to the literature of reform is his corrosive criticism of nineteenth - century society, through which he offered a human vision of social reformation. he advocated recognizing racial equality, nationalizing land, giving women equal opportunity for education and employment, decreasing military expenditure, and saving the environment. his friend james", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5347844333359602, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 87, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.256734"} {"text": "are sexually dimorphic in plumage throughout the year. also, it has not yet been proven that maintaining a colourful and bright plumage is costly, nor that it is a handicap for survival... - - concha mateos & juan carranza, november 1997. animal behaviour 54 ( 5 ) : 1211. the approach taken by gregorius for modelling and analyzing the population genetic basis of wallace ' s theory of speciation will be extended to allow analysis of the opposite case, where speciation is prevented by the reinforcement of genetic coherence. in this approach, a mutant gene modifies the current mating preferences without implying any advantage or disadvantage in fitness ( including mating success ). the latter assumption is indispensable in order to avoid confusion of the secondary effects of mating systems on fitness with their primary recombinational effects. it also reduces the analytical problems resulting from having to disentangle effects of fitness and mating preference on the evolution of mating behaviour... - - wilfried steiner & hans - rolf gregorius, november 1997. biosystems 43 ( 2 ) : 139. in 1881 wallace took the lead. he formed the land nationalization society on his own lines, with himself as president. in land nationalization ( 1882 ) he laid out his program. the state was to assume title to all land. to meet a conservative debating ploy, he would compensate present landowners. however, he ingeniously minimized the amount in a manner that tells us he knew the nuts and bolts of his subject. compensation was to be an annuity limited to the duration of lives in being. it was to be based only on the net income actually being derived from the land before nationalization - - i. e. not from the highest and best use, and not from future higher uses. all men and women ( wallace, like mill, was also a feminist ) could bid to lease parcels from the state for actual use. in the socio - biological terms in which he thought, this would consummate the natural relation of man to nature. it would also let men alternate between industry and agriculture as wallace, a loving gardener, himself did. wallace ' s land nationalization was individualist, not collectivist. individual lessees were to have secure tenure, and tenant - rights to improvements. rents to the state would be used, not to engross the state, but to obviate taxes. these rents would be based on the assessed \" inherent value \" of land, dependent only on natural and social conditions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5427984757253489, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 89, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.259072"} {"text": "- rights to improvements. rents to the state would be used, not to engross the state, but to obviate taxes. these rents would be based on the assessed \" inherent value \" of land, dependent only on natural and social conditions. as a surveyor and a biogeographer, wallace readily distinguished \" inherent value \" from man ' s improvements to land, which he saw as transitory. tax assessors in most american states and other former english colonies distinguish land and improvements routinely today, and many did then, too, although in england itself the concept was somewhat novel... - - mason gaffney, october 1997. american journal of economics & sociology 56 ( 4 : ) : 613. wallace, on the other hand, explained evolution not in terms of competitive struggles between species and the environment, but in terms of the governor that regulates the speed of a steam engine by maintaining constancy in the angular velocity of a flywheel. as bateson puts it, building on wallace ' s idea, the job of evolution is to maintain the constancy of something - - specifically, the survival of the entire system comprised of all species and the environment. darwin, according to bateson, focused on the wrong subject - - the individual species - - when in fact the real subject of evolution is the species plus environment. in fact, the species and the environment co - evolve, to use a term that is popular among management writers today. moreover, if you add the remarkable findings reached in the past thirty years by biologist lynn margulis, this process of co - evolution sustains the total system through cooperative symbiotic relationships, not competitive knock - outs... - - h. thomas johnson, 11 october 1997. keynote presentation, the deming institute fall 1997 meeting, washington, d. c. perhaps the effect of wallace ' s line most relevant to us is its possible role in a decisive step of human evolution. paleontologists tend to stress africa as the cradle of humanity, to view cro - magnon europe as the site where late ice age human culture flowered, and to neglect australia as a remote outpost occupied by supposedly primitive aborigines. human behavior took a great leap forward sometime between 100, 000 years ago, where there were still no signs of art or complex tools anywhere in the world, and the period around 40, 000 to 30, 000 years ago, when great art and complex tools began to abound in europe. paleontologists usually assume that this development began among", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5340707797155888, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 90, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.260031"} {"text": "still no signs of art or complex tools anywhere in the world, and the period around 40, 000 to 30, 000 years ago, when great art and complex tools began to abound in europe. paleontologists usually assume that this development began among humans in africa or the mideast, then spread to europe and finally ( in diluted form ) to our poorer cousins in aboriginal australia. but anatomically modern humans appeared in australia before they did in europe - - probably by 60, 000 years ago and possibly even earlier. to reach australia, the protohumans who had reached asia from africa around one million years ago ( as attested by the famous java man fossils ) had to cross a dozen straits separating australia from asia.... each next strait would have been a stimulus to improve our nascent watercraft technology ; each new island, a stimulus to adapt to a new environment and to invent new technologies ; each island ' s untapped rich resources, the basis for a new human population explosion... - - jared m. diamond, august 1997. discover 18 ( 8 ) : 83. wallace ' s writings of this period make free use of the contrast between ' savage ' and ' civilized ', he talks often of ' higher ' and ' lower ' races, and was clearly committed to a notion of long - run progressive change in organic evolution and in human history. yet there is no easy or simple mapping of the higher and lower, civilized and savage onto the progressive evolutionary narrative. social, moral and intellectual progress are differentiated from one another, and lack of harmony between them can be catastrophic in its consequences. the hierarchical ordering ' higher ' and ' lower ' is sometimes used by wallace to refer to inherited differences between peoples, but is also sometimes used to denote levels of civilization, and to do so in ways which do not carry any obvious value connotation. the word ' civilization ' carries a negative as often as a positive valuation in wallace ' s writing. whilst the civilized nations remain in a state of social and moral ' barbarism ', uncivilized savages approach a ' perfect social state '... - - ted benton, spring 1997. studies in travel writing no. 1 : 109 - 110.... it is here that we encounter the central intellectual and moral tension in wallace ' s thought, a tension which was to bring about a growing gulf between his and darwin ' s views on human origins and nature and which may, indeed, go some way towards explaining wallace ' s later involvement", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5201065720379351, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 91, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.261168"} {"text": "the central intellectual and moral tension in wallace ' s thought, a tension which was to bring about a growing gulf between his and darwin ' s views on human origins and nature and which may, indeed, go some way towards explaining wallace ' s later involvement in spiritualist activities. wallace ' s radical political philosophy and his capacity to admire and respect the achievements, customs and social solidarity of the indigenous peoples of the amazon and the malay archipelago were increasingly at odds with his version of evolutionary naturalism... - - ted benton, spring 1997. studies in travel writing no. 1 : 110. it is not just darwin ' s opponents who regard the analogy as evidence against the causal efficacy of selection. a. r. wallace, the co - discoverer of natural selection, addresses the analogy in his opening comments of the darwin - wallace paper of 1858. \" one of the strongest arguments which have been adduced to prove the original and permanent distinctness of species is, that varieties produced in a state of domesticity are more or less unstable, and often have a tendency, if left to themselves, to return to the normal form of the parent species ; and this instability is considered to be a distinctive peculiarity of all varieties. \" for wallace, modification by artificial selection is limited and temporary, and therefore causally inefficacious in the production of new species. if natural and artificial selection were truly similar, then the analogy suggests that natural selection is incapable of forming new species. consequently, wallace argues against the analogy by emphasizing the differences between domestic breeding and nature. \" it will be observed that this argument rests entirely on the assumption, that varieties occurring in a state of nature are in all respects analogous to or even identical with those of domestic animals... but it is the object of the present paper to show that this assumption is altogether false \" ( emphasis added ). wallace ' s vow to argue against the analogy is inexplicable unless he has embraced the view that artificial selection is inefficacious in the formation of new species. surely darwin was aware of wallace ' s views, expressed so forcefully in the darwin - wallace paper, as he wrote the origin... - - richard a. richards, march 1997. studies in history and philosophy of science 28 ( 1 ) : 76 - 77.... darwin recognized some important distinction between domestic and natural varieties, and happily agrees with wallace on the distinction. wallace, in the preface to his darwinism, likewise emphasizes his agreement with darwin, describing his views as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5702549893259772, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 92, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.262297"} {"text": ") : 76 - 77.... darwin recognized some important distinction between domestic and natural varieties, and happily agrees with wallace on the distinction. wallace, in the preface to his darwinism, likewise emphasizes his agreement with darwin, describing his views as complementary. \" i have endeavoured, by means of a series of diagrams, to exhibit to the eye the actual variations as they are found to exist in a sufficient number of species... it will be found that, throughout the work, i have frequently to appeal to these diagrams and the facts they illustrate, just as darwin was accustomed to appeal to the facts of variation among dogs and pigeons \" ( emphasis added ). wallace certainly seems to regard himself as doing something very similar to what darwin is doing. that would be surprising if he had thought darwin to be making an analogical argument - - given his earlier rejection of the argument. wallace argues against the analogical argument by emphasizing the negative analogy between domestic breeding and nature. unlike natural selection, artificial selection does not maintain fitness. consequently, domestic varieties are unfit. wallace makes this point in the 1858 darwin - wallace paper... - - richard a. richards, march 1997. studies in history and philosophy of science 28 ( 1 ) : 81. one reference point, however, must be marked if wallace ' s future path - - to the malthusian moment and beyond - - is to be mapped. he embarked on a scientific career less a naturalist than a surveyor, less a biologist than a biogeographer, less an evolutionist than an ethnographer. for seven formative years his job had been prescriptive economic geography. parish upon parish, field upon field, he had set limits to human livelihoods, marking boundaries, drawing lines. in later years he would become an exemplary naturalist, but always boundaries and borders, habits and habitats, concerned him. once he even likened the \" system of nature \" to a \" dissected map, \" the pieces of which could be assembled in a \" mosaic. \" the picture is of a crowded tithe map, where field presses on field, niche upon niche, until \" all gaps have been filled \". such was a surveyor ' s view of evolution... - - james moore, 1997. in bernard lightman, ed., victorian science in context ( university of chicago press ) : 304. to validate his inclusion of plants formerly excluded from bedded - out gardens, robinson turned to the writings of the late nineteenth - century naturalist alfred russel wallace. wallace", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5426099554367841, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 93, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.263314"} {"text": "ed., victorian science in context ( university of chicago press ) : 304. to validate his inclusion of plants formerly excluded from bedded - out gardens, robinson turned to the writings of the late nineteenth - century naturalist alfred russel wallace. wallace collaborated with darwin on his theory of evolution and published his own contribution to the theory of natural selection in 1870. robinson was intrigued by wallace ' s 1869 account of his extensive travels in the amazon region and the malay archipelago, especially wallace ' s statement that \" during the twelve years spent amidst tropical vegetation, i have nothing comparable to the effect produced on our landscapes by gorse, broom, heather, wild hyacinths, hawthorn, and buttercups. \" wallace ' s nationalistic preference for english scenery reportedly led robinson to plant such flowers as asters and heather, formerly considered too coarse for fashionable gardens... - - anne l. helmreich, 1997, in nature and ideology ; natural garden design in the twentieth century ( dumbarton oaks research library and collection ). the principles regarding relations between organisms and their environment set forth by wallace clearly informed robinson ' s gardening practices. in an early essay, \" on the law which has regulated the introduction of new species, \" wallace first developed his theory governing the distribution of organisms. his fourth stipulation - - that \" in countries of a similar climate, but separated by a wide sea of lofty mountains, the families, genera, and species of the one are often represented by closely allied families, genera and species peculiar to the other \" - - underlies robinson ' s theory that plants from climates similar to england ' s could be naturalized in the wild garden... - - anne l. helmreich, 1997, in nature and ideology ; natural garden design in the twentieth century ( dumbarton oaks research library and collection ). it is evident that conrad read and assimilated wallace ' s observations of the malay natural environment. wallace as anthropologist seems to have had an equivalent influence. in terms of religious practices, wallace describes how ' the old juragan repeated some prayers ' just before one of his more successful voyages ; on the patna voyage, the leading arab recites a prayer in similar fashion as they cast off. in the rescue, lingard ' s dead lacar is ' wrapped up decently in a white sheet, according to mohammedan usage ', in a way highly reminiscent of wallace ' s response to the death of one of his malay men : ' as my men were all mohammedans, i let", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5404994321266747, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 94, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.265582"} {"text": "in selfings, whereas their continental sisters as well as the herbaceous island inhabitant e. bonnetii were preferentially inbreeding... - - uta - regina bohle, hartmut h. hilger & william f. martin, october 1996. proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america 93 ( 21 ) : 11744.... if outbreeding is the primary selective factor in island colonization, pollination pressure will subsequently favor rare, large, conspicuous inflorescences among outbreeders and, as a consequence, select perennial ( and therefore woody ) habits capable of producing them, in agreement with wallace ' s salient arguments. under this view, diversity of contemporary woody echium forms reflects a multiplicity of selectable developmental pathways toward longevity, rather than selection for specifically environment - adapted variants of such woody perennial habits as schematically depicted in fig. 3. in other words, insular woodiness in echium might simply betray \" survival of the founders, \" and many differences between perennial woody habits could be nonadaptive... - - uta - regina bohle, hartmut h. hilger & william f. martin, october 1996. proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america 93 ( 21 ) : 11744 - 11745. alfred russel wallace foreshadowed much of the current thinking on adaptive mate choice. to wallace colour was merely a correlate of ' vigour ', by which he implied health. a female should choose a mate adaptively by picking the most vigorous male, and it would just so happen that he would also be the most colourful. we too found colour to correlate with a variable, plasma proteins, that may be indicative of vigour. in addition, female kestrels in our colony in mate choice experiments have consistently preferred males with high display rates ( vigour? ), irrespective of the degree of genetic relatedness or experimentally induced parasite infection... - - gary r. bortolotti et al., september 1996. proceedings of the royal society of london b 263 : 1175.... the hypothesis that sexual dichromatism was nonfunctional and incidental to inherent ' physiological ' differences between the sexes was proposed by alfred russel wallace. wallace ( 1895 ) recognized that whereas males of many birds are more brightly coloured than their mates, the degree of dimorphism varied", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5324771633023462, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 96, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.270620"} {"text": "##functional and incidental to inherent ' physiological ' differences between the sexes was proposed by alfred russel wallace. wallace ( 1895 ) recognized that whereas males of many birds are more brightly coloured than their mates, the degree of dimorphism varied greatly, with the most common case being for males ' to have the same general hue as the females, but deeper and more intensified '. although it may be difficult to discount the role of sexual selection for extreme cases, such as house finches, the common, subtle patterns of colour variation between the sexes may be more difficult to explain except as non - functional consequences of other biochemical processes. if such processes are fundamental to avian physiology, it may explain why sexual dichromatism is so common in birds, and why reds, yellows and oranges are so pervasive... - - gary r. bortolotti et al., september 1996. proceedings of the royal society of london b 263 : 1175. a final argument, \" an additional argument dependent on the theory of evolution, \" was added to the 1904 edition of wallace ' s book. especially interesting because wallace was so closely involved with the evolution arguments of his day, it is independent of the three connected scientific arguments and may be seen as another aspect leading to the same conclusion. wallace argued that since humanity is the result of a long chain of modifications in organic life, since these modifications occur only under certain circumstances, and since the chances of the same conditions and modifications occurring elsewhere in the universe were very small, the chances of beings in human form existing on other planets was very small. moreover, since no other animal on earth, despite the great variety of diversity of forms, approaches the intelligent or moral nature of humanity, wallace concluded that intelligence in any other form was also highly improbable... - - steven j. dick, 1996. in his the biological universe : the twentieth - century extraterrestrial life debate and the limits of science ( cambridge university press ) : 48 - 49.... in conjunction with barrow and tipler ' s use of the anthropic principle, at the end of the century one could therefore choose from the full spectrum of possibilities in the context of the extra - terrestrial life debate : a positive argument, a negative argument, and the extraterrestrially neutral argument from design. but it is remarkable that just when anthropocentrism seemed irretrievably banished from the repertoire of reputable worldviews,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5460665931398612, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 97, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.272039"} {"text": "positive argument, a negative argument, and the extraterrestrially neutral argument from design. but it is remarkable that just when anthropocentrism seemed irretrievably banished from the repertoire of reputable worldviews, it returned in a more sophisticated but remarkably similar form to that of a. r. wallace, who in arguing against the plurality of worlds at the beginning of the century concluded that \" the supreme end and purpose of this vast universe was the production and development of the living soul in the perishable body of man. \"... - - steven j. dick, 1996. in his the biological universe : the twentieth - century extraterrestrial life debate and the limits of science ( cambridge university press ) : 535.... male - male competition was obvious to those who watched animals behaving in the field, and it coincided with the victorian notion of how animals should behave, thus never becoming controversial. female choice, on the other hand, was far from obvious in the field, and darwin ' s contemporary, a. r. wallace ( 1891 ), in particular, was unconvinced by it. he felt that the power of discrimination by females was too weak to distinguish subtle differences between males, and he also doubted whether female choice could be sufficiently constant over time to select for male attributes. as geddes and thompson ( 1889 ) put it, consistency of female taste was \" scarcely verifiable in human experience. \" female choice continued to be contentious until relatively recently, and although there is now abundant evidence that females often choose their partners, the way that female choice has evolved still remains a controversial area of sexual selection theory... - - t. r. birkhead, 1996. current topics in developmental biology 33 : 104. the colors of the amazon brought wallace to investigate the sediment and substrata. he found the \" almost perfect flatness \" of the amazon valley its single most striking geological fact. no mountains or even slightly elevated plateaus rise from the plain until you reach the abrupt peaks of the andes. wallace ' s impression was that \" here we see the last stage of a process that has been going on, during the whole period of the elevation of the andes \" - - the gradual filling in of what was once the granite bottom of the sea with sediment brought down by rivers from the andes mountains... - - jonathan maslow, 1996. in his footsteps in the jungle : adventures in the scientific exploration of the american trop", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5323760723078617, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 98, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.272982"} {"text": "filling in of what was once the granite bottom of the sea with sediment brought down by rivers from the andes mountains... - - jonathan maslow, 1996. in his footsteps in the jungle : adventures in the scientific exploration of the american tropics ( ivan r. dee ) : 99 - 100. in 1873, alfred russel wallace posed a fundamental, and as yet unresolved, biogeographic puzzle : why should the tropics contain a disproportionately large amount of the earth ' s biodiversity? wallace ( 1873 ) suggested that the explanation for latitudinal variation of the diversity of plant species was directly related to climate. wallace ( 1873 ) wrote \" as we approach towards regions of polar cold and desert aridity the variety of groups and species [ of plants ] regularly diminishes ; more and more are unable to sustain the extreme climatical conditions \". however, in the case of animal distributions, wallace ( 1873 ) believed that climatic change associated with glaciation was responsible for the impoverishment of the temperate faunas. in modern terms, wallace proposed an ' equilibrium ' hypothesis for vegetation, and an ' historical ' hypothesis for faunal patterns. in the latter half of this century, these two schools of thought have diverged and undergone substantial specialisation, although no consensus has emerged... - - d. m. j. s. bowman, 1996. australian journal of botany 44 ( 5 ) : 571. borrowing a line from samuel taylor coleridge ' s \" rime of the ancient mariner, \" there is \" nor any drop to drink \" anywhere today on the surface of mars. not so clear is whether there has ever been water, water everywhere. as was first demonstrated by alfred wallace ( who concurrently with, but independently of, charles darwin proposed the idea of evolution by natural selection ), the lifetime for liquid water under present martian atmospheric conditions is measured in minutes. the former existence of martian rivers or seas would then imply that the planet had a warmer, more earth - like climate in its geologic past. interest in martian water also stems from the fact that we, like that famous canal enthusiast percival lowell, cannot envision any form of life existing without it. the red planet appears lifeless now, but evidence for a warmer, wetter planet in the past might make a search for martian fossils plausible... - - harry y. mcsween jr., december 1995. sky & telescope 90 ( 6 ) : 18.... the nature of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5038740430116283, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 99, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.273917"} {"text": "a warmer, wetter planet in the past might make a search for martian fossils plausible... - - harry y. mcsween jr., december 1995. sky & telescope 90 ( 6 ) : 18.... the nature of information conveyed by secondary sexual traits in mate selection has been hotly debated. darwin ( 1871 ) believed that mate choice was solely based on arbitrarily chosen features that were aesthetically appealing to the members of opposite sex, although such chosen features did not confer any survival advantage to the animal. wallace ( 1889 ), on the other hand, argued that natural selection would not allow the selection of merely ornamental features \" unless the most ornamental always coincide with the ' fittest ' in every other respect \". the modern interpretation of the utilitarian view of wallace, or the so - called good gene hypothesis, has commonly been invoked to explain human mate selection. briefly, it is proposed that women, as a rule, can assess the \" mate quality \" of a man by attending to his resources or high status because these are usually achieved through competition with other members of the social and economical hierarchy... - - devendra singh & robert k. young, november 1995. ethology and sociobiology 16 ( 6 ) : 483 - 484. the theory of sexual selection by female choice, on the other hand, was greeted with interest mixed with skepticism ( wallace 1889 ; huxley 1938 ). wallace fully accepted intermale sexual selection but had serious doubts about the efficacy of female - choice sexual selection. his doubt concerned the adequacy of the proposed mechanism. can female choice exert a selective pressure that is consistent and strong enough to produce secondary sexual characters of adornment and display in males? the status of sexual selection by female choice is still unsettled. modern studies have confirmed the process for some types of male characters, but legitimate questions remain as regards other types of male characters... - - verne grant, october - november - december 1995. biologisches zentralblatt 114 ( 4 ) : 320. wallace presented a very clear interbreeding species definition, then immediately dismissed it in his treatise on speciation of the papilionidae of indonesia. ' species are merely those strongly marked races or local forms which, when in contact, do not intermix, and when inhabiting distinct areas are incapable of producing a fertile hybrid offspring. but as the test of hybridity cannot be applied in one case in ten thousand, and even if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5184418824858514, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 100, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.274991"} {"text": "or local forms which, when in contact, do not intermix, and when inhabiting distinct areas are incapable of producing a fertile hybrid offspring. but as the test of hybridity cannot be applied in one case in ten thousand, and even if it could be applied, would prove nothing, since it is founded on an assumption of the very question to be decided... it will be evident that we have no means whatever of distinguishing so - called \" true species \" from the several modes of [ subspecies ] variation here pointed out, and into which they so often pass by an insensible gradation '. wallace is first saying that it is practically impossible to make all the necessary crosses to test genetic compatibility. second, since theories of speciation involve a reduction in ability or tendency to interbreed, species cannot themselves be defined by interbreeding without confusing cause and effect... - - james mallet, july 1995. trends in ecology & evolution 10 ( 7 ) : 295. the adaptive significance of cryptic female coloration in birds is an old and hotly debated issue in animal behavior, being a source of great disagreement between a. r. wallace and c. darwin, the co - founders of natural selection theory... darwin ( 1871 ) believed that dull female coloration was a non - adaptive consequence of sex - limited inheritance. wallace ( 1889 ) proposed the hypothesis that cryptic female coloration functions to reduce predation risk at the nest. wallace ' s evidence included the observation that in many cavity - nesting species females are brightly colored, and males are more cryptic than females in species with sex role reversal. however, these results are also consistent with sexual selection theory. field tests of the nest predation hypothesis are rare, perhaps because extensive color variation among females within a sexually dimorphic species is uncommon... - - bridget j. stutchbury & joan s. howlett, may 1995. the condor 97 ( 2 ) : 559. aging is notoriously hard to explain in evolutionary terms. an early insight is due to alfred russel wallace, the co - founder of evolutionary theory. the gist of his argument is contained in the following quotation ( wallace, 1865 ) : \" when one or more individuals have provided a sufficient number of successors, they themselves - - as consumers of nourishment in a constantly increasing degree - - are an injury to those successors. natural selection therefore weeds them out. \" in the following it will be shown that this basic idea allows one to arrive at a quantitative prediction of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5379717344835551, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 101, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.275985"} {"text": "- as consumers of nourishment in a constantly increasing degree - - are an injury to those successors. natural selection therefore weeds them out. \" in the following it will be shown that this basic idea allows one to arrive at a quantitative prediction of species - specific aging. it also enables a qualitatively correct prediction of sex - specific differential aging in two species. the slower aging of human females becomes understandable in evolutionary terms... - - reimara rossler, peter e. kloeden & otto e. rossler, may 1995. biosystems 36 ( 3 ) : 179. in frank tipler ' s newly published book ( 1994 ), the physics of immortality : modern cosmology, god and the resurrection of the dead, for example, the author claims \" modern physics requires the god principle. \" by this tipler means that the universe is structured in such a way that the laws of nature must give rise to intelligent life ; and once formed, the resurrection of all intelligence - - immortality - - is inevitable. \" science now tells us, \" tipler concludes, \" how to go to heaven. \" while tipler ' s science is modern, his argument is not. it is wallace ' s argument for the necessity of a higher intelligence clothed in modern physics... - - michael shermer, december 1994. skeptic 3 ( 1 ) : 70.... with the primary evidence missing in this historical mystery, we can only speculate on what really happened at down. the extreme interpretation of a conspiratorial cover - up is not supported by the evidence. if darwin were going to rig ( or allow to be rigged ) the editorial presentation of the papers to award him priority ; or worse, plagiarize from wallace certain needed ideas ( such as the divergence of species, as brooks suggests ), why announce the arrival of wallace ' s essay and submit it for publication in the first place? why not either just take what was needed, or, if wallace ' s essay added nothing new to the theory, just destroy the essay and letter and blame the loss on an inefficient postal service, or the mishandling of his mail at down, or whatever? if one is going to accuse darwin of such devious finagling as delicate arrangements or plagiarization, then would not the same guileful and scheming personality think of complete elimination of wallace ' s essay as a successful strategy?... - - michael she", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5715161678842994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 102, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.278153"} {"text": "of such devious finagling as delicate arrangements or plagiarization, then would not the same guileful and scheming personality think of complete elimination of wallace ' s essay as a successful strategy?... - - michael shermer, march 1995. skeptic 3 ( 2 ) : 83 - 84. several alternative explanations exist for the occurrence of symmetrical signals and symmetry preferences in nature. it has been suggested that some morphological symmetries arise inevitably from developmental processes. however, as wallace ( 1889 ) observed, the symmetrical body markings of wild animals are often lost or degraded in their domesticated descendants. this suggests that certain symmetries are not inescapable consequences of development, but are maintained by other selection pressures in nature... - - magnus enquist & anthony arak, 10 november 1994. nature 372 : 172. the naturalists ' concept of species as distinct reproductive units was carried over into the post - darwin period. it was stated by wallace ( 1889 ), eimer ( 1889 ), and others. i will present wallace ' s characterization of species in a paraphrased form. a species is an assemblage of individuals which : ( 1 ) are modified in structure, form, and constitution so as to be adapted to their particular conditions of life ; ( 2 ) are differentiated from other allied assemblages ; ( 3 ) reproduce their like : and ( 4 ) usually breed together ( wallace, 1889 ). some students of species in the early post - darwin period began to characterize species, not only as reproductive units, but as units of interbreeding. we see this in wallace ' s fourth point above : species are individuals \" which usually breed together \" ( wallace, 1889 ). according to poulton ( 1903 ) a species is \" an interbreeding community \". karl jordan ( 1905 ) stated that the individuals of a species occur together in an area and form an interbreeding community ( \" eine paarungsgemeinschaft \" ). wallace ' s first point listed above puts adaptation into the set of characteristics of species. this was an innovation at the time and one which did not become generally accepted until much later... - - verne grant, october - november - december 1994. biologisches zentralblatt 113 ( 4 ) : 406. in their recent tree article, polak and trivers say that the study of symmetry and its fluctuations in biology was largely restricted to morphology and systematics until 1953.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5666856170403833, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 103, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.279490"} {"text": "december 1994. biologisches zentralblatt 113 ( 4 ) : 406. in their recent tree article, polak and trivers say that the study of symmetry and its fluctuations in biology was largely restricted to morphology and systematics until 1953. however, in 1889 a. r. wallace remarked that coloration patterns of wild animals are more symmetrical than those of their domesticated descendants ; he thought that symmetry would help specific recognition. in one respect wallace ' s observation seems paradoxical. domestic animals have less need to be cryptic than their wild counterparts, but, at least for humans, the presence of symmetry is a major failing of camouflage. symmetrical patterning gives away animals that are otherwise superbly concealed. the few cryptic animals that are asymmetrically patterned maybe the exceptions that prove this rule, one example is the wryneck ( jynx torquilla ), an unusual woodpecker... - - d. osorio, september 1994. trends in ecology & evolution 9 ( 9 ) : 346.... the riverine barrier hypothesis was first advanced by alfred russel wallace in 1849, when he argued that primate distributions were affected by river barriers and showed that the basin was divisible into four major geographic areas bounded by the amazon, negro, and madeira rivers. this hypothesis, although not mutually exclusive from others, has received recent attention and support. ayres ( 1986 ) and ayres and clutton - brock ( 1992 ) have confirmed wallace ' s original observation by documenting the correlation between the degree of private community similarity on opposite banks of amazonian rivers and river width, or flow rate. additionally, capparella has shown that the degree of genetic divergence among samples of understory bird species is related to river width. one explicit expectation of the riverine barrier hypothesis is that increasing divergence should relate positively to river size ( width, flow rate, etc. ). hence, differentiation should increase along both sides of a green river, from its headwaters to the mouth, as the barrier widens and the potential for cross - river gene flow diminishes. however, the expectation for any given taxon is likely to be complicated by the dynamic nature of floodplain rivers, because populations have the potential for passive transfer from one side to the other by river - bend cutoffs, or oxbow lake formation, through time... consequently expectations of the potential force of riverine barriers are likely to vary among taxa that occur in the river floodplain ( the seasonal flooded forest,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.554145265883561, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 104, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.280491"} {"text": "the other by river - bend cutoffs, or oxbow lake formation, through time... consequently expectations of the potential force of riverine barriers are likely to vary among taxa that occur in the river floodplain ( the seasonal flooded forest, or \" varzea \" of the amazon basin ) as opposed to those that are limited to upland, nonflooded forest, or terra firme. the pattern and degree of divergence may also depend on other ecological characteristics... - - james l. patton et al., august 1994. evolution 48 ( 4 ) : 1314.... the argument has been made that aesthetic criteria in general are secondary and essentially in the service of a more fundamental process. thus, wallace has disputed darwin ' s claim that female choices of maters reflect strictly aesthetic tastes, that is, beauty for beauty ' s sake ( wallace, 1889, 1892 ). rather, wallace insisted that beauty is likely to be associated with good health and vigor, which are deemed the primary bases for choice. the theoretical advantage that accrues to wallace ' s position is that sexual and natural selection are parsimoniously working in unison. within the classical darwinian perspective, female choice of the most flamboyantly adorned or colored male can imply choice of a mate vulnerable to predators and likely to produce offspring with similar vulnerabilities. none of this is intended to imply that either darwin or wallace is right or wrong. after the passage of more than a century, the issue is still under debate, although new experimental studies testing predictions from the two theories offer hope of an eventual resolution of the issue... - - nathan kogan, spring 1994. social research 61 ( 1 ) : 143.... in short, there are on every hand the most striking and conclusive evidences that the production and consumption of wealth have increased with even greater rapidity than the increase of population, and that, if any class obtains less, it is solely because of the greater inequality of distribution. what [ henry ] george had done with this argument, helfand argues, was to establish an economic equivalent of wallace ' s theory that the human brain changed the nature of the evolutionary process by its ability to create tools and alter the environment. george had argued that labor is the source of wealth, on grounds that \" the richest countries are not those where nature is the most prolific ; but those where labor is the most efficient. \"... - - lamar b. jones, april 1994. american", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5195632131132686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 105, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.281434"} {"text": "argued that labor is the source of wealth, on grounds that \" the richest countries are not those where nature is the most prolific ; but those where labor is the most efficient. \"... - - lamar b. jones, april 1994. american journal of economics and sociology 53 ( 2 ) : 252. the earliest discovery of avian visual mimicry was wallace ' s account of another case involving large aggressive models and smaller mimics that would otherwise have been expected to be among the models ' victims. the models are friarbirds of the philemon [ moluccensis ] superspecies which are among the largest members of a family ( meliphagidae or honey - eaters ) notorious for pugnacious behavior ; the models are orioles of the oriolus [ bouroensis ] superspecies ( family oriolidae ). wallace was struck by parallel geographical variation in plumage between friarbirds and orioles on two indonesian islands. subsequent study expanded wallace ' s observations in three respects... - - jared m. diamond, 24 february 1994. nature 367 : 684. the common idea that darwin behaved like a perfect gentleman throughout the wallace episode rests partly on the myth that he had some option other than those outlined above - - that he could have rushed his theory to press without so much as mentioning wallace. but unless wallace was even more saintly than he seems to have been, this would have brought a scandal that left darwin ' s name tainted, even to the point of endangering its connection to his theory. in other words : this option was not an option. the biographer who admiringly observes that darwin \" hated losing his priority, but he hated even more the chance of being suspected of ungentlemanly or nonsporting conduct \" is creating a distinction where none existed ; to have been thought unsporting would have threatened his priority... - - robert wright, 1994. in his the moral animal ( pantheon books ) : 306. a major stumbling block for darwinians was the absence of any fossil remains of humans in europe during the tertiary period. from this wallace had argued a priori that the human species had not spread widely upon the earth and was of recent origin. since fossil remains had been located only in the tropics, wallace concluded that these warm climes had been the cradle of human evolution... - - nancy j. christie, 1994. in roy macleod & philip j. rehbock, eds., darwin ' s laboratory : evolutionary theory", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49501050998162255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 106, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.282592"} {"text": ", wallace concluded that these warm climes had been the cradle of human evolution... - - nancy j. christie, 1994. in roy macleod & philip j. rehbock, eds., darwin ' s laboratory : evolutionary theory and natural history in the pacific ( university of hawai ' i press ) : 445. wallace is less well known for his lifelong insistence on the necessity for precise species distribution maps than he is for his much - disputed line. detailed knowledge of species distribution was the basis for wallace ' s efforts to formulate a general scheme of faunal regions. in one image, wallace ' s map redefined and unified the various notions of biological regions current in the first half of the nineteenth century, embodied the evolutionary history of the diverse biota of the east indian archipelago, and participated in a genre of visual representation extending into the contemporary culture... jane r. camerini, december 1993. isis 84 ( 4 ) : 727. fisher ( 1920 ) explains that the \" essential difference \" between plans such as those of wallace and his own \" is that between redeemability and irredeemability. \" but is there really an essential difference between always being able to \" redeem \" a gold certificate for a possibly varying quantity of gold, on the one hand, and always being able to purchase with irredeemable money a given quantity of gold at a possibly varying market price, on the other? so as an outsider to economics, wallace was free from the attachment to gold and thus advocated a stabilization policy that was more in the spirit of the quantity theory. he was also explicit about what fisher ( in his definite - reserve system ) left unspecified ; namely, the role of the treasury in injecting or withdrawing quantities of money from circulation. here was a true anticipator of the chicago school of the 1930s... - - don patinkin, summer 1993. economic quarterly 79 ( 3 ) : 18. the second story is that the thin martian atmosphere is but a remnant of a once much thicker atmosphere, most of which long ago escaped to space [ cf., wallace, 1907 ]. other things being equal, because it is smaller, escape is easier from mars than from earth or venus. several escape mechanisms have been suggested, including some that could be operative today. a possibly important example of the latter is the nonthermal escape of nitrogen. hydrodynamic escape and impact erosion of the atmosphere ( a. k. a. atmospheric cratering ) are two potentially much", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5480887567372759, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 107, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.284283"} {"text": ", including some that could be operative today. a possibly important example of the latter is the nonthermal escape of nitrogen. hydrodynamic escape and impact erosion of the atmosphere ( a. k. a. atmospheric cratering ) are two potentially much more effective escape mechanisms that should have been operative early... - - kevin j. zahnle, 25 june 1993. journal of geophysical research e 98 ( 6 ) : 10, 889.... the value of living organisms as an intellectual resource is another compelling reason for preserving biotic diversity. it provides the materials that allow us to understand the living world, whatever our reasons for doing so. extinction is depriving us of much of the crucial evidence. among the measures that wallace advocated was the establishment of a system of strategically located forest reserves where a representative sample of the biota could be preserved and studied by naturalists... - - michael t. ghiselin, spring 1993. pacific discovery 46 ( 2 ) : 23. selection for genetic isolation has been called the wallace effect by grant, in honor of a. r. wallace who first suggested it ( wallace 1889 ). control of a species ' altitudinal boundary by a pathogen - environment interaction may provide an appropriate arena for the wallace effect. the scenario for speciation suggested above begins with a very unlikely event : establishment of a new disease - resistant population outside the normal habitat of the parent species. though unlikely, such speciation across a \" pathological barrier \" requires no changes of climate, elevation of mountain chains, or other large scale phenomena. it suggests that the potential for the establishment of peripheral isolates in new ecological settings may exist at the margin of a great many species. this scenario is similar to the concept of the \" upstart species \" of harper or of new species \" budding off ' from older species... - - william burger, december 1992. biotropica 24 ( 4 ) : 569. for both monochromatic and polychromatic species, pelage pigmentation would be helpful for identifying conspecifics, especially at distances where odor and vocalizations would be unreliable cues. in polychromatic species it would also narrow the range of choices within a herd when looking for the mother, particularly when her head cannot be seen clearly. alfred russel wallace recognized the significance of body pigmentation when he wrote in 1889, under the subject of \" colour as a means of recognition \" : \" if we consider the habits and life - histories of those", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5455368836983803, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 108, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.286348"} {"text": "when her head cannot be seen clearly. alfred russel wallace recognized the significance of body pigmentation when he wrote in 1889, under the subject of \" colour as a means of recognition \" : \" if we consider the habits and life - histories of those animals which are more or less gregarious, comprising a large proportion of the herbivora,... we shall see that a means of ready recognition of its own kind, at a distance or during rapid motion, in dusk of twilight or in partial cover, must be of the greatest advantage and often lead to the preservation of life. \" within a colour category, the young would have to rely on other cues, be they visual, auditory, or olfactory. for example, the length of pelage was one of the cues eliminated in this study by cutting the does ' hair, because in a previous study i noticed that the offspring of long - haired females tended to solicit females with long hair like that of their mothers. although cues present in the head are probably important for individual recognition, at a distance the fine detail of facial characteristics might not be as discernable as markings on parts of the body with more surface area. the specific visual cues used for recognition should depend on the characteristics of the group or species, the habitat in which the species is found, and the perceptual capabilities of the developing individuals... - - carlos r. ruiz - miranda, november 1992. behaviour 123 ( 1 - 2 ) : 136 - 137. for paley, the epiglottis could not evolve in this manner ; hence, some form of causality other than change origin is called for. paley ' s answer was \" an intelligent and designing creator. \" soon other thinkers followed paley ' s lead concerning the impact of the argument from perfection. in one of the most amazing shifts in the history of ideas, alfred russel wallace ( 1823 - 1913 ) employed what may be considered an indirect use of the argument from perfection on an a fortiori basis against the very theory of natural selection that he had founded with charles darwin... - - john t. baldwin, april 1992. harvard theological review 85 ( 1 ) : 112.... on the one hand, motivated by the biological evidence discussed, but restricting themselves to a one - dimensional model of world reality, goldschmidt and gould ( themselves standing outside the argument from perfection tradition ) of necessity turn for an alternative model of origins to a refined concept of the \" hopeful monster \" theory wholly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.540886653451891, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 109, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.287523"} {"text": "but restricting themselves to a one - dimensional model of world reality, goldschmidt and gould ( themselves standing outside the argument from perfection tradition ) of necessity turn for an alternative model of origins to a refined concept of the \" hopeful monster \" theory wholly explainable by empirical principles within a materialistic framework. on the other hand, paley, wallace, mivart, bergson, taylor, kenny, plantinga, and polkinghorne, prompted by similar biological evidence but remaining open to a wider model of reality ( one that can include a trans - empirical dimension ) and to a dynamic relationship between god and the world, conclude that the evidence points more convincingly to some kind of originating causality that in the final analysis lies beyond the reach of \" methodological naturalism. \"... - - john t. baldwin, april 1992. harvard theological review 85 ( 1 ) : 119. alfred russel wallace developed a theory of evolution by natural selection at the same time that charles darwin did. he applied his theory to one of the earliest scenarios of human evolution. he related the split between the first human beings and the apes to the habitats in which they lived. wallace proposed that hominids, our bipedally walking ancestors, arose on the great plains and high plateaus of eurasia, isolated there by shrinking forests. his deduction was based on the fact that apes today live in dense forested areas. wallace thought, therefore, that bipedally striding humans must have evolved in open, flat areas. darwin disagreed on the geography, believing that a tropical environment with abundant fruit was our ancestral hominids ' environment. he preferred an african origin for the human lineage. the chimpanzee and gorilla, he pointed out, were both african and the closest living primate relatives to humans... - - noel t. boaz, march 1992. earth 1 ( 2 ) : 37. these findings show that wallace ' s hypothesis can be verified for a broad category of population genetic models and that, therefore, the wallace effect indeed deserves a central position in speciation theory. by outlining the effects of gametic phase imbalance, the findings also point at the forces which could possibly set up barriers to speciation : asymmetric gene flow between parapatric populations, and asymmetric cross - incompatibility in both parapatric and sympatric ( sub - ) populations. asymmetry in cross - incompatibility describes the situation where in one population the rejection of cross - mating", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5798966863654763, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 110, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.288515"} {"text": ", and asymmetric cross - incompatibility in both parapatric and sympatric ( sub - ) populations. asymmetry in cross - incompatibility describes the situation where in one population the rejection of cross - matings is markedly stronger than in the other population. however, whether these conditions actually suffice to inhibit speciation must be proven in each special case... - - hans - rolf gregorius, february 1992. journal of theoretical biology 154 ( 3 ) : 397.... wallace ' s narrative eye, like darwin ' s, allows him to transcend time through visual analogy, but it is the european model of cultural progress rather than biological history that flashes before the reader. the narrative motion of the european mind searching backward through its own memory is obscured, and the narrative motion of the tropical landscape advancing into the european landscape is foregrounded. wallace ' s representation suggests than in looking at the trees he is not simply experiencing perceptual confusion ; he is perceiving future forms in present ones. the link between trees and pillars, between tropical and european, is thus seen as a historical inevitability rather than an optical illusion or perceptual accident. where darwin ' s illusions increase formal variety, however, wallace ' s limit it. rather than a single form blossoming into multiple analogous forms, wallace ' s eye perceives several different species in terms of a single european form. the distinction between darwin ' s and wallace ' s representational strategies roughly correlates to the differences in their evolutionary theories. darwin believed in random competitive evolution while wallace believed in adaptive, environmental evolution... - - james krasner, 1992. in his the entangled eye : visual perception and the representation of nature in post - darwinian narrative ( oxford university press ) : 114.... in wallace ' s nature all selection is purposeful and relatively precise ; nature tends toward utility, and clears way all forms that are not useful. james ' s theory of vision can be seen as the perceptual corollary to wallace ' s evolutionary theory. the jamesian mind, like wallace ' s evolutionary nature, establishes a formal standard that must be met, and all those forms that fail to meet that standard are eliminated ; in wallace ' s nature they die off, in james ' s vision they go unperceived. it is therefore appropriate that wallace should use a jamesian representational model. where darwin portrays visual forms mutating and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5682462703003854, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 111, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.289483"} {"text": "standard are eliminated ; in wallace ' s nature they die off, in james ' s vision they go unperceived. it is therefore appropriate that wallace should use a jamesian representational model. where darwin portrays visual forms mutating and multiplying as they compete for space in the reader ' s perceptual field, wallace portrays the selection of forms according to an imageable standard of reference. moreover, because this formal standard is european, the forms of nature are selected according to the standard of reference of european experience - - the viewer perceives trees as pillars, and those trees that look less like pillars are ignored. wallace ' s representation of evolution thus involves the reader in a more and more familiar world... - - james krasner, 1992. in his the entangled eye : visual perception and the representation of nature in post - darwinian narrative ( oxford university press ) : 115. until just before 1880 wallace had firmly believed \" that vaccination was a scientific procedure, and that jenner was one of the great benefactors of mankind. \" as a young man he had voluntarily undergone vaccination and subsequent revaccination, just before leaving for south america on a naturalistic trip. he had never questioned the effectiveness of the operation until reading several anti - vaccination texts and meeting william tebb, the 1870 successor of john and richard gibbs as leader of the anti - vaccination league and founder of the anti - vaccination society of america. convinced by tebb ' s arguments, wallace joined him in the battle for the new cause. aware of his ignorance on medical matters, wallace always based his arguments on statistic figures rather than on strictly sanitary aspects. harry clements, his biographer, writes : \" no one was apparently able seriously to challenge him on the figures. \"... - - giacomo scarpelli, 1992. nuncius ( italy ) 7 ( 1 ) : 115 - 116.... these moral principles were also applied to another field of study, that of the so - called \" psychical research \" which caught wallace ' s interest very early, in fact earlier than we might possibly think. spiritism, in wallace ' s mind, had a eudaemonist socratic meaning : ghosts were seen as moral and spiritual guides to man. wallace then developed the idea of man as center of a pre - ordained universe, in which the pain which man is subject to being the most sensitive creature, and the evil which he must fight since he is capable", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.564581394723332, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 112, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.290482"} {"text": "as moral and spiritual guides to man. wallace then developed the idea of man as center of a pre - ordained universe, in which the pain which man is subject to being the most sensitive creature, and the evil which he must fight since he is capable of discerning, are seen as necessary steps towards the completion of moral rather than organic developments, necessary to enter into a superior spiritual sphere. we can now truly understand this sentence : \" the whole purpose, the only raison d ' etre of the world [... ] was the development of human spirit in association with the human body \"... this conception of a pre - existing order and a synchronicity can explain the logic which backed wallace ' s opinions and attitudes... - - giacomo scarpelli, 1992. nuncius ( italy ) 7 ( 1 ) : 120 - 121.... wallace... brought forth an alternative explanation which involved totally different powers. man has the faculty of artificially selecting vegetable and animal species ; similarly a higher intelligence could have controlled and directed natural selection in the human development process, in a particular and highly ethical aim... effectively, wallace, induced by the moral ideal earlier mentioned, was trying to find a solution that would not clash with his vision of harmonia naturae and undermine the theory of natural selection with whatsoever extension or correction. his was not a denial of the theory but, paradoxically, the result of his excessively rigourous attitude. wallace, the hyperselectivist, preferred to involve a superior intellect, in other words a deus ex machina, rather than admit that his primary theory might possibly have been less absolute... - - giacomo scarpelli, 1992. nuncius ( italy ) 7 ( 1 ) : 126.... wallace was driven in his crusade by ethical and social issues, as well as the intention of preventing the disruption of the biological balance. this was altogether a kind of civil protest aimed towards a general reform of society, freed from imposition. wallace believed that an improvement of the population ' s economic conditions would have resulted in higher hygienic standards and a richer diet, and consequently, in a decreased spread of diseases, smallpox included. he also envisaged the creation of a ministry of health employing teams of doctors. these purposes, which seem so obvious today, were in his time little less than revolutionary. it can be said that wallace foresaw the creation of national health service... - - giacomo scarpel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5657551915179861, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 113, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.291520"} {"text": "a ministry of health employing teams of doctors. these purposes, which seem so obvious today, were in his time little less than revolutionary. it can be said that wallace foresaw the creation of national health service... - - giacomo scarpelli, 1992. nuncius ( italy ) 7 ( 1 ) : 128. man ' s place in the universe. a. r. wallace ( mcclure, phillips, new york, 1903 ). a famous coauthor of darwin ' s discovery anticipated in the last chapter of his book almost all versions of modern ap [ the anthropic principle ]... - - yuri v. balashov, december 1991. american journal of physics 59 ( 12 ) : 1072. wallace did not try to explain distribution patterns by invoking the occurrence of unique events but rather by recourse to general principles. for wallace that general principle was geological change. there are numerous passages in wallace ( 1880 ) that confirm his appreciation of the importance of geological change in understanding distribution patterns in indonesia. his discussion of the faunal relationship between the malay peninsula and the islands of borneo, sumatra, and java is detailed and provides a clear statement of his position. having noted the overall similarity of this area ' s flora and fauna to that of india, he continued on the greater similarity of the mammals and birds of borneo and sumatra than those of borneo and java, and on the high degree of endemism of the javan fauna... - - b. michaux, september 1991. australian systematic botany 4 ( 1 ) : 26.... although this is a rather brief summary of the distribution patterns that wallace recognised in indonesia, it does, i believe, accurately reflect the major patterns he observed. his interpretations of these patterns, based as they were on an incomplete understanding of the dynamic nature of the earth ' s surface, are only really of historical interest. wallace ' s attempt to understand distributional patterns in terms of geological change was doomed from the start because neither he nor anyone else at the time realised that land could move laterally as well as vertically... - - b. michaux, september 1991. australian systematic botany 4 ( 1 ) : 27. discrimination involves recognition in the signal receiver that a stimulus, or configuration of stimuli, belongs to some discrete category. the importance of design for discriminability has been recognized since wallace ( 1867 ) suggested that distasteful insect larvae '... required some distinctive mark, something by which they may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5472029254293452, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 114, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.292461"} {"text": "or configuration of stimuli, belongs to some discrete category. the importance of design for discriminability has been recognized since wallace ( 1867 ) suggested that distasteful insect larvae '... required some distinctive mark, something by which they may be contrasted with and separated from the agreeable larvae, in order that they might be freed from the attacks of birds ' and that ' brilliant colouration would be such a distinction as was required '. warning colours and patterns should therefore look different from those of the prey for which predators normally hunt... - - tim guilford & marian stamp dawkins, july 1991. animal behaviour 42 ( 1 ) : 5. successive generations of evolutionary biologists, beginning with august weismann and alfred r. wallace, have refined our understanding of the evolution of senescence to the point where we now have pretty good reason to believe that in a species like our own aging occurs because natural selection places higher priority on turning out progeny to carry our genes forward than on keeping individuals going ; in effect, late survival is sacrificed for reproduction. extending through a more diverse range of reproductive patterns, the burgeoning discipline of evolutionary life - history theory provides us with the intellectual framework to approach questions like why some species get only a single shot at reproduction ( semelparity ) while other get more ( iteroparity ) and why species differ in their longevities... - - caleb e. finch, 28 june 1991. science 252 ( 5014 ) : 1864.... in wallace there was support for the nationalization of land and for the economic emancipation of women. the latter reform he actually justified in evolutionary terms, thereby giving rise to a form of social wallaceism. his point was that women were currently prevented, by their social and economic disadvantages, from fully exercising their selective role in the choice of mate. although he sometimes felt that darwin attached too great an importance to sexual selection in the mechanics of evolution, wallace was nevertheless convinced that female emancipation could only benefit posterity... - - john hedley brooke, 1991. in his science and religion ; some historical perspectives ( cambridge university press ) : 294 - 295.... the sheer improbability of the emergence of man deeply impressed alfred russel wallace. contingency had piled upon contingency with each critical stage in evolutionary divergence. in a book written late in life, man ' s place in the universe ( 1903 ), he turned the argument against physicists and astronomers who were scouring", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5665803283856544, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 115, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.293407"} {"text": "contingency had piled upon contingency with each critical stage in evolutionary divergence. in a book written late in life, man ' s place in the universe ( 1903 ), he turned the argument against physicists and astronomers who were scouring the heavens for planets having a physical environment comparable with that of the earth and on which intelligent life might be presumed to have evolved. properly understood, wallace argued, the theory of evolution told against such a possibility - - certainly against the emergence of intelligence akin to human. however close the physico - chemical environment to that on earth, it was inconceivable that the evolutionary process on other worlds could have followed the same nuanced path as on earth. one minor deviation at an early stage and the whole process would take an entirely different course... - - john hedley brooke, 1991. in his science and religion ; some historical perspectives ( cambridge university press ) : 315. wallace ' s scientific case rested on his conclusion that the human brain, including that of the most primitive peoples, was more powerful than was necessary for survival. for a large part of his early life wallace had lived among primitive peoples in south america and southeast asia, an experience that convinced him that these people, simple as they have appeared in mind and action, were equal in intelligence to europeans. as the modern anthropologist loren eiseley remarked, wallace displayed \" scarcely a trace of the racial superiority so frequently manifested in nineteenth - century scientific circles, \" in which were included darwin and thomas huxley. if human beings possessed brain capacities beyond what was needed for survival, wallace reasoned, then how could natural selection bring about its evolution? where was the \" survival value \" of that capacity if that capacity was not fully used? after all, natural selection improved an organ only through its adaptation to the pressure of environment. in the case of the human brain, however, the capacity was greater than human beings really required or that the pressure of environment could account for. wallace logically concluded on those grounds that \" some higher intelligence directed the process by which the human race was developed. \"... - - carl n. degler, 1991. in his in search of human nature ; the decline and revival of darwinism in american social thought ( oxford university press ) : 60.... it will be recalled that darwin could find no useful value in the physical ( racial ) differences among human groups. thus he could not account for those differences through the operation of natural selection. he did, however, accept the common", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5156935574041581, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 116, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.294418"} {"text": "60.... it will be recalled that darwin could find no useful value in the physical ( racial ) differences among human groups. thus he could not account for those differences through the operation of natural selection. he did, however, accept the common anthropological view of the time that the differences in levels of culture or civilization which occurred among the diverse peoples of the world derived from differences in their biological capacities. some cultures were higher than others because the people in those societies were biologically superior. that was the opening in his theory of human evolution through which racism entered. it was that opening which wallace closed with his conception of the intellectual equality and therefore the equal cultural capacity of all peoples. as things turned out, wallace looked to other ways and matters in his effort to make evolution less competitive and threatening. he did not develop any further his assertion of the mental equality of all peoples, or at least few took notice of its relevance. yet that was the precise argument, elaborated and tirelessly defended, that undermined in time the concept of racism in america. its elaboration and defense underpinned the concept of culture, an idea that in the twentieth century became not only an alternative to a racial explanation for human behavioral differences but also a central concept in social science... - - carl n. degler, 1991. in his in search of human nature ; the decline and revival of darwinism in american social thought ( oxford university press ) : 61.... wallace ' s supernatural explanation gained few followers among social scientists in the second half of the twentieth century, but his assertion of the special, indeed unique, nature of man, because of his brain, continued to influence many, directly or indirectly. the eminent modern american anthropologist loren eiseley, for example was among them. his sympathetic response to wallace reflects the views of many other american social scientists today. eiseley did not doubt that wallace has a better understanding of the roots of human nature than darwin. in his book darwin ' s century, eiseley contrasted darwin ' s conception with that of wallace. \" the mind of man, by indetermination, by the power of choice and cultural communication, \" he wrote, \" is on the verge of escape from the blind control of that deterministic world with which the darwinists had unconsciously shackled man. the inborn characteristics laid upon him by the biological extremists have crumbled away, \" he was relieved to report. in eiseley ' s judgement, wallace stood out among evolution", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5438985889878631, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 117, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.295565"} {"text": "the darwinists had unconsciously shackled man. the inborn characteristics laid upon him by the biological extremists have crumbled away, \" he was relieved to report. in eiseley ' s judgement, wallace stood out among evolutionists of his own time because he recognized even then that human beings had escaped from biological evolution. \" wallace saw and saw correctly, that with the rise of man the evolution of parts was to a marked degree outmoded, that mind was now the arbiter of human destiny. \"... - - carl n. degler, 1991. in his in search of human nature ; the decline and revival of darwinism in american social thought ( oxford university press ) : 330. wallace ( 1865 ) hypothesized that sex - limited mimicry, in which palatable females are the only sex to mimic unpalatable butterflies, arises because females fly more slowly than males and hence are more vulnerable to predation. our results from the within - lineage analyses are in agreement with wallace ' s hypothesis. evolutionarily, palatable males have larger thoraces, maximizing flight muscle, and smaller abdomens, minimizing load on the wings, probably to maximize flight speed ; whereas females have retained large abdomens, probably to maximize egg load. counter - selection for fecundity may operate against faster flight speeds, and females may be reproductively constrained to evolve alternative means of avoiding predation, such as mimicry. if females fly more slowly, they may be predisposed to fly like an unpalatable model... - - robert srygley & peng chai, 11 october 1990. oecologia 84 ( 4 ) : 498.... there simply weren ' t any lists of darwinian tenets that would have been accepted by all the leading darwinians and rejected by all the main non - darwinians in the first decade or so following the publication of the origin. both the darwinians charles lyell and asa gray and the non - darwinians the duke of argyll and st. george mivart, for example, thought that natural selection must be supplemented by some sort of \" directing force \" in order to account for the relevant phenomena, while darwin consistently denied the need for such an additional mechanism ( argyll 1877 ; gray 1884 ; mivart 1871 ). conversely, neither the darwinians alfred russel wallace and charles lyell nor the non - darwinians st. george mivart and william whewell", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5363389695670502, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 118, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.296512"} {"text": "for such an additional mechanism ( argyll 1877 ; gray 1884 ; mivart 1871 ). conversely, neither the darwinians alfred russel wallace and charles lyell nor the non - darwinians st. george mivart and william whewell thought that human beings could be included under the same explanatory scheme ( whatever this might be ) that was used to account for the history and behavior of \" lower \" animals, while darwin maintained that they could... - - doren recker, september 1990. philosophy of science 57 ( 3 ) : 463. the efforts to denigrate darwin serve only to conceal the real differences between the two naturalists ' approach to transmutation. careful reading of wallace ' s paper reveals that in several important respects his theory failed to duplicate the essence of darwin ' s thinking. wallace had no interest in artificial selection and refused to treat it as analogous to the natural process even in later years. his mechanism did not even address the basic question of how selection acts on individual differences to change a population, because he was interested in how one well - marked variety ( what we now call a subspecies ) could replace others. once it is recognized that in writing of natural selection acting on varieties wallace was thinking of subspecies rather than individual variations, it can be seen that his paper does not contain a description of what darwin saw as the basic mechanism of change. wallace simply assumed that species split into varieties - - he did not seek to explain how this all - important first step occurs. it has also been suggested that wallace failed to appreciate the full power of selection because he treated the varieties as struggling against nature, not struggling against each other... - - peter j. bowler, 1990. in his charles darwin ; the man and his influence ( basil blackwell ) : 113.... wallace ' s darwinism of 1889 provided a clear and comprehensive survey of the theory and of the relevant areas of biology. except in the case of the origin of the human mind, wallace was an extreme selectionist ; unlike darwin, he would have nothing to do with any other mechanism of evolution. this position soon became known as ' neo - darwinism ' to distinguish it from the more flexible form of the theory which darwin himself had advocated and which had gained support precisely because it allowed selection to be relegated to the status of a secondary mechanism... - - peter j. bowler, 1990. in his charles darwin ; the man and his influence ( basil blackwell ) : 210. the good parent process is a mechanism", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.564264357873669, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 119, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.297687"} {"text": "because it allowed selection to be relegated to the status of a secondary mechanism... - - peter j. bowler, 1990. in his charles darwin ; the man and his influence ( basil blackwell ) : 210. the good parent process is a mechanism for the evolution of epigamic traits that is distinct from the fisherian process and the good genes process. in the good parent process, direct selection on females to discriminate among males on the basis of male parental quality leads to the evolution of a trait that provides female with honest ( accurate and precise ) information regarding the non - heritable component of parental quality in a potential mate. wallace ( 1891, 1901 ) recognized the potential of such a mechanism, but he had no way to consider rigorously the effects of inheritance. the good parent process is also different from darwinian sexual selection ( darwin 1871 ), because females are not necessarily attracted by a good parent trait. a trait that evolves via the good parent process only enhances the attractiveness of high - quality males... - - guy a. hoelzer, december 1989. animal behaviour 38 ( 6 ) : 1075. since wallace ( 1889 ), a number of authors have argued that isolating barriers could be positively selected for their isolating property to prevent the formation of hybrids and to actively promote divergence and speciation. however, being a second order effect, the selective forces are likely to be weak, and, as levin points out, in practice it is going to be very difficult to distinguish this effect from other forms of competition and selection... - - mark r. macnair, february 1989. genome 31 ( 1 ) : 204 - 205. wallace, on the other hand, insisted on the validity of the \" uniform and consistent testimony of our senses \". it is complete fallacy, so he argued, that only propositions could be demonstrated and phenomena could not be. \" the direct testimony of the educated senses guided by reason was of higher validity than any complex results of reason alone. \" according to wallace, testimony was trustworthy if the witness was in full possession of the senses and in agreement with the reports of other witnesses. was it really true, asked wallace rhetorically, that a member of the house of peers like lord lyndsay - - who had recently converted to spiritualism - - \" can not be trusted as a faithful witness? \" if the witness were insane or deluded, wallace argued, they would also be unable to use carpenter ' s mathematical reasoning..", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5169246067748918, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 120, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.299179"} {"text": "nothing at all when being devoured. \" he goes further to assert ( very strongly ) that \" birds, mice, squirrels, and the like, do not get limbs broken by falls, as we do, \" and that, in sum, \" whatever pain exists is not long - continued \" ( wallace 1911, 404 - 405 )... - - david oates, december 1988. zygon 23 ( 4 ) : 445. darwin ' s response is, on the face of it, rather puzzling. why did he not protest wallace ' s assertion that selection works principally through the elimination of unfavorable variants? historians generally agree that the acknowledgment of selection as a negative force - - removing inferior variants and thus maintaining the \" type \" - - long predated darwin. in this perspective, darwin ' s achievement lay in his recognition that selection was \" a creative process and not merely a sieve. \" but there is no evidence that his dissents from wallace ' s essentially negative view. perhaps historians ' radical distinction between natural selection as a creative force and as executioner of the unfit - - that is, as \" nature ' s broom \" - - was not recognized by darwin... - - diane b. paul, fall 1988. journal of the history of biology 21 ( 3 ) : 417 - 418. the great american interchange was first recognized by wallace ( 1876 ), but it has taken another hundred years of intense paleontological study by ameghino, matthew, scott, patterson, simpson, webb, and others to clarify patterns of dispersal. it is only during the last decade, moreover, that greater precision in dating the sediments containing interchange taxa has provided a firm time frame for various aspects of the event. it is now possible to assess the interchange in detail, and to analyze the tempo and mode of dispersal and the rates of extinction and origination in successive faunas through time. as a result, the great american interchange represents the best - documented example in the fossil record of the intermingling of two long - separated continental faunas... - - larry g. marshall, july - august 1988. american scientist 76 ( 4 ) : 380.... \" i should be extremely glad now to publish a sketch of general views in about a dozen pages or so ; but i cannot persuade myself that i can do so honourably. wallace says nothing about publication, and i enclose his letter. but as i had not intended to publish any sketch", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5321067989772013, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 122, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.303694"} {"text": "a sketch of general views in about a dozen pages or so ; but i cannot persuade myself that i can do so honourably. wallace says nothing about publication, and i enclose his letter. but as i had not intended to publish any sketch, can i do so honourably, because wallace has sent me an outline of his doctrine? i would far rather burn my whole book, than that he or any other man should think that i had behaved in a paltry spirit. do you not think his having sent me this sketch ties my hands? i do not in least believe that that [ sic ] he originated his views from anything which i wrote to him \" [ darwin ' s words ]... - - barbara g. beddall, spring 1988. journal of the history of biology 21 ( 1 ) : 52.... in the narrow focus espoused both by the participants in the events leading up to and including the \" joint papers, \" and by their successors, priority in this case has been treated as a \" single event, \" a zero - sum game with winners and losers, an occasion when \" editorial manipulation \" and \" delicate arrangements \" could be invoked. but, as seen above, the matter is far more complex than this approach would indicate. it requires a broader perspective in which the enormous contributions made by both darwin and wallace can be recognized. in game theory this would be a non - zero - sum game, where both darwin and wallace benefited from the work of the other, thus becoming codiscoverers of the theory of evolution by means of natural selection. if this interpretation of the events is rejected, the status of the matter reverts to a zero - sum game, which brings back with it not only its winners and losers, but also the problems of \" editorial manipulation \" and \" delicate arrangements, \" as posed by kohn and nelson... - - barbara g. beddall, spring 1988. journal of the history of biology 21 ( 1 ) : 62. strangely enough, it was a. r. wallace, not darwin, who suggested an explicit associative hypothesis integrating learning theory with natural selection. in a paper entitled \" on the origin of food aversion paradigms, \" garcia and hankins present the case for a darwin - wallace conditioning theory initiated in 1866 and experimentally verified by 1887. their theory was actively generating research 2 decades before pavlov began his studies in classical conditioning, and 3 decades before thorndike presented his thesis on instrumental", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5871485294243557, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 123, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.304647"} {"text": "the case for a darwin - wallace conditioning theory initiated in 1866 and experimentally verified by 1887. their theory was actively generating research 2 decades before pavlov began his studies in classical conditioning, and 3 decades before thorndike presented his thesis on instrumental conditioning. this pioneer effort culminated in today ' s research area, narrowly labeled \" conditioned taste aversion. \" more broadly considered, this paradigm is representative of homeostatic conditioning which tolman ( 1949 ) called \" cathexis \" ; when responding to survival needs, organisms come to cherish one particular type of food and drink, or one given type of mate, and to abhor others... - - robert c. bolles & michael d. beecher, eds., 1988. in their evolution and learning ( lawrence erlbaum associates ) : 29.... wallace had traveled widely in south america and the south pacific as a naturalist and collector of exotic specimens. his observations of native peoples had convinced him that the intellectual and moral faculties required by the aboriginal way of life were not markedly different from those needed by mammals generally to survive in their respective ecological situations. yet aborigines brought to england and educated there had the capacity to acquire the behavioral sophistication of modern europeans. thus, aborigines had moral and intellectual capacities far exceeding the immediate requirements of the environments in which they had evolved. therefore the intellectual capacities of primitive man, and by implication modern man, could not be the result of natural selection... - - robert c. bolles & michael d. beecher, 1988. in their evolution and learning ( lawrence erlbaum associates ) : 41. the adaptive nature of warning, or ' aposematic ' colour patterns seemed clear a century ago ( wallace, 1867, 1878 ; poulton, 1890 ), but recently it has been debated whether ' individual ' natural selection may explain their initial evolution. fisher ( 1930 ) had earlier suggested a similar problem with the evolution of unpalatability. previous explanations depend purely on selection to explain the evolution of warning colours. here we propose that drift, combined with natural selection, may also be important... - - james mallet & michael c. singer, december 1987. biological journal of the linnean society 32 ( 4 ) : 338.... although mimicry strongly suggests that colour patterns are used as warning signals, there is only anecdotal evidence that warning colours are easier to learn than non - warning colours. traditionally, it has been", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5451486333807307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 124, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.305562"} {"text": "32 ( 4 ) : 338.... although mimicry strongly suggests that colour patterns are used as warning signals, there is only anecdotal evidence that warning colours are easier to learn than non - warning colours. traditionally, it has been assumed that the bright colours of unpalatable insects are more efficient signals ( wallace, 1867, 1878 ). birds seem to learn to avoid conspicuous prey more easily, and humans use bright colours in warning signs. however unpalatable insects could be brightly coloured for other reasons... - - james mallet & michael c. singer, december 1987. biological journal of the linnean society 32 ( 4 ) : 338.... in the pages of the encyclopedia britannica, over several editions, alfred russel wallace argued the case for acclimatization. he was more careful than most, at that stage, in distinguishing between domestication, naturalization and acclimatization. and yet arguing from first evolutionary principles and from plant and animal biogeography, he urged that \" numerous facts in the distribution of races show that man must, in remote ages at least, have been capable of constitutional adaptation to climate \". in more recent times, the migrations of the jews, and the settlement of the dutch in south africa, the english - speaking peoples in america and australia, and the spanish in south america all demonstrated that complete acclimatization was entirely possible... - - david n. livingstone, december 1987. history of science 25 ( 4 ) : 381.... but now that the monogenist thesis had triumphed, acclimatization followed as a natural consequence. similar deductions were drawn by a. r. wallace : \" numerous facts in the distribution of races show that man must, in remote ages at least, have been capable of constitutional adaptation to climate \" he urged. hence, \" if the human race constitutes a single species, then the mere fact that man now inhabits every region, and is in each case constitutionally adapted to the climate, proves that acclimatization has occurred. \"... - - david n. livingstone, december 1987. history of science 25 ( 4 ) : 386. wallace ' s view was kindred in spirit to henry george ' s progress and poverty ( 1879 ), although wallace had less regard for the market. both saw man as needing land. their mutual disapproval of parnellism brought them together, and both submerged methodological differences to further their common concept. wallace gave", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4823552596159031, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 125, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.306586"} {"text": "' s progress and poverty ( 1879 ), although wallace had less regard for the market. both saw man as needing land. their mutual disapproval of parnellism brought them together, and both submerged methodological differences to further their common concept. wallace gave him a platform when george toured britain. wallace cast george as a theorist who confirmed wallace ' s inductive argument, perhaps underrating george ' s journalistic background. for many years single tax and land nationalization were closely linked by friend and foe... - - mason gaffney, 1987. in john eatwell, murray milgate & peter newman, eds., the new palgraves : a dictionary of economics ( macmillan ), volume 4 : 850. according to both spencer and wallace, a natural principle of evolution inexorably led to the moral perfection of man. wallace, of course, had a different principle in mind than spencer ' s device of adaptation through the inherited effects of habit. he nonetheless believed that the principle of natural selection would add further support to spencer ' s primary vision, the view that man ' s moral character was not only a goal of evolution, but also a chief means of progress toward the perfection of human nature... - - robert j. richards, 1987. in his darwin and the emergence of evolutionary theories of mind and behavior ( university of chicago press ) : 165 - 166.... evolutionary theory, as darwin himself admitted in the origin, remained mute concerning how life and consciousness first arose in the universe ; it could only account for subsequent transformations. just so, wallace now proclaimed, natural selection brought no clear perception of the origins of specifically human intellect and moral feeling. he was persuaded that these distinctive capacities must have originated under the influence of higher powers, intelligences who shepherded the progressive development of mind through the ages... - - robert j. richards, 1987. in his darwin and the emergence of evolutionary theories of mind and behavior ( university of chicago press ) : 178.... contemporary primitives and our ancestors thus had latent mental qualities that could not be explained by natural selection, which demanded that selected traits confer immediate advantage, not simply promise it. wallace ' s contacts with the spirit world convinced him that higher intelligences rather than natural selection controlled human evolution. wallace forthrightly claimed that a conversion to spiritualism proximately caused his rejection of natural selection as an adequate principle to explain human evolution ; and virtually all historians have taken him at his word. but we need not. for after", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5157266503609566, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 126, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.309123"} {"text": "evolution. wallace forthrightly claimed that a conversion to spiritualism proximately caused his rejection of natural selection as an adequate principle to explain human evolution ; and virtually all historians have taken him at his word. but we need not. for after all, wallace might well have chosen to regard natural selection as the disposing instrument of higher spiritual powers and to have held survival of the fittest as a secondary cause... - - robert j. richards, 1987. in his darwin and the emergence of evolutionary theories of mind and behavior ( university of chicago press ) : 181.... huxley tarried only a short while over wallace ' s demur about natural selection in the case of man. he derived from wallace ' s own writings about savage life descriptions of the extraordinary mental feats such life actually required - - knowledge of a vast territory, reading signs of game or enemies, discovery of properties of plants and habits of animals, and so forth. \" in complexity and difficulty, \" huxley estimated, \" the intellectual labour of a ' good hunter or warrior ' considerably exceeds that of an ordinary englishman. \" wallace had simply miscalculated the brain power the savage actually needed for survival ; thus neither primitive man nor modern native likely had in excess what could be delivered by natural selection or augmented by entering into civilized life. on the question of the moral sense, huxley could \" find nothing in mr. wallace ' s reasonings which has not already been met by mr. mill, mr. spencer, or mr. darwin. \"... - - robert j. richards, 1987. in his darwin and the emergence of evolutionary theories of mind and behavior ( university of chicago press ) : 227. and in the growth of biological thought ernst mayr comments : \" in his letter, wallace said that if darwin thought his paper sufficiently novel and interesting, he should send it to lyell and, presumably, submit it for publication ( the original wallace letter is no longer in existence ). \" but it is clear that wallace did not ask darwin to arrange for publication. unfortunately, as mayr notes, the letter that accompanied wallace ' 1s paper is lost. however, we have darwin ' s word for it that there was no such instruction. on the same day that wallace ' s paper arrived, darwin wrote an anguished letter to lyell, in which he refers to wallace ' s \" ms, which he does not say he wishes me to publish \". then, a week later, he wrote to l", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5079159954883006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 127, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.310319"} {"text": "wallace ' s paper arrived, darwin wrote an anguished letter to lyell, in which he refers to wallace ' s \" ms, which he does not say he wishes me to publish \". then, a week later, he wrote to lyell again, to express his misgivings about lyell ' s and hooker ' s plan. one of his reasons for worrying was that \" wallace says nothing about publication \". why should such distinguished writers as ruse and mayr make this particular mistake? this is the kind of error that might perhaps follow from a moral presumption. it seems wrong to publish someone ' s work, without consulting him, in a forum he has not approved. thus, if we are assuming that darwin and his friends acted properly, it will be natural to assume that wallace must have asked that his paper be published. but in fact he did not... - - james rachels, summer 1986. national forum 66 ( 3 ) : 24. the concept of r - and k - selection is intuitively reasonable and indeed there is much circumstantial evidence from both macroecology and microbial ecology that it exists. the seminal ideas were contributed largely by dobzhansky ( 1950 ), who compared evolution in the tropics and temperate latitudes. actually, it is usually overlooked that the great naturalist wallace ( 1878 ), in his remarks on tropical plant and animal life, anticipated many of dobzhansky ' s conclusions. dobzhansky surmised that adaptation in the species - rich tropics is primarily to a harsh biological environment, while the fewer species in colder realms have to contend mainly with the physical environment. put simplistically, the outcome of different evolutionary pressures between the two regions is competitiveness ( high k ) or productivity ( high r ), respectively... - - john h. andrews & robin f. harris, 1986. advances in microbial ecology 9 : 104.... there even continued to be one or two plebeians who became recognised leaders in a field. most famously, though a. r. wallace... was of impoverished gentle family, he had something of a craftsmanly formation, during which he became a life - long owenite ( he died in 1913 ). had his fellow - frss borne this in mind, they might have been less puzzled by his left - wing politics, his anti - vaccinationism and his plebeian - type spiritualism. a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48629913843700445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 128, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.311356"} {"text": "( he died in 1913 ). had his fellow - frss borne this in mind, they might have been less puzzled by his left - wing politics, his anti - vaccinationism and his plebeian - type spiritualism. a recent historian has plausibly treated him as an import into the later nineteenth century from the 1840s, and we might also see him as an import into prestigious scientific circles from the world of self - taught scientists. his particular route to eminence involved much specimen - hunting but no diploma - hunting, much jungle - fever but no exam - fever... - - logie barrow, 1986. in his independent spirits ; spiritualism and english plebeians, 1850 - 1910 ( routledge & kegan paul ) : 153.... darwin and wallace defended a programme of theoretical research by appeal to the superior coherence and fecundity of their programme. the appeal to superior coherence took place on two levels. at a substantive level they argued that their programme promised the discovery of relevantly similar natural forces for the explanation of relevantly similar natural phenomena. at an epistemic level they claimed coherence in their use of biogeographical and geological evidence and coherence in the application of the epistemic desideratum of scrutability. as wallace had suggested, the appeal to coherence at substantive and epistemic levels is justified by the overall aim of science to construe its subject matter as maximally accessible to investigation and as maximally decidable by acceptable argument. the appeal to superior fecundity can also be justified as instrumental to the achievement of these aims... - - scott a. kleiner, december 1985. british journal for the philosophy of science 36 ( 4 ) : 391. the allopatric model of speciation proposes that populations diverge genetically during a period of isolation either by drift, differential selection or different responses to similar selection pressures. when the barrier to dispersal is removed, this divergence may have led to premating reproductive isolation, post - mating isolation or both. only if there is complete assortative mating, hybrid inviability or hybrid infertility will the two new taxa be able to coexist without exchanging genes and only if there is at least some premating reproductive isolation will they be able to invade on another ' s territory. otherwise a hybrid zone is expected to form. premating isolation may evolve, or be strengthened, in the hybrid zone because het", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5466226328693203, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 129, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.312368"} {"text": "genes and only if there is at least some premating reproductive isolation will they be able to invade on another ' s territory. otherwise a hybrid zone is expected to form. premating isolation may evolve, or be strengthened, in the hybrid zone because heterogametic matings produce unfit offspring - - as first proposed by wallace ( 1889 ) and subsequently incorporated into speciation theory by dobzhansky ( 1940 ). however, this ' reinforcement ' of premating isolating mechanisms is a contentious idea... - - r. k. butlin & g. m. hewitt, november 1985. biological journal of the linnean society 26 ( 3 ) : 269 - 270. in contrast, alfred russel wallace ( 1864 ), the co - discoverer of natural selection, stressed that group selection ( i. e. selection not between individuals, but between groups ) played an important role, at least among human beings. describing the process of human evolution, he wrote : \" in proportion as physical characteristics become of less importance, mental and moral qualities will have increasing importance to the well - being of a race. capacity for acting in concern for the protection of food and shelter ; sympathy, which leads all in turn to assist each other ; the sense of right, which checks depredation upon our fellows... are all qualities that from earliest appearance must have been for the benefit of each community, and would therefore have become objects of natural selection. \"... - - umberto melotti, summer 1985. the mankind quarterly 25 ( 4 ) : 324. this is not meant to demean darwin. in addition to his genius, darwin was a warm, liberal man for his times : opposed to slavery, in favor of electoral reform, and concerned for the oppressed. but he was, in some areas, of his times and not very far ahead of them. for many scientists of the day, the existent native peoples were virtual \" missing links. \" it was only through work in wallace ' s tradition that \" the negro ' s skull is no longer placed on the lecturer ' s table between that of the gorilla and the caucasian \". at the time, wallace ' s belief in the ultimate intellectual potential of native peoples must have seemed bizarre beyond reason... - - stephen e. glickman, 1985 / 1992. in sigmund koch & david e. leary, eds., a century of psychology as science ( american psychological association ) : 750.... less than a year later he wrote the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5337110420430943, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 130, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.313372"} {"text": "stephen e. glickman, 1985 / 1992. in sigmund koch & david e. leary, eds., a century of psychology as science ( american psychological association ) : 750.... less than a year later he wrote the first of two papers that together presented, in brief but complete form, a theory of evolution by natural selection. while the second paper, written three years later, postulated natural selection in variable populations as the mechanism by which species originated, the first paper ( wallace 1855 ) analyzed the significance of extinction within evolving lineages in producing all of the known patterns of organic distribution in time and space. it must be emphasized that this paper was the first published statement to appreciate the importance of the extinction of intermediates in a species lineage in creating the oft - observed gaps in taxonomic affinities, as well as those in distribution in both space and time. this meant that the observed placement of organisms in the regions of the globe was not the result of supernatural forces and divine objectives, but of the natural phenomena of extinction and species transmutation ( or evolution. )... - - john l. brooks, 1985. earth sciences history 4 ( 2 ) : 115. in his discussion of the debate between darwin and wallace, mayr has claimed, \" they used the term ' sterility ' where we would use the term ' isolating mechanisms '. \" if this were the case, then darwin advocated the incidental origin of reproductive isolation mechanisms, wallace their origin by natural selection. grant has gone on to suggest that it would be \" fitting and desirable \" to call the selective origin of reproductive isolation mechanisms the \" wallace effect \". there can be no question that some late nineteenth - century naturalists did use the word \" sterility \" where evolutionists now use \" reproductive isolation mechanisms \". but i would argue that in their debate darwin and wallace meant what we do by \" sterility \". the distinction wallace drew in point 6 of his 1 march 1868 letter between \" disinclination to cross - unions \" and \" sterility \" certainly supports his view. consequently wallace was not proposing the selective origin of reproductive isolation mechanisms in general, but rather the selective origin of the particular post - mating mechanisms of cross - and hybrid sterility. since, according to current theory, these forms of sterility are precisely the types of reproductive isolation that cannot be produced by selection, the darwin - wallace debate provides little historical justification for the term \" wallace effect \". the present view on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5870109811744887, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 131, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.314439"} {"text": "hypothesis to account for female - biased polymorphisms in butterflies. he suggested that female butterflies might be more vulnerable to predators because they are laden with eggs and fly more slowly. recently, it has been shown that birds do preferentially select female cicadas, which are less vagile and more nutritious than males. even if birds did not discriminate between the sexes in prey species, selection on females might still be more intense if avian predators encountered or noticed more females than males. female - biased encounter rates could result if the sex ratios of adult prey were heavily skewed towards females, if females occurred more often in microhabitats frequented by predators, or if females engaged in behaviors that made them more conspicuous than males. the differential predation hypothesis would be supported if birds ate females more frequently than males ; it can be refuted if males completely lack protective patterns but are still eaten by birds... - - j. a. stamps & s. m. gon iii, 1983. annual review of ecology & systematics 14 : 233 - 234. after collecting briefly near singapore, wallace went to sarawak to meet its celebrated white rajah, sir james brooke. st. john, brooke ' s secretary and biographer, has written : \" we had at this time the famous naturalist, traveller and philosopher, alfred russel wallace, who was then elaborating in his mind the theory that was simultaneously worked out by darwin - - the theory of the origin of species ; if he could not convince us that our ugly neighbours, the orang - utans, were our ancestors, he pleased, instructed and delighted us by his clever and inexhaustible flow of talk - - really good talk \" ( life of sir james brooke, 1890 ). so much for the quiet, shy man... - - ralph e. bernstein, 3 june 1982. new scientist 94 : 653. i believe that study of specimens and field observations in new guinea presently warrant two conclusions. first, orioles are indeed mimics of friarbirds, as wallace postulated over a century ago. the case for mimicry is much stronger than wallace realized : he had seen only two of the eight sets of populations that we now know... - - jared m. diamond, april 1982. the auk 99 ( 2 ) : 193.... spencer, wrote wallace, was misconceiving natural selection. it does not work by favouring ' any special bone, or muscle, or limb..", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49130560495763187, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 134, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.319576"} {"text": "diamond, april 1982. the auk 99 ( 2 ) : 193.... spencer, wrote wallace, was misconceiving natural selection. it does not work by favouring ' any special bone, or muscle, or limb... but by the selection of the capacities or qualities. ' by ' capacities or qualities ' wallace meant things like strength or speed. wallace maintained that artificial selection works in the same way. the breeder selects for qualities such as quickness, not for particular variations of bones. ' the two modes of selection are thus strictly analogous and strictly comparable. ' he further insisted that natural selection is not limited by the supply of variation because ' as a matter of fact, there is a sufficiency of useful variation always present in each succeeding generation to increase any required life - preserving quality, all theoretical objections to the contrary notwithstanding. ' artificial selection is not the ' point after point ' improvement of organs ; both modes of selection transform structures as a whole, by selecting for a capacity. each step in the selection of a capacity would produce an improvement so romanes ' and spencer ' s criticism would not apply... - - mark ridley, march 1982. british journal for the history of science 15 ( 1 ) : 61. careful consideration of both theories shows quite readily their differences in emphasis. darwin was theorizing as to why males were brightly coloured. all wallace ( 1891 ) could offer that pertained directly to this point was the vitalistic argument that male colour was due to \" great vigour and health and generally higher vitality \". wallace in his theory of bird ' s nests, had a perfectly reasonable hypothesis as to why females are dull - - not the same question darwin was trying to answer... - - r. b. aiken, 1982. quaestiones entomologicae 18 ( 1 - 4 ) : 8.... but what of wallace? he was not as involved in the question of aesthetic taste of females as he was in the question of animal colouration. interestingly enough, criticisms from wallace focused on ambiguity in the argument about female aesthetic sense. the process by which female choice was effected was not made clear. most discussion revolved around the issue of whether females were exercising some conscious choice or were being excited by and yielding to a male. was it selecting or succumbing? darwin ( 1871 ) originally thought it was selection. he states : \" no doubt this implies powers of discrimination and taste on the part of the female.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5559073418503637, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 135, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.320649"} {"text": "or were being excited by and yielding to a male. was it selecting or succumbing? darwin ( 1871 ) originally thought it was selection. he states : \" no doubt this implies powers of discrimination and taste on the part of the female... \" wallace ( 1891, 1901 ) objected to this notion of conscious choice, returning again and again to the admonition that female choice could not be shown in nature. wallace stated that while female birds may be excited by a display of decorative plumage, there was no reason to suppose that this conferred a mating advantage. it is difficult to understand wallace ' s reasoning in the light of his own ideas. he stated that colour and ornament are concomitant with vigour and general health and that it is the most healthy, persistent males that will mate. differences between darwin and wallace seem to be a matter of mechanism rather than basic principles... - - r. b. aiken, 1982. quaestiones entomologicae 18 ( 1 - 4 ) : 10. to wallace, victorian scientists ' failure to consider the implications their work held for moral behavior indicated severely misplaced priorities. in spiritualism ' s demonstration of the reality of the soul, he himself found a basis for belief in moral as well as material evolution. scientists ' refusal to address so important a matter, wallace believed, revealed an amoral materialism and, as such, outright dereliction of scientific duty... - - john j. cerullo, 1982. in his the secularization of the soul ; psychical research in modern britain ( institute for the study of human issues ) : 28. wallace states his thesis with extraordinary clarity : \" there is a general principle in nature which will cause many varieties to survive the parent species, and to give rise to successive variations, departing further and further from the original type. the language in which this observation is presented is rather typological ; wallace ' s conclusion, however, clearly contradicts lyell ' s claim that \" varieties have strict limits, and can never vary more than a small amount away from the original type. \" the most important aspect of wallace ' s analysis is that he carefully stayed away from the quagmire of the morphological controversy on species and varieties but based his conclusion on a rather strictly ecological argument. he concluded that population size of a species is not at all determined by fertility but by natural checks on potential population increase. an enormous number of animals must die each year to keep the number constant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5673308527562688, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 136, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.322560"} {"text": "varieties but based his conclusion on a rather strictly ecological argument. he concluded that population size of a species is not at all determined by fertility but by natural checks on potential population increase. an enormous number of animals must die each year to keep the number constant, and \" those that die must be the weakest - - the very young, the aged, and the diseased - - while those that prolong their existence can only be the most perfect in health and vigour - - those who are best able to obtain food regularly and avoid their numerous enemies. \"... - - ernst mayr, 1982. in his the growth of biological thought : diversity, evolution, and inheritance ( the belknap press of harvard university press ) : 495. wallace couched his new argument about evolution and man in 1869 not in terms of spiritualism, in which he was unable to interest seriously the majority of his fellow evolutionists, but in terms of utility. he used the essential principle of evolution to deny the evolution of man. to recapitulate, natural selection is a theory of usefulness - - traits are selected in individuals because they confer some use to the individual in the struggle for survival. wallace rejected sexual selection in the name of this principle. but applying now the same principle to man, wallace argued that many of the traits characteristic of man were in fact of no use when they first arose, and therefore could not have been developed by natural selection... - - nancy stepan, 1982. in her the idea of race in science : great britain 1800 - 1960 ( archon books ) : 71. interestingly, issues like these must have been a preoccupation of alfred russel wallace a century ago. wallace, the coauthor of the theory of evolution, reneged on the theory in excluding man from his rightful place on the evolutionary tree. he did so because he could not reconcile ( see especially wallace 1891 ) the incredible capacity for humans to process information ( as evidenced by the accomplishments of a learned man of society in victorian times ) with the fact that such capacity went largely unused throughout the entire period of human evolution ( extrapolation based on his observations of \" primitive \" peoples in what is today eastern indonesia. ) wallace ' s dilemma has never been completely resolved... - - david f. lancy & andrew j. strathern, december 1981. american anthropologist 83 ( 4 ) : 790. lowell ' s books about life on mars provoked alfred r. wallace, with darwin the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5132072740646647, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 137, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.323534"} {"text": "completely resolved... - - david f. lancy & andrew j. strathern, december 1981. american anthropologist 83 ( 4 ) : 790. lowell ' s books about life on mars provoked alfred r. wallace, with darwin the discoverer of the theory of evolution by natural selection, into analysing the likelihood of the evolution of an intelligent species elsewhere in the universe. he concluded that it was essentially zero, and thus we are alone in the universe. his arguments are worth repeating in detail, because although published in 1905 they are exactly the same as those given by modern evolutionists such as dobzhansky, simpson, and mayr. thus the biological arguments against the evolution of intelligence have not changed in 75 years. the great evolutionists have always been united against eti. the biologists who have supported eti have generally been biologists with the viewpoint of a physicist, and lacking the historical sense of the evolutionist. such men often err in questions about evolutionary biology ; in particular they err about questions concerning the probability of the evolution of a species with specified properties, as the recent recombinant dna debate shows... - - frank j. tipler, june 1981. quarterly journal of the royal astronomical society 22 ( 2 ) : 140. wallace does not show a concern for darwin ' s problem with the ' swamping effect ', i. e., the dilution and loss of variants from crossing back into the unvaried population. accordingly we don ' t find in wallace ' s writings darwin ' s attempt to explain speciation by isolation. possibly wallace concluded swamping could be ignored because by observation permanent varieties / species exist in nature. thus he might have concluded backcrossing is in fact not significant in nature. also, as he viewed the line between species as something other than a barrier preventing intermixing, he would not have felt the need to explain how such barriers are effective. another consideration that subsequently supports wallace ' s attitude is implicit in his approach to the theory of natural selection. unlike darwin, wallace used the knowledge of domestic animals against the claim that species are permanent and not to support evolution, as did darwin. in domestic animals, natural selection tends to favor reversion to original unvaried forms... - - scott a. kleiner, april 1981. synthese 47 ( 1 ) : 146 - 147.... to consider now the main problem of concern to darwin and wallace, the origin problem, not only is there lacking a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5397015864987866, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 138, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.324450"} {"text": ".. - - scott a. kleiner, april 1981. synthese 47 ( 1 ) : 146 - 147.... to consider now the main problem of concern to darwin and wallace, the origin problem, not only is there lacking a decision procedure for determining whether the goal state is reached, but also, as we have argued above, the goal state for why - questions cannot be fully described in advance without actually answering the question. although darwin cannot and does not specify in advance the kind of explanatory mechanism he is seeking he is able to say what kind of causal process he does not want, viz., the agent - - teleological process of the creationist theories. his goal state can be described only in terms of a few desiderata, viz., a theory consisting of universal laws applicable to all organisms including humans and bringing together a wide variety of previously unconnected facts, and one in which the process of evolution is \" gradual \" in the sense that it is in conformity with lyellian uniformitarianism applied to living organisms. specifically, all large evolutionary changes are to be explained in terms of persistant small incremental changes occurring over a long time, and the law governing these changes are the same throughout geological time even though varying local conditions may produce happenings in the past that are not presently occurring or rather sudden and calamitous effects on local biota... - - scott a. kleiner, april 1981. synthese 47 ( 1 ) : 154. a key process in speciation among sexual organisms is the evolution of reproductive isolation. there are essentially two views on the origin of isolating mechanisms... the first view, championed by darwin ( 1872 ), holds that isolating mechanisms originate as an incidental by - product of genetic divergence in geographically isolated populations. the second view, argued by wallace ( 1889 ), holds that isolating mechanisms are established by means of natural selection in zones of overlap between incipient species... the contemporary view, which holds that premating reproductive barriers ( often behavioral ) are built up by natural selection in areas of sympatry in order to supercede postmating barriers that arose allopatrically, has come to be known as the wallace effect. the plausibility of the wallace effect has been demonstrated by knight et al. ( 1956 ) and by kessler ( 1966 ), who showed that artificial selection could be successful in enhancing premating reproductive isolation in drosophila. in light of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5768439670550911, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 139, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.325361"} {"text": "the plausibility of the wallace effect has been demonstrated by knight et al. ( 1956 ) and by kessler ( 1966 ), who showed that artificial selection could be successful in enhancing premating reproductive isolation in drosophila. in light of the important role of the wallace effect in modern speciation theory, it is surprising that the phenomenon has not been studied quantitatively... - - stanley sawyer & daniel hartl, april 1981. theoretical population biology 19 ( 2 ) : 261 - 262. some zoologists, like raven in 1935, considered the validity of wallace ' s line on the basis of the proportion of mammals that had crossed the line going east compared with those that had not and came to the conclusion that wallace ' s line marked a boundary which was the eastern limit of the great majority of east indian mammals, like rhinoceroses and elephants. others made their assessment on the proportion of western and eastern elements to be found on each island in wallacea. thus, rensch in 1935, following mertens ( 1934 ), calculated that 88 per cent of the butterflies were of western origin which was a similar proportion to that found on lombok and more than twice as high as for the kai islands. following the same line of argument for austral - malayan birds, ernst mayr calculated that 67. 6 per cent of the passerines were from the west and decided that ' there is no doubt, celebes must be included with the oriental region ' ( mayr, 1944 )... - - wilma george, 1981. in t. c. whitmore, ed., wallace ' s line and plate tectonics ( oxford university press ) : 5. the notion that islands are somehow different stems from the concerns of naturalists. the observations by darwin and others that the existence of islands permitted the development of significant variations in plant and animal life formed an important part of the intellectual underpinning of theories of evolution. thus wallace, in his study of island life ( 1880 ), points out that ' some of the most remarkable and interesting facts in the distribution and affinities of organic forms are presented by islands in relation to each other and to the surrounding continents '. he refers to ' the unexpected relations or singular anomalies which are so often found to characterize the fauna and flora of islands '. more recently, there has been a growing interest in the total ecological balance of islands ( already hinted at in wallace ' s work )... - - percy selwyn, december 1980", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5190213890565798, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 140, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.326353"} {"text": "often found to characterize the fauna and flora of islands '. more recently, there has been a growing interest in the total ecological balance of islands ( already hinted at in wallace ' s work )... - - percy selwyn, december 1980. world development 8 ( 12 ) : 945.... it is interesting to note that in this disagreement there are faint echoes of the other matter which separated darwin and wallace at this time : sexual selection through female choice. darwin wanted to argue that the beauty of, say, the peacock as opposed to the peahen, is a function of the females choosing beautiful males. wallace argued that the difference is essentially a function of the females being more drab than the males, this drabness coming through the female ' s need for camouflage from predators as they incubate their eggs and care for their young. in arguing this way, wallace was certainly not invoking group selection. however, unlike darwin, who was emphasizing the individual nature of selection by seeing the main competition ( at this point ) as coming from within the species, wallace was deemphasizing competition within the group by seeing the threat coming from without... - - michael ruse, november 1980. annals of science 37 ( 6 ) : 625.... let us offer solace to the opponents of human sociobiology. if one uncomfortable with a rather extreme individual selectionism, particularly as applied to man, and if one yet wants historical precedent to legitimize one ' s yearnings, then no less than the sociobiologists can one find the most respectable of intellectual ancestors. one may not be able to claim one of the fathers of evolutionism, but one can claim the other : alfred russel wallace. he was a group selectionist, and moreover he was not prepared to see man treated on a par with other organisms. i certainly do not want to pretend that today ' s biologists would find convincing the details of wallace ' s doubts about the all - sufficiency of individual selection, or that those who criticize human sociobiology grind the same metaphysical axe as did wallace ( although interestingly, politically wallace was fairly left - wing, as are many of today ' s critics ). but, given wallace ' s conclusions, it does seem true to say that the critics of human sociobiology are no less part of the evolutionary tradition than those they criticize!... - - michael ruse, november 1980. annals of science 37 ( 6 ) : 630.... this letter.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5435234305130185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 141, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.327340"} {"text": "to say that the critics of human sociobiology are no less part of the evolutionary tradition than those they criticize!... - - michael ruse, november 1980. annals of science 37 ( 6 ) : 630.... this letter... reveals in clearer outline the professional relationship between spruce and wallace and their mutual but competitive interests in the palmae : their meeting in the amazon, the discovery that they had made similar collections in this important family, spruce ' s offer to collaborate on the book and wallace ' s subsequent refusal. it appears that spruce was discouraged on learning that wallace had discovered and intended to name and describe the same palms, primarily those along the rio negro, that he had studied. he writes of \" relaxing \" his study of the palms, in view of the fact that wallace would return to england and publish his results before spruce left south america. clearly, in this instance, spruce felt botanically somewhat overshadowed by wallace, whom he considered a distinguished zoologist and friend... - - michael j. balick, september 1980. botanical museum leaflets 28 ( 3 ) : 265. a major misconception about this debate has become fairly widespread. according to this misconception, darwin was for sexual selection, while wallace was against it and for natural selection instead. it is true that from 1876 on, wallace gave up sexual selection - - he rejected female choice completely and interpreted male combat as just a form of natural selection. but the debate between darwin and wallace took place in 1867 and 1868, with a brief resumption in 1871 after publication of the descent of man. during this earlier period, wallace fully accepted female choice and male choice, at least in birds. wherever darwin invoked female choice or male choice in birds, wallace invoked it too. in other words, darwin and wallace agreed that, in birds, sexual selection was the cause of the coloration of the more brilliantly colored sex. thus the debate did not come down to all sexual selection on one side and all natural selection on the other. the disagreement with respect to birds centered on the cause of the coloration of the less conspicuous sex... - - malcolm jay kottler, june 1980. proceedings of the american philosophical society 124 ( 3 ) : 203 - 204.... the basic reason for their divergence was darwin ' s belief that, although the most common form of inheritance was equal inheritance by both sexes, variations first appearing in one sex were fairly often sex - limited in inheritance from the first. thus female choice alone, in conjunction", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5052395231797888, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 142, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.328357"} {"text": "for their divergence was darwin ' s belief that, although the most common form of inheritance was equal inheritance by both sexes, variations first appearing in one sex were fairly often sex - limited in inheritance from the first. thus female choice alone, in conjunction with sex - limited inheritance from the first of the variations sexually selected in the male, would produce a conspicuous male and an inconspicuous female ; in such cases, natural selection for the sake of protection of the sex in greater danger was unnecessary... - - malcolm jay kottler, june 1980. proceedings of the american philosophical society 124 ( 3 ) : 204. i cannot analyze wallace ' s psyche and will not comment on his deeper motives for hewing to the unbridgeable gap between human intellect and the behavior of mere animals. but i can assess the logic of his argument and recognize that the traditional account is not only incorrect, but precisely backward. wallace did not abandon natural selection at the human threshold. rather, it was his peculiarly rigid view of natural selection that led him, quite consistently, to reject it for the human mind. his position never varied - - natural selection is the only cause of major evolutionary change. his two major debates with darwin - - sexual selection and the origin of human intellect - - represent the same argument, not an inconsistent wallace championing selection in one case and running from it in the other... - - stephen jay gould, january 1980. natural history 89 ( 1 ) : 35 - 36.... wallace ' s anthropology closely paralleled his interest in natural ecology. he asked very similar questions about the peoples he encountered to those he asked about other organic forms. these were questions on how well a region could support a population ; what were the natural checks on its expansion ; the relationship between subsistence and size of population. his other preoccupation was with the geographical distribution of peoples. he put much greater emphasis than darwin upon the role of geographical isolation in the evolution of species and varieties. similarly he attributed many of the human racial differences in the malay area to geographical isolation. wallace was also interested in the effect on human evolution of that other major plank of natural ecology - - migration. he spent some time in the classification of the languages of the malay region partly for the clues they might reveal about the migration patterns of the peoples in the area... - - greta jones, 1980. in her social darwinism and english thought ; the interaction between biological and social theory ( humanities press ) : 26 - 27. [ william ] james", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5123338918748546, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 143, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.329490"} {"text": "reveal about the migration patterns of the peoples in the area... - - greta jones, 1980. in her social darwinism and english thought ; the interaction between biological and social theory ( humanities press ) : 26 - 27. [ william ] james first anticipated some of his mature opinions on race and nationality in an 1865 review of a. r. wallace ' s article, \" the origins of the human race. \" agreeing with wallace, james held that the races of humanity developed from a common ancestor through natural selection. race differentiation antedated all but the most rudimentary forms of social organization. but soon every race evolved more elaborate social systems. natural selection then became more complicated. the environment supported whichever groups acted together ; each group protected whichever individuals it valued. such social selection allowed physically weak people to survive and reproduce so long as they served community ideals. survival of the weak checked physical evolution. further progress then had to be mental and moral... - - larry c. miller, fall 1979. american quarterly 31 ( 4 ) : 539. a widely held generalization about tropical tree species is that most occur at very low adult densities and are of relatively uniform dispersion, such that adult individuals of the tree species are thinly and evenly distributed in space. if true, this generalization has potentially profound consequences for the reproductive biology, population structure, and evolution of tropical tree species. in this article the adequacy of this generalization is judged with respect to a particular tropical forest, a large tract of which has been mapped in detail. the origins of this generalization can be traced back at least to wallace... - - stephen p. hubbell, 30 march 1979. science 203 ( 4387 ) : 1299. this distinction reflected a general tendency of spencer and his contemporaries to distinguish higher and lower stages in all development : barbarism and civilization, status and contract, militarism and industrialism. in this instance, he also joined the controversy that developed in the late sixties between darwin and a. russel wallace as to whether natural selection altered bodily structure at all stages of evolution. darwin believed it did. wallace maintained that, with the attainment of a certain level of intelligence, mental changes superceded physical ones. spencer preferred the thrust of wallace ' s view. he himself had earlier identified the importance of cerebral development among the races of man. but he rejected wallace ' s view that such cerebral development within societies resulted from the natural selection of spontaneous variations in the brain..", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5411845831306897, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 144, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.330638"} {"text": "the thrust of wallace ' s view. he himself had earlier identified the importance of cerebral development among the races of man. but he rejected wallace ' s view that such cerebral development within societies resulted from the natural selection of spontaneous variations in the brain... - - robert c. bannister, 1979. in his social darwinism : science and myth in anglo - american social thought ( temple university press ) : 47.... fiske ' s philosophy was inherently conservative in that he stressed the slowness of change, which he neither wanted nor urged. however, the context was also usually religious. his system would bring no religious revolution, no attacks on existing churches, he assured readers in the conclusion of the cosmic philosophy. in the one section in which he discussed social evolution - - published earlier in the north american review under the title \" from brute to man \" - - fiske differed little from the speculations of a. r. wallace, whose work he described as \" one of the most brilliant contributions ever yet made to the doctrine of evolution. \" like wallace, he believed that natural selection ceased operating on bodily factors with the appearance of the human brain. \" and hence in the future as in the recent past, \" he told readers of the north american review, \" the dominant fact in the career of humanity is not physical modification but civilization. \"... - - robert c. bannister, 1979. in his social darwinism : science and myth in anglo - american social thought ( temple university press ) : 65.... darwinism upset such happy assumptions. throughout his career [ henry ] george harbored suspicion of the theory, a suspicion that colored his thought no less than carey ' s and bowen ' s. in progress and poverty he attempted to evade the issue. how men had originated was not his concern : \" all we know of him is as man. \" but his hostility was plain. during the 1880s he mellowed somewhat, comforted by the views of the british biologist a. r. wallace ( who early preached the \" limits of evolution as applied to man, \" and who also befriended george during his english crusade ), and of st. george mivart, a leading christian evolutionist who, more firmly than wallace, denied that natural selection has shaped human faculties. by the 1890s george could manage grudging acceptance... - - robert c. bannister, 1979. in his social darwinism : science and myth in anglo - american social thought ( temple university press )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5214926808258132, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 145, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.331887"} {"text": "selection has shaped human faculties. by the 1890s george could manage grudging acceptance... - - robert c. bannister, 1979. in his social darwinism : science and myth in anglo - american social thought ( temple university press ) : 120.... his view of \" mental and moral progress \" ( which sociologists would later call cultural evolution ) also led to the conclusion \" that the higher - - the more intellectual and moral - - must displace the lower and degraded races. \" but his process was again not analogous to struggle and selection in nature. certain that improvement would come, wallace would not attribute it to survival of the fittest. following a popular usage of the day, he equated such survival with the success of \" the mediocre, if not the low, both as regards morality and intelligence. \" rather, as with mind itself, mysterious forces were at work. the \" glorious qualities \" of men were the \" surest proof \" of \" higher existences than ourselves. \" the goal was not racial imperialism but the brotherhood of man : \" a single nearly homogeneous race, no individual of which will be inferior to the noblest specimens of existing humanity. \"... - - robert c. bannister, 1979. in his social darwinism : science and myth in anglo - american social thought ( temple university press ) : 185 - 186. but, of course, it does matter who starts the trend. if it had been wallace instead of darwin, we would have had a very different theory of evolution today. the whole cybernetics movement might have occurred 100 years earlier as a result of wallace ' s comparison between the steam engine with a governor and the process of natural selection... - - gregory bateson, 1979. in his mind and nature : a necessary unity ( e. p. dutton ) : 43.... it was alfred russel wallace who remarked in 1866 that the principle of natural selection is like that of the steam engine with a governor. i shall assume that this is indeed so and that both the process of individual learning and the process of population shift under natural selection can exhibit the pathologies of all cybernetic circuits : excessive oscillation and runaway. in sum, i shall assume that evolutionary change and somatic change ( including learning and thought ) are fundamentally similar, that both are stochastic in nature, although surely the ideas ( injunctions, descriptive propositions, and so on ) on which each process works are of totally different", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5306601077783841, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 146, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.333028"} {"text": "evolutionary change and somatic change ( including learning and thought ) are fundamentally similar, that both are stochastic in nature, although surely the ideas ( injunctions, descriptive propositions, and so on ) on which each process works are of totally different logical typing from the typing of ideas in the other process... - - gregory bateson, 1979. in his mind and nature : a necessary unity ( e. p. dutton ) : 148.... [ w. r. ] greg represented those who saw competitive individualism as the logical outcome of the operation in society of the law of natural selection ; for him, naturalism in sociology was equivalent to the hobbesian vision of a continual ' war of all against all '. but equally, wallace was representative of a considerable number of people who claimed that man was unique in nature precisely because of his ability to transcend this state of affairs ; by stressing the biological advantages of intelligent cooperation, he attempted to reconcile darwinian principles with a very different moral and political vision. thus, the dispute involved a fundamental conflict of ideologies, even though it was fought out almost wholly within a naturalistic framework. this conflict was to be a recurrent feature of wallace ' s thought ; and indeed it is still with us today in ' sociobiological ' discussions of the legitimacy of the theory of ' group selection. '... - - john r. durant, 1979. british journal for the history of science 12 ( 40 ) : 45. wallace, who unfortunately never wrote a book on the subject, probed deeper into the nature of man than any of the circle immediately around darwin. because in the end science has so thoroughly accepted them, we have not only forgotten their source but also forgotten how heretical some of his views were at the time they were uttered. first wallace postulated an erect, small - brained bipedal stage of human development, followed by a second phase in which the human brain and cranium assumed their present size and form. only with the present - day discovery of the australopithecine man - apes is the early stage beginning to be documented. second, he quickly saw that the complete fossil history of man might well be prolonged far beyond pleistocene times, and that the big - brained men of the upper pleistocene, who were at that time troubling the evolutionists, need not be regarded as an effective argument against the reality of the human transformation. rather, the scientists must cease confusing living races with grades or levels", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5570248326826819, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 147, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.335139"} {"text": "- brained men of the upper pleistocene, who were at that time troubling the evolutionists, need not be regarded as an effective argument against the reality of the human transformation. rather, the scientists must cease confusing living races with grades or levels on the evolutionary scale of the past - - something which was at that time exceedingly common... - - loren eiseley, 1979. in his darwin and the mysterious mr. x ; new light on the evolutionists ( e. p. dutton ) : 197. wallace and many later biogeographers have proposed that tropical areas support more species than temperate zones simply because they have not been glaciated and are thus ecologically older. although evidence is very scant, under this interpretation the observed high tropical diversity is a result of long - term undisturbed speciation. if so, the latitudinal trend in species numbers is partially attributable to a strictly geographic factor ( latitude )... - - joseph j. schall & eric r. pianka, 25 august 1978. science 201 ( 4357 ) : 681. it is likely, for instance, that wilde would have sympathized with grant allen ' s and a. r. wallace ' s eugenic plans. allen argued in his essays for free love as part of a eugenic proposal which encouraged women to choose for child - bearing purposes temporary mates from among the finest, healthiest, and most intelligent men. wallace, in an essay which appeared in the fortnightly review, four months before \" the soul of man under socialism, \" also outlined a nonauthoritarian socialist scheme for human improvement through sexual selection. stating that education could not lead to permanent cultural improvement, wallace suggested that once removed from economic competition, and totally free to choose a mate, women would be attracted to men who embodied what victorians called \" the higher qualities, \" and the cumulative hereditary impact of that sexual selection would therefore improve the culture of the race. in february 1891, when wilde published \" the soul of man under socialism, \" in the fortnightly review, he argued that marriage and family should be abolished in favor of a freer and more beautiful love relationship between man and woman. his suggestion can be understood as one of his proposals for a socialist utopia and, indeed, as his contribution to the debate among socialists and cultural critics over the eugenic role of sexual selection in cultural improvement... - - michael s. helfand & philip e. smith ii,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5325177449585357, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 148, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.336308"} {"text": "his proposals for a socialist utopia and, indeed, as his contribution to the debate among socialists and cultural critics over the eugenic role of sexual selection in cultural improvement... - - michael s. helfand & philip e. smith ii, summer 1978. texas studies in literature and language 20 ( 2 ) : 211. must fantasy inevitably accompany speculation on the plurality of worlds? fortunately not, for even the history of the question contains a few indications of sober deliberation. in this respect, two nineteenth - century dissenters on plurality, william whewell and alfred russel wallace, stand out as the first post - copernican thinkers to rein in imagination by proposing sensible rules for thinking about such a provocative but thorny issue. when whewell ' s of the plurality of worlds was published in 1853, it challenged what had become, since the sixteenth century, a traditional belief in the existence of life elsewhere. fifty years later, alfred russel wallace, co - discoverer of the theory of natural selection and later percival lowell ' s most tenacious opponent, extended the dissenting tradition by writing the first study that successfully synthesized biological and astronomical perspectives on life in a plurality of worlds... - - william c. heffernan, january - march 1978. journal of the history of ideas 39 ( 1 ) : 82 - 83.... however unkind it became, most criticism of man ' s place in the universe was kept within the confines of the dissenters ' strictures on reasoning. there was a gratifying irony in this, for while most of wallace ' s peers found fault with the book, they unwittingly based their comments on the rules which whewell and wallace considered necessary for careful speculation on plurality. for instance, h. h. turner, the savilian professor of astronomy at oxford, captured the thrust of the many unfavorable reviews of man ' s place when he insisted that the universe is probably not bounded in the sense of having an edge ; that even if it were, there would be no center ; and that even if the sun were at the center, such a position would not be uniquely stable. like other critics, turner was able to seize on the flaws in the argument of life beyond the solar system and thus ignore the strengths of wallace ' s overall position - - the banishment of theology when considerations of probability were at stake, the introduction of an explicitly evolutionary perspective, and the low likelihood of life within the solar system. wallace had created a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5517710586213636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 149, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.337266"} {"text": "system and thus ignore the strengths of wallace ' s overall position - - the banishment of theology when considerations of probability were at stake, the introduction of an explicitly evolutionary perspective, and the low likelihood of life within the solar system. wallace had created a grand and only somewhat flawed synthesis, although few people remarked on this... - - william c. heffernan, january - march 1978. journal of the history of ideas 39 ( 1 ) : 92 - 93.... and what about the climate itself? lowell had claimed that although mars receives only half the earth ' s heat, the absence of an atmosphere would actually mean that the sun ' s radiation would have a more direct effect on it than on the earth. wallace was appalled that a respected scientist could be responsible for such an hypothesis. the opposite would have to be the case, as wallace showed : because of its lack of sufficient atmosphere, mars must retain heat more poorly than the earth. there would also have to be greater variations in temperature between the ground and the air a few feet above it, and wallace pointed out that these would impede the development of advanced organisms... - - william c. heffernan, january - march 1978. journal of the history of ideas 39 ( 1 ) : 95.... since both the dissenters and their \" majoritarian \" opponents were moved by extra - scientific convictions, could it be said that the two traditions were methodologically indistinguishable? certainly not. precisely because they were dissenters, whewell and wallace had been forced to articulate their position with a degree of care that no pluralist had ever shown. because they were inspired by different and unusual convictions about man ' s status, the dissenters had to take the scientific road to plurality ; for their case would not otherwise have been heard. in this way, discussion of the possibility of life in other worlds was transformed ; for in later years, the metaphysical context of the debate would fall away, leaving a core of scientifically grounded speculation for which whewell and wallace had prepared the way... - - william c. heffernan, january - march 1978. journal of the history of ideas 39 ( 1 ) : 100. the idea of surplusage seems most directly traceable to alfred russel wallace ( 1870 ). his belief that savages possessed brains far in excess of their requirements was the germinal idea of surplusage ; consider, he would argue, that civilized humans use the same brain as that of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.531241677624734, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 150, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.338201"} {"text": "traceable to alfred russel wallace ( 1870 ). his belief that savages possessed brains far in excess of their requirements was the germinal idea of surplusage ; consider, he would argue, that civilized humans use the same brain as that of savages to accomplish higher mental feats such as mathematical reasoning, a kind of reasoning never required of our primitive ancestors. if the potential for higher mental processes appeared before it was evolutionarily adaptive, what caused its presence? this is the dilemma posed by the notion of surplusage. as naive as the arguments about savages might seem today, surplusage remains an interesting consideration for psychologists studying animal intelligence in the laboratory... - - robert boice, june 1977. bulletin of the psychonomic society 9 ( 6 ) : 452. crolls ' work played a critical role in the biologists ' attempts to obviate the threats posed to evolutionary theory by kelvin ' s argument for a shortened history of the earth. but croll ' s ideas had an even broader significance for wallace : they functioned as a catalyst for his magisterial formulation of zoogeography. the explanatory potential of glacial theory with respect to the question of the migration and distribution of animals and plants was considerably enhanced by croll ' s speculations, and wallace was alert to their implications for his work on geographical distribution... - - martin fichman, spring 1977. journal of the history of biology 10 ( 1 ) : 60 - 61.... wallace and huxley disagreed about how humans evolved because they had different perceptions of non - western people and the working class. those perceptions were informed by different social experiences. wallace ' s was an unusual experience in the nineteenth century, and it led him to an interpretation of human development with which modern anthropologists generally agree, that the artifice of culture informs our perceptions. how our opinions and experiences can remain unaffected or uninvolved in a holistic theory like human evolution remains a mystery. yet that is the working assumption of most scientists and bureaucrats of science... - - michael s. helfand, winter 1977. victorian studies, 20 ( 2 ) : 176 - 177. a. r. wallace ' s hypothesis that visual stimuli provided by the insect become a conditioned signal for predatory animals through association with its noxious taste was formulated 24 years before i. p. pavlov was elected professor of pharmacology at the military medical academy of st. petersburg. several years later, pavlov was to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5571410145186506, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 151, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.339119"} {"text": "signal for predatory animals through association with its noxious taste was formulated 24 years before i. p. pavlov was elected professor of pharmacology at the military medical academy of st. petersburg. several years later, pavlov was to begin his studies there on \" psychic \" reflexes, employing visual and auditory stimuli to signal the taste of acid or meat powder in the mouth of dogs. poulton ' s summary of two decades of comparative animal research upon the positive effects of satisfying foods and the negative effects of annoying tastes was presented eleven years before e. l. thorndike ' s ( 1897 ) doctoral thesis on animal intelligence and the law of effect. pavlov and thorndike went on to investigate conditioned responses more rigorously, and ultimately their students operationally defined a series of methodological \" laws \"... - - john garcia & walter g. hankins, 1977. in lewis m. barker et al., eds., learning mechanisms in food selection ( baylor university press ) : 6.... i want to suggest that the first step in any study of his contribution must be a careful analysis of how he actually presented his idea in the 1858 paper, concentrating especially on the kind of variation that was the basis of natural selection. strangely enough, such a detailed analysis is provided neither by beddall nor mckinney, both of whom simply assume that what wallace eventually discovered was a straightforward equivalent of the darwinian theory. this assumption is common to most general accounts of the history of evolutionism, and was shared by darwin himself. but there are good reasons for suggesting that wallace ' s initial concept of selection differed considerably from darwin ' s, or at least was expressed in very different terms... - - peter j. bowler, january 1976. journal of the history of medicine and allied sciences 31 ( 1 ) : 18.... it was only at a later stage in his thought - - after he had discovered the principle of divergence - - that darwin actually came to realize that varieties would at some stage have to compete with one another. the essence of wallace ' s mechanism was for darwin a secondary insight gained some time after he had worked out the primary mechanism of selection acting on individual differences. furthermore, when darwin discussed varieties coming into conflict, he pictured this as a geographical effect caused by one form ' s invading and conquering the territory of the other. wallace on the other hand, simply wrote of species splitting into varieties as though this occurred across the whole geographical range, with members", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5775238060943363, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 152, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.340063"} {"text": "conflict, he pictured this as a geographical effect caused by one form ' s invading and conquering the territory of the other. wallace on the other hand, simply wrote of species splitting into varieties as though this occurred across the whole geographical range, with members of each variety in face - to - face conflict at all points. wallace ' s failure to appreciate the role of geographical factors in the formation of varieties again suggests that he may not at first have recognized natural selection as the agency that created the varieties out of individual differences. or, if he did recognize the action of natural selection on individual differences, he had certainly failed to work out its full implications for his own theory of selection acting among the varieties... - - peter j. bowler, january 1976. journal of the history of medicine and allied sciences 31 ( 1 ) : 22 - 23.... it is clear that in the later stages of his career wallace was fully aware of the importance of individual variation to selection. he was able to exploit both modes of representation employed by darwin, using especially the range concept to make a notable contribution to the measurement of variation among wild populations. but all of this occurred after he had read the origin of species, with its clear descriptions of darwin ' s primary conception of selection ' s acting on the individual differences first to form varieties and then species. his own first paper on natural selection had side - stepped this level of the mechanism and developed a theory of competition among the varieties after they had been formed. this was a valid darwinian mechanism, but one which to darwin himself represented a second level of selection which utilized the varieties formed from the selection of individual variations. it may be that from the beginning wallace also recognized the primary action of selection upon individual differences, and simply preferred to describe the mechanism acting at the second level because he was more familiar with what he called permanent varieties. but even if this were so, there are certain points in the 1858 paper which suggest that he had at least failed to work out the consequences of the first level of selection for his own theory... - - peter j. bowler, january 1976. journal of the history of medicine and allied sciences 31 ( 1 ) : 28. at one point wallace reasoned logically and with telling effect that even if martians existed they could not have the high intelligence with which lowell credited them. for the \" canals \" they were supposed to have built in many instances ran for thousands of miles across arid deserts and beneath clear cloudless skies, thus \" losing enormously from evaporation,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5472962103718602, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 153, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.341053"} {"text": "not have the high intelligence with which lowell credited them. for the \" canals \" they were supposed to have built in many instances ran for thousands of miles across arid deserts and beneath clear cloudless skies, thus \" losing enormously from evaporation, if we assume them to contain water. the mere attempt to use open canals for irrigation purposes would argue ignorance and stupidity. long before half of them were completed, their failure to be of any use would have led any rational being to cease constructing them. \"... - - william graves hoyt, 1976. in his lowell and mars ( university of arizona press ) : 215. many suggestions have been formulated over the years to explain the evolution of vertebrate color vision. most have dealt with possible modifications of photoreceptors and neuronal layers of the retina ( see especially edridge - green, 1920 ; ladd - franklin, 1929 ; willmer, 1949 ; pickford, 1951 ) and have hardly considered function. only wallace ( 1891, p. 411 ) and walls ( 1942, p. 463 ) appear to have seriously asked the question, \" why color vision? \" each suggested that color detection originated to provide for the strongest contrast and, therefore, to enhance the visibility of objects against the background. we believe that this simple and prescient suggestion is correct... - - w. n. mcfarland & f. w. munz, october 1975. vision research 15 : 1071.... a major aim of vestiges is to show that as good newtonians we much accept a biological evolutionary theory. wallace, i think, whilst rejecting as inadequate chambers ' own evolutionary theory, entirely accepted chambers ' research programme, to find the biological analogue of newtonian astronomy. thus i would suggest that wallace like darwin, may have reacted favourably to malthus ' ideas because he could then start to see his way towards a biological equivalent of newtonian astronomy. hence, i think that darwin and wallace quite possibly started from similar philosophical positions, although i have no reason to believe that they drew on exactly the same immediate sources for the philosophies... - - michael ruse, june 1975. studies in history and philosophy of science 6 ( 2 ) : 172 - 173.... by combining what he considered to be the reliable features of both the calculations, the more recent date for the ice age and a consequently accelerated rate of species change, wallace arrived at a figure of 24 million years for the time since the beginning of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5284903738681623, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 154, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.342048"} {"text": ".. by combining what he considered to be the reliable features of both the calculations, the more recent date for the ice age and a consequently accelerated rate of species change, wallace arrived at a figure of 24 million years for the time since the beginning of the cambrian. this estimate, he concluded happily, would fit easily within kelvin ' s limits and still leave a period three times as long for the slow operation of natural selection during the precambrian. wallace was not finished, however, for it was in the application of croll ' s hypothesis to biology that he showed the true measure of his ingenuity. neither he nor darwin had ever completely escaped from the lamarckian dependence upon environment as a causal factor in species change. and now he saw in the radical changes of climate a mechanism whereby the continuously \" altered physical conditions would induce variation. \" furthermore, in alternating from one hemisphere to the other, the successive cycles of glaciation would stimulate a constant migration of plant and animal types, thus continually bringing allied species into competition and accelerating the process of extinction... - - joe d. burchfield, september 1974. isis 65 ( 228 ) : 317.... as early as 1876, the naturalist and zoogeographer alfred wallace noted that \" we live in a zoologically impoverished world, from which all of the hugest, and fiercest, and strangest forms have recently disappeared. \" he remarked especially on the \" sudden dying out of so many large mammalia, not in only one place but over half the land surface of the globe \" ( wallace 1876 ). at the end of the pleistocene in north america, there was a loss of 33 genera of large mammals ( > 50 kg ), while only 13 genera had become extinct in the preceding 1 or 2 million years. smaller mammals ( < 50 kg ) were not similarly affected, nor were marine mammals, which we might also expect to show high extinction rates if the cause were environmental catastrophes. wallace ( 1911 ) observed that these sudden extinctions were not correlated with major environmental changes, such as those responsible for the extinction of the dinosaurs, but seemed to coincide with the arrival, on different continents at different times, of stone age man... - - richard s. miller & daniel b. botkin, march - april 1974. american scientist 62 ( 2 ) : 172. this concept of the separation of the human personality from the human body meant that wallace considered man and the relation of science to man in a context wholly different from that of the advocates", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5176821186066487, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 155, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.343049"} {"text": ", march - april 1974. american scientist 62 ( 2 ) : 172. this concept of the separation of the human personality from the human body meant that wallace considered man and the relation of science to man in a context wholly different from that of the advocates of scientific naturalism. as william irvine once described the evolution of huxley ' s mind, \" he became interested in man as a physical mechanism, as an anthropoid ape, as a social unit and a citizen, as a delicate machine for the discovery of scientific truth, but never to any appreciable extent in man as a personality and a human being. \" wallace ' s development was exactly the reverse. he was originally interested in the physical mechanism of man for the sake of the moral personality encased therein. he studied the anthropoid ape because it resembled man. he wrote on social questions in the hope that society might be so organized as to allow the moral faculties to flourish. throughout his long and varied scientific career, wallace was primarily concerned with what koestler has dubbed \" the ghost in the machine \" rather than with the machine itself... - - frank m. turner, 1974. in his between science and religion ; the reaction to scientific naturalism in late victorian england ( yale university press ) : 82.... in the london anthropological society address of march 1864, wallace continued to discuss, though in a very different kind of forum, matters that had weighted upon his mind for over twenty years. he brought into the professional scientific sphere the scientific concepts and goals that he had learned in the provincial mechanics institutes. the address was his single most important comment on man and contained the latent seeds for all his later departures from scientific naturalism. the american evolutionist john fiske recalled that the address \" seemed to open up an entirely new world of speculation. \" such speculation was indeed new to men who had known little or nothing of \" physical puritanism \" or the \" belated rationalism \" of the working - class culture in which wallace had come to maturity. for wallace the paper was simply a continuation of his earlier thought... - - frank m. turner, 1974. in his between science and religion ; the reaction to scientific naturalism in late victorian england ( yale university press ) : 83 - 84.... spiritualism furnished wallace with a scientific explanation for the development of man ' s moral nature and brought man ' s total being under the rule of rational cosmic law. in a curious manner, the theory of spiritual", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.570461573839424, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 156, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.344025"} {"text": ") : 83 - 84.... spiritualism furnished wallace with a scientific explanation for the development of man ' s moral nature and brought man ' s total being under the rule of rational cosmic law. in a curious manner, the theory of spiritualism provided a law for the moral world analogous to that provided by natural selection for the organic world. natural selection removed the necessity for an arbitrary and interfering god of special creation. spiritualism banished the arbitrary god of predestination and replaced him with a uniform law of individual moral progress and of personal moral responsibility... - - frank m. turner, 1974. in his between science and religion ; the reaction to scientific naturalism in late victorian england ( yale university press ) : 88.... \" consistency, \" the tract by robert dale owen, robert owen ' s son, particularly interested wallace. the younger owen, who himself also later converted to spiritualism, argued that the doctrine of predestination led to immoral living because it rendered one ' s eternal reward a matter of chance rather than a function of the virtue of one ' s life. concurring in these arguments, wallace moved very quietly and painlessly from faith to skepticism. his loss of faith grew directly out of a situation succinctly described by a writer later in the century : \" god, and immortality, and the bible have been so taught as to make scepticism the only refuge for morality to flee to. \" wallace later identified this rational skepticism with agnosticism. his skepticism, however, more nearly resembled deism. he did not deny the possibility of religious knowledge or of pure religion but rather the validity and morality of the christian religion. most important, wallace and the owenites did not dismiss the moral significance of the questions that christianity had addressed. the questions of religion remained valid even if the christian answers were false. the owenite criticism of christianity made wallace, as well as genuine owenites, highly susceptible to a rational religion, such as spiritualism, that was based on empirical evidence and that emphasized social cooperation and benevolent individualism... - - frank m. turner, 1974. in his between science and religion ; the reaction to scientific naturalism in late victorian england ( yale university press ) : 89 - 90. the notion that man ' s first language was primarily gestural, carried on with hand and arm signals rather than vocal sounds, has been supported by a distinguished line of scholars : condillac ( 1746 ), tylor ( 1868, 1871 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5250535717171844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 157, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.345002"} {"text": "notion that man ' s first language was primarily gestural, carried on with hand and arm signals rather than vocal sounds, has been supported by a distinguished line of scholars : condillac ( 1746 ), tylor ( 1868, 1871 ), morgan ( 1877 ), wallace ( 1881, 1895 ), romanes ( 1888 ), wundt ( 1912 ), paget ( 1944, 1963 ), and johannesson ( 1949, 1950 ). the gestural theory seems to be the most attractive of the many glottogonic hypotheses advanced so far, and receives support from recent studies of chimpanzees and other primates, such as gardner and gardner ( 1969, 1971 ), premack ( 1970a, b, 1971 ), and menzel ( 1971 ), as well as from other sources. the fact that this evidence was unavailable to earlier proponents of the gestural theory explains some of the weaknesses in its former formulations... - - gordon w. hewes, february - april 1973. current anthropology 14 ( 1 - 2 ) : 5. alfred russel wallace was the co - founder of the theory of natural selection and one of its most tenacious defenders. it is therefore of great interest that wallace emphatically opposed a demarcation between ethical and scientific ideas and that he also resisted the breakdown of the common intellectual milieu with his own unified world - view. he endeavoured to combine notions of value with his scientific theory of evolution, particularly in relation to man. british biologists in the first half of the nineteenth century characteristically analysed their data in terms of the teleological framework of natural theology. evolutionary theory supposedly demolished this framework. nevertheless, wallace incorporated a fundamental teleology into all his theories. he considered that he had thereby reconciled the tensions of scientific and ethical demands in his contribution to the evolutionary debate on man ' s place in nature... - - roger smith, december 1972. british journal for the history of science 6 ( 22 ) : 177 - 178.... wallace traced the ' action of some unknown higher law ' in the evolution of man and also in the origin of consciousness. as he commented, ' no physiologist or philosopher has yet ventured to propound an intelligible theory of how sensation may possibly be a product of organization ; while many have declared the passage from matter to mind to be inconceivable '. while other biologists tended to avoid this question, wallace believed in a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5599987532934998, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 158, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.345894"} {"text": "carries the proclamation of a prophet ' s faith... - - john l. brooks, december 1972. transactions of the connecticut academy of arts and sciences 44 : 45. \" what think you of wallace ' s paper in the ann. n. hist.? good! upon the whole! but how about such forms as the giraffe, which has typical representatives in the siwalik tertiary deposits? or the true elk ( = moose )? can we suppose a lost series of gradations connecting these general with the deer type, & ramifying off to them paulatim [ gradually ]? wallace has, i think, put the matter well ; and according to his theory, the various domestic races of animals have been fairly developed into species \" [ quotation from edward blyth letter to darwin ]... - - barbara g. beddall, spring 1972. journal of the history of biology 5 ( 1 ) : 155. wallace, in fact, proposed the first cybernetic model. nowadays cybernetics deals with much more complex systems of the general kind ; and we know that when we talk about the processes of civilization, or evaluate human behavior, human organization, or any biological system, we are concerned with self - corrective systems. basically these systems are always conservative of something. as in the engine with a governor, the fuel supply is changed to conserve - - to keep constant - - the speed of the flywheel, so always in such systems changes occur to conserve the truth of some descriptive statement, some component of the status quo. wallace saw the matter correctly, and natural selection acts primarily to keep the species unvarying ; but it may act at higher levels to keep constant that complex variable which we call \" survival. \"... - - gregory bateson, 1972. in his steps to an ecology of mind ( chandler publishing company ) : 435. the importance of larval dispersal was already recognized by alfred russel wallace in his work on the geographical distribution of animals ( 1876 ). wallace knew that the univalve and bivalve mollusca have free - swimming larval stages and recognized that \" they thus have a powerful means of dispersal, and are carried by tides and currents so as ultimately to spread over every shore and shoal that offers conditions favorable for development. \"... - - rudolf s. scheltema, april 1971. biological bulletin 140 : 285.... darwin ( 1859 ) and later evolutionists ( especially muller 1940, 1942 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5462406902681796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 160, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.348043"} {"text": "shoal that offers conditions favorable for development. \"... - - rudolf s. scheltema, april 1971. biological bulletin 140 : 285.... darwin ( 1859 ) and later evolutionists ( especially muller 1940, 1942 ) proposed that reproductive isolating mechanisms develop as by - products of divergent evolution and are purely incidental features of adaptive differentiation which confer no advantage to populations at the time they develop. conversely, wallace ( 1889 ), fisher ( 1930 ), and dobzhansky ( 1941, 1951 ) contended that isolating mechanisms could arise from selection against hybrids and hybridizers. selection for reproductive isolation in areas of sympatry would reinforce previously existing barriers and thereby reduce gametic wastage, hybridization, and disruptive gene flow. grant ( 1966 ) has suggested the term \" wallace effect \" for this process... - - donald a. levin, november - december 1970. the american naturalist 104 ( 940 ) : 571. the basic answer to the question - - \" why does man occupy this worldwide and universally dominant niche? \" - - also given by wallace, is that by the use of his greatly superior mind, man has continually modified the environment to meet his needs, so that \" he would cease to be influenced by natural selection in his physical form and structure. \" as dobzhansky ( 1962, 1967 ) has pointed out, this statement is an exaggeration. nevertheless, the general conclusion of wallace, that in early man the action of natural selection was largely transferred from the bodily structure to the mind, is still valid... - - george ledyard stebbins, march - april 1970. the american naturalist 104 ( 936 ) : 112. the next questioner said the lecturer had termed mr. [ henry ] george a poet. he then called attention to the fact that mr. george advocated nationalisation of the land as a remedy for poverty, and asked how it was that mr. a. wallace, an able man, came to the same conclusion. professor marshall said that mr. wallace ' s proposal was much more reasonable than that of mr. george. he did not call mr. george a poet because he said erroneous things. he was a poet because he was poetic, and he was not a man of science because he said erroneous things [ report on a lecture by alfred marshall ]... - - ronald h. coase, april 1969. journal of law and economics 12 ( 1 ) :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5352571405134696, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 161, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.349008"} {"text": "poetic, and he was not a man of science because he said erroneous things [ report on a lecture by alfred marshall ]... - - ronald h. coase, april 1969. journal of law and economics 12 ( 1 ) : 199.... we next come to mr. wallace ' s plan. it proposed that the inherent value of the soil should become the property of the state, but that the buildings and other improvements on it should remain private property. he would give to the landowner an annuity equal to that part of the rent which corresponds to its present inherent value, for his life and the life of any descendants born in his lifetime, or in failure of such, for the life of anyone nominated by the landlord. he calls this full compensation, but of course it is only partial compensation ; the state would confiscate, independently of any rise in its inherent value, the reversion of this inherent value some years hence. if we put the probable duration of the lives at forty years, this is equal to an immediate confiscation of 30 per cent of the inherent value, if we take interest at 3 per cent, or a confiscation of 20 percent if we take interest at 4 per cent. the question whether this is just or not must be looked at straight in the face [ from the words of alfred marshall ]... - - ronald h. coase, april 1969. journal of law and economics 12 ( 1 ) : 206.... the principle may be extended to the generalization that a proportionately small percentage of any fauna will be fit as invaders, since any intervening barrier, however slight, will act as a kind of \" filter \" to at least some of them. simpson has developed and supplemented this argument, demonstrating that wallace ' s interpretation was essentially correct. the precise differences in approach between darwin and wallace need some additional study, but it would seem that darwin tended to concentrate on the effects of different dispersal mechanisms on patterns of distribution, wallace more on the influence of barriers in restricting faunas conceived of as units. thus, wallace was more orientated toward historical explanation for classes of phenomena, darwin toward reasoning from the effects of the properties of individuals upon the overall pattern of distribution... - - michael t. ghiselin, 1969. in his the triumph of the darwinian method ( university of california press ) : 41.... darwin and wallace merit particular respect for having developed the theory of natural selection through a process of \" retroduction", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5246470320255002, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 162, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.350613"} {"text": "t. ghiselin, 1969. in his the triumph of the darwinian method ( university of california press ) : 41.... darwin and wallace merit particular respect for having developed the theory of natural selection through a process of \" retroduction \" : that is, they were aware of a phenomenon, and successfully sought out an explanation in superficially unconnected processes. the method through which this insight was obtained would seem to have been orderly and rational... - - michael t. ghiselin, 1969. in his the triumph of the darwinian method ( university of california press ) : 77. in a modification of the quinarian system of william sharpe macleay, swainson divided the earth into five regions according to what he believed to be the five major races of mankind ; animal groups were likewise divided into fives. the divisions were mathematical, the reasons not only unknown but unknowable. but wallace questioned swainson from the first, noting that \" there appears not to be the slightest reason for believing a priori that all groups of animals are divided into the same number of types of forms or divisions \"... - - barbara g. beddall, september 1968. journal of the history of biology 1 ( 2 ) : 270.... lamarck had interpreted them in his own light, believing them to be the result of \" the permanent disuse of an organ, arising from a change of habits, [ which caused ] a gradual shrinkage of ultimately the disappearance and even extinction of that organ. \" wallace, like chambers, thought that rudimentary organs showed relationships, but he misinterpreted them, confusing vestigial with nascent organs. he did, however, ask the right question : \" if each species has been created independently, and without any necessary relations with pre - existing species, what do these rudiments, these apparent imperfections mean? \"... - - barbara g. beddall, september 1968. journal of the history of biology 1 ( 2 ) : 280.... the argument from design was teleological, presuming that a contrivance existed in accordance with a preconceived plan. adaptation between structure and function was recognized, but it was thought that a structure was provided simply because a function required it. wallace wondered, however, how an animal could have necessities before it came into existence? and how could it \" continue to exist unless its structure enabled it to obtain food?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5501312246440573, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 163, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.352666"} {"text": "was thought that a structure was provided simply because a function required it. wallace wondered, however, how an animal could have necessities before it came into existence? and how could it \" continue to exist unless its structure enabled it to obtain food? he thought that the arguments brought forward as proofs of design were absurd ; not only were they insulting to the intelligence of a supreme being, but they also placed narrow limits on his power... barbara g. beddall, september 1968. journal of the history of biology 1 ( 2 ) : 282.... looking back, it is interesting that wallace, in 1880, thought that enough information was already at hand to make further expeditions and collecting redundant. what was needed, he said, was intensive study of selected islands, and since britain owned most of the world ' s islands, the government should post naturalists on some of them to make such studies. wallace ' s suggestion was good, though naturally nothing came of it, but his major premise was wrong. we still need to know a great deal more than we do about the species that make up island biotas, not merely for the sake of naming and cataloguing them, but because knowledge of the identities, relationships, distribution, behavior, and ecological roles and requirements of the species is essential for understanding both the evolution of the island biotas and the evolution and functioning of the island ecosystems... - - theodore h. hubbell, may 1968. proceedings of the national academy of sciences. 60 ( 1 ) : 22. the hypothesis of a secondary and supplementary process of selection for reproductive isolation, considered as an advantageous situation in its own right for the species concerned, was advanced in the early period of evolutionary biology by wallace ( 1889 ), who tried unsuccessfully to convince darwin. it seems fitting and desirable to designate the process of selection for reproductive isolation as the wallace effect. the wallace hypothesis was proposed again in the modern period by fisher ( 1930 ), dobzhansky ( 1941 ; 1951 ), and huxley ( 1943 ). the subject has been reviewed recently by mayr ( 1963 ) and grant ( 1963 ). it is argued that the individuals of two sympatric species populations which produce inviable or sterile hybrids will contribute fewer offspring to future generations than will sister individuals in the same parental populations which do not hybridize. consequently the genetic factors determining some block or aversion to hybridization will tend to increase in frequency within each species over the course of generations. this process of selection is expected", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5357789374208916, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 164, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.353872"} {"text": "than will sister individuals in the same parental populations which do not hybridize. consequently the genetic factors determining some block or aversion to hybridization will tend to increase in frequency within each species over the course of generations. this process of selection is expected to lead to a reinforcement of the reproductive isolation which had developed as a by - product of divergence... - - verne grant, march - april 1966. american naturalist 100 ( 911 ) : 99. species of animals living on islands may have morphological characteristics not possessed by their mainland counterparts, a fact which was recognized by wallace ( 1881 ). he remarked that in the celebes : \" nearly thirty species of butterflies, belonging to three different families, have a common modification in the shape of their wings by which they can be distinguished at a glance from their allies in any other island or country whatever, and all these are larger than the representative forms inhabiting most of the adjacent islands. \"... - - p. r. grant, september 1965. evolution 19 : 355. wallace was one of the first to suggest that birds might build their nests on the basis of their previous experience. although it now seems that nest building in birds is not solely a function of memory, the extent to which experience plays a role has not been determined... - - theodore d. sargent, january 1965. the auk 82 ( 1 ) : 48. wallace ( 1889 ), after summarizing the findings of bates and muller, proposed an extension of mullerian mimicry whereby several members of the same unpalatable genus look alike in the same locality ( e. g., 4 or 5 heliconius having a yellow - banded forewing and radiating red stripes on the hindwing. ) this really is somewhat different from muller ' s case of convergence of widely unrelated species. modern speciation theory predicts that closely related species when sympatric will diverge in appearance, habits, and season due to rigorous selection for the two main speciation sequelae : anti - hybridization mechanisms and niche diversification ( anti - competition ). wallace ' s mullerian extension explains an important deviant. he also suggested the possibility of a still different sort of mimicry, in which a scarce edible species can mingle with and closely resemble an abundant edible species and thus gain some freedom from predation... - - charles l. remington, 1963. in proceedings of the xvi international congress of zoology ( the congress ), volume 4 : 148. the general patterns of the distribution", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5284942399590875, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 165, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.355867"} {"text": "resemble an abundant edible species and thus gain some freedom from predation... - - charles l. remington, 1963. in proceedings of the xvi international congress of zoology ( the congress ), volume 4 : 148. the general patterns of the distribution of mollusks in the pacific, particularly those of the terrestrial forms, aroused attention because of the difficulties involved in transporting such forms to small and widely scattered islands. suggested dispersal agents have included land connections, drifting vegetation, typhoons and migratory birds. the use of islands as stepping stones, including those now buried beneath the sea, was suggested by wallace in 1881. in wallace ' s time there was little geological evidence to support the idea of submerged islands. as late as 1950 it was pointed out that complete proof for island distribution was \" hopelessly buried in the geological past. \"... - - harry s. ladd, 1960. american journal of science 258 - a : 140. the occurrence of a number of river - like channels running across the group and dividing it into islands is beyond doubt the most remarkable geomorphic phenomenon of the aru islands. numerous branch channels are also encountered. there are several theories concerning the genesis of these channels. wallace ( 1857, 1869 ) tried to explain them as the remainders of the pleistocene lower courses of new guinea rivers preserved here by subsequent uparching of the aru region, whereas elsewhere the river courses gradually disappeared during the transgression of the shelf associated with the postglacial rise in sea level... - - herman verstappen, summer 1959. american journal of science 257 ( 7 ) : 493. the difficulty inherent in attempting to rid biology of normative concepts incapable of definition in purely biological terms became even more evident when darwin and others tried to find a substitute for the term natural selection. asa gray and alfred russel wallace objected to the expression because it seemed to imply an intelligent agent selecting according to pre - established standards... - - john c. greene, 1959. in his the death of adam ( iowa state university press ) : 300. alfred russel wallace had lived for many years in tropical regions, first in the amazon basin and later in the east indies, where he had been especially impressed by the phenomena of animal distribution. he thus had a broader and more direct and intimate acquaintance with the subject than any other naturalist traveller of his century. he was continually at work on this subject from 1860 until 1876, the date of publication of his two volumes on the geographical distribution of animals. he somewhat modestly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5053961400040523, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 166, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.356932"} {"text": "and more direct and intimate acquaintance with the subject than any other naturalist traveller of his century. he was continually at work on this subject from 1860 until 1876, the date of publication of his two volumes on the geographical distribution of animals. he somewhat modestly refers to this work as an extension and amplification of the two chapters on the subject in the origin of species, comparing it with darwin ' s own two - volume expansion of the chapters on animals and plants under domestication. the two principal sections of wallace ' s work on contrasted as \" zoological geography, \" a descriptive discussion of the land animals of the different zoogeographic regions, and \" geographical zoology, \" a review of the distribution of vertebrates and certain invertebrates, group by group. whatever their fate in a reclassification of regions and subregions, wallace ' s scheme and nomenclature are the ones that appear most widely in zoological literature... - - karl patterson schmidt, december 1954. the quarterly review of biology 29 ( 4 ) : 323. after dr j. rae, the most notable contribution to the gesture theory came from charles darwin ' s rival, dr alfred russel wallace, who in 1895 pointed out, in fortnightly review, that, in english speech, it is common to produce words by an appropriate gesture of the tongue, lips or jaw, so as ' to bring sense and sound into unison '. thus, in up, the jaw makes an upward movement, while in down, the jaw moves down. continuing consonants, such as f, l, m, n, etc., symbolize continuing motions, such as fly, run, swim, move. on the other hand, words for abrupt motions end with a stopped consonant - - e. g., b, d, g, k, p, t, in stop, hop, pat, stab, kick, etc. dr wallace considered it in the highest degree probable that the pantomimic use of the various parts of the mouth constitute ' a fundamental principle which has always been at work, both in the origin and in the successive modifications of human speech '. dr wallace did not recognize dickens ' observation of hand and mouth as exemplified by sam weller ; but he was, i believe, the first to point out that the pantomimic principle may be still active in man ' s unconscious development of his spoken language, and that modern languages may be just as gestural as the older ones... - - r. a. s. paget, 1951", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5398325663726349, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 167, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.358006"} {"text": "pantomimic principle may be still active in man ' s unconscious development of his spoken language, and that modern languages may be just as gestural as the older ones... - - r. a. s. paget, 1951. science news ( england ) 20 : 87. \" he [ conrad ] loved old memoirs and travels - - and i think wallace ' s malay archipelago was his favorite bedside book. \" again mr. curle wrote that conrad read the malay archipelago \" over and over again... it was his favorite bedside companion. he had an intense admiration for those pioneer explorers - - ' profoundly inspired men ' as he called them - - who have left us a record of their work ; and of wallace, above all, he never ceased to speak in terms of enthusiasm. even in conversation he would amplify some remark by observing, ' wallace says so - and - so, ' and the malay archipelago had been his intimate friend for many years. \" [ comments by richard curle ]... - - florence clemens, july 1939. south atlantic quarterly 38 : 305. though born and bred in england, no snobbishness had ever touched him, he felt that the peasant ' s life, being richer in experience, was more interesting than the lord ' s. yet he was of the finest courtesy, kindness and generosity ; he loved to relieve any want or alleviate any misery ; he said once : \" the sole value of riches is the joy of giving. \" i knew him for more than a quarter of a century and can recall no fault in him - - no flaw even. his temper was as patient and quiet and fair as his mind, and his health was almost perfect even in extreme age. in writing thus of him, i feel as if i were ladling out treacle to my readers ; but i can ' t help it ; i can ' t go outside the truth. looking back, i ' m inclined to think he was the wisest and best man i ' ve ever known. fortunately this word may be added, i ' ve met dozens of bad men who were incomparably more interesting... - - frank harris, 1920. in his contemporary portraits ( third series ) ( published by the author ) : 105.... the illustrious names of myers, sidgwick, gurney, wallace, crookes, zoellner and many other prominent men, are associated with the rebirth and the rehabilitation of the ancient belief in spirits. even if the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5097708015522773, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 168, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.359026"} {"text": "underwater mountain of cordell bank national marine sanctuary is haven for sea life published : saturday, february 9, 2013 at 3 : 05 p. m. last modified : saturday, february 9, 2013 at 3 : 29 p. m. about 25 miles southwest of bodega bay, just beyond the horizon on a clear day, a huge rocky mountain rises from the muddy ocean floor to within 120 feet of the blue pacific surface. the 93 million - year - old formation, once a chunk of the southern sierra nevada, sheared off and slowly edged along the san andreas fault to the north coast. it lay undiscovered until the 1850s and wasn ' t seen by human eyes until 1978. but the 26 - square - mile granite mass known as cordell bank is a smorgasbord for scores of species of seabirds and whales that fly and swim thousands of miles to feast on an abundance of food procured by the wind, the earth ' s rotation and a southbound current that sweeps along the california coast. nutrients drawn from the ocean ' s frigid depths provide the base of a food chain that sustains life forms ranging from microscopic plankton to the world ' s largest creature, the blue whale, with a profusion of finned, feathered and furred animals in between. on cordell bank ' s rocky ridges and pinnacles closest to the surface, a dazzling array of sponges, corals, sea squirts and sea stars are layered one on top of the other, while vast schools of groundfish swim close by. the organisms at cordell bank are served by one of the world ' s most productive ecosystems, known as an upwelling system, that literally manufactures food and delivers it all year long. \u201c they just sit there and gobble as the food floats by, \u201d said john largier, an oceanographer at the bodega marine laboratory who describes the upwelling as \u201c a perennial fountain of youth. \u201d bob schmieder of walnut creek, who says he is the first person to see cordell bank through a scuba diver ' s mask, said \u201c the place just grows like a sunset magazine garden... complicated, colorful and alive. \u201d cordell bank, a place unknown to most people who aren ' t fishermen or scientists, is in the news because of the 529 - square mile marine sanctuary that surrounds and protects it from harm, such as overfishing and energy development. ( on google earth, the bank is labeled and its underwater contour", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43952130591388705, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.364867"} {"text": "t fishermen or scientists, is in the news because of the 529 - square mile marine sanctuary that surrounds and protects it from harm, such as overfishing and energy development. ( on google earth, the bank is labeled and its underwater contours are visible, with depth below the surface shown wherever the cursor rests. ) when the national oceanic and atmospheric administration announced plans in december to more than double the size of the cordell bank and adjacent gulf of the farallones national marine sanctuaries, north coast environmentalists and public officials hailed it as the long - sought salvation from the threat of offshore oil drilling. moving the sanctuaries ' boundary from bodega bay about 60 miles north to just beyond point arena in southern mendocino county will protect the entire marine food system that makes cordell bank \u2014 and the area stretching south to the farallon islands \u2014 a natural wonder. less than half of the system currently is protected, and an oil spill at point arena \u2014 an area targeted for drilling as recently as 2009 \u2014 would ride the upwelling system south to foul rather than feed the cordell bank coastal region. such a prospect provides a \u201c strong scientific justification \u201d for expanding the sanctuaries to point arena, said dan howard, superintendent of the cordell bank national marine sanctuary. upwellings occur in thin bands along the west coast of four continents \u2014 north and south america, europe and africa \u2014 where wind drives what ' s known as a boundary current. the upwellings cover only 5 percent of the world ' s oceans, but account for about one - fourth of the global fish harvest. the california current, which extends south from british columbia to the tip of baja california, provides the locomotion for the point arena upwelling. persistent north winds, strongest along the north coast in may and june but prevailing year - round, catch the top 100 feet of the ocean ' s water, largier said. the earth ' s rotation contributes a force \u2014 the coriolis effect \u2014 that pushes the water out to sea, drawing an upwelling of cold, clear water from depths up to 1, 000 feet to replace it. the upwelling carries nutrients, primarily nitrate and phosphate, that are the product of natural composting of dead organic material at depth and on the ocean floor. \u201c as it comes to the surface, the ocean is being fertilized, \u201d largier said. sunlight strikes the nutrients about 100 feet down, igniting a massive bloom of phyt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4552816194409025, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.365839"} {"text": "dead organic material at depth and on the ocean floor. \u201c as it comes to the surface, the ocean is being fertilized, \u201d largier said. sunlight strikes the nutrients about 100 feet down, igniting a massive bloom of phytoplankton, microscopic plants that turn the water green, like \u201c grass in a springtime meadow, \u201d he said. tiny animals, mostly copepods and krill, devour the plants, filling the ocean with a moveable feast. the headlands at point arena accelerate the wind and current, the coast range of mountains channels the wind and the point reyes peninsula bounces the current over cordell bank. it takes five days for the upwelling waters to get there, the same time it takes phytoplankton to bloom, resulting in a blast of food - rich water over cordell bank. continuing south, the upwelling eddies off the marin coast, washing over the farallon islands, another important feeding and breeding ground. point arena ' s system is the \u201c strongest, most persistent \u201d upwelling in north america, largier said. like tourists flocking to the north coast for fine food and wine, birds, mammals and at least one reptile make fantastic voyages to cordell bank. humpback whales swim 1, 380 miles from from baja ; gigantic blue whales more than 3, 000 miles from costa rica. sooty shearwaters fly by the thousands from new zealand, 6, 600 miles away, while leatherback sea turtles swim 8, 670 miles from indonesia to dine on jellyfish. from their nests in the sand on tiny atolls in the northwestern hawaiian islands, black - footed albatross fly 2, 400 miles to eat and immediately return, regurgitating food for the chicks. harbor seals, elephant seals, sea lions, porpoises and dolphins are among the more than 20 marine mammal species that frequent cordell bank. it is a limited feeding ground for humans, however. most of the cordell bank sanctuary is closed to commercial and recreational groundfish catching, a rule implemented by the national marine fisheries service to help rebuild a diminished fish population. salmon, crab and albacore fishing are allowed in the sanctuary. but chris lawson, a bodega bay commercial fisherman, said the distance from shore to the bank is a disincentive, adding time and fuel costs to a trip. \u201c you want to keep as close to the shore as possible, \u201d he said. cordell bank is \u201c a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4241691249021644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.366798"} {"text": "from identifying osama bin laden to proving someone guilty of rape or murder, dna analysis has become an essential scientific tool for police and criminal justice. unique genetic markers could play a crucial role in the trial of ex - imf chief dominique strauss - kahn, accused of sexually assaulting a hotel maid in new york. various media reports, citing sources close to the investigation, have said that dna from strauss - kahn - - believed to be traces of semen - - was found on the shirt of the 32 - year - old woman, who has alleged that the french political heavyweight tried to rape her in his hotel suite on may 14. \" the dna technique, the nuclear dna, is the one and only technique, if properly conducted, that has an extraordinarily high odds against a misidentification, \" said university of arizona professor of chemistry and geoscience bonner denton. \" it ' s very close to 100 percent... it ' s a much better technique than many other forensic identification techniques, even finger prints. \" thanks to dna analysis and other tests, us officials were able to say they were certain bin laden was dead, with just a one in 11. 8 quadrillion chance of mistaken identity. cia specialists first compared photographs of the al - qaeda leader ' s corpse to photographs of bin laden and then reviewed a dna sample against a \" comprehensive profile \" derived from some of his many family members. as a result, an intelligence official said there was no doubt that a team of us navy seals that raided a compound in pakistan on may 1 had killed the al - qaeda founder. denton was part of a national research council team that wrote a key report about dna analysis in 2009 for the us congress. \" nuclear dna analysis has been subjected to more scrutiny than any other forensic discipline, with extensive experimentation and validation performed prior to its use in investigations, \" the report said. it concluded that the us medical - legal system needed to be revamped because forensics labs were backlogged and understaffed. more than half of the first 250 people released from prison thanks to a dna test exonerating them had been initially found guilty based on erroneous medical analysis. dna analysis entered the us criminal system in 1987 when a serial rapist in florida became the first person whose guilt was proven using the technique. federal authorities, including the us military and all 50 states, now archive dna samples. the fbi has developed the powerful combined dna index system ( codis ), which catalogs millions of samples. every monday", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.513398340751173, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.372549"} {"text": "a team of researchers led by the university of colorado boulder has discovered the first prehistoric bronze artifact made from a cast ever found in alaska, a small, buckle - like object found in an ancient eskimo dwelling and which likely originated in east asia. the artifact consists of two parts - - a rectangular bar, connected to an apparently broken circular ring, said cu - boulder research associate john hoffecker, who is leading the excavation project. the object, about 2 inches by 1 inch and less than 1 inch thick, was found in august by a team excavating a roughly 1, 000 - year - old house that had been dug into the side of a beach ridge by early inupiat eskimos at cape espenberg on the seward peninsula, which lies within the bering land bridge national preserve. both sections of the artifact are beveled on one side and concave on the other side, indicating it was manufactured in a mold, said hoffecker, a fellow at cu - boulder ' s institute of arctic and alpine research. a small piece of leather found wrapped around the rectangular bar by the research team yielded a radiocarbon date of roughly a. d. 600, which does not necessarily indicate the age of the object, he said. \" i was totally astonished, \" said hoffecker. \" the object appears to be older than the house we were excavating by at least a few hundred years. \" hoffecker and his cu - boulder colleague owen mason said the bronze object resembles a belt buckle and may have been used as part of a harness or horse ornament prior to its arrival in alaska. while they speculated the inupiat eskimos could have used the artifact as a clasp for human clothing or perhaps as part of a shaman ' s regalia, its function on both continents still remains a puzzle, they said. since bronze metallurgy from alaska is unknown, the artifact likely was produced in east asia and reflects long - distance trade from production centers in either korea, china, manchuria or southern siberia, according to mason. it conceivably could have been traded from the steppe region of southern siberia, said hoffecker, where people began casting bronze several thousand years ago. alternatively, some of the earliest inupiat eskimos in northwest alaska - - the direct ancestors of modern eskimos thought to have migrated into alaska from adjacent siberia some 1, 500 years ago - - might have brought the object with them from the other side of the be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41945102424962977, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.378893"} {"text": "through their subsistence activities. \" the cape espenberg beach ridges, wave - swept deposits made of sand and sediment running parallel to the shoreline that were deposited over centuries, often are capped by blowing sand to form high dunes. the cape espenberg dwellings were dug into the dunes and shored up with driftwood and occasional whale bones. the team is examining the timing and formation of the beach ridges as well as the contents of peat and pond sediment cores to help them reconstruct the sea - level history and the changing environment faced by cape espenberg ' s settlers. information on past climates also is contained in driftwood tree rings, and the team is working with instaar affiliate scott elias, a university of london professor and expert on beetle fossils, who is helping the team reconstruct past temperatures at cape espenberg. while the hunting of bowhead whales was a way of life for inupiat eskimos at barrow and point hope in northwestern alaska 1, 000 years ago, it is still not clear if the cape espenberg people were whaling, said mason. while whale baleen - - a strong, flexible material found in the mouths of whales that acts as a food filter - - and a variety of whale bones have been found during excavations there, the sea offshore is extremely shallow and some distance from modern whale migration routes. however, there is evidence of fishing and seal and caribou hunting by the group, he said. the inupiat eskimos are believed to have occupied cape espenberg from about a. d. 1000 until the mid - 1800s, said hoffecker. they are part of the indigenous eskimo culture that lives in earth ' s circumpolar regions like alaska, siberia and canada. the cape espenberg site has yielded a treasure trove of several thousand artifacts, including sealing harpoons, fishing spears and lures, a copper needle, slate knives, antler arrow points, a shovel made from a walrus scapula, a beaver incisor pendant, ceramics, and even toy bows and toy harpoons. the bronze artifact unearthed in august is currently under study by prehistoric metallurgical expert and purdue university assistant professor h. kory cooper. explore further : fossil brain teaser : new study reveals patterns of dinosaur brain development", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47067971108450646, "token_count": 470, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.380895"} {"text": "traditionally if scientists wanted to look at something small they would put a sample under a microscope but now researchers have managed to shrink the microscope itself to the size of a single human cell. an interdisciplinary research team, funded by the biotechnology and biological science research council ( bbsrc ) and the engineering and physical sciences research council ( epsrc ) have developed optical biochips no larger than a single cell that could lead to faster development of new drugs and quicker medical tests. the research team moved away from the idea that a microscope is something you have to look through to create optical biochips onto which scientists can place biological samples. special fluorescent chemicals are then used together with tiny light emitting lasers to allow the scientists to analyse the cells or targets within the cells. researchers can use this capability to examine cellular conditions for certain diseases or to develop new treatments by studying the way cells react to a drug. the biochips also raise the possibility of a micro - laboratory, the size of a credit card, which would be able to perform medical diagnostics, improving patient treatment by reducing the number of hospital visits needed for tests. the initial research has led to the creation of a spin - out company, biostatus ltd, supported by a bbsrc small business research initiative grant. biostatus has developed the research to refine the fluorescent probe technology and also to make the analysis of biological samples more sophisticated. professor paul smith, the research group leader, said, \" our research and the outcomes from the spin - out company could help to revolutionise how we examine biological samples. our next step will be to develop simple, small diagnostic devices. future generations may be able to use these as the basis for hand - held systems that will be able to perform diagnostic functions in the field that currently require a laboratory test. \" professor julia goodfellow, chief executive of bbsrc, said, \" the success of the research into biochips and the development of the science through the spin - out company shows how cutting edge research in the biosciences can meet real world challenges. bochips have the potential to make a real difference in medical diagnostics and drug development. \" the research is being carried out at the wales college of medicine and involves researchers at cardiff university, university of bangor, the gray cancer institute in london and collaboration with the university of warwick and laboratories in the united states. source : biotechnology and biological sciences research council explore further : allosaurus fed more like a falcon than a crocodile, new study finds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5715568683510391, "token_count": 507, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.383696"} {"text": "june is cataract awareness month. did you know that cataracts are the leading cause of vision loss among adults 55 and older? in fact, more than half the people over age 65 have some degree of cataract development. a cataract is a clouding of the lens in the eye, the part of the eye that focuses light and produces clear images. inside of the eye, the lens is contained in a sealed bag or capsule. as old cells die they become trapped within the capsule. over time, more cells die and accumulate causing the lens to cloud, making images look blurred or fuzzy. ( eye america. org ) cataracts are caused by the breakdown of proteins within the clear lens of the eye that cause it to become cloudy and difficult to see through, effecting vision. some of this protein breakdown is associated with oxidative stress. it is believed that the majority of oxidative stress is generated in the eye via photochemical reactions caused by exposure to sunlight although oxidative stress can be caused by neuronal dysfunction in certain conditions. antioxidants fight free radicals and reactive oxygen species by neutralizing them and thus causing them to lose the ability to cause oxidative stress. antioxidants can be found in many different foods. some examples are blueberries, raspberries and olive oil. the regular intake of these foods can be beneficial to your health and can combat oxidative stress. however, science is finding that more concentrated doses of antioxidants can be even more beneficial in combating eye disease than diet alone. the use of antioxidant supplementation may protect the eye from oxidative - stress induced damage and disease. hydroxytyrosol, a powerful antioxidant derived from olive byproducts, has a chemoprotective effect on retinal cells, the type of cell that is damaged by the progression of macular degeneration and possibly other eye diseases. pinnaclife \u2019 s supplement olivamine essential, is a blend of antioxidants, and if used in association with a healthy lifestyle can help to reduce the effects eye disease. our supplements are available at most hy - vee locations. start your journey towards good health today!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5495808727077024, "token_count": 460, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.387633"} {"text": "avian flu, also known as \u201c bird flu, \u201d is caused by influenza viruses that occur naturally among wild birds. normally, wild birds across the globe are carriers of a harmless form of these viruses, which don \u2019 t sicken them. but recently, a new strain of the virus, h5n1 ( named for the proteins on the surface of the virus ), has killed birds of more than 80 wild species and flocks of domestic fowl, in asia, europe, and africa. some human cases, primarily in asia, have developed from contact with these birds, or their saliva or feces. more than half of the human victims have died after suffering fever, cough, muscle aches, and pneumonia. the disease has not appeared in the united states in either humans or birds. at this time, avian flu is not easily transmitted from human to human, although experts are considering whether prolonged and intimate contact with a sick person may indeed make a caregiver vulnerable, since family clusters have been found in indonesia. still, human cases are rare and have been confirmed only in azerbaijan, cambodia, china, djibouti, egypt, indonesia, iraq, thailand, turkey, and vietnam. but because viruses often mutate, it is feared that h5n1 may some day turn into one that will quickly spread from human to human, perhaps around the globe. such a pandemic is expected to be widespread and deadly. medical researchers are working on preparing a vaccine, but because the exact nature and virulence of the virus that may mutate into the human - to - human form isn \u2019 t known, the effectiveness of a vaccine prepared in advance isn \u2019 t known either. typically, it takes six months to develop a vaccine, once the pathogen is known. many international agencies, as well as the federal government, local and state governments, businesses, schools, and hospitals are readying plans to deal with the possibility of an avian flu pandemic. the university of pittsburgh and the university of pittsburgh medical center are making plans as well. these plans primarily deal with how to efficiently treat the sick and limit exposure to the well. in this country at this time, the only precautions to take are to observe wildlife from a distance and avoid touching wildlife. if contact occurs, wash hands with soap and water before you rub your eyes, eat, drink, or smoke. although there are no international travel restrictions as a result of avian flu, public health officials urge travelers to higher - risk areas of the world", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48596383777045693, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.391125"} {"text": "contact occurs, wash hands with soap and water before you rub your eyes, eat, drink, or smoke. although there are no international travel restrictions as a result of avian flu, public health officials urge travelers to higher - risk areas of the world to avoid contact with live animal markets and poultry farms, and any free - ranging or caged poultry. in addition, visitors to affected areas should not consume under - cooked poultry and egg products. upon their return, travelers should monitor their health for 10 days. if illness is present ( including fever plus cough, sore throat, or trouble breathing ) during the 10 - day period, a doctor should be consulted and informed of symptoms, location of travel, and whether there was direct contact with poultry or close contact with a severely ill person. while health officials are watching the course of avian flu and making plans to deal with it, even though it may not happen, they are also preparing for the yearly occurrence of seasonal flu, usually between december and may. seasonal flu can also cause serious illness and death in the young, the elderly, or those with impaired resistance. but, in contrast to avian flu, vaccines do exist, and are offered at campus sites. seasonal flu is transmitted by coughing and sneezing or other close contact, or from contact with an object contaminated by flu viruses, which can live on surfaces for as long as two hours. health officials are advising that everyone get a flu shot this year and be meticulous about hand - washing.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4626243750155164, "token_count": 303, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.391744"} {"text": "sequences of numbers can have limits. for example, the sequence 1, 1 / 2, 1 / 3, 1 / 4,... has the limit 0 and the sequence 0, 1 / 2, 2 / 3, 3 / 4, 4 / 5,... has the limit 1. but not all number sequences behave so nicely. for example, the sequence 1 / 2, 1 / 3, 2 / 3, 1 / 4, 3 / 4, 1 / 5, 4 / 5,... keeps jumping up and down, rather than getting closer and closer to one particular number. we can, however, discern some sort of limiting behaviour as we move along the sequence : the numbers never become larger than 1 or smaller than 0. and what ' s more, moving far enough along the sequence, you can find numbers that get as close as you like to both 1 and 0. so both 0 and 1 have some right to be considered limits of the sequence \u2014 and indeed they are : 1 is the limit superior and 0 is the limit inferior, so - called for obvious reasons. but can you define these limits superior and inferior for a general sequence, for example the one shown in the picture? here \u2019 s how to do it for the limit superior. first look at the whole sequence and find its least upper bound : that \u2019 s the smallest number that \u2019 s bigger than all the numbers in the sequence. then chop off the first number in the sequence, and again find the least upper bound for the new sequence. this might be smaller than the previous least upper bound ( if that was equal to ), but not bigger. then chop off the first two numbers and again find the least upper bound. keep going, chopping off the first three, four, five, etc numbers, to get a sequence of least upper bounds ( indicated by the red curve in the picture ). in this sequence every number is either equal to or smaller than the number before. the limit superior is defined to be the limit of these least upper bounds. it always exists : since the sequence of least upper bounds is either constant or decreasing, it will either approach minus infinity or some other finite limit. the limit superior could also be equal to plus infinity, if there are numbers in the sequence that get arbitrarily large. the limit inferior is defined in a similar way, only that you look at the sequence of greatest lower bounds and then take the limit of that. you can read more about the limits inferior and superior in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5389498977187495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.394298"} {"text": "with the use of wind power continuing to grow, it \u2019 s no surprise that the tri - bladed turbines peppering an increasing swath of the american landscape have become the supermodels of green growth \u2013 the sky - swept arms and glistening towers appear tailor made for the camera \u2019 s lens. but seldom is attention given to the green cutting edge \u2019 s more hidden inner workings, and the tools and technologies that make it all possible. take the dual wind turbine system recently put online in gloucester, massachusetts just a few months back. for all its outward grace and power \u2013 and at roughly 400 feet tall and 4 - megawatts, there are plenty of both \u2013 the system wouldn \u2019 t have been possible without a high - tech data communications system provided by portsmouth \u2019 s own tvc systems. tvc, which specializes in high - tech information control systems designed to bolster energy efficiency and overall performance, provided what project manager adam sargent calls \u201c communication architecture, \u201d or the mechanisms necessary to tie the dual turbine into an electrical grid. \u201c we were brought on fairly late in the process when it became clear that a key data monitoring component was needed, \u201d recalls sargent. \u201c we \u2019 d recently worked for sustainable new energy on a cogen project and when they came to us with the opportunity to work on our first wind turbine, we jumped at the chance. \u201d sargent says the new data control system will allow gloucester to monitor turbine performance in real time, while also helping the city keep track of renewable energy credits ( recs ), which track how many megawatts of power emanate from particular entities. \u201c the system wasn \u2019 t enormously expensive in terms of up front cost, but it is visible and interesting and will help the town save money in the long runs, \u201d notes sargent. \u201c it \u2019 s new territory for us, but it \u2019 s exciting territory, too. \u201d according to representatives from gloucester engineering, the city \u2019 s principal partner on the project, the system became the first in the state of massachusetts capable of generating the equivalent of the city \u2019 s municipal electric load solely by way of wind power. the system will henceforth allow the city power all of its buildings \u2013 from city hall to the local high school \u2013 at a subsidized rate, saving gloucester an estimated $ 500, 000 annually over the next 25 years. about 30 percent of the turbine \u2019 s $ 8 million cost will be subsidized through a federal program, allowing the company to save about $ 1 million in power costs per year.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49643607956090363, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.401112"} {"text": "estimated $ 500, 000 annually over the next 25 years. about 30 percent of the turbine \u2019 s $ 8 million cost will be subsidized through a federal program, allowing the company to save about $ 1 million in power costs per year. the city was able to garner public support for the system thanks in part to findings in a 2012 state - sponsored study which concluded that noise from wind turbines doesn \u2019 t pose near the threat to human health and well - being often posited by critics. support was also bolstered by the unique location of the system \u2013 in an industrial park near route 128, but far enough away from residential enclaves to make noise and light flickering non - issues. \u201c what really helped us was location, location, location. it \u2019 s properly sited, \u201d says paul mcgeary, a gloucester city councilor who helped organize public meetings about the turbines over the past year. according to mcgeary, more than 2, 000 local citizens turned out to sign the turbine blades, now spinning upwards of 400 feet in the air. \u201c it had to make financial sense for the city and clearly it does. \u201d noted mayor carolyn kirk, who plans to propose using the savings to help fund a new joint police and fire station that could cost between $ 10 and $ 15 million. \u201c but they also represent our city \u2019 s desire to protect our natural environment. \u201d kirk also noted that the project dovetails perfectly with the city \u2019 s effort to fill up much of its long - vacant harbor - front lots with businesses ranging from ocean researchers and scientists to \u201c green \u201d boat - builders. \u201c we are trying to become a leader in marine biology and marine biotechnology, \u201d noted mcgeary. \u201c to do that, you need to have a certain image about being a cutting - edge place, being a place where we \u2019 re willing to experiment, being a place where new things are tried and implemented and not just talked about. \u201d taken together, the size and scope of \u2013 and support for \u2013 the project make it a game - changer in massachusetts, and as clear a sign as any that a steadily improving economy will mean more opportunities for the bay state to expand its green portfolio. but it \u2019 s also been a coup for tvc systems. while the company has long been at the forefront of efficiency innovation ( they are recognized annually by the epa for their continued spearheading of projects in the field of chp, wherein differing systems can be connected in order to enhance efficiency ), seldom has their work enjoyed a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46409463106418597, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.403723"} {"text": "welcome stephen tremp with an awesome summary of what ' s at stake as we explore further into space... enjoy : | dr carl sagan ( 1934 - 1996 ) | \" the surface of the earth is the shore of the cosmic ocean. from it we have learned most of what we know. recently, we have waded a little out to sea, enough to dampen our toes or, at most, wet our ankles. the water seems inviting. the ocean calls. \u201d \u2014 dr. carl sagan space. the final frontier. we remember this line from star trek, set in the 23rd century under the \u201c united federation of planets. \u201d the key word here is united. we have to ask, will space offer the possibility of mankind living together peaceably? or is bloodshed inevitable as we explore and colonize our solar system as we did here on earth? currently, there are at least fourteen agencies with a stake in space exploration and possible exploitation. nasa : the national aeronautics and space administration ( nasa ) is the agency of the united states responsible for the nation ' s civilian space program and for aeronautics and aerospace research. mission statement : pioneer the future in space exploration, scientific discovery and aeronautics research. | international space station | esa : the european space agency is europe \u2019 s gateway to space. its mission : shape the development of europe \u2019 s space capability and deliver benefits to the citizens of europe and the world. russia and china ( the only other two countries besides the u. s. to independently send men into space ), japan, iran, israel, india, mexico. korea, indoneisia, pakistan, and vietnam all have space agencies with a range of capabilities from astronaut training, to satellite operations, to sounding rockets ( designed to take measurements and perform scientific research during sub - orbital flight ), and recoverable biological sounding rockets. then there is the military, private sector, and educational institutions that have a growing stake in space exploration. with the space shuttle program mothballed, many are calling for a government and private sector partnership in space exploration. the gop candidates have also jumped on this topic. it \u2019 s already begun : the international space station ( iss ) is an artificial low - earth orbiting satellite and the ninth space station to be inhabited. the iss has hosted a rotating international crew since november 2000. crew members from around the world use the iss as a research laboratory and conduct experiments in biology, physics, astronomy and other fields. it \u2019 s also used to test spacecraft systems and equipment for future use", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5471424635503817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.408070"} {"text": "has hosted a rotating international crew since november 2000. crew members from around the world use the iss as a research laboratory and conduct experiments in biology, physics, astronomy and other fields. it \u2019 s also used to test spacecraft systems and equipment for future use to missions to the moon and mars. ready or not, here we go! what \u2019 s next : human and robotic explorations of the moon, mars, and near earth asteroids. mining asteroids, planetoids, and spent comets could provide raw minerals such as iron, nickel, and titanium to help construct space stations right there in space. pretty cool, huhn? resources like water and oxygen could help sustain life. and water and hydrogen could be extracted for rocket fuel. perhaps, platinum and cobalt could be returned for earth for profit. both governments and private industry will be involved in this potentially lucrative business. question : should we set up residence in space or on planets and moons? will space exploration provide social, intellectual, and economic benefits to everyone, or is this another black hole for our hard - earned tax dollars. thanks hilary for hosting me on my grand opening blog tour. and thanks everyone for stopping by and saying hello! please visit me at my blog for more information on my novels breakthrough and the recently released opening! breakthrough and opening can be downloaded at : kindle for $ 1. 99 smashwords for $ 1. 99 image credits : nasa congratulations stephen on completing the second book of your trilogy - a wonderful achievement ; i highly recommend your first book breakthrough and cannot wait to find out how the good, bad and the ugly develop in this sequel... space is an interesting ' arena ' - and as each year passes we seem to learn more - it is fascinating and i ' m delighted to have some subject matter on my blog - space does inspire people. stephen writes about science, space exploration - his interests, while interspersing with articles about publishing, self - publishing and useful tips and tricks he has found - there ' s a great deal of interaction and knowledge exchange over at his blog : stephen tremp - author... so please visit and join him along his trilogy journey. stephen ' s grand opening tour continues : upcoming dates - february 14 rachna chhabria rachna \u2019 s scriptorium february 15 melissa bradley melissa \u2019 s imaginarium february 17 lydia kang the word is my oyster positive letters inspirational stories", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5026801368287392, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.409215"} {"text": "as if creaking joints and hardening of the arteries weren ' t bad enough, a research team from the university of delaware and the christiana care health system in newark has now confirmed that even our veins stiffen as we age. \" when you are young, your veins are nice and elastic - - like rubber bands, \" william farquhar, a cardiovascular physiologist in ud ' s college of health sciences, said. \" but as you grow older, we ' ve found that your veins become more like lead pipes. \" and that physiological change may be an important factor in the development of high blood pressure, or hypertension, which currently affects an estimated 65 million americans, most of them older adults, according to farquhar. the study, which was conducted over the past two years, was led by farquhar and colin young from the university of delaware and michael stillabower and angela disabatino at christiana care health system. the results are published in the november issue of the journal of applied physiology. young recently completed his bachelor ' s and master ' s degrees at ud, with farquhar as his adviser, and is now pursuing a doctorate in physiology and pharmacology at the university of missouri. stillabower is a cardiologist and director of cardiovascular research at christiana care health system, as well as a clinical associate professor of medicine at jefferson medical college in philadelphia. disabatino is the nurse manager at christiana care ' s cardiovascular research office. while the arterial side of the human circulatory system has been studied extensively, farquhar said much less research has been conducted on the venous system. yet the veins contain approximately 70 percent of your body ' s total blood volume when you are at rest, and the flexibility of these blood vessels is a major factor in how much blood gets returned to your heart during the vital fluid ' s journey through your circulatory system. every minute, the steady beating of that amazing living pump - - your heart - - sends about five quarts of blood through the 60, 000 - mile network of arteries, capillaries and veins in your body. the muscular arteries carry blood away from the heart and out to your organs and limbs. microscopic capillaries connect the arteries to the veins. the veins then transport the blood back to the heart. the veins are equipped with valves to prevent any backflow of blood caused by gravity as blood is returned to the heart from the lower extremities. the walls", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.422979988474097, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.416658"} {"text": "the arteries to the veins. the veins then transport the blood back to the heart. the veins are equipped with valves to prevent any backflow of blood caused by gravity as blood is returned to the heart from the lower extremities. the walls of the veins are made of collagen and elastin, two proteins that give the tube - like blood vessels flexibility and help them to maintain your blood pressure. to determine if there are age - related differences in how our veins work, the research team recruited 24 people for their study - - 12 healthy young adults between the ages of 18 and 30, and 12 healthy older adults between 60 and 70 years old. each individual underwent medical screening at christiana hospital, which included a lipid profile, blood pressure monitoring, electrocardiogram and several other tests to ensure overall good health. then each participant was involved in a series of research trials at ud ' s human performance lab on the newark campus. while each subject lay resting on a gurney, various gauges, connected to computers, were placed on their arms and legs. an arterial cuff was attached to an upper arm to monitor blood pressure, and venous cuffs were placed around the upper thigh and upper arm to measure the blood flow to the limbs. as the cuffs were inflated over an eight - minute period, and then slowly deflated to let blood escape from the limbs, the blood volume was measured, recorded, and graphed. the consistently lower blood volume under pressure pointed to the less springy veins of the older participants. graphic courtesy of the american medical association \" based on previous research, we suspected that the veins of the older adults would be less flexible than those of the younger adults, \" farquhar said. \" but we didn ' t know if that might be due to a functional process, such as a chronic constriction of the muscles around the veins, or if this decreased flexibility was due to some change in the structure of the veins themselves. \" to find the answer, the researchers monitored the blood flow through each participant ' s veins in different scenarios that might constrict the veins, such as having one foot immersed in cold water, or while squeezing a handgrip. they also administered a nitroglycerin pill under the tongue of each participant to relax the veins. in each case, they found that the tests had no effect on the response of the veins in either age group. \" thus, we think that the stiffening of our veins as we age is probably due to structural changes,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46399946436185857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.419543"} {"text": "to relax the veins. in each case, they found that the tests had no effect on the response of the veins in either age group. \" thus, we think that the stiffening of our veins as we age is probably due to structural changes, such as a thickening of the vein walls, \" farquhar said. \" hardening of the arteries is a good analogy for what is happening in our veins as we grow older. \" so can we do anything to keep our veins limber as time marches on? \" while there have been no longitudinal studies of this yet, it ' s possible that regular exercise training may blunt age - related increases in vein stiffness, \" farquhar notes. in the second phase of the ud study, now under way, the research team wants to find out if the veins of people with high pressure are stiffer than the veins of people with normal blood pressure. two doctoral students, erin delaney and megan wenner, are assisting with this portion of the research, which will examine both young and older adults with high blood pressure. while high blood pressure is all too common among older adults, farquhar said it can be harder to find young adults who already have the disease. however, several individuals already have been identified for the study, and the team hopes to have data to report in the next six months. this research is both literally and figuratively \" close to the heart \" for farquhar. he said he has always had an interest in cardiology and helping people. before his ud career, he worked with cardiac patients in a rehabilitation setting, where he provided patients with information about the risk factors affecting heart disease and the benefits of exercise. then, during his postdoctoral training at boston ' s beth israel deaconess medical center, he worked with patients who were unable to stand without getting dizzy. and that began his research on veins. today, he ' s busy working to find out what role these less - studied blood vessels may play in high blood pressure. \" lots of people have high blood pressure, but we still don ' t know the underlying cause of this disease, \" farquhar said. \" that ' s why we ' re pushing forward with these studies. \" the ud research is supported by a $ 151, 000 grant from the national institute on aging, which is one of 27 institutes and centers that compose the national institutes of health. last reviewed : by john m. grohol, psy. d. on 21 feb 2009 published on psychcentral. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.45428926532600644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.420510"} {"text": "1. iron deficiency anemia : prevention, assessment and control \u2014 report of a joint who / unicef / unu consultation. geneva, switzerland : world health organization ; 1998. world health organization / united nations children \u2019 s fund / united nations university. 2. brotanek jm, halterman j, auinger p, flores g, weitzman m. iron deficiency, prolonged bottle - feeding, and racial / ethnic disparities in young children. arch pediatr adolesc med. 2005 ; 159 ( 11 ) : 1038 \u2013 1042. [ pubmed ] 3. grantham - mcgregor s, ani c. a review of studies on the effect of iron deficiency on cognitive development in children. j nutr. 2001 ; 131 ( 2s \u2013 2 ) : 649s \u2013 668s. [ pubmed ] 4. lozoff b, georgieff mk. iron deficiency and brain development. semin pediatr neurol. 2006 ; 13 ( 3 ) : 158 \u2013 165. [ pubmed ] 5. lozoff b, beard j, connor j, barbara f, georgieff m, schallert t. long - lasting neural and behavioral effects of iron deficiency in infancy. nutr rev. 2006 ; 64 ( 5 pt 2 ) : s34 \u2013 s43. [ pmc free article ] [ pubmed ] 6. stoltzfus rj, mullany l, black re. iron deficiency anaemia. in : ezzati m, lopez ad, rodgers a, editors. comparative quantification of health risks : global and regional burden of disease attributable to selected major risk factors. geneva, switzerland : world health organization ; 2004. pp. 2141 \u2013 2165. 7. lozoff b, wolf aw, urrutia jj, viteri fe. abnormal behavior and low developmental test scores in iron - deficient anemic infants. j dev behav pediatr. 1985 ; 6 ( 2 ) : 69 \u2013 75. [ pubmed ] 8. lozoff b, de andraca i, castillo m, smith j, walter t, pino p. behavioral and developmental effects of preventing iron - deficiency anemia in healthy full - term infants [ published correction appears in pediatrics. 2004 ; 113 ( 6 ) : 1853 ] pediatrics. 2003 ; 112 ( 4 ) : 846, 854. [ pubmed ] 10. lozoff b, clark km, jing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5104009810312808, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.427427"} {"text": "term infants [ published correction appears in pediatrics. 2004 ; 113 ( 6 ) : 1853 ] pediatrics. 2003 ; 112 ( 4 ) : 846, 854. [ pubmed ] 10. lozoff b, clark km, jing y, armony - sivan r, angelilli ml, jacobson sw. dose - response relationships between iron deficiency with or without anemia and infant social - emotional behavior. j pediatr. 2008 ; 152 ( 5 ) : 696 \u2013 702. [ pmc free article ] [ pubmed ] 11. lozoff b, angelilli m, zatakia j, jacobson sw, calatroni a, beard j. iron status of inner - city african - american infants. am j hematol. 2007 ; 82 ( 2 ) : 112 \u2013 121. [ pmc free article ] [ pubmed ] 12. kuczmarski rj, ogden c, grummer - strawn lm, et al. cdc growth charts : united states. hyattsville, md : us department of health and human services ; 2000. nchs advance data report no. 314. 13. assessment of the iron nutrition status of the us population based on data collected in the second national health and nutrition survey, 1976 \u2013 1980. bethesda, md : federation of american societies for experimental biology ; 1984. life sciences research office. 14. looker ac, dallman p, carroll md, gunter ew, johnson cl. prevalence of iron deficiency in the united states. jama. 1997 ; 277 ( 12 ) : 973 \u2013 976. [ pubmed ] 15. recommendations to prevent and control iron deficiency in the united states. centers for disease control and prevention. mmwr recomm rep. 1998 ; 47 ( 3 ) : 1 \u2013 29. 16. centers for disease control. healthy people 2000 national health promotion and disease prevention objectives, final review. hyattsville, md : department of health and human services ; 2001. 17. fagan jf, singer lt. infant recognition memory as a measure of intelligence. in : lipsitt lp, editor. advances in infancy research. vol 2. nj : ablex ; 1983. pp. 31 \u2013 78. norwood. 18. colombo j, mitchell dw. individual differences in early visual attention : fixation time and information processing. in : colombo j, fagen j, editors. individual differences in infancy : reliability, stability, prediction. hillsdale", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49434299189219955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.428369"} {"text": ". norwood. 18. colombo j, mitchell dw. individual differences in early visual attention : fixation time and information processing. in : colombo j, fagen j, editors. individual differences in infancy : reliability, stability, prediction. hillsdale, nj : lawrence erlbaum ; 1990. pp. 193 \u2013 227. 19. colombo j, mitchell dw, coldren jt, freeseman lj. individual differences in infant visual attention : are short lookers faster processors or feature processors? child dev. 1991 ; 62 ( 6 ) : 1247 \u2013 1257. [ pubmed ] 20. jacobson sw, jacobson jl, o \u2019 neill jm, padgett rj, frankowski jj, bihun jt. visual expectation and dimensions of infant information processing. child dev. 1992 ; 63 ( 3 ) : 711 \u2013 724. [ pubmed ] 21. diamond a. development of the ability to use recall to guide action, as indicated by infants \u2019 performance on ab. child dev. 1985 ; 56 ( 4 ) : 868 \u2013 883. [ pubmed ] 22. wachs td. relation of infants \u2019 performance on piaget scales between twelve and twenty - four months and their stanford - binet performance at thirty - one months. child dev. 1975 ; 46 : 929 \u2013 935. 23. uzgiris c, hunt jm. assessment in infancy : ordinal scales of psychological development. urbana, il : university of illinois press ; 1975. 24. diedrich fj, thelen e, smith lb, corbetta d. motor memory is a factor in infant perseverative errors. dev sci. 2000 ; 3 ( 4 ) : 479 \u2013 494. 25. mccune - nicholic l. toward symbolic functioning : structure of early pretend games and potential parallels with language. child dev. 1981 ; 52 ( 3 ) : 785 \u2013 797. 26. belsky j, garduque l, hrncir e. assessing performance, competence, and executive capacity in infant play : relations to home environment and security of attachment. dev psychol. 1984 ; 20 ( 3 ) : 406 \u2013 417. 27. jacobson jl, jacobson sw, sokol rj, martier ss, ager jw, kaplan - estrin mg. teratogenic effects of alcohol on infant development. alcohol clin exp res. 1993 ; 17 ( 1 ) : 174 \u2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5305511675896099, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.429201"} {"text": "\u2013 946. [ pubmed ] 39. clogg cc, petkova e, shihadeh es. statistical methods for analyzing collapsibility in regression models. j educ stat. 1992 ; 17 ( 1 ) : 51 \u2013 74. 40. mackinnon dp, lockwood cm, hoffman jm, west sg, sheets v. a comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects. psychol methods. 2002 ; 7 ( 1 ) : 83 \u2013 104. [ pmc free article ] [ pubmed ] 41. mcclelland gh, judd cm. statistical difficulties of detecting interactions and moderator effects. psychol bull. 1993 ; 114 ( 2 ) : 376 \u2013 390. [ pubmed ] 42. lozoff b, klein nk, nelson ec, mcclish dk, manuel m, chacon me. behavior of infants with iron - deficiency anemia. child dev. 1998 ; 69 ( 1 ) : 24 \u2013 36. [ pubmed ] 43. coe cl, lubach gr, schneider ml. neuromotor and socio - emotional behavior in the young monkey are presaged by prenatal conditions. in : lewis m, ramsey d, editors. stress and soothing. hillsdale, nj : lawrence erlbaum ; 1999. pp. 19 \u2013 38. 44. golub ms, hogrefe ce, widaman kf, capitanio jp. iron deficiency anemia and affective response in rhesus monkey infants. dev psychobiol. 2009 ; 51 ( 1 ) : 47 \u2013 59. [ pmc free article ] [ pubmed ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5351853612358206, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.430569"} {"text": "in contrast to animals and lower plants such as mosses and ferns, sperm cells of flowering plants ( angiosperms ) are immobile and require transportation to the female gametes via the vegetative pollen tube cell to achieve double fertilization. the path of the pollen tube towards the female gametophyte ( embryo sac ) has been intensively studied in many intra - and interspecific crossing experiments with the aim of increasing the gene pool of crop plants for greater yield, improved biotic and abiotic stress resistance, and for introducing new agronomic traits. many attempts to hybridize different species or genotypes failed due to the difficulty for the pollen tubes in reaching the female gametophyte. detailed studies showed that these processes are controlled by various self - incompatible ( intraspecific ) and cross - incompatible ( interspecific ) hybridization mechanisms. understanding the molecular mechanisms of crossing barriers is therefore of great interest in plant reproduction, evolution and breeding research. in particular, pre - zygotic hybridization barriers related to pollen tube germination, growth, guidance and sperm delivery, which are considered the major hybridization controls in nature and thus also contribute to species isolation and speciation, have been intensively investigated. despite this general interest, surprisingly little is known about these processes in the most important agronomic plant family, the gramineae, poaceae or grasses. small polymorphic proteins and their receptors, degradation of sterility locus proteins and general compounds such as calcium, \u03b3 - aminobutyric acid or nitric oxide have been shown to be involved in progamic pollen germination, adhesion, tube growth and guidance, as well as sperm release. most advances have been made in the brassicaceae, papaveraceae, linderniaceae and solanaceae families including their well - understood self - incompatibility ( si ) systems. grass species evolved similar mechanisms to control the penetration and growth of self - pollen to promote intraspecific outcrossing and to prevent fertilization by alien sperm cells. however, in the poaceae, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still largely unknown. we propose to develop maize ( zea mays ) as a model to investigate the above - described processes to understand the associated intra - and interspecific crossing barriers in grasses. many genetic, cellular and biotechnological tools including the completion of a reference genome ( inbred line b73 ) have been established in the last decade and many more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5175723219787272, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.433799"} {"text": "by : yusuf kaba imhotep, the moundbuilder the concept of what a man is continues to be greatly debated. these days the dominant idea of men are, bread winners, head of household, dogs, enemies, or mates, to name a few. the question oft - times remains, \u201c what are the qualities that truly define a man? \u201d our ancient cultures have dealt with this question in rites of passage programs and ceremonies. rites of passage is a system or ceremony that recognizes transition from one stage of life to the next. comprised within this process is the knowledge needed to successfully function at that next level of life. a man was not recognized as such until successful completion of that community \u2019 s rites of passage. today, the entire world suffers because of the absence of this process. men today remain inadequate or unable to fulfill their proper places because they have not yet accessed the proper tools. the proof is in the results. statistics show that men suffering from a variety of health issues including heart disease, cancer, depression, aids, diabetes, and suicide. these conditions are worst in urban communities and among people of color. it is also clear that the concepts of father and husband are not seen in the best light. there is little respect for fathers and the divorce rate is constantly increasing. men have lost the idea of self - respect. this falls very short of men being, \u201c the crown of creation. \u201d there is no question in the mind of rationally thinking people that a rites of passage program is essential right now. we have poorly developed children because of underdeveloped men. we have fractured homes because of broken men. our entire society and world suffers because of the state of our men. a properly constructed rites of passages program develops men into their very best selves. it is a place of repair for the extensive damage done. it both builds and instills the qualities that produce the best examples of fatherhood, husband, and community elder. a rites of passage program provides a place for men to benefit from the wisdom of those who have dealt with challenges men face. men need to learn what to eat, how to eat, and what to store in their homes. men also learn the value of a good woman and how to treat her well. men must learn how to care for and nurture himself. men can benefit from wisdom on how to express themselves in the best way. it is also where men must learn how to mine the buried treasures out of themselves and most importantly, have fun doing it. i", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5444242915717282, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.437920"} {"text": "remotes via ip putting it all together so let me summarize the problems with internet transmission of audio and the techniques used to minimize them. first, there is network congestion, or plain lack of bandwidth. that issue is tackled by minimizing the necessary bandwidth, by using a lossy codec ( or in the case of apt, making use of adpcm ) and striking a correct balance between bandwidth and packet size. loss of packets is addressed to the extent practicable by fec. packet jitter is addressed with a jitter buffer. all that said, network security is yet another issue. your lan is likely attached to a router that allows users on your network to access the internet. the connections made through this router originate behind it - on the lan side. the router will allow access to the internet, and in turn it expects a response from the far end. but think about it : if you are in the field, and trying to connect to an ip codec connected to your network, and the router serves as a firewall, the connection will be refused. as far as that router is concerned, an intrusion is being attempted. there are several ways around this. the first is to inform the network administrator that for the new ip codec to work, certain ports need to be open on the firewall, so the ip codec in the field can set up communication between itself and the studio codec. if your network architecture includes a dmz, your network admin may allow you to place the ip codec on that subnet instead. the second way is a bit more complicated ; consider this if your network administer doesn ' t want to play ball with you. a proxy server can be used as an intermediary. this proxy server is located outside the firewall. a session can be initiated by the studio codec to this proxy server ; the proxy records the ip address ( among other things ) of the studio codec and actually maintains the connection thereafter. from the field, you connect to the proxy server, and it redirects the packet data to the studio codec, through the same connection it has kept open. and there is a final way to do this, which may be the easiest way. have an internet connection put into the studio ( like dsl or cable ) and reserve its use for just the ip codec. leave it completely isolated from the lan, so you can forsake those network security issues. one problem with this method is that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4642193351687614, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.442496"} {"text": "internet connection put into the studio ( like dsl or cable ) and reserve its use for just the ip codec. leave it completely isolated from the lan, so you can forsake those network security issues. one problem with this method is that your internet provider may not provide you with a static ip address. either pick one that does, or make sure you know if and when the ip address has changed before you head out into the field. making use of the internet for remotes can be looked at as a double - edged sword ; while one has to take the time to learn about a whole new technology ( and undoubtedly be tripped up a few times along the way ), the universe of locations from which remotes can be done opens up dramatically. i for one believe that good remotes can make for good radio ; and i ' m quite sure that, 5 to 10 years out, the trepidation experienced in going out to do an ip remote for the first time will have long since evaporated. | codec | | connectivity | | size | | audio i / o | | user access | | supported encoding algorithms | | max audio freq. | | variable packet size | | fec | | packet jitter buffer | | mpeg 1 / 2 layer 2 / 3 | | aac | | g. 722 | | linear | | apt - x | | other / | apt worldcast eclipse aptx. com | | ip, isdn, x. 21 / v. 35 | | 1ru | | analog or aes - 3 | | gui | | y | | y | | y | | y | | y | | - | | 24khz | | y | | n | | y | | musicam suprima musicamusa. com | | ip, isdn x. 21 / v. 35 | | 1ru | | analog or aes - 3 | | web browser | | y | | y | | y | | y | | y | | - | | 24khz | | y | | n | | y | | aeq phoenix aeqbroadcast. com | | ip, isdn x. 21 / v. 35 | | 1ru | | analog or aes - 3 | | front panel, usb | | y | | y | | y | | y | | n | | - | | 20khz | | y during setup | | n | | y | | audio tx", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4315046542042719, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.443312"} {"text": "analog or aes - 3 | | front panel, usb | | y | | y | | y | | y | | n | | - | | 20khz | | y during setup | | n | | y | | audio tx stl - ip www. audiotx. com | | ip | | 1ru | | analog or aes - 3 | | web browser | | y | | y | | y | | y | | n | | - | | 48khz | | n | | y | | y | | telos iport telos - systems. com | | ip | | 2ru | | analog or aes - 3 | | web browser | | y | | y | | n | | n | | n | | - | | 20khz | | n | | n | | n | | comrex access comrex. com | | ip | | 1ru | | analog or aes - 3 | | web browser | | n | | optional | | n | | n | | n | | bric hq1, hq2 | | 15khz | | y | | y | | y | | tieline ip tieline. com | | ip, optional isdn, x. 21 / v. 35, pots, gsm | | 1ru and 2ru | | analog and aes - 3 | | front panel, usb, web browser, rj - 45 | | layer 2 | | n | | y | | y | | n | | tieline voice, tieline music, tieline music plus, raw audio | | 23khz | | y | | y | | y | irwin is the chief engineer of wktu - fm, new york city. acceptable use policy blog comments powered by disqus [ an error occurred while processing this directive ] today in radio history the history of radio broadcasting extends beyond the work of a few famous inventors. eas information more on eas the feed provides feeds for all us states and territories. need a calendar for your computer desktop? use one of ours. information from manufacturers and associations about industry news, products, technology and business announcements. this high - visibility and high - traffic area got the full acoustic treatment. browse back issues [ an error occurred while processing this directive ] also in the may issue - remote access and site connectivity : wireless - standards of fm allocation and interference - side by side : mic processors - field report :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4923583991583043, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.444085"} {"text": "the brood x bugs, red - eyed cousins of the larger annual black - eyed late - summer \" dog day \" green cicadas, will begin emerging from their underground holes in western north carolina later this month. they don ' t devour vegetation the way locusts do, and they don ' t bite or sting. but they sure do sing. like many human adolescents, periodical cicadas spend umpteen years in their dirty rooms, indulging in sweet stuff and oblivious to much of the world outside themselves. then, suddenly, as if a hormone switch were flipped, they emerge with a single - minded commitment to find favor with whatever peer they deem sexually appealing. the bug nymphs live all that time on tender hardwood tree roots until they finally get the hots. well, it ' s more like the \" warms, \" because their signal to go forth and mate is a rise in the soil temperature to 64 degrees fahrenheit. once in heat, millions of them push their way to the surface and climb onto new branch growth on nearby trees and shrubs, according to entomologist stephen bambara, who works with the n. c. state cooperative extension service in raleigh. the males get together in choruses and harmonize in a unique doo - wop that strikes humans as a decidedly un - sexy metallic screeching. but cicada females respond to it with abandon, making clicking sounds and wing flips - - their version of an air kiss and a toss of the hair. after 13 or 17 years of underground obscurity, periodical cicadas emerge to a multi - week mardi gras, a party thrown by nature solely to ensure that what goes around comes around, generation after generation. like most such reveries, it ' s noisy, it ' s not pretty, and many participants meet violent fates from predators. but in this case, it gets the job done, according to bambara, because the weird life cycle itself offers a form of protection for the species. \" cicadas go 13 or 17 years between life cycles because it ' s to their advantage, \" said bambara. \" it throws possible predators off track. seventeen years is a long time to wait between meals if that were your prey. so i think that ' s where they got their niche. a lot of them are consumed and die when they come out. but their sheer numbers also help ensure their survival. even if a lot of them get eaten, a lot of others are still left to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44585282244725394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.446662"} {"text": "by driving your suv, are you sentencing the planet to environmental devastation? recently, the clinton administration released its national assessment on climate change and america, a catalogue of potential disasters resulting from global warming. with admirable understatement, a headline in the news section of the wall street journal noted that the study, \" may overplay dire side \". yeah, just maybe. floods, droughts, disappearing coasts and killer microbes all run wild in the study, which somehow manages to preview possible harm resulting from both too much rain and too little. the report has not been published in a peer - reviewed scientific journal, but it ' s sure to help shame americans into accepting limits on our economic growth. well, before you abandon your jeep cherokee, you might want to learn about another study which did appear in a peer - reviewed scientific journal. and its message is a little different. perhaps the most important - - yet most politically inconvenient - - study in the history of the global warming debate is the one generated by princeton university ' s carbon modeling consortium and published in science magazine in 1998. a team of researchers led by princeton ' s jorge sarmiento identified a \" carbon sink \" in north america. in other words, the land in north america was absorbing a surprisingly large amount of the carbon dioxide that would otherwise become greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. the technical term is \" terrestrial uptake \" but the message is clear : increases in greenhouse gases are coming from outside north america. dr. sarmiento told us this week, \" according to our results, for the 1988 to 1992 period we analyzed, north america was a net emitter of about 0. \" that ' s right, zero. as close as these scientists from princeton, columbia and the government ' s national oceanic and atmospheric administration ( noaa ) can guess, the grass and trees on our continent are consuming all the co2 emitted by our cars and factories. so the north american continent on its own is not increasing the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. all of us industrialized, suv - driving, big house - heating, spoiled americans add up to a wash, in terms of carbon emissions. how is this possible? in 1998, the princeton team offered this explanation : \" there are a number of possible mechanisms that could be responsible for the sink. forest regrowth in areas where generations of pioneers leveled trees to create farmland almost certainly plays an important role. millions of acres east of the mississippi have returned to forest. \" forest regrowth, and carbon absorption", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.446202368804178, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.452094"} {"text": "could be responsible for the sink. forest regrowth in areas where generations of pioneers leveled trees to create farmland almost certainly plays an important role. millions of acres east of the mississippi have returned to forest. \" forest regrowth, and carbon absorption, in north america may be enhanced by some side effects of industrialization. nitrogen deposition ( a dilute form of acid rain ) caused by combustion processes in automobiles and power plants can act as a fertilizer, as can the higher concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide in the air. global warming can contribute to longer growing seasons, which have been observed in studies of satellite measurements cited by the team. \" so, thanks to robust forest growth, all our co2 - munching trees can absorb the greenhouse gases from our energy use. does this mean there isn ' t a potential problem due to global warming? no. but it does mean that the current political solution embodied in the kyoto agreement, in which the united states accepts strict limits on its energy use, while most of the world is free to continue emitting increasing amounts of co2, has no justification in science. the scientific threat has been used as a pretext to cut a political deal, and it ' s a bad one for america - - a redistribution of wealth from the united states to the rest of the world. i understand why this sounds like a great idea in less developed countries, but why anyone in the us would endorse it is beyond me. instead of putting the brakes on our growth, and punishing the one region of the planet that ' s not making a net contribution to greenhouse gases, perhaps other countries should follow our lead in creating a high - tech economy. with all our industry, we manage to live in a carbon sink because we have abundant, growing forests. in other words, we are very efficient in our use of land, so there are plenty of plants and trees to absorb our co2. we favor energy sources that leave a tiny footprint on the land oil and gas - - as opposed to low - tech energy sources that require us to clear more land wood burning, solar panels, windmills and coal. of course, the most land - efficient, non - polluting energy source of all is nuclear power. nuclear plants don ' t emit greenhouse gases and they leave a tiny footprint on the land. until politicians are ready to go nuclear, it ' s hard to take their predictions of doom seriously or to buy into their alleged solutions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4629325504596663, "token_count": 500, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.453218"} {"text": "if you visit the royal botanic garden in sydney, take a few minutes to look for a small bridge over a stream near the wollemi pine, \u2018 australia \u2019 s homegrown christmas tree \u2019, close to the information booth. this is macquarie culvert. the two brick arches were built as part of the construction of mrs macquarie \u2019 s road, which nicholas delaney and his gang finished on her birthday in june 1816. they had a double purpose : a drain for the creek \u2019 s water, and a bridge. built from sandstock brick, the culvert is both typical of early 19th - century drain construction and historically significant, the historian anna wong says. but at the end of the 20th century it was in a state of disrepair, with most of the mortar gone and a rare giant fern \u2019 s roots threatening to damage it further. and the original road was covered with two centuries \u2019 worth of sediment. \u201c it is one of the oldest - known sections of road in sydney, but its existence surprised archaeologists and heritage architects from the department of public works and services when they began to dig, \u201d says the sydney morning herald. a joint team from the department and the rbg set out to conserve and restore macquarie culvert and the surface of the road nicholas and his men laid nearly 200 years ago. then the road was re - covered to preserve it for the future. of course, it \u2019 s exciting for me as a descendant of nicholas delaney to know that his brick bridge still exists and has been restored, but how important is it as part of australian history? as anna wong points out, \u201c the age and material used within its historical context makes it a significant item. other culverts and bridges were built during the early nineteenth century, but most have collapsed or were dismantled due to poor construction and inadequate knowledge. \u201c this brick culvert appears to be the only brick example from this period. \u201d so \u2013 did nicholas build the oldest bridge in australia? but macquarie culvert beats them both. true, it \u2019 s not so big or so well - known, but at a date of 1816 at the very latest, it is certainly the oldest surviving bridge in australia. not a bad achievement for an illiterate peasant and transported convict. when we were writing our book, a rebel hand : nicholas delaney of 1798, the reconstruction was still to take place and several of nicholas \u2019 s descendants were lobbying for the preservation of the stretches of his original road that still existed. it exciting to think that this part is safe for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40687435707283964, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.456500"} {"text": ", a rebel hand : nicholas delaney of 1798, the reconstruction was still to take place and several of nicholas \u2019 s descendants were lobbying for the preservation of the stretches of his original road that still existed. it exciting to think that this part is safe for at least the next 100 years, according to the public works and services department. \u201c the best thing is that the culvert is not high and dry in a museum, \u201d the gardens \u2019 acting curator, ian innes, said at the time. \u201c this is still working as a culvert. \u201d i haven \u2019 t got a picture of macquarie culvert to show you, unfortunately. a few weeks ago i emailed the royal botanic gardens to ask if they would let me use one of their photos but i haven \u2019 t heard back from them and i haven \u2019 t found one under creative commons on the net. i found useful information about early nineteenth - century drains in anna wong \u2019 s paper in australasian historical archaeology, 17, 1999 and about the restoration of macquarie culvert in james woodford \u2019 s article in the sydney morning herald of june 24, 2002. the aha article also has an old photo of macquarie culvert before restoration. as i can \u2019 t give a hyperlink to it ( it \u2019 s a pdf ) here \u2019 s a screenshot. you can find the article on google.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4345535845468154, "token_count": 280, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.457078"} {"text": "i am going to compare the two books because although there is overlapping information, each offers readers a different perspective. both books describes the sensory systems and subtypes of sensory processing disorders ( spd ) - which are as follows : \u00b7 sensory modulation disorder o sensory over - responsivity o sensory under - responsivity o sensory craving \u00b7 sensory - based motor disorder o postural disorder \u00b7 sensory discrimination disorderboth books do an excellent job of explaining red flags and symptoms of spd and how the concepts that make up the acronym \u201c a secret \u201d are used to problem solve solutions. the elements of a secret are : \u00b7 a - attention \u00b7 e - emotional regulation \u00b7 c - culture, context or current conditions \u00b7 r - relationships \u00b7 e - environment \u00b7 t - tasksensational kids provides very detailed and lengthy case studies of sensational children, their family dynamics and how a child \u2019 s coping abilities are reflective of his or her specific neurological make - up. case - studies include : \u00b7 a typically developing first - grader \u00b7 an over - responsive kindergartner \u00b7 an under - responsive second grader \u00b7 a sensory - seeking preschooler \u00b7 a dyspraxic third - graderreaders of sensational kids learn about basic intervention techniques, special education laws that impact services, the prevalence of spd and co - existing conditions such as attention deficit disorder or autism and what the future holds for these children. now no longer a secret delves further into problem - solving a child \u2019 s emotional, social and sensorimotor challenges by carefully differentiating the subtypes of spd in order to individualize treatment and avoid cookie cutter \u201c sensory diets \u201d. short case - studies are used to illustrate a child \u2019 s challenged area and then a chart is created with each element of \u201c a secret \u201d filled in. for example, one child who had melt downs during soccer games was supported in the areas of \u00b7 attention - by giving him the job of calling out sports moves \u00b7 sensation by jumping, wrestling, jumping or doing heavy work before sports \u00b7 emotional regulation \u2013 by listening to positive, uplifting music on the way to the game \u00b7 culture - being picked up early from school to do some self - esteem boosting before the soccer games. \u00b7 relationships - parents positive attitude influenced how he felt \u00b7 environment - visual cues used to help him better judge where he was on field \u00b7 task - play with smaller group of playersparents might find the information in this book overwhelming, but i think that it will be worthwhile to plug along and rerea", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4890117811320677, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.459921"} {"text": "bittacus striatus issiki, 1927 diagnosis : this species has wings with dark shading along gradate series and at the origin of radial sector and branches of cubital vein. the male epiandrial lobes are about the same size as the basistyles and the base of the aedeagus is gradually widened until abruptly constricted to narrow stalk. distribution \u2013 geographical : this species is known from kobayashi, rato ( = kobayash = hsiaolin = hsiaolin, jiaxian township, kaohsiung county, 23. 1724\u00b0n, 120. 654\u00b0e ), 29 july 1923, professor t. shiraki, ( tari ) ; taipin ( = taping city, taichung county, 24\u00b007 \u2019 08. 15 \u201d n, 120\u00b046 \u2019 53. 27 \u201d e ), 23 july 1918, j. sonan, ( tari ). distribution \u2013 temporal : the two known collections of this species are from mid - summer in july. ecology : this species is found at relatively low elevations in west - central taiwan. biology : nothing is known of immature stages or life history. notes : this species appears to be quite closely related to bittacus maculatus, but can be separated from that species by the more tapered base of the aedeagus and the elongate band that goes through the first fork of the anterior cubitus ( cua ) of the hindwing of b. striatus. issiki, s. 1927. new and rare species of mecoptera from corea, formosa and japan. insecta matsumurana, 2 : 1 - 12.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41007892318052525, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.461540"} {"text": "support us | visit us | contact us 21 september 2011 researchers used satellite tracking to monitor the movements of the whales to discover that in 2010 they travelled between the atlantic and pacific seas via the famously ice - bound passage. bones found on beaches in the region suggest that the last time the whales occupied this area was around 10, 000 years ago. while bowheads are adept at moving through ice - bound arctic seas, it was previously thought that the sea ice in the northwest passage was too impenetrable even for these arctic specialists. however, the new observations show bowheads travelling through the passage in both directions, suggesting that the rapidly diminishing arctic sea ice has allowed them to pass from one ocean to another. the findings have huge implications for the ecology of marine life in the region, with the authors stating that their findings \u201c are perhaps an early sign that other marine organisms have begun exchanges between the pacific and the atlantic oceans across the arctic. some of these exchanges may be harder to detect than bowhead whales, but the ecological impacts could be more significant should the ice - free arctic become a dispersion corridor between the two oceans. \u201d read the full paper for free on the biology letters webpage. learn about our mission to expand the frontiers of knowledge. explore our annual science exhibition the government \u2019 s spending decisions for the financial year 2015 - 16 provide an important opportunity to strengthen the role of research and innovation as drivers of uk growth and competitiveness, according to the uk \u2019 s four national academies, including the royal society. a paper published in biology letters today reveals a new species of ichthyosaur ( a dolphin - like marine reptile from the age of dinosaurs ) which revolutionises our understanding of their evolution and extinction. pioneers of the internet, computing, climate modelling and virtual surgery are just some of the experts who have been announced as new fellows of the royal society today ( 3 may 2013 ). for a full archive please see the news pages. latest press releases about our activities. announcements about articles in our journals. there are about 1, 450 fellows and foreign members. we have had 350 years at the heart of scientific progress. contact the society ' s press team.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49415353202308, "token_count": 439, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.463931"} {"text": "the third bi - annual asia sanitation and hygiene practitioners \u2019 workshop, held in dhaka, bangladesh, from 31 january to 2 february 2012, reported notable progress in implementing menstrual hygiene into wash programmes. in 2008, menstrual hygiene management was signalled as a neglected area in wash programmes. in 2010 the workshop participants pushed ahead and discussed necessary provisions for menstrual hygiene management in toilet design ( washing facilities, sufficient space, incinerators ) as well as issues of availability and affordability of menstrual hygiene materials. a major hurdle remains the lack of awareness and lack of recognition that menstrual hygiene is a human right and health issue. in 2012, participants concluded that menstrual hygiene programmes are now usually linked to school wash, but efforts are needed to reach girls who are not in schools. advocacy and hygiene promotion have to improve the awareness of both men and women about menstruation and menstrual hygiene management. progress on menstrual hygiene management since 2008 wateraid is developing a resource guide on menstrual hygiene management. brac has integrated menstrual hygiene management ( mhm ) in their wash programme, especially in schools. menstrual hygiene has been taken up by irsp in pakistan as part of their post - emergency response and conducts hygiene sessions for men and for women on menstrual hygiene management. wickramasinghe ( 2012 ) provides a checklist of necessary inputs, which could form the basis for programming in post - emergency situations. the following menstrual hygiene management ( mhm ) needs have identified : - understanding indigenous mhm practices - capacity building and promotion / awareness raising materials - inclusion of mhm in monitoring frameworks and national educational curricula - approaches for targeting girls who are not in school - innovation in low cost sanitary napkins some more resources : - menstrual hygiene discussed openly in cluster meetings for adolescent girls in bangladesh ( photostory ) - paper on interventions of brac wash relating to menstrual hygiene management - brac presentation from the global forum on sanitation and hygiene held in mumbai in 2011 read the full version of this article on the irc web site at : www. irc. nl / page / 72510", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4622293316782957, "token_count": 460, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.466866"} {"text": "| course | | course title | | credit hours | | cis 235 | | managing and troubleshooting pcs | | ( 3 - 0 ) 3 cr. hrs. | personal computer servicing and support will be covered within the following topics : physical and electrical concepts of motherboards, power supplies, bios and expansion buses ; definitions and uses of microprocessors ( cpus ), memory system resources and input / output devices ; data storage devices and interfaces ; cables, connectors and ports ; basic networking fundamentals ; operating system fundamentals ; and dos. ( a requirement that must be completed before taking this course. ) - windows experience highly recommended. upon successful completion of the course, the student should be able to : - explain the physical concepts of a motherboard in a personal computer. - explain the electrical properties found in the motherboard of a personal computer. - examine the electrical properties of the power supply. - explore the computer bios. - explain the types of microprocessors. - explain input / output devices. - explain data storage devices. - explain basic networking fundamentals. - examine operating system fundamentals. note : this course may not be offered every semester. please check the cis section of the current course schedule for availability.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5313938849897141, "token_count": 256, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.468559"} {"text": "in the case of residential lighting, new types of light bulbs, compact fluorescent lights or cfls, are becoming popular. wikipedia says the following about cfls. a compact fluorescent lamp ( cfl ), also called compact fluorescent light, energy - saving light, and compact fluorescent tube, is a fluorescent lamp designed to replace an incandescent lamp ; some types fit into light fixtures formerly used for incandescent lamps. the lamps use a tube which is curved or folded to fit into the space of an incandescent bulb, and a compact electronic ballast in the base of the lamp. compared to general - service incandescent lamps giving the same amount of visible light, cfls use one - fifth to one - third the electric power, and last eight to fifteen times longer. a cfl has a higher purchase price than an incandescent lamp, but can save over five times its purchase price in electricity costs over the lamp ' s lifetime. like all fluorescent lamps, cfls contain mercury, which complicates their disposal. in many countries, governments have established recycling schemes for cfls and glass generally. cfls radiate a spectral power distribution that is different from that of incandescent lamps. improved phosphor formulations have improved the perceived colour of the light emitted by cfls, such that some sources rate the best \" soft white \" cfls as subjectively similar in colour to standard incandescent lamps. because cfls consume significantly less power than traditional tungsten bulbs, they are one of the primary devices suggested by government and industry for reducing our dependance on fossil fuels. we have been assured that the amount of mercury in cfl bulbs and the amount of radiation given off by those bulbs is low enough that we can ignore those factors. however, scientists are learning that cfls may be more harmful to us that we suspected. i am listing light bulbs as a disaster, because the use of the bulbs is so widespread over the earth. here are links to scientific research about light bulbs and mercury pollution. in a new analysis of thousands of u. s. women of childbearing age, brown university researchers found that most exceeded the median blood level for two or more of three environmental pollutants that could harm brain development of fetuses and babies : lead, mercury, and polychlorinated biphenyls ( pcbs ). attention - deficit / hyperactivity disorder ( adhd ) affects approximately ten percent of children worldwide, yet its causes are not well understood. now, a study led by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5580608103592207, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.473181"} {"text": ", and polychlorinated biphenyls ( pcbs ). attention - deficit / hyperactivity disorder ( adhd ) affects approximately ten percent of children worldwide, yet its causes are not well understood. now, a study led by susan korrick, md, mph, of brigham and women ' s hospital ( bwh ), and sharon sagiv, phd, mph, of boston university school of public health, and published in the online version of the archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine on october 8, 2012, links low - level prenatal mercury exposure with a greater risk of adhd - related behaviors. but leds do have a dark side. a study published in late 2010 in the journal environmental science and technology found that leds contain lead, arsenic and a dozen other potentially dangerous substances. leds are touted as the next generation of lighting, \u201d says oladele ogunseitan, one of the researchers behind the study and chair of the university of california ( uc ) - irvine \u2019 s department of population health & disease prevention. \u201c but as we try to find better products that do not deplete energy resources or contribute to global warming, we have to be vigilant [ about ] toxicity hazards \u2026. \u201d the researchers, led by miriam rafailovich, phd, professor of materials science and engineering and the director of the garcia center for polymers at engineered interfaces at stony brook, conducted similar research to a european study on light sensitivity. stony brook researchers collected cfl bulbs purchased from different locations across suffolk and nassau counties, and then measured the amount of uv emissions and the integrity of each bulb ' s phosphor coatings. results revealed significant levels of uvc and uva, which appeared to originate from cracks in the phosphor coatings, present in all cfl bulbs studied.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5421915692586488, "token_count": 374, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.473882"} {"text": "rejected in concept by local voters in 2000, measure a would divide the pasadena unified school district into seven so - called sub - districts. its primary purpose is to promote greater minority representation on the board of education although its advocates allege that it will result in greater democracy, more \u201c local control, \u201d cheaper elections and more access. actually, its only guaranteed effect will be to significantly reduce the voting rights of all voters and blocs thereof, wherever they live. under the current system of \u201c at large \u201d elections, citizens get to vote for ( or against ) all seven board members whenever they are up for election, and to affect the balance of power on the board every two years. under measure a, voters will be limited to voting for one board member only, every four years \u2013 a single member from a single sub - district whose boundaries have been drawn in large part based on a committee \u2019 s perception of its overall racial / ethnic characteristics. such elections will ensure that six of the seven board members will have no political incentive to even pick up the phone when voters from outside their sub - district call whereas members elected at large have to develop a district wide constituency. measure a will result in racially - oriented, ward - based \u201c what \u2019 s in it for me \u201d politics and politicians. the proposed sub - districts each contain about 29, 000 residents. three ( and arguably four ) of them are based almost wholly on perceptions of race / ethnicity despite ever - increasing diversity within each of them. these boundaries will exacerbate racial tensions between blacks and hispanics at a time when they share many of the same neighborhoods, albeit in different proportions. the black population of pasadena and altadena has declined precipitously since the mid 1970 \u2019 s when there were nearly 11, 000 black students. today, there are fewer than 3, 000. over the same period, the number of hispanic students has grown from around 2, 700 to over 11, 000. however, the black community still has greater numbers of registered voters and hispanics are unlikely to elect one of \u201c their own \u201d for many years. the one hispanic currently on the school board \u2013 currently elected at large \u2013 is not likely to prevail in his prospective sub - district! the margin of victory in at - large pusd elections is typically four to five percent, a margin which enables any group of voters that gets its act together to have a significant impact on every election and board member. measure a \u2019 s \u201c one vote every four years for a single member \u201d requirement will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49068724316396095, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.483657"} {"text": "elections is typically four to five percent, a margin which enables any group of voters that gets its act together to have a significant impact on every election and board member. measure a \u2019 s \u201c one vote every four years for a single member \u201d requirement will disenfranchise whole blocs of voters regardless of race, political persuasion or current \u201c community of interest \u201d, the real places where people live. for example, altadena \u2019 s overall electoral power will be divided by its own characteristics, east and west of lake, and in part diluted by a significant bloc of east pasadena voters. sierra madre \u2019 s voters now have great influence on district - wide races but it will be out - voted in its sub - district by the much more numerous residents of eastern and southeastern pasadena. measure a \u2019 s boundaries also fail to reflect the distribution of students and schools. the three \u201c minority districts \u201d account for over 70 % of the students. the district \u2019 s long - standing open enrollment policies further complicate matters of \u201c representation \u201d. greater access to local voters? given the geographic expanse of four of the proposed sub - districts, voters are not much more likely to have a board member walk the streets where they live than under the current system. and, it \u2019 s not that difficult to get a board member \u2019 s ear ( or scalp ) to affect board decisions. to get elected in an at - large election, potential board members have to develop a broad constituency \u2013 before they are elected \u2013 to engage voters throughout the district, wherever they live, whatever their census profile. they are, in effect, vetted by the whole community and, therefore, have greater experience, credibility and legitimacy than would single sub - district members. if you doubt this, ask mr. bogaard! however, the city \u2019 s electoral practices are not a model for the schools. city council members deal primarily with a set of finite matters \u2013 police and fire protection, water and power, traffic control, etc. which are of particular concern to particular neighborhoods or residents. school board members rarely deal with issues which are unique to a particular area of the district. their obligations are limited by law to matters of policy and oversight, to ensure that the district \u2019 s $ 180 million budget is allocated to meet the needs of all students district - wide. currently, each winning at - large board member gets 7, 000 to 8, 000 votes from a broad political base across the district. given historically consistent turnouts of about 13 percent of eligible voters for school board elections", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4573556768232071, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.486275"} {"text": "of all students district - wide. currently, each winning at - large board member gets 7, 000 to 8, 000 votes from a broad political base across the district. given historically consistent turnouts of about 13 percent of eligible voters for school board elections, winning sub - district members will prospectively have the support of as few as 1, 000 voters, with nowhere to turn for four years if their choice proves unwise! in fact, four sub - district members with as few as 4, 000 votes between them \u2013 fewer than a single losing board member now gets \u2013 could take over the district, its budget and its future, to serve ends which though not yet defined are likely to be dominated by ward - level politics. measure a \u2019 s proponents argue that elections will be less costly. maybe, and maybe not! west pasadena city council member steve madison spent in excess of $ 220, 000 to retain his council seat in the last election, inside a sub - district 20 % smaller than those proposed by measure a. successful at - large candidates for the school board typically have a long history of involvement and experience in the schools and community. it does take money to run \u2013 although not nearly as much as measure a \u2019 s advocates allege \u2013 but money doesn \u2019 t necessarily prevail against well - known candidates with an earned district - wide reputation. make it cheap to run and you may get \u201c local \u201d candidates who run merely to win the one real perk enjoyed by the school board members, a comprehensive family health insurance program worth at least $ 20, 000 a year! or, outside political groups could try to \u201c buy \u201d a seat on the cheap! measure a represents a significant step backward for pusd and the increasingly diverse communities it serves. forced to integrate its schools as a result of its own intransigence in 1970, now is not the time to force the district to divide itself based largely on race as measure a would have it rendered. now is not the time to reverse 40 plus years of progress. measure a would be irreversible but it is not inevitable. vote no on measure a. bill bibbiani is a former pusd board of education member.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4338258860613856, "token_count": 441, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.487492"} {"text": "5 questions : time to fall back the time and frequency division of the national institute of standards and technology, which provides official time to the united states, answers questions about the twice - annual time change. q : what is daylight saving time? a : daylight saving time is the period of the year when clocks are moved one hour ahead. in the united states, this has the effect of creating more sunlit hours in the evening during months when the weather is the warmest. the transition from daylight saving time to standard time effectively moves one hour of daylight from the evening to the morning. q : when is daylight saving time? a : daylight saving time begins each year on the second sunday in march at 2 a. m. ( local time ). clocks must be moved ahead one hour when daylight saving time goes into effect. the changeover back to standard time occurs on the first sunday in november at 2 a. m. ( local time ). clocks must be moved back one hour. q : didn \u2019 t daylight saving time used to end in october, not november? a : yes. the rules for daylight saving time changed in 2007 for the first time in more than 20 years. q : why the change? a : the new changes were enacted by the energy policy act of 2005, which extended the length of daylight saving time in the interest of reducing energy consumption. q : how long does daylight saving time last? a : daylight saving time will now be in effect for 238 days, or about 65 percent of the year, although congress retained the right to revert to the prior law should the change prove unpopular or if energy savings are not significant.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.476957638361059, "token_count": 332, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.489627"} {"text": "members of the united nations from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia ( redirected from member states of the united nations ) other websites [ change ] all notes are based on official list of member states - joined as byelorussia. united nations told of name change on 19 september 1991 - the socialist federal republic of yugoslavia was an original member of the united nations. the charter was signed on its behalf on 26 june 1945 and ratified ( confirmed ) on 19 october 1945. when yugoslvia was dissolved the new countries of bosnia and herzegovina, croatia, slovenia, the former yugoslav republic of macedonia, and the federal republic of yugoslavia were formed. - zaire joined the united nations on 20 september 1960. on 17 may 1997 it changed its name was to the democratic republic of the congo. - the republic of croatia was admitted as a member of the united nations by general assembly resolution a / res / 46 / 238 of 22 may 1992. - the czech and slovak federal republic was an original member of the united nations from 24 october 1945. the czech and slovak federal republic separated on 31 december 1992 and that the czech republic and the slovak republic, as successor states, were thus admitted as member states on 19 january of that year. - egypt and syria were original members of the united nations from 24 october 1945. following a plebiscite ( vote ) on 21 february 1958, egypt and syria joined together as the united arab republic. on 13 october 1961, syria, became an independent country, resumed its separate membership in the united nations. on 2 september 1971, the united arab republic changed its name to the arab republic of egypt. - the federal republic of germany and the german democratic republic were admitted as members on 18 september 1973. the german democratic republic stopped being a member on 3 october 1990, when the two germancountries united to form one sovereign country. - on 20 january 1965, indonesia said it was leaving the united nations \u201c at this stage and under the present circumstances \u201d. on 19 september 1966, decided \" to resume full cooperation with the united nations and to resume participation ( start joining ) in its activities \". on 28 september 1966, the general assembly invited indonesia to take its seats in the assembly. - by resolution a / res / 47 / 225 of 8 april 1993, \" macedonia \" became a member of the united nations. in the united nations macedonia is called \" the former yugoslav republic of macedonia \" because of arguments about its name. - the federation of malaya joined the united nations on 17 september 1957. on 16 september 1963, its", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4357308958208004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.494465"} {"text": "became a member of the united nations. in the united nations macedonia is called \" the former yugoslav republic of macedonia \" because of arguments about its name. - the federation of malaya joined the united nations on 17 september 1957. on 16 september 1963, its name was changed to malaysia, when the new states of singapore, sabah ( north borneo ) and sarawak joined the union. singapore became an independent country on 9 august 1965 and a member of the united nations on 21 september 1965. - on 4 february 2003, the official name of federal republic of yugoslavia was changed to serbia and montenegro. montenegro held a referendum ( vote ) on 21 may 2006 and declared independence from serbia on 3 june. president of the republic of serbia told the secretary - general that the membership of serbia and montenegro was being continued by the republic of serbia on 28 june 2006 montenegro became a united nations member state by general assembly resolution a / res / 60 / 264. - the union of soviet socialist republics was an original member of the united nations from 24 october 1945. on 24 december 1991, boris yeltsin, the president of the russian federation, told the secretary - general that the soviet union ' s membership in the security council and all other united nations organs was being taken over by the russian federation with the support of the 11 member countries of the commonwealth of independent states. - the federal republic of yugoslavia was admitted as a member of the united nations by general assembly resolution a / res / 55 / 12 of 1 november 2000. on 4 february 2003 the official name of the country was changed to serbia and montenegro. on 3 june 2006, the president of the republic of serbia told the secretary - general that the membership of serbia and montenegro was being continued by the republic of serbia, after montenegro \u2019 s declaration of independence. - the republic of slovenia was admitted as a member of the united nations by general assembly resolution a / res / 46 / 236 of 22 may 1992. - \" u. n. admits south sudan as 193rd member \". foxnews. com. associated press ( fox news network, llc ). 2011 - 07 - 14. http : / / www. foxnews. com / world / 2011 / 07 / 14 / un - admits - south - sudan - as - 13rd - member /. retrieved 2011 - 07 - 14. - tanganyika was a member of the united nations from 14 december 1961 and zanzibar was a member from 16 december 1963. after the ratification on 26 april 1964 of articles of union between tanganyika and zanzibar", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42871573158187404, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.495506"} {"text": "for the past five years, colombia ' s abysmal labor rights record has led congressional democrats to freeze the proposed u. s. - colombia trade promotion agreement ( tpa ). and for good reason : the agreement would, in part, benefit large - scale monocropping plantations and other economic projects - - many of whose owners utilize the \" security \" services of paramilitary groups to intimidate, assassinate, and displace not only trade unionists, but also afro - colombian and indigenous leaders and families viewed as getting in the way of economic operations \u2019 owners. in april, president obama and colombian president juan manuel santos defrosted the trade agreement, announcing a \" labor action plan \" that details steps colombia has committed to take in the coming months. based on these promises, the tpa is likely to come up for a vote in the u. s. congress before the end of 2011. but the plan - - according to u. s. and colombian trade unions, human rights groups, afro - colombians, indigenous colombians, and rural farmer associations - - falls short. far from guaranteeing fair and safe conditions for colombian workers, the plan limits their ability to exercise their rights and ignores serious concerns about security, human rights, and afro - colombian and indigenous land rights. in colombia, being a trade unionist can be a death sentence. colombia has the highest number of unionists killed in the world - - more than 1, 000 during the last 10 years. most workers are not unionized. a large number of workers are forced into \" associative cooperatives \" that then contract with employers ; these not only impede unionization, but they also result in workers not having the labor protections that are afforded to direct employees. in the sugarcane industry in valle del cauca, where this model operates, afro - colombians work in slavery - like conditions. beyond labor rights, the announced plan also ignores the fact that, in colombia, many large - scale \" development \" projects, including plantations of monoculture crops such as oil palm trees, have been illegally and violently imposed onto land belonging to afro - colombians and indigenous communities. with 5. 2 million internally displaced persons, colombia competes with sudan for the slot of largest internally displaced population in the world. in multiple rulings, colombia ' s own constitutional court has highlighted the connection between large - scale monoculture agriculture, paramilitary violence, and displacement of afro - colombians and indigenous colombians from their homes. the underlying conditions that cause much of the violence - -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42256525469926115, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.502157"} {"text": "rulings, colombia ' s own constitutional court has highlighted the connection between large - scale monoculture agriculture, paramilitary violence, and displacement of afro - colombians and indigenous colombians from their homes. the underlying conditions that cause much of the violence - - the internal armed conflict and paramilitaries that operate with impunity - - are not addressed in the labor action plan agreed to in april. in that plan, colombia commits to long - overdue steps, such as expanding protection programs for trade unionists and hiring 100 labor inspectors this year to address abuses in sugar, oil palms, ports, and mining cooperatives. but these steps do not go far enough. the plan does not require any decrease in violence against trade union members, or any progress toward justice for those already hurt or killed ; it also does not deal with other important labor issues, such as allowing for industry - wide unions. for five years, u. s. and colombia labor movements and human rights organizations, as well as u. s. democrats, have pressured colombia to make these changes, yet little has been done. given colombia \u2019 s poor track record on other human rights issues, it is unlikely it will fundamentally change its current dismal labor environment by the end of the year. colombia has a long history of undelivered promises with regard to labor and human rights. its constitutional court has issued orders urging colombia to take action to protect ethnic minorities from further harm, but the country has not done so. if colombia ignores directives from its own judicial system to protect the rights of those who would be impacted by the tpa, what reason is there to believe it will guarantee the rights of its own workers with the labor action plan? gimena sanchez - garzoli is a senior associate for the andes at the washington office on latin america.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39685342003482627, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.505587"} {"text": "there is an unfortunate side effect when using gdb to debug multi - threaded programs. if one thread stops for a breakpoint, or for some other reason, and another thread is blocked in a system call, then the system call may return prematurely. this is a consequence of the interaction between multiple threads and the signals that gdb uses to implement breakpoints and other events that stop execution. to handle this problem, your program should check the return value of each system call and react appropriately. this is good programming style anyways. for example, do not write code like this : the call to sleep will return early if a different thread stops at a breakpoint or for some other reason. instead, write this : int unslept = 10 ; while ( unslept > 0 ) unslept = sleep ( unslept ) ; a system call is allowed to return early, so the system is still conforming to its specification. but gdb does cause your multi - threaded program to behave differently than it would without gdb. also, gdb uses internal breakpoints in the thread library to monitor certain events such as thread creation and thread destruction. when such an event happens, a system call in another thread may return prematurely, even though your program does not appear to stop.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47130211408977063, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.508288"} {"text": "astronauts aboard the international space station enjoy holiday meals just as their families do here on earth. although the food is not mom ' s home cooking, it ' s also not the \" tubes and cubes \" of the first meals in orbit during the apollo years. don ' t expect someone to break out the \" good china, \" though. on the station, the holiday table is set with bungee cords and velcro. astronauts eat from disposable plastic containers and aluminum pouches. instead of a carving knife, scissors are more important for meal preparation. not fancy, maybe, but man what a view. also, as with holiday meals on earth, it ' s the spirit of peace and good will that warms the hearts of the diners. the challengeswith no refrigerator or freezer aboard the station, food must remain good for long periods at room temperature. freeze - drying is a good option for many foods. others are thermostabilized, just like some foods found in grocery stores that do not require refrigeration. just like on earth, some items are vcanned while others like candy, nuts and cookies, are fine just the way they are. the top station chef is food scientist vickie kloeris. she has worked in space food systems at nasa ' s johnson space center in houston for 18 years. kloeris oversees the area that manages the production and supply of space station and space shuttle food. \" station crews have more than 250 food and beverage items they can select from the u. s. and russian food systems, but they have to make their selections as early as a year before their flight, \" kloeris said. \" the choices range from barbecued beef to baked tofu, with probably the most popular item being shrimp cocktail, \" she said. a matter of tastesome people claim that the way a person tastes changes in space. kloeris said although there is no scientific data to verify changes, many astronauts report a preference for spicy and tart foods and drinks. the environment aboard the station is also a factor when considering food choices. crumbly or loose foods can float out and contaminate the station atmosphere, becoming an annoyance or even a hazard to crews and equipment. many entrees and vegetables are packaged in a thick sauce that helps hold them in a bowl while they are eaten. tortillas are favored over sandwich bread, because they create fewer crumbs and are easier to handle in microgravity. they also stay fresh longer than", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4807207572300293, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.521733"} {"text": "free search ( 10899 images ) oxygen makes venus glow at night rating : 5. 00 / 5 ( 1 votes cast ) - title oxygen makes venus glow at night - released 11 / 04 / 2007 2 : 35 pm - copyright esa / virtis / inaf - iasf / obs. de paris - lesia this grey - scale image was taken on 3 june 2006 by the visible and infrared thermal imaging spectrometer ( virtis ) onboard esa \u2019 s venus express, at a distance of 68 000 kilometres from the planet \u2019 s surface. the image shows the oxygen airglow in the night - side of venus, appearing as the bright features similar to \u2018 clouds \u2019 visible at the bottom of the image, and also visible as the white ring surrounding the planet \u2019 s disk ( limb ). the oxygen airglow is fully detectable only at specific infrared wavelengths. this image was obtained at 1. 27 micrometres. the fluorescence of the airglow is produced when oxygen atoms, \u2018 migrating \u2019 from the day - side to the night - side of the atmosphere of venus under the push of the so - called sub - solar and anti - solar atmospheric circulation, recombine into molecular oxygen ( or \u2018 o2 \u2019 ) emitting light. the view was obtained from south, with the south pole at the top of the image. the lower horizon is at about 20 degrees south latitude, while the image centre is at 60 degrees east longitude ( coinciding with midnight local time ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4753082585791155, "token_count": 308, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.527757"} {"text": "the motion of the planets around the sun is like a never - ending race. each planet follows its own lane around the sun, and moves at its own speed. and as you might expect, a planet in an inside lane always beats one in an outside lane. consider earth and mars. earth is the third planet out from the sun. our \u201c lane \u201d - - our path around the sun - - is close to 600 million miles long. it takes us one year to complete one lap around the track, for an average speed of 67, 000 miles per hour. mars is half - again as far out from the sun, so its lane is longer than earth \u2019 s. a body in a farther orbit moves more slowly, so mars is moving about 13, 000 miles per hour slower than earth is, so it takes almost twice as long to finish a lap around the sun. as a result, the viewing angle to mars is constantly changing. earth passed mars early this month. as we approached the planet, it appeared to slow down, then reverse direction against the background of stars. the same thing would happen if you passed another car on the highway - - or the racetrack. as we passed mars, we were closest to it for the year, so the planet was at its brightest. and it \u2019 s still quite bright, shining like an orange star in the east as night falls. over the coming weeks and months, though, as the distance to mars increases, it \u2019 ll fade rapidly. by late summer, it \u2019 ll be just one - eighth as bright as it is now. so look for mars at its best - - before we leave the red planet behind. script by damond benningfield, copyright 2012 for more skywatching tips, astronomy news, and much more, read stardate magazine.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4560524502710833, "token_count": 366, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.532568"} {"text": "author : albert ingalls hardcover : volume 3 of 3 in the early 1920s a naturally curious fellow, albert ingalls, happened to read an article in an obscure magazine by an even more curious fellow, russell porter. the article was about the \" poor man ' s \" telescope and told the story of how a group of vermont villagers built their own reflecting telescopes. it was to be a fateful event because albert ingalls was an editor of scientific american magazine and telescope making was about to gain a much larger audience through america ' s preeminent science magazine. ingalls and porter would, during the next 30 years, create and inspire from others a body of literature that would eventually span a three - volume set of books. many people are surprised when they find out that the optics for a 6 or 8 inch newtonian reflecting telescope can be made by hand using the simplest of tools and materials. since the invention of the telescope about 400 years ago, telescope making has always had an amateur component. some amateur telescope makers were fascinated by the process itself, while others ( like the great observer of the night sky, william herschel ) became amateur telescope makers as a means to their ultimate objective of exploration. inevitably some of the more accomplished amateurs became professionals and made instruments for others, but these instruments were never cheap. until the discovery of methods to coat glass with silver in the mid - 1800s the telescope of choice was the refractor \u2014 in spite of its price. by the time aluminum replaced silver in the late 1930s, reflectors had almost completely replaced refractors in popularity. this series of books is one of the reasons why. the atm books were originally published at a time when it was costly to rearrange the contents once it was set in type, so with each edition and printing new material tended to be added at the back. over the years they grew larger and less well organized. yet, because they contained so much valuable information, telescope makers, even today, considered them to be the bible of telescope making. these books are a rearrangement of the original three - volume work. insofar as possible similar items are now grouped together ; each as a chapter within a descriptive part. chapters are usually divided into sections, subsections, etc. while the table of contents for a typical \" atm \" of old was 2 pages it is now 3 to 5 times larger. the index has similarly been expanded. the objective was not to rewrite but to logically rearrange the text into a more user -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45612014123785277, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.538494"} {"text": "nisbet, r. m. and gurney, william ( 1982 ) modelling fluctuating populations. john wiley and sons limited, chichester. isbn 9781930665903full text not available in this repository. modelling fluctuating populations, originally published in 1982, is a classic textbook because primarily, this book takes a distinctive approach to population dynamics, by emphasizing from the earliest chapters that all populations fluctuate continuously. traditional themes in theoretical ecology such as equilibrium and population stability are linked to analyses of the response of a population to environmental fluctuations and to extinction probabilities. thus, the book ' s approach confronts head - on one common criticism of simple ecological models - the mismatch between the mathematical mechanisms studied and the questions of top ecological concern. secondly, the book demonstrates the power of techniques based on linear mathematics. | keywords : | | population dynamics, linear mathematics, fluctuating populations, probabilities. mathematical statistics | | subjects : | | science > mathematics > probabilities. mathematical statistics | | department : | | faculty of science > mathematics and statistics | | depositing user : | | pure administrator | | date deposited : | | 18 oct 2012 11 : 59 | | last modified : | | 18 oct 2012 16 : 59 | actions ( login required )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5865202077388045, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.542157"} {"text": "what is sustainable agriculture? agriculture has changed dramatically, especially since the end of world war ii. food and fiber productivity soared due to new technologies, mechanization, increased chemical use, specialization and government policies that favored maximizing production. these changes allowed fewer farmers with reduced labor demands to produce the majority of the food and fiber in the u. s. although these changes have had many positive effects and reduced many risks in farming, there have also been significant costs. prominent among these are topsoil depletion, groundwater contamination, the decline of family farms, continued neglect of the living and working conditions for farm laborers, increasing costs of production, and the disintegration of economic and social conditions in rural communities. a growing movement has emerged during the past two decades to question the role of the agricultural establishment in promoting practices that contribute to these social problems. today this movement for sustainable agriculture is garnering increasing support and acceptance within mainstream agriculture. not only does sustainable agriculture address many environmental and social concerns, but it offers innovative and economically viable opportunities for growers, laborers, consumers, policymakers and many others in the entire food system. this paper is an effort to identify the ideas, practices and policies that constitute our concept of sustainable agriculture. we do so for two reasons : 1 ) to clarify the research agenda and priorities of our program, and 2 ) to suggest to others practical steps that may be appropriate for them in moving toward sustainable agriculture. because the concept of sustainable agriculture is still evolving, we intend the paper not as a definitive or final statement, but as an invitation to continue the dialogue. sustainable agriculture integrates three main goals - - environmental health, economic profitability, and social and economic equity. a variety of philosophies, policies and practices have contributed to these goals. people in many different capacities, from farmers to consumers, have shared this vision and contributed to it. despite the diversity of people and perspectives, the following themes commonly weave through definitions of sustainable agriculture. sustainability rests on the principle that we must meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. therefore, stewardship of both natural and human resources is of prime importance. stewardship of human resources includes consideration of social responsibilities such as working and living conditions of laborers, the needs of rural communities, and consumer health and safety both in the present and the future. stewardship of land and natural resources involves maintaining or enhancing this vital resource base for the long term. a systems perspective is essential to understanding sustainability. the system", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5455068374669133, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.574646"} {"text": "the needs of rural communities, and consumer health and safety both in the present and the future. stewardship of land and natural resources involves maintaining or enhancing this vital resource base for the long term. a systems perspective is essential to understanding sustainability. the system is envisioned in its broadest sense, from the individual farm, to the local ecosystem, and to communities affected by this farming system both locally and globally. an emphasis on the system allows a larger and more thorough view of the consequences of farming practices on both human communities and the environment. a systems approach gives us the tools to explore the interconnections between farming and other aspects of our environment. a systems approach also implies interdisciplinary efforts in research and education. this requires not only the input of researchers from various disciplines, but also farmers, farmworkers, consumers, policymakers and others. making the transition to sustainable agriculture is a process. for farmers, the transition to sustainable agriculture normally requires a series of small, realistic steps. family economics and personal goals influence how fast or how far participants can go in the transition. it is important to realize that each small decision can make a difference and contribute to advancing the entire system further on the \" sustainable agriculture continuum. \" the key to moving forward is the will to take the next step. finally, it is important to point out that reaching toward the goal of sustainable agriculture is the responsibility of all participants in the system, including farmers, laborers, policymakers, researchers, retailers, and consumers. each group has its own part to play, its own unique contribution to make to strengthen the sustainable agriculture community. the remainder of this document considers specific strategies for realizing these broad themes or goals. the strategies are grouped according to three separate though related areas of concern : farming and natural resources, plant and animal production practices, and the economic, social and political context. they represent a range of potential ideas for individuals committed to interpreting the vision of sustainable agriculture within their own circumstances. water. when the production of food and fiber degrades the natural resource base, the ability of future generations to produce and flourish decreases. the decline of ancient civilizations in mesopotamia, the mediterranean region, pre - columbian southwest u. s. and central america is believed to have been strongly influenced by natural resource degradation from non - sustainable farming and forestry practices. water is the principal resource that has helped agriculture and society to prosper, and it has been a major limiting factor when mismanaged. water supply and use. in california, an extensive water storage and transfer system has been established which has", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5182886548227941, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.575964"} {"text": "practices. water is the principal resource that has helped agriculture and society to prosper, and it has been a major limiting factor when mismanaged. water supply and use. in california, an extensive water storage and transfer system has been established which has allowed crop production to expand to very arid regions. in drought years, limited surface water supplies have prompted overdraft of groundwater and consequent intrusion of salt water, or permanent collapse of aquifers. periodic droughts, some lasting up to 50 years, have occurred in california. several steps should be taken to develop drought - resistant farming systems even in \" normal \" years, including both policy and management actions : 1 ) improving water conservation and storage measures, 2 ) providing incentives for selection of drought - tolerant crop species, 3 ) using reduced - volume irrigation systems, 4 ) managing crops to reduce water loss, or 5 ) not planting at all. water quality. the most important issues related to water quality involve salinization and contamination of ground and surface waters by pesticides, nitrates and selenium. salinity has become a problem wherever water of even relatively low salt content is used on shallow soils in arid regions and / or where the water table is near the root zone of crops. tile drainage can remove the water and salts, but the disposal of the salts and other contaminants may negatively affect the environment depending upon where they are deposited. temporary solutions include the use of salt - tolerant crops, low - volume irrigation, and various management techniques to minimize the effects of salts on crops. in the long - term, some farmland may need to be removed from production or converted to other uses. other uses include conversion of row crop land to production of drought - tolerant forages, the restoration of wildlife habitat or the use of agroforestry to minimize the impacts of salinity and high water tables. pesticide and nitrate contamination of water can be reduced using many of the practices discussed later in the plant production practices and animal production practices sections. wildlife. another way in which agriculture affects water resources is through the destruction of riparian habitats within watersheds. the conversion of wild habitat to agricultural land reduces fish and wildlife through erosion and sedimentation, the effects of pesticides, removal of riparian plants, and the diversion of water. the plant diversity in and around both riparian and agricultural areas should be maintained in order to support a diversity of wildlife. this diversity will enhance natural ecosystems and could aid in agricultural pest management. energy. modern agriculture is heavily dependent on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4992002558528286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.577116"} {"text": "diversion of water. the plant diversity in and around both riparian and agricultural areas should be maintained in order to support a diversity of wildlife. this diversity will enhance natural ecosystems and could aid in agricultural pest management. energy. modern agriculture is heavily dependent on non - renewable energy sources, especially petroleum. the continued use of these energy sources cannot be sustained indefinitely, yet to abruptly abandon our reliance on them would be economically catastrophic. however, a sudden cutoff in energy supply would be equally disruptive. in sustainable agricultural systems, there is reduced reliance on non - renewable energy sources and a substitution of renewable sources or labor to the extent that is economically feasible. air. many agricultural activities affect air quality. these include smoke from agricultural burning ; dust from tillage, traffic and harvest ; pesticide drift from spraying ; and nitrous oxide emissions from the use of nitrogen fertilizer. options to improve air quality include incorporating crop residue into the soil, using appropriate levels of tillage, and planting wind breaks, cover crops or strips of native perennial grasses to reduce dust. soil. soil erosion continues to be a serious threat to our continued ability to produce adequate food. numerous practices have been developed to keep soil in place, which include reducing or eliminating tillage, managing irrigation to reduce runoff, and keeping the soil covered with plants or mulch. enhancement of soil quality is discussed in the next section. sustainable production practices involve a variety of approaches. specific strategies must take into account topography, soil characteristics, climate, pests, local availability of inputs and the individual grower ' s goals. despite the site - specific and individual nature of sustainable agriculture, several general principles can be applied to help growers select appropriate management practices : - selection of species and varieties that are well suited to the site and to conditions on the farm ; - diversification of crops ( including livestock ) and cultural practices to enhance the biological and economic stability of the farm ; - management of the soil to enhance and protect soil quality ; - efficient and humane use of inputs ; and - consideration of farmers ' goals and lifestyle choices. selection of site, species and variety. preventive strategies, adopted early, can reduce inputs and help establish a sustainable production system. when possible, pest - resistant crops should be selected which are tolerant of existing soil or site conditions. when site selection is an option, factors such as soil type and depth, previous crop history, and location ( e. g. climate, topography ) should be taken into account before planting. diversity. diversified farms are usually more economically and ecological", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5156311769576956, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.578200"} {"text": "conditions. when site selection is an option, factors such as soil type and depth, previous crop history, and location ( e. g. climate, topography ) should be taken into account before planting. diversity. diversified farms are usually more economically and ecologically resilient. while monoculture farming has advantages in terms of efficiency and ease of management, the loss of the crop in any one year could put a farm out of business and / or seriously disrupt the stability of a community dependent on that crop. by growing a variety of crops, farmers spread economic risk and are less susceptible to the radical price fluctuations associated with changes in supply and demand. properly managed, diversity can also buffer a farm in a biological sense. for example, in annual cropping systems, crop rotation can be used to suppress weeds, pathogens and insect pests. also, cover crops can have stabilizing effects on the agroecosystem by holding soil and nutrients in place, conserving soil moisture with mowed or standing dead mulches, and by increasing the water infiltration rate and soil water holding capacity. cover crops in orchards and vineyards can buffer the system against pest infestations by increasing beneficial arthropod populations and can therefore reduce the need for chemical inputs. using a variety of cover crops is also important in order to protect against the failure of a particular species to grow and to attract and sustain a wide range of beneficial arthropods. optimum diversity may be obtained by integrating both crops and livestock in the same farming operation. this was the common practice for centuries until the mid - 1900s when technology, government policy and economics compelled farms to become more specialized. mixed crop and livestock operations have several advantages. first, growing row crops only on more level land and pasture or forages on steeper slopes will reduce soil erosion. second, pasture and forage crops in rotation enhance soil quality and reduce erosion ; livestock manure, in turn, contributes to soil fertility. third, livestock can buffer the negative impacts of low rainfall periods by consuming crop residue that in \" plant only \" systems would have been considered crop failures. finally, feeding and marketing are flexible in animal production systems. this can help cushion farmers against trade and price fluctuations and, in conjunction with cropping operations, make more efficient use of farm labor. soil management. a common philosophy among sustainable agriculture practitioners is that a \" healthy \" soil is a key component of sustainability ; that is, a healthy soil will produce healthy crop plants that have optimum vigor and are less susceptible to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5152412110749427, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.579471"} {"text": "use of farm labor. soil management. a common philosophy among sustainable agriculture practitioners is that a \" healthy \" soil is a key component of sustainability ; that is, a healthy soil will produce healthy crop plants that have optimum vigor and are less susceptible to pests. while many crops have key pests that attack even the healthiest of plants, proper soil, water and nutrient management can help prevent some pest problems brought on by crop stress or nutrient imbalance. furthermore, crop management systems that impair soil quality often result in greater inputs of water, nutrients, pesticides, and / or energy for tillage to maintain yields. in sustainable systems, the soil is viewed as a fragile and living medium that must be protected and nurtured to ensure its long - term productivity and stability. methods to protect and enhance the productivity of the soil include using cover crops, compost and / or manures, reducing tillage, avoiding traffic on wet soils, and maintaining soil cover with plants and / or mulches. conditions in most california soils ( warm, irrigated, and tilled ) do not favor the buildup of organic matter. regular additions of organic matter or the use of cover crops can increase soil aggregate stability, soil tilth, and diversity of soil microbial life. efficient use of inputs. many inputs and practices used by conventional farmers are also used in sustainable agriculture. sustainable farmers, however, maximize reliance on natural, renewable, and on - farm inputs. equally important are the environmental, social, and economic impacts of a particular strategy. converting to sustainable practices does not mean simple input substitution. frequently, it substitutes enhanced management and scientific knowledge for conventional inputs, especially chemical inputs that harm the environment on farms and in rural communities. the goal is to develop efficient, biological systems which do not need high levels of material inputs. growers frequently ask if synthetic chemicals are appropriate in a sustainable farming system. sustainable approaches are those that are the least toxic and least energy intensive, and yet maintain productivity and profitability. preventive strategies and other alternatives should be employed before using chemical inputs from any source. however, there may be situations where the use of synthetic chemicals would be more \" sustainable \" than a strictly nonchemical approach or an approach using toxic \" organic \" chemicals. for example, one grape grower switched from tillage to a few applications of a broad spectrum contact herbicide in the vine row. this approach may use less energy and may compact the soil less than numerous passes with a cultivator or mower. consideration of farmer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5218551536151234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.580602"} {"text": "grape grower switched from tillage to a few applications of a broad spectrum contact herbicide in the vine row. this approach may use less energy and may compact the soil less than numerous passes with a cultivator or mower. consideration of farmer goals and lifestyle choices. management decisions should reflect not only environmental and broad social considerations, but also individual goals and lifestyle choices. for example, adoption of some technologies or practices that promise profitability may also require such intensive management that one ' s lifestyle actually deteriorates. management decisions that promote sustainability, nourish the environment, the community and the individual. in the early part of this century, most farms integrated both crop and livestock operations. indeed, the two were highly complementary both biologically and economically. the current picture has changed quite drastically since then. crop and animal producers now are still dependent on one another to some degree, but the integration now most commonly takes place at a higher level - - between farmers, through intermediaries, rather than within the farm itself. this is the result of a trend toward separation and specialization of crop and animal production systems. despite this trend, there are still many farmers, particularly in the midwest and northeastern u. s. that integrate crop and animal systems - - either on dairy farms, or with range cattle, sheep or hog operations. even with the growing specialization of livestock and crop producers, many of the principles outlined in the crop production section apply to both groups. the actual management practices will, of course, be quite different. some of the specific points that livestock producers need to address are listed below. management planning. including livestock in the farming system increases the complexity of biological and economic relationships. the mobility of the stock, daily feeding, health concerns, breeding operations, seasonal feed and forage sources, and complex marketing are sources of this complexity. therefore, a successful ranch plan should include enterprise calendars of operations, stock flows, forage flows, labor needs, herd production records and land use plans to give the manager control and a means of monitoring progress toward goals. animal selection. the animal enterprise must be appropriate for the farm or ranch resources. farm capabilities and constraints such as feed and forage sources, landscape, climate and skill of the manager must be considered in selecting which animals to produce. for example, ruminant animals can be raised on a variety of feed sources including range and pasture, cultivated forage, cover crops, shrubs, weeds, and crop residues. there is a wide range of breeds available in each of the major rumina", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46316503114736185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.581706"} {"text": "example, ruminant animals can be raised on a variety of feed sources including range and pasture, cultivated forage, cover crops, shrubs, weeds, and crop residues. there is a wide range of breeds available in each of the major ruminant species, i. e., cattle, sheep and goats. hardier breeds that, in general, have lower growth and milk production potential, are better adapted to less favorable environments with sparse or highly seasonal forage growth. animal nutrition. feed costs are the largest single variable cost in any livestock operation. while most of the feed may come from other enterprises on the ranch, some purchased feed is usually imported from off the farm. feed costs can be kept to a minimum by monitoring animal condition and performance and understanding seasonal variations in feed and forage quality on the farm. determining the optimal use of farm - generated by - products is an important challenge of diversified farming. reproduction. use of quality germplasm to improve herd performance is another key to sustainability. in combination with good genetic stock, adapting the reproduction season to fit the climate and sources of feed and forage reduce health problems and feed costs. herd health. animal health greatly influences reproductive success and weight gains, two key aspects of successful livestock production. unhealthy stock waste feed and require additional labor. a herd health program is critical to sustainable livestock production. grazing management. most adverse environmental impacts associated with grazing can be prevented or mitigated with proper grazing management. first, the number of stock per unit area ( stocking rate ) must be correct for the landscape and the forage sources. there will need to be compromises between the convenience of tilling large, unfenced fields and the fencing needs of livestock operations. use of modern, temporary fencing may provide one practical solution to this dilemma. second, the long term carrying capacity and the stocking rate must take into account short and long - term droughts. especially in mediterranean climates such as in california, properly managed grazing significantly reduces fire hazards by reducing fuel build - up in grasslands and brushlands. finally, the manager must achieve sufficient control to reduce overuse in some areas while other areas go unused. prolonged concentration of stock that results in permanent loss of vegetative cover on uplands or in riparian zones should be avoided. however, small scale loss of vegetative cover around water or feed troughs may be tolerated if surrounding vegetative cover is adequate. confined livestock production. animal health and waste management are key issues in confined livestock operations. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4812212987494937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.583595"} {"text": "should be avoided. however, small scale loss of vegetative cover around water or feed troughs may be tolerated if surrounding vegetative cover is adequate. confined livestock production. animal health and waste management are key issues in confined livestock operations. the moral and ethical debate taking place today regarding animal welfare is particularly intense for confined livestock production systems. the issues raised in this debate need to be addressed. confinement livestock production is increasingly a source of surface and ground water pollutants, particularly where there are large numbers of animals per unit area. expensive waste management facilities are now a necessary cost of confined production systems. waste is a problem of almost all operations and must be managed with respect to both the environment and the quality of life in nearby communities. livestock production systems that disperse stock in pastures so the wastes are not concentrated and do not overwhelm natural nutrient cycling processes have become a subject of renewed interest. in addition to strategies for preserving natural resources and changing production practices, sustainable agriculture requires a commitment to changing public policies, economic institutions, and social values. strategies for change must take into account the complex, reciprocal and ever - changing relationship between agricultural production and the broader society. the \" food system \" extends far beyond the farm and involves the interaction of individuals and institutions with contrasting and often competing goals including farmers, researchers, input suppliers, farmworkers, unions, farm advisors, processors, retailers, consumers, and policymakers. relationships among these actors shift over time as new technologies spawn economic, social and political changes. a wide diversity of strategies and approaches are necessary to create a more sustainable food system. these will range from specific and concentrated efforts to alter specific policies or practices, to the longer - term tasks of reforming key institutions, rethinking economic priorities, and challenging widely - held social values. areas of concern where change is most needed include the following : food and agricultural policy. existing federal, state and local government policies often impede the goals of sustainable agriculture. new policies are needed to simultaneously promote environmental health, economic profitability, and social and economic equity. for example, commodity and price support programs could be restructured to allow farmers to realize the full benefits of the productivity gains made possible through alternative practices. tax and credit policies could be modified to encourage a diverse and decentralized system of family farms rather than corporate concentration and absentee ownership. government and land grant university research policies could be modified to emphasize the development of sustainable alternatives. marketing orders and cosmetic standards could be amended to encourage reduced pesticide use. coalitions must be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.506935661823898, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.585139"} {"text": "system of family farms rather than corporate concentration and absentee ownership. government and land grant university research policies could be modified to emphasize the development of sustainable alternatives. marketing orders and cosmetic standards could be amended to encourage reduced pesticide use. coalitions must be created to address these policy concerns at the local, regional, and national level. land use. conversion of agricultural land to urban uses is a particular concern in california, as rapid growth and escalating land values threaten farming on prime soils. existing farmland conversion patterns often discourage farmers from adopting sustainable practices and a long - term perspective on the value of land. at the same time, the close proximity of newly developed residential areas to farms is increasing the public demand for environmentally safe farming practices. comprehensive new policies to protect prime soils and regulate development are needed, particularly in california ' s central valley. by helping farmers to adopt practices that reduce chemical use and conserve scarce resources, sustainable agriculture research and education can play a key role in building public support for agricultural land preservation. educating land use planners and decision - makers about sustainable agriculture is an important priority. labor. in california, the conditions of agricultural labor are generally far below accepted social standards and legal protections in other forms of employment. policies and programs are needed to address this problem, working toward socially just and safe employment that provides adequate wages, working conditions, health benefits, and chances for economic stability. the needs of migrant labor for year - around employment and adequate housing are a particularly crucial problem needing immediate attention. to be more sustainable over the long - term, labor must be acknowledged and supported by government policies, recognized as important constituents of land grant universities, and carefully considered when assessing the impacts of new technologies and practices. rural community development. rural communities in california are currently characterized by economic and environmental deterioration. many are among the poorest locations in the nation. the reasons for the decline are complex, but changes in farm structure have played a significant role. sustainable agriculture presents an opportunity to rethink the importance of family farms and rural communities. economic development policies are needed that encourage more diversified agricultural production on family farms as a foundation for healthy economies in rural communities. in combination with other strategies, sustainable agriculture practices and policies can help foster community institutions that meet employment, educational, health, cultural and spiritual needs. consumers and the food system. consumers can play a critical role in creating a sustainable food system. through their purchases, they send strong messages to producers, retailers and others in the system about what they think is important. food cost and nutritional quality have always influenced consumer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47678981667710746, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.586570"} {"text": "the food system. consumers can play a critical role in creating a sustainable food system. through their purchases, they send strong messages to producers, retailers and others in the system about what they think is important. food cost and nutritional quality have always influenced consumer choices. the challenge now is to find strategies that broaden consumer perspectives, so that environmental quality, resource use, and social equity issues are also considered in shopping decisions. at the same time, new policies and institutions must be created to enable producers using sustainable practices to market their goods to a wider public. coalitions organized around improving the food system are one specific method of creating a dialogue among consumers, retailers, producers and others. these coalitions or other public forums can be important vehicles for clarifying issues, suggesting new policies, increasing mutual trust, and encouraging a long - term view of food production, distribution and consumption. for more information : contact the uc sustainable agriculture research and education program, university of california, davis, ca 95616, ( 530 ) 752 - 7556. written by gail feenstra, writer ; chuck ingels, perennial cropping systems analyst ; and david campbell, economic and public policy analyst with contributions from david chaney, melvin r. george, eric bradford, the staff and advisory committees of the uc sustainable agriculture research and education program.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48567242176224246, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.587142"} {"text": "how to search the contents of the current page for text or links when you are viewing a website in firefox, you can search for words and phrases on the page. firefox will show you where the search phrase you ' ve typed appears next on the page, and lets you highlight all the places where it appears. table of contents using the find bar to start searching for text on a page : - open the find bar : - use the ctrlcommand + f keyboard shortcut. - click on the button ( menu on windows xp ), then select. - type a search phrase into the find bar ' s find : field. firefox will start highlighting instances of your search phrase as you type. - if no instances of your search phrase occur on the page you ' re viewing, the find bar will show phrase not found. when the find bar is open, the following actions are available : - x : close the find bar. - next : highlight the next instance of the search phrase you ' ve entered. - previous : highlight the previous instance of the search phrase you ' ve entered. - highlight all : highlight every instance of the search phrase you ' ve entered. click highlight all again to turn off highlighting. - match case : make searches case sensitive. normally if you search for search phrase, instances of search phrase on the page will also be found when you use the find bar. if you match case is selected, only instances of the phrase as you ' ve typed it will be found. search links only if you want to find phrases that occur in links on the page you ' re viewing : - type ' ( single quote character ) to bring up the quick find ( links only ) bar. - type a search phrase into the quick find ( links only ) field. the first link that contains the phrase you ' ve typed will be selected. - press ctrlcommand + g to highlight the next link that contains your search phrase. to close the quick find bar, wait a moment then press the esc key on the keyboard, or click somewhere in firefox that is not part of the quick find bar. find while typing on a page firefox can start searching for phrases you enter without having to open the find bar. to enable this feature : - at the top of the firefox window, click on the button and then select at the top of the firefox window, click on the menu and then select on the menu bar, click on the menu and select at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42428502523591133, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.605035"} {"text": "this feature : - at the top of the firefox window, click on the button and then select at the top of the firefox window, click on the menu and then select on the menu bar, click on the menu and select at the top of the firefox window, click on the menu and select - select on the panel. - click on the tab. - check mark search for text when i start typing. - click to close the options windowclick to close the preferences windowclose the preferences window. after you enable the feature : - type a search phrase while you are viewing a website. as you type, the first instance of your phrase will be highlighted. - press ctrlcommand + g or f3 to highlight the next instance of your search phrase. to close the quick find bar, wait a few moments for it to disappear then press the esc key on the keyboard, or click somewhere in firefox that is not part of the quick find bar. since the the quick find bar is meant to disappear after a few moments, it does not have the next, previous, or highlight all commands the full find bar does. if you find that the quick find bar interferes with typing in text fields, see quick find bar opens when typing in text fields.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3910323344174128, "token_count": 265, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.606554"} {"text": "more lethal mutation risks in human - to - pig swine flu transmission - 2 aug 2009 officials in new south wales, australia estimate that around 2, 000 pigs have become infected from a pig farmer and his staff, and they have quarantined the pigs to keep the virus from spreading. experts say that such events pose even wider dangers because while the pigs are infected, other human or bird flu strains could mix with the swine flu virus, for an even deadlier outcome. meanwhile, the official number of swine flu cases, which represent only a fraction of the actual people afflicted, reached 184, 435, with 1, 247 who perished in more than 160 countries. france and lebanon both lost first lives to the swine flu, while saudi arabia, new zealand and california, usa each reported the death of a health care worker. saudi arabia to date has had four fatalities as concerns remain heightened regarding the coming hajj pilgrimage. while tamiflu remains the best known anti - viral medicine, a study in the united kingdom reported that over 50 percent of children taking the drug are having side effects that include nausea, insomnia, and nightmares. australian officials and all health care personnel around the globe, you have our gratitude for your dedicated efforts as you even risk your lives for others. we pray for the comfort of those who have lost loved ones and the recovery of victims. may lives be ever spared through our own choice of wellness in the immunity - fortifying organic vegan diet.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4086053902641881, "token_count": 303, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.610026"} {"text": "i recently went through some of my christmas pre - reading solos and revised them. i changed some of my art, tracking color, and anything else that i thought would help beginning students. some of the finger numbers have been changed, too. i hope you enjoy the new look! if it \u2019 s not too late in the season, here is a worksheet for first year students to draw lines to match up vocabulary words and symbols. sometimes students arrive at group lessons early and it \u2019 s a good idea to have something to keep them busy! or maybe you would like to do something different at the last lesson of the year. when i drew this red and green border, i intended on making many levels of vocabulary words for all my students. but i think i got carried away drawing the border and ran out of time! i was interested in making something seasonal, but suitable for all ages. maybe next year i can add to the series. if you are looking for a simple game for beginners for the holidays, you might be interested in this game. there are four cards in this pdf. i suggest laminating them if you want to keep them, because home printer ink will smear. the teacher calls out a letter and the students cover it with a bingo token. students can win by covering all of one color or row. younger children like to play several short games. older beginners will want to play \u201c black out \u201d and cover all the ornaments. if you have a few students in your group who are not beginners, make it more difficult for them. give them a big staff and let them place a token on the staff note as well as the piano key. i have many big staves on my website you can use. there are always ways to make music games more difficult if you think about it. i used to have some students who had trouble learning piano keys, no matter what cute little ideas i used at the piano. but once i started playing games like this, they learned the keys very quickly. it is a fact that if something is fun, students learn faster. maria montessori showed teachers a long time ago that children learn through play. you know what \u2019 s fun for a christmas group lesson? instead of using bingo tokens, use green and red m & m \u2019 s. are you tired of seeing material that i make for my own students and wish you could make a quick worksheet for christmas that suits your own needs? now you can! you can use this one to match vocabulary words", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4615619763283002, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.615397"} {"text": "m & m \u2019 s. are you tired of seeing material that i make for my own students and wish you could make a quick worksheet for christmas that suits your own needs? now you can! you can use this one to match vocabulary words, rhythms, symbols, and even non - music concepts. you can make a lotto or bingo type game and call out words or rhythms for students to cover with magnetic chips and swoop up with a magnetic wand. you can have students color various concepts. print on the back what colors should be used. you make an individual worksheet for each student, if your students are at different levels. my advice if you want to make one that you will put through a photo copy machine is to use a dark, not - to - thin marker, such as a sharpie. otherwise it will not show up. as long as you leave the copyright notice on the page, feel free to use this in your classroom. however, you may not make a worksheet out of pdf and post it on your own website, or publish it yourself, or put it in a collection for others to use. once you have made your worksheet, post a comment here to share your ideas with others. you might come up with something i have never thought of. or take a picture and email it to me. you do not have to register to post a comment here, and your comments are anonymous. however, i do moderate comments to make sure i don \u2019 t get spam, so you might not see your comment right away. i have so much on my website, www. susanparadis. com, that i have trouble keeping up with it. if i posted it and can \u2019 t even remember what i have, it must be really hard for someone new to navigate through all the material i \u2019 ve posted over the years. while there is a category on my website for \u201c seasonal \u201d music if you are looking for easy christmas music to play, there is no seasonal category for my worksheets and games, so you will have to scroll through it all to find things. to help you out, today i am posting a list of worksheets, activities, and games you can use during the christmas season. some of this material is really old and needs to be updated, but for now i hope you and your students will forgive some of the wobbly art and odd layouts. all of the links below take you to the original blog post. from there you will have to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47218030785075565, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.617488"} {"text": "is really old and needs to be updated, but for now i hope you and your students will forgive some of the wobbly art and odd layouts. all of the links below take you to the original blog post. from there you will have to click on the link to my website and then click on \u201c preview \u201d to download the pdf document. ornament notes this is very simple for beginning readers. students color the ornaments that contain notes around middle c. christmas worksheet i give these types of sheets to beginning students over and over to help them learn the notes on the staff. it takes a several years for notes to be secure in a student \u2019 s long - term memory. beginning teachers often don \u2019 t realize you have to review this constantly. ornament notes mixed up on a staff. some teachers thought the worksheet above was too easy and asked for one with mixed up notes. don \u2019 t use this with young beginners. it will take the entire lesson! color the chanukah gift we don \u2019 t want anyone to be left out when it comes to learning note names. my box is out of perspective, but it gets the job done! this one has hardly been downloaded at all. there is also a chanukah composing activity on my website. peppermint notes you can use any kind of candy with this one. i had some peppermints on hand and that \u2019 s why i made it. you can play many games with this pdf, however. you can even use magnetic bingo chips and write scales, chords, and key signatures. musical christmas lights this is a game for up to 6 students at the beginning level. students learn rhythm values and some simple vocabulary words. draw the ornaments this one is a little more challenging than the ornament notes above. there are more notes and the entire staff is used. gingerboy keys i made this one for a student who just started lessons right after thanksgiving. you might have some pre - school students or beginners who can use it. light up the tree i made another note worksheet with more notes than ornament notes shown above. you can pick and choose which one you want to use. this one works well when printed in black and white.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45410200111469606, "token_count": 455, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.618412"} {"text": "for this reader one of the most interesting details of the steve jobs biography ( highly recommended ) was that jobs \u2019 most important heroes was edwin land, inventor of the polaroid camera. with the ubiquity of digital cameras, many as part of our phones, and the images we take shared on social media sites instantly totaling in the trillions,, it \u2019 s easy to forget the time and effort that used to be involved capturing images. but the polaroid, with its easy to use interface \u2013 point and shoot, and instantaneous ( well, 60 seconds of wait time, but still.. ), was a revolution. slate has a gallery of images tracking the rise and fall of polaroid. and in the stacks : insisting on the impossible : the life of edwin land / victor k. mcelheny \u2013 tr540. l36 m36 1998 polaroid book : selections from the polaroid collections of photography / edited by steve crist ; essay by barbara hitchcock - tr654. p65 2005 polaroids / helmut newton \u2013 tr679. n49 2011 guy bourdin : polaroids \u2013 tr647. b67 2009 instant light : tarkovsky polaroids / edited by giovanni chiaramonte \u2013 tr655. t37 2006 polaroids : mapplethorpe / sylvia wolf \u2013 tr647. m365 w65 2007", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4701229724444722, "token_count": 278, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.619650"} {"text": "the case of judas. \" it had been good for that man if he had not been born. \" \u2014 matt. 26 : 24. these words are supposed, by many professed religionists, to teach the endless perdition of judas. how could it have been said of judas, it is asked, \" it had been good for that man if he had not been born, \" if he is finally to be saved? if he is to reach heaven at last, it certainly was good for him to have been born. many erroneous ideas have arisen in regard to the meaning of this passage by supposing that it had reference to the condition of judas in the immortal state of existence. this language had not the least reference to the final condition of judas. it was a common proverb among the jews in our savior ' s day, to indicate any severe calamity to befall an individual, without any reference to the future world. it had special application to events connected with this life. when any fearful calamity or judgment was to come upon an individual, it was common to say, \" it were good for that man if he had not been born. \" it was a proverbial expression, or an expression in common use among the jews, to denote any severe chastisement or great misfortune, or terrible calamity. the savior, knowing its use, and aware of the fate of judas, very appropriately applied it to him. similar expressions had long been in use. job cursed the day of his birth, and said : \" let the day perish wherein i was born. \" job 3 : 1 - 3. solomon said : \" if a man live many years, and his soul be not filled with good ; and also that he hath no burial : i say that an untimely birth is better than he. \" eccles. 6 : 3. this is the same as saying, \" it had been better if he had not been born. \" it was a common proverb to denote any great misfortune coming upon an individual ; and as judas would be overwhelmed with sorrow and smitten with grief and anguish, plunged into the greatest distress by a vivid sense of his sins, it was very properly applied to him without any reference to his immortal condition. kenrick says, in his exposition, the expression \u2014 \" ' it had been good for him, if he had never been born, ' is a proverbial phrase, and not to be understood literally :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46696111590547534, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.628324"} {"text": "without any reference to his immortal condition. kenrick says, in his exposition, the expression \u2014 \" ' it had been good for him, if he had never been born, ' is a proverbial phrase, and not to be understood literally : for it is not consistent with our ideas of the divine goodness to make the existence of any being a curse to him, or to cause him to suffer more, upon the whole, than he enjoys happiness. rather than do this, god would not have created him at all. but as it is usual to say of men who are to endure some grievous punishment or dreadful calamity, that it would have been better for them never to have been born, christ foreseeing what judas would bring upon himself, by delivering up his master into the hands of his enemies, applies this language to him. \" we call the reader ' s attention to the following from dr. adam clarke, the methodist commentator, upon this subject. he enters into a labored argument to show that judas may be saved, and that his repentance was sincere, genuine, and acceptable to god. after mature deliberation, he thinks that \" there is no positive proof of the final damnation of judas in the sacred text. \" this is the opinion of one of the most learned and distinguished divines of the orthodox church. dr. clarke shows clearly that the language that stands at the head of this article was a proverbial expression to denote the state of any flagrant transgressor without regard to the future world. but we will let this distinguished commentator speak for himself. he says : \" judas was indisputably a bad man ; but he might have been worse : we may plainly see that there were depths of wickedness to which he might have proceeded, and which were prevented by his repentance. thus things appear to stand previously to his end. but is there any room for hope in his death? in answer to this, it must be understood, \u2014 first : that there is presumptive evidence that he did not destroy himself ; and, second : that his repentance was sincere. if so, was it not possible for the mercy of god to extend even to his case? it did so to the murderers of the son of god ; and they were certainly worse men, ( strange as this assertion may appear ), than judas. even he gave them the fullest proof of christ ' s innocence : their buying the field with the money judas threw down,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4808627764175317, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.629284"} {"text": "of the son of god ; and they were certainly worse men, ( strange as this assertion may appear ), than judas. even he gave them the fullest proof of christ ' s innocence : their buying the field with the money judas threw down, was the full proof of it ; and yet, with every convincing evidence before them, they crucified our lord. they excited judas to betray his master, and crucified him when they got him into their power, and therefore st. stephen calls them both the betrayers and murderers of that just one, ( acts 7 : 52 ), in these respects they were more deeply criminal than judas himself ; yet, even to these very betrayers and murderers, peter preaches repentance, with the promise of remission of sins, and the gift of the holy ghost. ( acts 3 : 12 - 26 ). if, then, these were within the reach of mercy, and we are informed that a great company of the priests became obedient to the faith, ( acts 6 : 7 ), then certainly judas was not in such a state as precluded the possibility of his salvation. surely the blood of the covenant could wash out even his stain, as it did that more deeply ingrained one, of the other betrayers and murderers of the lord jesus. should the 25th verse be urged against this possibility, because it is there said that judas fell from his ministry and apostleship, that he might go to his own place, and that this place is hell. i answer, \u2014 first : it remains to be proved that this place means hell ; and, second : it is not clear that the words are spoken of judas at all, but of matthias : his own place meaning that vacancy in the apostolate, to which he was then elected. to say the repentance of judas was merely the effect of his horror ; that it did not spring from the compunction of heart ; that it was legal and not evangelical, etc., is saying what none can with propriety say but god himself, who searches the heart. what renders his case most desperate, are the words of our lord. ( matt. 26 : 24 ). \" wo unto that man by whom the son of man is betrayed! it had been good for that man if he had not been born! \" i have considered this saying in a general point of view in my note on matt. 26 : 24, and were it not a proverbial form of speech among the jews", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44801875148519155, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.630334"} {"text": "it had been good for that man if he had not been born! \" i have considered this saying in a general point of view in my note on matt. 26 : 24, and were it not a proverbial form of speech among the jews to express the state of any flagrant transgressor, i should be led to apply it, in all its literal import, to the case of judas, as i have done in the above note, in the case of any damned soul ; but when i find that it was a proverbial saying, and that it has been used in many cases, where the fixing of the irreversible doom of a sinner is not implied, it may be capable of a more favorable interpretation than what is generally given to it. i shall produce a few of those examples from schoettgen, to which i have referred in my note on matt. 26 : 24. in chagigah, fol. 2, 2, it is said, ' whoever considers these four things, it would have been better for him had he never come into the world, viz. : that which is above ; that which is below ; that which is before ; and that which is behind. and whosoever does not attend to the honor of his creator, it were better for him had he never been born. ' in shemoth rabba, sect. 40, fol. 135, 1, 2, it is said, ' whosoever knows the law, and does not do it, it had been better for him had he never come into the world. ' in vayikra rabba, sect. 26, fol. 179, 4, and midrash coheleth, fol. 91, 4, it is thus expressed ; ' it were better for him had he never been created ; and it would have been better for him had he been strangled in the womb, and never have seen the light of this world. ' in sohar genes, fol. 71, col. 282, it is said, ' if any man be parsimonious towards the poor, it had been better for him had he never come into the world. ' ibid, fol. 84, col. 333. ' if any performs the law, not for the sake of the law, it were good for that man had he never been created. ' these examples sufficiently prove that this was a common proverb, and is used with a great variety and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4559315877581107, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.631292"} {"text": "333. ' if any performs the law, not for the sake of the law, it were good for that man had he never been created. ' these examples sufficiently prove that this was a common proverb, and is used with a great variety and latitude of meaning ; and seems intended to show that the case of such and such persons was not only very deplorable, but extremely dangerous ; but does not imply the positive impossibility either of their repentance or salvation. the utmost that can be said for the case of judas is this : he committed a heinous act of sin and ingratitude ; but he repented, and did what he could to undo his wicked act : he had committed the sin unto death, i. e., a sin that involves the death of the body ; but who can say, ( if mercy was offered to christ ' s murderers, and the gospel was first to be preached at jerusalem, that these very murderers might have the first offer of salvation through him whom they had pierced ), that the same mercy could not be extended to wretched judas? i contend, that the chief priests, etc., who instigated judas to deliver up his master, and who crucified him \u2014 and who crucified him, too, as a malefactor, having at the same time, the most indubitable evidence of his innocence \u2014 were worse men than judas iscariot himself ; and that if mercy was extended to those, the wretched penitent traitor did not die out of the reach of the yearning of its bowels. and i contend farther, that there is no positive evidence of the final damnation of judas in the sacred text. ' \u2014 clarke in loco. this learned commentator contends that the repentance of judas was genuine, and that \" there is no positive evidence of the final damnation of judas in the sacred text. \" why, then, are we gravely asked, did he go and hang himself, as matthew affirms? ( matt, 27 : 5 ) we would here state, that luke gives a somewhat different account of his death. see acts 1 : 18 : \" and falling headlong, he burst asunder in the midst, and all his bowels gushed out. \" how, then, are we to reconcile this apparent discrepancy between the two evangelists? one affirms that he hanged himself, the other that he fell headlong and burst asunder. the difficulty in question arises", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4741212371231569, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.632215"} {"text": "##hed out. \" how, then, are we to reconcile this apparent discrepancy between the two evangelists? one affirms that he hanged himself, the other that he fell headlong and burst asunder. the difficulty in question arises from an incorrect translation of the greek word apegzato, here rendered \" hanged himself. \" it does not necessarily have this meaning, and may be rendered, \" was suffocated, as with grief or anguish. \" eminent critics, as dr. clarke says, believe that judas was suffocated with excessive grief. \" wakefield ( he adds ), supports this meaning of the word with great learning and ingenuity. \" dr. george campbell, an eminent scotch presbyterian divine, says that \" the greek word plainly denotes strangling, but does not say how, by hanging, or otherwise. it is quite a different term that is used in those places where hanging is mentioned. \" he also adds, that it may be rendered, \" was suffocated. \" wakefield renders it, \" was choked with anguish. \" this rendering of the original is supported by high authority, and is evidently correct. judas was overwhelmed with a sense of his sin, and sincerely repented before god, carried back the ill - gotten gain, and died of excessive grief, \" was chocked with anguish, \" or \" was suffocated. \" his grief was most intense ; his anguish so burdensome, that he reeled beneath the oppressive load of guilt and sorrow, and fell prostrate to the earth, being suffocated with grief. he gave every evidence possible of deep sorrow for sin, and of genuine repentance.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45600754227926366, "token_count": 350, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.633785"} {"text": "we are always being asked by teachers how they can work more creatively with pupils so here is a fine example : teacher in role teacher in role is a great dramatic technique to use. it basically means the teacher adopts a suitable role and directs the drama from within. by doing this the teacher is more able advance the development of the lesson by creating interest, provoking tension, offering choices, and initiating possibilities for the group to interact in role. working in role has a number of benefits : - information can be given in a fun and interesting way - it allows pupils to work creatively and use their imaginations - the drama gives any instructions or activities an added impetus. - pupils can be empowered, particularly if the character they meet needs help you don \u2019 t have to be a great actor to do it. children have great imaginations and you can make the role very simple ; all you are doing is communicating the key emotions or beliefs of the character. you can use simple props, a piece of costume such as a scarf or even just use sitting on a chair to show when you are in or out of role. make sure you research or have created your character thoroughly and have some idea of what you are going to say, but also be open to responding to comments and questions from the children. hot seating is a good way of getting started and becoming more confident about using the technique. allow the students to question you in role. once you feel more confident you can place the children in role as well. there are numerous ways teacher in role can be utilised, here are some examples : take on the role of a newspaper editor at some significant event in history. you want the pupils to help you choose the most memorable moment from the event so you can write an exciting article. challenging pupils to remember the most dangerous, thrilling and scary moments for your readers. get help to set the tone of the article and create the right level of excitement for your readers then ask the pupils to write the article or draw a picture for the front page. - take on the role of a refugee. you do not speak very good english and you want to contact your family in a different land. encourage the pupils to try out different ways of communicating with you such as hand signals, drawings or acting things out. once they can communicate with you, see if they can work out exactly where you have come from and encourage them to explore different ways that they could help your character contact their family. you could also explore why your character has come to this country and why they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4591405296223625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.636733"} {"text": "bacterial meningitis is the swelling of the membranes, called meninges, which surround the brain and spinal cord. it \u2019 s symptoms of headaches, stiff neck and fever can appear quickly or over several days after exposure, with serious and sometimes fatal results. other symptoms can include nausea, vomiting, increased sensitivity to light and altered mental state. spread through the respiratory tract, those living in close quarters are most susceptible to meningitis. the disease can quickly spread through college dorms, army bases and boarding schools. the good news is that most forms of bacterial meningitis are vaccine - preventable, but many families are unaware of the need to protect against this disease through immunization. unfortunately, several texas families have learned the hard way that the disease can cause devastation in the blink of an eye. on february 11, 2011, greg william \u2019 s life changed forever. that \u2019 s the day his 20 - year - old son nicolis, a junior at texas a & m, died of complications from bacterial meningitis 72 hours after being diagnosed with flu - like symptoms at a campus clinic. losing our son was without a doubt the worst experience of our lives, \u201d said greg. \u201c and, to discover later that his death could have been prevented intensifies the pain and guilt we hold in our hearts. \u201d due, in part, to greg \u2019 s efforts, texas colleges now take an active role against the disease. the jamie schanbaum act, named for a university of texas student who lost her legs and fingers to the disease, was amended in 2011 and became the jamie schanbaum and nicolis williams act. the law, which went into effect in 2012, requires that all students under the age of 30 who enroll in any texas college show evidence that they have received the meningitis vaccine within the 5 years prior to enrollment. the law was a labor of love for both families and tip was honored to assist. \u201c with tip \u2019 s considerable help, we \u2019 re very proud to have been able to modify the law, \u201d said greg. \u201c this is a huge and significant accomplishment for future generations of college students in texas. \u201d greg takes comfort in the fact that through the law, other families may be spared the pain of losing a loved one to meningitis. because the law is named in association with nicolis williams, our son has a legacy and the grief in our hearts is lightened, \u201d said greg. \u201c we thank god for blessing us with nicolis and we thank tip for keeping", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47479796879401104, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.640107"} {"text": "tutu \u2019 s corner : dog safety column by tutu and me traveling preschool how can you be sure that a dog will be a safe pet for your children? statistics show that most dog bites causing serious injury involve medium to large sized dogs and children under the age of 5. the dog is usually known to the child or is the family \u2019 s pet. a dog \u2019 s basic temperament, instincts, and training have the biggest effects on how that dog reacts to the world around him and his levels of tolerance. very few bites happen without provocation \u2013 but the provocation may exist only in the dog \u2019 s mind! small children should never be left alone with any dog, no matter how reliable the dog has been before. a responsible adult needs to be on the scene to prevent any aggressive behavior by the dog and to keep the child from putting him or herself in danger. a dog may not want to be petted. the dog \u2019 s first instinctive reaction is to show his displeasure by giving a warning by growling. walking away can also be considered a warning. some warnings are more subtle \u2013 a stiffening of the body, for example. few dogs bite without giving some indication beforehand. small children ( and some adults ) don \u2019 t recognize a warning when they see or hear one. a very young child under age 6 doesn \u2019 t know what a growl means. if the dog has tried to leave or has issued a warning with no response from the child, the dog ( in his mind ) has no other recourse \u2013 he bites. running, playing, screaming kids can trigger an instinctive predator - prey reaction in some dogs. children who rough house and wrestle with dogs unknowingly encourage them to use their teeth. startling a sleeping dog or petting him when he \u2019 s eating can also provoke a bite. try this at home \u2022 obedience training ( even for puppies ) and socialization for a dog spending time with children. the dog needs to be taught to obey commands under all conditions, no matter how distracting. \u2022 teach children how to touch the dog properly, how to interpret the dog \u2019 s body language, and when the dog is not to be disturbed. \u2022 teach kids to ask the owner if the dog is friendly and if it \u2019 s okay to pet them and how to play only appropriate games with the dog. \u2022 practice \u201c stand like a tree \u201d and \u201c lie like a log \u201d for strange or unleashed dogs. \u2022 when other children visit make sure that these children obey your ground rules. kids and dogs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4344379961666211, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.643172"} {"text": "by carl weese light, natural or artificial, indoors or out, is constantly variable. we notice the warm, reddish light of sunrise and sunset, but there are subtle variations all the time. we generally don \u2019 t notice the color of ambient light because our eye / mind perceptual system adapts, much as it adapts to changes in light intensity. for example, from outdoors on a dark day, the windows of a house will look yellow if there are tungsten lights inside. the observer standing outside is adapted to the color of daylight and sees the yellow color of the interior light, but if we enter the house we adapt almost immediately. from inside, the room light seems normal while the view out a window can look bright blue. concentrate on what you see through the window, and the color will quickly look right again. the yellow / amber light from a standard light bulb has a lower color temperature than daylight. why is it referred to as temperature? a black body radiator ( think of an iron bar or fireplace poker ) gives off energy in the form of light when it is heated. first it glows ruby red. when it is heated to a temperature of 3200 kelvin, it gives off light the same color as a typical studio photoflood, so the studio lamp is said to have a color temperature of 3200 kelvin and that \u2019 s the calibration for a typical tungsten color film. sunlight is the color given off by a black body radiator heated to 5000 \u2013 5500k so that \u2019 s the color temperature daylight film is calibrated for. the color temperature of overcast sky is in the range of 5800 to 7000k, while open shade under a clear blue sky can hit 9000 \u2013 12000k. that ' s why a \" warming filter \" is needed to keep pictures in shade from looking bright blue on slide film. at the other end, low wattage light bulbs in a living room lamp can be way down around 2000k and candlelight is lower still. these light sources, like the heated iron bar, produce a continuous spectrum of light. the lower temperatures make warmer, redder light, and the higher temperatures produce cooler, bluer, light. fluorescent tubes, sodium - vapor lamps, and other forms of high efficiency energy - saving lighting usually produce a discontinuous spectrum. this means that while the light from a \u201c daylight \u201d fluorescent looks somewhat similar to real daylight, it is deficient in specific wavelengths, mostly in the magenta area", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6057756496821818, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.652910"} {"text": "forms of high efficiency energy - saving lighting usually produce a discontinuous spectrum. this means that while the light from a \u201c daylight \u201d fluorescent looks somewhat similar to real daylight, it is deficient in specific wavelengths, mostly in the magenta area. our eyes don \u2019 t adapt to this deficiency as well as to different temperatures of a continuous spectrum, which is why these light sources often look unpleasant and unnatural to us. color film without correction records fluorescent light with a strong green cast and sodium - vapor with an even more obnoxious green / brown palette. photographic recording media \u2014 film, or digital sensors \u2014 do not have our ability to adapt to the color of ambient light. that \u2019 s why color transparency film has always been made in both daylight and tungsten versions. color negative films can be adjusted with filtration when they are printed in order to compensate for different color temperature light sources with a high degree of success. magenta filtration over the camera lens does a good job of taking out the green cast transparency film registers from magenta - deficient fluorescents, though the filter costs a stop or more in light transmission. sophisticated color meters like the minolta unit introduced in the 1980s gave two readings of incident light \u2014 color temperature in degrees kelvin, and a second reading on \u201c the green / magenta axis \u201d of a theoretical color wheel. after reading the light and consulting a filter chart, a combination of a warming or cooling filter with a green or magenta one would closely match the light to the film and so provide the most accurate color possible. basically, with the right filters, the ambient light would be converted to the nominal 5000\u00b0 of daylight film, or 3200\u00b0 of tungsten film. this was a lot of work, and expensive too. the meter with additional flash - reading head cost over $ 1, 000 and a workable set of fragile gel filters cost hundreds more. but it allowed for accurate color recording of subjects either in studio or out on location. now, with digital capture, the problem is still there, but we can deal with it in software. the sensor can \u2019 t change its sensitivity to match different sources of ambient light, but the software that interprets the sensor data either to make in - camera jpegs or to develop raw files on the computer can adapt. not only is it much easier than the old days, but no filters are required and you don \u2019 t have to buy a color meter. with raw files, you can get accurate color simply by shooting a reference exposure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5276109710226802, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.653919"} {"text": "files on the computer can adapt. not only is it much easier than the old days, but no filters are required and you don \u2019 t have to buy a color meter. with raw files, you can get accurate color simply by shooting a reference exposure of a test target each time the light changes. with jpeg files you really need to set the white balance properly before shooting because a severe wb error will be beyond the adjustment possible to the 8 - bit jpeg without major quality loss. setting a custom white balance is essential here, and luckily it \u2019 s not too difficult, though some cameras facilitate this better than others. digital cameras all have built - in software that attempts to get the white balance right, and this ability is steadily improving as new cameras are introduced, but no auto white balance system is right all the time. when you bring a raw file into acr ( the raw file interpreter for adobe photoshop and lightroom : other raw processors will have equivalent tools but ps is what i use so it will serve for examples ) the top section of the working window ( a hint that this is the first thing you should do ) is a panel with two sliders, called temp and tint. this should be familiar to anyone who spent years working with that minolta color meter. temp is our old friend color temperature, expressed in degrees kelvin, while tint is that green / magenta axis expressed in arbitrary units. if you have recorded a file of a test target like the whibal shown below, to achieve the most accurate color your camera system is capable of you just need to adjust those two sliders until you have a perfectly neutral rgb reading from the target. in fact, you don \u2019 t need to use the sliders but can instead use the eyedropper tool to click on the test target and acr instantly sets the sliders. then apply that white balance to all of the pictures you shot under those conditions. so, no meters, no filters, just remember to shoot a frame of the reference target each time your subject or ambient light conditions change. one problem that even digital capture white balance can \u2019 t fix is \" mixed lighting. \" if a room is illuminated with a combination of windows, tungsten light bulbs, and fluorescent fixtures, there is no single white balance that will correct for all of them at once, though sometimes you can hit a compromise that ' s quite pleasant. here \u2019 s an example : the large armory building housing a model railroad exhibit had lots of fluorescent lights up in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4545684125534051, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.654872"} {"text": "is no single white balance that will correct for all of them at once, though sometimes you can hit a compromise that ' s quite pleasant. here \u2019 s an example : the large armory building housing a model railroad exhibit had lots of fluorescent lights up in the rafters, and lots of daylight pouring through high windows. the camera ' s auto white balance has tried to compensate \u2014 it looks a lot better than unfiltered slide film would \u2014 but the result still has a nasty green cast. i ' ve selected the test frame and a picture i ' m interested in, then held down the shift key to turn the cursor into the eyedropper, and clicked on the light gray area of the whibal card. the white balance sliders adjust for neutral balance on both files. next i can tweak some of the other settings to improve the tone of the \" real picture \" file. because of the mixed light, the color was different around the room depending on how much daylight and how much fluorescent was present. half a dozen test exposures of the whibal made it much easier to get realistic looking color from shots made in different parts of the space. what \u2019 s so important about accurate color? well, it depends on what you \u2019 re trying to do with your pictures. an obvious example where accuracy matters would be a commercial photograph that is meant to show potential customers what a subject looks like. architecture, fashion, a product that features a \u201c trademark color, \u201d all might need the most accurate possible rendition. reproductions of works of art would be another perfect example. portraits generally benefit from getting the subject \u2019 s skin, hair, and eye color right. documentation of anything from storm damage to nature specimens will be more useful the more correctly it renders subject colors. and nobody likes that telltale fluorescent green cast. all photographic systems have color reproduction shortcomings. none are fully accurate even under ideal conditions. but with an exposure of a reference target and one quick maneuver at the beginning of raw development you can be sure that you are giving your system its best shot at accurate color. should you always strive for technically accurate color in your pictures? that \u2019 s the topic of part ii, so stay tuned. a limited number of places are still available for carl weese ' s next platinum / palladium workshop at daytona beach, florida, in april 2009. click here for more information. featured comment by tim ( excerpt ) : \" from my own experience of product photography, i find camera sensors react differently to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4826039062311067, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.655808"} {"text": "as the popularized side of the debate has led us to expect, the authors found that the coldest year ( 1863 ) and the coldest decade ( 1810s ) are early in the record, well before the ballyhooed warming of the 20th century. problematic from a climate change standpoint is the fact that the two distinct cold periods that made the 1810s the coldest decade followed an 1809 \u201c unidentified \u201d volcanic eruption and the eruption of tambora in 1815 \u2013 unusual geologic events that defined the climate. however, of greater importance is the fact that the researchers found the warmest year on record to be 1941, while the 1930s and 1940s are the warmest decades on record. this represents very bad news for climate change alarmists, since the warmest period was not the last quarter of the 20th century. in fact, the last two decades of the 20th century ( 1981 - 1990 and 1991 - 2000 ) were colder across the study area than any of the previous six decades, dating back to the 1900s and 1910s. when examining the instrumental records of the stations it is apparent that no net warming has occurred since the warm period of the 1930s and 1940s. ouch. the note concludes - in a region of the world where climate models indicate that the greatest impacts of co2 - induced global warming will be most rapid and most evident, this recent extension of instrumental surface air temperature records produces a climate history that seems to suggest otherwise. if global climate models are correct, the increase in co2 concentration since 1930 should be evidenced rather dramatically in air temperature across a high - latitude region of the northern hemisphere such as greenland. the evidence provided by the instrumental record of air temperature along the western and southern coasts of greenland produces doubt in the degree to which increased co2 concentrations impact high latitude climate as represented by the climate models upon which climate change alarmists are hanging their hats. what ' s fascinating to this layman is how new observations are still being made which seem to challenge what is evidently not at all a settled body of theory. and that theory - and a dodgy discount rate - are a basis for major action?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4978984276872859, "token_count": 425, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.657978"} {"text": "| location | | southern end of nen hithoel, west bank | | description | | fortified ( later ruined ) hill | | other names | | hill of sight, hill of the eye | | etymology | | s. amon \" hill \" + hen \" eye \" | | events | | breaking of the fellowship | | by ardamir. ( help ; more articles ) | amon hen ( sindarin amon \u201c hill \u201d + hen \u201c eye \u201d ) was the westernmost of the three peaks at the southern end of nen hithoel. on its eastern side at the foot of the hill lay the lawn of parth galen and the western portion of the anduin that flowed past tol brandir. above parth galen the hill rose in gentle slopes to its flattened summit. just to the south of the hill was the north stair. the western face of the hill was steeper than on the east. upon amon hen were the remains of a road from long ago, now dwindled to little more than a path. in places where the hill grew steep, stairs had been hewn, although over time they had become cracked, worn, and split by tree roots. the path wound through rowan trees to the summit, where there was a wide flat circle paved with large stones and encircled with a ruined battlement. in the center of the circle was an ancient chair, the seat of seeing. aragorn said that the high seat upon amon hen had been made in the days of the great kings and that a watch had been kept there. later it is stated that the seat of seeing was on the hill of the eye of the men of numenor. it is thus open to interpretation whether this site was constructed during the early years of gondor or sometime in the second age. portrayal in adaptations - when boromir confronted frodo there was a large, stone head half - buried in the hillside, which was not mentioned in the book. the scene and activity at the summit was also considerably changed. - \u2191 1. 0 1. 1 1. 2 j. r. r. tolkien, the lord of the rings, the fellowship of the ring, \" the breaking of the fellowship \" - \u2191 j. r. r. tolkien, the lord of the rings, the two towers, \" the riders of rohan \" - \u2191 j. r. r. tolkien, the lord of the rings, the fellowship of the ring, \" the great river \" - \u2191 j", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44939063733948176, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.660889"} {"text": "the federal government has not set any national standards, but many states have mandatory newborn screening programs. parents can opt out of genetic testing if they want. parents should discuss genetic screening with their pediatrician or child ' s doctor so they can weigh the pros and cons. many states screen for more than 30 disorders and the screenings are often covered in the delivery and hospital charges. if a parent wants expanded testing on their newborn, they may have to pay an extra cost but it may be worth it to their baby. to help guide states and parents determine what criteria should be used for genetic screening, the american academy of pediatrics and the american college of medical genetics and genomics just offered new guidelines. the new guidelines say that all newborns should be tested for the genetic diseases that are included in their state ' s newborn screening panel, but anything beyond that is up to parents and the decision must be made in the child ' s best interest. the recommendations distinguish between genetic testing for childhood onset conditions versus those for adult onset conditions. \" there is an important role for counseling before and after genetic screening, \" added policy author dr. lainie friedman ross, a pediatrician and ethicist at the university of chicago. \" the focus should be on education of families, counseling them and helping them make decisions that focus on the child ' s best interest. \" testing for disease in the presence of symptoms is another area addressed by the new recommendations. \" clearly, if a child has symptoms, we need a diagnosis to help the family make clinical decisions that are in the child ' s best interest. this is important even when the disease has no current therapies, \" friedman ross added. she also said that the results should be explained to the child when they reach the appropriate age. new technology offers direct - to - consumer genetic screening tests, but the authors caution parents about using these products because of a lack of oversight and results are open to interpretation. some experts agree that being forewarned is being forearmed, but are not fans of the direst - to - consumer genetic tests. \" we highly discourage these even on adults, and particularly on children, because there is nobody there to provide counseling and interpretation, \" says dr. joyce fox, a medical genetics doctor at north shore university hospital in manhasset, n. y. these can also be very costly, and are likely not covered by insurance. \" fox says. parents should educate themselves about genetic screening before the baby is born. most babies are born healthy and glide right through the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43000987308218946, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.663734"} {"text": "marriage emerged as the most popular institution throughout history primarily because it was an effective arrangement to improve the care and upbringing of children. marriage is not necessary to have children, but it has been of enormous importance in the rearing of children. birds and other non - human species do not have \u201c marriage \u201d, but both parents are often involved in raising their offspring. with the sharp declines in birth rates since 1970 in western and other rich countries, including much larger fractions of adults who do not have any children, both men and women have significantly increased their ages at marriage, and sharply raised their propensities to divorce. in 1950, a typical woman and man married at ages 20. 3 and 22. 8, respectively, whereas now the typical marital ages are 26. 0 and 27. 7, respectively. these changes in age at marriage are related to reduced demand for many children, increased college education of both men and women but especially of women, much greater labor force participation of married and divorced women, and the narrowing of the gender gap in earnings. there are several reasons to be concerned about the below population replacement fertility levels in all of europe and about half the world \u2019 s population, including china and japan. low fertility makes it much harder to finance retirement benefits, medical care for the aged, and other entitlements that rely on taxing working age populations to pay for the support of older persons. low birth rates in richer countries also induce increased migration of young workers from poorer countries with large families to provide the unskilled and other young workers that every society needs. low birth rates lead to sex - selected abortions in societies with a strong preference for having at least one son, as in china and parts of india. below replacement fertility eventually causes populations to decline ( aside from migration ), which has unknown consequences for economic growth and other macro economic and social developments. as important as these topics are, i will not discuss them further since our subject today is low marriage rates and high propensities to divorce, which raise distinct issues from the effects of low fertility. the most important economic and social concerns due to low marriage rates are the effects on rearing of children. these effects are not due to lower marriage rates alone, but rather to the close connection between these low rates and high divorce rates, and to the greater propensity of women to have children without being married, or without living with the fathers of their children. although many single mothers do an absolutely wonderful job in raising their children, common sense and most academic findings suggest that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5007976190587735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.671793"} {"text": "rates, and to the greater propensity of women to have children without being married, or without living with the fathers of their children. although many single mothers do an absolutely wonderful job in raising their children, common sense and most academic findings suggest that having a father present during the raising of children generally has a positive effect on the development of non - cognitive traits of children. these include a general respect for authority and reduced rebelliousness in school, and the avoidance of gangs and other criminal activities. it also appears that the absence of fathers has a greater effect on the non - cognitive traits of sons than daughters, although that is a less well - established finding. the sharp deterioration during the past 50 years in the stability of black families in america is responsible, i believe, for much of the continuing dismal record in school performance and in society more generally of children from black families. when over half of all black children are raised in families with only one parent, one can hardly be optimistic about their development. black leaders were highly critical of patrick moynihan when in a famous report in 1965 he attributed the low achievement levels of many black children to the absence of fathers in their homes. however, most leaders of the black community have come around to sharing moynihan \u2019 s views as a result of the further deterioration in black families since his report, and the continuing poor school performance, high crime rates, and low incomes and high unemployment of many black children and young adults. children in white and hispanic families have also suffered from the growth in divorce rates and in single motherhood. children of divorced parents and other children raised by single moms generally do worse in school, attend less good schools, are more likely to drop out of high school, and have poorer job market experiences. although the moms in single parent families also have lower incomes and education, i believe that a sizable portion of the below average performance of children from single parent families is due to their family structures. i am not claiming that children are worst off when their parents divorce if their parents were fighting a lot, or if they had abusive fathers. rather, it appears that up to a significant point, children are better off in intact families even when their families are not ideal. if correct, this suggests a considerable gain not from encouraging marriage per se, but from policies that encourage families to stay together. one approach is for governments to subsidize intact families, whatever their income levels, rather than just subsidizing families with only one parent because they have lower incomes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47237208914728335, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.673822"} {"text": "skip to main page content ( accesskey s ) standing at the east end of cathedral street in glasgow, and not far from where castle street becomes high street is glasgow cathedral. one of the few scottish medieval churches to have survived the reformation unscathed, glasgow cathedral is truly magnificent, full of beauty and wonder. yet any visit to glasgow cathedral is also tinged with sadness, for it brings home just how much was forever lost to the nation in the orgy of vandalism that destroyed or defaced so many other scottish churches in the period from 1560. it ' s worth starting the story of glasgow cathedral in the middle. the reforming mobs in the years after 1560 were no less zealous in glasgow than elsewhere in the country. but the affection of the ordinary people of glasgow for their cathedral was such that the organised trades of the city took up arms to protect it. perhaps what saved glasgow cathedral more than anything else was simply the size of the city ' s population : when the crisis arose, enough collective sanity remained to allow the defenders to outnumber the attackers. elsewhere the story all too often had a different outcome. had glasgow cathedral fallen in the reformation, a thousand years of history would have been lost. the cathedral ' s origins date back to about ad550 when st mungo, also known as st kentigern, founded a religious community here around a small church. today this church is the site of the blacader aisle in the lower church of the cathedral, the structure that extends beyond the very short south transept. during st mungo ' s time the church was visited by st columba ( see our historical timeline ), and st mungo himself travelled widely, preaching in both cumbria and north wales, and going on pilgrimage to rome. after his death on 13 january 614, st mungo was buried close to his church. his tomb today lies in the centre of the lower choir, probably on the actual site of his grave. st mungo ' s original church was built of wood, and was probably changed and enlarged over the following five centuries. the first stone church on the site was consecrated in the presence of king david i in 1136 and occupied the area now covered by the nave, with part of the earlier church probably surviving off to one side. this first stone church was destroyed or badly damaged by fire within a very short time, and its replacement was consecrated in 1197 by bishop jocelin. the earliest significant parts of what you can see today are the walls of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38304929697793566, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.678973"} {"text": "off to one side. this first stone church was destroyed or badly damaged by fire within a very short time, and its replacement was consecrated in 1197 by bishop jocelin. the earliest significant parts of what you can see today are the walls of the nave, up to the level of the bottoms of the windows. these date back to the next round of rebuilding, in the early 1200s. in the mid 1200s much of the rest of the cathedral appeared : in particular the upper and lower choirs were added to the east end of the nave. in the 1400s a tower was built above the crossing, and two more at the western corners of the nave. at the same time the blacader aisle was built on the site of st mungo ' s original church and the chapter house was added at the north east corner of the choir. in the 1800s major repairs included the removal of the two western towers, sadly before it was realised that the available funds wouldn ' t cover their rebuilding. at around the same time alterations made since the reformation to allow the cathedral to serve three congregations were reversed, leaving the cathedral much as you see it today. though not quite, because one of the joys of glasgow cathedral is the way it is continually changing and adapting. there are many examples of this, but the most striking is the beautiful millennium window ( see below left ) in the north wall of the nave. this was officially unveiled by hrh princess anne on 3 june 1999. it was commissioned by the thee schools holding annual services in the cathedral, glasgow academy, hutcheson ' s academy and the high school of glasgow. it was produced by john clark and is widely recognised as one of the most technically demanding stained glass windows ever produced. a range of complex traditional techniques were employed including multiple layer etching, painting and silverstaining. as a result the window is true to the spirit of others in the cathedral produced as far back as the 1400s. although the methods of production used in the millennium window were traditional in origin, the imagery and overall appearance are a highly distinctive symphony of multiple shades of blue. today ' s visitor to glasgow cathedral finds an awe inspiring place. it is overlooked from the east by the glasgow necropolis and has a fine precinct resulting from the building in 1993 of the st mungo museum, which doubles as a cathedral visitor centre. the site on which the cathedral was built slopes down from west to east. this allowed the building of its most unique feature, a lower church effectively occupying the whole of the area", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41228220792266185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.680080"} {"text": "of the st mungo museum, which doubles as a cathedral visitor centre. the site on which the cathedral was built slopes down from west to east. this allowed the building of its most unique feature, a lower church effectively occupying the whole of the area under the choir. this is a beautifully vaulted space. at its heart lies the tomb of st kentigern or st mungo, while at its east end are a series of chapels. these include the chapel of st john the evangelist, still containing part of what is believed to be the well used by st kentigern in the late 500s. these chapels were particularly well used after 1451, when the pope declared that a pilgrimage to glasgow cathedral would carry the same merit as one to rome. in the same year he approved the foundation by the cathedral of the university of glasgow. the upper parts of the church are divided by the choir screen or pulpitum into the separate spaces of the nave and the choir. despite this division, and despite the cathedral ' s relatively modest proportions, the overwhelming impression is one of great size and in particular of great height. glasgow cathedral is some 285ft ( 87m ) long by 63ft ( 20m ) wide, and the nave roof is 105ft ( 32m ) high. the towering internal spaces are enhanced by the apparent narrowness of the central potions of the nave and the choir, and by the very short transepts, which don ' t extend beyond the nave and choir walls. glasgow cathedral deserves to be better known than it is : and would be if it were not to be found in scotland ' s largest city, alongside many other competing attractions. but if you are coming to glasgow, you really should add the cathedral to your must see list.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41105224547188457, "token_count": 354, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.680719"} {"text": "empowering women to participate fully in economic life across all sectors is essential to build stronger economies, achieve internationally agreed goals for development and sustainability, and improve the quality of life for women, men, families and communities. the private sector is a key partner in efforts to advance gender equality and empower women. current research demonstrating that gender diversity helps business perform better signals that self - interest and common interest can come together. yet, ensuring the inclusion of women \u2019 s talents, skills and energies \u2014 from executive offices to the factory floor and the supply chain \u2014 requires intentional actions and deliberate policies. the women ' s empowerment principles offer practical guidance to business and the private sector on how to empower women in the workplace, marketplace and community. developed through a partnership between un women and the united nations global compact, the principles are designed to support companies in reviewing existing policies and practices \u2014 or establishing new ones \u2014 to realize women \u2019 s empowerment. in brief, the principles are : subtitled equality means business, the principles emphasize the business case for corporate action to promote gender equality and women \u2019 s empowerment and are informed by real - life business practices and input gathered from across the globe. they also reflect the interests of governments and civil society and serve to support interactions among stakeholders, as achieving gender equality requires the participation of all actors at all levels. introduced on international women \u2019 s day 2010, the women \u2019 s empowerment principles are adapted from the calvert women \u2019 s principles\u00ae. the calvert women \u2019 s principles were originally developed in partnership with unifem ( now un women ) and launched in 2004 as the first global corporate code of conduct focused exclusively on empowering, advancing and investing in women worldwide.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5003105674417225, "token_count": 337, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.682477"} {"text": "what is the holiday of sukkot all about? as rabbi dov lipman explains in our video ( click below to watch ), we dwell in the sukkah for seven days to recall the experience of the israelites who lived in these booth during their sojourn in the desert after the exodus from egypt. this teaches us that our shelter comes from god and that he protects us from the elements. the experience of living in the simple booth also helps to break down the barrier of materialism which prevents us from being more spiritual. the mitzvah ( commandment ) of the four species further cements the idea of that everything we have comes directly from god. we take crops \u2013 from the lowliest crop to a high level crop \u2013 and wave them in the service of god to demonstrate that he is the source of these crops. sukkot is described as \u201c the time of our rejoicing. \u201d why is this holiday the time for rejoicing and not other holidays? as explained in the video, once a person uses all these mitzvot to internalize that god is the source of all that we have, there can be no greater joy. watch the video to learn more about the joyful holiday of sukkot click \u2018 like \u2019 if you enjoyed learning about the meaning of sukkot. and have a wonderful, meaningful, spiritual and fun holiday. chag sameach from israel! please ' share ' with your family and friends!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47406581376090806, "token_count": 297, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.685370"} {"text": "thu september 6, 2012 extreme weather means extreme food prices worldwide, aid agency warns originally published on wed september 19, 2012 2 : 11 pm reducing greenhouse gases and saving the polar bears tend to dominate discussions on climate change. but to the booming world population, one climate change issue may be even more pressing \u2013 hunger. a new report by a leading international relief agency warns that climate change will increase the risk of large spikes in global food prices in the future, and lead to more hungry people in the world. that ' s because extreme weather like droughts, floods and heat waves are predicted to become much more frequent as the planet heats up. \" our planet is boiling and if we don ' t act now, hunger will increase for millions of people on our planet, \" says heather coleman, climate change policy adviser for oxfam america, which released the report today. the combination of the severe drought in the u. s. this summer and droughts in eastern europe led to a sharp increase in world food prices in july, according to the world bank. and the world ' s poorest are particularly vulnerable to spiking food prices, because they use most of their income on food. as we reported last month, some of the sting may be yet to come. the drought in the u. s. is particularly hard on animal feed, and increases in meat prices may be on the way as a result, although they are not predicted to be as high here as you might expect. still, any price increases can make it difficult for poor families to get enough food, even in rich countries. for example, before the recession in 2008, one in 10 u. s. households couldn ' t find enough food. ( the government calls them \" food insecure. \" ) for 2010 and 2011, as pam fessler reports, that number has increased to one in seven households. but poor countries in africa and the middle east stand to suffer most. that ' s due in part to the fact that different countries handle price spikes differently. for example, price swings between 2007 and 2008 resulted in an 8 percent increase in the number of malnourished people in african nations, according to a report by the food and agriculture organization. meanwhile, large, stable countries like china were able to stabilize grain prices for their people, but smaller countries were vulnerable to high global prices. in 2010, when an extreme drought in russia shriveled its crops, food prices there increased, so russia banned wheat exports, which sent global grain prices soaring. as climate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4478495080905557, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.688209"} {"text": "with where good ideas come from, steven johnson pairs the insight of his bestselling everything bad is good for you and the dazzling erudition of the ghost map and the invention of air to address an urgent and universal question : what sparks the flash of brilliance? how does groundbreaking innovation happen? answering in his infectious, culturally omnivorous style, using his fluency in fields from neurobiology to popular culture, johnson provides the complete, exciting, and encouraging story of how we generate the ideas that push our careers, our lives, our society, and our culture forward. beginning with charles darwin ' s first encounter with the teeming ecosystem of the coral reef and drawing connections to the intellectual hyperproductivity of modern megacities and to the instant success of youtube, johnson shows us that the question we need to ask is, what kind of environment fosters the development of good ideas? his answers are never less than revelatory, convincing, and inspiring as johnson identifies the seven key principles to the genesis of such ideas, and traces them across time and disciplines. most exhilarating is johnson ' s conclusion that with today ' s tools and environment, radical innovation is extraordinarily accessible to those who know how to cultivate it. where good ideas come from is essential reading for anyone who wants to know how to come up with tomorrow ' s great ideas.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.558409374859622, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.689890"} {"text": "presenting history and clinical signs since acute lung injury and ards are secondary disease processes, animals may have a variety of historical findings and clinical signs based on the primary disease. animals will usually be hospitalized for the primary disease before acute lung injury or ards becomes apparent. it often takes one to four days for acute lung injury or ards to develop after the onset of the initial inflammation, so patients may originally be presented without marked respiratory signs and develop these complications later. if respiratory disease was a patient ' s admitting complaint, a failure to improve or a decline in respiratory status may indicate acute lung injury or ards. tachypnea, respiratory distress, cyanosis, hypoxemia, and, potentially, coughing are some of the more common clinical signs. 6 on physical examination increased respiratory noises may be heard, including loud bronchovesicular sounds or crackles. the patient may also display abdominal breathing, orthopnea, or foamy pink exudate coming from the respiratory tract. 4, 6, 7 the key clinical sign is respiratory distress. a typical scenario of acute lung injury or ards would be a dog that initially presented for one of the disorders listed in table 1. this patient may have no evidence of respiratory disease on initial presentation. after a few ( one to four ) days, the patient ' s respiratory rate would begin to elevate, followed by the patient exhibiting increased respiratory effort and, finally, severe respiratory distress. if the patient had already been managed at another hospital for a few days before referral, it may have already had time to develop acute lung injury or ards and may present in respiratory distress as a complication of one of hospital - acquired respiratory distress occurs in animals that have been hospitalized for an unspecified length of time and develop signs of respiratory distress while in the hospital. it may arise as an acute onset of respiratory signs in an animal that previously was determined to have a normal respiratory status, or it may be a worsening of clinical signs in an animal that already had respiratory compromise. the most common differential diagnoses for hospital - acquired respiratory distress include acute lung injury and ards, aspiration or bacterial pneumonia, congestive heart failure ( chf ) secondary to fluid overload, and pulmonary thromboembolism. acute lung injury and ards were historically difficult to diagnose with confidence. so in 2007, a panel of veterinary experts published a set of five criteria to accurately diagnose these conditions ( table 2 ). 2 four of these criteria are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4135719512050637, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.694634"} {"text": ". acute lung injury and ards were historically difficult to diagnose with confidence. so in 2007, a panel of veterinary experts published a set of five criteria to accurately diagnose these conditions ( table 2 ). 2 four of these criteria are required for diagnosis, and the fifth is optional. table 2 : criteria for diagnosing acute lung injury or ards no. 1 \u2014 acute onset the rate of onset of tachypnea and dyspnea at rest should be < 72 hours and is easily determined based on a patient ' s history. no. 2 \u2014 risk factors evaluating for risk factors involves establishing whether the patient has a severe primary disease that might have resulted in acute lung injury or ards. this risk factor assessment is easily accomplished by obtaining a thorough history and performing basic diagnostic tests ( complete blood count, serum chemistry profile, urinalysis, imaging ) that evaluate the patient for an underlying disease listed in table 1. no. 3 \u2014 evidence of pulmonary capillary leak with normal pulmonary capillary pressure this criterion requires that the patient have fluid in the lungs that does not appear to have been caused by left - sided chf. 2 acute lung injury, ards, and left - sided chf all cause pulmonary edema. the principal difference is that chf produces edema that has a low protein content because of high pressure within the lung vasculature ( increased hydrostatic pressure ), while acute lung injury and ards produce edema that has a high protein content because of inflamed and permeable vessels and alveolar epithelial lining. 3 to properly evaluate a patient for this criterion, thoracic radiography and a cardiac function evaluation must be performed to determine whether left - sided heart failure is present. imaging. the typical fluid distribution in acute lung injury and ards results in a bilateral or diffuse pattern of infiltrate on thoracic radiographs that involves more than one quadrant or lobe ( figures 1a & 1b ). 2 these changes can be quite variable, however, and may range from increased interstitial and peribronchial patterns to diffuse, bilateral alveolar infiltrates. 6, 8 computed tomography of the lungs can reveal increased lung densities, especially in areas of dependent lung. affected areas may demonstrate a hazy increase in lung attenuation, with preservation of bronchial and vascular margins. 8 evidence of proteinaceous fluid in the conducting airways would also be supportive. figure 1a. a lateral thoracic radiograph of a dysp", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43789660174789, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.695513"} {"text": "demonstrate a hazy increase in lung attenuation, with preservation of bronchial and vascular margins. 8 evidence of proteinaceous fluid in the conducting airways would also be supportive. figure 1a. a lateral thoracic radiograph of a dyspneic dog that demonstrates intense alveolar infiltrate in the caudodorsal lung fields. the heart and the pulmonary vessels appear normal. these findings are consistent with a noncardiogenic pulmonary cardiac function assessment. if pulmonary infiltrates are seen, the next step is determining whether the edema is cardiogenic or noncardiogenic. in experimental settings or in large - animal species, pulmonary capillary pressure can be directly measured by placing a pulmonary arterial wedge catheter ( or swan - ganz catheter ). but direct measurement is often limited to referral hospitals, so cardiac function is most commonly determined by history, clinical findings, and echocardiography. echocardiography evaluates left atrial size and systolic function quickly and accurately. a lack of left atrial enlargement or systolic dysfunction supports the finding of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema associated with acute lung injury and ards. echocardiography is also useful to exclude pulmonary figure 1b. a ventrodorsal thoracic radiograph of the same dog as in figure 1a. the alveolar infiltrate is visible in the caudodorsal lung field on each side but is more intense on the right. the heart and pulmonary vessels appear normal.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47646501679395203, "token_count": 306, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.696034"} {"text": "update based on op ' s feedback what might help you then is = indirect ( \" sheet \" & row ( ) & \"! a1 \" ) what this formula does is uses the current sheet ' s own row to help define what information is being pulled. in this case, starting with cell a1, the formula will be evaluated as = indirect does is allows you to use text strings to define reference ranges when pulling data, thus you can use & to concatenate a string and insert an automated way of iterating through the various sheet numbers. to get the summarized data in a1 of all sheets, just drag the formula in the summary sheet all the way down the column to have the formula auto - fill each of the following roles. here ' s a screenshot : what ' s happening in my example is that on sheet1 i have \" status \" in cell a1. looking at my formula in columnc, you ' ll notice that = indirect is pulling that value from a1. the following entries is from autofilling ( click and drag ) the formula down to other rows, making = indirect concatenate different sheet # s based on the old answer which does not use without knowing more about the format of your specific groups ' sheets, you have it almost correct in your example. if you rename sheets in your document to a custom name, you need to reference them using quotes. if you add single quotes around the sheet name, you ' ve got it : you can also add summary information in a sheet, like : groups total sum that will give you the sum of values in sheet group1, column b, rows 1 - 13. note : if you ' re ever confused as to how to reference a value from another sheet, you can always just : - go to the summary sheet - select the cell you ' d like to edit = to start a formula and then - click to another sheet / cell and see how the formula bar autofills the information.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43014721075876433, "token_count": 398, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.697824"} {"text": "in this post we take our next step with the mathematical models, and it begins to show different kinds of results. to this point we have been looking at the bible ' s four gospels : matthew, mark, luke, and john. to expand our horizons a little, the next document i ' d like to consider is paul ' s letter to the romans. it is an early letter within the christian church, it has been vital in the formation of protestant christianity. in modern times the question has become more pointed : did paul stay with the direction laid out by jesus, or was paul responsible for a change of course? i will not presume to answer that question here, but i will point out some promising pieces of objective information that come to light with this kind of mathematical review. to compare this letter to a gospel, then, i chose the gospel of luke. since luke was a companion of paul ' s, i thought it could be a productive place to begin. the short version of the results shared word estimate ( 13 / 52 ) = 25 % shared emphasis estimate : 27 % much different than gospel - to - gospel comparisons for the first time, all of the matching methods show less than a 50 % match - - and here the match is significantly less than 50 %. while the gospels consistently had a shared emphasis estimate higher than 50 %, paul ' s letter to the romans matches luke at roughly half that level. there are several kinds of differences that are immediately seen. we will start at the top of the list with the most common word. the gospels all had the same word as the most common word : jesus. the letter to the romans has a different most - common word : god. in fact, \" jesus \" doesn ' t appear until # 8 on the list in romans. however, \" christ \" appears higher on the list than \" jesus \". what do we make of the fact that \" jesus \" is the common way to speak of jesus in the gospels, but \" christ \" is more common in paul ' s letter to the romans? the word \" christ \" does not appear on the common - words list of any of the four biblical gospels. to be sure, even if the word \" christ \" is not prominent in the gospels, still the idea that jesus is the christ is well - known from the gospels. they all make a point to explain that jesus is the christ, and to demonstrate it. in the gospels, the time when peter identifies jesus as the christ is portrayed as a key teaching, and so is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5469472795279862, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.706730"} {"text": "christ is well - known from the gospels. they all make a point to explain that jesus is the christ, and to demonstrate it. in the gospels, the time when peter identifies jesus as the christ is portrayed as a key teaching, and so is the moment at jesus ' trial where the political leaders ask whether jesus is the christ. the gospel of john even explains that the reason the book was written is \" that you may believe that jesus is the christ \". so the concept of \" christ \" is an important idea in the gospels, even though the word is not used often. we could say that calling jesus by the title \" christ \" shows the next stage of logical development after those gospel accounts. that is, calling jesus \" christ \" shows a prior acceptance of those teachings about jesus. it is, in a way, summary - level talk, to call jesus by the title of christ. the gospels are interested in explaining and demonstrating that jesus is the christ ; for the epistle to the romans, this has already been explained to the readers ' satisfaction and is now part of the foundation on which they build. so here we have a new kind of difference : a difference about the level of detail being used or the logical progression of ideas, whether something is demonstrated or already given. it is a difference in the level of the conversation, and in the starting point of the discussion. but to what extent is it discussing the same subject matter? the action from the gospels, the physical settings and the people who first heard jesus are not a large part of the picture in paul ' s letter. the book of romans does not commonly speak of \" crowds \" and \" disciples \", or \" peter \" and \" mary \", or \" jerusalem \" and the \" house \", or \" asked \" and \" answered \" in the way that the gospel of luke commonly does. the actions from jesus ' life are not being narrated in his letter ; the letter is a different type of material. paul does have some interaction with people in his letter, but he interacts with the people that he expects to read his letter. so while there is no \" crowd \" in paul, instead we have paul ' s trademark where \" greet \" is on the common word list in romans, and there is a small crowd reading the letter. ( anyone who reads a few of paul ' s letters will notice that he spends a certain amount of time on personal greetings. we know many early christians by name because paul greeted them by name in his letters. ) still, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49614688846549315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.707644"} {"text": "the letter. ( anyone who reads a few of paul ' s letters will notice that he spends a certain amount of time on personal greetings. we know many early christians by name because paul greeted them by name in his letters. ) still, the differences go deeper. the gospels are all biographies, or we might say the fourth gospel is a memoir and reflection on jesus ' life. as records of jesus ' life, all four gospels share the same most common word : \" jesus \". the letter to the romans, on the other hand, has \" god \" as the most common word, then \" sin \" and \" law \". to be sure, \" sin \" and \" law \" are discussed in the gospels - - but not always enough to make the most - common - words list. for \" sin \" we may remember conversations about sins being forgiven. for \" law \", there are records of discussions between jesus and other people over the interpretation of the law. questions come up about matters of divorce, or tax, or ritual hand - washing, or which are the most important commandments, or a case of capital punishment, or whether certain religious leaders could claim that jesus was morally in the wrong for performing miracles to heal people on the sabbath, as it was a kind of work. so \" sin \" and \" law \" both have a presence in the gospels, either directly or by example. paul discusses these ideas at a summary level, where \" sin \" and \" law \" are often abstractions. the same might be said of \" faith \" and \" grace \". these words are commonly used in romans where paul discusses them in a relatively abstract way. in the gospels these same words \" faith \" and \" grace \" are not often used directly, but are instead shown in living action. but the major differences are not limited to the fact that paul is more abstract, while the gospels show jesus in action. by paul ' s leading words in romans ( \" god \", \" law \", \" sin \" ), we see paul also trying to put jesus in a context that his readers might know. he explains jesus against a background familiar to his fellow jews, back in his day when the temple still stood in jerusalem and sacrifices were still offered daily, where people made pilgrimages for the torah ' s decreed feasts, where torah - based jewish legal courts had some degree of legal authority and might have jurisdiction over some cases, where someone might comment publicly about a lack of morals if someone failed to perform a ritual washing before a meal,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4801259240301795, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.708534"} {"text": "torah ' s decreed feasts, where torah - based jewish legal courts had some degree of legal authority and might have jurisdiction over some cases, where someone might comment publicly about a lack of morals if someone failed to perform a ritual washing before a meal, where breaking the sabbath might lead to a formal legal inquiry. we see paul struggling with the question : for a jew like him or many of his readers - - learning that jesus is the messiah and that the messiah is about god ' s love, about grace and mercy, about good news and life - - what does that mean for their old understanding of law and sin? what does that mean for their ideas about righteousness before god? we also see paul spending some effort discussing \" jews \" and \" gentiles \", \" israel \" and being \" circumcised \". what does it mean that even gentiles are now included in a new covenant with god? what does it mean that gentiles have a righteousness before god that did not come from the law of moses? what does that mean for whether the law of moses should apply to gentiles? on the one hand, if the gentiles do not need to be circumcised to be in the new covenant, then is circumcision still relevant? on the other hand, if gentiles are now numbered among god ' s chosen people - - which previously had meant israel - - then is there still any advantage in being a jew? paul considers the implication that god has made a covenant for all people through jesus ; and paul seems to have something of an identity crisis on what it means to be jewish now, in light of god opening the gate wide to all nations. for him and his concept of his beloved jewish nation ' s role in the world, it is not an easy transition to go from being an only child to being firstborn among many. this emphasis raises the question : to what extent was the letter to the romans about universal themes for all people of all times, and to what extent was that letter meant to speak to the existential crisis of judaism that paul saw in god ' s new covenant for all nations? ( in a few places paul seems defensive of the special role of his people, and mentions several times that things are \" first for the jew \" and then for the gentile. i should mention that paul ' s letter to the romans is not the only philo - semitic writing in the new testament. i have become curious whether anyone has actually studied the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48183122010697743, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.709403"} {"text": "things are \" first for the jew \" and then for the gentile. i should mention that paul ' s letter to the romans is not the only philo - semitic writing in the new testament. i have become curious whether anyone has actually studied the philo - semitism of the new testament. in my readings through the materials, philo - semitism seems far more prominent than any supposed \" anti - semitism \", which is not surprising since most of the authors were themselves jewish. ) a few advantages of the mathematical comparisons - we may be able to determine whether something is rightly a classified as a \" gospel \" by whether it is mainly focused on jesus. it may also matter whether the action / narration words, setting, and character names are still in a prominent place. - we may be able to tell that a document is \" next generation \" material ( from a logical point of view ) if it starts by assuming that jesus is the christ, as shown by a high usage of the word \" christ \" compared to \" jesus \". - we may need to look for relationships between key words - - like between \" jesus \" and \" christ \" - - where the difference shows that a historically earlier viewpoint is now taken as \" given \". - to interpret the findings correctly, we may need to look for detail v. summary types of differences, or specifics compared to abstractions, like jesus ' kind encounters with various people as opposed to paul ' s mention of \" grace \" or \" mercy \". - the details of the differences between two documents can show, objectively, where the focus of an author lies and bring out themes that might be missed otherwise.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49577755473031804, "token_count": 337, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.710290"} {"text": "the committee recalled that it had referred this nomination back to australia in order that new material can be assessed. in presenting its revised evaluation, iucn stated that the nomination had been submitted for its geological and not for its biological values, and that the sixteenth session of the committee declined the nomination requesting australia to consider macquarie island for its biological values and had noted its potential as part of an international world heritage site with the subantarctic islands of new zealand. australia reported that it had consulted with new zealand in 1996 and had found that new zealand was not ready for a joint nomination. the committee was informed that new zealand had subsequently nominated its subantarctic islands for review by the twenty - second session of the bureau. iucn felt that the basis for the nomination of macquarie island was too narrow and recommended deferral of the nomination. the committee recalled that the bureau discussed : ( 1 ) geological and biological values ; ( 2 ) the sovereignty of states parties to nominate properties and ( 3 ) the outstanding universal value of the nominated property, and that the bureau by consensus decided to recommend the committee to inscribe the property under criteria ( i ) and ( iii ). the committee decided that the site provides an unique example of exposure of the ocean crust above the sea level and of geological evidence for sea - floor spreading, and is an exposure of the oceanic plate boundary between the pacific and australian / indian plates, exposed with active faults and ongoing tectonic movements. the committee decided to inscribe the site under criteria ( i ) and ( iii ) and took note of the reservations expressed by the delegate of thailand concerning criterion ( iii ). the committee encouraged the australian authorities to consider for the future a renomination with the subantarctic islands of new zealand and to consider adding biological criteria in a future renomination. australia indicated that the australian government was willing to consider both proposals.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4429683033635885, "token_count": 379, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.712444"} {"text": "the cultural landscape and archaeological remains of the bamiyan valley in afghanistan includes some of the most important examples of gandharan art in the world, despite the taliban \u2019 s destruction of its two monumental buddhas in 2001. the expert working group on the preservation of the bamiyan site was formed in 2002 within the framework of the coordination mandate for all cultural projects in the country entrusted to unesco by the afghan government. it will meet for the fourth time in kabul from 7 to 10 december 2005. this expert group coordinates activities carried out under the unesco project \u201c safeguarding of the bamiyan site, \u201d for which the japanese government granted a total of $ 3. 1 million. the project aims at conserving the cultural heritage of the bamiyan valley, inscribed on the world heritage list and the list of world heritage in danger in 2003. following the previous bamiyan working groups and the efforts carried out in 2005, a group of afghan and international experts will examine the progress of the consolidation of cliffs and niches, the preservation of mural paintings, the conservation of the remains of the statues of the buddha, the preparation of the master plan, the development of the archaeological survey and the creation of a 3d model map. it will also, as it has in the past, make concrete recommendations on follow - up activities.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49033016920553363, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.713763"} {"text": "les noms des biens figurent dans la langue dans laquelle les etats parties les ont soumis. 1 ) punakha dzong : n27 35 28 e89 52 38 2 ) wangdue phodrang dzong : n27 30 00 e90 10 00 3 ) paro dzong : n27 26 00 e89 25 00 4 ) trongsa dzong : n27 29 58 e90 30 17 5 ) dagana dzong : n27 4 12 e89 52 47 dzong in bhutan is a complex of fortified building which served as a principal seat of buddhist school. most of the dzongs were built to be strategic footholds for gaining influence of particular buddhist schools and controlling over the region under the power of the schools. it is said to be the medieval period in the 12th century when dzongs were started to be built in \" the southern land ( bhutan ) \" by clergies of different buddhist schools established in tibet. it was in 1616 when zhabdrung ngawang namgyel, the linage holder of drukpa - kagyud buddhist school arrived at the southern land escaping the conflict over recognition of the principal abbot of the school in ralung, tibet. he, later becoming the unifier of bhutan, started constructing several dzongs in the process of gaining control over the country, which was at that time dominated by clergies and leaders of different buddhist schools. strategic location of the dzongs is one of the main factors that have led the successful unification of the country. it is much elaborated in old literatures describing the prophecies of ancient saints and auspicious events how the location of the dzongs was determined. these dzongs built by the charismatic leader zhabdrung ngawang namgyel who is believed as the re - birth of tsangpa gyaray, the founder of drukpa - kagyud school and also an emanation of avalokitesvara have great spiritual significance to the people of bhutan. among the dzongs founded by zhabdrung ngawang namgyel, five dzongs notably took crucial roles to uphold the authority instituted by zhabdrung ngawang namgyel. after the unification of the country, he established the unique dual government system headed by je kenpo ( the head of religious affairs ) and desi ( the head of temporal affairs ). those dzongs built as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4550933008282056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.719594"} {"text": "ngawang namgyel. after the unification of the country, he established the unique dual government system headed by je kenpo ( the head of religious affairs ) and desi ( the head of temporal affairs ). those dzongs built as fortress during the power struggles faced by zhabdrung ngawang namgyel in the process of unifying the country were later expanded and modified by his successors in order to adapt court of clergies and administrators under the dual system of government. punthang dechenphodrang dzong in punakha built in 1637 had served as the principal seat of drukpa - kagyud buddhist school and thus, accommodated the central government. one year later, wangduephodrang dzong was built to put sha - dagyad ( eight eastern regions adjacent to punakha ) under control of zhabdrung ngawang namgyel. other three dzongs were built as the bases to extend the supremacy to different regions in the country. rinchenpung dzong in paro built in 1646 looked after the western regions, trongsa dzong built in 1647 for the eastern regions, and daga trashiyangtse dzong built in 1651 for the southern regions. these three dzongs headed by the appointed administrators titled penlops gained immense power as a result of ruling vast areas. the above five dzongs had been stage for significant political events and cultural development throughout the history of bhutan after its unification. these dzongs have witnessed important events not only in the olden times but also in the modern era. punthang dechenphodrang dzong served as the birthplace of the monarchy with the enthronement of the first king of bhutan in 1907. the recent history of these dzongs is marked by continuous efforts of adjusting their physical structures to the dynamism of governmental and social changes in the modern times. due to such successful adaptation, these ancient dzongs even today hold a significant status in the country as the centre of temporal and religious authorities amid rapid socio - economic development, which primarily began from 1960s, and more recent change of government from monarchy to constitutional democratic government system in 2008. these five dzongs presently house the offices of the respective district authority and a number of temples, and serves as the residence of the district monk body. the history of the listed dzongs reflects the dynamism of bhutanese history and culture since the unification of the country. many important historical events had", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4739885183073055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.720519"} {"text": "district authority and a number of temples, and serves as the residence of the district monk body. the history of the listed dzongs reflects the dynamism of bhutanese history and culture since the unification of the country. many important historical events had taken place in these dzongs. several renovation, alteration and expansion works of the dzong structure are still traceable and are evidence of crucial roles played by these dzongs as the centre of government and culture in the course of history of bhutan. they are the living witness to the successive social development and cultural evolution of the country. a large number of national treasures, including the remains of zhabdrung ngawang namgyel and the small self - created figure of avalokitesvara from the remains of tsangpa gyaray ( the founder of drukpa - kagyud buddhist school ) are inherited and housed in the dzongs. buddhist rituals and festivals are uninterruptedly being performed by the monk body. therefore, these dzongs have formed the main centre of spirituality of the nation. these dzongs are built on strategic locations such as on hill tops overlooking the valley or at a confluence of rivers providing military vantage. these dzongs basically consist of shabkhor, which are buildings rectangular in plan enclosing flat stone paved courtyard, and a most prominent towering structure called utse standing at the inner courtyard containing the shrines of guardian deities and buddhist masters. these dzongs were later altered and extended in order to accommodate the functions under the dual government system. this has presumably led to development of two very distinct facades of the dzongs ; the outer facades formed by high and massive battered stone masonry fortification walls of shabkhor and the inner facades consisting of sophisticated wooden structure often finished with elaborate carvings and paintings, creating ambience suitable for space for civil and state affairs. the dzongs illustrate the peak of collective architectural achievements of the people of bhutan. there are a number of historical documents and literatures narrating the stories or events associated with these important dzongs existing today. it includes literatures written and authenticated by the successors of zhabdrung ngawang namgyel. therefore, the historical accounts of these dzongs are clear and reliable. though there are other dzongs established by zhabdrung ngawang namgyel and other clergies in the country, these five dzongs were the main centre of authority ruling the country. they are the witness", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45886722300856025, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.721503"} {"text": "by genevra pittman new york ( reuters health ) - more children are being diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( adhd ) now than were a decade ago, according to new research from a large california health plan. it ' s not clear what ' s behind that trend, researchers noted. possible explanations include better awareness of the condition among parents and doctors or improved access to health care for kids with symptoms, according to dr. darios getahun, the study ' s lead author. prior research has also shown an increasing trend in adhd diagnoses, according to getahun, from the kaiser permanente southern california medical group in pasadena. however, his team had strict criteria for determining which kids had adhd, requiring a clinical diagnosis and prescriptions for adhd medications. past studies have relied on parent and teacher reports alone, getahun noted. in an analysis of kaiser permanente medical records, researchers found the proportion of five - to 11 - year - olds diagnosed with adhd increased from 2. 5 percent in 2001 to 3. 1 percent in 2010. consistent with past research, white children were more likely to be diagnosed with adhd than black, hispanic and asian kids, and boys were more likely to have the condition than girls. on average, children were diagnosed when they were between eight and a half and nine and a half years old. hispanic youth tended to receive a diagnosis at a later age than other kids - which could put them at a disadvantage, getahun noted. \" one thing which is very important in adhd is parents ' awareness... and timely diagnosis of the disease is very important so the treatment is effective, \" he told reuters health. \" if you diagnose the child early when the disease occurs, the child may function better in school and also socially, \" said getahun. one study published last year found icelandic kids who got early adhd treatment did better on standardized tests than those who didn ' t get medication until they were preteens ( see reuters health story of june 25, 2012 : http : / / reut. rs / kxoqfy ). common medications used to treat adhd include stimulants such as vyvanse, ritalin and concerta. not all kids with adhd need medication - some get better with behavioral therapy or extra help at school. adhd drugs can come with side effects, including appetite loss, sleep problems and stomach aches. just under five percent of more than 840, 000", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4176119074602036, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.724144"} {"text": "key : \" s : \" = show synset ( semantic ) relations, \" w : \" = show word ( lexical ) relations display options for sense : ( gloss ) \" an example sentence \" - s : ( n ) present, nowadays ( the period of time that is happening now ; any continuous stretch of time including the moment of speech ) \" that is enough for the present \" ; \" he lives in the present with no thought of tomorrow \" - s : ( n ) present ( something presented as a gift ) \" his tie was a present from his wife \" - s : ( n ) present, present tense ( a verb tense that expresses actions or states at the time of speaking ) - s : ( v ) show, demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate ( give an exhibition of to an interested audience ) \" she shows her dogs frequently \" ; \" we will demo the new software in washington \" - s : ( v ) present, represent, lay out ( bring forward and present to the mind ) \" we presented the arguments to him \" ; \" we cannot represent this knowledge to our formal reason \" - s : ( v ) stage, present, represent ( perform ( a play ), especially on a stage ) \" we are going to stage ` othello ' \" - s : ( v ) present, submit ( hand over formally ) - s : ( v ) present, pose ( introduce ) \" this poses an interesting question \" - s : ( v ) award, present ( give, especially as an honor or reward ) \" bestow honors and prizes at graduation \" - s : ( v ) give, gift, present ( give as a present ; make a gift of ) \" what will you give her for her birthday? \" - s : ( v ) deliver, present ( deliver ( a speech, oration, or idea ) ) \" the commencement speaker presented a forceful speech that impressed the students \" - s : ( v ) introduce, present, acquaint ( cause to come to know personally ) \" permit me to acquaint you with my son \" ; \" introduce the new neighbors to the community \" - s : ( v ) portray, present ( represent abstractly, for example in a painting, drawing, or sculpture ) \" the father is portrayed as a good - looking man in this painting \" - s : ( v ) confront, face, present ( present somebody with something, usually to accuse or criticize ) \" we confronted him with the evidence \" ; \" he was faced with all the evidence", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6192321463171222, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.726807"} {"text": "emily cox and henry rathvon provide the second sunday acrostic puzzles every second week. if you think that \u2019 s all they do, you need to read my interview with them from last year. this weekend we are treated to one of their cryptic crosswords. i try to be careful writing about these puzzles because i \u2019 d rather not give too much away. feel free to comment on any clues or answers, or to ask any questions, and we can let the conversation happen that way. if you \u2019 re new to these cryptic shenanigans, it might be instructive to consider the first two clues, and then you \u2019 re on your own. 1 across is \u201c from stem to stern, tossed in the sound ( 10 ). \u201d the parenthetical number at the end tells us the number of letters in the answer. the trick to these puzzles is realizing that, for most clues, there are two parts that each point to the same answer. often is it difficult to separate those parts, so you have to be on your toes. it looks as if this one might mean \u201c from stem to stern \u201d and there is a word meaning tossed inside another one meaning sound. that \u2019 s a perfectly logical parsing of the clue. it \u2019 s also wrong. sound here means \u201c sounds like, \u201d so we \u2019 re looking for a single word meaning \u201c from stem to stern \u201d that sounds like a word or phrase meaning \u201c tossed. \u201d throughout fits that description. reread the explanation here if it doesn \u2019 t make sense right away. the clue at 6 across reads \u201c exchange hands, from right to left ( 4 ). \u201d in this case, the answer is swap. it means exchange. what has swap to do with \u201c hands from right to left \u201d? follow the directions in the clue to find out. cryptics are an acquired taste, but once you get over the hump, they \u2019 re great fun. they often benefit from solving with a friend, who might be able to look at the clues at a different angle when you \u2019 re stuck.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5492000286457523, "token_count": 422, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.730421"} {"text": "the montgomery bus boycott looms as a formative turning point of the twentieth century : harbinger of the african american freedom movement, which in turn inspired movements for freedom around the globe ; springboard for the leadership of martin luther king jr. in civil rights, human rights and peacemaking ; launching pad for the worldwide era of upheaval known as the \u201c sixties \u201d. the bus boycott stands for all times as one of humankind \u2019 s supreme democrtatic moments, a monumental struggle to actualize the american dream of freedom, equality and constitutionalism. the nonviolent uprising of 1955 and 1956 represented a new founding of american democracy that pushed the nation a quantum leap closer to keeping faith with parchment principles. - - - from the daybreak of freedom if any single event touched off the activist phase of the civil rights movement, it was the montgomery bus boycott of 1955 - 56. triggered by the refusal of a black seamstress, mrs. rosa parks, to take her place at the back of a city bus when the driver demanded it, this grass - roots movement led by the young martin luther king lasted for just over a year, from 1955 to late in the next year. for the first time since the depression, political initiative shifted from washington back into the country itself, in this case the courts, schools, lunch counters, courthouses, streets and jails of the south. - - - from the experience of politics", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.525364151787025, "token_count": 290, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.731773"} {"text": "climate witness : pak azhar, indonesia i have been living in balikukup since 1999. balikukup is a small island of 18 ha consisting mainly of sandbanks. however, the island \u2019 s size is not fixed as it depends on the tides. during low tide, a large sandbank is exposed, extending 1 km towards the sea. the weather is a significant factor in the work of a sea cucumber fisherman i started collecting sea cucumbers in 2001. there are 2 ways to catch sea cucumbers ; some fishermen just search on the beaches around the island during low tide at night, while others dive underwater, down to depths of 10 m. sea cucumber fishermen are highly dependent on the weather to do their job. fishermen cannot catch good harvests during rainy or stormy weather, as sea cucumbers hide underneath the sand during that time. therefore, it is important for a sea cucumber fisherman to predict what the weather will be like before going to work. usually i observe the weather at dusk or in the early evening to predict whether it is going to rain or be stormy at night. but nowadays, it is getting harder to predict the weather accurately. for example, early evening yesterday i predicted that there would be no rain at night, but around midnight and early morning heavy rain came down. in the old days, we fishermen could predict the weather. but not anymore. the elders on our island also mentioned the same thing. since 2002, atang, one of the fisherman elders whom we regard as the best expert in predicting the weather in balikukup, said that the weather was getting unpredictable. before, atang could produce a very good prediction, even for the course of a full year. \u2018 bulan janda \u2019 or widow month one example of unpredictable weather is the gone phenomena of \u2018 bulan janda \u2019, or \u2018 widow month \u2019. it is called widow - month because when the fishermen went to the sea during the event, they rarely came home safely. thus, their wives became widows. widow month is an annual event when the wind blows very strongly for 44 days from the south. this wind stops for a short period of time ( half an hour ), and then goes back to blowing very hard. during that time it is impossible for fishermen to go at sea. fishermen who had saved enough money and food supply did not need to go at sea during \u2018 widow month \u2019 because the conditions were too dangerous. however, other fishermen had no other option but to go", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45042030010765766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.739797"} {"text": "time it is impossible for fishermen to go at sea. fishermen who had saved enough money and food supply did not need to go at sea during \u2018 widow month \u2019 because the conditions were too dangerous. however, other fishermen had no other option but to go to sea during the event. the phenomenon of \u2018 widow month \u2019 does not exist anymore. the last time it happened was in 1991 according to fishermen. after 1991, during the supposedly \u2018 widow - month \u2019, there could be calm periods for up to 2 weeks. none of the fishermen understands why the \u2018 widow month \u2019 phenomenon has slowly disappeared. no clue when money will come the unpredictable weather is a disadvantage for us fishermen because we no longer know when we can go fishing. it is difficult for us to predict when we will make money. before, we could estimate when was the right time to make income and put some money on the side, as we could predict when we can go fishing. now, whenever we have good weather, we just go fishing. we can no longer make financial plans. credit : wwf - indonesia / primayunta scientific reviewreviewed by : dr heru santoso, project coordinator of the trofcca ( tropical forests and climate change adaptation ) project, indonesia the witnesses told three natural phenomena that they considered climate related. they are increased land erosion, higher tides and unpredictable weather. even though non - climatic factor could contribute to these phenomena, for example an increase in land erosion could be due to land mismanagement, or a higher tide could be the subsequent of regional subsidence, etc. however, in all three different locations the people observed an increase of wave energy and increasing unpredictable weather that could affect the sustainability of their villages and their livelihood. there are very few scientific literatures to report whether the observed phenomena in this specific region are related to climate change. this region is open to sulawesi and sulu seas as flow paths of oceanic current from the western pacific ocean to indian ocean. higher tides in berau area could be related to the increase of sea surface level in the western pacific during la nina events. this phenomenon recently has become noticeable than in the past probably because global warming has accentuated the extent of this climate mechanism ( mimura et al. 2007 ). for the same reason, unpredictable and abrupt change of weather has become noticeable. abrupt changes are usually associated with high wind speed which could only happen if there is a significant difference in pressures between two areas. striking heat, in particular over a heat sensitive land area, under a warmer condition could", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45507529298161675, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.741369"} {"text": "abrupt change of weather has become noticeable. abrupt changes are usually associated with high wind speed which could only happen if there is a significant difference in pressures between two areas. striking heat, in particular over a heat sensitive land area, under a warmer condition could generate this high pressure difference quickly. land sensitivity to heat is higher if the forest cover has gone or heavily degraded. the \u2018 widow month \u2019, a regular phenomenon of strong southerly wind that has been disappearing, is normally associated with the monsoonal trade wind in which the easterly wind from eastern indonesia turn northward to asia. global warming or higher regional temperature could alter the distribution of regional or subregional energy concentration and could also alter the scale and extent of circulation. therefore, global warming could have contributed to the increasing trend of recurrences of natural phenomena as reported by witnesses. however, it is quite proper to verify whether this global warming has accentuated climate mechanisms in this subregion by comparing with other climate variables. for example, during la nina events warm waters from the east flow to the west and usually bringing more rains. the high tides in the berau region which could be explained by this mechanism could be verified with rainfall data during that particular time of the events, preferably with a long period of observation data. all articles are subject to scientific review by a member of the climate witness science advisory panel.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4999069142204904, "token_count": 276, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.741995"} {"text": "\u201e liviu rebreanu \u201d school, romania church listed by the unesco as world heritage site. panorama made under authority and approval of mar... transylvania ( romanian : ardeal or transilvania ; hungarian : erdely ; german : de - siebenburgen. ogg siebenburgen ( help \u00b7 info ), see also other denominations ) is a historical region in the central part of romania. bounded on the east and south by the carpathian mountain range, historical transylvania extended in the west to the apuseni mountains ; however, the term frequently encompasses not only transylvania proper, but also the historical regions of crisana, maramures, and ( romanian ) banat. transylvania was once the nucleus of the kingdom of dacia ( 82 bc \u2013 106 ad ). in 106 ad the roman empire conquered the territory and after that its wealth was systematically exploited. after the roman legions withdrew in 271 ad, it was overrun by a succession of tribes, which subjected it to various influences. during this time areas of it were under the control of the visigoths, huns, gepids, avars and bulgars. thereafter the romanized dacian inhabitants either moved into the mountains and preserved their culture or migrated southward. it is likely that elements of the mixed daco \u2013 roman population held out in transylvania. there is an ongoing scholarly debate over the population of transylvania before the hungarian conquest ( see origin of the romanians ). the magyars conquered the area at the end of the 9th century and firmly established their control over it in 1003, when their king stephen i, according to legend, defeated the native prince entitled or named gyula. between 1003 and 1526, transylvania was a voivodeship of the kingdom of hungary, led by a voivod appointed by the hungarian king. after the battle of mohacs in 1526 transylvania became effectively an independent principality ruled primarily by calvinist hungarian princes. afterward, in 1566, hungary was divided between the habsburgs and the turks, with the transylvanian principality maintaining autonomy as an ottoman subject. the habsburgs acquired the territory shortly after the battle of vienna in 1683. the habsburgs, however, recognized the hungarian sovereignty over transylvania, [ dubious \u2013 discuss ] while the transylvanians recognized the suzerainty of the habsburg emperor leopold i ( 1687 ), and the region was officially attached to the habsburg empire, separated in all but name from habsburg controlled hungary and subjected to the direct rule of the emperor \u2019 s governors.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4105422216698658, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.745249"} {"text": "recognized the suzerainty of the habsburg emperor leopold i ( 1687 ), and the region was officially attached to the habsburg empire, separated in all but name from habsburg controlled hungary and subjected to the direct rule of the emperor \u2019 s governors. in 1699 the turks legally conceded their loss of transylvania in the treaty of karlowitz ; however, anti - habsburg elements within the principality only submitted to the emperor in the 1711 peace of szatmar. after the ausgleich of 1867 the region was fully reabsorbed into hungary as a part of the newly established austro - hungarian empire. following defeat in world war i, austria - hungary began to disintegrate. the ethnic romanian majority elected representatives, who then proclaimed union with romania on december 1, 1918. in 1920, the allies confirmed the union in the treaty of trianon. hungary protested against the detach, as over 1, 600, 000 hungarian people were living in the area in question, mainly in szekler land of eastern transylvania, and along the newly created border, which was drawn through areas with hungarian majority. in august 1940, in the midst of world war ii, hungary regained about 40 % of transylvania by the vienna award, with the aid of germany and italy. the territory, however, reverted to romania in 1945 ; this was confirmed in the 1947 paris peace treaties. in distant regions, transylvania is also often associated with dracula ( bram stoker ' s novel and its film adaptations ), and the horror genre in general, while in countries of central and eastern europe the region is known for the scenic beauty of its carpathian landscape and its rich history.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39688983737490957, "token_count": 332, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.745919"} {"text": "space station has to wait for its scientific destiny the international space station will now have to wait for delivery of first science facility - the us laboratory ' destiny ' - after the launch of space shuttle atlantis was cancelled this week. the us $ 1. 4 billion destiny is a laboratory module enabling experiments in the near - zero gravity of space. the module will end up with 24 payload racks supporting facilities for research in biotechnology, fluid physics, combustion and life sciences. in microgravity - also called weightlessness - fluids no longer convect or flow because one part is lighter or heavier than the other. these conditions allow materials scientists to investigate the fundamental properties that control how materials form and behave. the module is 8. 5 metre long and 4. 3 metre in diameter and consists of three cylindrical sections and two endcones with hatches that will be mated to other station components. it has an exterior covered by a debris shiled blanket made of a material similar to that used in bulletproof vests on earth. the current space station crew have passed their 73rd day in space and will live onboard for about 120 days before being replaced by another team of one russian commander and two americans. the iss, which is a joint project of the us, russia, europe, japan and canada orbits the earth every 90 minutes at an altitude of 370 kilometers. it is scheduled for completion in 2006 and will have as much pressurised space as a 747 jumbo jet.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5241256923301765, "token_count": 293, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.747342"} {"text": "plan for an unmanned mission to earth ' s core first, split the ground open with cataclysmic force, then fill it with the world ' s entire supply of molten iron carrying a small communication probe - and the resulting 3, 000 kilometre journey to earth ' s core should take about a week, according to a u. s. planetary physicist. \" we would learn a lot more about the nature of earth and how it works - the generation of the magnetic field, the origin of some kinds of volcanoes, the heat sources inside earth, the stuff earth is made of - in short, all the basic questions, \" he told abc science online. in his paper, stevenson argues that \" planetary missions have enhanced our understanding of the solar system and how planets work, but no comparable exploratory effort has been directed towards the earth ' s interior \". \" space probes have so far reached a distance of about 6, 000 million kilometres, but subterranean probes ( drill holes ) have descended only some 10 kilometres into the earth, \" he writes in his article. the main barrier to travelling to the core is the dense matter of the earth ' s mantle. the energy required to penetrate the mantle by melting is about a thousand million times the energy needed for space travel, per unit distance travelled. stevenson ' s scheme relies on principles observed in ' magma fracturing ' - where molten rock migrates through the earth ' s interior. he proposes pouring 100 million tonnes of molten iron alloy into a crack of about 300 metres deep in the earth ' s surface. this massive volume of iron, containing a small communication probe, would work its way down to the earth ' s core, along the crack, which would open up by the force of gravity and close up behind itself. the crack would open downwards at 5 metres per second, giving a mission timescale of \" around a week \". such ' earth dives ' have not been tried before on any scale, nor is the technology yet available. \" no, we can ' t do it now, \" said stevenson. \" but the basic scientific principles are understood. the same answer applied to the atomic bomb in 1940. \" the initial crack would require a force equivalent to several mega tonnes of tnt, an earthquake of magnitude 7 on the richter scale, or a nuclear device \" with a capability within the range of those currently stockpiled \". the amount of iron needed could be as much as the amount produced world - wide in a week. heat would be maintained through the release of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5297267468048433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.751619"} {"text": "richter scale, or a nuclear device \" with a capability within the range of those currently stockpiled \". the amount of iron needed could be as much as the amount produced world - wide in a week. heat would be maintained through the release of gravitational energy and the partial melting of silicate rock walls. \" but of course, the mantle is hot anyway, \" said stevenson, \" so once you get below the first 100 kilometres, there are alloys that would never freeze in equilibrium with the mantle. \" he said the probe would penetrate the outer core but the solid inner core of the earth would probably stop it from going any further. the grapefruit - sized probe embedded in the molten iron would contain instruments to measure temperature, conductivity, and chemical composition. it would rely on encoded sound waves to beam data to the surface, as the earth ' s interior does not transmit electromagnetic radiation. one of the existing laser interferometer gravitational - wave observatories ( ligo ), used to detect tiny amounts of gravitational radiation from space, could be reconfigured to read the acoustic frequencies from the probe burrowing beneath. \" my paper is an idea, not a blueprint! \" stevenson told abc science online. \" but the physical process involved - with melt moving through the outermost 100 kilometres of earth - is something the earth does every day. \" \" this proposal is modest compared with the space program, and may seem unrealistic only because little effort has been devoted to it, \" he concludes in nature. \" the time has come for action. \" click here to listen to a follow - up of this story broadcast on the science show, abc radio national.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5446938768206456, "token_count": 342, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.752321"} {"text": "lichen love space scientist have found the most complex organism to date that can survive direct exposure to space : lichen. the european space agency ( esa ), which sponsored the research, says the findings bolster the possibility that life was transferred between planets. researchers from spain flew samples of lichen, which are made of algal cells in a mat of fungus, on the outside of a russian capsule that spent two weeks in orbit. the organisms survived the high levels of ultraviolet radiation, as well as the vacuum and extreme temperatures of space. dr rosa de la torre, from spain ' s national institute for aerospace technology in madrid, says post - flight analysis shows the lichens not only survived, but still had the ability to photosynthesise upon their return. images taken by electron microscopes showed no cell damage. \" [ the experiment shows ] for the first time that complex organisms integrated by the association of seaweed and fungi, are able to resist the conditions of space without showing apparent damage, \" says professor leopoldo sancho, with complutense university of madrid. sealed in a capsule two species of lichen, rhizocarpon geographicum and xanthoria elegans, were sealed in a capsule and launched on russian soyuz rocket on 31 may 2005. upon reaching orbit, the lid of the container holding the lichen was opened, exposing the samples to the space environment for 14. 5 days. the lid was then closed to protect the samples while the capsule returned to earth. \" the lichens are probably some of the most resilient organisms that you can find, \" says astrobiologist professor charles cockell, with the uk ' s open university, who is familiar with the madrid team ' s work. lichens have a mineral coating that apparently shields the organisms from the ultraviolet radiation of space, says dr rene demets, who oversaw the project for the esa. on earth, lichens are typically found on the surfaces of rocks and survive extreme conditions, such as high on mountaintops. previous studies have shown that simple organisms such as bacteria can survive in space and possibly even on the surface of mars. other organisms, such as plant seeds, have not fared as well. \" they could resist the absolute emptiness and the extreme temperatures, but not the radiation, \" sancho says. follow - up ground and flight studies are planned for september 2007 to determine how long lichens might survive in space, and if they could survive re - entry forces if, for example, they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5173893671311982, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.754939"} {"text": "australian bureau of statistics 1301. 0 - year book australia, 2004 previous issue released at 11 : 30 am ( canberra time ) 27 / 02 / 2004 | page tools : print page rss search this product | multifactor productivity ( mfp ) statistics provide a measure of changes in the efficiency of production. these measures are used by both government and private organisations to help gauge the effect of changes in work practices, technology, education and training. mfp statistics are available only for the market sector as a whole. although mfp is the more comprehensive measure of productivity, the abs also produces industry labour productivity indexes. one measure of labour productivity, an index of industry gva in chain volume measures per hour worked, is useful because it is provided for each market sector industry. labour productivity is constant if there is no change in the amount produced ( chain volume gva ) per hour worked. changes in this ratio reflect changes in the average skill or productivity level of the workforce. this measure reflects not only the contribution of labour to changes in production but also the contribution of capital and other factors ( e. g. technological changes and managerial efficiency ). movements in employment and hours worked tend to lag movements in gdp. the implication being, in the period of the growth cycle when the growth in output is declining, indexes of labour productivity are also likely to decline, particularly if rapid growth in gdp is abruptly ended. conversely, labour productivity indexes are likely to grow strongly when the economy comes out of a cyclical trough. graph 13. 9 shows the average annual rate of growth in the amount produced per hour worked for market sector industries over the most recent business growth cycle ( 1993 - 94 to 1998 - 99 ). over this period, the average annual growth rate was 3. 4 % for the market sector as a whole. most of the market sector industries increased their productivity per hour worked. between 1993 - 94 and 1998 - 99, the industries with the highest average annual productivity growth rates were communication services ( 7. 3 % ), electricity, gas and water supply ( 7. 2 % ), wholesale trade ( 6. 8 % ) and mining ( 5. 2 % ). negative growth was seen only in the cultural and recreational services industry. on average, this industry ' s productivity fell by 0. 7 % per annum between 1993 - 94 and 1998 - 99. in the previous business growth cycle ( 1988 - 89 to 1993 - 94 ), market sector productivity per hour worked grew, on average, by 2. 3 % each year", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4821782329888882, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.758284"} {"text": "by 0. 7 % per annum between 1993 - 94 and 1998 - 99. in the previous business growth cycle ( 1988 - 89 to 1993 - 94 ), market sector productivity per hour worked grew, on average, by 2. 3 % each year. the communication services industry and the electricity, gas and water supply industry were again the top two productive industries in terms of growth in amount produced per hour worked. the mining industry was the third most productive industry ( rising on average by 5. 3 % each year ). in this cycle, negative growth in amount produced per hour worked was seen in the accommodation, cafes and restaurants ( - 1. 6 % ), wholesale trade ( - 1. 4 % ) and cultural and recreation services ( - 0. 4 % ) industries. the biggest increase in productivity between the two business cycles ( 1988 - 89 to 1993 - 94 and 1993 - 94 to 1998 - 99 ) was in the wholesale trade industry. this industry ' s average annual productivity was 8. 2 percentage points greater in the most recent cycle compared to the previous cycle. this page last updated 24 march 2006 unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a creative commons attribution 2. 5 australia licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website copyright notice. for permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44772036855026015, "token_count": 279, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.758816"} {"text": "ask a question about ' luigi pulci ' start a new discussion about ' luigi pulci ' answer questions from other users was an italian italy, officially the italian republic languages ] ] under the european charter for regional or minority languages. in each of these, italy ' s official name is as follows : ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ), is a unitary parliamentary republic in south - central europe. to the north it borders france, switzerland, austria and... a poet is a person who writes poetry. a poet ' s work can be literal, meaning that his work is derived from a specific event, or metaphorical, meaning that his work can take on many meanings and forms. poets have existed since antiquity, in nearly all languages, and have produced works that vary... best known for his morgante morgante, sometimes also called morgante maggiore, is an italian romantic epic by luigi pulci which appeared in its final form in 1483. based..., an epic story of a giant who is converted to christianity christianity is a monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of jesus as presented in canonical gospels and other new testament writings... and follows the knight orlando roland was a frankish military leader under charlemagne who became one of the principal figures in the literary cycle known as the matter of france. historically, roland was military governor of the breton march, with responsibility for defending the frontier of francia against the bretons... he was born in florence florence is the capital city of the italian region of tuscany and of the province of florence. it is the most populous city in tuscany, with approximately 370, 000 inhabitants, expanding to over 1. 5 million in the metropolitan area..... his patrons were the medici the house of medici or famiglia de ' medici was a political dynasty, banking family and later royal house that first began to gather prominence under cosimo de ' medici in the republic of florence during the late 14th century. the family originated in the mugello region of the tuscan countryside,... s, especially lorenzo medici, who sent pulci on diplomatic missions. even so, sometime around 1470 pulci needed more money and went into the service of robert sanseverino, a northern condottiere his brother luca ( 1431 \u2013 1470 ) was also a writer. his works, all in the italian language italian is a romance language spoken mainly in europe : italy, switzerland, san marino, vatican city,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43866131534974195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.761432"} {"text": "receive weekly summaries of top business books, lessons in leadership, and inspiration, for free. the opposable mind published by harvard business press think of a rubik \u2019 s cube. those who can complete one ( i. e. put all the coloured tiles where they belong ) will tell you that one of the keys to accomplishment is keeping all the other tiles in mind while focusing on completing a certain placement. it \u2019 s not simply a matter of completing one side to the exclusion of the others, but rather the process of building one side while maintaining or building the others as well. author / professor roger martin explains this process to be \u201c integrative thinking \u201d ; the ability to face constructively the tension of opposing ideas and, instead of choosing one at the expense of the other, generate a creative resolution of the tension in the form of a new idea that contains elements of the opposing ideas but is superior to each. silly example? maybe. and yet people fall back onto \u201c either - or \u201d choices all the time. consider the story of izzy sharp \u2013 a hotelier interested in creating a new type of guest experience. he was told there were only two ways to run hotels : 1 ) small and intimate, but lacking enough guest rooms to support amenities like gyms, pools or business centres or, 2 ) large, fully equipped hotels that, due to their size, were run with cold and impersonal service. sharp refused to accept the two existent models, choosing instead to take the best of each and create something entirely new \u2013 a hotel chain built around the exact desires ( both spoken and unspoken ) of his ideal clientele ; huge capacity, yet with a complete and personalized catering to the guests \u2019 individual needs. the hugely successful four seasons was the result. the opposable mind teaches that leaders \u2013 true innovators \u2013 have the remarkable ability to hold two contradictory thoughts in their minds at one time, and then work through the unique strengths and challenges of each to create an even better, third option. in the opposable mind, martin examines the topic brilliantly and, perhaps most important to our conversation, teaches how you can develop a more opposable mind yourself. your rubik \u2019 s lens \u201c integrative thinking shows us a way past the binary limits of either - or. it shows us that there \u2019 s a way to integrate the advantages of one solution without cancelling out the advantages of an alternative solution. integrative thinking affords us, in the words of the poet wallace stevens, \u2018", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5378530758977059, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.768392"} {"text": "of either - or. it shows us that there \u2019 s a way to integrate the advantages of one solution without cancelling out the advantages of an alternative solution. integrative thinking affords us, in the words of the poet wallace stevens, \u2018 the choice not between, but of. \u201d the opposable mind, page 9 the human mind is a wonderful thing. from early in our childhood development, our minds begin to categorize and filter information vital to our survival. through education and experience, we start to qualify objects, people and events as \u201c safe \u201d or \u201c dangerous \u201d, \u201c beneficial \u201d or \u201c detrimental \u201d. we do this for our own safety and survival, and we do it unconsciously as we grow. while the function of this process is strictly to keep us safe from physical harm, it actually begins to shape the way we see the world \u2013 a lens through which we experience reality, if you will. virtually as soon as we are conscious of our actions, none of us are capable of seeing the world completely objectively, as we all see reality through the tint of our own upbringing. integrative thinking is about testing and expanding our own \u201c lens \u201d ( or \u201c reality - model \u201d, as martin calls it ) by comparing and contrasting it with the lenses of the people around us, constantly seeking new, better alternatives to all. it \u2019 s about having a certain level of expectation as to what a solution could look like and refusing to lower that expectation simply because the ideal solution doesn \u2019 t yet exist. according to martin, there are six beliefs or \u201c stances \u201d that are possessed by leaders who practice integrative thinking : belief # 1 : the current solutions or models for a situation are simply the best solutions or models created to date, and not the absolute best solution available. belief # 2 : conflicting solutions or models are not to be feared or resisted, but rather to be learned from, adding to the available data for study and creation of a new, superior model. belief # 3 : better solutions are available, they are just yet to be discovered. belief # 4 : they are personally capable of creating or leading the creation of that better model from abstraction to reality. belief # 5 : \u201c messiness \u201d or complexity of options and components is actually a good thing, as it assures no details ( or fewer, at any rate ) are being missed in the creation of an ideal solution. belief # 6 : patience is needed to create the better model. the opposable mind, page 111", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5952182682296285, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.769423"} {"text": "a good thing, as it assures no details ( or fewer, at any rate ) are being missed in the creation of an ideal solution. belief # 6 : patience is needed to create the better model. the opposable mind, page 111 - 3 it is martin \u2019 s belief that we can expand our own capacity for integrative thinking through constant experience and reflection. learn from picasso \u201c the great ones utilize their experiences to build and deepen their mastery while maintaining and expressing their originality. average leaders do one or the other. \u201d the opposable mind, page 185 even those who don \u2019 t have an intimate knowledge of the art world probably recognize the name pablo picasso. renowned as one of the fathers of modern art, and the uncontested creator of the cubism painting style, picasso is remembered for his originality. and yet, as martin reminds us, picasso has often times attributed his pioneering skill to his deep roots in traditional forms of painting. it was his mastery of the dominant styles of his time that allowed him the opportunity and insight to see where things could be effectively adapted and changed. true innovators overcame the weaknesses of existing models because they have become intimately familiar with them first, before they were able to create lasting change. the old admonishment for want - to - be - authors \u2013 \u201c write what you know \u201d \u2013 comes from the same lesson ; you need to know something to the level of mastery before you can start to inject effective originality. izzy sharpe, as case in point, created and ran two successful hotels ( one of each existent model ) before he had the insight and skill to create the successful third. if you want to see change in the world, immerse yourself in the existing models first, so you can clearly identify the points that need changing. \u201c integrative thinkers don \u2019 t mind the mess. in fact, they welcome it, because the mess assures them that they haven \u2019 t edited out features that necessary to the contemplation of the problem as a whole. they welcome complexity because they know the best answers arise from complexity. \u201d the opposable mind, page 41 simple options breed simple results. typical results. pre - planned results. if you want to create a new, better model \u2013 one that considers more aspects of true reality ( and not just your own lens ), you need to be willing to consider more details than those who came before you. you need to go looking for more \u201c salient factors \u201d, as martin calls", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5806409631303138, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.770344"} {"text": "\u2013 one that considers more aspects of true reality ( and not just your own lens ), you need to be willing to consider more details than those who came before you. you need to go looking for more \u201c salient factors \u201d, as martin calls them \u2013 more potential pieces of the better picture. do you know all the details of what it is you want to change? issy sharp interviewed hundreds of his guests, at both hotels, to better learn what they really wanted. not only that, he studied all aspects of the hotel experience \u2013 from amenities to the check in / check out process, staff feedback and needs, and beyond. he didn \u2019 t build the new, four seasons model to represent his version of a better hotel, he instead collected more data on what a better hotel would look like. he went beyond his own reality - model. while having both mastery and originality play key roles in successfully creating a new model, collecting a wide amount of data, and being willing to sift through that data \u2013 patiently and with purpose \u2013 are also key factors to success. the opposable mind is a groundbreaking book on a topic that, in this age of information overload, will play an ever increasingly crucial role in the lives of leaders. to avoid overload, it can be so tempting to specialize, to simplify, focusing on a small part of the whole as we attempt to improve or \u201c fix \u201d. while simplification certainly makes decisions easier, it hardly ever makes them better. martin \u2019 s message, in a nutshell, is this : next time you find yourself with an either - or decision to make, take a step back, take a breath, and see if you can \u2019 t find an \u201c and \u201d that surpasses both. life \u2019 s a puzzle. focus on the big picture.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5138104418356194, "token_count": 370, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.771009"} {"text": "source : africa portal elizabeth willmott harrop july 4, 2012 addis ababa, ethiopia \u2013 africa has been dubbed the new frontier for inter - country adoption, and for good reason. as traditional sending countries in eastern europe and asia have tightened the supply of available children in recent years, demand has dramatically shifted to africa. according to the african child policy forum ( acpf ), there are now 50 prospective adopters for every available african adoptee, and ethiopia is only behind china in the total number of children it makes available for international adoptions. between 2003 and 2011, more than 41, 000 africans were moved overseas \u2013 a three - fold increase over the previous eight years. while these figures may seem small in the context of africa \u2019 s estimated 58 million orphans, the trends were enough for government policymakers, ngos and scholars from 20 african countries to convene at a acpf conference on inter - country adoption in addis ababa in may 2012. african officials and others are right to pay attention. according to save the children, over 80 percent of children in african orphanages have a living parent, just not one whocannot afford to provide for his or her child. in ethiopia, the government recently attempted to trace the families of 385 different children from 45 different institutions. the families of all but 15 of them were located. seen through this lens, the african orphan crisis is largely one of insufficient family support. officials presenting at the acpf conference noted that there is no word for adoption in some african languages, and the concept is often misunderstood. adoption agencies have been accused of profiting from this misconception as parents are persuaded to transfer their children into what they perceive as temporary arrangements that will provide stability and education before the child eventually returns home. due to increasing demand in africa, countries across the continent now have to be wary of abusive adoption practices that have affected past sending nations. in romania, for example, over 30, 000 children were adopted in the 1990s \u2013 earning agencies over $ 900 million ( all figures usd ) but also exposing adoptees to legitimate and exploitative adopters from around the world. serious abuses resulting from adoptions in africa are also well documented and the first lady of uganda, janet museveni, told the acpf conference that inter - country adoption had facilitated trafficking for prostitution, sex slavery, organ harvesting and forced labour. the conference also heard of adoption agencies in ethiopia accused of soliciting children directly from families, coercing women to relinquish newborns and, according to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38856408477827514, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.775313"} {"text": "adoption had facilitated trafficking for prostitution, sex slavery, organ harvesting and forced labour. the conference also heard of adoption agencies in ethiopia accused of soliciting children directly from families, coercing women to relinquish newborns and, according to the ngo against child trafficking, \u201c parents are stated dead \u2026 dates of birth are falsified, false information is provided to the courts \u201d. while ethiopia has made progress in the past two years by placing 700, 000 vulnerable children into alternative options such as community care placements and domestic adoption, ethiopia \u2019 s story is typical of the way family reunification has been sidelined while impoverished parents are coerced into giving up their children in what has been called a \u201c orphan creation \u201d industry. the finances involved in inter - country adoption provide insight into the economics of the problem. according to the bureau of consular affairs in the united states, the world \u2019 s leading receiving country, adoption agencies charged prospective parents up to $ 64, 000 for processing an inter - country adoption in 2011. meanwhile, in ethiopia, the cost of a month \u2019 s rent for a poor working family in addis ababa is just 25 cents per month, according to a mother speaking at the acpf conference. likewise, the total monthly budget that would allow that mother and child to stay together as a family unit can be as little as $ 15 per month. david smolin of samford university notes that \u201c the ethics of inter - country adoption becomes problematic where poverty induces the family to give up their child. under such circumstances, even the cost of transporting the child from sending to receiving nation, if spent instead to aid the family, could have kept the family intact. \u201d ironically, orphanage care is also often more expensive than providing direct assistance to family and community structures. a 2004 unicef report containing cost comparisons in uganda shows thatorphanagecosts run14 times higher than those for community care. orphanages are often established by international adoption agencies, however, which make them more cost - effective in the context of the vast profits which can be made from inter - country adoption. despite the presence of numerous inter - country adoption agencies in africa, a central theme of international standards such as the african charter on the rights and welfare of the child is that foreign adoption should be used only as a measure of last resort. this principle of subsidiarity protects the child \u2019 s right to cultural identity and means domestic, family - based solutions should take precedence over international ones. comprehensive and well - enforced national legislation across african sending countries is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4531960505711384, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.776311"} {"text": "all my japanese language budo books are in my office, so a fuller reply will have to wait till i go and check, but i can answer your question to some extent now. ' ik - ka - jo ' simply means ' first item ', or ' first point '. in the glossary referred to by ubaldo, it is given as the first technique in daito - ryu, but the japanese characters are not given. one possibility is \u2030 oz\u0111. as someone else said, the ' kyo ' of ' ik - kyo ' means ' teaching ' or ' religion '. when applied to aikido techniques, the meaning becomes somewhat artificial, but ' first teaching ' seems a reasonable translation. it should be understood that the founder of aikido did not use any names for techniques. these were coined by the students in order to remember what they had been taught. it is plausible that ikkyo was preferred to ikkajo by members of the aikikai. there is also a logical progression from 1 - kyo to 4 - kyo in the sense that the four forms can be done successively in one movement ( from elbow, to base of thumb, to base of wrist, to nerve point in wrist ). p a goldsbury", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5255698926444531, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.777460"} {"text": "clara adams is little remembered today but she was well known as a pioneer of commercial aviation during the 1920 \u2032 s, 30 \u2032 s, and 40 \u2032 s \u2014 and always as a paying passenger. known as a \u201c first flighter, \u201d clara adams was aboard the maiden flights of the graf zeppelin and hindenburg airships, pan am clipper flying boats, and other early airliners, and she became acquainted with many of the famous aviators of the day including amelia earhart ( picture ). mrs. adams was married to george l. adams, president of the american leather tanning company, who owned a series of tanneries in pennsylvania. george adams was 40 years older than his young wife and died in 1929, leaving clara a wealthy widow with the time and money to indulge her passion for air travel. first time in the air clara adams made her first flight in march, 1914, in a thomas flying boat piloted by army captain walter e. johnson : \u201c i was a mere youngster but it was an experience that marked the beginning of years of flying. i have never handled the controls and have no desire to become a pilot. \u201d clara adams and the zeppelins adams began her long association with zeppelins in 1924 with a letter of introduction to hugo eckener from field marshal paul von hindenburg, to whom she was related. ( clara adams was born clara grabau, on december 3, 1884, to a german family living in cincinnati, ohio ; her grandmother was augusta von hindenburg, a cousin of the german general and future president. ) her letter of introduction to eckener \u201c opened the magic doors of the zeppelin realm, \u201d as she described it, and eckener invited her to fly on one of the test flights of the lz - 126 / zr - iii, which had been built for the americans as war reparations and would become the united states navy airship uss los angeles. in 1928, adams purchased the first transatlantic air ticket ever sold to a female passenger and was on the first flight of the airship graf zeppelin from north america to europe in october, 1928. the loss of the airship hindenburg in may, 1937 apparently did not shake adam \u2019 s enthusiasm for zeppelin travel ; she later recounted that \u201c on the day after the destruction of the hindenburg, i wrote out my check for $ 100 to be held as a deposit for the first ticket for the new dirigible, lz - 130 \u2026 this i did to prove that i had not lost confidence in dirigible travel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.35508502048995894, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.782314"} {"text": "the hindenburg, i wrote out my check for $ 100 to be held as a deposit for the first ticket for the new dirigible, lz - 130 \u2026 this i did to prove that i had not lost confidence in dirigible travel. \u201d across the oceans by flying boat adams was also a pioneering passenger in the other leading aviation technology of the day, the flying boat. in 1931, she was the only paying woman passenger on the flight of germany \u2019 s massive, twelve - engined dornier do - x flying boat from rio de janeiro to new york. clara adams was also aboard many pan am clippers for their inaugural flights, including the first passenger flight across the pacific on pan american \u2019 s \u201c hawaii clipper. \u201d the martin m - 130 left san francisco on october 21, 1936 and flew to manila in the philippines, with stops at hawaii, midway, wake, and guam. and the following year mrs. adams was on the first flight of pan am \u2019 s bermuda clipper from new york to bermuda in 1937. around the world by air clara adams made one of her most famous trips in 1939, when she set a world record for an around - the - world flight solely on scheduled passenger airlines. she left new york on june 28, 1939 aboard pan american \u2019 s \u201c dixie clipper \u201d ( a boeing 314 flying boat which in 1943 would carry president franklin d. roosevelt to the casablanca conference ). traveling on pan american, deutsche lufthansa, klm, and united airlines, she circled the globe in 16 days and 19 hours, with stops in horta, lisbon, marseille, leipzig, athens, basra, jodphur, rangoon, bangkok, hong kong, manila, guam, wake island, midway island, honolulu, and san francisco, returning to new york on july 15, 1939. clara adams made another first flight in september, 1940, when she flew on pan am \u2019 s boeing b - 314 \u201c american clipper \u201d as it made the first passenger flight from the united states to new zealand. clara adams, eccentric? her flights brought her great publicity, but clara adams was also viewed as something of an eccentric. time magazine compared her to the \u201c fire buffs \u201d who chase fire engines in an august 3, 1931 article, and told readers that in her home town in pennsylvania, \u201c mrs. adams is considered something of a character \u2026 she owns several automobiles, yet is frequently seen walking the nine miles between tannersville and stroudsburg, or hailing motorists for a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3926268316063568, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.784247"} {"text": "and told readers that in her home town in pennsylvania, \u201c mrs. adams is considered something of a character \u2026 she owns several automobiles, yet is frequently seen walking the nine miles between tannersville and stroudsburg, or hailing motorists for a lift. tall and lean, she dresses plainly, wears cotton stockings. she plays the piano with exceptional skill, is locally famed as a china - painter. \u201d her legacy to commercial aviation while adams may have been \u201c a character \u201d ( she was infamous among pan am flight crews for pestering pilots for dozens of autographs ), and while she did not contribute anything to the technological development of aviation, she did play an important role in the promotion of commercial aviation in its early days. through her relentless self - promotion ( she went on lecture tours describing her aerial adventures, made sure that she received as much newspaper coverage as she could generate, and autographed mountains of postcards, menus, and other memorabilia ), clara adams brought passenger flight to the attention of the masses, and helped change the public perception of aviation from a dangerous enterprise for daredevils in leather helmets to something that could be enjoyed by a little old widow from pennsylvania. her round - the - world flight in 1939 was a very public demonstration of just how far aviation had come in so short a time ; charles lindbergh had crossed the atlantic in may, 1927, and just twelve years later it was possible for a woman to buy a ticket to fly around the world on scheduled airlines. and clara adams made sure the world knew it.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.39100462612326214, "token_count": 314, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.784934"} {"text": "- historic sites victory on lake champlain hundreds of miles from salt water, two tiny, improvised fleets hammered away at each other in one of the decisive naval engagements of the war of 1812 december 1963 | volume 15, issue 1 so the british had to find their own masts \u2014 at this distante it is impossible to discover how much delay this imposed \u2014 while the calm before the storm lay over the lake, except for idle skirmishing at the border. elsewhere there was violent action ; first chippewa and then lundy \u2019 s lane, in ontario : then the british raids on washington and on bangor, maine. on august 15 macdonough launched his eagle ; on august 25 the senior british naval officer on the lake, pring, launched the confiance ; and on august 29, under orders from the war department, three quarters of the american troops at plattsburg marched oft to lake ontario, two hundred miles over the mountains to sackett \u2019 s harbor, from the vital and strategic point to one of minor interest. the residue left in plattsburg was composed mostly of unorganized raw recruits, but the local militia had a keener sense of the strategic importance of plattsburg, and in this desperate moment patriotism asserted itself despite the local yielding to the temptation to drive profitable bargains with john bull. the traditional objection to service in another state was forgotten, and macdonough ferried over the vermont militia ; the new yorkers came marching in, and within a few days the llimsy entrenchments along the saranac river, where it passed through plattsburg, were fully manned again. on september 2, with summer nearly over, there arrived at isle aux noix one of the unfortunate men of history, captain george downie, r. n. he had come to supersede pring and take command of the british squadron on champlain, and he was to hold that command for nine unhappy days. prevost was clamoring for action, despite the fact that he had been informed some time back that confiance could not be ready before september 15. her guns were in, but her magazine was still under construction ; she had her masts, but her rigging was not set up. the sailors destined to man her and some of the accompanying gunboats were still arriving. but prevost, after this wasted summer, would not wait another week ; perhaps he feared the consequences of a winter campaign on the hudson, for new york, an easy day \u2019 s drive in a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.385806122396825, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.792017"} {"text": "of the accompanying gunboats were still arriving. but prevost, after this wasted summer, would not wait another week ; perhaps he feared the consequences of a winter campaign on the hudson, for new york, an easy day \u2019 s drive in a modern automobile, was a month \u2019 s steady marching away. he had put his army in motion from the canadian border on the last day of august, and from the moment of downie \u2019 s arrival prevost began to send letters to fsle aux noix that were most offensive in tone, demanding action on the part of the navy. downie displayed no lack of energy ; he acted with desperate haste. the confiance was hauled out into the stream, and while the artificers worked at completing her construction and outfitting lier lor sea, the boats ol the squadron set about towing her against wind and current onto the lake. the laborious business took two days, and then at last the squadron dropped anchor in the narrows between isle la motte and chazy. this was the night of september 8 ; it was only then \u2014 with the mechanics still at work \u2014 that the men could be given their stations at the guns. prevost had arrived in plattsburg two days before, to find brigadier general alexander macomb and his motley army drawn up behind their defenses, and macdonough with his squadron anchored in cumberland bay, at long cannon shot from both plattsburg and cumberland head. the eagle had joined him a week earlier ; the rest of his force had had the freedom of the lake since the end of may. for two days prevost had been studying the situation. a successful attack by downie on the american squadron would result in isolating macomb in plattsburg, and thai wotdd involve his inevitable \u2014 and probably prompt \u2014 surrender. if downie were to take station. south of cumberland head, cutting off the entrance of supplies, macomb and macclonough would be starved out and forced into action, especially if prevost were to drag guns round the northern shore of cumberland bay and harass macdonough at his anchorage. but no plan suited prevost that involved the expenditure of time, not with winter at hand. perhaps if he had assaulted the works at plattsburg the very night of his arrival, before the americans had fully settled in, he might have won a resounding success \u2014 the infantry who under wellington had stormed badajoz in the peninsular war were hard men to stop ; but the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3955823485276033, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.793007"} {"text": "many insects, including flies, mosquitoes, gnats, ticks, and mites can inhabit or irritate the skin. some of these insects carry diseases that they transmit to companion animals, causing more illness than the insect bite or sting itself. very importantly, some of these insects can cause disease in human beings. the pattern of itch from these insects can be generalized or be highly specific to the feeding patterns of the insect itself. and over time, symptoms that began with specific patterns of itching can generalize as the skin worsens and, especially, if secondary infections develop. ectoparasite identification can be easy or it can be challenging. a parasite that resides on the skin may be found in large numbers ( demodex mites ) or in very small numbers ( sarcoptes mites ). or they can be difficult to collect in samples for examination ( cheyletiella mites ). dermatitis caused by a parasite that does not reside on the skin, such as mosquitoes or gnats ( culicoides species ), can only be diagnosed by accurate history and physical examination. sometimes the diagnosis is made by treating for a presumptive parasite and noting if symptoms resolve. it is not uncommon for veterinary dermatologists to be referred cases that have had extensive ( and expensive ) allergy diagnostics without successful resolution of the itching. ultimately, for many of these cases, a non - allergy cause of the discomfort is discovered and treated.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43529571677263357, "token_count": 304, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.795770"} {"text": "wind turbine installations have grown significantly in the last decade as a result of the quest for alternative energy sources. for the past 10 years, worldwide total installed capacity has grown at nearly 28 percent annually. the global wind energy council expects total installed capacity to continue to grow at almost 21 percent annually, leading to over 400 gw by the end of 2014. wind turbines represent an exciting opportunity for clean power production. courtesy tuv nord e. v. most wind turbine power production comes from large machines, in the 2 mw to 3 mw range for land - based units. the turbines are huge, with blade lengths approximately 50 meters. as a result of the sheer size, engineering simulation is both important and challenging. full - scale physical testing is difficult, time consuming and expensive. at the same time, the cost of getting it wrong is prohibitive. ansys tools uniquely offer an optimal combination of high fidelity and breadth, empowering product designers to improve virtually every aspect of wind turbine design. wind turbine design involves the interaction of a range of physical phenomena and market demands : - the aerodynamics comprise changing wind direction and speed, making it necessary for designers to understand the flow at the turbine installation and blade boundary scales as well as effects from the unsteady rotor \u2013 tower interaction. - rotors must be light, strong and flexible, which indicates the use of advanced engineered materials. - shaft and gearbox loads are high, yet operators demand dependability and low, predictable maintenance costs. - the industry calls for high electric generator efficiency, even for low wind speeds. the electrical control system must safely manage operation of the turbine \u2019 s overall operating conditions. - all mechanical components must be strong to meet reliability and durability targets. at the same time, components must be light weight \u2014 as they are usually mounted 100 meters above ground. - nearby communities and governments demand low noise and minimal environmental impact. while large industrial wind turbine units provide much of today \u2019 s installed capacity, the application of smaller units is growing at fast pace. these machines provide personal and distributed power generation, sometimes in remote areas. the engineering challenges \u2014 and benefits of using the broad technology offering from ansys \u2014 are the same as for large industrial installations.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5046153524167674, "token_count": 445, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.798531"} {"text": "america ' s oil and natural gas industry is committed to protecting the environment and to continuously improving its hurricane preparation and response plans. after any hurricane or tropical storm, the goal is to return to full operations as quickly and as safely as possible. for the 2012 hurricane season, the industry continues to build upon critical lessons learned from 2008 ' s major hurricanes, gustav and ike, as well as other powerful storms, such as 2005 ' s katrina and rita and 2004 ' s ivan. api plays two primary roles for the industry in preparing for hurricanes. first, it helps the industry gain a better understanding of the environmental conditions in and around the gulf of mexico during hurricane or tropical storm activity and then assists industry in using that knowledge to make offshore and onshore facilities less vulnerable. second, api collaborates with member companies, other industries and with federal, state and local governments to prepare for hurricanes and return operations as quickly and as safely as possible. api member companies also independently work to improve preparedness for hurricanes and other natural or manmade disasters. they have, for example, reviewed and updated emergency response plans, established redundant communication paths and made pre - arrangements with suppliers to help ensure they have adequate resources during an emergency. the api subcommittee on offshore stuctures, the international association of drilling contractors, and the offshore operators committee, serve as a liaison to regulatory agencies, coordinate industry review of critical design standards and provide a forum for sharing lessons learned from previous hurricanes. these combined efforts are critical since the gulf of mexico accounted for about 23 percent of the oil and 8 percent of total natural gas produced in the united states ( approximately 82 percent of the oil supply comes from deepwater facilities ), and the gulf coast region is home to almost half of the u. s. refining capacity. upstream ( exploration and production ) during the major 2005 hurricanes, waves were higher and winds were stronger than anticipated in deeper parts of the gulf so the industry moved away from viewing it as a uniform body of water. evaluating the effects of those and other storms, helped scientists discover that the central gulf of mexico was more prone to hurricanes because it acts as a gathering spot for warm currents that can strengthen a storm. the revised wind, wave and water current measurements ( \" metocean \" data ) prompted api to reassess its recommended practices ( rps ) for industry operations in the region. - the upstream segment continues to integrate the updated environmental ( metocean ) data on how powerful storms affect conditions in the gulf of mexico into its offshore structure design standards. this effort led to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43451448431886447, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.810361"} {"text": "( rps ) for industry operations in the region. - the upstream segment continues to integrate the updated environmental ( metocean ) data on how powerful storms affect conditions in the gulf of mexico into its offshore structure design standards. this effort led to the publication in 2008 of an update to rp 2sk, design and analysis of stationkeeping systems for floating structures, that provides guidance for design and operation of mobile offshore drilling unit ( modu ) mooring systems in the gulf of mexico during the hurricane season. api rp 95j, gulf of mexico jack - up operations for hurricane season, which recommends locating jack - up rigs on more stable areas of the sea floor, and positioning platform decks higher above the sea surface, was also updated. api publications are available at our ( search and order api in the past six years also has issued a number of bulletins to help better prepare for and bring production back online after gulf hurricanes. these include : production and hurricanes ( steps industry takes to prepare for and return after a storm ) - bulletin 2td, guidelines for tie - downs on offshore production facilities for hurricane season, which is aimed at better - securing separate platform equipment. - bulletin 2int - met, interim guidance on hurricane conditions in the gulf of mexico, which provides updated metocean data for four regions of the gulf, including wind velocities, deepwater wave conditions, ocean current information, and surge and tidal data. - bulletin 2int - dg, interim guidance for design of offshore structures for hurricane conditions, which explains how to apply the updated metocean data during design. - bulletin 2int - ex, interim guidance for assessment of existing offshore structures for hurricane conditions, which assists owners / operators and engineers with existing facilities. - bulletin 2hins, guidance on post - hurricane structural inspection of offshore structures, which provides guidance on determining if a structure sustained hurricane - induced damage that affects the safety of personnel, the primary structural integrity, or its ability to perform the purpose for which it was intended. refineries and pipelines - days in advance of a tropical storm or hurricane moving toward or near their drilling and production operations, companies will evacuate all non - essential personnel and begin the process of shutting down production. - as the storm gets closer, all personnel will be evacuated from the drilling rigs and platforms, and production is shut down. drillships may relocate to a safe location. operations in areas not forecast to take a direct hit from the storm often will be shut down as well because storms can change direction", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46275363487242854, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.811427"} {"text": "be evacuated from the drilling rigs and platforms, and production is shut down. drillships may relocate to a safe location. operations in areas not forecast to take a direct hit from the storm often will be shut down as well because storms can change direction with little notice. - after a storm has passed and it is safe to fly, operators will initiate \" flyovers \" of onshore and offshore facilities to evaluate damage from the air. for onshore facilities, these \" flyovers \" can identify flooding, facility damage, road or other infrastructure problems, and spills. offshore \" flyovers \" look for damaged drilling rigs, platform damage, spills, and possible pipeline damage. - many offshore drilling rigs are equipped with gps locator systems, which allow federal officials and drilling contractors to remotely monitor the rigs ' location before, during and after a hurricane. if a rig is pulled offsite by the storm, locator systems allow crews to find and recover the rig as quickly and as safely as possible. - once safety concerns are addressed, operators will send assessment crews to offshore facilities to physically assess the facilities for damage. - if facilities are undamaged, and ancillary facilities, like pipelines that carry the oil and natural gas, are undamaged and ready to accept shipments, operators will begin restarting production. drilling rigs will commence operations. despite sustaining unprecedented damage and supply outages during the 2005 and 2008 hurricanes, the industry quickly and safely brought refining and pipeline operations back online, delivering to consumers near - record levels of gasoline and record levels of distillate ( diesel and heating oil ) in 2008. the oil and oil - product pipelines operating on or near the gulf of mexico continue to review their assets and operations to minimize the potential impacts of storms and shorten the time it takes to recover. while there have been some shortages caused by hurricanes, supply disruptions have been temporary despite extensive damage to supporting infrastructure, such as electric power generation and distribution, production shut - ins and refinery shutdowns. pipelines need a steady supply of crude oil or refined products to keep product flowing to its intended destinations. to prepare for future severe storms, refiners and pipeline companies have refineries and hurricanes ( steps industry takes to prepare for and return after a storm ) - worked with utilities to clarify priorities for electric power restoration critical to restarting operations and to help minimize significant disruptions to fuel distribution and delivery. - secured backup power generation equipment and worked with federal, state and local governments to ensure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4633189319228619, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.812464"} {"text": "after a storm ) - worked with utilities to clarify priorities for electric power restoration critical to restarting operations and to help minimize significant disruptions to fuel distribution and delivery. - secured backup power generation equipment and worked with federal, state and local governments to ensure that pipelines and refineries are considered \" critical \" infrastructure for back - up power purposes. - established redundant communications systems to support continuity of operations and locate employees. - worked with vendors to pre - position food, water and transportation, and updated emergency plans to secure other emergency supplies and services. - provided additional training for employees who have participated in various exercises and drills. - reexamined and improved emergency response and business continuity plans. - strengthened onshore buildings and elevated equipment where appropriate to minimize potential flood damage. - worked with the states and local emergency management officials to provide documentation and credentials for employees who need access to disaster sites where access is restricted during an emergency. - participated in industry conferences to share best practices and improvement opportunities. pipelines and hurricanes ( steps industry takes to prepare for and return after a storm ) - refiners, in the hours before a large storm makes landfall, will usually evacuate all non - essential personnel and begin shutting down or reducing operations. - operations in areas not forecast to take a direct hit from the storm often are shut down or curtailed as a precaution because storms can change direction with little notice. - once safe, teams come in to assess damage. if damage or flooding has occurred, it must be repaired and dealt with before the refinery can be brought back on - line. - other factors that can cause delays in restarting refineries include the availability of crude oil, electricity to run the plant and water used for cooling the process units. - refineries are complex. it takes more than a flip of a switch to get a refinery back up and running. once a decision has been made that it is safe to restart, it can take several days before the facility is back to full operating levels. this is because the process units and associated equipment must be returned to operation in a staged manner to ensure a safe and successful startup. - if facilities are undamaged or necessary repairs have been made, and ancillary facilities - like pipelines that carry the oil and natural gas - are undamaged and ready to accept shipments, operators will begin restarting production. - pipeline operations can be impacted by storms, primarily through power outages, but also by direct damage. - offshore pipelines damaged require the hiring of divers, repairs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4658004750316054, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.813456"} {"text": "are undamaged and ready to accept shipments, operators will begin restarting production. - pipeline operations can be impacted by storms, primarily through power outages, but also by direct damage. - offshore pipelines damaged require the hiring of divers, repairs and safety inspections before supplies can flow. damaged onshore pipelines must be assessed, repaired and inspected before resuming operations. - without power, crude oil and petroleum products cannot be moved through pipelines. operators routinely hold or lease back - up generators but need time to get them onsite. - if there is no product put into pipelines because gulf coast / gulf of mexico crude or natural gas production has been curtailed, or because of refinery shutdowns, the crude and products already in the pipelines cannot be pushed out the other end. - wind damage to above ground tanks at storage terminals can also impact supplies into the pipeline. : the 2008 hurricane season was very active, with 16 named storms, of which eight became hurricanes and five of those were major hurricanes. for the u. s. oil and natural gas industry, the two most serious storms of 2008 were hurricane ike, which made landfall in mid - september near baytown, texas, and hurricane gustav, which made landfall on september 1 in louisiana. hurricane gustav, a strong category 2 storm, kept off - line oil and natural gas delivery systems and production platforms that had not yet been fully restored from a smaller storm two weeks earlier, and brought significant flooding as far north as baton rouge. hurricane ike, another strong category 2 hurricane, caused significant portions of the production, processing, and pipeline infrastructure along the gulf coast in east texas and louisiana to shut down. ike caused significant destruction to electric transmission and distribution lines, and these damages delayed the restart of major processing plants, pipelines, and refineries. as many as 3. 7 million customers were without electric power following the storm, with about 2. 5 million in texas alone. at the peak of disruptions, more than 20 percent of total u. s. refinery capacity was idled. the minerals management service - now called bureau of ocean energy management, regulation and enforcement ( boemre ) estimated that 2, 127 of the 3, 800 total oil and natural gas production platforms in the gulf of mexico were exposed to hurricane conditions, with winds greater than 74 miles per hour, from hurricanes gustav and ike. a total of 60 platforms were destroyed as a result of hurricanes gustav and ike. some platforms which had been previously reported as having extensive damage were reassessed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4310643535920074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.814385"} {"text": "to hurricane conditions, with winds greater than 74 miles per hour, from hurricanes gustav and ike. a total of 60 platforms were destroyed as a result of hurricanes gustav and ike. some platforms which had been previously reported as having extensive damage were reassessed and determined to be destroyed. the destroyed platforms produced 13, 657 barrels of oil and 96. 5 million cubic feet of natural gas daily or 1. 05 percent of the oil and 1. 3 percent of the natural gas produced daily in the gulf of mexico. : the 2005 hurricane season was the most active in recorded history, shattering previous records. according to the department of energy, refineries in the path of hurricanes katrina and rita accounting for about 29 percent of u. s. refining capacity were shut down at the peak of disruptions. offshore, the minerals management service ( mms ) estimated 22, 000 of the 33, 000 miles of pipelines and 3, 050 of the 4, 000 platforms in the gulf were in the direct paths of the two category 5 storms. together the storms destroyed 115 platforms and damaged 52 others. even so, there was no loss of life among industry workers and contractors. an mms report found \" no accounts of spills from facilities on the federal outer continental shelf that reached the shoreline ; oiled birds or mammals ; or involved any discoveries of oil to be collected or cleaned up \". : hurricane ivan was the strongest hurricane of the 2004 season and among one of the most powerful atlantic hurricanes on record. it moved across the gulf of mexico to make landfall in alabama. ivan then looped across florida and back into the gulf, regenerating into a new tropical system, which moved into louisiana and texas. the mms estimated approximately 150 offshore facilities and 10, 000 miles of pipelines were in the direct path of ivan. seven platforms were destroyed and 24 others damaged. the oil and natural gas industry submitted numerous damage reports to mms, including for mobile drilling rigs, offshore platforms, producing wells, topside systems including wellheads and production and processing equipment, risers, and pipeline systems that transport oil and gas ashore from offshore facilities.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4068625705702279, "token_count": 430, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.815194"} {"text": "islam and other world religions allah vs. the god of the bible an honest and objective reading of both the quran and the bible reveals a significant clash between the two both in terms of how to conceptualize god, as well as in their respective depictions of the behavior of deity. allah says and does things that the god of the bible did not and would not say or do. the quran \u2019 s representation of the sovereignty of god ( like calvinism ) contradicts the character of god by attributing actions to him that are unlike deity. for example, the quran repeatedly represents god, on the occasion of the creation of adam, requiring the angels / djinn to bow down and worship this first human. all do so with the exception of iblis ( i. e., satan ), who refuses to do so on the grounds that adam was a mere mortal : verily we created man of potter \u2019 s clay of black mud altered, and the jinn did we create aforetime of essential fire. and ( remember ) when thy lord said unto the angels : lo! i am creating a mortal out of potter \u2019 s clay of black mud altered, so, when i have made him and have breathed into him of my spirit, do ye fall down, prostrating yourselves unto him. so the angels fell prostrate, all of them together save iblis. he refused to be among the prostrate. he said : o iblis! what aileth thee that thou art not among the prostrate? he said : why should i prostrate myself unto a mortal whom thou hast created out of potter \u2019 s clay of black mud altered? he said : then go thou forth from hence, for verily thou art outcast. and lo! the curse shall be upon thee till the day of judgement ( surah 15 : 26 - 35, emp. added ; cf. 2 : 34 ; 7 : 11 - 12 ; 17 : 61 ; 18 : 51 ; 20 : 116 ; 38 : 72 - 78 ). this characterization of deity is completely unacceptable. this one incident alone illustrates that allah is not the god of the bible. the god of the bible simply would not do what the quran says he did. numerous bible verses convey the complete impropriety \u2014 even blasphemy \u2014 that the worship of a mere human constitutes. humans are forbidden to worship other humans ( acts 10 : 25 - 26 ; 14 : 14 - 15 ). humans are forbidden to worship angels ( coloss", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44358052905996065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.820737"} {"text": "impropriety \u2014 even blasphemy \u2014 that the worship of a mere human constitutes. humans are forbidden to worship other humans ( acts 10 : 25 - 26 ; 14 : 14 - 15 ). humans are forbidden to worship angels ( colossians 2 : 18 ; revelation 19 : 10 ; 22 : 8 - 9 ). and, most certainly, angels are not to worship mere humans. the law of moses declared that worship is to be directed to god ( deuteronomy 6 : 13 ; 10 : 20 ). when satan tempted jesus, and satan urged jesus to worship him, jesus quoted the deuteronomic declaration from the law of moses, and then added his own divine commentary : \u201c and him only you shall serve \u201d ( matthew 4 : 10, emp. added ). no one, and no thing, is the rightful object of worship \u2014 except deity! interestingly enough, satan \u2019 s reasoning as reported in the quran was actually biblical and right. satan recognized that not only should angels not worship humans, but in view of his own angelic condition, adam occupied a status that was beneath his own accelerated, celestial existence \u2014 a fact affirmed by the bible : \u201c what is man that you are mindful of him, and the son of man that you visit him? for you have made him a little lower than the angels, and you have crowned him with glory and honor \u201d ( psalm 8 : 4 - 5 ; cf. hebrews 2 : 9 ). the quranic depiction of god ordering iblis / satan to worship adam is a serious breach of divine propriety and a further indication of the quran \u2019 s conflict with the bible. [ once again, the quran appears to have been influenced by jewish sources, since the talmudists also represent the angels as bestowing special attention and honor on adam ( sanhedrin 29 ; midrash rabbah on genesis, paragraph 8 ) ].", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4188688166289051, "token_count": 389, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.821389"} {"text": "teaching with documents : alexander graham bell ' s patent for the telephone and thomas edison ' s patent for the electric lamp in 1876 americans held a centennial exhibition in philadelphia to celebrate the nation ' s birth 100 years earlier. it was the first world ' s fair to be held in the united states, and it announced for all to see that the nation had come of age as an industrial power. over 8 million americans attended, many traveling the railways that now spanned the continent. of all the exhibition buildings, machinery hall drew the most admiration and wonder. its displays were powered by the world ' s largest steam engine. inside, inventions by two of america ' s greatest inventors were on display. alexander graham bell exhibited the first telephone, and thomas alva edison presented the automatic telegraph, one of more than 1, 000 inventions he would patent in his lifetime. together their inventions changed american life in ways that still affect us today. alexander graham bell alexander graham bell ( 1847 - 1922 ) was born in scotland and moved to boston in 1872 to open a school for teachers of the deaf. he became a u. s. citizen in 1882. his early experiments included ways to improve and use telegraphy. the telegraph conveyed messages through a system of electrical sounds that, when decoded, could be translated into words. it was dependent on skilled technicians and never became a home appliance. rather, it required you to go to a telegraph office to send or receive a message, or perhaps a messenger did this for you. bell sought something revolutionary : to transmit not only the sound of the human voice, but audible words. with the telephone, bell wrote in 1878, \" it is possible to connect every man ' s house, office or factory with a central station, so as to give him direct communication with his neighbors. \" thomas edison ( 1847 - 1931 ) was born in ohio and grew up in michigan. his formal education lasted at most four years, in part because his teachers complained that he asked too many questions. by age 12 he was a newsboy and candy seller on the railways. working as a telegraph operator gave him some of his early lessons in the uses of electricity. among edison ' s many patents were ones for totally new inventions as well as those that dramatically improved the inventions of others. these included patents for the electric motor, motion picture projector, storage battery, dictaphone, duplicating machine, typewriter, and phonograph ( his most original ). but his most far - reaching achievement was his patent for improving the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5273348806201099, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.829074"} {"text": "patents for the electric motor, motion picture projector, storage battery, dictaphone, duplicating machine, typewriter, and phonograph ( his most original ). but his most far - reaching achievement was his patent for improving the incandescent lightbulb. before the invention of the electric lightbulb, homes were lit by candle, kerosene - oil lamp, or gaslight. all flickered, were fire hazards, and emitted smoke and heat. other inventors of the day were experimenting with a glass globe that, if emptied of air, could contain a light that would not burn out. but no one could find a suitable filament, or wire. the filament creates light when an electric current passes through it, but it must neither burn out quickly nor melt. edison solved this problem by using carbonized cotton. the growth of the corporation a vision such as bell ' s could not become a reality without enormous sources of capital ( money ) to mass - produce telephones, lay cables, and establish switchboards. likewise the incandescent light was of little use until houses could be linked by electric wires to powerful generators. until the industrial revolution, a shop owner did not need to raise great sums of money to invest in expensive machinery. he probably made his goods by hand and sold them directly to the customer. he therefore did not need to advertise his goods far and wide. a business was usually the responsibility of one person, a proprietor, who hired others and accepted total financial responsibility if the venture went under. partnerships were able to raise greater capital because two or more people pooled their money. but if their partnership failed, all the partners were personally liable ; any assets they owned could be seized to pay their debts. the civil war gave impetus to many new industries on a scale never before seen in america. what was needed was a new way to fund them. the corporation solved the problem. corporations are legal entities chartered by state governments. to establish a corporation, money is raised from many investors. each investor then owns shares of the company, represented by the stock certificates the corporation issues to its shareholders. if the company earns a profit, the corporation will divide its profit with its investors and pay dividends. ( the greater the number of shares you own, the greater your dividend. ) the value of the corporation ' s stock will go up. but if the corporation fails, each investor will only lose what he or she invested. when the u. s. government granted edison", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5238993794123118, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.830390"} {"text": "of shares you own, the greater your dividend. ) the value of the corporation ' s stock will go up. but if the corporation fails, each investor will only lose what he or she invested. when the u. s. government granted edison and bell their patents, it put them at a distinct advantage over their competitors. they and they alone were given the right to profit from their inventions for a specified time period ( today it is 20 years ). while both men were primarily inventors, not entrepreneurs, neither wasted time before either founding companies or granting their patent rights to others for manufacture. the edison electric light company was chartered in 1878 and led eventually to what we know as the general electric company. with his laboratory and many assistants at menlo park, new jersey, edison pioneered the establishment of the large research centers of today. the bell telephone company was founded in 1877. in 1899 american telephone and telegraph ( at & t ) became the parent company of the bell system. corporations were not without their ill effects. they further distanced management from the workers, who did not share in the companies ' profits as did stockholders. left unregulated, huge corporations often ate up their smaller competition. by 1900 bell telephone had situated 800, 000 phones in america, far more than any competitor. long after bell ' s patent expired, it had the edge in developing long - distance services, and it monopolized them. the interstate commerce act ( 1877 ) and sherman anti - trust act ( 1890 ) were passed to ensure that competition among companies could continue to thrive. mackay, james. alexander graham bell : a life. new york : john wiley & sons, inc., 1997. an up - to - date and scholarly account. silverberg, robert. light for the world : edison and the power industry. princeton, nj : d. van nostrand co., 1967. especially good for the connection between invention and industry. twain, mark. the autobiography of mark twain. edited by charles neider, new york : harperperennial library, 1959 ( still in paper ). see chapter 45, which has a hilarious account of twain ' s attempt to be an investor in new inventions, including the telephone. vries, leonard de. victorian inventions. new york : american heritage press, 1971. a delightful pictorial account, including many fanciful ideas that were never marketed. the sound and the silence. an excellent two - part video about the life of alexander graham bell. available from turner home entertainment # 6295.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.45306379832402593, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.831817"} {"text": "the scoop on migratory arthritis migratory arthritis is a particular form of arthritis. arthritis is a disease that affects thousands of people who suffer from pain and swelling in their joints and have to deal with stiffness of movement. this is usually the result of inflammation in the joints. arthritis is classified by doctors into over100 different categories depending on the body area that is affected. besides the arthritis directly associated with inflammation in the joints, there are forms of arthritis caused by diseases in other body organs and problems of other tissues. arthritis can affect people of all ages, even children. migratory arthritis is the problem in which there is initial swelling which increases rapidly in one or two joints and subsides over the next few days. as the symptoms subside in the original affected areas, the same pattern appears in another joint, usually in an asymmetric location. this movement of the pain and swelling from joint to joint is the reason for the name of the problem. the pattern of asymmetrical movement of joint pain associated with migratory arthritis is associated with some specific conditions and diseases. among the possible causes listed by medical professionals are : systemic lupus erythematosus it is helpful to understand what happens when a person suffers from arthritis. the joint inflammation leads to pain, swelling and loss of motion and this is visible in the redness apparent in the affected area. there is usually inflammation in the body when it is affected by an injury or infected by a harmful agent such as a bacteria or a virus. the body \u2019 s reaction is communicated to the natural immune system which functions as the defense mechanism of the body. cells move to help the affected area to deal with the threat to the body - by removing infected or damaged cells and by helping repair affected tissues. once the problem is dealt with a normal healthy is restored the inflammation reduces. in the case of arthritis, the inflammation does not reduce as it should in normal conditions. the continuing inflammation prolongs the problem and continues to damage more tissues and therefore the cyclical pattern of pain continues. this perpetuating pattern of pain and damage ends up affecting the bones and neighboring tissues leading to the stiffness of the joint and the difficulty in movement. this kind of breakdown of the immune system which hampers the proper functioning of the body is called an autoimmune disease. given that migratory arthritis is usually triggered by other health problems, it is important to have it properly diagnosed. you can list the sequence of your pain to your doctor and add details about other health issues to help with proper diagnosis. you can con", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44003592501213823, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.840996"} {"text": "disease. given that migratory arthritis is usually triggered by other health problems, it is important to have it properly diagnosed. you can list the sequence of your pain to your doctor and add details about other health issues to help with proper diagnosis. you can confer with your doctor to decide whether it will be helpful to see a rheumatologist. self - aware patients, alert to their body \u2019 s patterns will help in a quick diagnosis of migratory arthritis. the good news for patients is there are ways to manage the pain and to be proactive in dealing with disease. arthritis patients today are normally treated with aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs or nsaids such as ibuprofen, naproxen and dicolfenac. these help with the migratory variety of the disease also because they are effective analgesics and anti - inflammatory drugs. in the specific case of migratory arthritis, treatment for the root cause such as rheumatic fever or lyme disease also helps in countering the effects of the arthritic pain. many people who suffer from chronic arthritis also seek alternative medical therapies to cope with the pain. naturopaths, much like doctors, recommend a combination of exercise and good diet to support the medicines. among supplements recommended by those practicing alternative medicine are omega 3 oils, glocosamine and chondroitin. it will be useful for those feeling the signs arthritis to analyze the patterns of their pain and to have a detailed consultation with their doctor to ensure an accurate diagnosis and to initiate an effective treatment.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4013345779566053, "token_count": 318, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.842177"} {"text": "in 1999, a task force consisting of research and policy - oriented slps, people who stutter, and an epidemiologist ( ken st. louis, bobbie lubker, scott yaruss, jaan pill, and charles diggs, respectively ) convened to develop the first prototype of a questionnaire to measure attitudes toward stuttering. known as the public opinion survey of human attributes ( posha - e ), it is handled like public opinion polls from a national polling organization, with respondents selected at random. participants first answer baseline questions before filling out a demographic survey. finally, they respond to follow up questions. here are examples of the most recent experimental version of the posha - e. it asks the respondents their overall impression of a person who is in one of nine categories : \" left handed, mentally ill, obese, addicted to alcohol, has a stuttering disorder, is multilingual, has epilepsy, has hiv / aids, or uses a wheelchair. \" the respondents give their impression of the person, ranging from very negative, somewhat negative, neutral, somewhat positive, or very positive, to not sure. then the questionnaire asks the respondent, \" i would want to be a person who \" fits in one of those nine categories. finally, the respondent answers follow - up questions on up to three of the listed categories. for example, \" people who stutter ( or are obese, or multilingual ) are nervous or excitable ; are dangerous to others ; can raise a family. \" the respondents indicate whether they agree, disagree, or are not sure. these survey questions have been asked of more than 1, 200 adult respondents in 27 nonprobability ( nonrandom ) pilot study samples in 11 countries ( brazil, bulgaria, cameroon, canada, denmark, nepal, nicaragua, macedonia, south africa, turkey, and the u. s. ). respondents completed questionnaires in either english or one of six other languages ( bulgarian, macedonian, portuguese, turkish, french, and spanish ). since 1999, the team has undergone changes and the posha - e has been revised three times. one major change in the last version is that attributes of \" old, \" \" intelligent, \" and \" good talker \" were replaced by \" epilepsy, \" \" hiv / aids, \" and \" alcohol addiction. \" also, \" overweight \" was changed to \" obese. \" the research initiative using the results of the posha - e is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.509270893841371, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.855159"} {"text": "inadvertently translated as \" to increase a family. \" to reduce these problems, ipatha guidelines will mandate a \" back translation \" from a foreign language to english by another translator, unfamiliar with the study and the original translation, so that the eventual translated versions are as accurate as possible. ) fourth, it is designed specifically to measure many of the responses that might be expected to change after public information campaigns designed to \" improve attitudes \" have been undertaken. for example, one series of questions asks where respondents have acquired their information. even if attitudes may not have changed, it is likely that public awareness campaigns will result in different profiles of perceived knowledge acquisition. fifth, consideration of the instrument ' s eventual recommended scheme for use must allow for probability sampling that is accurate but reasonably inexpensive for stakeholders. importantly, the posha - e is still in its developmental phase. it is not yet a user - friendly instrument, but we are making progress. for example, the response format has been progressively simplified in the three versions from an original 0 - 100 quasi - continuous scale, to a 1 - 9 equal - appearing interval scale, and finally to the above illustrated categorical \" yes, \" \" no, \" or \" unsure \" response mode ( with a 1 - 5 scale for a few items ). this modification has progressively reduced respondent completion time and errors as well as data coding time and errors ; both were achieved without appreciable loss in sensitivity to subtle differences in the attitudes of the nonprobability pilot samples studied. also, as is the case with most standardized instruments, the posha - e contains many more items than the eventual version will. forthcoming item analysis will identify those questions that are most discriminating and useful. after consideration of information available from pilot studies, redundant items will be eliminated. also, confusing and ambiguous items will be eliminated or modified. the intent is to have a questionnaire that can be completed by most respondents in 10 minutes or less. the next step is to carry out the difficult task of field - testing the near - final version of the posha - e with representative samples. like political polling, this component is necessary to improve accurate representation of the attitudes of any target sampling area. a number of plans under evaluation, but one that may be the most cost efficient for stakeholders, could involve a public school - based sampling plan as follows. a probability ( i. e., random ) sampling scheme would be used to select public schools as the units from which random samples of children and, ultimately, progressively less random samples of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5278012921348896, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.857432"} {"text": ", could involve a public school - based sampling plan as follows. a probability ( i. e., random ) sampling scheme would be used to select public schools as the units from which random samples of children and, ultimately, progressively less random samples of parents, grandparents, and other adults would be generated as prospective respondents. all children in selected classrooms would be potential survey respondents. so, too, would one of their parents or guardians, one of their grandparents, and one of their adult neighbors. probability sampling would determine school and classroom selection, but adults would be recruited by parents of children in these classrooms. we hope that one outcome of the ipatha initiative will be a data archive into which results from new studies may be added and against which results from isolated samples may be compared. finally, in concert with other stakeholders around the world, we plan to develop strategies designed to reduce stigma and to measure their effectiveness. sample pilot results in the process of gathering pilot data, a large amount of questionnaire data has been amassed from more than 1, 200 adults. we have attempted not to be distracted from our primary purpose of instrument development. accordingly, we have inspected the comparative data for trends showing consistent versus variable results that might suggest the best items for eventual inclusion and elimination. following are some illustrations of what the pilot data have shown that is relevant to slps and to those interested in international comparisons ( knudsen et al., 2004 ; st. louis et al., in press ; st. louis et al., 2004 ). the table below provides selected demographic information from nine samples, ranging in size from 14 to 188 respondents. the first two ( columns 2 and 3 ) compare probability samples of slps holding specialty recognition in fluency disorders with a sample of slps nationwide. it was thought that board - recognized specialists in fluency disorders might provide a \" gold standard \" for public attitudes toward stuttering. these are compared with a nonprobability sample of students from the mid - atlantic region of the u. s. ( column 3 ). all three of these samples responded to the most recent version of the posha - e. the other nonprobability samples were from six different countries, with those in denmark ( column 5 ), south africa ( column 6 ), and nepal ( column 7 ) being administered in english and those in the remaining three countries administered in respondents ' native language : brazilian portuguese ( column 8 ), bulgarian ( column 9 ), and turkish ( column 10 ), respectively. these groups responded to either the first", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5304235575035627, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.858416"} {"text": "column 7 ) being administered in english and those in the remaining three countries administered in respondents ' native language : brazilian portuguese ( column 8 ), bulgarian ( column 9 ), and turkish ( column 10 ), respectively. these groups responded to either the first version ( drawing a vertical line on a horizontal scale marked on either end and the middle, with scores later converted to numbers from 0 to 100 ) or the second version ( circling a number from 1 - 9 or a \"? \" for \" i don ' t know. \" ). the table illustrates that the percentage of females to males, age, educational level, religion, and marital status varied widely across the nine samples. preliminary results indicate that multilingual, as well as intelligent and good talkers in the earlier versions of the posha, are regarded as desirable characteristics. left handed - as predicted - is neutral. old ( in earlier versions ) is neutral to somewhat undesirable. the remaining attributes, wheelchair use, obesity or overweight, mental illness, alcohol addiction, epilepsy, hiv / aids, and stuttering, are all regarded as conditions that respondents would not want to have or be. the only significant exception was that specialists in fluency disorders were less likely to rate stuttering as something they would not want to have. respondents in the six countries, responding in english as a second language or in their native language showed similarity overall to profiles of adults in the u. s., but showed some interesting variations. for example, stuttering was the lowest item scored for the turkish respondents while brazilian and bulgarian adults both scored mental illness lowest. data collected also confirm the well - known public confusion about the cause of stuttering. the data from specialists and generalist slps reveal general agreement for a genetic causal component and less certainty about psychological or learning components. among the lay public, only the danes believed that psychological etiology was not the strongest causal component ; neither did they believe stuttering is learned. by contrast, all the other lay groups rated psychological etiology the strongest. among all groups except fluency specialists, a disturbing minority regarded stuttering as an act of god, especially in south africa, nepal, and turkey. the fact that ghosts, demons, or spirits as causal agents for stuttering was not completely rejected - even by all slps in the u. s. - suggests that stigmatizing beliefs still occur. by contrast, most to nearly all respondents believe that people who stutter can lead normal lives, though least so in nepal. while most respondent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5155876650092701, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.859415"} {"text": "even by all slps in the u. s. - suggests that stigmatizing beliefs still occur. by contrast, most to nearly all respondents believe that people who stutter can lead normal lives, though least so in nepal. while most respondent groups indicated that people who stutter could communicate effectively, they were less optimistic about whether or not they should work in jobs requiring a great deal of talking. an unsubstantiated stereotype holds that people who stutter are nervous, shy, and fearful ( e. g., blood, 1999 ; shapiro, 1999 ), and the data here confirm that only the fluency specialists and danes soundly rejected the nervousness component. as for stuttering being related to shyness or fear, these same two groups, along with slps, were least likely to make a connection. most of the other groups were unsure, but the brazilians and bulgarians confirmed the stereotype. like the ghosts - demons - spirits question, the reduced intelligence question was included to identify the likelihood of potentially strongly stigmatizing attitudes. nepalese and bulgarian results suggest attitudes still are present that associate stuttering with reduced intelligence. the best news about what people report they would do or feel if they found themselves talking to someone who stutters is that most ( and virtually all slps and specialists who responded ) would wait patiently and ignore the stuttering. ( in fact, the latter question was changed in the last revision to \" not make an issue of \" rather than \" ignore \" because it is plausible that some might not make an issue yet not ignore the condition. ) specialist and generalist slps ( and danes ) would be unlikely to fill in words or give advice to \" slow down \" or \" relax \" while talking with a person who stutters. by contrast, turks and to a lesser extent, nepalese, likely might behave in these ways. none of the groups are likely to joke about stuttering, but the chances for joking might be highest in turkey or bulgaria. feeling comfortable or relaxed during a conversational partner ' s stuttering varied the most for the different groups, ranging from being very to somewhat likely for specialists and generalists, respectively, to being moderately unlikely for nepalese, brazilians, bulgarians, and turks. curiosity was quite uniformly neutral ; pity ranged from slightly above neutral to highly unlikely ( for slps ). reported embarrassment, anger, or fear were unlikely. taken together, all of the data from the pilot studies analyzed to date show that groups of people around the world", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48817996371075234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.860348"} {"text": "significance and use this test method is designed to measure the permeability to air of a small sample of rock. by extrapolation, this test method also determines an equivalent of the liquid permeability. this parameter is used to calculate the flow through rock of fluids subjected to a pressure differential. note 1 \u2014 notwithstanding the statements on precision and bias contained in this test method, the measures of precision of this test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing them, and on the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. agencies that meet the criteria of practice d 3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing. users of this test method are cautioned that compliance with practice d 3740 does not in itself assure reliable testing. reliable testing depends on many factors ; practice d 3740 provides a means for evaluating some of those factors. 1. 1 this test method covers the determination of the coefficient of specific permeability for the flow of air through rocks. the procedure establishes representative values of the coefficient of permeability of rocks or well - indurated soils. 1. 2 this test method is limited to permeability values greater than 0. 9869 pm2 ( 1. 0 picodarcy ), and is limited to rocks free of oil or unctuous matter. 1. 3 the values stated in si units are to be regarded as the standard. the values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch - pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1. 4 this standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. it is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2. referenced documents ( purchase separately ) the documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as part of the standard. d653 terminology relating to soil, rock, and contained fluids d3740 practice for minimum requirements for agencies engaged in testing and / or inspection of soil and rock as used in engineering design and construction american petroleum institute standard flow and flow rate ; permeability ; airflow performance ; coefficient of permeability ; flow and flow rate - - soil / rock / related materials ; liquids ; permeability - - soil / rock ; pressure testing - - rock ; reciprocal mean pressure ; rock materials / properties / analysis ; ics number code 93. 020 ( earth works. excavations. foundation construction. underground", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5558478517361547, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.865321"} {"text": "get ready for comet panstarrs \u2014 2013 ' s first naked - eye comet comet panstarrs promises to be the brightest comet in six years when it peaks in march. february 26, 2013 luis argerich from buenos aires, argentina, captured comet panstarrs in the sky above mercedes, argentina, on february 11, 2013. the comet shone at magnitude 4. 5 to the left of an iridium flare. i \u2019 m here today to talk about what promises to be the brightest comet during the first half of 2013 and likely one of the brightest comets of the 21st century \u2014 so far. comet panstarrs ( c / 2011 l4 ) will peak in march and remain bright well into april. if predictions hold, it should be an easy naked - eye object and will look great through binoculars for several weeks. astronomers discovered this comet june 6, 2011. as the fourth new comet detected during the first half of june that year, it received the designation \u201c c / 2011 l4. \u201d and because researchers first spotted the object on images taken through the 1. 8 - meter panoramic survey telescope and rapid response system on haleakala in hawaii, it received the instrument \u2019 s acronym, panstarrs, as a secondary name. astronomers credit this scope with more than two dozen comet discoveries, so the \u201c c / 2011 l4 \u201d designation is more precise even though it \u2019 s much easier to say \u201c panstarrs. \u201d the comet is making its first trip through the inner solar system. its journey began eons ago when a star or interstellar cloud passed within a light - year or two of the sun. this close encounter jostled the so - called oort cloud, a vast reservoir of icy objects that lies up to a light - year from the sun and probably holds a trillion comets. panstarrs has been heading toward the sun ever since. for complete coverage of comet panstarrs, visit www. astronomy. com / panstarrs. southern hemisphere observers had the best comet views during february. but by early march, panstarrs veers sharply northward and gradually becomes visible in the evening sky for northern hemisphere observers. the earliest views should come around march 6 or 7, when it appears a degree above the western horizon 30 minutes after sunset. each following day, the comet climbs a degree or two higher, which dramatically improves its visibility. it comes closest to the sun ( a position called \u201c perihelion \u201d ) the evening of march 9, when it lies just 28 million miles ( 45", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43007078834829093, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.872848"} {"text": "following day, the comet climbs a degree or two higher, which dramatically improves its visibility. it comes closest to the sun ( a position called \u201c perihelion \u201d ) the evening of march 9, when it lies just 28 million miles ( 45 million kilometers ) from our star. it then appears 7\u00b0 high in the west 30 minutes after sunset. if predictions hold true \u2014 never a sure thing when it comes to comets making their first trip through the inner solar system \u2014 the comet will be a superb object through binoculars and probably an impressive naked - eye sight. astronomers expect it to reach magnitude 0 or 1 at perihelion, although no one would be too surprised if it ends up one or two magnitudes brighter or dimmer. from perihelion to the end of march, the comet moves almost due north through pisces and andromeda while its brightness drops by about a magnitude every five days. in the admittedly unlikely event that the tail of panstarrs stretches 10\u00b0 or more march 13, it will pass behind a two - day - old crescent moon. the comet should glow around 4th magnitude in early april, which would make the extended object visible only through binoculars or a telescope. it passes 2\u00b0 west of the andromeda galaxy ( m31 ) on the 3rd, then crosses into cassiopeia on the 9th. during the third week of april, the comet fades to 6th magnitude and is visible all night for those at mid - northern latitudes, where it appears highest before dawn. if comet panstarrs lives up to expectations, it should show two tails emanating from a round glow. the photograph at right shows comet hale - bopp from 1997. although panstarrs likely won \u2019 t get as bright as hale - bopp was, it lets us see the major components of a comet. if comet panstarrs lives up to expectations, it should show two tails emanating from a round glow. although panstarrs likely won \u2019 t get as bright as 1997 ' s comet hale - bopp ( pictured ) did, it lets us see the major components of a comet. / / tony hallas the circular head, known as the \u201c coma, \u201d masks the comet \u2019 s nucleus. the nucleus is a ball of ice and dust that typically measures a mile or two across. as sunlight hits the nucleus, the ices boil off, and the process liberates dust particles. this cloud of gas and dust forms the coma, which can span a million miles or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43062302709992956, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.873743"} {"text": "ice and dust that typically measures a mile or two across. as sunlight hits the nucleus, the ices boil off, and the process liberates dust particles. this cloud of gas and dust forms the coma, which can span a million miles or more. sunlight removes electrons from the ejected gas molecules, causing then to glow with a bluish color. the solar wind carries this gas away from the comet, creating a straight bluish gas tail. the ejected dust gets pushed away from the sun more gently, so it forms a curving tail. the dust particles simply reflect sunlight, so the dust tail has a white to pale - yellow color. although comet mcnaught didn \u2019 t show much of a gas tail when it achieved fame in 2007, it more than made up for it with a 30\u00b0 - long curving dust tail. will panstarrs rival hale - bopp or mcnaught? the best way to find out is to plan a few observing sessions for this march and april. even if panstarrs falls short of greatness, goodness is a fine attribute when it comes to comets. and remember that 2013 isn \u2019 t over yet. november and december should provide exceptional views of comet ison ( c / 2012 s1 ), which could be 100 times brighter than panstarrs. i \u2019 ll be back later this year with more details on viewing comet ison. expand your observing with these online tools from astronomy magazine - special coverage : find everything you need to know about comet panstarrs in astronomy. com ' s year of the comet section. - stardome : locate comet c / 2011 l4 ( panstarrs ) in your night sky with our interactive star chart. to ensure the comet is displayed, click on the \" display... \" drop - down menu under options ( lower right ) and make sure \" comets \" has a check mark next to it. then click the \" show names... \" drop - down menu and make sure \" comets \" is checked there, too. images : submit images of comet panstarrs to our online reader gallery. discussion : ask questions and share your observations in our reader forums. - sign up for our free weekly e - mail newsletter. look for this icon. this denotes premium subscriber content. learn more \u00bb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49791535798043834, "token_count": 464, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.874556"} {"text": "mars orbiter repositioned to phone home mars landing without a repositioning maneuver, odyssey would have arrived over the landing area about two minutes after curiosity landed. july 25, 2012 nasa scientists have successfully adjusted the mars odyssey spacecraft \u2019 s orbital location to be in a better position to provide prompt confirmation of the august landing of the curiosity rover. nasa ' s mars odyssey spacecraft passes above mars ' south pole in this artist ' s concept. the spacecraft has been orbiting mars since october 24, 2001. credit : nasa / jpl nasa \u2019 s mars science laboratory ( msl ) spacecraft carrying curiosity can send limited information directly to earth as it enters mars \u2019 atmosphere. before the landing, however, earth will set below the martian horizon from the descending spacecraft \u2019 s perspective, ending that direct route of communication. odyssey will speed up the indirect communication process. nasa reported during a july 16 news conference that odyssey, which the agency originally planned to provide a near - real - time communication link with curiosity, had entered safe mode july 11. this situation would have affected communication operations, but not the rover \u2019 s landing. without a repositioning maneuver, odyssey would have arrived over the landing area about two minutes after curiosity landed. a spacecraft thruster burn tuesday, july 24, lasting about six seconds, has nudged odyssey about six minutes ahead in its orbit. odyssey is now operating normally, and confirmation of curiosity \u2019 s landing should reach earth early august 6 edt, as originally planned. \u201c information we are receiving indicates the maneuver has completed as planned, \u201d said gaylon mcsmith from nasa \u2019 s jet propulsion laboratory in pasadena, california. \u201c odyssey has been working at mars longer than any other spacecraft, so it is appropriate that it has a special role in supporting the newest arrival. \u201d two other mars orbiters, nasa \u2019 s mars reconnaissance orbiter and the european space agency \u2019 s mars express, also will be in position to receive radio transmissions from msl during its descent. however, they will be recording information for later playback, not relaying it immediately, as only odyssey can.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3999408279093291, "token_count": 418, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.876778"} {"text": "\" fugitive methane \" released during shale gas drilling could accelerate climate change. robert howarth, an ecologist and evolutionary biologist, and anthony ingraffea, a civil and environmental engineer, reported that fracked wells leak 40 to 60 percent more methane than conventional natural gas wells. when water with its chemical load is forced down a well to break the shale, it flows back up and is stored in large ponds or tanks. but volumes of methane also flow back up the well at the same time and are released into the atmosphere before they can be captured for use. this giant belch of \" fugitive methane \" can be seen in infrared videos taken at well sites. halliburton is the world ' s largest provider of hydraulic fracturing. who would have guessed. wait, aren ' t they in the private war contractor business. it seems they ' ve expanded to waging war on us water supplies. according to michael shellenberger, president of the breakthrough institute in california, we can thank us government policy for fracking. government policy encouraged the new exploration for gas and should get much of the credit for the resulting reduction in emissions. \u201c the gas boom is largely from shale, which is the result of a concerted government push, and tax credits, starting in the 70 \u2019 s, both of which are policies,... of course, he thinks fracking ' s good because it allows natural gas to replace coal. breakthrough institute apparently is \" luke - warmist \". essentially \" don ' t worry, be happy about our economic system \". \u201c luke - warmists \u201d may be defined as those who appear to accept the body of climate science but interpret it in a way that is least threatening : emphasising uncertainties, playing down dangers, and advocating a slow and cautious response. the effect of luke - warmers \u2019 contributions has been to sow doubt in the public mind about the credibility of the scientific warnings and the need to respond, just as exxon - funded think tanks have.... emphasize the \u201c inherent unknowability \u201d and \u201c systematic doubt \u201d in the body of scientific knowledge. they express misgivings about the desirability of investments in renewable energy, referring to their \u201c chilling history \u201d and \u201c serious financial and social consequences \u201d, a theme pursued by the breakthrough institute and more recently taken upby tea party republicans. here we get to the conservative heart of the luke - warmist position. for them the prevailing economic system is sacred, and any change must work around it. \u201c growth is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5271869411332402, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.882336"} {"text": "pursued by the breakthrough institute and more recently taken upby tea party republicans. here we get to the conservative heart of the luke - warmist position. for them the prevailing economic system is sacred, and any change must work around it. \u201c growth is sacrosanct \u201d is another rendering of president george h. w. bush \u2019 s celebrated declaration at the 1992 rio earth summit : \u201c the american way of life is not negotiable. \u201d to agree with environmental critics that our social and economic system \u2014 its power structure, its inherent goals, the forms of behaviour it endorses \u2014 could so damage the earth that our future, and that of the system itself, is now in peril would require them to discard their essential faith in the benevolence of the status quo. [ italics and bold mine ] because in their eyes fracking is good, they brag that us government policies support it. don ' t worry about fracking you can ' t be sure what would happen if the fire department used fracking - contaminated water, it ' s \" inherent unknowable \". have another margarita! big surprise, koch industries is involved in fracking. koch industries is heavily involved in natural gas, as detailed in an article last spring by lee fang in the republic report. its recent activities in the natural gas industry focus on services for fracking operations including pipelines, storage, processing, and supplies. fracking produces several orders of magnitude more water contamination than other sources of water pollution. risk analysts have concluded that the disposal of contaminated wastewater from hydraulic fracturing ( or \u201c fracking \u201d ) wells producing natural gas in the intensively developed marcellus shale region poses a substantial potential risk of river and other water pollution. disposal of the large amounts of fracking well wastewater that is expected to be generated in the marcellus shale region \u2014 which covers approximately 124, 000 square kilometers from new york to west virginia \u2014 presents risks from salts and radioactive materials that are \u201c several orders of magnitude larger \u201d than for other potential water pollution pathways examined in the new study. for a more personal account see states fail to enforce their own oil, gas rules earthworks says failure to enforce oil and gas regulations means that states are not seeking, documenting, sanctioning, deterring, and cleaning up problems associated with irresponsible oil and gas operations such as chemical spills, equipment failure, accidents, and discharges into drinking water supplies. penalties are so weak that it is cheaper for violators to pay the penalty than comply with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49046567250022094, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.884516"} {"text": "cleaning up problems associated with irresponsible oil and gas operations such as chemical spills, equipment failure, accidents, and discharges into drinking water supplies. penalties are so weak that it is cheaper for violators to pay the penalty than comply with the law. \u201c the total value of financial penalties in each state studied is less than or equivalent to the value of the gas contained in one single well, \u201d earthworks says in its report, \u201c breaking all the rules : the crisis in oil & gas regulatory enforcement. \u201d \u201c i left my home in dish because gas development threatened my family \u2019 s health, \u201d said calvin tillman, former mayor of dish, texas. \" tillman said that after drilling began near his home, his children developed nosebleeds when they were asleep. in their new home in another community, the nosebleeds stopped. [ emphasis mine ] fracking is secret in many states, see maps. whenever toxic materials are produced in huge quantities, opportunities open up for criminal \" entrepreneurs \". remember how chernobyl ' s radioactive zone was stripped of portable goods, that ended up in the hands of unaware buyers all over russia? in a similar manner toxic fracking waste was poured into pa neighborhoods. on march 17, 2011 greene county resident robert allan shipman and his company, allan \u2019 s waste water service inc., were charged with illegally dumping millions of gallons of natural gas drilling wastewater, along with restaurant grease and sewer sludge across six counties in pennsylvania from 2003 - 2009. \u201c shipman showed the drivers how to leave open the gas well valves and ordered them to discharge production water onto the ground and / or into the nearby waterways. \u201d drivers \u2019 testimony added, \u201c this activity would typically occur after dark or during heavy rain so that no one would observe the illegal discharge. \u201d \u201c he was pouring the stuff in any hole he could find. \u201d the democratic party chooses to ignore the environmental costs of fracking, to embrace \" cheap abundant natural gas \". they ' re also backing off on climate change. once again short term profit trumps avoidance of serious long term damage. new yorkers beware, the man in charge of fracking regulation is a climate science denier. governor cuomo relies on bradley j field - - a climate skeptic - - to head new york ' s department of environmental conservation ' s division of mineral resources. unfortunately, mr. field has proven to be out of sync with the scientific community on the environmental issue with the greatest scientific consensus - - climate change.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43350194650284046, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.885786"} {"text": "on the final evening of the democratic national convention, the blogger andrew sullivan posted a picture of congressman barney frank kissing his spouse. frank is openly gay and what is striking about the picture is a total absence of reticence, and the swiftness with which our world has tumbled toward change. sullivan noted that the picture would never had appeared at the gop convention. this is true. but eight years ago, i doubt it would have appeared at a democratic one. still it remains true that we have, as we always have had, two competing traditions toward human and civil rights in this country. one which believes in broadening those rights regardless of difference, and another which believes in restricting them to those who find the most favor among the body politic. that tradition is hewed to even in the extremes. we all think of birtherism - - the belief held by many in the republican party - - as a kind of zany flight of fancy taken up by the kind of toothless eccentrics who also obsess over area 51. in fact, birtherism has its historical roots much closer to home, in that same restrictionist tradition that would frown on barney frank, and has for much of this country ' s history directed its skeptical gaze at african - americans. in 1790, when congress first sat down to define citizenship it restricted it to \" all free white persons. \" the disreputable tradition continued afoot will into the 19th century with stephen douglas, in his famous debates with abraham lincoln, declaring that \" this government was made on the white basis \" and that our founding documents made \" no reference either to the negro, the savage indians, the feejee, the malay, or any other inferior and degraded race, when they spoke of the equality of men. \" after the civil war, with the country reeling, and freedom on the march, newly minted president andrew johnson rejected blacks holding a stake in the country ' s politics noting that ' it must be acknowledged that in the progress of nations negroes have shown less capacity for government than any other race of people. no independent government of any form has ever been successful in their hands. on the contrary, wherever they have been left to their own devices they have shown a constant tendency to relapse into barbarism. \" and the tradition carried over right into the 20th century with william f. buckley, intellectual godfather of the conservative movement, arguing that \" the great majority of the negroes in the south who do not vote do not care to vote, and would", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4773679963857065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.889787"} {"text": ". \" and the tradition carried over right into the 20th century with william f. buckley, intellectual godfather of the conservative movement, arguing that \" the great majority of the negroes in the south who do not vote do not care to vote, and would not know for what to vote if they could. \" the right to lead one ' s country is the highest of all aspirations granted by ( birthright ) citizenship. that a black should wield such power still discomfits a certain portion of this country, just as it has for over 200 years. and while the particular history offered in this column focuses on the problem of the color - line, its applications are much broader. a similar history could be written of restrictionist attitudes toward the country ' s latino, asian - american and native american populations. an even longer history could be written on the views of democratic societies toward women. doubtlessly, closeted gays and lesbians have served this country in powerful places and enjoyed their share of citizenship. but they did so under a shadow, mostly unable to fully display all aspects of who they were. what makes the picture of barney frank and james ready ( his spouse ) caught in a kiss so profound is that the old prejudice is now beating a fighting retreat. looking at the two conventions of our major parties, you saw two visions : one of our restrictionist past, and the other of our increasingly open present. it is tempting to attack gop leaders for fully embracing a tradition which, in a few years, even they will doubtlessly be forced to repudiate. but political parties represent actual people. our past is with us and exerts a powerful hold over our politics. this is not to let mitt romney off the hook for the random birther joke. but what is most important isn ' t the joke - - it ' s the crowd in the background, raucously laughing. ( ta - nehisi coates is a writer and senior editor for the atlantic and its website. his blog can be found at http : / / www. theatlantic. com / ta - nehisi - coates. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4539833981336477, "token_count": 434, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.890598"} {"text": "h. l. mencken ( 18801956 ). the american language. 1921. by jefferson. charles ledyard norton has devoted a whole book to their etymology and meaning ; 27 the number is far too large for a list of them to be attempted here. but a few characteristic specimens may be recalled, for example, the simple agglutinates : omnibus - bill, banner - state, favorite - son, anxious - bench, gag - rule, executive - session, mass - meeting, office - seeker and straight - ticket ; the humorous metaphors : pork - barrel, pie - counter, wire - puller, land - slide, carpet - bagger, lame - duck and on the fence ; the old words put to new uses : plank, pull, platform, machine, precinct, slate, primary, floater, repeater, bolter, stalwart, filibuster, regular and fences ; the new coinages : gerrymander, heeler, buncombe, roorback, mugwump and to bulldoze ; the new derivatives : abolitionist, candidacy, boss - rule, per - diem, to lobby and boodler ; and the almost innumerable verbs and verb - phrases : to knife, to split a ticket, to go up salt river, to bolt, to eat crow, to boodle, to divvy, to grab and to run. an english candidate never runs ; he stands. to run, according to thornton, was already used in america in 1789 ; it was universal by 1820. platform came in at the same time. machine was first applied to a political organization by aaron burr. the use of mugwump is commonly thought to have originated in the blaine campaign of 1884, but it really goes back to the 30s. anxious - bench ( or anxious - seat ) at first designated only the place occupied by the penitent at revivals, but was used in its present political sense in congress so early as 1842. banner - state appears in niles register for december 5, 1840. favorite - son appears in an ode addressed to washington on his visit to ports - mouth, n. h., in 1789, but it did not acquire its present ironical sense until it was applied to martin van buren. thornton has traced bolter to 1812, filibuster to 1863, roorback to 1844, and split - ticket to 1842. regularity was an issue in tammany hall in 1822. 28 there were primaries in new", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5445997691239703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.893229"} {"text": "? when on march 26 the supreme court hears oral arguments about whether california \u2019 s ban on same - sex marriages violates the constitutional right to \u201c equal protection of the laws, \u201d these arguments will invoke the intersection of law and social science. the court should tread cautiously, if at all, on this dark and bloody ground. the obama administration says california \u2019 s law expresses \u201c prejudice \u201d that is \u201c impermissible. \u201d but same - sex marriage is a matter about which intelligent people reasonably disagree, partly because so little is known about its consequences. when a federal judge asked the lawyer defending california \u2019 s ban what harm same - sex marriage would do to the state \u2019 s interests in \u201c the procreation purpose \u201d of heterosexual marriage, the lawyer said, \u201c i don \u2019 t know. \u201d this was mistakenly portrayed as a damaging admission. both sides should acknowledge that, so far, no one can know. a brief submitted to the u. s. supreme court concerning the california case by conservative professors leon kass and harvey mansfield and the institute for marriage and public policy warns that \u201c the social and behavioral sciences have a long history of being shaped and driven by politics and ideology. \u201d and research about, for example, the stability of same - sex marriages or child rearing by same - sex couples is \u201c radically inconclusive \u201d because these are recent phenomena and they provide a small sample from which to conclude that these innovations will be benign. unlike the physical sciences, the social sciences can rarely settle questions using \u201c controlled and replicable experiments. \u201d today \u201c there neither are nor could possibly be any scientifically valid studies from which to predict the effects of a family structure that is so new and so rare. \u201d hence there can be no \u201c scientific basis for constitutionalizing same - sex marriage. \u201d the brief does not argue against same - sex marriage as social policy, other than by counseling caution about altering foundational social institutions when guidance from social science is as yet impossible. the brief is a pre - emptive refutation of inappropriate invocations of spurious social science by supporters of same - sex marriage. for example, a district court cited dr. michael lamb, a specialist in child development, asserting that the \u201c gender of a child \u2019 s parent is not a factor in a child \u2019 s adjustment \u201d and that \u201c having both a male and female parent does not increase the likelihood that a child will be well - adjusted. \u201d the conservatives \u2019 brief notes that, testifying in the trial court, lamb \u201c had conceded that his own", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5239368685090917, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.897539"} {"text": "\u2019 s adjustment \u201d and that \u201c having both a male and female parent does not increase the likelihood that a child will be well - adjusted. \u201d the conservatives \u2019 brief notes that, testifying in the trial court, lamb \u201c had conceded that his own published research concluded that growing up without fathers had significant negative effects on boys \u201d and that considerable research indicates \u201c that traditional opposite - sex biological parents appear in general to produce better outcomes for their children than other family structures do. \u201d the brief is replete with examples of misleading argumentation using data not drawn from studies satisfying \u201c the scientific standard of comparing large random samples with appropriate control samples. \u201d the late sen. daniel patrick moynihan, a distinguished social scientist, said the \u201c pronounced \u201d liberal orientation of the social sciences is \u201c well established \u201d and explainable : \u201c social scientists are frequently caught up in the politics which their work necessarily involves \u201d because social science \u201c attracts persons whose interests are in shaping the future. \u201d this helps explain why \u201c brandeis briefs \u201d have shaped american law. before joining the supreme court, louis brandeis defended constitutional challenges to progressive legislation by using briefs stressing social science data, or what purported to be such, rather than legal arguments. he advanced his political agenda by bald assertions inexcusable even given the limited scientific knowledge of the time. for example, in his 1908 defense of an oregon law restricting the number of hours women could work, he said \u201c there is more water \u201d in women \u2019 s than in men \u2019 s blood and women \u2019 s knees are constructed differently. since moynihan wrote the above in 1979, the politicization of the social sciences has become even more pronounced, particularly in matters of \u201c lifestyle liberalism. \u201d hence the need for judicial wariness about social science that purports to prove propositions - - e. g., that same - sex marriage is, or is not, harmful to children or society - - for which there cannot yet be decisive evidence. if california \u2019 s law is judged by legal reasoning, rather than by social science ostensibly proving that the state has no compelling interest served by banning same - sex marriage, the law may still be overturned on equal protection grounds. but such a victory for gay rights, grounded on constitutional values, and hence cast in the vocabulary of natural rights philosophy, would at least be more stable than one resting uneasily on the shiftable sand of premature social science conclusions. george will \u2019 s email address is firstname. lastname @ example. org. washington post", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.518983393254498, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.898572"} {"text": "changing times in nativity art : images throughout history carry social and political messages as well as spiritual onesdec. 20, 2011 follow us on twitter : @ baylorumediacom jesus ' mother mary - - exhausted by childbirth and the trip to bethlehem - - lies asleep in the hay. next to her, joseph tenderly holds the newborn son he hadn ' t counted on when he got engaged. it ' s not a conventional illustration of the nativity. that image, in a greeting card reproduction of art by roger loveless, would have startled christians in earlier times. but that portrayal and other more recent ones, showing mary and jesus minus halos, the wise men in simple attire, and angels and the star of bethlehem absent from the scene, demonstrate how the story of a savior ' s birth has been captured in differing ways by artists across time, say art historians at baylor university. in today ' s techno - times, some people even photoshop themselves into the nativity for christmas cards. the message of hope and salvation is consistent, but \" paintings of the nativity, as well as most christian art forms, tend to reflect the cultural backdrop of the artists and the anticipated receptivity of the community, \" said swee hong lim, ph. d., a baylor university assistant professor of church music, who has researched christian iconography and is co - moderator of the worship committee of the 10th general assembly of the world council of churches. \" art history offers glimpses to the socio - cultural world of the time when the work of art is created. such paintings are also influenced by the theological outlook of that time. context is important, \" lim said. in the first 300 years of christianity, the inscriptions and paintings on walls of catacombs focused primarily on the easter story, lim said. \" nativity scenes only caught on after christianity was adopted by the romans and the pagan festival of the birth of the sun, after the winter solstice, was replaced with the christian festival of christmas - - birth of the son, \" lim said. art of the nativity carried a spiritual message, but it often had social and political implications as well, according to baylor university authors in an article about christmas and the epiphany in art, published in the current issue of christian reflection : a series in faith and ethics. for example, while shepherds and wise men are vital to the christmas story, shepherds - - often viewed in bible times as despicable and potentially violent - - played a minor role in art for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43374691393866416, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.904706"} {"text": "reflection : a series in faith and ethics. for example, while shepherds and wise men are vital to the christmas story, shepherds - - often viewed in bible times as despicable and potentially violent - - played a minor role in art for centuries, wrote heidi hornik, ph. d., a baylor professor of italian renaissance and baroque art history at baylor, and mikeal parsons, ph. d., the kidd l. and buna hitchcock macon chair in religion at baylor. both teach in the college of arts & sciences. when shepherds did appear in art, it was often to contrast or complement the magi ' s role, they wrote. traditional focus is on jesus and mary, with joseph off to one side. that makes loveless ' illustration of interest. but it is not the first time joseph has been featured prominently. italian renaissance artist domenico ghirlandaio placed joseph - - portrayed as an old man with gray hair - - in the exact center of the painting, hornik and parsons wrote. while a huge star of bethlehem lights up the sky in many nativity works of art, some modern artists, among them david lindsley and jon mcnaughton, have illuminated simple, intimate scenes with candles or lanterns held by joseph or one of the visitors to the infant jesus. one christian couple in washington shared their christmas card online, emulating a scenario by artist lindsley. they draped blankets on their heads and photoshopped themselves and their baby into the places of mary, joseph and jesus, adding their two cats sporting angel wings. while some might be puzzled or put off by digitally becoming part of the nativity scene, the idea is not unlike wearing a cross on a chain, lim said. \" these are symbolic acts of differentiating themselves from others or associating themselves with an action that gives them deep personal meaning, \" he said. \" it asserts the strong personal value they place on their faith. \" baylor university is a private christian university and a nationally ranked research institution, classified as such with \" high research activity \" by the carnegie foundation for the advancement of teaching. the university provides a vibrant campus community for approximately 15, 000 students by blending interdisciplinary research with an international reputation for educational excellence and a faculty commitment to teaching and scholarship. chartered in 1845 by the republic of texas through the efforts of baptist pioneers, baylor is the oldest continually operating university in texas. located in waco, baylor welcomes students from all 50 states and more than 80 countries to study a range of degrees among", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4666941002937227, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.905651"} {"text": "by katie hacker sponsored by : beadalon\u00ae crimping is a jewelry making basic. in this beading lesson, we \u2019 ll cover all of the tools, materials and techniques you \u2019 ll need to make a perfect crimp every time. crimp beads are round like seed beads, while crimp tubes are cylindrical. crimp beads are great for illusion designs or other projects where the crimp needs to be as small and unnoticeable as possible. crimp tubes make more surface contact with the wire, so they \u2019 re great for attaching a clasp or making a continuous necklace. crimp beads and tubes come in different sizes, which you choose based on the diameter of the wire you \u2019 re using and the number of times the wire must pass through the crimp. refer to the packaging for direction. they also come in a variety of metallic finishes. crimp covers are c - shaped beads that fit over crimp beads and crimp tubes to give your designs a more finished look. there are different tools for use with the different sizes of crimps. most people start with a standard crimping tool and then acquire the other tools as they get more serious about using crimps in their designs. the micro crimper secures beadalon # 1 crimp tubes and sizes # 0 and # 1 crimp beads. the jaw grooves are comparably smaller to make a dependable closure on smaller crimp findings. the standard crimper works with the mid - range crimp beads and tubes, like beadalon # 1 and # 2 crimp beads or # 2 crimp tubes. the pocket crimper has the same size jaws as the standard crimper with short, pocket - sized handles. the dual crimper incorporates two medium crimping cavities to fit all of the crimp tubes and beads within the medium range. each cavity is slightly larger ( or smaller ) than the other to give the user the ability to tighten the crimp properly. use the mighty crimper to secure larger beadalon # 3 crimp beads or # 3, # 4 crimp tubes. you can also use it to close crimp covers. place a crimp bead or tube onto the beading wire. use the outer jaws to form an oval shape, then move the crimp to the inner jaws. squeeze hard to make a crease in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47970515720454465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.907818"} {"text": "dependent personality disorderen espanol ( spanish version ) dependent personality disorder is characterized by dependent and submissive behavior, often with the person deferring the majority if not all decision - making to someone else. people with this type of personality disorder are not aware that their thoughts and behaviors are inappropriate. it is not clear what causes personality disorders, but it is likely a combination of genetic ( inherited ) factors and a person ' s environment. the central nervous system \u00a9 2008 nucleus medical art, inc. a risk factor is something that increases your chance of acquiring a disease or condition. the following factors are thought to increase the risk of dependent personality disorder : symptoms of dependent personality disorder may include : - irrational fear - relying on others for decision - making, reassurance, and advice - excessive sensitivity to criticism - a strong fear of rejection you will likely be referred to a psychiatrist or other mental health professional who will ask you about your symptoms and mental and medical health history. a diagnosis will be made after a complete psychiatric assessment that rules out other disorders such as avoidant personality disorder, agoraphobia, and major depression. talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan for you. treatment options include : counseling may be beneficial for people with dependent personality disorder. counseling sessions focus on learning how to manage your anxiety and be more assertive. in some cases, medications, such as tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, or alprazolam, may help manage symptoms. for most patients, medications only provide a minimal amount of symptom relief. other treatments, such as group therapy and social skills training, can help you manage symptoms. mental health america national institute of mental health canadian mental health association canadian psychiatric association dependent personality disorder. ebsco dynamed website. available at : http : / / www. ebscohost. com / dynamed / what. php. accessed june 25, 2007. personality disorders. mental health america website. available at : http : / / www. nmha. org / index. cfm? objectid = c7df8e96 - 1372 - 4d20 - c87d9cd4fb6be82f. accessed june 25, 2007. last reviewed april 2008 by theodor b. rais, md please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. it is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. call your healthcare provider immediately if you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4759236425480311, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.911213"} {"text": "i try to see the alvin ailey dance theater - - under the artistic direction of dancer par excellent judith jamison - - whenever they are in town. i happen to love this troupe that has performed for an estimated 23 million people in 71 countries on six continents. i totally relate to the dances and to the music that happens to be rooted in the unique african - american experience. i also love that while creating his dances, the late great formally trained founder, mr. ailey called forth his memories of the american south. he summoned the universal human experience so aptly expressed in the blues, gospel music, and negro spirituals. doing so caused him to create unbelievable works, one of which is his critically acclaimed and most popular, entitled revelations. now don ' t get me wrong. the company performs ballet and other dance genres. they also strive to preserve the wholly american modern dance heritage. therefore, knowing this, while watching the performers, whose ethnicities widely vary, i felt powerfully moved, and stirred, and i began to think about the origins of african dance. thus, there are a few things i ' d like to share. african dance has played a most vital role in the lives of tribal people since their earliest existence. dance was used in many ways in everyday life. it was significant in religious rituals ; it was used to request success from the supernatural, to deter danger, to express emotion, and to celebrate life \u2019 s milestones. i am aware that other ethnicities use dance in similar manners. however african dancers do what some others do not. they use their body \u2019 s different centers to create complex movements ; whereas in parts of the world others dance by simply using the body as a whole. i love the isolation that african dance employs, causing different areas of the body to rhythmically move while creating a breathtaking whole. i love the mood, set by the drum, the beat - - the actual steady heartbeat of the dance. the drum and the beat were carried to the ' new world ' when the enslavement of africans began, in the 15 and 1600 ' s. in portugal, spain, the caribbean, and in the americas, dance and the drumbeat were used to keep alive the african ' s cultural connection with his and her homeland. however, in north america this became prohibited. yet despite the often times degrading harshness of their new existence, the african found a way to allow his and her spirit to occasionally soar, through beautiful transcendent dance. they did so by allowing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47684086237992485, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.913822"} {"text": "statistics show that the average american watches about 28 hours of television every week. add to that hours spent using electronic devices and a good portion of time is gone. television and electronics can stimulate conversation, can entertain us, and can even educate us ; however, a lot of evidence indicates turning off these devices can lead to good health. about 50 per cent of americans admit to watching too much tv. no one knows whether the other 50 per cent are being active, are unwilling to admit they are couch potatoes or if they are simply in denial. what we do know is that for year \u2019 s studies have associated sedentary behavior like watching tv to weight problems. according to harvard school of public health too much time in front of the tv can destroy diets and ultimately your good health. related reading : give your own massage for pain relief very few of us can say that we have not enjoyed a little television and snack at the same time, but for some people excessive tv watching and munching always go hand - in - hand. studies show that watching the tube can be linked to increased calorie intake and poor diets. a lot of advertising on television is focused on low nutrient, high calorie foods. the institute of medicine has said that marketing practices in the food and beverage industry are putting the long - term health of children at risk. according to the national heart blood and lung institute children who have televisions in their bedrooms tend to watch up to 1. 5 hours more tv each day than those who don \u2019 t. in recent months more scientific evidence has pointed to how sitting still can start to chip away at your good health. an analysis published in the journal of american medical association states that data collected from 8 studies shows every additional two hours people sit still watching television or staring at a computer, their risk of developing type 2 diabetes increases by 20 per cent, and their risk of heart disease increases by 15 per cent. furthermore, research suggests that sitting for long periods of time may cause changes in a person \u2019 s metabolism that could lead to high cholesterol and ultimately weight gain. here are some suggestions for television watchers who want to maintain good health. \u2022 no tv \u2019 s in bedrooms \u2022 keep a log of tv time \u2022 do stretches, leg lifts, jumping jacks or yoga during commercials \u2022 turn tv \u2019 s off during meal time \u2022 don \u2019 t use tv time as a reward or punishment \u2022 if you have to snack, make it fresh fruits and vegetables diets and sedentary behavior aren \u2019 t the only issues", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43393757016312773, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.923880"} {"text": "yoga during commercials \u2022 turn tv \u2019 s off during meal time \u2022 don \u2019 t use tv time as a reward or punishment \u2022 if you have to snack, make it fresh fruits and vegetables diets and sedentary behavior aren \u2019 t the only issues to consider. there are studies that suggest watching television can have a negative impact on learning abilities. one report in the archives of pediatrics and adolescent medicine demonstrated a potential link between very young children watching television and low cognitive outcomes. pediatricians recommend no television watching for children under 3 and high quality, age - appropriate programming for kids 3 and older. a 20 - year - study conducted in new york state concluded that teenagers who watch several hours of television per day do much worse at school. the research shows they have attention problems and are less likely to continue past high school. the authors of the study did admit however, that the learning disorder is not clear ; that the teenagers could be watching more television to pass the time because they find textbooks too difficult to read and understand. while the debate over whether or not television is good exercise for the brain continues, most medical experts will agree that tv watching, as well as sitting around using computers and other electronics for several hours each day can be unhealthy in the long term. doctors suggest that we can still enjoy our favorite television programs, ( in moderation ) but don \u2019 t forget about diets and exercise.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44632327123331705, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.925426"} {"text": "your heart \u2019 s sinus node sends an electrical impulse to make your heart beat. you may need to have an artificial pacemaker fitted if : - you have a particular type of heart block - a delay in the electrical conduction through the heart that can make the heart beat too slowly - your heart beats too fast, which is not effectively controlled by medication - you have heart failure, which may cause your heart to pump out of synch. having a pacemaker can greatly improve your quality of life and for some people it can be life saving. most pacemakers are very reliable and comfortable. they ' re smaller than an average matchbox and weigh about 20 to 50 grams. a pacemaker sits just under your collar bone and will have one or more leads which are placed into your heart through a vein. pacemakers used to be much bigger, you can read how we helped change that in our heart health a pacemaker has a pulse generator - a battery powered electronic circuit - and one or more electrode leads : - pacemakers with one lead are called single chamber - pacemakers with with two leads are called dual chamber - pacemakers with three leads are called biventricular your doctor will discuss which is the most suitable type of pacemaker for you and this will depend on the reasons why you need to have one. how do they work? the job of a pacemaker is to artificially take over the role of your heart ' s natural pacemaker, the sinus node. electrical impulses are sent by the pacemaker to stimulate your heart to contract and produce a heartbeat. most pacemakers work just when they \u2019 re needed - on demand. some pacemakers send out impulses all of the time - this is called fixed pacemakers do not give your heart an electrical shock. how are pacemakers fitted? pacemakers are fitted under a local anaesthetic with sedation, so you \u2019 ll feel very sleepy. after the pacemaker is fitted, you \u2019 ll usually stay overnight in hospital and your pacemaker will be checked thoroughly before you leave. serious complications from pacemakers are very unusual. how quickly will i recover? it \u2019 s normal to feel tired for a few days afterwards, but most people find that they are able to get back to their normal lifestyle fairly quickly. you \u2019 re not allowed to drive a car for at least a week after your pacemaker is fitted. who can i talk to? it \u2019 s important that you and your family understand why you \u2019 re having a pacemaker fitted and what the operation involves.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47759412530328155, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.928980"} {"text": "uses sound waves to make images of the heart. in transesophageal echocardiography, the ultrasound probe is passed down the throat the esophagus. the esophagus is the tube that goes from the throat to the stomach. the esophagus sits very close to the heart. this method allows for clearer images of the heart than other methods. reasons for procedure this test is done to look for problems of the heart, including : - enlarged heart - thickening of the heart walls - heart valve malfunction - blood clots - other conditions abnormal heart walls copyright \u00a9 nucleus medical media, inc. what to expect prior to procedure - avoid alcohol for several days before the procedure. alcohol may interfere with the type of sedative used. - do not eat or drink for 4 - 8 hours before the procedure. - arrange to have someone give you a ride home after the procedure. you will be given a mild sedative through an iv. you will be sleepy throughout the procedure. a topical anesthetic may also be applied to the back of the throat. this will numb the throat. description of the procedure you will be asked to lie on your side in a hospital gown. the ultrasound probe will be slid down your throat and into the esophagus until it is near the heart. the device will create active images of the heart. when the imaging is done, the probe will be taken out. how long will it take? will it hurt? there may be some mild discomfort during the procedure. most patients sleep through the procedure and remember very little of it. your throat may be sore for a few days. you will need a ride home from the procedure. do not eat or drink until the numbness in your throat wears off. this will keep you from inhaling food or drink into the lungs. be sure to follow your doctor \u2019 s instructions. talk to your doctor about the results of the test. call your doctor call your doctor if any of the following occurs : - sore throat does not subside or worsens - pain in the throat or chest develops - difficulty breathing if you think you have an emergency, call for medical help right away.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4980978338086815, "token_count": 444, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.931248"} {"text": "why an indoor bunny? by dana m. krempels, ph. d. every year, thousands of \" easter bunnies \" are taken home, played with for a few hours and then dumped in a hutch to be forgotten for most of the rest of their lives. not all hutch bunnies get proper care, and many of those \" easter bunnies \" die before they reach the age of one year. here are some ways you can avoid the health problems so often seen in bunnies forced to live outdoors in florida or other areas where summer temperatures are very high. size of the cage a rabbit needs at least four hours per day of running time inside the house or in a fenced yard, supervised by a human to prevent attack by predators. our house rabbits are often never caged, but if you find it necessary to keep your rabbit confined while you are away, then be sure the cage is at least 3 ' x 4 ' on the floor dimensions, and at least 2 ' high, so the rabbit can comfortably stand on her haunches to look around. large breeds ( more than 6 lbs. ) need an even larger hutch to be comfortable and healthy. dealing with the heat here in miami where the summer weather often means 95 + ( farenheit ) and 95 % + humidity, rabbits in outdoor hutches die in droves. the domestic rabbit is the same species as the european rabbit ; it is not related to our wild rabbits. domestic rabbits are not physiologically equipped to handle temperatures any higher than about 78 degrees farenheit. when it gets hotter than that, the bunny * must * be brought indoors where there is air conditioning. placing a fan near the bunny will not help. since rabbits cannot sweat, they cannot benefit from the evaporation cooling that humans enjoy when the wind blows on their sweat. if the rabbit absolutely * cannot * come indoors, you must place the hutch in a very shaded area where the sun * never * shines directly on the bunny. even a half hour in the direct florida sun can be fatal. when the temperature rises above 78 degrees farenheit, place a plastic milk jug filled with frozen water ( keep a few of these in the freezer and rotate them into the cage ) in the hutch so that the bunny can rest against it to keep cool, and also be able to get away from it if he feels cool enough. the danger of predators most people don ' t realize that there is * no such thing * as a hutch that is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44386576353128365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.936817"} {"text": "that the bunny can rest against it to keep cool, and also be able to get away from it if he feels cool enough. the danger of predators most people don ' t realize that there is * no such thing * as a hutch that is safe from predators. no matter how sturdy the cage may be, a tenacious raccoon can grab an exposed toe and proceed to chew off a foot or leg of the rabbit trapped inside. sometimes, even the * sight * of a predator can stress a rabbit so badly that she dies of a heart attack, since she knows she has no where to run or escape. it is thus vitally important to keep the bunny indoors, safe from predators, * especially at night * when most predators are active. general health and psychological well - being the sad truth is that rabbits living outdoors simply can ' t be constantly monitored for the small changes in behavior that can signal health problems. being prey items, rabbits tend to hide their symptoms until they are very sick, indeed. if they live indoors with you, you can monitor them very well, and because you become familiar with their behavior patterns, you will notice if they are the slightest bit \" off. \" even not eating for one day or hunching quietly in an unusual resting place can signify that something is terribly wrong with your rabbit. if this happens, do not wait for the condition to get worse. if a rabbit does not eat for 24 hours, it should be considered an emergency, and you should get her to your rabbit - experienced veterinarian immediately. we receive far too many messages from people who write to ask why they found their hutch bunny dead, for no apparent reason. they want to know what happened, and how they can prevent this in the future. unfortunately, if the bunny was living alone in an outdoor hutch, the owner usually has no idea of what symptoms of illness the bunny was showing prior to death. without this information, we cannot even begin to guess at the multitude of possible causes of death. this would be far less likely to happen if the bunny were living indoors with the family. the signs of illness could be detected before the problem became an emergency. leaving a bunny alone in a hutch ( or even inside ) is not necessarily cruel in the sense that a hutch bunny is in physical discomfort. however, having lived with rabbits indoors for over 15 years now, i can say with certainty that most of them crave social interaction and affection from their humans. they are, by nature, very social", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4618388634470162, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.937806"} {"text": "january 16 is the 16th day of the year in the gregorian calendar. there are 349 days remaining ( 350 in leap years ). - 27 bc - octavian caesar given the title augustus by the roman senate. - 929 - emir abd - ar - rahman iii of cordoba declares himself caliph, thereby establishing the caliphate of cordoba. - 1362 - a great storm tide in the north sea destroys the german island of strand and the city of rungholt. - 1412 - medici family made official bankers of the papacy. - 1456 - painter filippo lippi elopes with lucrezia buti, a young nun from the convent of saint margherita. - 1492 - the first grammar of a modern language, in spanish, is presented to queen isabella. - 1547 - ivan the terrible becomes tsar of russia. - 1556 - philip ii becomes king of spain. - 1572 - the duke of norfolk is tried for treason for his part in the ridolfi plot to restore catholicism in england. - 1581 - english parliament outlaws roman catholicism. - 1605 - the first edition of el ingenioso hidalgo don quijote de la mancha ( book one of don quixote ) by miguel de cervantes was published in madrid. - 1761 - british capture pondicherry, india from the french. - 1777 - vermont declares its independence from new york. - 1780 - american revolution : battle of cape st. vincent. - 1795 - french occupy utrecht, netherlands. - 1809 - peninsular war : the british defeat the french at the battle of la coruna. - 1847 - john c. fremont is appointed governor of the new california territory. - 1883 - the pendleton civil service reform act, establishing the united states civil service, is passed. - 1900 - the united states senate accepts the anglo - german treaty of 1899 in which the united kingdom renounced its claims to the samoan islands. - 1909 - ernest shackleton ' s expedition finds the magnetic south pole. - 1917 - german foreign secretary arthur zimmermann sends the zimmermann telegram to mexico, proposing a german - mexican alliance against the united states - 1919 - temperance movement : the 18th amendment, authorizing prohibition, was passed by the congress of the united states. it went into effect one year later, on january 16th, 1920. - 1938 - benny goodman plays carnegie hall. - 1945 - adolf hitler moves into his underground bunker, the so - called fuhrerbunker. - 1956 - president gamal abdal nasser of egypt vows", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40472018340080174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.947031"} {"text": "later, on january 16th, 1920. - 1938 - benny goodman plays carnegie hall. - 1945 - adolf hitler moves into his underground bunker, the so - called fuhrerbunker. - 1956 - president gamal abdal nasser of egypt vows to reconquer palestine. - 1957 - the cavern club opens in liverpool. - 1961 - mickey mantle becomes the highest paid baseball player by signing a $ 75, 000 contract. - 1964 - the first musical version of hello, dolly! opens at new york city ' s st. james theatre. - 1966 - the metropolitan opera house opens at lincoln center in new york city. - 1969 - czech student jan palach commits suicide by self - immolation in prague, in protest against the soviets ' crushing of the prague spring the year before. - 1970 - buckminster fuller receives the gold medal award from the american institute of architects. - 1970 - curt flood files suit, stating that major league baseball had violated the american anti - trust laws. - 1977 - the marx brothers were inducted into the motion picture hall of fame. - 1979 - the shah of iran flees iran with his family and relocates to egypt. - 1986 - herbert w. armstrong, the founder of the worldwide church of god ( the church of god in philadelphia era ) died. - 1988 - sports commentator jimmy ' the greek ' snyder is fired by cbs a day after publicly stating that african americans had been bred to produce stronger offspring during slavery. - 1991 - us serial killer aileen wuornos confesses to the murders of six men. - 1992 - el salvador officials and rebel leaders sign the chapultepec peace accords in mexico city that ends a 12 - year civil war that claimed at least 75, 000. - 1997 - ennis cosby, the only son of actor bill cosby, is killed by a gunman while changing a flat tire in los angeles, california. - 1998 - nasa announces that john glenn will return to space when space shuttle discovery blasts off in october 1998. - 2000 - in sacramento, california a commercial truck carrying evaporated milk is driven into the state capitol building killing the driver. - 2001 - congolese president laurent - desire kabila is assassinated by one of his own bodyguards. - 2002 - a student shoots 6 people at the appalachian school of law. three of those shot die. - 2002 - john ashcroft announces that so - called \" american taliban \" john walker lindh would be tried in the united states. - 2002 - the un security council unanimously establishes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4269292436522041, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.947951"} {"text": "people at the appalachian school of law. three of those shot die. - 2002 - john ashcroft announces that so - called \" american taliban \" john walker lindh would be tried in the united states. - 2002 - the un security council unanimously establishes an arms embargo and the freezing of assets of osama bin laden, al - qaida, and the remaining members of the taliban. - 2003 - space shuttle columbia takes off for mission sts - 107 which will be its final one. columbia disintegrates 16 days later on re - entry. - 2004 - goatse. cx is shut down by the christmas island registry - 2005 - adriana iliescu gives birth at age 66 and becomes the oldest woman in the world to do so. - 1245 - edmund crouchback, 1st earl of lancaster ( d. 1296 ) - 1821 - john c. breckenridge, kentucky senator 1861 - 1861, confederate general ( d. 1875 ) - 1838 - franz brentano, german philosopher and psychologist ( d. 1917 ) - 1874 - robert w. service, poet ( d. 1958 ) - 1881 - sir arthur percy morris fleming, radio pioneer - 1886 - john hamilton, american actor ( d. 1958 ) - 1898 - margaret booth, film editor ( d. 2002 ) - 1901 - frank zamboni, inventor ( d. 1988 ) - 1901 - fulgencio batista, cuban leader ( d. 1973 ) - 1902 - eric liddell, scottish runner ( d. 1945 ) - 1907 - paul nitze, american government official ( d. 2004 ) - 1908 - ethel merman, american actress, singer ( d. 1984 ) - 1910 - dizzy dean, baseball hall of famer ( d. 1974 ) - 1912 - franz tumler, austrian narrator ( d. 1998 ) - 1917 - buddy lester, american actor ( d. 2002 ) - 1918 - stirling silliphant, writer, producer ( d. 1996 ) - 1921 - francesco scavullo, photographer ( d. 2004 ) - 1922 - ernesto bonino, italian singer - 1924 - katy jurado, actress ( d. 2002 ) - 1928 - william kennedy, author - 1931 - johannes rau, president of germany - 1932 - dian fossey, zoologist ( d. 1985 ) - 1934 - marilyn horne, american mezzo - soprano - 1935 - udo lattek, football coach - 1935 - a. j. foyt, automobile racer - 1943 - brian ferney", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.458097418138128, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.948763"} {"text": "fed - batch and perfusion culture are the two dominant modes of operation for mammalian - cell - culture based processes, especially for the production of glycosylated proteins required in large amounts. this article provides an economic comparison for the production of a typical glycosylated protein using the fed - batch, concentrated fed - batch ( cfb ), and concentrated perfusion ( cp ) technologies. the cfb and cp processes are based on the atf system, a platform technology developed by refine technology for biologics production. the market for protein - derived products has grown significantly in the past decade and continues to accelerate at a rapid rate. as more recombinant therapeutic proteins enter development and get through the approval phase, more efficient large - scale production of such proteins is necessary to meet the surging demand. fed - batch and perfusion culture are the two dominant modes of operation for mammalian - cell - culture based processes, especially for the production of glycosylated proteins required in large amounts. 1 challenges in the industry ( such as competitive products for the same indication or desired cost reductions ) are forcing many to explore new production options. in fed - batch culture, there is a gradual addition of a fresh volume of selected nutrients during the growth \u2013 culture cycle to improve productivity and growth. the culture is subsequently harvested and the product recovered. fed - batch culture has been an attractive choice for large - scale production due to its operational simplicity and familiarity as a carryover process from fermentation. however, fed - batch mode of operation typically also involves high start - up costs, resulting from the need for larger bioreactor plant capacity. in perfusion culture, a continuous supply of fresh media is fed into the bioreactor while growth - inhibitory by - products are constantly removed. the increasing interest in the use of perfusion culture can be attributed to the higher product output from a reduced reactor size ( hence, simplifying operation, cleaning, and sterilization ). the cell densities achieved in perfusion culture ( 30 \u2013 100 x 106 cells / ml ) are typically higher than for fed - batch modes ( 5 \u2013 25 x 106 cells / ml ). 2 the principal aspect of perfusion operation, which is different from fed - batch, is the added requirement of a cell - retention device. cell - retention systems add a level of complexity to the process, requiring management, control, and maintenance for successful operation. perfusion bioreactors can suffer operational difficulties such as malfunction or failure of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49265270611194906, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.955071"} {"text": "requirement of a cell - retention device. cell - retention systems add a level of complexity to the process, requiring management, control, and maintenance for successful operation. perfusion bioreactors can suffer operational difficulties such as malfunction or failure of the cell - separation device, which can lead to shortening of the production run, leading further, to increased operating costs. this has previously limited their attractiveness. in recent years, a platform technology has been developed for biologics production \u2014 the atf system, introduced by refine technology ( pine brook, nj ). used in the alternating tangential flow mode, it is a low shear filtration system that inhibits filter - membrane fouling. this external cell - separation system is able to maintain continuous culture for extended periods of time and offers the capability of rapid filter change without compromising the culture run. 3 the atf system allows increased volumetric productivity and reduced bioreactor size. concentrated fed - batch and concentrated perfusion are two production techniques based on the atf system, which simultaneously nourishes the culture and concentrates the product within the bioreactor. these manufacturing methods permit great increases in cell and product concentrations as compared with fed - batch and perfusion. for example, in the concentrated fed - batch production platform, one of refine technology ' s pharmaceutical clients has reported a protein product titer of 17 g / l with an unoptimized chinese hamster ovary ( cho ) cell process. 4 higher titers are expected as process optimization continues. in the concentrated fed - batch operation, ultra - high cell densities of ( 70 \u2013 200 ) x 106 cells / ml have been achieved ; similarly, extremely high cell densities in the region of ( 70 \u2013 100 ) x 106 cells / ml have been achieved in systems using the concentrated perfusion mode. the system scales on a linear basis from 1 l to greater than 1, 000 l and can be used with traditional or disposable bioreactors and with all cell types including anchorage - dependent lines. table 1 indicates the working volume sizes for each atf system in the scale - up process. the figures in the table are provided as guidelines. actual capacity and vessel size depend on process table 1. guideline working volume sizes for each atf system this article compares the economic feasibility of a typical glycosylated protein manufactured using three production techniques \u2014 fed - batch ( fb ), concentrated fed - batch ( cfb ), and concentrated perfusion ( cp ). the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49447211608129715, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.955985"} {"text": "research on the nature, diagnosis, and treatment of obesity and diabetes the purpose of this study is to determine whether the level of foxa2 expression in fat tissue is a biomarker of insulin resistance. to test this hypothesis, we will perform euglycemic - hyperinsulinemic clamps in normal and obese human subjects to calculate insulin sensitivity, and see if insulin sensitivity correlates with the foxa2 expression in subcutaneous fat. the investigators at rockefeller university hospital are engaged in research on the nature, diagnosis and treatment of obesity and diabetes. the investigators are trying to find out why insulin, a blood sugar lowering hormone that is released by the pancreas following a meal, does not work effectively in individuals with obesity or type 2 diabetes. the investigators have recently discovered a protein in fat cells of obese mice that helps fat cells to take up and break down sugar from the blood. this protein ( called foxa2 ) also prevents the generation of more fat cells. foxa2 is only present in obese mice, but absent from fat stores of lean animals. insulin can stimulate the production of foxa2 in fat cells. furthermore, the levels of foxa2 protein correlate with the degree of blood insulin levels. in this study, we are would like to determine whether foxa2 is also produced in fat cells of humans, and if its level correlates with the degree of obesity and insulin resistance. observational model : cohort, time perspective : prospective rockefeller university hospital results ( where available ) - source : http : / / clinicaltrials. gov / show / nct00229268 - information obtained from clinicaltrials. gov on july 15, 2010 medical and biotech [ mesh ] definitions a syndrome with excessively high insulin levels in the blood. it may cause hypoglycemia. etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor ( insulinoma ) ; autoantibodies against insulin ( insulin antibodies ) ; defective insulin receptor ( insulin resistance ) ; or overuse of exogenous insulin or hypoglycemic agents. diminished effectiveness of insulin in lowering blood sugar levels : requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent hyperglycemia or ketosis. it can be caused by the presence of insulin antibodies or the abnormalities in insulin receptors ( receptor, insulin ) on target cell surfaces. it is often associated with obesity ; diabetic ketoacidosis ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5188512055754849, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.960953"} {"text": "hyperglycemia or ketosis. it can be caused by the presence of insulin antibodies or the abnormalities in insulin receptors ( receptor, insulin ) on target cell surfaces. it is often associated with obesity ; diabetic ketoacidosis ; infection ; and certain rare conditions. ( from stedman, 25th ed ) thiazoles with two keto oxygens. members are insulin - sensitizing agents which overcome insulin resistance by activation of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma ( ppar - gamma ). rare autosomal recessive syndrome of extreme insulin resistance due to mutations in the binding domain of insulin receptor. clinical features include severe intrauterine and postnatal growth restriction, characteristic dysmorphic facies ; hirsutism ; virilization ; multiple endocrine abnormalities, and early death. diabetes mellitus induced by pregnancy but resolved at the end of pregnancy. it does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant ( pregnancy in diabetics ). gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to insulin resistance ; glucose intolerance ; and hyperglycemia. a prospective double - blinded, placebo controlled, randomized trial comparing a single dose of vitamin d ( colecalciferol ) 300. 00ui to placebo on patients with insulin resistance. primary ou... the literature suggests that there may be an association between hepatitis c and type 2 diabetes mellitus independent of the presence of cirrhosis, the likely mechanism for which is insuli... patients with type 2 diabetes and severe insulin resistance with very large insulin requirements who have failed all previous insulin regimens using nonconcentrated forms of insulin ( u100... this research is to investigate the nutritional supplement chromium picolinate. a large number of people use chromium picolinate from health food stores to improve the function of the hor... we believe that diet induced obesity leads to activation of the ikk / nf - kb inflamatory pathway and that chronic inflammation leads to insulin resistance and diabetes. in rodents, salicylate... insufficient insulin secretion and insulin resistance are hallmarks of diabetes. recent studies indicate that insulin plays an important role in maintaining the glomerular filtration barrier. mima et... the main goal of this review is to provide more specific targets for prevention and treatment of insulin resistance and associated atherosclerosis. modern technologies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4869828799964611, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.961876"} {"text": "the amino - acid sequence ( or primary structure ) of a protein predisposes it towards its native conformation or conformations. it will fold spontaneously during or after synthesis. while these macromolecules may be regarded as \" folding themselves \", the mechanism depends equally on the characteristics of the cytosol, including the nature of the primary solvent ( water or lipid ), macromolecular crowding, the concentration of salts, the temperature, and molecular chaperones. subscribe in a reader most folded proteins have a hydrophobic core in which side chain packing stabilizes the folded state, and charged or polar side chains on the solvent - exposed surface where they interact with surrounding water molecules. it is generally accepted that minimizing the number of hydrophobic side - chains exposed to water is the principal driving force behind the folding process, although a recent theory has been proposed which reassesses the contributions made by hydrogen bonding the strengths of hydrogen bonds in a protein vary, i. e. they are dependent on their microenvironment, thus h - bonds enveloped in a hydrophobic core contribute more than h - bonds exposed to the aqueous environment to the stability of the native state. the process of folding in vivo often begins co - translationally, so that the n - terminus of the protein begins to fold while the c - terminal portion of the protein is still being synthesized by the ribosome. specialized proteins called chaperones assist in the folding of other proteins. a well studied example is the bacterial groel system, which assists in the folding of globular proteins. in eukaryotic organisms chaperones are known as heat shock proteins. although most globular proteins are able to assume their native state unassisted, chaperone - assisted folding is often necessary in the crowded intracellular environment to prevent aggregation ; chaperones are also used to prevent misfolding and aggregation which may occur as a consequence of exposure to heat or other changes in the cellular environment.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5771982396023981, "token_count": 410, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.963867"} {"text": "so last time, tetra was being enlightened by mc - kun about definitions. this actually arises from mc - kun using prime numbers as a motivating example. primes are megas important in mathematics and even more important today. the entire branch of mathematics called number theory is all about studying the properties of prime numbers. they \u2019 re so useful that we \u2019 ve done stuff like extend the notion of prime elements to algebraic structures called rings or apply analytic techniques to learn more about them, but we \u2019 ll stick with elementary number theory for now. now, for hundreds of years, we \u2019 d been studying number theory only because it \u2019 s cool and mathematicians love prime numbers. last time, i mentioned some examples of math preceding useful applications. well, number theory is a really good example of that, because in the 70s, we found a use for it, which is its main use today, in cryptography. there have been some new techniques using some algebra as well, but for the most part, modern cryptography relies on the hardness of factoring primes. neat! okay, so we \u2019 re back to the original question that mc - kun tries to get tetra to answer, which is, what is a prime number? definition. an integer $ p $ is prime if and only if $ p \\ geq 2 $ and the only positive divisors of $ p $ are 1 and itself. mc - kun explains that the motivation for excluding 1 from the definition of a prime number is because we want to be able to say that we can write every number as a unique product of prime numbers. this is very useful, because now we know we can break down every number like this and we can tell them apart because they \u2019 re guaranteed to have a unique representation. this is called unique prime factorization. theorem. let $ a > 0 $ be an integer. then we can write $ a = p _ 1p _ 2 \\ cdots p _ k $ for some primes $ p _ 1, \\ dots, p _ k $. this representation is unique up to changing the order of terms. we can show this by induction on $ a $. we \u2019 ve got $ a = 2 $ so that \u2019 s pretty obvious. so let \u2019 s say that every integer $ k \\ lt a $ can be decomposed like this and suppose we can \u2019 t decompose $ a $ into prime numbers, assuming $ a $ itself isn \u2019 t already a prime since it would just be its own", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6272333426176913, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.970838"} {"text": "that every integer $ k \\ lt a $ can be decomposed like this and suppose we can \u2019 t decompose $ a $ into prime numbers, assuming $ a $ itself isn \u2019 t already a prime since it would just be its own prime decomposition. then we can factor $ a = cd $ for some integers $ c $ and $ d $. but both $ c $ and $ d $ are less than $ a $, which means they can be written as a product of primes, so we just split them up into their primes and multiply them all together to get $ a $. tada. as a sort of side note, i mentioned before that primes are so useful that we wanted to be able to extend the idea of prime elements into rings. well, it turns out for certain rings, it isn \u2019 t necessarily true that numbers will always have a unique representation when decomposed into primes. this is something that comes up in algebraic number theory, which is named so because it involves algebraic structures and techniques. this was invented while we were trying to figure out if fermat \u2019 s last theorem was actually true ( which needed this and other fun mathematical inventions from the last century that implies that fermat was full of shit when he said he had a proof ). so at the end of the chapter, after tetra gets her chair kicked over by the megane math girl, we \u2019 re treated to a note that acts as a sort of coda to the chapter that mentions that there are infinitely many primes. how do we know this? suppose that there are only finitely many primes. then we can just list all of the prime numbers, like on wikipedia or something. so we \u2019 ve got our list of primes $ p _ 1, p _ 2, \\ dots, p _ k $. so let \u2019 s make a number like $ n = 1 + p _ 1 \\ cdots p _ k $. well, that number is just a regular old number, so we can break it down into its prime factors. we already know all the primes, so it has to be divisible by one of them, let \u2019 s say $ p _ i $. now we want to consider the greatest common divisor of the two numbers, which is just the largest number that divides both of them. we \u2019 ll denote this by $ \\ gcd ( a, b ) $. so since $ p _ i $ is a factor of $", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5178006316762479, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.972624"} {"text": "common divisor of the two numbers, which is just the largest number that divides both of them. we \u2019 ll denote this by $ \\ gcd ( a, b ) $. so since $ p _ i $ is a factor of $ n $, we \u2019 ve got $ \\ gcd ( n, p _ i ) = p _ i $. but then that gives us $ p _ i = \\ gcd ( n, p _ i ) = \\ gcd ( p _ i, 1 ) = 1 $ by a lemma that says that for $ a = qb + r $, we have $ \\ gcd ( a, b ) = \\ gcd ( b, r ) $. this means that we have $ p _ i = 1 $, which is a contradiction, since 1 isn \u2019 t a prime number, and so i guess there are actually infinitely many primes. so the nice thing is that we won \u2019 t run out of prime numbers anytime soon, which is very useful because as we get more and more computing power, we \u2019 ll have to increase the size of the keys we use in our cryptosystems. luckily, because factoring is so hard, we don \u2019 t need to increase that size very much before we \u2019 re safe for a while. or at least until we develop practical quantum computers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.615281217662784, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.973085"} {"text": "table of contents there are times when a generic ( in the sense of general as opposed to template - based programming ) type is needed : variables that are truly variable, accommodating values of many other more specific types rather than c + + ' s normal strict and static types. we can distinguish three basic kinds of generic type : converting types that can hold one of a number of possible value types, e. g. int and string, and freely convert between them, for instance interpreting 5 as \" 5 \" or vice - versa. such types are common in scripting and other interpreted languages. boost : : lexical _ cast supports such conversion functionality. discriminated types that contain values of different types but do not attempt conversion between them, i. e. 5 is held strictly as an int and is not implicitly convertible either to \" 5 \" or to 5. 0. their indifference to interpretation but awareness of type effectively makes them safe, generic containers of single values, with no scope for surprises from ambiguous conversions. indiscriminate types that can refer to anything but are oblivious to the actual underlying type, entrusting all forms of access and interpretation to the programmer. this niche is dominated by void *, which offers plenty of scope for surprising, undefined behavior. the boost : : any class ( based on the class of the same name described in \" valued conversions \" by kevlin henney, c + + report 12 ( 7 ), july / august 2000 ) is a variant value type based on the second category. it supports copying of any value type and safe checked extraction of that value strictly against its type. a similar design, offering more appropriate operators, can be used for a generalized function adaptor, any _ function, a generalized iterator adaptor, any _ iterator, and other object types that need uniform runtime treatment but support only compile - time template parameter conformance. | last revised : march 15, 2003 at 23 : 12 : 35 gmt |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5294866245247141, "token_count": 407, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.977020"} {"text": "bri news archive a feature article that compiles the scientific evidence for why bird conservation is so critical to humanity. bri ' s adirondack loon study is quoted under the section \" winged sentinels. \" still endangered in maine, the species is recovering from devastating effects of ddt in the 1960s. by north cairn bri research is featured in the march issue of discover magazine. scientists are only beginning to understand the impacts of mercury contamination on birds, fish, and other wildlife populations. but what they are finding is alarming \u2014 even low levels can cause harm, and chronic exposure has unexpected and troubling effects. by rebecca kessler david evers speaks to steve curwood, host of npr ' s living on earth, about bri ' s new report that describes hotspots of unsafe mercury levels around the world. negotiators seek to finalize mercury treaty as groups warn about cost of inaction by : international environment reporter mercury poisoning is a growing global menace we have to address progressive radio network 84 % of fish have mercury contamination, new study finds ; united nations seeks treaty to reduce mercury poisoning mercury poisoning is a growing global menace we have to address by : robert f kennedy jr and marc a yaggi study by researchers in gorham warns of mercury in fish maine public broadcasting network nearly a year ago, i interviewed david evers, the executive director of maine \u2019 s biodiversity research institute, on the revelation that insect - eating inland songbirds can accumulate mercury at dangerous levels every bit as much as fish - eating river and coastal birds. he called the findings a \u201c game - changing paradigm shift \u201d for understanding mercury \u2019 s pernicious presence. a new scientific report finds that humans and marine ecosystems around the world are contaminated with mercury and that mercury levels in humans and fish regularly exceed health advisory guidelines. the report, a collaboration between ipen and biodiversity research institute ( bri ), highlights the urgent need for an overall reduction in mercury emissions when government delegates convene next week in geneva in their final negotiating session to establish an international mercury treaty \u2013 the first global treaty on the environment in more than a decade by the united nations environment programme. biodiversity research institute announced that the institute has endorsed a technical - scientific cooperation agreement on the issue of mercury with mexico \u2019 s major federal environmental agency, the national institute of ecology and climate change ( inecc ). the agreement allows the maine wildlife research group to conduct scientific research in mexico in full cooperation with that country \u2019 s federal government. toronto \u2013 the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45486285460613496, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.992572"} {"text": "mexico \u2019 s major federal environmental agency, the national institute of ecology and climate change ( inecc ). the agreement allows the maine wildlife research group to conduct scientific research in mexico in full cooperation with that country \u2019 s federal government. toronto \u2013 the current health benchmarks for mercury levels in fish are outdated and inadequate and should be strengthened worldwide, according to two international reports released on tuesday. scientists say that consuming fish may be more hazardous to your health than you think, according to new reports published this week. new reports released today find that mercury is widespread in fish, and that mercury exposure can be dangerous to human health at lower levels than previously thought. maine things considered host tom porter spoke with dr. david evers, the executive director and chief scientist of the biodiversity research institute, in gorham, maine, which released the latest data. a report to be released tuesday by the biodiversity research institute in gorham evaluates the amount of mercury in fish species around the world and suggests that levels of the toxin previously deemed safe are probably not. biodiversity research institute invites you to a global webinar on new findings on mercury exposure and contamination on december 4, 2012, the zero mercury working group, in cooperation with scientists from biodiversity research institute ( bri ) and other prominent scientists, is organizing a global webinar to release new findings that demonstrate extensive mercury contamination of seafood and to summarize recent studies that show health effects from methylmercury occurring below the level that was considered \u201c safe \u201d just a few years ago. scientists will highlight new research and explain why current government \u201c safety limits \u201d should be strengthened worldwide. the report will be released accompanied by a press release on december 4. this comes ahead of the final round of united nations negotiations, scheduled in january 2013, for a global mercury treaty. click here for more information : http : / / www. briloon. org / uploads / bri / index / finalzmwg _ media _ % 20advisory. pdf if you have questions please contact deborah mckew at 207 - 839 - 7600 x222 the maine medical center research institute vector - borne disease lab ( mmc ) announces that it has received funding support from the maine outdoor heritage fund to conduct surveillance for eastern equine encephalitis virus ( eeev ) in maine \u2019 s songbirds in 2013. this funding was awarded following a collaborative pilot study in 2012 between mmc and the biodiversity research institute ( bri ), which found 7. 4 %", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4719058305953352, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.993756"} {"text": "trouble for long - distance migrators like willets, says dave evers of the biodiversity research institute. he ' s been researching the effects of mercury on wildlife for years and first discovered the problem of wing asymmetry in loons. more recently, he ' s documented mercury ' s impact on insect - eating songbirds. read the full story here. albany, ny \u2013 an extensive study of new york \u2019 s adirondack loon population has revealed that mercury contamination can lead to population declines of the iconic bird. the research effort was a joint project between the new york state energy research and development authority ( nyserda ), the biodiversity research institute ( bri ) and the wildlife conservation society ( wcs ). with senator james inhofe ' s ( r - ok ) move to roll back the environmental protection agency ' s ability to regulate mercury - - both now and in the future - - the threat to the health of americans is in the balance. dr. david evers to speak as part of the great lakes air deposition atmospheric toxics webinar series the atmospheric toxics webinar series showcases recent research findings supported by the great lakes air deposition ( glad ) program. dr. david evers speaks about intergrating multimedia measurements of mercury in the great lakes region on july 24, 2012, 2pm - 4pm ( et ). ever wonder what ' s lurking in falmouth ' s river point conservation area? the falmouth conservation commission and the biodiversity research institute of gorham are hoping to find out when they conduct one of the state ' s largest \" bio blitzes \" june 29 - 30. recently the society for the conservation and study of caribbean birds, biodiversity research institute ( bri ) and the bahamas national trust ( bnt ) came together in a major effort to assess the seabirds of the cay sal bank. recently, the society for the conservation and study of caribbean birds, biodiversity research institute ( bri ) and the bahamas national trust ( bnt ) came together in a major effort to assess the searbirds of the cay sal bank. recently the society for the conservation and study of caribbean birds, biodiversity research institute and the bahamas national trust came together in a major effort to assess the seabirds of the cay sal bank. bri executive director, david evers, ph. d., speaks with the wamc radio program earthwise about the dangers of mercury in the environment. bri \u2019 s director of scientific advancement and development is featured in a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4665283454810401, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.995988"} {"text": ", \u201d by the biodiversity research institute, a nonprofit organization in gorham, me., that investigates emerging environmental threats. topic : wind power development and wildlife bri partners with the international pops elimination network for a global mercury monitoring project biodiversity research institute ( bri ) announced today its partnership with ipen ( international pops elimination network * ) to conduct a joint mercury research and monitoring study. the goals of this global fish and community mercury monitoring project include generating new scientific data, raising awareness about global mercury pollution, and identifying mercury hotspots, primarily in developing and transition countries throughout africa, asia and the pacific, central and eastern europe, latin america, and the caribbean. listen as bri biologists patrick keenan and kate williams set out into the field in search of saw - whet owls, and susan sharon of the maine public broadcasting network tags along. gorham, me - - biodiversity research institute ( bri ) announced today the launch of its new wildlife science and marine wind energy initiative, an international collaborative effort to inform policy makers and the public about areas of scientific consensus regarding the effects of marine wind energy development to wildlife. the initiative will kick off with a two day workshop that will bring leaders in this field together for the first time to pool their knowledge base. please join us for a discussion of the state of the science on mercury pollution and its long - term impacts on the nation \u2019 s ecosystems. this panel discussion will highlight policy - relevant findings from a major new scientific study by the biodiversity research institute on mercury in the great lakes region that has been widely reported on in the media. the research suggests that the extent and severity of mercury in the great lakes region is greater than previously documented. new information will be presented on mercury levels in fish and wildlife and the health risks they pose. highlights from mercury research in the northeast will be provided. the panel will also introduce an upcoming national report by the ecological society of america on a range of air pollutants and their impacts on natural resources. health risk : \u2018 if you \u2019 re pregnant or planning to get pregnant you want to reduce fish consumption as much as possible \u2019 by john miner, the london free press this is a test gorham, me \u2013 biodiversity research institute announces the award of a three - year, $ 4. 5 million grant from the u. s. department of energy to collect ecological data - - on birds, sea turtles, and marine mammals - - that is required to inform siting and permitting processes for offshore wind energy development in the mid - atlantic. gorh", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48713988176724726, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:25.999131"} {"text": "grant from the u. s. department of energy to collect ecological data - - on birds, sea turtles, and marine mammals - - that is required to inform siting and permitting processes for offshore wind energy development in the mid - atlantic. gorham, me \u2014 biodiversity research institute ( bri ) today announced the appointment of jonathan l. atwood, ph. d. as science director. in this newly created position, atwood, educator, ornithologist, and conservation biologist, will be responsible for managing the institute \u2019 s staff of 20 researchers working in 10 wildlife science programs. biodiversity research institute ( bri ) today announced the appointment of h. bruce rinker, ph. d. as director of scientific advancement and development. in this newly created position, rinker will build on the institute \u2019 s strength as an innovator of wildlife science to further develop external relationships within the scientific and philanthropic communities. in early 2012 dr. jim paruk will be leading an earthwatch institute expedition studying the impact of the deepwater horizon oil spill on the common loon population in the gulf of mexico. seabirds declining as eagles in maine recover - by bill trotter, bdn staff bill trotter speaks with dr. iain stenhouse regarding declines in marine birds on the coast of maine. call of the wild - bri scientists provide insight about the common loon in this in - depth story by kristen laine. biodiversity research institute ( bri ) has established a new wildlife and renewable energy program to study and understand the movements of birds and bats and to assess the potential interactions between energy facilities and wildlife. in partnership with the united nations environment programme ( unep ), bri is contributing in multiple ways toward the first international treaty of a globally binding instrument on mercury. the goal is for the intergovernmental negotiating committee ( inc ) to complete a document for the governing council by 2013. washington, d. c. - u. s. senator susan collins has introduced legislation to create a comprehensive new program to measure mercury levels across the united states. the bipartisan \" comprehensive national mercury monitoring act \" is cosponsored by senator tom carper ( d - de ). bri ' s work with northern saw - whet owls in coastal maine featured in maine boats, homes & harbors magazine.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4752636613966084, "token_count": 472, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.000270"} {"text": "extremes in weather more likely - scientists wet areas have become wetter and dry areas drier during the past 50 years due to global warming, a study of the saltiness of the world ' s oceans by a team including csiro researchers has shown. the intensification of rainfall and evaporation patterns, which is occurring at twice the rate predicted by climate change models, could increase the incidence and severity of extreme weather events in future. the team ' s leader, paul durack, said the finding was important because reductions in the availability of fresh water posed more of a risk to human societies and natural ecosystems than a rise in temperature alone. \" changes to the global water cycle and the corresponding redistribution of rainfall will affect food availability, stability, access and utilisation, \" said dr durack, a former csiro researcher now at the lawrence livermore national laboratory in california. the fact that hotter air can hold more water underpinned predictions that recent warming of the globe ' s surface and lower atmosphere could have already strengthened the natural evaporation and precipitation cycle \u2013 increasing rainfall where it was higher than average and decreasing it where it was lower. initial attempts to study this \" rich get richer \" effect, however, were hindered by a shortage of good rainfall records on land and a lack of long - term satellite measurements. so dr durack and his australian colleagues studied the oceans. \" the ocean matters to climate, \" said richard matear, a csiro researcher and member of the team. \" it stores 97 per cent of the world ' s water and receives 80 per cent of all the surface rainfall. \" the team analysed about 1. 7 million records of surface sea salinity collected worldwide between 1950 and 2000. their results are published in the journal science. they found regions near the equator and the poles, where greater rainfall keeps surface waters less salty than average, had become even fresher during the past half century. saltier areas, such as in the centre of oceans where evaporation dominated, had become even saltier. brian soden, a meteorologist at the university of miami in the us, said the study had important implications for extreme weather. warmer water moving faster from the surface into the atmosphere could fuel violent storms, and floods and droughts could become more intense. susan wijffels, a csiro researcher and team member, said a network of 35000 argo floats throughout the world ' s oceans would be vital for continued observation of salinity changes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4701939568119493, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.006819"} {"text": "could crash modeling have saved the concordia? 8 mar, 2012 by : robert yancey viewpoint : event simulation helps automobile manufacturers design safer vehicles \u2014 and it can do the same for shipbuilders. the costa concordia cruise ship disaster has generated many questions, but one in particular haunts survivors and onlookers alike : could this disaster have been prevented? it is clear that the captain made some unwise choices, which put the ship and its passengers in danger. could something have been altered in the ship \u2019 s design to limit the impact of that poor decision - making on the crew and passengers? most automobile accidents are also caused by bad decisions. some are caused by conditions beyond the control of the driver, but the vast majority are a result of drivers speeding, disobeying traffic regulations, attending to distractions, falling asleep at the wheel, etc. automotive manufacturers have done a great deal to improve car safety, introducing features that minimize harm even when drivers perform poorly. crumple zones, airbags, and energy - absorbing materials all reduce passenger injuries and fatalities in crashes. automobile safety ratings for the past decade show a clear improvement \u2014 much of which is due to extensive simulation modeling of crash events. in simulation modeling, engineers use a digital design of a vehicle to generate a simulation model that represents all of the key elements of the design, including material properties, mass properties, occupant models, and the impact event ( e. g., side impact, frontal offset, etc. ). engineers have been working for years to correlate these simulation models with real - world test results. the result is that modern simulation models correlate very well with physical test data in regard to the deformation of the vehicle, the energy absorption of the vehicle, and \u2014 most importantly \u2014 the effects on the passengers. the accuracy of these models is now so high that most automotive companies do extensive virtual testing of their vehicle designs before ever building prototypes, and the physical testing is really just a final verification of the crashworthiness of the design. in most cases, there are no surprises during the physical test. from land to sea could ship designers follow the automotive industry ' s example? could we employ simulation modeling to create more advanced designs that can better respond to the type of event that destroyed the concordia? the answer is yes. engineers could use much of the technology developed for automotive crash modeling to model a ship \u2019 s impact on rocks, icebergs, sandbars, and other hazards. we cannot always prevent these events from happening", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.44205197769604576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.020527"} {"text": "the concordia? the answer is yes. engineers could use much of the technology developed for automotive crash modeling to model a ship \u2019 s impact on rocks, icebergs, sandbars, and other hazards. we cannot always prevent these events from happening, but if we can develop ship designs that more effectively respond to these impacts \u2014 especially to provide sufficient time to safely evacuate the passengers \u2014 we could improve passenger safety and confidence. in the case of the concordia, the ship \u2019 s hull was divided into several watertight compartments ; one or two sections of the hull could flood without sinking the entire ship. the ship had longitudinal bulkheads, intended to keep it from listing when flooded. during the recent disaster, however, the ship came to rest on a rock ledge ; this caused the vessel to become unstable on the uneven bottom and roll on its side. this position complicated the rescue operation, because many of the lifeboats could not be deployed with the ship listing to one side. disaster simulations could help ship designers prepare for uncommon scenarios, such as having a ship run aground and roll onto its side. image courtesy of roberto vongher, via wikimedia commons. this occurrence, and many other unusual situations, could be simulated on a computer. just as a car - crash simulation varies according to speed, direction, impact zone, and other elements, a good simulation model of a ship could replicate many of the conditions that the vessel might encounter. armed with the results of these simulations, engineers can adapt the ship design to better respond to each of these situations. simulation offers proven benefits in addition to the automotive industry, the ability of simulation to inform design is also evident in the aviation world. airplane designers must ensure a safety by planning for a variety of events, including excessive turbulence, engine failure, bird strikes, and lightning. redundancy is built into the design to ensure that the airplane can land safely, even under these circumstances. simulation modeling is also used extensively in the aerospace industry to understand and design for these events. can simulation modeling help with the design of cruise ships? twenty - five years of experience in the simulation field has taught me that simulation technology definitely can help this industry. the technology is available, it ' s proven, and it can be used successfully to improve safety. in that case, the questions become : will the industry embrace this technology? will shipbuilders see value in performing these simulations? and \u2014 more importantly \u2014 will the passengers who book passage on these ships demand a safer experience? hopefully, the concordia tragedy will bring", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4517371555551113, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.023255"} {"text": "new tool from the university of nottingham may help screen patients at risk for vte heart health is a major concern for many americans, which is why individuals who are hoping to reduce their risk of experiencing a stroke choose to buy plavix. heart health is a major concern for many americans, which is why individuals who are hoping to reduce their risk of experiencing a stroke choose to buy plavix. the condition arises due to the presence of serious blood clots. according to a paper published in the british medical journal, a new tool created at the university of nottingham could be an effective way of identifying people who need preventive treatment for this ailment. funded by the national institute for health and clinical excellence, the tool is based on simple variables that are accessible to patients and can easily be integrated into computer systems. this could help assess people ' s risk of having serious blood clots and consequently developing venous thromboembolism ( vte ) before they are admitted to the hospital. additionally, the screening technique could help doctors decide whether to prescribe medications that carry an increased clotting risk. lead authors julia hippisley - cox and carol coupland studied data from 3. 5 million men and women between the ages of 25 and 84. the rate of vte was about 15 cases per 10, 000 people, according to their analysis. \" further research is needed to assess how best to use the algorithm and whether, upon implementation, it has any impact on health outcomes, \" the scientists concluded. see also... | important disclosure : all medical content and news articles on this website is supplied by an independent third party company. while the information can be useful, this website relies on others for its creation and cannot guarantee the accuracy, medical efficacy, or reliability of the information provided. in all circumstances, you should always seek the advice of your physician and / or other qualified health professional ( s ) for drug, medical condition, or treatment advice. this website does not provide any medical advice. the content provided on this website is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4717041532960607, "token_count": 426, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.027697"} {"text": "leds are commonly used in all kinds of applications. the tiny red and green indication lights found here and there on electronic equipment such as tvs and computers are leds. they are very efficient in converting an electric current directly into light, but their use was limited by technical constraints preventing the creation of colors other than red and green. in the 1990s, led color display was made possible by the development of blue leds, and we are now witnessing rapid growth in led applications. the outdoor displays you see on the sides of buildings and other locations on city streets use leds. they are also employed in the optical scanning units of color copying machines and image scanners. mechanism by which light exposure produces an electric current to understand leds, let ' s first take a look at the mechanism by which light exposure produces an electric current, such as in solar batteries. semiconductors, a term you probably hear daily, are a key component of electric circuits, including computers, and they are commonly made from silicon. semiconductors either use \" n - type \" silicon, in which there are extra electrons, or \" p - type \" silicon, in which there are missing electrons that form \" electron holes \" or simply \" holes. \" combining these two types of silicon produces a \" pn junction diode. \" when the pn junction is exposed to light, the p - type silicon becomes an anode and the n - type silicon a cathode. attaching electrodes to either side and then connecting them to an external electrical conductor produces a current. this is also the principle behind solar batteries. what do you suppose goes on inside a pn junction diode? when silicon is exposed to light such as that from the sun, electrons and electron holes are produced therein. connecting the p - type silicon and n - type silicon to an external electrical conductor causes electrons in the electron - rich n - type silicon to move to the p - type silicon and the electron holes in the hole - rich p - type silicon to move to the n - type silicon. this in turn causes the excess electrons to flow out over the electrical conductor from the electrode attached to the n - type silicon and head towards the electrode on the p - type silicon, thereby generating an electric current. the flow of an electric current is defined as heading in the opposite direction of the flow of electrons, thus we get an electric current in which the p - type silicon is an anode and the n - type silicon a cathode. mechanism by which application of a current produces", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5710918532479169, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.035447"} {"text": "is defined as heading in the opposite direction of the flow of electrons, thus we get an electric current in which the p - type silicon is an anode and the n - type silicon a cathode. mechanism by which application of a current produces light since exposing a pn junction diode to light produces an electric current just like a solar battery, the reverse should also hold true, i. e. applying an external electric current in the opposite direction should cause light to emit from the pn junction. this phenomenon does in fact occur. making the n - type silicon the cathode and the p - type silicon the anode produces light. this is known as a light - emitting diode ( led ). however, light emission from such rudimentary leds is inefficient, making them ill suited for practical applications. only after creating pn junctions using semiconductor materials made of the compounds gallium arsenide, gallium phosphide, and gallium arsenide phosphide did leds become practical. semiconductor lasers also use pn junctions the semiconductor laser is another technology that uses pn junctions. creating a pn junction within a semiconductor brings about \" population inversion \" by means of the electrons that flow into n - type silicon and the electron holes in p - type silicon. by skillfully placing two perpendicular mirrors with cleavage planes of semiconductor crystal on either end of the pn junction, we can intensify light by making it bounce back and forth between the planes, thus producing a laser beam comprising light with uniform phase and direction. such semiconductor lasers are also called laser diodes. these devices are only about 300 micrometers square and 80 micrometers thick. laser diodes using gallium arsenide phosphide, which emit a laser beam with a wavelength of 700 nanometers, are being mass produced for use in compact disc ( cd ) players and laser beam printers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6176091276733948, "token_count": 396, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.036711"} {"text": "hydraulic fracking is a process of injecting proprietary chemicals into the ground in order to fracture rock and release natural gas. many parts of north carolina, mostly outside the catawba basin, are considered to have good potential for \" fracking \" to release natural gas deposits. overview of fracking - hydraulic fracturing, also known as hydrofracking ( or \" fracking \" ), is a process of extracting natural gas in gas shale deposits by drilling horizontally. - the process of fracking involves injecting ( with high pressure ) sand, hundreds of chemicals and millions of gallons of water into a well. - the pressure fractures the shale and props open fissures that enable natural gas to flow more freely out of the well. - for a quick visual presentation of how this happens watch the video to the left or click here for an interactive demonstration. potential problems from fracking fracking has the potential to pollute the air, groundwater, and surface waters. potential devestating impacts include : - pollution of surface waters ( from drilling fluids and other wastes that are brought to the surface in the drilling process ) ; - groundwater contamination ( from bad well construction and the fracking process ) ; - air pollution ( from the wells and related truck traffic ) ; - strain on water supplies ( fracking requires large quantities of water ) ; - hazardous material spills ( fracking fluids and fracking wastes ) ; - heavy truck traffic ; - and disruption of local economies. reports on fracking and its wastewater disposal have caused some distressing problems in other states : a duke university study in dimock, pa found that some residents \u2019 water wells exploded or their water could be lit on fire. - the epa scientifically linked fracking as the cause of water contamination in pavillion, wyoming. the following videos contain additional information about fracking : - for our library of information about hydraulic fracking, click here - for information about other issues, click here - for even more information, go to :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5251552162119404, "token_count": 405, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.038866"} {"text": "by steven reinberg tuesday, aug. 28 ( healthday news ) - - people who have a normal weight but have excess belly fat may have a higher risk of dying from heart disease than even obese individuals, researchers report. in a new study, investigators found that normal - weight people who have what is called central obesity are at almost three times greater risk of dying from heart disease and two times greater risk of dying from any cause than those of normal weight with a normal waist - to - hip ratio. \" people with normal weight may be less likely to feel the need for lifestyle changes, \" explained lead researcher dr. francisco lopez - jimenez, a cardiologist at the mayo clinic in rochester, minn. \" but, central obesity isn ' t healthy even in those with normal weight. \" there are several reasons why central obesity may raise the risk of death, lopez - jimenez said. it increases insulin resistance, and people with central obesity tend to have less fat in areas where fat might be protective, such as the hips and legs, he said. people with central obesity also tend to have less muscle mass. for obese people, some of the risk is tempered by fat distribution, lopez - jiminez noted. obese people tend to have fat in those places where it may be protective, and they tend to have more muscle mass, he explained. for normal - weight people with central obesity, the only way to reduce the risk is to lose weight and build muscle mass, lopez - jimenez said, so that the weight is redistributed. \" a healthy diet and exercise are the way to treat this problem. you do both, lose weight and build muscle mass, \" he said. the findings were presented monday at the european society of cardiology congress in munich, germany. research presented at medical meetings should be viewed as preliminary until published in a peer - reviewed medical journal. for the study, lopez - jimenez ' s team collected data on more than 12, 000 men and women in the united states who took part in the third national health and nutrition examination survey. as part of the survey, participants had their weight, height, waist and hip size measured. in addition, the researchers matched data from the survey with the national death index. over 14 years of follow - up, more than 2, 500 people died. of those, more than 1, 100 deaths were due to cardiovascular disease. lopez - jimenez ' s group found the risk of dying from heart disease was 2. 75 times higher, and the risk of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4560378926862747, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.042649"} {"text": "up, more than 2, 500 people died. of those, more than 1, 100 deaths were due to cardiovascular disease. lopez - jimenez ' s group found the risk of dying from heart disease was 2. 75 times higher, and the risk of dying from any causes was 2. 08 times higher among those of normal weight with central obesity, compared with people of normal weight and normal waist - to - hip ratio. to make sure their results would reflect body type, the researchers excluded anyone in the survey who had cancer or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. they also took into account age, sex, race, smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes and high cholesterol. commenting on the study, dr. gregg fonarow, a professor of cardiology at the university of california, los angeles, explained that \" central obesity is the presence of excess fat in the abdomen. in this condition, the amount of fat deposited in the abdomen is out of proportion to total body fat. \" many studies have shown that central obesity is independently associated with the increased risk of cardiovascular events, fonarow noted. \" in some studies, waist circumference or waist - hip ratio is a better predictor of risk than body mass index, \" fonarow said. body mass index is a measurement based on a person ' s height and weight only. \" in this new study, men and women in the normal body mass index category, but with increased waist - hip ratio had the highest cardiovascular mortality risk, even higher than those classified as obese by body mass index. this increased cardiovascular risk remained evident after risk factor adjustment, \" he added. \" this study further highlights the dangers associated with excess fat in the abdomen, \" fonarow said. while the study reported an association between belly fat in normal - weight people and risk of death from heart disease, it did not prove that a cause - and - effect relationship exists. to determine your hip - to - waist ratio, visit the university of maryland. copyright \u00a9 2012 healthday. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44258927814625426, "token_count": 415, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.043436"} {"text": "the journal pediatrics has published a new study : \u201c trends in survival among children with down syndrome in 10 regions of the united states. \u201d you can read the article \u2019 s abstract here. see below for a summary of the findings from this article. main finding from this study survival among people with down syndrome improved in the united states over time. importantly, the greatest improvement in survival was among babies with down syndrome who were born with low birth weight or born with a major heart defect. although small racial / ethnic differences in survival persist, these differences have lessened over time. about this study : - what is down syndrome? down syndrome is a condition in which a baby has an extra chromosome. chromosomes are small \u201c packages \u201d of genes in the body. they determine how a baby \u2019 s body forms during pregnancy and how, as the baby grows in the womb and after birth, the baby \u2019 s body functions. most people have 46 chromosomes. babies with down syndrome have an extra copy of one of these chromosomes, chromosome 21. this extra copy changes the body \u2019 s and brain \u2019 s development and can cause mental and physical problems for the baby. - how common is down syndrome? down syndrome remains the most common chromosomal condition diagnosed in the united states. down syndrome affects about 1 out of every 700 infants born in the united states1. - what is currently known on this subject? people with down syndrome are more likely to die at a younger age than people without down syndrome. for example, babies born with down syndrome are five times more likely to die in their first year of life when compared to the general population 2. some studies have suggested that differences in survival exist between racial / ethnic groups. for example, black children with down syndrome are more likely to die at a younger age than white children with down syndrome2, 3. but it is not well understood why these differences in survival exist, nor is it known how this increased risk of death changes over the life course. - what were the study results? this study used data from 10 birth defects tracking programs in the united states to look at trends in the survival of children born with down syndrome. they also looked at what factors might impact survival of these individuals over time. - overall survival of people with down syndrome improved over time. - in this study, about 94 % of the babies born with down syndrome survived to one year of age, and in a subset of the data from regions with at least 20 years of follow - up, about 88 % survived to twenty years of age. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4993139775695177, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.048294"} {"text": "this study, about 94 % of the babies born with down syndrome survived to one year of age, and in a subset of the data from regions with at least 20 years of follow - up, about 88 % survived to twenty years of age. - certain factors affect survival of people with down syndrome \u2014 - infants with down syndrome who were born of very low birth weight ( < 1500 grams ) were 24 times more likely to die in the first 28 days of life compared to infants of normal birth weight. - infants with down syndrome who were born with a major heart defect had a lower survival compared to those born without a major heart defect. having a major heart defect increased the risk for death across the lifespan. - non - hispanic black children with down syndrome were twice as likely to die during childhood and adolescence compared to non - hispanic white children with down syndrome. - why is this study important? this was the largest population - based study on survival of people with down syndrome. population - based means that the researchers look at all babies born with down syndrome who live in a defined study area, which is important to get a complete picture of what is happening within the population. this study provides estimates of survival of people with down syndrome that are the most representative of the u. s. population to date. these estimates can serve as a benchmark and for comparison with other countries. these estimates also could be useful for determining the need for local and regional resources to address the long - term needs of people with down syndrome. importantly, this study also identifies certain factors, including low birth weight and the presence of a major heart defect that might increase the risk for death among babies born with down syndrome. increasing awareness of the risks associated with these factors can help health care providers better address medical needs and promote health among people with down syndrome. down syndrome : cdc \u2019 s activities cdc \u2019 s national center on birth defects and developmental disabilities ( ncbddd ) is learning more about down syndrome by tracking the occurrence and conducting research. - surveillance or disease tracking : tracking where and when down syndrome occurs and the individuals it affects gives us important clues about opportunities to improve outcomes and help plan for services for affected families. - research : to understand how down syndrome impacts affected children and their families, cdc and its partners conduct studies on health service use, survival, and racial / ethnic disparities. - tools : cdc is collaborating to revise the down syndrome growth charts, which are commonly relied on to establish growth patterns and detect when growth problems occur. cdc and its partners continue to look", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4373486274288679, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.049562"} {"text": "use, survival, and racial / ethnic disparities. - tools : cdc is collaborating to revise the down syndrome growth charts, which are commonly relied on to establish growth patterns and detect when growth problems occur. cdc and its partners continue to look at these issues to improve the lives of children and families affected by down syndrome. to learn more about down syndrome, please visit http : / / www. cdc. gov / ncbddd / birthdefects / downsyndrome. html - parker se, mai ct, canfield ma, et al. updated national birth prevalence estimates for selected birth defects in the united states, 2004 - 2006. birth defects res a clin mol teratol. 2010 ; 88 ( 12 ) : 1008 - 16. - shin m, kucik je, correa a. causes of death and case fatality rates among infants with down syndrome in metropolitan atlanta. birth defects res a clin mol teratol. 2007 ; 79 ( 11 ) : 775 - 80. - rasmussen sa, wong ly, correa a, gambrell d, friedman jm. survival of infants with down syndrome, metropolitan atlanta, 1979 - 1998. j pediatr. 2006 ; 148 ( 6 ) : 806 - 12. reference for key findings feature : kucik je, shin m, siffel c, marengo l, correa a for the congenital anomaly multistate prevalence and survival collaborative. trends in survival among children with down syndrome in 10 regions of the united states. pediatrics. 2012 [ epub ahead of print ].", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.470888946733492, "token_count": 332, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.051487"} {"text": "about communion, communion supplies & protestant holy communion what is communion? communion celebrations in protestant churches are most often held weekly or monthly. the most common communion supplies used for the remembrance of jesus \u2019 last supper with the disciples are grape juice or wine and unleavened bread. christian communion is the sharing of a meal that remembers jesus \u2019 sacrifice and celebrates the redemption he gave to the world through his life, death and resurrection. why do we celebrate communion? christians believe christ instructed them to celebrate communion with these words : \" this is my body, which is for you ; do this in remembrance of me. \" 1 corinthians 11 : 24 sharing juice or wine in a chalice or in individual communion cups and breaking unleavened bread together is a core expression of christian faith. why unleavened bread? unleavened bread has traditionally been used as part of christian holy communion celebrations since christ \u2019 s last supper with the apostles. as part of the jewish passover, unleavened bread was a central part of the traditional jewish holiday celebrating the liberation of the people of israel from slavery in egypt. exodus 12 : 1 - 76 describes how, after the israelites were spared from the tenth plague which killed all first born in egypt, they were told to journey to the promised land. in their haste, they took dough with them before it had been leavened. in commemorating the fact that their first born were spared, or passed over, unleavened bread became a traditional part of the passover meal or \u201c seder. \u201d it was passover when jesus sat down with his disciples to share the last supper. unleavened bread was most certainly part of this meal. how do we celebrate communion? communion is celebrated in many different ways. many protestant churches use communion cups filled with grape juice, passed or served in round communion trays made out of brass or silver metals. a relatively new product, the prefilled communion cup with wafer is an all in one communion cup and wafer kit that has gained favor in recent years thanks to its convenience and healthier qualities. prefilled communion cups with wafers are an all in one communion cup with bread - wafer set that keeps the elements safely sealed until it is time to partake, eliminating extra handling. still, use of a common communion cup is the preference of some churches. in this case a cup or chalice of grape juice or wine is passed from church member to church member. is the new all in one communion cup with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4877662404320935, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.055596"} {"text": "eliminating extra handling. still, use of a common communion cup is the preference of some churches. in this case a cup or chalice of grape juice or wine is passed from church member to church member. is the new all in one communion cup with bread concept appealing to you and your church? for a limited time you can order free samples from celebrate communion! when a common communion cup is used, the faithful either take the bread or communion wafers separately, or may dip the bread or wafer into the cup prior to partaking. this act of dipping unleavened communion bread or wafers into a communion cup is called \u201c intinction. \u201d what else is communion called? while the frequency and manner in which communion is celebrated might vary from church to church or denomination to denomination, the other terms synonymous with communion are generally the same for all christians. other terms for communion include : \u2022 holy communion \u2022 the lord \u2019 s supper \u2022 the eucharist \u2022 breaking of the bread \u2022 sacrament of the table what does the bible say about communion? while they were eating, jesus took bread, gave thanks and broke it, and gave it to his disciples, saying, \" take and eat ; this is my body. \" then he took the cup, gave thanks and offered it to them, saying, \" drink from it, all of you. this is my blood of the covenant, which is poured out for many for the forgiveness of sins. \" matthew 26 : 26 - 28 ( niv ) while they were eating, jesus took bread, gave thanks and broke it, and gave it to his disciples, saying, \" take it ; this is my body. \" then he took the cup, gave thanks and offered it to them, and they all drank from it. \" this is my blood of the covenant, which is poured out for many. \" mark 14 : 22 - 24 ( niv ) and he took bread, gave thanks and broke it, and gave it to them, saying, \" this is my body given for you ; do this in remembrance of me. \" in the same way, after the supper he took the cup, saying, \" this cup is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you. \" luke 22 : 19 - 20 ( niv ) is not the cup of thanksgiving for which we give thanks a participation in the blood of christ? and is not the bread that we break a participation in the body of christ? because there is one loaf, we, who are many,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4734570927497777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.056454"} {"text": "8 : 04 pm est, december 22, 2012 when most people think of crime \u2019 s cost they immediately think of stolen valuables, cops on the street and the ever spiraling fortune spent keeping large portions of the population behind bars. but what about the burden of locking and unlocking your front door? centre college economics professor david anderson took into account both direct and less obvious financial hardships caused by criminal activity in his attempt to put a price tag on crime in the united states each year. his estimate was staggering : $ 1. 7 trillion. anderson, who has studied the economic impact of criminal activity in the past, published his article, \u201c the cost of crime \u201d earlier this year in the journal foundations and trends in microeconomics. although many reports are produced each year on what is spent for specific crime - related purposes, such as law enforcement or the court system, anderson \u2019 s may be the most comprehensive estimate of the burden for the country as a whole. anderson notes the country \u2019 s expenditures on policing, corrections and the criminal justice system, for which america annually spends in excess of $ 113 billion, $ 81 and $ 42 billion respectively. he also cites figures that show the number of individual victimizations declined dramatically between 1995 and 2010, going from 40 million to 18. 7 million. despite the drop in cases, anderson found crime \u2019 s toll is often less straightforward than the amount spent on prevention or punishment. that includes everything from the loss of productive time a criminal spends planning a caper to what the value of time lost to locking and unlocking doors \u2014 or sophisticated safes, depending on your level of worry. \u201c the indirect costs of crime include the opportunity cost of time lost to criminal activities, incarceration, crime prevention and recovery after victimization, \u201d anderson writes. \u201c the threat of crime elicits private expenditures on deterrents such as locks, safety lighting, security fences, alarm systems, anti - virus software programs and armored car services. \u201d anderson \u2019 s findings also indicate some of the burden may have shifted. he writes that crime - induced production, which are expenses that would be unnecessary in the absence of crime or the threat of crime, are about $ 646 billion a year. of that, $ 300 billion was spent on private efforts to prevent crime. the booming personal security industry is an indicator of what anderson called the \u201c environment of crime. \u201d while the modern lament about how \u201c no one used to lock their doors at night \u201d in small towns across the country is one indicator of that environment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4520599084586029, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.060582"} {"text": ". the booming personal security industry is an indicator of what anderson called the \u201c environment of crime. \u201d while the modern lament about how \u201c no one used to lock their doors at night \u201d in small towns across the country is one indicator of that environment, the $ 36 billion people spend each year on home security systems is even more striking. the variety of crime, and the resulting necessity to stop it, were also factored in to anderson \u2019 s estimate. adoption of computer systems and the ascendency of the internet have created an entire new avenue for criminals and a market for preventative software. anderson includes figures from an fbi survey that found businesses alone spend $ 78. 1 billion each year on computer viruses and computer security incidents. while local or national trends may have a more sublet effect, some crimes have a sudden impact on the individual and collective psyche of americans. around the time of the october vice presidential debate on centre \u2019 s campus, anderson had only to look out his window to see the scale of crime prevention measures brought on in large part by the 2001 terrorist attacks on the world trade center. the newtown, conn., school massacre last week served as heart rending example of the how even distant acts impact all parts of the country. anderson said events like what happened in newtown, while uncommon, consume both time and mental and emotional energy on a broad scale. sensational crimes that hold the national attention also contribute to what anderson calls the environment of crime. in the case of newtown and other school shootings, a relatively safe place becomes one fraught with potential dangers people will try to mitigate with costly solutions. just as the costs of criminal activity are more diverse than theft prevention or paying for bricks and bars, anderson believes the country as a whole needs to look at varied ways of reducing the overall impact on society. anderson would like to see schools create anger management lessons and other types of instruction that nurture emotional development included in curriculums. he pointed to the recurrence of costly white collar cases as evidence of the need for more ethics education in classrooms. \u201c i think it is important to have discussions of how you deal with anger, but also the repercussions of criminal activity, \u201d anderson said. \u201c even if it is just spray painting a building or some other kind of vandalism, there are so many costs associated with that and it is part of creating an environment of crime. i also think there is value and real importance in having people think, from a young age, about what is right and wrong", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.479422948977776, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.061682"} {"text": "building responsibly for future generations. sustainable building design. discover how respecting nature, preserving resources and building habitats with sensitivity to the world around us is actually good business. certainteed building science supports sustainable design in an effort to minimize the negative impact humans have on our natural surroundings, materials, and resources. it also ensures consistent high performance over the full lifecycle of the building. the overall objective of sustainability is to provide for the needs of the present without detracting from the needs of the future. sustainable building projects should result in an optimal balance of cost, environmental, societal, and human benefits, while meeting the mission and function of the intended facility. the sustainable building portion of the certainteed website is a robust resource covering the roots of sustainable design as well as the latest understandings in high performance products and solutions that deliver sustainability over the full lifecycle of the building. certainteed supports the leed ( leadership in energy and environmental design ) and nahb national green building standard. our resources provide information and insight into how to design and build with the standards and sustainability in mind. our goal is to provide the science and material solutions you need to reduce the consumption of non - renewable resources and energy, minimize waste, conserve water, and create productive, healthy environments for the future. get more information on how certainteed is sustainable by visiting the certainteed building responsibly sitelette. building science home", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5317767447631061, "token_count": 289, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.063981"} {"text": "centrifugal pumps are ubiquitous at process plants but many users don ' t understand how to select and install them. some strict rules apply and the devil is in the details. so, this article presents some pointers i ' ve gleaned over the years. pump selection should start with the system curve. plants that supply vendors with a system curve have addressed 80 % of the pump selection process. unfortunately, plant - supplied system curves are rare and this leads to excessive costs. developing the curve first requires establishing the piping lay out, allowable system pressures and flow rates. once isometrics are drawn, you can calculate and graph the system curve. the pressure / flow rate plot should represent the changes that flow will experience over the life of the process. this plot is essential for the pump vendor to make a valid recommendation. the only other plot needed is the range of net positive suction head available ( npsha ) the pump can experience. determining the total npsha requires calculating suction - side static, velocity and friction heads. you should compare these plots to the pump curve the vendor supplies. the intersection of the system curve and the pump curve represents the ideal design point. comparing the npsha to the net positive suction head required ( npshr ) will indicate if the pump is a viable candidate. when selecting between two particular pumps, try to choose the one with the greatest distance between its maximum and minimum wheel ( impeller ) size shown on the pump curve. specifying a pump with a wheel diameter nears its minimum means you can ' t shave the impeller down to adapt to process changes. installing the largest possible wheel means you can ' t debottleneck the process later by increasing the wheel diameter, and will need to purchase a new pump. comparing pump curves requires engineering judgment and experience. sometimes, though, the choice is clear. for instance, figure 1 shows curves for two pumps \u2014 one, an a - frame, with a recommended wheel of 9. 25 inches ; the other, an s - frame, with a 6. 13 - inch wheel. both pumps will operate at the same flow rates when compared to the system curve. however, the larger a - frame pump has an impeller only 0. 25 inch larger than the minimum size for that pump. in contrast, the impeller for the s - frame is about halfway between the minimum and maximum sizes. clearly, the s - frame pump provides more flexibility to accommodate changes. a smaller wheel has a higher npshr and lower required power", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47255992597631, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.072120"} {"text": "* before christ * till crusades * post crusades * it ' s christmas * catholic 1 * catholic 2 * s. francesco * pictures 1 * pictures 2 * pictures 3 * pictures 4 from justinian to the crusaders in 527 justinian became emperor of the byzantine empire. his reign was one of great prosperity and expansion for the churches, but not for the non - christians. in 529 the samaritans revolted. spreading from nablus, they plundered the countryside. the rising was soon quelled and the samaritans in great part exterminated. according to a posterior source ( eutichius of alexandria ) the rebuilding of the church in bethlehem is attributed to this emperor. this same source says that the emperor himself was not \" satisfied \" with the job carried out by his architects who had pulled the constantinian church down, damaged during the samaritan uprising, and built in its place a new one. the emperor found that this new church was \" dark \" and he even accused the architect of wasting the empire ' s money. so much was his dissatisfaction that the architect was executed! whatever was the emperor ' s judgement about this new church remains the fact that it survived time and history and today is still standing at the site of the nativity. the essential form of the church has not altered since but the original plan of the constantine edifice was modified. the atrium was raised to o higher level. the fasade retreated back about two metres. the constantinian mosaic floor was covered up with two feet of imported soil and a new marble pavement was laid at a higher level. the lower part of the interior walls was also covered with marble and the upper parts with mosaics. it was one of these mosaic scenes that spared the church from destruction during the persian invasion ( 614 ad ). this is what a ninth century greek document states : \" ( when the persians ) arrived at bethlehem, they saw with awe the figures of the persian wise men, star - gazers, their country folk. for the respect and love towards their ancestors they revered them as if they were still alive and spared the church. that is why it is still standing today \". the main modification to the constantinian church plan was performed at the \" sacred area \" above the grotto. this was enlarged to the east, north and south in each being added an apse to create a cross - form basilica. the canopy was substituted by a \" crescent shaped \" ( semicircular ) presbytery leaving", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41121436455664323, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.080471"} {"text": "above the grotto. this was enlarged to the east, north and south in each being added an apse to create a cross - form basilica. the canopy was substituted by a \" crescent shaped \" ( semicircular ) presbytery leaving access all around it. it is at this time that the two side entrances were opened. it is also at this time that the whole grotto was vaulted in stone and an altar on the easter side built under which the \" exact birth - site of jesus \" started to be venerated. with the occupation of palestine by the islamic army we assist to a gradual decline of the christian presence. the caliph omar visited bethlehem and promised that the moslems would pray in the church as individuals only, without assembly or muezzin. at christmas time members of both religions performed their devotions together in the church and on the whole lived on peaceful terms due to the common respect of moslems and christians for the birth - place of jesus and to the money paid by the christians as a price of peace. this probably saved the church from the orders of the caliph hakim in 1009. samuel did what the lord said. when he arrived at bethlehem, the elders of the town trembled when they met him. they asked, \" do you come in peace? \" samuel replied, \" yes, in peace ; i have come to sacrifice to the lord. consecrate yourselves and come to the sacrifice with me. \" then he consecrated jesse and his sons and invited them to the sacrifice. when they arrived, samuel saw eliab and thought, \" surely the lord ' s anointed stands here before the lord. \" but the lord said to samuel, \" do not consider his appearance or his height, for i have rejected him. the lord does not look at the things man looks at. man looks at the outward appearance, but the lord looks at the heart. \" then jesse called abinadab and had him pass in front of samuel. but samuel said, \" the lord has not chosen this one either. \" jesse then had shammah pass by, but samuel said, \" nor has the lord chosen this one. \" jesse had seven of his sons pass before samuel, but samuel said to him, \" the lord has not chosen these. \" so he asked jesse, \" are these all the sons you have? \" \" there is still the youngest, \" the arrival of the crusaders in 1099 changed things for the better. the crusader army under godfrey de bouillon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40109951034168334, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.081378"} {"text": "chosen these. \" so he asked jesse, \" are these all the sons you have? \" \" there is still the youngest, \" the arrival of the crusaders in 1099 changed things for the better. the crusader army under godfrey de bouillon was resting at emmaus, when messengers arrived from bethlehem requesting aid against the saracens of the villages who were about to attack bethlehem. tancred with one hundred knights was dispatched and in the morning the flag of tancred was raised over the basilica. from that day the normans regarded the church of the nativity as something peculiarly their own. on christmas day, 1100, baldwin the first king of the latin kingdom was crowned in bethlehem. his successor baldwin ii followed his example in 1122. the crusaders did not have to do restoration of the church as it seems that it was in a good state. but to the north side of the church they built a cloister and monastery which was given to the canons of st. augustine. the restoration affected most of the church. the walls below the architraves were covered with white marble : above were coloured or gilt mosaics of glass and mother - of - pearl. although time and man have destroyed much of this splendid work we can, through literary sources, know exactly what was represented. in the absidal semi - dome a dominant virgin mary with her son jesus. in the absidal arch the annunciation scene flanked by two biblical figures : abraham and david. on the lower walls of the apse scenes from the life of mary based on the apocryphal writings. greek and latin inscriptions praised the latin crusader king amalircus, bishop radolfus and the byzantine emperor commenus. a date at the foot of this work dated the mosaic : 1169 a. d.. in the northern transept the scenes of the bewilderment of thomas and ascension while in the southern transepts scenes depicting the transfiguration and the entry of jesus in jerusalem. these scenes, parts of them still visible, had latin inscriptions. the upper part of the central nave was also decorated with this golden mosaic, of which large parts are still visible. in the space between the windows a procession of angels, all moving towards east ( as if going to adore baby jesus in the holy grotto ). at the foot of one of the angels the signature of one of the artists \" basilius pictor \". under the windowsills, in very elaborate architecture compositions a synthesis, in greek", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.37284648552723987, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.082372"} {"text": "to adore baby jesus in the holy grotto ). at the foot of one of the angels the signature of one of the artists \" basilius pictor \". under the windowsills, in very elaborate architecture compositions a synthesis, in greek, of the principal decisions of the main ecumenical and provincial councils of the church. these greek and latin inscriptions in the same works reflects the short period of peace between the latin and greek worlds. the northern and southern frieze above the cedar wood architrave contained portraits of the ancestors of jesus, the former based on the gospel of matthew ( 1, 1 - 16 ) while the latter based on that of luke ( 3, 23 - 38 ). of these medallions only the first eight on the northern frieze survived. during this period the roof of cedar wood was covered with lead. the two entrances to the holy grotto received their present monumental form. the rosy columns of the central nave, made from the red stone of bethlehem, were depicted with figures of our lady, eastern saints ( st. macarius, st. euthimius, st. saba, st. theodosius, st. george.... ) and western saints ( s. cathaldus of taranto, s. canutos of denmark, st. olaph of norway... ). with the fall of jerusalem, things went bad for bethlehem. in 1192 hubert walter, the bishop of salisbury, obtained permission from saladin for two priests and two deacons of the latin rite to remain in bethlehem, but now a moslem guard sat at the door collecting fees. the treaty of 1229 between frederick ii and sultan kamil mohammed restored temporarily bethlehem to the franks, but ten years later the church was in financial straits under the mismanagement of bishop giovanni romano. his successor godfrey de prefetti tried to repair the losses. godfrey had been the holder of two benefices in england, long kensington and coleby and he visited france and england to get funds. he had some success and was back in palestine in 1253. three years later he helped to negotiate marriages between the royal families of england and cyprus : hugh ii and dowager queen of cyprus with a daughter and son of edward i of england. when bibars came into power, palestine suffered. in 1263 he ordered the destruction of bethlehem, but the church somehow escaped. when finally the crusaders were driven from palestine in 1291, the moslem rulers used the holy places for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4082394006324273, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.084436"} {"text": "dose comparison of amino acids on growth in premature neonates malnutrition is a common problem in the neonatal intensive care unit. recent studies indicate that prematurely born neonates commonly develop a severe nutritional deficit during the first weeks after birth, referred to as extrauterine growth restriction. despite an increase in growth during the second month of hospitalization, many neonates are ultimately discharged home having grown inadequately. the early nutritional deficit affects weight gain as well as growth in length and head circumference. growth measurements such as weight, length, and head circumference, however, are macroscopic measures of nutritional status and underestimate the physiologic consequences of prolonged nutritional deprivation. energy and micronutrient deficiencies alter growth at a cellular and tissue level before macroscopic measures are altered. in the brain, for instance, energy is required for cell division and neuronal growth, glial cell function, and myelination. energy deprivation may consequently alter neuronal function and growth, resulting in adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. immunocompetence also appears to be sensitive to the untoward effects of energy and nutritional deficiency. malnourished neonates often exhibit immune deficiencies related to inadequate protein intake that compound an already immature immune system. such immunodeficiency results in susceptibility to infectious agents that creates substantial morbidity and mortality to the course of intensive care for premature infants. a recent study suggests that postnatal malnutrition and growth restriction are inevitable if current recommended dietary intakes are followed. multicenter studies show that variation in dietary intake accounts for 45 % of the variation in growth. hence, efforts have focused on determining whether nutritional deficiency and the observed growth restriction of premature infants can be prevented through the use of more optimal nutritional intake. in addition, inadequate protein support may be a primary cause for growth failure. based on animal studies showing high in utero amino acid flux observed during the latter phase of gestation, thureen et al have suggested the use of higher doses of amino acid supplementation in order to minimize growth restriction and improve outcomes of premature infants. however there are no large human trials that demonstrate that this approach promotes better growth or that it is safe. while small doses of amino acids may be inadequate to promote normal growth, high doses may lead to elevated serum amino acid levels and increase the occurrence of toxicity. through the implementation of a multicenter, randomized trial and tandem mass spectrometry, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5032356305725325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.087566"} {"text": "doses of amino acids may be inadequate to promote normal growth, high doses may lead to elevated serum amino acid levels and increase the occurrence of toxicity. through the implementation of a multicenter, randomized trial and tandem mass spectrometry, the investigators propose to evaluate the effects of two distinct strategies of amino acid supplementation on serum amino acid profiles and growth of premature infants during the first 28 days of life. | study design : | | allocation : randomized endpoint classification : safety / efficacy study intervention model : parallel assignment primary purpose : treatment | official title : | | randomized control trial evaluating the effect of two different doses of amino acids on growth and serum amino acids in premature neonates admitted to the nicu | - the primary outcome is growth velocity for first 28 days of life calculated as : weight gain, head circumference, length - secondary outcomes include serum amino acid profiles measured on : day 7 of life, day 28 of life | study start date : | | august 2005 | | estimated study completion date : | | june 2006 | | united states, south carolina | | mcleod regional medical center | | florence, south carolina, united states, 29506 | | principal investigator : | | reese clark, md | | pediatrix medical group, inc. |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4915640582742494, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.088316"} {"text": "us highway 66, colloquially known as the main street of america, was established on november 11, 1926 as one of the original federal highways. it ran 2, 448 miles from chicago through st. louis, joplin mo, oklahoma city, amarillo tx, albuquerque nm, and flagstaff az, before ending in los angeles. route 66 served as a major path for those migrating west, especially during the dust bowl days of the great depression, and it provided major economic support to the towns through which it passed. people doing business along the route became prosperous due to the growing popularity of the highway, and those same people later fought to keep the highway alive in the face of the growing threat of being bypassed by the limited access interstate highway system conceived in the mid - 1950s. its importance was first recognized in popular culture through bobby troup \u2019 s 1946 top - 40 hit get your kicks on route 66, as recorded by nat king cole ; fifteen years later, the popular 1960 - 64 television show, route 66 also did a lot to popularize the corvette! route 66 was officially removed from the us highway system on june 27, 1985, having been entirely replaced by several new routes that were part of the interstate highway system. nonetheless, its lore continues, through historic preservation, museums, plaques, books, movies, documentaries, songs, websites, special events, and the dedication of thousands of energetic members of route 66 clubs located throughout the nation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40532473189170937, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.089762"} {"text": "the 3 1 / 2 \" floppy disk format was the last mass - produced format, replacing 5 1 / 4 \" floppies by the mid - 1990s. it was more durable than previous floppy formats since the packaging was rigid plastic with a sliding metal shutter. it was eventually made obsolete by cds and flash drives. storage on the cheap : floppy disks magnetic hard disks transformed data storage, but were initially large and expensive. that was fine for mainframes, but personal computers needed something else. and the alternative already existed : the floppy disk. in the 1970s and 1980s, floppy disks were the primary storage device for word processors and personal computers, and became the standard way to distribute software. word processing manufacturers like wang were anxious for disks smaller than 8 inches. the design that became the popular 5\u00bc inch disk was inspired by the size of a cocktail napkin. because the drive could fit in a pc, it revolutionized personal data storage. view artifact detail the floppy disk : from mainframe to pc how to preserve the data when the power goes off? that was the conundrum confronting ibm engineers. the system / 370 was ibm \u2019 s first computer using read / write semiconductor memory for its microcode. but without power, its microcode disappeared and had to be reloaded. the solution, delivered in 1971, was an 8 \u201d diameter flexible mylar disk holding 80kb. al shugart left ibm to make floppy disk drives for small computers. competition soon stimulated smaller sizes and higher capacities, and floppy disks played a critical role in the rapid growth of pcs. the 5. 25 \u201d floppy disk provided inexpensive storage and software distribution for pcs. with two drives, disks could be easily copied. view artifact detail although the ibm pc could be used with an audiocassette recorder instead of a floppy disk drive, few were sold without a floppy. view artifact detail various companies made proprietary higher - capacity floppy disks with packages similar to \u2013 but incompatible with \u2013 the 3\u00bd inch standard. iomega \u2019 s 100 mb zip disk was the most popular. view artifact detail the 3 1 / 2 \" floppy disk format was the last mass - produced format, replacing 5 1 / 4 \" floppies by the mid - 1990s. it was more durable than previous floppy formats since the packaging was rigid plastic with a sliding metal shutter. it was eventually made obsolete by cds and flash drives. view artifact detail the 5\u00bc inch floppy disk, a scaled - down version of ibm \u2019 s 8 inch disk, held about 100kb. but having the same soft jacket", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4464869661701653, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.093604"} {"text": "reducing your risk while colon cancer can affect anyone, it \u2019 s one cancer that is preventable. you can greatly reduce your risk of developing colon cancer by getting screened regularly and making certain healthy lifestyle choices. starting at age 50, be screened regularly for colon cancer. learn more about screening options here. if you have a personal or family history of cancer or colorectal polyps, or a personal history of inflammatory bowel disease, talk to your healthcare provider about being screened earlier. maintain a healthy diet eating a healthy diet, one that \u2019 s low in fat and rich in fruits, vegetables ( especially green, leafy vegetables ) and whole grains, contributes to your health, and your colon \u2019 s health. a daily multi - vitamin containing. 4 mg of folic acid may also be helpful in reducing your risk. regular exercise, at least 30 minutes four to five days a week, can reduce your risk. even moderate exercise such as walking, gardening, or climbing supports colon health. smoking has been proven to increase the risk of colon cancer by 30 - 40 %. * if you use tobacco, quit. if you don ' t use tobacco, don ' t start. use alcohol in moderation drink alcohol only in moderation to lower your risk of developing colon cancer. the power to prevent colon cancer is in your hands. get screened and make healthy choices to keep yourself cancer - free. * taken from www. wdxcyber. com / coloncancer _ symptoms. html in the news view all - doctors perform a free service - colonoscopies to uninsured, underinsured - report affirms lifesaving role of colonoscopy - promoting cancer screening within the patient centered medical home - marriage improves the odds of surviving colon cancer - colorectal cancer deaths declining, but millions still aren ' t getting screened - fewer americans developing and dying from colon cancer - colon cancer deaths down except in mississippi - olympus urges swift passage of the \" colorectal cancer prevention, early detection, and treatment act \" - lack of sleep found to be a new risk factor for colon cancer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41780313092006843, "token_count": 426, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.095932"} {"text": "1. the unit of frequency. 4. ( zoology ) lacking a tail or taillike appendage. 12. piece of solid food for dipping in a liquid. 15. resinlike substance secreted by certain lac insects. 16. ornamental objects of no great value. 17. any of various primates with short tails or no tail at all. 18. to make a mistake or be incorrect. 19. third month of the revolutionary calendar ( november and december ). 20. god of the earth. 21. ( anatomy ) of or relating to the fauces. 23. ( norse mythology ) one of the aesir known for his beauty and skill with bow and skis. 24. type genus of the phocidae. 26. the jewish rite of circumcision performed on a male child on the eighth day of his life. 27. a state in new england. 29. become imbued. 31. a state in east central united states. 32. port city of denmark in eastern jutland. 36. a white soft metallic element that tarnishes readily. 37. a soft white precious univalent metallic element having the highest electrical and thermal conductivity of any metal. 39. a rare silvery ( usually trivalent ) metallic element. 41. an island republic on nauru island. 42. a family of birds of the suborder oscines. 46. a ballplayer who is batting. 48. an informal term for a father. 49. the seventh month of the moslem calendar. 51. any of various young herrings ( other than brislings ) canned as sardines in norway. 52. jordan ' s port. 54. a city in northwestern turkey. 55. small cubes with 1 to 6 spots on the faces. 56. fallow deer. 60. a hard brittle blue - white multivalent metallic element. 61. a loloish language. 62. a fraudulent business scheme. 64. indonesian statesman who obtained the independence of indonesia from the netherlands in 1949 and served as president until ousted by suharto in a coup d ' etat ( 1901 - 1970 ). 69. ( akkadian ) god of wisdom. 71. small terrestrial lizard of warm regions of the old world. 74. title for a civil or military leader ( especially in turkey ). 75. ( used especially of glances ) directed to one side with or as if with doubt or suspicion or envy. 78. toward the mouth or oral region. 79. an advanced law", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6064828405489157, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.102464"} {"text": "title for a civil or military leader ( especially in turkey ). 75. ( used especially of glances ) directed to one side with or as if with doubt or suspicion or envy. 78. toward the mouth or oral region. 79. an advanced law degree. 80. a man who serves as a sailor. 81. portuguese explorer who in 1488 was the first european to get round the cape of good hope ( thus establishing a sea route from the atlantic to asia ) ( 1450 - 1500 ). 82. perennial herb of east india to polynesia and australia cultivated for its large edible root yielding otaheite arrowroot starch. 83. a deciduous tree of the family ulmaceae that grows in the southeastern united states. 84. a river in north central switzerland that runs northeast into the rhine. 1. a musical notation written on a staff indicating the pitch of the notes following it. 2. ( obstetrics ) the number of live - born children a woman has delivered. 3. protective garment worn by surgeons during operations. 4. a vaguely specified concern. 5. a town in southeastern new mexico on the pecos river near the mexican border. 6. american prizefighter who won the world heavyweight championship three times ( born in 1942 ). 7. a member of the finno - ugric - speaking people living in eastern european russia. 8. method or manner of conduct in relation to others. 9. fleshy and usually brightly colored cover of some seeds that develops from the ovule stalk and partially or entirely envelopes the seed. 10. any of various dark heavy viscid substances obtained as a residue. 11. five - toed pachyderm. 12. powdery starch from certain sago palms. 13. an organization of countries formed in 1961 to agree on a common policy for the sale of petroleum. 14. having nine hinged bands of bony plates. 22. united states physician who specialized in diseases of the intestines. 25. cause to suffer. 28. the syllable naming the fourth ( subdominant ) note of the diatonic scale in solmization. 30. united states writer of poems and plays about racial conflict ( born in 1934 ). 33. containing or characterized by a great deal of water vapor. 34. a family of ural - altaic languages. 35. break apart or in two, using violence. 38. united states film actress ( born in sweden ) known for her reclusiveness ( 1905 - 1990 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.512245999789506, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.103400"} {"text": "water vapor. 34. a family of ural - altaic languages. 35. break apart or in two, using violence. 38. united states film actress ( born in sweden ) known for her reclusiveness ( 1905 - 1990 ). 40. lower in esteem. 43. mild yellow dutch cheese made in balls. 44. an agency of the united nations affiliated with the world bank. 45. at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time. 47. a loose sleeveless outer garment made from aba cloth. 50. cut into long thin strips. 53. a small cake leavened with yeast. 57. used at the dining table. 58. aircraft landing in bad weather in which the pilot is talked down by ground control using precision approach radar. 59. an asian temple. 63. a dark region of considerable extent on the surface of the moon. 65. large sweet juicy hybrid between tangerine and grapefruit having a thick wrinkled skin. 66. god of love and erotic desire. 67. an inclined surface or roadway that moves traffic from one level to another. 68. long green edible beaked pods of the okra plant. 70. type genus of the aceraceae. 72. a flat - bottomed volcanic crater that was formed by an explosion. 73. an edge tool used to cut and shape wood. 76. belonging to or on behalf of a specified person ( especially yourself ). 77. a period marked by distinctive character or reckoned from a fixed point or event.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.554249029819898, "token_count": 316, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.103947"} {"text": "posted by : loren coleman on october 21st, 2007 that is one of several questions raised by chad lewis in \u201c hidden headlines of new york : strange, unusual and bizarre newspaper stories of 1860 - 1910. \u201d among the strange tales lewis amassed about the empire state is that of two fishermen who reported seeing a large serpent - like creature in owasco lake on july 7, 1889. fred c. hayden and james o. thomas noticed a dark form in the water at buck point, on the south end of the lake, that they initially thought was a tree trunk. as they approached it in their boat from a few yards away, they saw the form move in the waves of the lake before disappearing under the water. \u201c several others whose veracity is not usually questioned claim to have seen the serpent, \u201d it read in the july 8, 1889 syracuse post - standard article. almost 10 years later, lakeside residents once again confronted the possibility that a prehistoric beast was lurking in owasco lake. during her research, owasco town historian laurel auchampaugh discovered a may 28, 1897 article in the auburn daily advertiser \u2013 taken from the moravia republican \u2013 that describes another encounter between two fishermen and the elusive form in the water. the men, whose identities were withheld, described a shape that looked like an \u201c immense log \u201d three to four feet in diameter and more than 50 feet long. as they came closer to it, the men \u2019 s boat was nearly capsized by a \u201c fearful splashing \u201d near the middle of the massive object. \u201c they refrained from telling this occurrence, knowing that such a story would not be believed, \u201d the article stated. but belief in the sea serpent was far more than folie a deux. a week prior to the fishermen \u2019 s sighting, an owasco farmer traveling to auburn spotted the monster early one morning near the east shore. that same week, two men reported seeing the monster \u201c lay on the surface of the water \u201d between cascade and indian cove. as they closed in on the creature, it \u201c glided down the lake at great speed. \u201d depending on who you talked to at the time, the serpent measured somewhere between six and 100 feet in length. the hysteria reached its height when a cascade landlord named baker offered a $ 100 reward for the sea beast \u2019 s capture. like the loch ness monster myth that surrounds that scottish lake, there is little to no scientific basis for the idea of an ancient sea beast inhabiting owasco lake. and there is even less evidence than the grainy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43111697923276104, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.107974"} {"text": "the sea beast \u2019 s capture. like the loch ness monster myth that surrounds that scottish lake, there is little to no scientific basis for the idea of an ancient sea beast inhabiting owasco lake. and there is even less evidence than the grainy photographs supporting the existence of nessie. marion balyszak, director of the finger lakes institute, which tests and analyzes bodies of water in central new york, has heard no recent stories of the alleged sea serpent in owasco lake. however, similar reports by boaters of strange creatures in seneca lake has led balyszak to attribute such sightings to sturgeons, an old and large species of fresh water fish that can stretch up to 15 feet in length. \u201c they can look prehistoric - like, \u201d she said. the other auburn tale lewis dug up to feature in \u201c hidden headlines \u201d is hardly unexplainable, but still quite strange. \u201c born, died and buried on the same day \u201d recounts the simultaneous birth and death of neighbors hugh d. crawford and mrs. john dates. the 1907 tale is part of the book \u2019 s selection of oddity stories. \u201c it runs the whole gamut of weird stories, \u201d he said. the new york book follows similar compilations of weird stories in texas and lewis \u2019 native wisconsin that lewis also put together. he chose to feature new york due to the prevalence of peculiar wire stories featured in the wisconsin newspaper archives. lewis made it a point to focus on the entire state. \u201c so many books focus on new york city or the big cities, but that \u2019 s not where all the weird stuff was going on, \u201d he said. the tales of the sea serpent in owasco lake and the neighbors with identical life spans are presented as they were written in the newspaper a century ago. \u201c i leave it up to the person to determine whether or not they believe what they read, \u201d lewis said. \u201c that \u2019 s half the fun of the book. \u201d \u201c monster in the lake \u201d by david wilcox the citizen, auburn, ny sunday, october 21, 2007.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4091482895652728, "token_count": 419, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.108727"} {"text": "july 17, 2012 deep offering training to volunteers for monitoring boat launches to prevent the spread of invasive species \u2013 training to be held in new hartford the connecticut department of energy & environmental protection ( deep ) is continuing to offer training for people interested in volunteering their time to monitor local boat launches for the presence of invasive plants and animals, such as zebra mussels. zebra mussels were discovered in lake zoar and lake lillinonah in 2010 and lake housatonic in 2011. these were the first new reports of zebra mussels in connecticut since 1998 when they were discovered in east and west twin lakes in salisbury. the training session will be held saturday, july 21, 2012 at the new hartford town hall located at 530 main st in new hartford, ct from 9 : 30am - 12 : 00 pm. for more information or to volunteer, contact gwendolynn flynn of the deep at 860 - 447 - 4339 or firstname. lastname @ example. org. the training will educate volunteers on how to identify and detect invasive species and also to instruct boaters on how to do the same. volunteers will also be talking to boaters about ways they can prevent the spread of invasive species. volunteers will receive a handbook, supplies and a t - shirt that identifies them as volunteers. the zebra mussel is a black and white - striped bivalve mollusk, which was introduced into north american waters through the discharge of ship ballast water. since its discovery in lake st. clair in 1998, the zebra mussel has spread throughout the great lakes, the mississippi river system and most of new york state, including lake champlain and the hudson river. more recently both zebra mussels and quagga mussels ( a related species, and also highly invasive ) have been expanding their range into a number of western and southwestern states. like the zebra mussel, numerous invasive plants have been introduced into connecticut waters. these invasive plants can form dense mats, making boating, fishing, swimming and other recreational activities nearly impossible. through education, boaters can help prevent the spread of aquatic invasive plants and animals, and with the help of volunteers, we can ensure that boaters across the state are receiving the proper information about invasive species. actions anglers and boaters must take to prevent the spread of invasive plants and animals, including zebra mussels are as follows : before leaving a boat launch : - clean : all visible plant, fish, and animals as well as mud or other debris. do not transport them home", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4506566966685588, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.112116"} {"text": "take to prevent the spread of invasive plants and animals, including zebra mussels are as follows : before leaving a boat launch : - clean : all visible plant, fish, and animals as well as mud or other debris. do not transport them home. - drain : all water from every space and item that may hold water. at home or prior to your next launch : - dry : anything that comes in contact with water ( boats, trailers, anchors, propellers, etc ) for a minimum of 1 week during hot / dry weather or a minimum of 4 weeks during cool / wet weather. if drying is not possible, you must clean your boat prior to the next launch. the techniques listed below are for decontaminating your vessel : - wash your boat with hot, pressurized water. - dip equipment in 100 % vinegar for 20 minutes prior to rinsing. - wash with a 1 % salt solution ( 2 / 3 cup to 5 gallons water ) and leave on for 24 hours prior to rinsing. - \u201c wet \u201d with bleach solution ( 1oz to 1 gallon water ) or soap and hot water ( lysol, boat soap, etc ) for 10 minutes prior to rinsing. do not dump your bait bucket or release live bait! avoid introducing unwanted plants and animals. unless your bait was obtained on site, dispose of it in a suitable trash container or give it to another angler. do not transport fish, other animals or plants between water bodies. release caught fish, other animals and plants only into the waters from which they came.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.40574382078176696, "token_count": 318, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.112690"} {"text": "while it can ' t change such opinions overnight, aerovironment is looking to slowly warm people to wind power by providing direct solutions to the frequent criticisms. and in the process, it hopes to transform the face of modern cities around the world. aerovironment produces building - mounted turbines, smaller than those typically seen on wind farms. by mounting the turbine structure to the tops of buildings, the benefits are twofold. first, the cost in resources of building a pole to support the turbine is eliminated. secondly, the turbines can be elevated much higher, exposing them to stronger winds. the nearly silent turbines snap onto the parapet of urban structures, forming a design that aerovironment calls \u2018 architectural wind \u2019. the rows of turbines not only catch cross currents, but also the frequent currents that develop up the side of buildings. the result is a 30 percent increase in energy production and even better, a great savings in hassle, in that the turbines are quick to snap in. while the system is extremely well designed and efficient, many will be drawn to its style. the system ' s curvy design looks more like a modern art sculpture than a cutting edge alternative energy design. this in turn adds to the urban appeal. part of the structure even serves another utilitarian use - - the large metal plate over the turbine acts as a bird shield, in an effort to minimize avian casualties. aerovironment describes their product stating, \" architectural wind is designed to install easily onto the building parapet, operating in plain sight as an attractive complement to the building \u2019 s architecture. additionally, based on its proprietary system design, architectural wind turbines rotate at low wind speeds, resulting in a form of \u2018 kinetic architecture \u2019 that communicates clearly the generation of clean energy. working alone or in tandem with other renewable energy technologies, architectural wind is designed to offer an attractive roi and cost per kw of installed capacity. \" a module weighs 200 lbs, allowing relatively easy installation, but also ensuring that it won ' t blow away. they measure 4 feet tall by 4 feet wide. installations start at 6 kw of power production and can be scaled up to produce much more. almost any rooftop is suitable to the nonintrusive installation. the product is in development, but the company hopes to mass produce the new turbines on a large scale, making them relatively affordable, and ensuring the systems turn a profit in energy costs. while wind farms leave some with little to be excited about, aerovironment ' s new approach seems an intriguing fit to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5308535856147225, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.115328"} {"text": "may 24, 2012 currently, there are increasing suggestions that the lower levels of governments should issue joint bonds in cooperation with the central government. in spain, so - called \u201c hispanobonos \u201d have been discussed for quite some time. representatives of some \u2013 mainly fiscally weaker \u2013 german federal states have lately suggested so - called \u201c deutschlandbonds \u201d. what is the main idea behind them? the two concepts have two elements in common : on the one hand, the lower levels of government of the federation ( germany : lander, spain : regions ) are to be jointly liable for their debt ( i. e. : jointly issued bonds ). on the other, the superior government level ( germany : federal government, spain : central government ) would additionally cover this liability with explicit guarantees or even issue the total volumes of the bonds themselves. on the basis of this concept, deutschlandbonds must therefore not be mixed up with joint lander bonds ( jumbos ) : here, a number of federal states join forces and issue a joint bond with liability on a pro rata basis and one federal state functioning as paying agent. the arguments put forward are ultimately based on the consideration that the central government may usually borrow money at lower costs ( interest rates ) in the capital market : the credit standing of central government is better, and the marketability should increase due to higher market liquidity. it is foreseeable that the explicit credit guarantee on bonds of subordinate levels of government would also reduce the risk premium on these bonds required by investors. an interest saving for subordinate levels of government and ultimately also the entire government thus seems possible. the motivation for such joint borrowing in the examples available varies, however : while in germany individual federal states are promoting the idea, central government is the decisive driver in spain. it hopes to get better control of the budgets of subordinate levels of government, as central bank borrowing is to be linked with conditions for the regions and more influence of the central government on the budget policy of the regions. the idea of \u201c deutschlandbonds \u201d and \u201c hispanobonos \u201d is often compared with the concept of eurobonds. however, this comparison holds true only at first sight. euroland is not a fiscal federation ( yet ). there is no superior political governance level which by analogy to the central government could interfere in the policy and budgetary sovereignty of the euroland countries. this is not changed by the latest bills from the european commission ( \u201c two pack \u201d ), which allow closer scrutiny but no direct interference, though.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5232028451941984, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.124546"} {"text": "analogy to the central government could interfere in the policy and budgetary sovereignty of the euroland countries. this is not changed by the latest bills from the european commission ( \u201c two pack \u201d ), which allow closer scrutiny but no direct interference, though. irrespective of this, it cannot be ruled out that advocates of euro bonds disregard this specification and interpret \u201c deutschlandbonds \u201d as a precedent in their interest. how is the suggestion of joint bonds and especially \u201c deutschlandbonds \u201d to be assessed? indeed there is a lot to suggest that a pool would make possible higher issue volumes. germany \u2019 s lander and spain \u2019 s regions would probably no longer have to contend with liquidity premiums ( currently up to 100 bp for the german federal states and several hundred basis points in spain ). at the same time, ( remaining or new ) bonds without assumptions of liability would only be traded at a premium. in an environment where investors show a risk - averse attitude such a market segmentation could have the effect that bonds with assumed liability could crowd out other bonds. this would have the side effect that the possibility for subordinate levels of government to borrow on their own would be severely restricted. the influence of the central government would be increased successfully \u2013 but the budgetary autonomy of the subordinate government level would be reduced. especially this restriction would call into question the legal admissability of lander borrowing in germany. for this reason, at best a voluntary participation in the model would be a solution. due to the mentioned crowding - out effect of fiscally weaker federal states, this would automatically have the consequence that federal states under market pressure as a result of weak economic governance would have no alternative but to choose the \u201c deutschlandbond \u201c model. their financial independence would be reduced. a low level of interest rates for central government cannot be taken for granted, though. an explicit liability does not necessarily bring more certainty from the investor point of view. a bailout of lower levels of government \u2013 especially in germany \u2013 was often implicitly assumed by investors, with the consequence of quite low yield premiums. structural problems as the reason for the debt of lower levels of government would not be solved via an assumption of liability, however : the key to the solution of structural budget problems at lower government levels would probably be the potential conditionality which could be set in the framework of an explicit assumption of liability by the central government. but it is not as simple as that : the argument that the central government, securing the financing of the lander, controls the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5355019044016267, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.126507"} {"text": "probably be the potential conditionality which could be set in the framework of an explicit assumption of liability by the central government. but it is not as simple as that : the argument that the central government, securing the financing of the lander, controls the landers \u2019 finances is not totally convincing. in the federal system, superior and lower levels of government are interdependent not only in the field of fiscal policy. they depend on each other in other fields as well ; for example when a central government bill requires the support of the bundesrat. this could result in horsetrading and dampens the optimism that the greater scope for central government control will also be perceived and exercised. the german bundesrat provides a clear demonstration of the conflicts between the central government and lower levels of government that does not stop at party boundaries. irrespective of this, there are funding options for the lander and the spanish regions besides the capital market. they may also borrow via loans of their landesbanks or financial institutions. currently, loans ( still ) account for roughly 50 % of the borrowing of the lander. this compares to roughly 55 % in spain. these arguments suggest that \u201c deutschlandbonds \u201d and \u201c hispanobonos \u201d are not a lasting solution to the problem of ballooning debt for sub - national levels of government but \u2013 depending on their structure \u2013 may even have a negative effect on budget discipline. for the more reliable the joint liability system, the fewer the incentives that the lower level of government has to economise. at least in this respect, the german lander and the spanish regions are more european than quite a few people would like. \u00a9 copyright 2013. deutsche bank ag, db research, d - 60262 frankfurt am main, germany. all rights reserved. when quoting please cite \u201c deutsche bank research \u201d. the above information does not constitute the provision of investment, legal or tax advice. any views expressed reflect the current views of the author, which do not necessarily correspond to the opinions of deutsche bank ag or its affiliates. opinions expressed may change without notice. opinions expressed may differ from views set out in other documents, including research, published by deutsche bank. the above information is provided for informational purposes only and without any obligation, whether contractual or otherwise. no warranty or representation is made as to the correctness, completeness and accuracy of the information given or the assessments made. in germany this information is approved and / or communicated by deutsche bank ag frankfurt, authorised by bundesanstal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.51300177882848, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.128382"} {"text": "rainbow smelt, leefish, freshwater smelt, frost fish, ice fish, candy fish - there seems to be no shortage of references for these tasty, shimmering, torpedo - like creatures. what there does seem to be these days, however, is a shortage of smelt altogether. interestingly, fishermen on both lake champlain and lake george are reporting a significant reduction in the number of smelt caught through the ice this year. it is a phenomenon that began a few years ago, actually, and one biologists have difficulty understanding. on one thing biologists agree : both lakes are continually evolving, changing with the introduction of new fish and aquatic species as well as the impacts of human intervention. vermont fisheries biologist bernie pientka said a number of factors seem to be influencing the smelt population in lake champlain. while the lake still holds a healthy population of rainbow smelt, a change in habitat along with the introduction of non - native fish like alewives has impacted where smelt congregate and where they ' ve traditionally been caught, pientka said. the physical size of lake champlain smelt is also changing, he said, making it more difficult to achieve large catches of the fish like those seen in year ' s past. in the late 1990s, studies of smelt conducted through trawling surveys showed a reduction in the overall age of smelt in the lake, pientka said. \" we used to see a lot of four or five - year - olds, now for some reason, we are seeing more one, two and three - year - olds, \" he said. \" the larger fish now average just five or six inches long. \" while fishermen tend to blame the alewife infestation with reducing smelt populations in lake champlain, biologists still discount this theory, saying the fish has not been around long enough to impact smelt. lake champlain fisheries biologist lance durfey said that while ice fishing catches appear to be down in recent winters, it does not appear to be caused by a \" crash \" in the smelt population.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4296775479063091, "token_count": 424, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.131894"} {"text": "on tuesday, harvard divinity school announced the finding to great fanfare and said king ' s paper would be published in january ' s harvard theological review. harvard said the fragment most likely came from egypt, and that its earliest documentation is from the early 1980s indicating that a now - deceased professor in germany thought it evidence of a possible marriage of jesus. some archaeologists were quick to question harvard ' s ethics, noting that the fragment has no known provenance, or history of where it ' s been, and that its current owner may have a financial interest in the publicity being generated about it. king has said the owner wants to sell his collection to harvard. \" there are all sorts of really dodgy things about this, \" said david gill, professor of archaeological heritage at university campus suffolk and author of the looting matters blog, which closely follows the illicit trade in antiquities. \" this looks to me as if any sensible, responsible academic would keep their distance from it. \" he cited the ongoing debate in academia over publishing articles about possibly dubiously obtained antiquities, thus potentially fueling the illicit market. the archaeological institute of america, for example, won ' t publish articles in its journal announcing the discovery of antiquities without a proven provenance that were acquired after a unesco convention fighting the illicit trade went into effect in 1973. similarly, many american museums have adopted policies to no longer acquire antiquities without a provenance, after being slapped with successful efforts by countries like italy to reclaim looted treasures. archaeologists also complain that the looting of antiquities removes them from their historical context, depriving scholars of a wealth of information. however, annemarie luijendijk, the princeton university expert whom king consulted to authenticate the papyrus, said the fragment fit all the rules and criteria established by the international association of papyrologists. she noted that papyrus fragments frequently don ' t have a provenance, simply because so many were removed from egypt before such issues were of concern. she acknowledged the dilemma about buying such antiquities but said refraining from publishing articles about them is another matter. \" you wouldn ' t let an important new text go to waste, \" she said. hany sadak, the director general of the coptic museum in cairo, said the fragment ' s existence was unknown to egypt ' s antiquities authorities until news articles this week. \" i personally think, as a researcher, that the paper is not authentic because it was, if it had been in egypt before, we would have known of it and we would have heard of it before it left egypt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41856034156804334, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.137940"} {"text": "until news articles this week. \" i personally think, as a researcher, that the paper is not authentic because it was, if it had been in egypt before, we would have known of it and we would have heard of it before it left egypt, \" he said. maggie fick in cairo contributed. follow nicole winfield at www. twitter. com / nwinfield - byu football : fan - developed software gives... - bodyguards allegedly beat up 2 fans who took... - utah jazz : team is a long shot to win nba ' s... - deseret news to live stream utah high school... - high school baseball : logan ' s chase nelson... - high school baseball : 5a, 4a state tournament... - utah state football : new coach matt wells... - utes football recruiting : polynesian players... - utes football recruiting : polynesian... 109 - usa rugby : ' what byu won... was a... 78 - high school baseball : 5a, 4a state... 52 - utah utes football : dr. chris hill... 39 - brad rock : usu athletics can go home again 22 - bodyguards allegedly beat up 2 fans who... 18 - van noy named to lott impact trophy... 15 - dick harmon : byu coach mike littlewood... 12", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4442254249399721, "token_count": 289, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.138454"} {"text": "( based on ralph winter, the kingdom strikes back : ten epochs of redemptive history in perspectives on the world christian movement ) phase one : 1 \u2013 400 romans possibly paul ' s work in galatia established contacts with gauls in the west and with other peoples in the northwest of europe. the earliest irish mission compounds followed a ground plan derived from the christian centers in egypt, not from roman centers with their central chapel. and the earliest language of christians in gaul was greek, not latin. thus the spread of christianity was not only by formal, systematic expansion from a christianized rome, but spontaneously through natural connections, for example, of trade and extended family. by 312 there were enough christians in the roman empire ( in spite of extended and terrible persecutions ) that it was politically feasible and wise for constantine to reverse his own commitments and the policy of the state. he declares himself a christian. there was a need of cohesiveness in the empire and christianity alone of all the religions had no nationalism at its root. it had no geographic center. it was not racially specific. by 375 christianity was the official religion of the roman empire. but there was no great push to evangelize the northern portions of europe, even though they knew that these peoples were without the gospel. phase two 400 - 800 the barbarians during the 100 years of peace for christianity ( 310 to 410 ) there was little official church effort to evangelize the barbarian nations to the north. instead, the nominalism and ease of official christianity did little to stem the tide of inner corruption in rome and the empire gave way to decay and invasion from visigoths, the ostrogoths, the vandals, etc. but the upshot of this was that the romans lost the western half of the empire while the barbarians, in the real sense, gained a christian faith. during the 400 years after the fall of rome, the benedictine christian order established 1, 000 mission compounds all over the western empire. traveling evangelists like colomban ( irish ) and boniface ( german ) should not necessarily be judged along with the worldly and legalistic monks of luther ' s day. toward the end of the period, charlemagne arose as a kind of second constantine. he espoused christian ideals, but did not reach out in earnest missionary efforts to the frontiers of the north \u2014 the scandinavians, the vikings. phase three : vikings the unevangelized peoples to the north invaded the comfortable, but non - evangelizing, empire to the south.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4194343033411176, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.142734"} {"text": "not reach out in earnest missionary efforts to the frontiers of the north \u2014 the scandinavians, the vikings. phase three : vikings the unevangelized peoples to the north invaded the comfortable, but non - evangelizing, empire to the south. they were seafaring vikings and took numerous island and coastland christian centers. unlike the partially evangelized barbarians who invaded rome, these raiders were totally unreached and destroyed churches, libraries and believers. the northmen cease not to slay and carry into captivity the christian people, to destroy the churches and to burn the towns. everywhere, there is nothing but dead bodies \u2014 clergy and laymen, nobles and common people, women and children. there is no road or place where the ground is not covered with corpses. we live in distress and anguish before this spectacle of the destruction of the christian people. ( christopher dawson, religion and the rise of western culture, p. 87 ) but once again the power of christianity showed itself. the conquerors became the conquered. often it was the monks sold as slaves or the christian girls forced to be their wives and mistresses who eventually won these savages of the north. \" in god ' s eyes, their redemption must have been more important than the harrowing tragedy of this new invasion of barbarian violence and evil which fell upon god ' s own people whom he loved. \" ( winter, p. 148 ) the churches and monasteries had become opulent in the second phase, and this is why the vikings were so attracted to them. so there was a refinement that came to the churches as the devastation spread. the faith spread back to scandinavia. the phase came to an end with another very powerful christian man, innocent iii, but there was no missions thrust to the peoples beyond europe. phase four : 1200 - 1600 crusades the friars were a new evangelistic force, but the tragedy was the repeated efforts to take the holy land by force \u2014 the crusades. this was a carry - over of the viking spirit into the church \u2014 all the crusades were led by viking descendants. francis of assisi and raymond lull were bright exceptions to the crusader spirit. judgment came this time on the empire not by human invaders, but in 1346 from the bubonic plague, which lasted for forty years. one - third to one - half the population of europe died, and the hardest hit were the best ( 120, 000 franciscans in germany alone ), but not the crusaders themselves. winter suggests that the reason is that judgment was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.444291896511987, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.143871"} {"text": "there are no facts, only interpretations. - frederich nietzsche when the allegation lacks substance or reality, nothing is required in response. \u2013 commission of national inquiry ( coni ) by azra naseem the idea that an objective truth can exist independent of political power is a myth dating back to plato. on the contrary, truth and political power are intricately woven together \u2014 one cannot exist without the other. instead of an \u2018 objective truth \u2019, what becomes accepted as \u2018 reality \u2019 is based on what those in power are willing to include as \u2018 true \u2019 and what they exclude as \u2018 false \u2019 in what they say and do about a given issue. while such power / truth relations are normally hidden from surface observations and casual scrutiny, the report of the commission of national inquiry, maldives is a document that blatantly demonstrates how \u2018 truth \u2019 is produced in this manner and how the truth so constructed is used to exercise power and control over society. it is coni \u2019 s conclusion that there was \u201c no coup, no duress, no mutiny \u201d in the maldives on 7 february 2012. to arrive at this \u2018 truth \u2019, the coni report excludes all information it regards as false and includes only what it deems true according to preconceived notions and beliefs. \u201c when the allegation lacks substance or reality \u201d, it states, \u201c nothing is required in response. \u201d how coni decided what \u2018 lacks substance or reality \u2019 and, therefore, can be dismissed as not worthy of a response, is not explained. it is an arbitrary measurement, composed and set up by the commission according to a standard that itself decided on, and which it decided not to make public. some statements contained in the report, however, do provide an indication as to the criteria used by coni to decide which of the 293 witnesses it interviewed were telling the truth, and which of them were judged as simply repeating \u2018 hearsay \u2019 or enthusiastically relaying fantasies of a confused mind susceptible to suggestion. take, for example, the following statement : just as a question has no evidential value unless the person answering accepts or adopts the fact contained in the question, allegations have no evidential value just because someone has articulated them repeatedly. what does this confused and confusing statement mean? if a question is being asked in order to establish the facts of an event, why then does the question itself contain a fact that the answer must first accept for it to be considered valid? is coni saying that a decision was made from the very beginning to exclude", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5393335435504694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.158361"} {"text": "is being asked in order to establish the facts of an event, why then does the question itself contain a fact that the answer must first accept for it to be considered valid? is coni saying that a decision was made from the very beginning to exclude as invalid all the answers that did not first accept \u2018 the fact \u2019 \u2014 as stated in coni \u2019 s findings \u2014 that \u2018 there was no coup \u2019? how much evidence was excluded on this basis? is this the grounds on which the evidence of nasheed \u2019 s wife, laila, for instance, was given no consideration by coni? in an investigation of the validity of nasheed \u2019 s claim that he resigned under duress, fearful not just of a public bloodbath but also for the safety of himself and his family, would the evidence of his wife not be essential to verifying his explanation? it is not just laila \u2019 s evidence that seems to have no place in coni \u2019 s deliberations. although one of the appendices to the report provides a list of 49 pieces of documentary evidence submitted by various witnesses, there are only seven such documents it refers to as having \u2018 comprehensively reviewed by the commission \u2019. of these, what it relied on most was its own timeline, published on 6 june 2012, over two months before it completed its deliberations. [ the english translation of the timeline published on the coni website on its official letterhead was copied verbatim \u2014 except for an occasional substitution of a word here and there \u2014 from dhivehi sitee with neither permission nor acknowledgement, or shame for that matter. ] according to the coni report this timeline, published prior to interviewing some of the most important witnesses to the events of 7 february, was the truest document of them all. there was nothing anybody could say to challenge its version of events, for it contained coni \u2019 s \u2018 truth \u2019. it must be noted also that despite the many alternative scenarios which have been produced internally and internationally, there has been virtually no challenge of any substance to what was recorded in the timeline. indeed. not when all evidence that was excluded from the timeline remained excluded as unworthy of inclusion. this is an analysis of some of the most blatant exclusions of fact the coni report relied upon to construct a particular \u2018 truth \u2019 about the events of 7th february 2012. it is part one in a series of in - depth analyses of the coni report which, if accepted in its current form as \u2018 what really happened \u2019 in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44988243133789524, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.159496"} {"text": "report relied upon to construct a particular \u2018 truth \u2019 about the events of 7th february 2012. it is part one in a series of in - depth analyses of the coni report which, if accepted in its current form as \u2018 what really happened \u2019 in the maldives on that day, renders the 2008 constitution of the maldives meaningless and creates the conditions in which the illegal overthrow of a government can be deemed legal. exclusions that made coni \u2019 s \u2018 truth \u2019 possible the role of the judiciary crucial to the events leading to the downfall of the first democratically elected government of the maldives is its judiciary. in 2010, authoritarian loyalists within the judicial service commission \u2014 the independent body set up by the first democratic constitution of 2008 to monitor judicial independence and ethical / professional standards of judges \u2014 conspired successfully to declare parts of the constitution irrelevant. article 258 required that by 7 august 2010 all individuals on the bench should possess particular standards of education and moral standing. authoritarian loyalists, determined since the beginning of the transition to democracy to prevent its consolidation [ as umar naseer said ], have sought to control the judiciary as part of its plan to derail the democratic project. dismissing article 285 as \u2018 symbolic \u2019 allowed individuals to sit on the bench who had not only shockingly low levels of education ( some are primary school drop - outs ) and possessed long criminal records, but are also of disgustingly low moral character. given that coni regarded nasheed \u2019 s decision to arrest abdulla mohamed, chief judge of the criminal court, as the catalyst of the events of 7th february, how objective is a truth that dismisses as irrelevant clear relations between the dismissal of article 285 as \u2018 symbolic \u2019, abdulla mohamed, and president nasheed \u2019 s decision to forcibly remove him from the bench? this is evidence made available to coni in velezinee \u2019 s witness statement and in the nasheed government \u2019 s dossier on the maldivian judiciary \u2018 considered comprehensively \u2019 by coni. when coni says abdulla mohamed was arrested because he \u2018 made a decision which deeply displeased president nasheed and the mdp stalwarts \u2019, it is providing a version of \u2018 truth \u2019 that deliberately excludes the crucial information that abdulla mohamed is a criminal who is on the bench by dint of an oath administered to him unconstitutionally through the secret machinations of a group of authoritarian loyalists. abdulla mohamed \u2019 s moral character is in serious doubt, having reportedly ordered two child witnesses in a sexual offence case to re - enact", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47182677757272384, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.160662"} {"text": "dint of an oath administered to him unconstitutionally through the secret machinations of a group of authoritarian loyalists. abdulla mohamed \u2019 s moral character is in serious doubt, having reportedly ordered two child witnesses in a sexual offence case to re - enact the alleged abuse, in open court and in front of the accused ( see complaint filed against abdulla mohamed by dr hassan saeed, currently special advisor to the president ). abdulla mohamed also freed a murder suspect to \u2018 teach the health minister a lesson \u2019 ( see also the failed silent coup, aishath velezinee, p. 86 ). within three hours, the freed prisoner had killed again. when the judicial service commission found him guilty of political partisanship and thus of judicial misconduct, the civil court overruled jsc, the oversight body appointed by the constitution to keep the courts in check. the majlis, the only remaining power with the authority to supervise the judicial service commission, failed to do so. anybody considering \u2018 the objective truth \u2019 about president nasheed \u2019 s decision to arrest judge abdulla mohamed must necessarily consider the context in which it occurred. coni did the opposite. its report takes abdulla mohamed \u2019 s arrest as entirely separate from all facts surrounding it bar those relating to actions taken by the president. to do so, it falsely claims that all evidence submitted to coni \u2018 about the unconditional behaviour of judge abdulla \u2019 were submitted only by \u2018 mdp members \u2019, then dismisses it all as beyond the commission \u2019 s mandate and thus irrelevant. it is the exclusion of evidence against abdulla mohamed \u2014 which explained nasheed \u2019 s decision to arrest the man \u2014 that allows coni to offer as \u2018 the objective truth \u2019 abdulla mohamed \u2019 s detention as the actions of a man willing to hold the country \u2019 s constitution as ransom for his personal pleasure. all action that followed could thus be explained as \u2018 reactions \u2019 to this unreasonable and \u2018 unlawful \u2019 act. islamists \u2019 incitement of hatred it was not only the role of the judiciary in the events leading to 7 february 2012 that coni excluded from its deliberations. the vital role, led by sheikh imran abdulla, that islamists played in inciting public hatred against president nasheed, indispensable for facilitating the day \u2019 s events unfold in the manner it did, is also missing from the \u2018 objective truth \u2019 coni presents. this is information necessary for understanding why military officers were marching on the streets of male \u2019, beating their chests in unison", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42913175391930464, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.161829"} {"text": "facilitating the day \u2019 s events unfold in the manner it did, is also missing from the \u2018 objective truth \u2019 coni presents. this is information necessary for understanding why military officers were marching on the streets of male \u2019, beating their chests in unison and shouting \u2018 god is great! \u2019 in defiance of their commander in chief. the islamists \u2019 ( and leading opposition politicians \u2018 ) labelling of nasheed as a heretic, and their call to an imagined maldivian ummah to rise up in jihad against him is well documented in the media. much of it was, in fact, telecast live on vtv, dhitv and, later, on the illegally seized and renamed state - broadcaster \u2018 tvm \u2019. all of this is either glanced at perfunctorily or entirely excluded from coni \u2019 s truth. it only acknowledges religion had a role to play in the events of 7 february only as a thing abused, denigrated, mocked and disrespected by mohamed nasheed. the subversive role that islam was made to play in the events of the day \u2014 in the form of leading islamists \u2019 encouragement of a public uprising and a mutiny of the armed forces as a \u2018 religious duty of every maldivian muslim \u2019 against a blasphemous leader \u2014 is thus excluded from coni \u2019 s assessment of the \u2018 objective truth \u2019 as presented to the public. mohamed waheed hassan manik although among the few documents coni studied comprehensively is mdp \u2019 s the central role of mohamed waheed in the maldives coup d \u2019 etat, it glosses over dr waheed \u2019 s astonishing meeting with key opposition leaders at his home in the late hours of 30 january. [ at the meeting ] he was asked if he \u201c was prepared to carry out [ his ] legal responsibilities. \u201d he is known to have replied in the affirmative. on the same day, the leaders of the opposition political parties held a press conference to announce their endorsement of the vice president. what constitutional duty did the vice president promise to fulfil? strangely for a fact - finding mission, coni seems not to have asked. if the president cannot fulfil his duties for any reason, the constitution says the vice president succeeds him. there was a democratically elected president in office at the time. nasheed had most certainly not made any indication of an intention to resign then or any time in the future. on what basis, therefore, were opposition leaders visiting the vice president \u2019 s home in the middle of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47520254572323595, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.162817"} {"text": "elected president in office at the time. nasheed had most certainly not made any indication of an intention to resign then or any time in the future. on what basis, therefore, were opposition leaders visiting the vice president \u2019 s home in the middle of the night to ask if he was willing to sit on nasheed \u2019 s chair? on what basis did waheed \u201c reply in the affirmative \u201d? why was an announcement made by the opposition coalition in the small hours of the morning to \u2018 endorse waheed for president \u2019? why were they preparing so hard to be ready for the eventuality that nasheed would soon be out of office? why did waheed not fulfil his constitutional duty to \u2018 assist the president in the discharge of his duties and responsibilities \u2019 [ article 112 ( a ) ]? coni \u2019 s questions to dr waheed appear to have included none of the above. vital facts are thus excluded by omission, allowing coni to propose the \u2018 objective truth \u2019 that \u2018 president waheed properly succeeded president nasheed \u2019 as, it says, is \u2018 foreseen in the constitution. \u2019 had the above questions been asked, and had that information been included in the report, it is possible that the \u2018 truth \u2019 arrived at would be different. the constitution most certainly did not foresee a situation where a vice president rightfully succeeds a president if the former was involved in wrongfully contributing to the latter \u2019 s resignation. the opposition coalition the opposition coalition, which came together as the 23 december alliance under the banner of \u2018 defending islam \u2019, was a motely crew ; a diverse group of people who, for different reasons, desired the same end : the fall of president nasheed \u2019 s government. it comprised of islamists angered by nasheed \u2019 s reluctance to embrace their extreme conservatism, tourism tycoons angered by nasheed \u2019 s new taxes, other political and monetary opportunists who saw the change as favourable to their status and pockets, and the authoritarians, those \u2018 lingering remnants of dictatorship \u2019 determined to prevent the consolidation of democracy. several of these figures were seen on television, instigating, participating in or encouraging the events of 7 february. yet, coni only refers to them in order to describe them as victims of \u2018 baseless allegations \u2019 : a great many names were bandied about, but with no evidential basis for the allegation. chief among those names were the present president dr waheed, former president gayoom, present minister of defence retired colonel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46179910058624773, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.163799"} {"text": "\u2018 baseless allegations \u2019 : a great many names were bandied about, but with no evidential basis for the allegation. chief among those names were the present president dr waheed, former president gayoom, present minister of defence retired colonel mohamed nazim, present chief of armed forces general ahmed shiyam, leader of jumhooree party qasim ibrahim, ex - minister of defence tholhath ibrahim, present state minister of home affairs mohamed fayaz, present commissioner of police abdulla riyaz and interim deputy leader of ppm umar naseer, and leader of the adhaalath party sheikh imran abdulla. let us, for one moment, leave aside questions about \u2018 baseless allegations \u2019. what about questions arising from what everyone witnessed rather than based on supposed conjecture? what were opposition leaders doing in the police headquarters on 7 february during the unrest? why were they crying tears of joy, thanking allah, and hugging each other in celebration at the news that nasheed was to resign? why did gasim ibrahim thank god, as seen on tv, that \u2018 it had ended without having to resort to arms \u2019? why were three civilians commanding the armed forces before president nasheed resigned? these are actions witnessed by the nation, not hearsay, not fantasy. coni does not appear to have asked any of these questions from any of the above - named people, choosing instead to focus on supposed false - allegations while ignoring questions arising from facts made bare for all to see. the questions that coni did ask, it reports, were satisfactorily answered. coni \u2019 s satisfaction does not seem to have required much. as long as the answer was one that was based on its already accepted fact \u2014 \u2018 there was no coup \u2019 \u2014 even the commonest and lamest excuse was satisfactory : aslam, while appearing before the commission, read about an sms attributed to mr saleem, the permanent secretary of the ministry of environment. the sms spoke of a distribution of 2. 4 million rufia to the \u201c mutinying \u201d policemen. the commission summoned mr saleem. he debunked the message effortlessly, claiming that he did not recall sending such a message. after hearing him, the commission would not investigate the privacy and personal affairs of all and sundry as desired by president nasheed and his aides in the absence of minimally credible supporting evidence. ( emphasis added ) claiming not to recall an action is \u2018 effortlessly debunking \u2019 any allegation that the act", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4256461280722552, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.164756"} {"text": "of all and sundry as desired by president nasheed and his aides in the absence of minimally credible supporting evidence. ( emphasis added ) claiming not to recall an action is \u2018 effortlessly debunking \u2019 any allegation that the act occurred? it is sufficient to not only stop any further investigation but also to accuse the other side of trying to invade the privacy of \u2018 all and sundry \u2019? this is an astonishing stance to take for a commission charged with a responsibility of national importance. it is a stance, however, that allows coni to exclude from its inquiries any evidence that \u2018 nasheed and his aides \u2019 submitted, presenting it all as \u2018 baseless \u2019, \u2018 belated \u2019 and / or \u2018 incredible \u2019. it then becomes easy for coni to dismiss the demand for such investigations as \u2018 naive \u2019, and a waste of important time. such allegations are very easy to make and some naively suggested that if the commission trolled through scores of bank accounts, telephone records, sms logs and intelligence reports, all would be revealed. a legal review of coni \u2019 s report commissioned by mdp and carried out by a team of sri lankan lawyers ( in the absence of any such studies undertaken by the maldivian legal community ) notes twenty - four significant occurrences relating to the events of 7 february that coni omitted from its deliberations. these include the unlawful activities committed by protesters in the opposition coalition ; umar naseer \u2019 s role in the events leading up to and on 7 february ; nasheed \u2019 s assurances to the police that no harm would come to them ; and the evidence of many key witnesses who were only called to the commission after the first draft of the coni report had been published 1 the coni report was expected to tell the maldivian people how their first democratically elected government came to an end on 7 february. it was meant to end, once and for all, the greatest rift among the maldivian people to date : the divide between those who believe that president mohamed nasheed resigned voluntarily and those who believe that he was forced to resign under duress. the coni report does give a definite verdict : president nasheed resigned voluntarily. a definitive conclusion it maybe, but it is hardly \u2018 the objective truth \u2019 that coni claims it to be. it is a \u2018 truth \u2019 that coni constructed by excluding what it arbitrarily deemed irrelevant and / or false, and including what it, in the same manner, deemed relevant and factual. given the relations between", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41782086972585186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.165675"} {"text": "##i claims it to be. it is a \u2018 truth \u2019 that coni constructed by excluding what it arbitrarily deemed irrelevant and / or false, and including what it, in the same manner, deemed relevant and factual. given the relations between political power and truth \u2014 a truth cannot be accepted as such until those in power validate it through their words and actions \u2014 those who refuse to believe coni \u2019 s version of the truth are automatically labelled \u2018 delusional \u2019, \u2018 mad \u2019, or \u2018 fantasists. \u2019 the coni report did not heal any rifts, it did not answer the questions that mattered, it did not provide the maldivian people with the information they need to see the \u2018 truth \u2019 on their own. instead, it constructed an official version of events that everyone must accept as the truth or be themselves regarded as false. - the review also highlights how much evidence regarding the mutiny of a group of police and military personnel on 7 february \u2014 without which the change of government would not have been made possible \u2014 is missing from the coni report. given the importance of their role in the ending of the country \u2019 s first democratic government, and the increasingly powerful role that they have assumed in the maldivian society since, coni \u2019 s investigation into the police and military roles deserves a separate analysis. this will be published shortly as part of this series.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5073989148781783, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.167614"} {"text": "winton is a traditional range of oil colors made from moderately priced pigments, formulated for student and amateur artists or more accomplished painters who require large volumes of color within a moderate cost range. color swatch created using heavy application / medium application / 50 % tint and was applied on acrylic primed canvas ( 7 oz ) material. iron ( iii ) - oxide, partly hydrated brown ochre provides artists with earthtones from cream to brown and is a dull, dark variety of yellow ochre. its transparency varies widely from opaque shades to more transparent ones, which are valued for their use as glazes. it has good hiding power, produces a quick drying paint, and can be safely mixed with other pigments. the highest quality brown ochre comes from cyprus, where it is yellow in its raw form and is roasted to get the deeper brown - red varieties that result when water is removed. ( see yellow ochre, py42 / 43. ) brown ochre has excellent permanence. brown ochre is non - toxic. ochre comes from the greek word ochros, meaning pale yellow. it has been used since prehistoric times, and evidence of its use has been found in some of the earliest known cave paintings in lascaux, france. it has also been called goethite, after the german philosopher and mineralogist johann wolfgang von goethe ( 1749 - 1832 ). goethite, yellow ochre. fe2o3 \u2022 h2o yellow ochre provides artists with earthtones from cream to brown. it has good hiding power, produces a quick drying paint, and can be safely mixed with other pigments. its transparency varies widely from opaque shades to more transparent ones, which are valued for their use as glazes. if gypsum is present, yellow ochre is not suitable for frescoing. ( see brown ochre, py43. ) py42 is made from synthetic iron oxides. py43 is made from natural iron oxide. yellow ochre has excellent permanence because ochres are some of the most permanent pigments available. yellow ochre is non - toxic unless it contains manganese. ochre comes from the greek word ochros, meaning pale yellow. it was one of the first pigments to be used by human beings, and evidence of its use has been found at 300, 000 year old sites in france and the former czechoslovakia. chamois, iron yellow, mars orange, mars yellow, minette, ochre,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4816782392029961, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.170186"} {"text": "mines have been in use as an anti - starship weapon since at least the 2150s - romulans were known to use cloaked minefields at this time, leading to one incident in which significant damage was inflicted on the nx - 01 when it accidentally wandered into such a field. 1 gravitic mines were in use during the 22nd century - the disabling of a civilian spacecraft by a gravitic mine formed a part of starfleet ' s kobyashi maru test. 2 today the antimatter mine is a simple, no - frills weapon designed to be used in large numbers in order to restrict or deny an area of space to enemy forces. one of the simplest forms of mine is the command model ; this consists of a matter and antimatter charge held suspended in containment fields within a small case which also holds a communications mechanism. this type of mine would be deployed within the scan radius of a controlling vessel ; the ship then monitors the area for the approach of enemy vessels, detonating a mine by remote control when an enemy vessel approached it. if a long duration minefield is required a sensor drone can take the place of the ship. the enterprise - d used such a minefield to force the surrender of a cardassian fleet in the mcallister nebula in 2369. 3 in 2372 the klingon empire attempted to place a minefield around the bajoran system to prevent the federation reinforcements from reaching the system in the event of a klingon invasion. the plan was only revealed when one of the mines exploded by accident, badly damaging a klingon cruiser. 4 more complex and effective mines are each fitted with their own sensor system. although this makes the mines slightly more difficult to construct, such a minefield is not dependant on a single drone to run it and is hence more resistant to countermeasures. the better mines are essentially tiny drone spacecraft, fitted with their own independent sensors and drive system, controlled by an artificial intelligence computer. the federation type 16 mine is an example of this type - it constantly surveys space around it to a radius of five light seconds, analysing anything which enters this zone and comparing it to a pre - programmed file of enemy vessel types. the entire minefield can be networked together, allowing them to share sensor information between them. if an enemy target enters the field the mines will determine which one has the best possible intercept solution ; this mine will activate its micro impulse drive at the appropriate moment and track in on the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4863005991986345, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.175195"} {"text": "networked together, allowing them to share sensor information between them. if an enemy target enters the field the mines will determine which one has the best possible intercept solution ; this mine will activate its micro impulse drive at the appropriate moment and track in on the target, detonating its warhead at the moment of closest approach. the type 19 mine operates in a similar manner but the mines are fitted with a small warp engine to allow them to engage targets using warp drive. at this level the mine is essentially a photon torpedo capable of lying dormant for long periods. the most recent development in federation mine technology is the model developed by an engineering team on deep space nine under chief miles o ' brien. barely a metre in diameter this is one of the smallest mines in use by the federation. 5 it contains a photonic charge equal to several hundred grenades rather than a matter / antimatter charge, along with a micro impulse system and sensor system capable of scanning out to a radius of two thousand kilometres. the limited range and destructive capability is more than offset by the use of both a cloaking device and a replicator system on the mines ; when a target is detected the mines swarm it, overwhelming the defences. once the target is destroyed the mines in that area can replicate replacements to quickly bring the field back up to strength. this type of minefield is exceptionally difficult to clear ; the use of a cloaking system on the mines means that an enemy can never be sure that every mine has been destroyed in a weapons barrage. should only a handful survive to destroy another target, hundreds or even thousands more mines are quickly replicated and the field can be back up to full strength within hours. such a minefield was deployed at the bajoran wormhole to block access by dominion forces, triggering the federation - dominion war. 5 the dominion forces which captured ds9 at the outbreak of the war struggled several months to disable the minefield without success before finally managing it just before the station was retaken by allied forces. 6", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5511407050756613, "token_count": 406, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.175972"} {"text": "bone loss stable on restricted calorie diet tuesday sept. 23, 2008 - - overweight adults who eat a low - calorie diet that includes proper nutrition can lose weight and fat without experiencing significant bone loss, a new study says. the study, by the team at pennington biomedical research center in baton rouge, la., included 46 healthy, overweight men and women ( average age 37 ) assigned to one of four groups : the 11 participants in the control group ate a healthy diet ; 12 others consumed 25 percent fewer calories than they expended per day ; 12 created a 25 percent energy deficit by eating fewer calories and exercising five days a week ; and 11 people ate a low - calorie diet ( 890 calories ) a day until they achieved a 15 percent weight loss, at which time they switched to a weight maintenance plan. all the diets contained the recommended levels of vitamin and minerals, and contained 30 percent fat, 15 percent protein and 55 percent carbohydrates, based on american heart association guidelines. after six months, people in the control group had an average body weight reduction of 1 percent, compared with 10. 4 percent in the calorie restriction group, 10 percent in the calorie restriction plus exercise group, and 13. 9 percent in the low - calorie diet group. at the start and end of the study, the researchers measured the participants ' bone mineral density and blood markers of bone resorption and formation - - processes by which bone is broken down and regenerated on a regular basis. \" compared with the control group, none of the groups showed any change in bone mineral density for total body or hip, \" the study authors wrote. after six months, markers of bone resorption were increased in all three intervention groups. markers of bone formation were lower in the calorie restriction group but remained the same in the low - calorie diet or calorie restriction plus exercise group. \" our data do not support the notion that extreme weight loss ( more than 10 percent ) over short periods ( three months ) has a worse prognosis on bone health than gradual weight loss achieved over six months by moderate calorie restriction with or without aerobic exercise, \" the researchers wrote. \" we speculate that in young individuals undergoing calorie restriction, minor adjustments in bone occur as a normal physiological adaptation to the reduced body mass. further studies of longer duration are warranted and should include an assessment of bone architecture to ensure that bone quality", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47562155192832245, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.180262"} {"text": "generalizing statistical results to the entire population making conclusions about a much broader population than your sample actually represents is one of the biggest no - no ' s in statistics. this kind of problem is called generalization, and it occurs more often than you might think. people want their results instantly ; they don ' t want to wait for them, so well - planned surveys and experiments take a back seat to instant web surveys and convenience samples. for example, a researcher wants to know how cable news channels have influenced the way americans get their news. he also happens to be a statistics professor at a large research institution and has 1, 000 students in his classes. he decides that instead of taking a random sample of americans, which would be difficult, time - consuming, and expensive, he will just put a question on his final exam to get his students ' answers. his data analysis shows that only 5 percent of his students read the newspaper and / or watch network news programs anymore ; the rest watch cable news. for his class, the ratio of students who exclusively watch cable news compared to those students who don ' t is 20 to 1. the professor reports this and sends out a press release about it. the cable news channels pick up on it and the next day are reporting, \" americans choose cable news channels over newspapers and network news by a 20 - to - 1 margin! \" do you see what ' s wrong with this picture? the problem is that the professor ' s conclusions go way beyond his study, which is wrong. he used the students in his statistics class to obtain the data that serves as the basis for his entire report and the resulting headline. yet the professor reports the results about all americans. it ' s safe to say that a sample of 1, 000 college students taking a statistics class at the same time at the same college doesn ' t represent a cross section of america. if the professor wants to make conclusions in the end about america, he has to select a random sample of americans to take his survey. if he uses 1, 000 students from his class, then his conclusions can be made only about that class and no one else. to avoid or detect generalization, identify the population that you ' re intending to make conclusions about and make sure the selected sample represents that population. if the sample represents a smaller group within that population, then the conclusions have to be downsized in scope also.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.49739620180094235, "token_count": 484, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.182648"} {"text": "a boy at war : a novel of pearl harbor simon & schuster books for young readers publication date : june 2012 digital book format : epub ( adobe drm ) they rowed hard, away from the battleships and the bombs. water sprayed over them. the rowboat pitched one way and then the other. then, before his eyes, the arizona lifted up out of the water. that enormous battleship bounced up in the air like a rubber ball and split apart. fire burst out of the ship. a geyser of water shot into the air and came crashing down. adam was almost thrown out of the rowboat. he clung to the seat as it swung around. he saw blue skies and the glittering city. the boat swung back again, and he saw black clouds, and the arizona, his father ' s ship, sinking beneath the water. - - from a boy at war \" he kept looking up, afraid the planes would come back. the sky was obscured by black smoke.... it was all unreal : the battleships half sunk, the bullet holes in the boat, davi and martin in the water. \" december 7, 1941 : on a quiet sunday morning, while adam and his friends are fishing near honolulu, a surprise attack by japanese bombers destroys the fleet at pearl harbor. even as adam struggles to survive the sudden chaos all around him, and as his friends endure the brunt of the attack, a greater concern hangs over his head : adam ' s father, a navy lieutenant, was stationed on the uss arizona when the bombs fell. during the subsequent days adam - - not yet a man, but no longer a boy - - is caught up in the war as he desperately tries to make sense of what happened to his friends and to find news of his father. harry mazer, whose autobiographical novel, the last mission, brought the european side of world war ii to vivid life, now turns to the pacific theater and how the impact of war can alter young lives forever.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4279255743219238, "token_count": 404, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.186949"} {"text": "eden wild rice is hand harvested in canoes from northern minnesota lakes by the leech lake band of ojibwe. state laws distinguish authentic wild rice as native harvested using the non - mechanized methods that have been passed on for over a thousand years. eden wild rice supports traditional culture and helps preserve this ancient harvest. it provides true wild rice experience and benefit in its light, sweet, and fluffy cooked form. eden wild rice zizania palutris is authentic wild rice, strikingly different from paddy grown ' wild rice '. hybrid paddy grown ' wild rice ' is usually black, very hard, and takes much longer to cook while still having tough texture. most items labeled wild rice are paddy grown in california and not subject to laws that distinguish authentic wild rice grown in minnesota. when people experience real wild rice, like eden ' s, they are usually amazed that it is so soft and sweetly delicious. eden wild rice is harvested from the end of august through early september, the time the ojibwe call the ' rice harvest moon ' or ' manoominike giizis. ' early in the day ricers set out in canoes to hand harvest the ripened grains. there are two people per canoe, a poler who stands in the back, and a knocker who sits in the middle. the poler guides the canoe through stands of rice using a forked pole about 20 feet long. rice beds are too dense to paddle through. the knocker uses two cedar wood sticks resembling large drumsticks to harvest the rice. alternating between left and right hands, he uses one stick to pull the rice stalk over the canoe and the other to tap the rice loose from the stalk into the canoe. unripe grains stay on the stalk. some falls off and re - seeds the lake, and some will be harvested another day. when full the canoe returns to shore and the rice is winnowed removing its chaff and then parched in a wood fired roaster to dry and protect it while imparting flavor notes. the only indigenous north american grain, wild rice is an annual aquatic reed grass that grows to 12 feet with a 2 foot flowering panicle. poaceae ( gramineae ) or grain family, not a true rice of the oryza genus. used like any other grain, it is gluten free and embraced by those with sensitivity to modern wheat or other grains containing gluten. according to ojibwe history, they were told by the creator to move westward from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4237452101768976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.190999"} {"text": "elements of network - based assessment save to my collections gibson, d. ( 2003 ). elements of network - based assessment. in c. crawford et al. ( eds. ), proceedings of society for information technology & teacher education international conference 2003 ( pp. 65 - 71 ). chesapeake, va : aace. retrieved from http : / / www. editlib. org / p / 17829. society for information technology & teacher education international conference ( site ) 2003 albuquerque, new mexico, usa caroline crawford, niki davis, jerry price, roberta weber & dee anna willis more information on site table of contents abstract : this article presents an introduction to elements of a network - based assessment system based in recent advances in knowledge and practice in learning theory, assessment design and delivery, and semantic web interoperability. the envisioned architecture takes advantage of the meditating role of technology, the major elements in emerging designs for assessment systems, and how network - based processes can take advantage of these perspectives. - video annotation system and formative assessment tool using flash media server - the use of web 2. 0 social networking technologies to expedite collaboration both in and out of the university classroom - the development of a pervasive collaborative lms 2. 0 - who we are : analysis of 10 years of the ed - media conference - collectives, networks and groups in social software for e - learning - teaching sustainable yield concepts using flash media server and adobe flex - a ria - based collaborative learning system for e - learning 2. 0 - moodle vs. facebook : does using facebook for discussions in an online course enhance perceived social presence and student interaction? - can microblogs and weblogs change traditional scientific writing? - student - teacher interaction on facebook : what students find appropriate comments & discussion comment on the paper above. you must be registered to participate. registration is free.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48266936190440757, "token_count": 381, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.194080"} {"text": "dino eggs \u2026 and what ' s inside by sara f. schacter what could be rarer than discovering the egg of a real dinosaur? how about finding the baby dinosaur still inside? in a huge dinosaur nesting ground in argentina, scientists recently found the fossil remains of six unhatched baby dinosaurs. about a foot long and snuggled up inside eggs the size of grapefruit, these dinosaur embryos have helped solve the mystery of which dinosaurs laid the miles and miles of eggs buried in the dirt and rock. the tiny embryos were titanosaurs \u2014 a type of sauropod, the long - necked, plant - eating dinosaurs that were among the largest land animals ever. scientists were amazed that their delicate skulls and fragile skin had survived long enough to become fossilized. some embryos still had tiny, sharp teeth in their mouths. by studying the embryos ' skulls, scientists are learning just how dramatically the structure of the titanosaurs ' faces changed as they grew. the embryos ' nostrils are at the tips of their snouts, but by the time titanosaurs were full grown, their skulls changed so that their nostrils were almost between their eyes. in yet another amazing discovery, scientists in england have found fossilized dino vomit! coughed up 160 million years ago by a large marine reptile called ichthyosaur, the vomit contains the undigested shells of squidlike shellfish \u2014 no doubt ichthyosaur ' s favorite snack. \u201c we believe that this is the first time the existence of fossil vomit on a grand scale has been proven, \u201d said one excited scientist. - embryo : an animal in the earliest stage of development. - fossil : something that remains of a living thing from long ago. - what kinds of things did scientists learn about the way titanosaurs reproduce? [ anno : the scientists learned that titanosaurs laid a lot of eggs over a wide area. they had a nesting ground. ] - where was the dinosaur vomit found? [ anno : it was found in england. ] - what kind of a dinosaur made the vomit? [ anno : an ichthyosaur ] - how has the habitat of the ichthyosaur changed, from the time it lived until today? how do you know this change has happened? [ anno : when the ichthyosaur lived, its habitat was an ocean. the ichthyosaur was a marine dinosaur, so the area that is now england must have been under water. ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4242565650808611, "token_count": 504, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.199141"} {"text": "environment commissioner and danish minister meet 80, 000 workers at the eea new workers at the eea keeping bees on our roof provides an excellent opportunity for the eea to get hands - on experience of caring for the productive systems of our planet. environmental projects like this show how social and environmental benefits often go hand - in - hand. hopefully our positive experience can inspire other cities across europe to start similar projects. professor jacqueline mcglade, executive director of the eea professor mcglade said : \u201c keeping bees on our roof provides an excellent opportunity for the eea to get hands - on experience of caring for the productive systems of our planet. environmental projects like this show how social and environmental benefits often go hand - in - hand. hopefully our positive experience can inspire other cities across europe to start similar projects. \u201d bees are a prime example of an undervalued service that nature delivers to human society. together with other species ( mostly insects but also bats and birds ) bees play a key role as pollinators \u2013 enabling reproduction of plants, wild and domesticated. one attempt to price this service estimates the contribution of insect pollinators to agricultural output may be worth up to us $ 190 billion per year. since the introduction of modern agricultural methods, new diseases and other environmental changes, bees have been in decline across europe. these reasons are not fully understood and research is ongoing. however, there is some good news - urban beekeeping is increasing. copenhagen is one of the most recent cities to embrace beekeeping, following paris, berlin and hong kong. the bees can find plenty of pollen in the parks and gardens of cities, and the honey is generally of a very high quality. in addition, urban beekeeping can raise awareness of the importance of pollinators and contributes to urban biodiversity. commissioner potocnik added : \" we take bees for granted, and the same goes for many other ecosystem services \u2013 the soil, air and water that nature provides for free. but we should take more care. bees are signal species and when we fail to respect their lifestyle, they may no longer be able to help support ours. in the environment council this week, we discussed the new biodiversity strategy for europe, setting out objectives and targets towards 2020. i sincerely hope that we can convince enough people that everyone needs to be part of protecting biodiversity, and that is why initiatives like this one \u2013 bringing nature to city centres \u2013 are so useful. \" danish minister of the environment karen ellemann said : \u201c my aim is to actively engage danes in preserving all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4777607230217646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.203920"} {"text": "everyone needs to be part of protecting biodiversity, and that is why initiatives like this one \u2013 bringing nature to city centres \u2013 are so useful. \" danish minister of the environment karen ellemann said : \u201c my aim is to actively engage danes in preserving all of our species. the annual value of pollination from danish honey bees is estimated at one billion dollars, so it is therefore significant that 3. 5 million bees are now being kept in copenhagen. urban beekeeping can raise people \u2019 s awareness of the importance of pollinators and contribute to the crucial protection of biodiversity. \u201d the eea has been keeping bees on its roof since april 2011. the two hives sit on the roof of the five - storey building in central copenhagen, and during the summer are home to approximately 80, 000 bees. these hives will provide an estimated 100kgs of honey per year. the hives are managed by the bybi ( danish for \u2018 city bee \u2019 ) social enterprise, which trains formerly homeless people in beekeeping. biodiversity is also one of the aims of the un international year of forests. to mark this event in 2011, the eea has also given over its courtyard to an artistic installation representing a forest, featuring living birch trees. commissioner potocnik was visiting the eea to discuss further collaboration between the eea and the commission.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47713793578630403, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.204629"} {"text": "since 2000, the folks at realtime embedded have concentrated on helping companies develop embedded systems used in advanced products. their four primary focus areas are fpga, linux, virtual hardware, and multicore processing systems. realtime embedded is involved in customer and financed research projects, in house and on site, spanning a wide range of industries. many of you may have already read my blog called how to design an fpga from scratch, which i started to write 2006 and which max maxfield wrote about in ee times for the first time in 2007. my latest blog describes the work i have performed at realtime embedded over the course of the past year. in this blog, i investigate four soft - core processors and use the same setup as in my first blog called \u201c learning by doing. \u201d this means that each soft processor will be implemented in an fpga and the whole design process will be documented. click here to visit my blog. why use soft - core processors? when designing an embedded system in a fpga, we will most likely need some form of \u201c controller \u201d in our system. this controller can be a simple microcontroller or a fully - fledged microprocessor running the linux operating system. but before we make this decision, let \u2019 s first consider the various options that are available to us. one solution is to use an off - the - shelf ( ots ) microprocessor mounted on the board and connecting to the fpga using a standard bus like amba. in fact, this still appears to be the most commonly - used solution. there are times, however, where an ots processor - based approach will not meet our requirements. an example would be an application that requires peripheral functionality that is not available in a discrete solution, or where board real estate is limited. another option is to embed a \u201c hard \u201d processor core on the chip. a hard processor core has dedicated silicon area on the fpga. this allows it to operate with a core frequency similar to that of a discrete microprocessor. examples of hard processor cores used in fpgas are the powerpc used in virtex - 4 / 5 and the arm cortex - a9 dual - core mcu used in the new zynq - 7000 all programmable soc from xilinx unfortunately, a hard processor core does not provide the ability to adjust it to better meet the needs of the application, nor does it allow for the flexibility of adding a processor to an existing fpga", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5015899884730318, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.208805"} {"text": "7000 all programmable soc from xilinx unfortunately, a hard processor core does not provide the ability to adjust it to better meet the needs of the application, nor does it allow for the flexibility of adding a processor to an existing fpga design or adding an additional processor to provide more processing capabilities. a soft - core processor solution is one that is implemented entirely in the logic primitives of an fpga. because of this implementation, the processor will not operate at the same clock frequencies or have the same performance of a discrete solution. in many embedded applications, however, the high performance achieved by the previous two processing options is not required, and performance can be traded for expanded functionality, reduced cost, and flexibility. all the major fpga vendors have soft - core processors in their product offerings and there are also a number of companies and organizations developing soft - core processors that are platform independent and can be implemented in any fpga design. choosing a soft - core processor when commencing an fpga design project that will employ a soft - core processor, it can be hard to decide which processor to use. to help you with this decision and give you quick start guide, let \u2019 s take a closer look at four soft - core processor to see which one would be most suitable for your platform. here are the four candidates we will investigate : - nios ii our system will be built on a standard fpga development board. we will use the cae tools that are suggested by the processor provider and try to use license - free tools as much as possible. when there are no free tools available, we will use an evaluation license from the fpga vendor. the system must be able to run a linux operating system and a real time operating system ( rtos ). the performance of the processor cores will be measured by using the benchmark program coremark. cpu core benchmarking although it doesn \u2019 t reflect how you would use a processor in a real application, sometimes it \u2019 s important to isolate the cpu \u2019 s core from the other elements of the processor and focus on one key element. for example, you might want to have the ability to ignore memory and i / o effects and focus primarily on the pipeline operation. coremark ( www. coremark. org ) is capable of testing a processor \u2019 s basic pipeline structure ; it also provides the ability to test basic read / write operations, integer operations, and control operations. we will use the linux distribution recommended by the processor vendor. an embedded system that is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49713235004661177, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.209776"} {"text": "skip to main content more search options a member of our team will call you back within one business day. you may think child poisoning couldn \u2019 t happen to your family, but it could. in fact, a child in the u. s. is poisoned every 30 seconds. many household products and substances can be poisonous. three important things you can do to keep your children safe are : lock up all poisonous materials out of children \u2019 s reach. teach your children to stay away from poisons. be prepared for emergencies. this includes posting the poison control number ( 800 - 222 - 1222 ) near all telephones. read on for more details about poisonings and how to prevent them. be sure to pass this sheet on to grandparents and other caregivers to help them \u201c poison - proof \u201d their homes. many caregivers are not up - to - date about poison dangers and how to avoid these dangers. poisonings can occur for many reasons : young children like to explore, often by putting things in their mouths. children often get into things their parents didn \u2019 t think they could. for instance, kids may be able to reach items on high counters or in open cabinets. children often copy adult behavior. so they might try to use a product, such as medication, without knowing the dangers. children are attracted to bright colors and appealing scents. this can be dangerous, for instance, if a child doesn \u2019 t know that a lemon - scented floor cleaner is not something to drink. kids are at higher risk than adults of poisoning from the same amount of poison. this is because children are smaller and their bodies are affected more easily. the tips below can help prevent a poisoning in your home. store toxic products and substances out of reach of children. keep them in a locked cabinet. store products in their original containers. never transfer products from one container to another, especially to food or beverage containers. this can confuse children. it can also cause problems in identifying the product in case of a poisoning. buy products in child - resistant packaging. but keep in mind that no container is childproof, even with a safety cap. buy products wisely. choose the least toxic product for your purpose. for instance, avoid buying concentrates. they are far more hazardous than ready - to - use chemicals. never mix together cleaning products, especially those containing ammonia and bleach. this can produce dangerous fumes. read labels to find out what products are poisonous. and follow all safety precautions on product labels. don \u2019 t keep risky items in your", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4265778183013933, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.215127"} {"text": ". never mix together cleaning products, especially those containing ammonia and bleach. this can produce dangerous fumes. read labels to find out what products are poisonous. and follow all safety precautions on product labels. don \u2019 t keep risky items in your purse, such as medications and vitamins. kids can often get into your purse. following are household products that can pose a poisoning risk to children. medications and vitamins. nearly half of all child poisonings involve medications. keep them in a locked cabinet out of reach of children. keep all medications out of reach, even those with a safety cap. always close the container and the childproof cap securely after taking medication. don \u2019 t leave medications where your child can reach them. risky spots include on the counter, in your purse, and on the nightstand. don \u2019 t take medications in front of children. pay attention when giving a child medication. read the label and make sure you \u2019 re giving the correct product and dosage. never allow young children to take medication themselves. before giving medication to a child, make sure another family member has not already given it. dispose of outdated medications safely. do not toss them in the trash, flush them, or pour them down the drain. instead, put liquid medication or pills into a sealable plastic bag ( crush the pills first ). add kitty litter, coffee grounds, or other material to discourage kids or pets from eating it. then place in the trash. for more suggestions, ask your pharmacist or local waste disposal company. or visit www. smarxtdisposal. net. don \u2019 t tell kids that medications are candy. that may encourage children to eat them. this is also true for vitamins. be especially careful with prenatal vitamins, which contain high levels of iron. iron can be deadly to kids if they overdose on it. store cleaners, pest control poisons, paint, and other dangerous substances safely. put them in a locked cabinet out of reach of children. take care to store dangerous substances safely in the garage as well as inside the house. be aware that alcohol poisoning can happen from anything that contains alcohol. this includes alcoholic drinks, mouthwash, perfumes, and even some extracts, such as almond extract. keep all items containing alcohol out of reach of children. avoid keeping houseplants that are poisonous when eaten, such as irises and daffodils. check www. poison. org / prevent / plants. asp for more information. if you do have poisonous", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45507239734304816, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.216211"} {"text": "alcohol out of reach of children. avoid keeping houseplants that are poisonous when eaten, such as irises and daffodils. check www. poison. org / prevent / plants. asp for more information. if you do have poisonous plants in the home, keep them out of reach of children. and keep in mind that all plants are choking hazards for kids under age 3. explain to kids that plants are not food and should never be eaten. install carbon monoxide detectors in your home. carbon monoxide is a gas that you can \u2019 t see, smell, or taste. it is a major cause of poisoning in the u. s. and it can be deadly. make sure fuel - burning appliances are in good repair. carbon monoxide can be emitted from broken appliances such as gas heaters, space heaters, or ovens. also check that fireplaces and furnaces are vented properly and inspected each year. be aware that carbon monoxide poisoning can cause flu - like symptoms. these include nausea, dizziness, and headache. if several members of the family have these symptoms at the same time, get out of the home and get fresh air right away. then call 911 or emergency services. find out if your house has lead paint, which was often used in older houses. if your house does have lead paint, hire professionals to remove it. have them replace lead paint with lead - free paint. remove any loose pieces of paint so your child doesn \u2019 t eat them. if you \u2019 re concerned, talk to your doctor about testing your child for lead poisoning. being ready for a poisoning can save valuable time. here are tips to help you be prepared : have emergency contact information available at all times. post the national poison center phone number ( 800 - 222 - 1222 ) near every phone in your home. also post your home address. this can be easy to forget in an emergency. program emergency numbers into your phone \u2019 s speed dial. post emergency information on the refrigerator. emergency responders are trained to look there. include details on long - term medications and medication allergies for each family member. also include your family \u2019 s emergency contact phone numbers. teach your child about poisons and how to respond in an emergency ( see box below ). in case of a poisoning, know the name of the product or substance involved in the poisoning when you call poison control. if possible, have the container of the poison with you. teaching your child about poisons and their dangers can help prevent a disaster", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46423597014599893, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.218107"} {"text": "for this breed includes an addendum ( list of points in order of merit ) which may not be included by the f. c. i. of origin : ireland. of publication of the original valid standard : up to the end of the17th century, irish wolfhounds were used for hunting wolves and deer in ireland. they were also used for hunting the wolves that infested large areas of europe before the forests were cleared. fci : group 10 ( sighthounds ) section 2 ( rough - coated sighthounds ) without working trial. ireland : hound group. historical summary : we know the continental celts kept a greyhound probably descended from the greyhound first depicted in egyptian paintings. like their continental cousins, the irish celts were interested in breeding large hounds. these large irish hounds could have had smooth or rough coats, but in later times, the rough coat predominated possibly because of the irish climate. the first written account of these dogs was by a roman consul 391 a. d. but they were already established in ireland in the first century a. d. when setanta changed his name to cu - chulainn ( the hound of culann ). mention is made of the uisneach ( 1st century ) taking 150 hounds with them in their flight to scotland. irish hounds undoubtedly formed the basis of the scottish deerhound. pairs of irish hounds were prized as gifts by the royal houses of europe, scandinavia and elsewhere from the middle ages to the 17th century. they were sent to england, spain, france, sweden, denmark, persia, india and poland. in the15th century each county in ireland was required to keep 24 wolfdogs to protect farmers ' flocks from the ravages of wolves. the cromwellian prohibition ( 1652 ) on the export of wolfhounds helped preserve their number for a time but the gradual disappearance of the wolf and continued demand abroad reduced their numbers almost to the point of extinction by the end of the 17th century. the revival of interest in the breed accompanied the growth of irish nationalism in the late 19th century. the irish wolfhound became a living symbol of irish culture and of the celtic past. at this time, one determined enthusiast, capt. g a graham, set about obtaining some of the few remaining hounds of the wolfhound type that could still be found in ireland, and with the use of deerhound blood and the occasional outcross of borzoi and great dane, he eventually achieved a type of dog that bred true in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4803181696357876, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.222737"} {"text": "few remaining hounds of the wolfhound type that could still be found in ireland, and with the use of deerhound blood and the occasional outcross of borzoi and great dane, he eventually achieved a type of dog that bred true in every generation. the results were ultimately accepted as a legitimate revival of the breed. the irish kennel club scheduled a class for irish wolfhounds at their show in april 1879, and a club was formed in 1885. the irish wolfhound now enjoys once again something of the reputation that it had in the middle ages. wolfhounds are now owned and bred in fairly large numbers outside of ireland. appearance : the irish wolfhound should not be quite so heavy or massive as the great dane, but more so than the deerhound, which in general type he should otherwise resemble. of great size and commanding appearance, very muscular, strongly though gracefully built, movements easy and active ; head and neck carried high ; the tail carried with an upward sweep with a slight curve towards the extremity. great size, including height at shoulder and proportionate length of body, is the desideratum to be aimed at, and it is desired to firmly establish a race ( that shall average 32 inches ( 81cm ) to 34 inches ( 86cm ) in dogs ) showing the requisite power, activity, courage and symmetry. and temperament : \" lambs at home, lions in head : long and level, carried high ; the frontal bones of the forehead very slightly raised and very little indentation between the eyes. skull : not too broad muzzle : long and moderately pointed. teeth : scissor bite ideal, level acceptable. ears : small rose ears ( greyhound like in carriage ). rather long, very strong and muscular, well arched, without dewlap or loose skin about the throat. long, well ribbed up. back : rather long than short. loins : slightly arched. croup : great breadth across hips. chest : very deep, moderately broad, breast wide. ribs : well sprung. belly : well drawn up. long and slightly curved, of moderate thickness, and well covered with hair. shoulders : muscular, giving breadth of chest, set sloping. elbows : well under, neither turned inwards nor outwards. forearm : muscular, heavily boned, quite straight. thighs : long and muscular. stifle : nicely bent. second thigh : well muscled, long and strong. hocks : well let down and turning neither in nor out. moderately", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4640859823285379, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.223639"} {"text": "##s. forearm : muscular, heavily boned, quite straight. thighs : long and muscular. stifle : nicely bent. second thigh : well muscled, long and strong. hocks : well let down and turning neither in nor out. moderately large and round, neither turned inward toes : well arched and closed. nails : very strong and curved. movements easy and active. hair : rough and hard on body, legs and head ; especially wiry. hair over eyes and beard especially wiry. the recognised colours are grey, brindle, red, black, pure white, fawn or any colour that appears in the deerhound. ( height & weight ) desired height : averaging 32 inches ( 81cm ) to 34 inches ( 86cm ) in dogs. minimum height : dogs 31 inches ( 79cm ). minimum weight : dogs 120 pounds ( 54. 5kg ). minimum height : bitches 28 inches ( 71cm ). minimum weight : bitches 90 pounds ( 40. 5 kg ). any departure from the foregoing points should be considered a fault and the seriousness with which the fault should be regarded should be in exact proportion to its degree. \u00b7 too light or too heavy a head. \u00b7 too highly arched frontal bone. \u00b7 crooked forelegs, weak pasterns. \u00b7 weak hindquarters and a general want of muscle. \u00b7 too short in body. \u00b7 back sunken or hollow or quite straight. \u00b7 large ears and hanging flat to the face. \u00b7 twisted feet. \u00b7 spreading toes. \u00b7 short neck ; full dewlap. \u00b7 chest too narrow or too broad. \u00b7 tail excessively curled. \u00b7 nose of any colour other than black. \u00b7 lips of any colour other than black. \u00b7 very light eyes. pink or liver coloured eyelids. male animals should have two apparently normal testicles fully descended into the scrotum.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4646246581151255, "token_count": 382, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.224315"} {"text": "tim turner, the reliability center business development manager at the college of nanoscale science and engineering ( cnse ), albany, ny, blogs about the potential of resistive memory and the reliability challenges the must be overcome. resistive memory, rram or memristors is a hot topic right now. rram has the potential for single digit nano parameters ( speed as fast as 1 ns, area per bit as small as 5 square nm ) and is non - volatile. the technology is based on the formation of a small conductive filament inside an insulator. the filament is formed the first time using a high voltage. after that, set or reset transformation ( conductive to non - conductive or visa versa ) is accomplished by moving one or a few atoms an atomic scale distance. this can be done with a low voltage ( less than a volt ). this small movement gives a repeatable set or reset that can withstand many cycles. conduction in the filament appears to be due to oxygen vacancies existing in a percolation path through the insulator. a small electric field in the reverse direction causes the migration of these oxygen vacancies in a mechanism similar to electromigration of al or cu atoms in a metal line. momentum exchange between electrons and the vacancies appears to be the driving force. the vacancies do not have to move far to open the small filament. an oxygen vacancy moves an atomic scale distance and the tiny filament opens, allowing an insulator to exist between points in the filament. forcing a forward voltage can move the oxygen vacancy back into the area where the filament is conductive. this small movement can give a 100x change in the conduction through the dielectric. this is the state change that can be interpreted as the digital signal stored on the memory cell. the material set used for rram is cmos compatible. rram cells have been made out of cu / hfox, al / alox / pt, tin / alox / pt or even al / alox / cnt ( carbon nano tubes ). most of the work reported to date has been on arrays where the cell is similar to a dram, using one transistor and one capacitor. the rram cell starts with a capacitor, then forms the filament in the capacitor dielectric. the advantage this technology has is the smaller size of the capacitor. there is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5524298180113966, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.231011"} {"text": "scaled. originally, this was thought to be just the larger impact of a single trap on a smaller area gate, but realov and shepard showed that shorter l transistors show a greater noise than longer transistors with the same total area ( below 40nm ). thus, this is a problem that will increase as the technology is scaled. there is also a chance that rtn will be generated by the movement of oxygen vacancies in the filament itself. degraeve et. al. reported a highly voltage sensitive disturb in the reset state. their rram cell could withstand 100 thousand disturb pulses ( 100ns ) at - 0. 5 volts, but at - 0. 6 volts the cell could only withstand a little over 100 pulses. they also showed that the sensitivity to disturb could be reduced significantly by balancing and optimizing the set and reset pulses. | figure 2 : disturb in reset state | optimization of the set and reset pulses also has a strong impact on the set / reset cycling endurance of the cell. degraeve was able to show up to 10 g set / reset pulses after optimization. wu et. al showed the impact of scaling on a cross - point array. according to their model, scaling the technology from 22nm to 5 nm resulted in an increase for the parasitic word and bit line resistance from under 10 ohms to almost 100, 000 ohms as the lines width and thickness are reduced. adding to the significance of this is the variation in resistance between the closest cell in the array and the furthest call in the array. this variation could be over 4 orders of magnitude while the difference between the set and reset resistance is only 2 orders of magnitude. this issue could restrict the size of sub arrays, compromising the potential area savings using this technology. as the metal lines are scaled to obtain higher memory densities, the filament that generates the conduction in the cell does not scale. that means the set and reset pulse currents remain about the same as the array is scaled. this results in an electromigration issue in the scaled metal lines. | figure 3 : oxygen vacancy filament determines set or reset state of rram memory cell | rram is certainly an appealing technology with its ability to scale the cell to tiny dimensions, good speed, cmos compatible material set and the possibility of mounting the technology above a logic array. unfortunately, the devil is in the details and the list of advantages is balanced by a list of problems that must be overcome before this technology", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5071848753029417, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.233979"} {"text": "tiny dimensions, good speed, cmos compatible material set and the possibility of mounting the technology above a logic array. unfortunately, the devil is in the details and the list of advantages is balanced by a list of problems that must be overcome before this technology can carve out a space as a memory solution. 1 ] jihan capulong, benjamin briggs, seann bishop, michael hovish, richard matyi, nathaniel cady, college of nanoscale science and engineering, \u201c effect of crystallinity on endurance and switching behavior of hfox based resistive memory devices \u201d, proceedings of the international integrated reliability workshop 2012 2 ] yi wu, jiale liang, shimeng yu, ximeng guan and h. s. philip wong, stanford university, \u201c resistive switching random access memory \u2013 materials, device, interconnects and scaling considerations \u201d, proceedings of the international integrated reliability workshop, 2012 3 ] nirmal ramaswamy, micron, \u201c challenges in engineering rram technology for high density applications \u201d, proceedings of the international integrated reliability workshop, 2012 4 ] k. k. hong, p. k ko, chemming hu and yiu cheng, random telegraph noise of deep sub - micrometer mosfets, 1990 ieee 1741 - 3106 / 90 / 0200 - 0090 http : / / www. eecs. berkeley. edu / ~ hu / publications / hu _ papers / hu _ jnl / huc _ jnl _ 167. pdf 5 ] simeon realov and kenneth l. shepard, \u201c random telegraph noise in 45nm cmos : analysis using an on - chip test and measurement system, iedm10 - 624, 978 - 1 - 4244 - 7419 - 6 / 10 / $ 26. 00 \u00a92010 ieee, http : / / bioee. ee. columbia. edu / downloads / 2010 / s28p02. pdf 6 ] r. degraeve, a. fantini, s. clima, b. guvoreanu, l. goux, y. y. chen, d. j. wouters, ph. rousset, g. s. kar, g. pourtois, s. cosemans, j. a. kittl, g. groeseneken, m. jurczak, l. altimime, imec, \u201c reliability of low current filamentary hfo2 rram discussed in the framework of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5257962387448007, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.234996"} {"text": "founded in 1836, emory and henry is a small, private liberal arts college affiliated with the united methodist church and named in honor of john emory, a methodist bishop, and patrick henry, a hero of the revolutionary war ( 1775 \u2013 1783 ) and virginia ' s first governor. early on, students worked the college ' s farm as a way to defray the costs of tuition, and the school hired local slave labor for cooking, cleaning, and farm work. after suffering through the financial crises of the 1830s and 1840s, emory and henry was debt free by the 1850s. its most famous student was stuart, a native of patrick county, who attended the school from 1848 until 1850 before enrolling at the u. s. military academy at west point. during the presidential campaign of 1860, many emory and henry students campaigned on behalf of the constitutional union party, a political refuge for cautious border whigs and nativists who were intent on preserving slavery but alarmed by the belligerence of fire - eating democrats and northern republicans. after the republican candidate, abraham lincoln, was elected and virginia seceded from the union, most students set aside their political differences and withdrew from classes in order to join the war effort. the college ' s president, ephraim emerson wiley, served as a chaplain, ministering to wounded soldiers who were relocated to the college grounds. emory and henry ' s location in the foothills of the appalachian mountains kept it isolated from the military campaigns that raged across the shenandoah valley and the piedmont. still, it was threatened by periodic union raids targeting the nearby wytheville lead mines and the salt production facility at saltville, the latter of which was crucial in provisioning the confederate army. one such raid in october 1864 resulted in the battle of saltville, where outnumbered confederate cavalry managed to drive back a determined assault led by union general stephen g. burbridge. union prisoners of war, many of them wounded and belonging to the 5th u. s. colored cavalry, were transferred to the emory hospital, where, according to a union surgeon left behind to care for them, confederate troops killed at least five to seven of the black troopers along with a white lieutenant, elza c. smith. some historians, including thomas mays, have argued that as many as forty - six were killed that day, both on the battlefield and in the hospital. but scholar william marvel has argued that a smaller number, anywhere from five to as many as two dozen, is more likely. emory and henry college reopened in august 1865 with a few", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38714590024271434, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.241645"} {"text": "the island of ireland has always been highly dependent on energy resources from the international markets. the republic of ireland ( \u201c roi \u201d ) and northern ireland ( \u201c ni \u201d ) jointly import more than \u20ac7 billion of energy each year. this equates to more than \u20ac19 million per day leaving these shores, an amount that is likely to increase annually as global oil and gas prices continue to rise. these energy imports currently act as a life - support machine for the entire island economy. the international energy agency recently indicated it is likely that oil prices will increase from $ 100 to $ 150 per barrel. current projections by the environmental protection agency suggest that the roi will miss the eu 2020 obligations by between 4. 1 and 30 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent, in a best case and worst case scenario. this could cost the roi \u2019 s state up to the \u00a3350 million. ni, through its own obligations, has to reach a 40 % renewable energy penetration to avoid penalties. economies that grapple with the challenge of energy prices and emission prices earlier will be more competitive and will also have developed skills and services sought by other countries. the first step for any economy is to reduce the amount of energy being consumed. energy efficiency, building design, building retrofits and energy management are rapidly growing sectors responding to this need. if structured effectively and with the right regulatory environment, a lot of this can be financed by the private sector, create significant employment with a net economic benefit to the consumer. the second step is to switch to more commercially and environmentally sustainable forms of energy. over the past decade, renewable energy, particularly wind, solar and biomass has been the fastest growing area within the electricity generation sector. this provides fixed - price clean energy with no fuel costs. the introduction of biofuels, the steady shift from petrol to cleaner diesel cars and electric vehicles but to mention a few, are all areas where conscious switching of energy types in the transport sector is fundamentally changing society. ni \u2019 s plans for offshore wind and ocean energy are likely to transform entire parts of the economy, attracting supply chains, manufacturing and services, whilst also reducing dependency on gas and oil imports. this process has already begun, with harland and wolff and belfast harbour attracting utility giant dong and engineering giant siemens to manufacture and assemble offshore turbines for offshore wind projects off the coast of england and wales. the third step, changing attitudes and behaviour is fundamental and is at different stages in globally. designing a national electricity system to export renewable energy requires a fundamental shift in approach. an inter - agency and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46687564240718527, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.246507"} {"text": "offshore wind projects off the coast of england and wales. the third step, changing attitudes and behaviour is fundamental and is at different stages in globally. designing a national electricity system to export renewable energy requires a fundamental shift in approach. an inter - agency and leadership focus is required to procure and fund renewable energy projects to facilitate exports or national retrofitting initiatives. utilising state lands, assets, marine waters and entities in a centralised and co - ordinated manner is central to achieving this. labelling product energy consumption and emissions standards informs customers and allows them to make a decision based on this information thus changing behaviour. manufacturers and retailers have become increasingly sensitive to the energy consumed and emissions produced, resulting in changes to operational procedures. lastly, innovation is a consequence of the three previous steps. in 2010, $ 243 billion was invested in the clean energy sector, 30 % higher than 2009. this trajectory is expected to continue upwards. investment levels in innovation in the cleantech sector are at their highest levels ever. energy security and environmental protection are the two major global issues facing every country in the world, irrespective of location, culture and size. funds, venture capitalists and companies around the world have responded to this, investing and helping to build companies in this sector, with a rapid rise in innovation as a consequence. private capital and the private sector as a whole are ready and waiting. an appropriate regulatory environment, a highly co - ordinated government - led plan and full support from policy - makers will unleash this capital and generate significant growth across the island. achieving the triple benefits of economic development, energy security and emission reductions are entirely achievable with the right focus, plan and leadership. tel : + 353 87 6777 665 tags : energy security", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5330061496712039, "token_count": 362, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.247481"} {"text": "a holocaust glossary anschluss, \" joining together, \" annexation. on march 12, 1938, hitler annexed austria to germany antisemitism, systematic prejudice against jews. notice the absence of a hyphen ( - ) ; there has never been any such thing as \" semitism. \" the term \" antisemitism \" is, properly one word. aryan, in the nazi ideology, the pure, superior germanic ( nordic, caucasian ) race. auschwitz, the city of auschwitz, poland, located in southwestern poland, was the site of one of the largest of the nazi extermination camps. the camp was expanded in august, 1942. camp ii was named auschwitz - birkenau. babi yar, a deep ravine outsize the ukrainian city of kiev, on the dnieper river where the einsatzgruppen killed and buried 34, 000 jews in one or two days ( september 29 - 30, 1941 ). belzek, death camp located in the lublin district of poland. more than 600, 000 jews were gassed at belzek between 1941 and 1943. blitzkrieg, \" lightning war, \" used to describe the speed, efficiency and intensity of germany ' s military attack against their opponents. buchenwald, concentration camp established in 1937 between frankfurt and leipzig in germany. while it was not a major extermination center, it was equipped with gas chambers and crematoria. more than 100, 000 prisoners died there. bund, a socialist movement among jews in the pale of settlement in western russia in the late 1800 ' s. the bundists supported jewish linguistic and political autonomy. their nationalism was cultural rather than territorial and, thus, they were at odds with much of the zionist movement. capo, jews who worked inside the death camps. their tasks including transporting victims of gassing to the ovens, cleaning the gas chambers of human excrement and blood, removal of gold from the teeth of the victims, shaving the heads of those going to the gas chambers. chelmo, generally thought to be the first of the six death camps in poland to become operational. at the beginning, the camp was under the direction of ss major, christian wirth, formerly administrative head of the euthanasie programme. located in the wartheland. between december 1941 and fall 1942 and again from may until august 1944 gassings by means of carbon monoxide from motor exhaust gas took place. altogether more than 150, 000 jews as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5410998265175619, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.260689"} {"text": "euthanasie programme. located in the wartheland. between december 1941 and fall 1942 and again from may until august 1944 gassings by means of carbon monoxide from motor exhaust gas took place. altogether more than 150, 000 jews as well as 5000 gypsies died at chelmo. concentration camp, any internment camp for holding \" enemies of the third reich. \" the construction of concentration camps began almost immediately after hitler gained power in germany. there were several kinds : labor camps, prison camps and death camps. dachau, a concentration camp located in upper bavaria, northeast of munich. in 1942 a gas chamber was established at in connection with the medical experiments of the chief company commander of ss dr. rascher also a few experimental gassings were undertaken. death camps, or killing centers, a concentration camp the distinct purpose of which was the extermination of its inmates. almost all of the german death camps were located in poland : auschwitz - birkenau, belzek, chelmo, madjanek, sobibor, treblinka. death marches, at the end of the war when it became obvious that the german army was trapped between the soviets to the east and the advancing allied troops from the west, the nazis, in an attempt to prevent the liberation of camp inmates, forced them to march westward. thousands died in these marches. deportation, the removal of people from their areas of residency for purposes of resettlement elsewhere. with regard to the jews of europe, deportation meant removal either to a ghetto or a concentration camp in preparation for yet another removal to an extermination center. einsatzgruppen, mobile killing units ( \" task groups \" ) under the command of reinhard heydrich which accompanied german troops when they invaded russia. their task was to dispose of, liquidate, undesirables who posed a threat to the reich. final solution, euphemism for the extermination of european jewry. fuhrerprinzip, see \" leadership principle. \" general government the nazi - ruled state in central and eastern poland. headed by governor hans frank. genocide, the systematic annihilation of a whole people or nation. german military rank provided by richard breitman in the architect of genocide : himmler and the final solution. new york : alfred a. knopf, 1991 gestapo, the german internal security police - secret police. the gestapo was organized in 1933 to protect the regime from political opposition. under him", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5315074281842457, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.261643"} {"text": "the architect of genocide : himmler and the final solution. new york : alfred a. knopf, 1991 gestapo, the german internal security police - secret police. the gestapo was organized in 1933 to protect the regime from political opposition. under himmler ' s command after 1936. ghetto, a yiddish word referring to a walled section of a city in which jews were required to live during the middle ages. the concept was revived by the nazi regime as part of the final solution to the jewish question. holocaust, a hebrew word ( olah ) meaning \" burnt offering. in the septuagint version ( translated hebrew bible into greek during the reign of ptolemy ii, 3rd century b. c. ), the word, olah, is consistently translated by the greek word, holokauston, \" an offering consumed by fire. \" juden, the german word for jew. judenrat, jewish community authority, appointed by the nazis for administration within the ghetto. kristallnacht, \" night of broken glass, \" november 9, 1938, pogrom against german jews, jewish businesses and synagogues orchestrated by the gestapo in retaliation for the assassination of a minor german embassy official in paris by a 17 year - old jewish youth named herchel grynzspan. 7, 500 businesses and 101 synagogues were destroyed, almost 100 jews were killed and several thousand were arrested and sent to concentration camps. the beginning of the holocaust. leadership principle, ger. fuhrerprinzip, the ideological and administrative principle established by hitler early in his rise to power of one vital party controlled by one, and only one, leader to whom all subjects owed absolute and unquestioning obedience. lebensraum, one of hitler ' s motivations for invading poland and, later, the soviet union, was to acquire lebensraum, or additional \" living space, \" to be colonized by german people. madagascar plan, in 1940, before the invasion of the soviet union, the nazis seriously considered moving all jews under their authority to the island of madagascar, a french possession off the east coast of africa. majdanek, located in the lublin district, general government of poland. the concentration camp existing since september 1941 turned into an extermination camp when between april 1942 and november 1943 mass shootings took place to which 24, 000 jews fell victim. in october 1942 also two, later three gas chambers were built. in the beginning the killings in these were done by means of carbon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.537189198276324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.262574"} {"text": "charge of the death camps. shoah, a hebrew word meaning \" desolation. \" shoah has come to be the preferred term for the holocaust by jewish scholars who feel that \" holocaust \" has lost much of its significance through overuse. sobibor, located in the lublin district, general government where at least 200, 000 jews were murdered through carbon monoxide gas. third reich, nazi germany from the end of the weimar republic to the end of world war ii. treblinka, located in the warschau district of the general government in eastern poland. from the end of july, 1942 on, treblinka had three gas chambers and at the beginning of september, 1942, installed ten larger gas chambers. up to the dissolution of the camp in november 1943 altogether 700, 000 jews were killed there by carbon monoxide. vichy, france, after the nazis conquered france, a puppet government was set up here. wannsee ( conference, a conference held on january 20, 1942 beside lake wannsee in berlin. at this conference it was decided and made official nazi policy that the total annihilation of european jews was the only rational means of a \" final solution \" to the jewish question. yad vashem, a museum in jerusalem dedicated to the memory of holocaust victims. the name of the museum is taken from an old testament passage in isaiah : \" i will build for them a name and a memorial. \" ( isiah 56 : 5 ). zionism, the fervent desire of jews of the diaspora to return to their ancestral homeland of palestine. this ideal is at least 2, 500 years old, dating to the babylonian captivity. its first statement is found in psalm 137 : 1, \" by the waters of babylon, there we sat down and wept as we remembered zion. \" political zionism which emerged in the 19th century and ultimately resulted in the creation of the modern state of israel in 1948 is an outgrowth of spiritual zionism. zyklon b, hydrogen cyanide, a poisonous gas originally developed as a fumigation agent to remove pesticides. in october, 1941, it was used experimentally on soviet prisoners of war. the success of these experiments had devastating consequences for millions of jews who were gassed in the nazi death camps. return to about the holocaust", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5486391229830269, "token_count": 472, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.264603"} {"text": "as everybody knows, sometimes studying phrasal verbs is not an easy task, does it? when i was a student, it was really hard ( for me ) learning and realizing what phrasal verbs were about. i bought a dictionary about phrasal verbs, i would use them in class with my professors & classmates, english native speakers and so on. but then, i noticed that there were some very common and very useful phrasal verbs to study as well as keeping in mind during an english conversation. this is my list : ( most of these phrasal verbs have several meanings, so make sure you remember them all! ) 1. add up a - to be added together and equal the expected or correct total. example : \u201c we added up the apples : there were 12 \u2033 b - to make sense : to seem to be logical or true. example : \u201c her story didn \u2019 t add up, i think she was lying, it didn \u2019 t make sense \u201d 2. blow up a - to fill ( something ) with air or gas example : \u201c please could you blow up those balloons? \u201d b - to explode or to cause ( something, such as a bomb ) to explode. example : \u201c the building was blown up by a bomb \u201d c - to become very angry. example : \u201c when i said i couldn \u2019 t go to her party, she blew up \u201d 3. bring up a - to take care of and teach ( a child who is growing up ). example : \u201c their grandparents brought them up because their parents were always travelling \u201d b - to mention ( something ) when talking : to start to talk about ( something ). example : \u201c don \u2019 t bring up the fight again, please! \u201d 4. call off a - to stop doing or planning to do ( something ). example : \u201c maria called off the wedding, she decided she didn \u2019 t love him \u201d b - to cause or tell ( a person or animal ) to stop attacking, chasing, etc. example : \u201c call off your dog! he \u2019 s attacking my cat \u201d 5. carry on a - to continue to do what you have been doing example : \u201c sorry i interrupted, carry on talking! \u201d b - to behave or speak in an excited or foolish way. example : \u201c the little boy was carrying on : shouting and kicking all day long \u201d 6. come across a - to seem to have a particular quality or character : to make a particular impression. example : \u201c julia came across as a bit bossy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.490316298308844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.269320"} {"text": "example : \u201c the little boy was carrying on : shouting and kicking all day long \u201d 6. come across a - to seem to have a particular quality or character : to make a particular impression. example : \u201c julia came across as a bit bossy \u201d b - to be expressed to someone. example : \u201c i tried to sound happy but it came across as over - excited \u201d c - to meet or find ( something or someone ) by chance. example : \u201c luis was leaving the fruit shop and he came across tom, what a coincidence \u201d 7. come up with a - to get or think of ( something that is needed or wanted ). example : \u201c we finally came up with a solution to the problem! \u201d 8. fall apart ( oh, listen to the song \" emotions \" by bee gees & samantha sang ) a - to break into parts in usually a sudden and unexpected way, example : \u201c my cake fell apart when i tried to cut it \u201d b - to become unable to live in a normal way because you are experiencing a lot of confusion or emotional pain example : \u201c after the divorce, she fell apart \u201d 9. get along a - to be or remain friendly example : \u201c we \u2019 re not together anymore, but we get along great \u201d b - to make progress while doing something. example : \u201c how are you getting along at playing the guitar? \u201d c - to leave a place example : \u201c it was lovely to see you, but my friend has to get along, she has class \u201d d - to become old. example : \u201c her grandma is getting along ; she \u2019 s almost 99 \u2033 10. get away a - to go away from a place. example : \u201c i can0t wait to get away from the city \u201d b - to avoid being caught : to escape example : \u201c the thieves managed to get away in a stolen car \u201d c - to not be criticized or punished for ( something ). example : \u201c yvonne is always lying, i can \u2019 t understand how she gets away with it \u201d to be continued", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5560687929042885, "token_count": 414, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.271221"} {"text": "landfill & development co. mount holly, eastampton, and lumberton, nj no meetings scheduled epa added the landfill & development company site in mount holly and eastampton, new jersey to the superfund national priorities list on september 1, 1984 because hazardous chemicals were found in the soil and ground water. the 200 - acre superfund site located in burlington county was used to dispose of demolition debris, municipal garbage, industrial and commercial solid waste, and treated sewage sludge until 1986. ground water beneath the site was contaminated with heavy metals and volatile organic compounds ( vocs ), which are potentially harmful contaminants that can easily evaporate into the air. sediments from rancocas creek and smithville creek contain heavy metals. approximately 20, 000 people live within two miles of the site. fifty homes are located within 500 feet of the site. immediately, residences that were threatened by ground water contamination were connected to an alternate public drinking water system or provided with bottled drinking water. a liner was installed at a portion of the landfill to prevent further contaminants from flowing out of the site. in september 2004 epa signed a record of decision which called for continued maintenance of the closure system, pumping ground water, and circulating water within the landfill with air injections, enhancing the breaking down of contaminants. a water line will be installed to specific affected residences and epa will monitor the ground water in the long - term. buy - out of approximately half of the residences has been completed. cleanup activities are underway that include the construction and operation of a bioreactor, which is an apparatus in which living organisms, such as bacteria, are used to increase the breakdown of harmful substances such as sewage. under current conditions at this site, potential or actual human exposures are under control.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40343445092797425, "token_count": 364, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.273949"} {"text": "the triglyceride level is a laboratory test to measure the amount of triglycerides in your blood. triglycerides are a type of fat. your body makes some triglycerides. triglycerides also come from the food you eat. leftover calories are turned into triglycerides and stored in fat cells for later use. if you eat more calories than your body needs, your triglyceride level may be high. how the test is performed a blood sample is needed. for information on how this is done, see : venipuncture how to prepare for the test you should not eat for 8 to 12 hours before the test. alcohol and certain drugs may affect test results. make sure your doctor knows what medicines you take, including over - the - counter drugs and supplements. your doctor may tell you to stop taking certain medicines for a little while. never stop taking any medicine without first talking to your doctor. drugs that can increase triglyceride measurements include beta blockers, cholestyramine, colestipol, estrogens, protease inhibitors, retinoids, thiazide diuretics, certain antipsychotics, and birth control pills. drugs that can decrease triglyceride measurements include ascorbic acid, asparaginase, clofibrate, fish oil, and statin medications. how the test will feel when the needle is inserted to draw blood, some people feel moderate pain, while others feel only a prick or stinging sensation. afterward, there may be some throbbing. why the test is performed the most important use of this test is to help estimate your ldl cholesterol. this test is also done to help determine your risk of developing heart disease. a high triglyceride level may lead to atherosclerosis, which increases your risk of heart attack and stroke. a high triglyceride level may also cause inflammation of your pancreas. persons with a high triglyceride level often have other conditions such as diabetes and obesity that also increase the chances of developing heart disease. malabsorption syndrome ( conditions in which the small intestine does not absorb fats well ) what the risks are veins and arteries vary in size from one patient to another, and from one side of the body to the other. obtaining a blood sample from some people may be more difficult than from others. other risks may include : infection ( a slight risk any time the skin is broken )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4650087550895346, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.276830"} {"text": "bites may occur : you may be bitten by : bites can happen when you are playing with a pet or trying to feed a wild animal. they may also happen even if you have not approached the animal. some animals, such as cats, have very sharp, pointy teeth that tend to cause puncture wounds. a puncture wound may not look like it is anything to worry about, but bacteria may have been pushed deep into the wound. puncture wounds are hard to clean, so bacteria may be left in the wound. all bites can get infected, but these puncture wounds are more likely to get infected than some other kinds of animal bites. human bites happen more often than most people realize. human bites are often more dangerous than animal bites because the human mouth has more bacteria in it than most animals \u2019 mouths. it is very easy for a human bite to become infected. however, any bite that breaks the skin can become infected and should be treated by your healthcare provider. bites may cause : if the bite becomes infected, signs of infection include redness, pain, swelling, and pus. you may also have swollen glands or a fever and feel sick. these symptoms often mean you have a serious infection, especially if you have red streaks on the skin around the wound. your healthcare provider will look at the bitten area. your provider will ask how the bite happened to see if you need more tests. for example, your provider will ask if you knew the animal and if the animal seemed to be acting normally. if the bite is deep and your bone could have been damaged or is at risk of getting infected, you may have x - rays. bone infections can be very serious and hard to treat. some animals such as snakes or spiders inject venom into the skin, which can cause illness and even death. it can be very helpful to your healthcare provider if you know what type of animal has bitten you. treatment depends on how you were bitten and how badly you are injured. follow these first aid measures for all bites that break the skin : in all cases of animal bites, call your healthcare provider. your provider may suggest that you : in all cases of human bites, call your healthcare provider right away. don \u2019 t wait a day or two to see your provider. these bites get infected even more often than animal bites and can cause serious infections. the time it takes for wounds to heal depends on the extent of the damage and your overall state of health. if the bite is infected, the infection will usually heal in 7 to 10", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45833377686427157, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.280250"} {"text": "title text : i tell my children ' it ' s not whether you win or lose, it ' s how you play the game. ' i ' m trying to take the edge off their competitive drive to ensure that i can always beat them. this comic is a reference to ibm ' s computer watson that beat humans at jeopardy. the ibm team created a computer that could formulate a response to a jeopardy - style question. in case you are not familiar, jeopardy is a game played where the contestants are given the answer to a question, and must devise the question. a question might be \" the united states joined this war in 1941 \" to which the contestant must answer \" what is world war ii? \". when going up against two jeopardy champions, watson was able to beat them both. megan chimes in that we are \" pretty awesome at teaching \" which is very true. humans are the best ( on this planet ) at teaching other things to do a set of tasks. we train dogs, cats, lizards, birds, other people, and now we are getting quite good at getting a computer, a simple machine completely of our own design, to mimic our own thought patterns and make decisions similar to what we would make. the title text makes fun of teaching our children values by suggesting we are just trying to hold on to our ability to beat them in something. - [ cueball sits at a computer ; megan stands behind him. ] - cueball : wow \u2014 researchers taught a computer to beat the world ' s best humans at yet another task. does our species have anything left to be proud of? - megan : well, it sounds like we ' re pretty awesome at teaching. - cueball : huh? what good is that?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5765679962741903, "token_count": 352, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.282707"} {"text": "\u201c o that my voice could reach the ears of those uninformed and misinformed \u201d 1 by suzanne armitage it has been said by some, \u2018 what good will it do to hold a mass meeting? \u2019 if it does no other good, it will be a matter of history, to be handed down to our posterity, that their mothers rose up in the dignity of their womanhood to protest against insults and indignities heaped upon them. 2 much has been published on the topic of the latter - day saint practice of polygamy over the past two decades ; authors danel bachman, todd compton, kathryn daynes, jessie embry, b. carmon hardy, carol cornwall madsen and richard van wagoner are familiar names to those who have made the effort to learn more about it. polygamy \u2013 or more correctly polygyny, the marriage of more than one woman to the same man \u2013 was an important part of the teachings of the church of jesus christ of latter - day saints for a half century. the practice began during the lifetime of joseph smith but became publicly and widely known during the time of brigham young. 3 because of the tremendous amount of historical material available in early lds church histories, personal diaries, journals, correspondence, newspapers and other publications, a great deal of research is necessary \u2013 oftentimes years of research \u2013 when putting together articles or books for publication on the topic of plural marriage. 4 unfortunately, historical documents are often reduced to a mere sentence or two by the authors ; a quotation or two gleaned and duly footnoted \u2013 if any \u2013 depending on the author \u2019 s research topic. some documents are ignored altogether. one such historical document is the 91 - page \u201c mormon \u201d women \u2019 s protest : an appeal for freedom, justice and equal rights. my personal interest and research has been mostly centered on helen mar ( kimball ) whitney. it was in the process of gathering material that i came across the \u201c mormon \u201d women \u2019 s protest to which helen mar contributed a speech. 5 as i was reading it i made a note of several passages that i might include in an article some time in the future. but i was saddened that helen mar \u2019 s unabridged speech, and that of several other latter - day saint women whose speeches and correspondence were included in the document, would continue to go unnoticed. that these women \u2019 s voices are today silent simmered in the back of my mind and came to a boil when i read, in the document", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43058008349540416, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.323026"} {"text": "- day saint women whose speeches and correspondence were included in the document, would continue to go unnoticed. that these women \u2019 s voices are today silent simmered in the back of my mind and came to a boil when i read, in the document \u2019 s preface, that, \u201c the aim of this pamphlet is to preserve in convenient form, for present use and future reference, the record of the proceedings of that memorable day \u2026 \u201d so instead of the usual article \u2013 with the briefest of glimpses of early latter - day saint women \u2019 s views of plural marriage including, generally, all too brief quotations \u2013 i thought it would be interesting to make available the entire document online along with this brief introduction, explanatory notes and an additional letter which was published in the deseret news. what is \u201c mormon \u201d women \u2019 s protest : an appeal for freedom, justice and equal rights? it is a \u201c full account of proceedings at the great mass meeting, held in the theatre \u201d 6 in salt lake city on the 6th of march 1886. webster \u2019 s dictionary defines mass meeting as : a large meeting or rally of people for discussion of a public question. the public question being discussed at this mass meeting was the same as had been discussed at previous mass meetings which had been held for many years in utah : unrelenting anti - polygamy legislation which \u201c put pressure on the church by threatening members \u2019 civil rights and church property rights \u201d and the enforcement of the edmunds act. the bill, which had been passed in 1882, barred \u201c persons living in polygamy \u201d from \u201c jury service, public office, and voting ; \u201d polygamists were heavily fined and imprisoned. 7 the conflict would worsen with the passage of the edmunds - tucker act that was before congress at the time this mass meeting was held. it was passed on 3 march 1887. over the next ten years or so, over a thousand mormons would be convicted of unlawful cohabitation ( easier to prove than polygamy ), and hundreds of men, along with a handful of women, spent time in prison. thousands of others, including many church leaders, went underground to avoid the federal authorities. 8 critics of the church of jesus christ of latter - day saints cite the journal entries and correspondence of plural wives written during this period of fear and repression as proof that plural marriages did not work without noting the historical context. the american anti - polygamy crusade lasted well over ten years and even into the early 1890s. even if the husbands", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4399585871613828, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.324097"} {"text": "correspondence of plural wives written during this period of fear and repression as proof that plural marriages did not work without noting the historical context. the american anti - polygamy crusade lasted well over ten years and even into the early 1890s. even if the husbands wanted to be fully equal with their plural wives it was illegal for them to do so. they could not acknowledge in any way a plural wife, no dinners together, no visits, no support, et cetera \u2013 it was illegal \u2013 and those who did attempt it ended up incarcerated ( along with a few plural wives who tried to protect them. ) for some, like annie clark tanner and ida hunt udall, not only did they have to hide from federal agents in order to protect their husband and sister - wives but they also had to hide to protect their father, mother and \u201c aunts. \u201d annie clark tanner, for example, was subpoenaed in 1886 after a raid in farmington, utah, not to testify against her husband, joseph marion tanner, but to testify against her father. some chose exile. after angus m. cannon \u2019 s second arrest for unlawful cohabitation in september 1885, his plural wife dr. martha hughes cannon left with her young infant daughter elizabeth and traveled to england not only to protect her family but also because \u201c she might be used as a witness against other polygamous marriage partners since she had been the physician who delivered the children in several cases. \u2018 hence i am considered an important witness, and if it can be proven that these children have actually come into the world, their fathers will be sent to jail for five ( 5 ) years. \u2019 \u201d even after martha \u2019 s return to utah, she and her husband, angus m. cannon, \u201c were never able to live together publicly as husband and wife. \u201d 9 this abuse by federal agents continued even after the manifesto. joseph marion tanner had to resign as president of the utah agricultural college ( today \u2019 s utah state university ) because he was a polygamist. his options were to \u2018 divorce \u2019 his plural wives and retain his position or to resign his position and move to either canada or mexico with his families \u2013 he resigned and moved to alberta. not everyone made that decision, and by then the harm had already been done. some wives chose to remain in the u. s. and not accompany their husbands. there was another mormon exodus after the migration to utah : it was the exodus of mormon plural families leaving the united states for either mexico or canada. full reports of the women \u2019 s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4169354143861582, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.325332"} {"text": "to remain in the u. s. and not accompany their husbands. there was another mormon exodus after the migration to utah : it was the exodus of mormon plural families leaving the united states for either mexico or canada. full reports of the women \u2019 s mass meetings were often published in the woman \u2019 s exponent10 and the deseret news but, as noted earlier, historical documents are usually reduced to a sentence or two, a duly footnoted quotation, or ignored altogether. for example, in his book in sacred loneliness : the plural wives of joseph smith author todd compton \u2019 s chapter on helen mar whitney never mentions the march 6th mass meeting. compton is also the author of a lengthy introduction to a widow \u2019 s tale : the 1884 - 1896 diary of helen mar kimball whitney. in his introduction, compton reduces helen \u2019 s many diary entries about the mass meeting to one sentence : she attended a pro - polygamy mass meeting of women on march 6, 1886, and was asked to speak but declined. 11 although compton is technically correct, helen did refuse \u201c to make a verbal speech, \u201d 12 she did agree to provide a written speech to be read at the mass meeting. this was not unusual at that time as women were unaccustomed to public speaking in front of a very large audience such as this one. 13 but a speech wasn \u2019 t helen \u2019 s only contribution. we read in her diary that a week before the mass meeting, on february 27, 1886, helen met with isabella horne to help organize it : \u2026 to talk over the subject of having a mass meeting to protest against the outrages committed upon \u201c mormon \u201d women, and insults heeped upon them in district courts etc who are the subjects of abuse from united states officials & their sneaks thieves, etc, and taking from the women the right of franchise, that they may more easily accomplish their robbing scheme. i was one of those appointed to write a speach. 14 isabella horne was president of the relief society of the salt lake stake ; helen mar whitney was her counselor. 15 notice of the meeting was published in the deseret news and \u201c mrs. h. m. whitney \u201d is listed just below isabella horne \u2019 s name. 16 helen also noted in her diary that she spent several days prior to the mass meeting composing her speech. in the end, due to time constraints, helen \u2019 s speech was not read aloud but it was published in \u201c mormon \u201d women \u2019 s protest. on march 9th, she writes : \u201c spent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41471539004019625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.326530"} {"text": "several days prior to the mass meeting composing her speech. in the end, due to time constraints, helen \u2019 s speech was not read aloud but it was published in \u201c mormon \u201d women \u2019 s protest. on march 9th, she writes : \u201c spent going over my speach, adding to it, as it was cut down to suit the mass meeting. i have gained by not having it read there. \u201d two days later, she handed in her \u201c improved copy. \u201d 17 four other plural wives of joseph smith participated in the mass meeting yet todd compton does not mention the significant participation and contributions of these women to the 1886 mass meeting in his book in sacred loneliness. in addition to helen mar whitney we find zina d. h. young, the chaplain at the great mass meeting, who opened the meeting with prayer ( p. 7 ) and gave the closing benediction ; prescindia l. kimball who delivered the opening address ( p. 10 ) ; eliza r. snow smith who wrote a brief letter ( p. 67 ) ; and mary ann pratt who also contributed a letter ( p. 59 ). as noted on the title page, this mass meeting was \u201c to protest against the tyranny and indecency of federal officials in utah, and against their own disfranchisement without cause ; \u201d \u201c to protest against the indignities and insults heaped upon the wives and daughters of \u201c mormons \u201d in the district courts ; \u201d 18 and \u201c to memorialize congress and the president of the united states for relief from insult and oppression at the hands of federal officials. \u201d 19 for some time past a movement has been on foot to give the women of utah an opportunity of expressing in some public and emphatic manner, their feelings regarding the indignities and the sufferings they are made to endure in the present crusade against the mormon people.... not only have the men, who for obeying a principle of their religion are declared to be violators of law, been made to suffer the extraordinary and unhallowed proceedings inaugurated against them under its form and in its name ; but their wives, their children and their relatives have been hauled before inquisitorial grand juries, plied with shamefully indecent questions, threatened with punishment for contempt if they refused to answer, and in some cases actually imprisoned for such refusal. 20 the document also includes poems written for the occasion and the memorial which emmeline b. wells and dr. ellen b. ferguson presented to president grover", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3975500076551735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.327689"} {"text": "punishment for contempt if they refused to answer, and in some cases actually imprisoned for such refusal. 20 the document also includes poems written for the occasion and the memorial which emmeline b. wells and dr. ellen b. ferguson presented to president grover cleveland in washington. \u201c it was presented to the senate of the united states on the 6th of april by mr. blair, of new hampshire \u201d and was \u201c printed in the congressional record. \u201d 21 the women also took this opportunity to protest and refute antipolygamy activists \u2019 misrepresentations and accusations of treason, hence the patriotism shown by several speakers. more importantly, for those of us who are interested in latter - day saint plural marriage, the document also includes many personal insights on the practice of plural marriage. it was \u201c isabella horne, sarah kimball, and romania pratt [ who ] expressed their desire to church president john taylor to \u2018 publicly protest against the indignities inflicted on plural wives in the district courts. \u2019 \u201d 22 though some modern historians have levied criticism that lds church leaders manipulated both their own women and gentile suffragists in their confrontation with the government over polygamy, neither national nor local suffragists could be construed as pawns, maneuvered by the stratagem of religious leaders. plural wives were no less committed to the church and plural marriage than their husbands or church leaders. mormon women were inseparable partners in defense of what they persistently maintained was a divine mandate and a constitutional guarantee. realistically, women had far more to lose than men if their marriages were invalidated and their children illegitimatized. mormon women \u2019 s defense of the practice was thus fervent and personal.... mormon women were not only willing but also essential partners in this long - standing confrontation. their presence, their petitions, their writings, their lectures all assisted in arousing public empathy, in finding allies, and in building bridges. 23 the \u201c mormon \u201d women \u2019 s protest has been reproduced in pdf format, with pagination as in the original. you can find the full document at this location : additional reading on this period in utah history bushman, claudia l., ed., mormon sisters : women in early utah. logan, utah : utah state university press, 1997. church educational system, church history in the fulness of times ( religion 341 - 43 ) ( salt lake city : the church of jesus christ of latter - day saints, 1989 ), 425 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4467958544237775, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.328742"} {"text": ", utah : utah state university press, 1997. church educational system, church history in the fulness of times ( religion 341 - 43 ) ( salt lake city : the church of jesus christ of latter - day saints, 1989 ), 425 - 442. daynes, kathryn m., more wives than one : transformation of the mormon marriage system, 1840 - 1910. urbana and chicago : university of illinois press, 2001. derr, jill mulvay, janath russell cannon and maureen ursenbach beecher. women of covenant : the story of relief society. salt lake city : deseret book co., 1992. driggs, ken. \u201c the prosecutions begin : defining cohabitation in 1885 \u201d in dialogue : a journal of mormon thought 21, no. 1 ( spring 1988 ) : 109 - 125. embry, jessie l., mormon polygamous families : life in the principle. salt lake city : university of utah press, 1987. firmage, edwin b., \u201c the judicial campaign against polygamy and the enduring legal questions \u201d in byu studies 27, no. 3 ( summer 1987 ) : 91 - 113. garr, arnold k., donald q. cannon, and richard o. cowan, eds. encyclopedia of latter - day saint history. salt lake city : deseret book, 2000. see articles under : \u201c antipolygamy movement ; \u201d \u201c plural marriage, \u201d \u201c underground \u201d and \u201c woman suffrage. \u201d gordon, sarah barringer. the mormon question : polygamy and constitutional conflict in nineteenth - century america. chapel hill : university of north carolina press, 2002. iversen, joan, the antipolygamy controversy in u. s. women \u2019 s movement, 1880 - 1925 : a debate on the american home. new york and london : garland publishing, inc., 1997. larson, gustive o., \u201c the crusade and the manifesto \u201d in utah \u2019 s history. ed. richard d. poll et al. ( provo : brigham young university press, 1978 ), 257 - 74. \u2014 \u2014 \u2013, the \u201c americanization \u201d of utah for statehood. san marino, calif., huntington library, 1971. madsen, carol cornwall, an advocate for women : the public life of emmeline b. wells 1870 - 1920. provo : brigham young university press, 2006. \u2014 \u2014 \u2013, \u201c \u2018 at their peril \u2019 : utah law and the case of plural wives, 1850", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4442579230987376, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.329814"} {"text": "advocate for women : the public life of emmeline b. wells 1870 - 1920. provo : brigham young university press, 2006. \u2014 \u2014 \u2013, \u201c \u2018 at their peril \u2019 : utah law and the case of plural wives, 1850 - 1900 \u2033 in western historical quarterly 21, no. 4 ( november 1990 ) : 425 - 443. \u2014 \u2014 \u2013, ed., battle for the ballot : essays on woman suffrage in utah, 1870 - 1896. logan : utah state university press, 1997. riess, jana k. \u201c heathen in our fair land \u201d : presbyterian women missionaries in utah, 1870 - 90 in journal of mormon history 26, no. 1 ( spring 2000 ) : 165 - 195. the article is drawn from riess \u2019 columbia university ( 2000 ) dissertation about protestant women missionaries in utah in the late nineteenth century. van wagoner, richard s., mormon polygamy : a history. salt lake city : signature books, 1992. 1 dr. elvira s. barney, \u201c mormon \u201d women \u2019 s protest, 40. 2 president m. isabella horne in her opening remarks, \u201c mormon \u201d women \u2019 s protest, 8. 3 church of jesus christ of latter - day saints. newsroom. \u201c polygamy : latter - day saints and the practice of plural marriage. \u201d 14 july 2006. ( accessed 24 october 2006 ). 4 one author noted that her study had \u201c finally been completed after twelve years \u201d of research. joan iversen, the antipolygamy controversy in u. s. women \u2019 s movement, 1880 \u2013 1925 : a debate on the american home ( new york and london : garland publishing, inc., 1997 ), xiii. 5 see \u201c additional speeches. mrs. helen mar whitney \u201d in \u201c mormon \u201d women \u2019 s protest : an appeal for freedom, justice and equal rights. ( salt lake city, deseret news. co., printers, 1886 ) 49 \u2013 53. helen wrote about attending the meeting in her diary, see a widows \u2019 s tale : the 1884 \u2013 1896 diary of helen mar kimball whitney, charles m. hatch and todd m. compton, eds ( logan : utah state university press, 2003 ) 140 : \u201c the mass - meeting is over \u2014 theatre was crowded, speaches splended, some were applauded over & over. \u201d 6 \u201c title page \u201d in \u201c mormon \u201d women \u2019 s protest. 7 encyclopedia of mormonism ( 1992 ), s. v. \u201c antipolygam", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.437491618034098, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.331467"} {"text": ", speaches splended, some were applauded over & over. \u201d 6 \u201c title page \u201d in \u201c mormon \u201d women \u2019 s protest. 7 encyclopedia of mormonism ( 1992 ), s. v. \u201c antipolygamy legislation. \u201d 8 terryl l. givens, the latter - day saint experience in america ( westport, ct : greenwood, 2004 ), 43. 9 constance l. lieber and john sillito, eds. letters from exile : the correspondence of martha hughes cannon and angus m. cannon, 1886 \u2013 1888 ( salt lake city : signature books, 1989 ), xi, xvii, xxiv. 10 the woman \u2019 s exponent ( published semi - monthly from 1872 to 1914 ) \u201c was the public voice of latter - day saint women... it offered its readers articles, poems, stories, letters, reports of women \u2019 s organizations and activities, and editorials on \u2018 every subject as it arises in which the women of utah... are specially interested. \u2019 ( exponent 1, 4 ). but its primary objective was to refute and correct anti - mormon misrepresentations, particularly about latter - day saint women. \u201d encyclopedia of latter - day saint history ( 2000 ), s. v. \u201c woman \u2019 s exponent. \u201d 11 charles m. hatch and todd m. compton, eds. a widows \u2019 s tale : the 1884 \u2013 1896 diary of helen mar kimball whitney ( logan : utah state university press, 2003 ), 30. 12 hatch and compton, a widow \u2019 s tale, 140. 13 in 1881, helen mar whitney accompanied emmeline b. wells and isabella horne to the fourteenth ward relief society meeting. she hoped that by sitting at the back near the door she wouldn \u2019 t be called on to speak, \u201c i plead with sister horn to excuse me from rising to speak but she said any one that had had the experience that i had could say something interesting to my sisters. i told her my gift was not in speaking. \u201d ( letter written by helen mar kimball to orson f. whitney, december 12th, 1881, usu manuscript collections, ms167, box 5, fd 5. ) a year later helen was still uncomfortable speaking in public, \u201c well, i have attended the primary & relief society of farmer \u2019 s ward... i was called upon but spoke only a few words and gave way for those more capable. \u201d ( letter written by helen mar kimball, august 21st, 1882", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4072252898369857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.333468"} {"text": "\u201c well, i have attended the primary & relief society of farmer \u2019 s ward... i was called upon but spoke only a few words and gave way for those more capable. \u201d ( letter written by helen mar kimball, august 21st, 1882, usu manuscript collections, ms167, box 5, fd7. ) 14 hatch and compton, a widow \u2019 s tale, 139. 15 augusta joyce crocheron. representative women of deseret ( salt lake city : j. c. graham & co., 1884 ) 115. todd compton was incorrect when he wrote, \u201c on march 10, 1882, helen was chosen by sister m. i. horne as second counselor in the relief society of the eighteenth ward. \u201d todd compton, in sacred loneliness : the plural wives of joseph smith ( salt lake city : signature books, 1997 ), 520. 16 deseret news, 3 march 1886. the notice is included in \u201c mormon \u201d women \u2019 s protest on page 5. 17 hatch and compton, a widow \u2019 s tale, 140. 18 \u201c prefatory \u201d in \u201c mormon \u201d women \u2019 s protest. 19 \u201c mormon \u201d women \u2019 s protest, iv. 20 \u201c the ladies mass meeting \u201d, woman \u2019 s exponent, 1 march, 1886. 21 deseret news, 13 april 1886. 22 carol cornwall madsen, an advocate for women : the public life of emmeline b. wells 1870 \u2013 1920. ( provo : brigham young university press, 2006 ), 221. 23 madsen, an advocate for women, 228 \u2013 229.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41569199537538293, "token_count": 322, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.334365"} {"text": "fao is working to assist countries implement the global plan on a number of fronts. these efforts are undertaken in close cooperation with the commission on genetic resources for food and agriculture, which is charged with overseeing, monitoring and evaluating the implementation of the global plan. in 2009, fao released guidelines aimed at helping countries get started on implementing the global plan, preparation of national strategies and action plans for animal genetic resources. now fao is working with the commission to prepare a series of targeted guidelines on specific aspects of the management of animal genetic resources. these include the already published breeding strategies for sustainable management of animal genetic resources and draft texts on surveying and monitoring, phenotypic characterization, molecular genetic characterization, cryoconservation, and the development of the institutional framework for the management of animal genetic resources. fao also conducted a global survey on existing arrangements for storage systems for the conservation of animal genetic resources. and the un agency publishes regular reports on the status of and trends in animal genetic resources. knowledge transfer and capacity building a core part of fao ' s work in this field is providing technical assistance and training to build capacity and support action at the country level. fao contributed to operating or developing some 28 projects in 96 countries and to 21 regional capacity - building activities over the past two years. the joint fao / iaea division of nuclear techniques in food and agriculture has collaborated with partners on coordinated research projects and conducts training sessions and workshops. at the same time, fao facilitates work by global and regional networks and supports intergovernmental meetings and expert workshops on management of animal genetic resources. fao produces animal genetic resources, a tri - lingual international journal, and authored or co - authored some 48 scientific and technical papers, and conference contributions over the last two years. domestic animal diversity information system the domestic animal diversity information system ( dad - is ) is an online tool developed and maintained by fao to support the implementation of the global plan. countries use it to input and maintain their national data on animal genetic diversity, exchange of ideas and knowledge, and access key documents and information. focusing on small - scale farmers and pastoralists small - scale livestock keepers and pastoralists are custodians of much of the world ' s animal genetic resources. fao produced the publication livestock keepers - guardians of biodiversity in order to assist countries in dealing with this issue, and is also working with ngos to test pilot \" biocultural protocols \" that can strengthen indigenous communities ' ability to steward animal genetic resources.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4589771630572652, "token_count": 503, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.338769"} {"text": "photo date : 1983 photo number : 084 081 001 the portsmouth gaseous diffusion plant is located in south central ohio, approximately 32 kilometers ( 20 miles ) north of portsmouth, ohio, and 112 kilometers ( 70 miles ) south of columbus, ohio. the site is situated on a 1, 483 - hectare ( 3, 708 - acre ) federal reservation approximately 6. 5 kilometers ( 4 miles ) south of the village of piketon. construction of the portsmouth gaseous diffusion plant began in late 1952 to expand the federal government ' s gaseous diffusion program already in place at oak ridge, tennessee and paducah, kentucky. the facility was built to increase the production of enriched uranium at rates substantially above the other two facilities because highly - enriched uranium was required for use in nuclear submarine reactors, and low - enriched uranium was needed for commercial nuclear power plants. the first process cell went online in september 1954. a gas centrifuge uranium enrichment program was initiated in the early 1980s at portsmouth. however, full operation was never implemented for the centrifuge process. since 1991, the plant has produced only low - enriched uranium for use as fuel in commercial nuclear power plants. created by john pike maintained by webmaster updated tuesday, december 30, 1997 10 : 19 : 25 am", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4721025030752869, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.340342"} {"text": "like it or not, sickness often infects you and your friends. if a handful of people you know have the flu, chances are pretty high that you ' ll come down with it too. it was inevitable, then, for the social side of illness tracking to make its way onto the internet. the most obvious manifestation of social sickness tracking can be seen with sickweather, a new startup that mines data from twitter, facebook, and user input to show which illnesses are going around in your local area - - and in your friend group. the service explains, \" just as doppler radar scans the skies for indicators of bad weather, sickweather scans social networks for indicators of illness. \" eventually, sickweather hopes to track symptom keywords ( i. e. \" runny nose, \" and \" cough \" ), but for now it ' s focusing on simpler terms like \" pneumonia \" and bronchitis. \" illnesses are shown on a map, and in future versions, users will be able to track sicknesses via cell phone ( new alert : stay away from sarah, she ' s super germy! ). social sickness tracking can also be seen with google ' s dengue trends, a tracking tool for dengue feveroutbreaks that mines web search results from brazil, bolivia, india, indonesia and singapore to generate an early - warning system for outbreaks. users won ' t be able to see who exactly is searching for dengue fever symptoms, but they will know when an outbreak is headed their way. google ' s flu trends performs a similar purpose - - and is probably more useful for people outside of dengue - heavy countries. we can probably expect to see more initiatives like this in the future. scientists recently discovered, for example, that weather forecasts can predict cholera outbreaks. so in the future, google ( or a service like healthmap ) could mash up weather predictions with symptom reports in cholera - prone areas for another kind of early warning system. for now, though, tracking illness outbreaks via sites like sickweather may be the simplest way to make sure you avoid coming down with a cold - - or something worse. [ image by flickr user svenstorm ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4734203840745006, "token_count": 452, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.342769"} {"text": "the finance project is one of more than 100 organizations and thought leaders featured in expanding minds and opportunities : leveraging the power of afterschool and summer learning for student success, edited by terry k. peterson, ph. d., this first of its kind compendium of studies, reports and commentaries provides seminal resources for policy makers, program leadership, practitioners, researchers and stakeholders. the value of partnerships in afterschool and summer learning : a national case study of 21st century community learning centers by shawn stelow griffin and laura martinez provides concrete evidence of the important role partnerships play in leveraging cash and in - kind resources to sustain 21st cclc wisconsin, vermont, florida and oregon. expanding minds and opportunities is now available online at www. expandinglearning. org / expandingminds and through amazon. com. dc education adequacy study overview the finance project ( tfp ), in september 2012, the district of columbia government contracted with the finance project ( tfp ) to undertake a rigorous study of the costs of providing an \" adequate \" pre - k through 12 education to students in dc ' s traditional public schools and public charter schools. over a 12 - month period, the finance project, in partnership with augenblick, palaich and associates ( apa ), a denver - based education research firm, will : 1. develop a data - driven estimate of the cost of an \" adequate \" pre - k through 12 education in the district of columbia ; 2. recommend changes to the structure and level of foundation funding in the uniform per student funding formula ( upsff ), as well as the weightings for students with special learning needs that require services which entail additional costs ; 3. recommend changes to the way in which capital investments, maintenance, utilities and custodial services for school buildings and facilities are financed and managed ; and 4. develop guidance for updating the study ' s basic elements on a continuing periodic basis. using a blend of professional judgment panel and successful schools study methods for analyzing the costs of an adequate education, the tfp / apa study team will examine the cost of resources required for public schools and public charter schools to meet dc academic standards, including the common core state standards, once they are implemented. for more information, please read an overview of the study at : www. financeproject. org / publications / summarydceducation adequacystudy. pdf. for more information about the study, please contact cara patrick at firstname. lastname @ example", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5279575038059757, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.349790"} {"text": "an overview of the study at : www. financeproject. org / publications / summarydceducation adequacystudy. pdf. for more information about the study, please contact cara patrick at firstname. lastname @ example. org.. this brief aims to help policymakers, community leaders, private investors, and other stakeholders understand what is known about the opportunities and conditions for success in designing and implementing incentive - based financing strategies to take innovative evidence - based social solutions to scale. it describes the design and implementation of three broad types of innovative financing strategies that make funding contingent on specific benchmarks for success. the brief also includes examples of how state and local leaders are designing and implementing these financing strategies to respond to demands for improved outcomes. it offers considerations for stakeholders to address when determining whether, and how, these strategies could work for a community or state seeking to link funding to achievable outcomes.. this fiscal mapping study helps hawaiian state leaders identify the public and private funding sources available to support programs and services for at - risk hawaiian youth, ages 13 - 24. the study also evaluates hawaii ' s effectiveness at using funding to sustain the seventy - two state administered programs for at - risk youth in fiscal year 2011. network of independent charter schools the network of independent charter schools is designed to support teachers, administrators and trustees develop best practices and collaborate with one another and to help independent \" mom and pop \" charter schools succeed. funded by the u. s. department of education, it delivers a comprehensive and integrated array of services and resources - - free of charge - - to help improve the capacity of teachers, administrators and trustees at independent charter schools. the finance project helps develop content for the network of independent charter schools website in the areas of charter school management, financing and governance. online hotline blog. the following fiscal mapping tool will help leaders identify funding resources in their communities to help build a stable base of support for their work.. a first of its kind, this guide helps state and local officials, leaders of community - based and national organizations, school leaders, and private investors find funding to strengthen and sustain grade - level reading programs and services for children from birth through third grade. it identifies more than 100 federal funding sources that can be used to address the root causes of failing to read, to help fund remediation strategies, and to build cohesive infrastructure and systems necessary to effectively train and guide professionals. it also offers users \u201c best bet \u201d funding sources, on - the - ground examples and allows users", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5109729684018667, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.355010"} {"text": "aerobic exercise requires the body to utilize oxygen to create energy. with anaerobic exercise, the body creates energy without extra oxygen \u2014 your body relies on its natural chemicals to create energy. learn the benefits of each, after the break! benefits of aerobic activity when you are engaged in aerobic activities ( walking, running, swimming, canoeing ), you breathe heavier and use more oxygen. when this happens, your heart beats faster, and your blood flow increases, which means the oxygen going to and from your muscles increases as well. your capillaries are what bring the oxygen to your muscles and take away the waste ( carbon dioxide, lactic acid ), essentially \u201c cleaning \u201d your muscles. also through this process, you help build up your immune system and rid your body of toxins, which will help you ward off illnesses. aerobic activity three to five times a week will help strengthen your heart and help it pump blood more efficiently and help it get to and from your muscles more efficiently and effectively. aerobic exercise is a key component in losing weight and keeping it off and reducing heart disease, high blood pressure, and type 2 diabetes \u2014 just to name a few. your body also releases endorphins, which are a natural painkiller and \" mood enhancer. \" the release of endorphins helps reduce anxiety and stress, helps you sleep better, and can also help ward off depression. so get movin '! benefits of anaerobic activity anaerobic means \" without oxygen, \" and strength training is the most effective method of anaerobic exercise. loss of lean muscle mass can begin in your early 20s if you ' re not careful. when you lose lean muscle mass, your metabolism slows down, your strength weakens, and your \" functional fitness \" can decrease, which can lead to you getting hurt while engaging in everyday activities like taking the stairs. but guess what? you can also gain the muscle back! introduce strength training. it helps rebuild that muscle mass, strengthen not only your muscles but also your bones, increase your metabolism, and lower your body fat. the more lean muscle mass you have, the higher your metabolism, which means the more calories you burn ( when you are resting and when you \u2019 re working out! ) strength training at least twice a week also helps prevent cardiovascular disease, obesity, arthritis, lower - back pain, and type 2 diabetes. \" strength training \" is often an intimidating term, but it doesn \u2019 t necessarily translate into \" heavy lifting.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5057238353109157, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.360965"} {"text": "pruning fruit trees pruning fruit trees is one of the most important activities that you can do to ensure the health, long life and productivity of your home orchard. it is also one of the first outdoor activities of the new year that you will probably be doing. i always look forward to getting out and getting the blood flowing after a winter of relative inactivity. there are five general reasons for pruning apple trees, pear, peach, plum, cherry, and other trees. below is a short discussion of each. pruning fruit trees - weak and crossed branches branches that cross ( and touch ) one another are undesirable and one of the offending branches should be removed. generally you should remove the smaller of the two, but take a look at shape and growth pattern as well. remove the one that is least likely to be viable and productive in the long term. very long spindly branches should be cut back to the point where they are more in line with the rest of the tree and are able to bear the weight of developing fruit. pear trees are notorious for sending up a few thin weak branches that grow 6 - 10 feet in one year. these branches often grow close to and parallel to the main trunk of the tree. branches like this should be removed entirely. pruning fruit trees - low hanging branches low hanging branches that interfere with mowing and other maitenance are oportunities to damage your tree or get someone hurt. remove or cut back any that will interfere with mowing, maintenance and ease of access to the tree during the growing season. as leaves and fruit begin to develop, you will find that brances get heavier and hang lower during the summer. take this into consideration when pruning. if you keep a good sized area mulched under your trees, low hanging branches become less of an issue for you. it also reduces competition from grass and weeds and helps retain soil moisture. i try to keep an area mulched under my trees that is about the same diameter as the branches of the trees themselves. this diameter is referred to as the \" drip line \". the bigger the tree becomes over the years, the less realistic this becomes, especially if you will plant standard sized trees, but it ' s still a good idea to keep an area clear and mulched beneath your trees. pruning fruit trees - improving air circulation good air circulation in the center of a tree is very important to promote good healthy fruit growth, and to reduce the occurrence of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4144520541941332, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.377552"} {"text": "a good idea to keep an area clear and mulched beneath your trees. pruning fruit trees - improving air circulation good air circulation in the center of a tree is very important to promote good healthy fruit growth, and to reduce the occurrence of diseases that rely on dampness to develop. some trees grow lots and lots of small twigs ( cherries for example ), which seem to completely fill the space between the main branches. if you get under your tree in the summer and can ' t see a bit of sky here and there through the tree ' s canopy, it will be time to thin some of the interior branches the following spring. never remove more than 25 % of a trees branches or twigs when thinning. usually much less will get the job done. trimming fruit trees for balance and appearance on ocassion a tree will grow lopsided and you will have to remove or trim back some branches to balance the tree out. this is particularly important if the trunk of the tree leans far to one side. of course, it ' s better to never let your trees lean that far in the first place. the appearance of a healthy fruit tree should be even all the way around. if a branch or branches on one side grow taller or longer than on another side, you should even them up. this is important not just for the appearance of the tree, but also for it ' s long term health. an unbalanced tree will be far more suceptible to wind damage, even blowing down or breaking off. damage can be caused by too much crop weight on one side as well. besides that, a well shaped fruit tree is just more pleasing to the eye than a poorly maintained one. pruning fruit trees to remove dead or diseased branches the reasons for pruning fruit trees i have listed so far should normally be done in early spring, but if you find a branch or limb that has died, is diseased, or has suffered some other heavy damage, it ' s a good idea to go ahead and remove the dead or damaged material when you find it. some diseases can spready quickly and should be removed right away. fire blight on apple trees for example has to be cut out immediately so it doesn ' t spread further down the branches. diseased branches risk infecting additional branches or even other trees, so make sure to move all of your trimmings well away from your orchard. if you can, i recommend burning them to assure that the diseases are destroyed. you should", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.42846152188720443, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.379288"} {"text": ". diseased branches risk infecting additional branches or even other trees, so make sure to move all of your trimmings well away from your orchard. if you can, i recommend burning them to assure that the diseases are destroyed. you should always clean your pruning equipment with alcohol after pruning diseased or dead branches. note : not all diseases require pruning, some can be treated with a spraying routine. if you do have to prune diseased trees, it ' s a good idea to go ahead and spray as well to help control the disease from spreading further. pruning old fruit trees there is one additional reason for pruning fruit trees. if you own property that has mature established fruit trees that have either been neglected for years or pruned incorrectly, you will need to do some pretty heavy pruning during the first 2 to 3 years to revitalize these old timers. this kind of pruning is more like drastic surgery and you will probably have to do some of each type of pruning already mentioned. dead, diseased and damaged limbs have to be removed, crossed limbs and low hanging branches have to go, thinning will almost certainly have to be done, and the general overall appearance of the trees will likely have to be balanced out. years of neglect probably can ' t be corrected in one round of pruning. it may take 2 - 3 years to get these trees back to prime conditions, but stick with it and be patient - the end result will be well worth it. mature trees will reward you with big crops for your efforts in getting them back in shape. pruning fruit trees - equipment and methods pruning fruit trees should be done using good quality, clean, sharp equipment. depending on the size of your trees, you may need by - pass trimmers, limb loppers, a pruning saw or bowsaw, an extension trimmer, or possibly even a chain saw. keeping equipment clean prevents diseases from spreading one tree to another, and keeping your tools sharp assure a clean cut which heals quicker and causes less stress to your trees. cut branches cleanly and as close to the branch junction or trunk as you can. never use anvil type trimmers, as they do too much damage to the bark and cambium layer underneath, where nutrients and water is carried. anvil trimmers have one blade, which cut against a flat surface called an anvil. always use bypass trimmers, which operate like", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.3843305534244949, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.381344"} {"text": "they do too much damage to the bark and cambium layer underneath, where nutrients and water is carried. anvil trimmers have one blade, which cut against a flat surface called an anvil. always use bypass trimmers, which operate like a pair of scissors and cut cleanly from both sides of the branch. large branches that have to be sawed off, should be under cut on the bottom side by about 1 / 4 of the diameter, before cutting through on the top. this prevents the bark from ripping away down the trunk as gravity pulls the branch down as you cut through. a word about painting branch stubs when pruning fruit trees. there are two schools of thought about painting over the pruned end of a branch stub. some folks swear that you should paint tar over the ends to protect the trees from disease, until the bark can grow over the cut. others say that painting the cuts with tar can seal in moisture and diseases, and promote infection and rot. i ' ve tried it both ways and have seen little difference in overall performance of the trees. if you think you need to paint the ends, i recommend using fibered roof tar ( often called roof cement ) to daub on the cuts. personally, i haven ' t painted my trees after pruning for several years, and my unscientific opinion is that it isn ' t necessary, but... to each his own opinion. pruning fruit trees, when done properly, not only makes for healthier and more productive trees, but they will be visually much more attractive than if they were allowed to grow wild. pruning your trees for the first time can be daunting, but the thing to remember is that your trees are forgiving, and will recover from nearly any pruning mistake. just be sure to learn from those mistakes, so you don ' t repeat them. your fruit trees will reward you for proper pruning by producing bigger, healthier crops, for a longer number of years. take your time when learning to prune your fruit trees, and it will become second nature to you after a couple of years. return to home orchard page from pruning fruit trees page return to food skills for self sufficeincy home page", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.40553029139258295, "token_count": 464, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.382547"} {"text": "durham \u2014 on saturday, september 29, coach sean mcdonnell, his staff, and the unh wildcats joined over 10, 200 other coaches in the country to participate in coach to cure ( www. coachtocuremd. org ), a partnership between the american football coaches association and parent project muscular dystrophy, to raise funds and awareness of duchenne muscular dystrophy, the most common fatal genetic disorder of children. on saturday, coaches from all over america wore armbands to encourage others to learn more about duchenne muscular dystrophy and to donate money toward finding a cure. one reason the american football coaches association was drawn to coach to cure md was because of the unique parallels between duchenne muscular dystrophy, a disorder which robs young men and boys of precious muscle strength and college football, a game where young men are at the peak of their muscle strength. duchenne is the most common fatal genetic disorder diagnosed during early childhood. a progressive muscle disorder that causes loss of muscle function and independence. to date, there is no cure. duchenne affects approximately one out of every 3, 500 boys and 20, 000 babies born each year worldwide. the disorder manifests primarily in boys because the affected gene is found on the x - chromosome. duchenne knows no other boundaries, touching all races and cultures. on saturday, the unh wildcats tackled duchenne head - on by urging spectators to text the word \" cure \" to 90999 to donate to coach to cure. and in an effort to bring the initiative closer to home, invited lucas currier from newfields to participate in their practice on friday night and to start the game off with the coin flip. lucas is a 10 - year - old avid sportsman with dmd. the wildcats also gave lucas an authentic unh wildcats shirt and a wildcats football. for more information or to donate to find a cure, go to www. coachtocuremd. org or www. parentprojectmd. org", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.44218181341001916, "token_count": 411, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.388985"} {"text": "in the 20th century, this would have been a job for james bond. the mission : infiltrate the highly advanced, securely guarded enemy headquarters where scientists in the clutches of an evil master are secretly building a weapon that can destroy the world. then render that weapon harmless and escape undetected. but in the 21st century, bond doesn ' t get the call. instead, the job is handled by a suave and very sophisticated secret computer worm, a jumble of code called stuxnet, which in the last year has not only crippled iran ' s nuclear program but has caused a major rethinking of computer security around the globe. intelligence agencies, computer security companies and the nuclear industry have been trying to analyze the worm since it was discovered in june by a belarus - based company that was doing business in iran. and what they ' ve all found, says sean mcgurk, the homeland security department ' s acting director of national cyber security and communications integration, is a \u201c game changer. \u201d the construction of the worm was so advanced, it was \u201c like the arrival of an f - 35 into a world war i battlefield, \u201d says ralph langner, the computer expert who was the first to sound the alarm about stuxnet. others have called it the first \u201c weaponized \u201d computer virus. simply put, stuxnet is an incredibly advanced, undetectable computer worm that took years to construct and was designed to jump from computer to computer until it found the specific, protected control system that it aimed to destroy : iran \u2019 s nuclear enrichment program. the target was seemingly impenetrable ; for security reasons, it lay several stories underground and was not connected to the world wide web. and that meant stuxnet had to act as sort of a computer cruise missile : as it made its passage through a set of unconnected computers, it had to grow and adapt to security measures and other changes until it reached one that could bring it into the nuclear facility. when it ultimately found its target, it would have to secretly manipulate it until it was so compromised it ceased normal functions. and finally, after the job was done, the worm would have to destroy itself without leaving a trace. that is what we are learning happened at iran ' s nuclear facilities - - both at natanz, which houses the centrifuge arrays used for processing uranium into nuclear fuel, and, to a lesser extent, at bushehr, iran ' s nuclear power plant. at natanz, for almost 17 months, stu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5579287480429387, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.406445"} {"text": "natanz, which houses the centrifuge arrays used for processing uranium into nuclear fuel, and, to a lesser extent, at bushehr, iran ' s nuclear power plant. at natanz, for almost 17 months, stuxnet quietly worked its way into the system and targeted a specific component - - the frequency converters made by the german equipment manufacturer siemens that regulated the speed of the spinning centrifuges used to create nuclear fuel. the worm then took control of the speed at which the centrifuges spun, making them turn so fast in a quick burst that they would be damaged but not destroyed. and at the same time, the worm masked that change in speed from being discovered at the centrifuges ' control panel. at bushehr, meanwhile, a second secret set of codes, which langner called \u201c digital warheads, \u201d targeted the russian - built power plant ' s massive steam turbine. here ' s how it worked, according to experts who have examined the worm : - - the nuclear facility in iran runs an \u201c air gap \u201d security system, meaning it has no connections to the web, making it secure from outside penetration. stuxnet was designed and sent into the area around iran ' s natanz nuclear power plant - - just how may never be known - - to infect a number of computers on the assumption that someone working in the plant would take work home on a flash drive, acquire the worm and then bring it back to the plant. - - once the worm was inside the plant, the next step was to get the computer system there to trust it and allow it into the system. that was accomplished because the worm contained a \u201c digital certificate \u201d stolen from jmicron, a large company in an industrial park in taiwan. ( when the worm was later discovered it quickly replaced the original digital certificate with another certificate, also stolen from another company, realtek, a few doors down in the same industrial park in taiwan. ) - - once allowed entry, the worm contained four \u201c zero day \u201d elements in its first target, the windows 7 operating system that controlled the overall operation of the plant. zero day elements are rare and extremely valuable vulnerabilities in a computer system that can be exploited only once. two of the vulnerabilities were known, but the other two had never been discovered. experts say no hacker would waste zero days in that manner. - - after penetrating the windows operating system, the code then targeted the siemens operating system that controlled", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5579304246063002, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.407713"} {"text": "two of the vulnerabilities were known, but the other two had never been discovered. experts say no hacker would waste zero days in that manner. - - after penetrating the windows operating system, the code then targeted the siemens operating system that controlled the plant. once that was in its grip it then took over the \u201c frequency converters \u201d that ran the centrifuges. to do that it used specifications from the manufacturers of the converters. one was vacon, a finnish company, and the other fararo paya, an iranian company. what surprises experts at this step is that the iranian company was so secret that not even the iaea knew about it. - - the worm also knew that the complex control system that ran the centrifuges was built by siemens, the german manufacturer, and - - remarkably - - how that system worked as well and how to mask its activities from it. - - masking itself from the plant ' s security and other systems, the worm then ordered the centrifuges to rotate extremely fast, and then to slow down precipitously. this damaged the converter, the centrifuges and the bearings, and it corrupted the uranium in the tubes. it also left iranian nuclear engineers wondering what was wrong, as computer checks showed no malfunctions in the operating system. estimates are that this went on for more than a year, leaving the iranian program in chaos. and as it did, the worm grew and adapted throughout the system. as new worms entered the system, they would meet and adapt and become increasingly sophisticated. during this time the worms reported back to two mysterious servers that had to be run by intelligence agencies, one in denmark and one in malaysia. the servers monitored the worms as they infiltrated natanz. efforts to find those servers since then have yielded no results. this went on until june of last year, when a belarusan company working on the iranian power plant in beshehr discovered it in one of its machines. it quickly put out a notice on a web network monitored by computer security experts around the world. ordinarily these experts would immediately begin tracing the worm and dissecting it, looking for clues about its origin and other details. but that didn \u2019 t happen, because within minutes all the alert sites came under attack and were inoperative for 24 hours. \u201c i had to use e - mail to send notices but i couldn \u2019 t reach everyone. whoever made the worm had a full day to eliminate all traces of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5345269966946663, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.409893"} {"text": "within minutes all the alert sites came under attack and were inoperative for 24 hours. \u201c i had to use e - mail to send notices but i couldn \u2019 t reach everyone. whoever made the worm had a full day to eliminate all traces of the worm that might lead us them, \u201d eric byres, a computer security expert who has examined the stuxnet. \u201c no hacker could have done that. \u201d experts, including inspectors from the international atomic energy agency ( iaea, ) say that, despite iran ' s claims to the contrary, the worm was successful in its goal : causing confusion among iran \u2019 s nuclear engineers and disabling their nuclear program. because of the secrecy surrounding the iranian program, no one can be certain of the full extent of the damage. but sources inside iran and elsewhere say that the iranian centrifuge program has been operating far below its capacity and that the uranium enrichment program had \u201c stagnated \u201d during the time the worm penetrated the underground facility. only 4, 000 of the 9, 000 centrifuges iran was known to have were put into use. some suspect that is because of the critical need to replace ones that were damaged. and the limited number of those in use dwindled to an estimated 3, 700 as problems engulfed their operation. iaea inspectors say the sabotage better explains the slowness of the program, which they had earlier attributed to poor equipment manufacturing and management problems. as iranians struggled with the setbacks, they began searching for signs of sabotage. from inside iran there have been unconfirmed reports that the head of the plant was fired shortly after the worm wended its way into the system and began creating technical problems, and that some scientists who were suspected of espionage disappeared or were executed. and counter intelligence agents began monitoring all communications between scientists at the site, creating a climate of fear and paranoia. iran has adamantly stated that its nuclear program has not been hit by the bug. but in doing so it has backhandedly confirmed that its nuclear facilities were compromised. when hamid alipour, head of the nation \u2019 s information technology company, announced in september that 30, 000 iranian computers had been hit by the worm but the nuclear facilities were safe, he added that among those hit were the personal computers of the scientists at the nuclear facilities. experts say that natanz and bushehr could not have escaped the worm if it was in their engineers \u2019 computers. \u201c we brought it into our lab to study it and even with precautions it spread everywhere at incredible", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4902006140415851, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.411102"} {"text": "scientists at the nuclear facilities. experts say that natanz and bushehr could not have escaped the worm if it was in their engineers \u2019 computers. \u201c we brought it into our lab to study it and even with precautions it spread everywhere at incredible speed, \u201d byres said. \u201c the worm was designed not to destroy the plants but to make them ineffective. by changing the rotation speeds, the bearings quickly wear out and the equipment has to be replaced and repaired. the speed changes also impact the quality of the uranium processed in the centrifuges creating technical problems that make the plant ineffective, \u201d he explained. in other words the worm was designed to allow the iranian program to continue but never succeed, and never to know why. one additional impact that can be attributed to the worm, according to david albright of the institute for science and international studies, is that \u201c the lives of the scientists working in the facility have become a living hell because of counter - intelligence agents brought into the plant \u201d to battle the breach. ironically, even after its discovery, the worm has succeeded in slowing down iran ' s reputed effort to build an atomic weapon. and langer says that the efforts by the iranians to cleanse stuxnet from their system \u201c will probably take another year to complete, \u201d and during that time the plant will not be able to function anywhere normally. but as the extent of the worm \u2019 s capabilities is being understood, its genius and complexity has created another perplexing question : who did it? speculation on the worm \u2019 s origin initially focused on hackers or even companies trying to disrupt competitors. but as engineers tore apart the virus they learned not only the depth of the code, its complex targeting mechanism, ( despite infecting more than 100, 000 computers it has only done damage at natanz, ) the enormous amount of work that went into it \u2014 microsoft estimated that it consumed 10, 000 man days of labor - - and about what the worm knew, the clues narrowed the number of players that have the capabilities to create it to a handful. \u201c this is what nation - states build, if their only other option would be to go to war, \u201d joseph wouk, an israeli security expert wrote. byres is more certain. \u201c it is a military weapon, \u201d he said. and much of what the worm \u201c knew \u201d could only have come from a consortium of western intelligence agencies, experts who have examined the code now believe. originally, all eyes turned toward israel \u2019 s intelligence agencies. engineers examining", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5285177937733241, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.412940"} {"text": "weapon, \u201d he said. and much of what the worm \u201c knew \u201d could only have come from a consortium of western intelligence agencies, experts who have examined the code now believe. originally, all eyes turned toward israel \u2019 s intelligence agencies. engineers examining the worm found \u201c clues \u201d that hinted at israel \u2019 s involvement. in one case they found the word \u201c myrtus \u201d embedded in the code and argued that it was a reference to esther, the biblical figure who saved the ancient jewish state from the persians. but computer experts say \" myrtus \" is more likely a common reference to \u201c my rtus, \u201d or remote terminal units. langer argues that no single western intelligence agency had the skills to pull this off alone. the most likely answer, he says, is that a consortium of intelligence agencies worked together to build the cyber bomb. and he says the most likely confederates are the united states, because it has the technical skills to make the virus, germany, because reverse - engineering siemen \u2019 s product would have taken years without it, and russia, because of its familiarity with both the iranian nuclear plant and siemen \u2019 s systems. there is one clue that was left in the code that may tell us all we need to know. embedded in different section of the code is another common computer language reference, but this one is misspelled. instead of saying \u201c deadfoot, \u201d a term stolen from pilots meaning a failed engine, this one reads \u201c deadfoo7. \u201d yes, oo7 has returned - - as a computer worm. stuxnet. shaken, not stirred.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5402065630797441, "token_count": 327, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.413778"} {"text": "- free banking - http : / / www. freebanking. org - free banking and monetary calculation posted by steve horwitz on june 16, 2012 @ 3 : 39 pm in uncategorized | 14 comments in my freeman column this week, i discussed the importance of monetary calculation in enabling entrepreneurs to know both what to produce and how to produce it. the ability to make use of money prices to formulate a forward - looking budget and to calculate backward - looking profits / losses is crucial to entrepreneurial planning and the learning process of the market. in that piece i didn ' t have the space to make an additional point that i ' d like to note here. for monetary calculation to be maximally effective, the monetary system matters. specifically, the more sound that money is, the more reliable is monetary calculation. this is a point that mises made in this 1920 article about economic calculation in the socialist commonwealth and one i developed in a hope paper in 1998. in an economy subject to periodic inflation and deflation, the reliability of money prices is reduced, and what we might call the \" epistemic burden \" on entrepreneurs is increased as they have to sort out whether a given price change is due to real or nominal factors. where money is sound, price movements carry a less ambiguous message. they still require interpretation, but with one less major complicating factor than under inflation or deflation. given that different monetary regimes will be more or less likely to avoid inflation and deflation, the monetary system matters for the effectiveness of monetary calculation. if free banking is better than the alternatives at avoiding monetary disequilibria, then it is also better at creating a sound environment for monetary calculation. and, if so, it will be better at promoting economic growth. many of these ideas are at the core of my microfoundations and macroeconomics : an austrian perspective, which if you haven ' t read, you should! article printed from free banking : http : / / www. freebanking. org url to article : http : / / www. freebanking. org / 2012 / 06 / 16 / free - banking - and - monetary - calculation / urls in this post : my freeman column : http : / / www. thefreemanonline. org / headline / looking - forward - backward / hope paper : http : / / myslu. stlawu. edu / ~ shorwitz / papers / mises _ hope _ 1998. pdf microfounda", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49441169025851434, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.419665"} {"text": "rocky mountain research station publications rmrs online publication - journal articles, external publications, and special reports trace gas and particle emissions from domestic and industrial biofuel use and garbage burning in central mexico christian, t. j. ; yokelson, r. j. ; cardenas, b. ; molina, l. t. ; engling, g. ; hsu, s. - c. 2010. trace gas and particle emissions from domestic and industrial biofuel use and garbage burning in central mexico. atmospheric chemistry and physics. 10 : 565 - 584. in central mexico during the spring of 2007 we measured the initial emissions of 12 gases and the aerosol speciation for elemental and organic carbon ( ec, oc ), anhydrosugars, cl -, no - 3, and 20 metals from 10 cooking fires, four garbage fires, three brick making kilns, three charcoal making kilns, and two crop residue fires. global biofuel use has been estimated at over 2600 tg / y. with several simple case studies we show that cooking fires can be a major, or the major, source of several gases and fine particles in developing countries. insulated cook stoves with chimneys were earlier shown to reduce indoor air pollution and the fuel use per cooking task. we confirm that they also reduce the emissions of voc pollutants per mass of fuel burned by about half. we did not detect hcn emissions from cooking fires in mexico or africa. thus, if regional source attribution is based on hcn emissions typical for other types of biomass burning ( bb ), then biofuel use and total bb will be underestimated in much of the developing world. this is also significant because cooking fires are not detected from space. keywords : trace gas, particle emissions, biofuel, mexico about pdfs : for best results, do not open the pdf in your web browser. right - click on the pdf link to download the pdf file directly to your computer. click here for more pdf help. pdf file size : 440 k title : rmrs other publications : trace gas and particle emissions from domestic and industrial biofuel use and garbage burning in central mexico electronic publish date : march 23, 2010 last update : march 23, 2010 rmrs publications | order a publication | contact us", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.513273150095598, "token_count": 475, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.427776"} {"text": "gray wolf ( canis lupus ) wolf tracks vi - a summary of gray wolf activities and issues pdf version ( pdf 750 kb ; 6 pages ) of the gray wolf reclassification / delisting proposal wolf management plan zone a is roughly the northeastern one - third of the state, and is composed of wolf management zones 1 - 4 described in the 1992, u. s. fish and wildlife service recovery plan for the eastern timber wolf. about 85 percent of minnesota ' s wolves live in zone a. zone b is the rest of the state, and is federal wolf management zone 5. under the minnesota plan anyone would be allowed to kill or injure a wolf in defense of human life, just as can be done now while wolves remain protected by the act. the plan would allow wolves to be harassed, but not killed or injured, if they are within 500 yards of people, buildings, or domestic animals. this non - injurious harassment would be allowed in both wolf management zones. statewide, owners of domestic animals would also be allowed to kill wolves if the wolf is in the act of stalking, attacking, or killing the domestic animal. in the case of a wolf attacking a pet, the pet must have been under the supervision of the owner, not free - roaming, in order for this provision to apply. in both zones, the dnr can open \" depredation control areas \" where wolf depredation on domestic animals is a verified problem. these areas would extend outward for one mile from a verified depredation site. the triggers for opening the depredation control areas, and the duration of the resulting depredation control actions by state - certified predator controllers, vary between the two zones. in zone a depredation control areas can be opened only for 60 days immediately following a depredation incident. in zone b they can be opened annually for up to 214 days if there was a verified wolf depredation anytime within the previous 5 years. finally, in zone b wolves can be taken by a landowner ( or by the owner ' s agent ) on his / her land at any time to protect domestic animals. the wolf does not have to represent an immediate threat to domestic animals or humans prior to being killed under this provision of the plan. additionally, a state - certified predator controller can be hired to trap wolves at other locations within one mile of such lands, with the permission of the landowner. the plan also establishes additional state penalties for illegal wolf killing, enacts a 5 - year delay on public", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4693188825235197, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.439982"} {"text": "state - certified predator controller can be hired to trap wolves at other locations within one mile of such lands, with the permission of the landowner. the plan also establishes additional state penalties for illegal wolf killing, enacts a 5 - year delay on public hunting or trapping seasons, and establishes a minimum population goal of 1, 600 wolves. state compensation for livestock killed by wolves was increased ( effective in july of 2001 ) to the full market value of the animals. the plan also calls for a statewide estimate of wolf numbers in the first and fifth years after federal delisting. subsequent to delisting, similar estimates would be made every 5 years. the service is evaluating the dnr plan to determine if it will ensure the long - term survival of wolves in minnesota. as part of the service ' s evaluation we have asked the eastern timber wolf recovery team to review the plan. they are compiling comments and recommendations to provide to us and the dnr. the dnr developed this management plan in preparation for federal delisting, but it will not be implemented until after the gray wolf is removed from the protections of the act ( wolves are currently listed as federally threatened in minnesota ). if the plan is found to assure the long - term viability of wolves in the state, all of the recovery criteria from the eastern timber wolf recovery plan will have been met. at that point, we expect to prepare a proposal to delist the gray wolf in the western ( and adjacent ) great lakes states. for more information on the minnesota wolf management plan, visit the dnr ' s website at http : / / www. dnr. state. mn. us / or call 888 - minndnr. a copy of the complete plan and our summary are available at http : / / www. fws. gov / midwest / wolf / wgl / mn - plnsum. htm or by calling the gray wolf information line at 612 - 713 - 7337. how many wild wolves are there in each state? mountain wolf update if the wolf population remains at or above 30 breeding pairs in 2001 and 2002, the numerical recovery goal will be met on december 31, 2002. if, at that time, the other provisions required for delisting are met, primarily the development of state wolf management plans that would reasonably assure that the gray wolf would not become threatened or endangered again, we would propose delisting the rocky mountain population. the delisting process, including extensive public involvement, could be proposed as soon as 2003. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43303294631604006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.441456"} {"text": "wolf management plans that would reasonably assure that the gray wolf would not become threatened or endangered again, we would propose delisting the rocky mountain population. the delisting process, including extensive public involvement, could be proposed as soon as 2003. the rocky mountain wolf recovery 2000 annual report is available on - line at http : / / www. r6. fws. gov / wolf / annualrpt00 / or by contacting the helena, montana office ( 406 - 449 - 5225 ). the annual report, a cooperative effort by the u. s. fish and wildlife service, the nez perce tribe, the national park service, and u. s. department of agriculture wildlife services, presents information on the status, distribution, and management of the recovering rocky mountain wolf population from january 1, 2000, through december 31, 2000. the 2001 annual report is expected to be completed in january, 2002. wolves to the northern forest the week culminated with a two day conference, restoring wolves to the northern forest. the conference, cosponsored by the natural resources council of maine, the new hampshire wildlife federation, and the vermont natural resources council, featured national experts on wolf recovery, genetics, and the social and political issues surrounding this controversial topic. nearly 200 people listened to presentations on topics including the ecological niche of wolves in the northern forest, wolf - elk interaction in yellowstone national park, the status of wolf recovery, and the use of citizen groups in recovering predatory species.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43652411821669135, "token_count": 301, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.442338"} {"text": "gray wolves in the northern rocky mountains from : gray wolf recovery coordinator, helena, mt 9 / 4 / 98 subject : status of gray wolf recovery, weeks of 8 / 22 - 9 / 4, 1998 packs in the yellowstone, central idaho, and nw montana areas appear to be in their normal home ranges. the rose creek pack of 17 was seen standing around a grizzly bear laying on an elk carcass which it probably took from the wolves. brave bear. chief joseph was in the sw corner of th pack. druid was in pelican valley testing bison. the one radioed washakie wolf still can ' t be found and the other is still in the se corner of yellowstone national park. an unradioed black and a gray wolf were seen in the dunoir valley in late september. a service field crew found tracks of 2 - 3 wolves in the area but no radios could be heard. if possible trapping will be attempted to radio a group member. the wolves could be one or both of the uncollared washakie yearlings and / or one or two of the 9 or so missing uncollared yellowstone wolves, or uncollared members of the soda butte and thorofare packs. as time passes more and more wolves will disperse and many of those will be uncollared. public reports of wolves will become important, just as they are in nw montana. in idaho, the ten wolf packs that produced pups are staying in their normal territories. trapping by service field crews in nw montana placed a radio on an adult male wolf and an adult female wolf in the newly located pack between the pleasant valley and murphy lake packs. the newly confirmed pack consists of several adults and this year ' s pups. it has been named the little wolf creek pack. observations by agency biologists and the public indicate there may be several wolves in the idaho panhandle, north of the experimental area. up to 3 black wolves have been repeatedly seen. the service ' s mt field crew will investigate as soon as they are able. service, wildlife services and blackfeet tribal biologists were unable to locate any wolves in the area of suspected depredations on blackfeet tribal lands. to date no other problems have been reported. wolves from the moyer pack killed several calves in the area west of salmon. five ewes were killed by a pair of wolves ( the adult male is uncollared ) with 9 pups south of stanley idaho. control was attempted but the wolves", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44196469710164005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.457587"} {"text": "from the moyer pack killed several calves in the area west of salmon. five ewes were killed by a pair of wolves ( the adult male is uncollared ) with 9 pups south of stanley idaho. control was attempted but the wolves were constantly moving making capture difficult. at this point in time, other control efforts such as livestock guard animals or aversive conditioning are being evaluated as possible solutions. on 8 / 19 a black wolf reportedly had a calf cornered before a rancher drove her off near red rocks lake refuge. a flight was done next morning and female black wolf number # 67 from the nez perce area was found north of red rocks lake refuge in montana. she was chasing a calf when located on 8 / 22. she was then killed because of several previous depredations and so she would not lead other pack members to this area. apparently her 1998 pups are being cared for by other nez perce pack members. they have moved even farther into the interior of the park. no livestock depredations were located so she apparently had not killed anymore livestock. wildlife service ( graham mcdougal in particular ) deserves credit for immediately reporting the sightings and quickly responding to the service ' s request to resolve the issue as had been promised to local residents. nothing new to report. please help with wolf monitoring efforts by reporting suspected wolf observations. reclassification, and the resulting increased management flexibility that would result from a threatened status depends upon the number of documented breeding pairs. please report wolf sightings asap. thanks!! nez perce project biologists made presentations at the challis stewardship meeting in challis, and the sawtooth wildlife council at the red fish lodge in stanley. bangs gave a presentation to about 50 biologists with the wildlife division of montana department of fish wildlife and parks in kalispell on the 11th. on the 3rd, bangs participated in a workshop on governance and natural resources : new models for the 21st century. the northern rockies conservation cooperative conducted the workshop which looked at several case studies, including wolf management. the service ' s two wolf biologists positions in lander, wy have closed. because of the volume of applications, selections will likely not be made until november 1998. the two helena, montana positions, gs - 9 biologist and gs - 7 technician should be advertised by the week of september 8th. separate applications must be submitted for jobs in mt. information will be mailed to those who inquired about the wy jobs. bangs, fontaine ( usf", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.452601769828734, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.464150"} {"text": "gs - 9 biologist and gs - 7 technician should be advertised by the week of september 8th. separate applications must be submitted for jobs in mt. information will be mailed to those who inquired about the wy jobs. bangs, fontaine ( usfws ), and ( usda, ws ) niemeyer, r. phillips, and m. nelson and countless attorneys were in casper, wy for the diamond g ranch court hearing on august 25. the case still wasn ' t completed and final oral agruments will be heard september 9th. a decision is expected shortly thereafter. bangs and niemeyer travelled to dubois on the 26th to look over the area so a field crew could be most effective. they drove down long creek road but it had just rained and the closed forest service road was too muddy to use. a field crew was send to the area on sept 1. they found sign of 2 - 3 wolves ( no radioed wolves are in the area ) and if a promising area can be located trapping and radio - collaring will be attempted. bangs gave a presentations at the seattle zoo / rei on sept. 21st and the national assoc. of zoo docents on the 22nd. about 350 people attended. niemeyer and bangs gave presentations in yellowstone on the 28th to a defnders of wildlife group. the service ' s weekly wolf report can now be viewed at the service ' s region 6 web site at http : / / www. r6. fws. gov / wolf in addition to the regular distribution. contact : ed bangs ( 406 ) 449 - 5225 x204 or internet - ed _ bangs @ fws. gov contact us : westerngraywolf @ fws. gov", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44301521395919796, "token_count": 351, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.465683"} {"text": "the activities in the gaps related to area of assitive technologies are focused on the development of software ( applications ) and hardware ( devices and gadgets ) which could be useful for assisting teachers related to special education. in order to get our objectives we have the valuable advise of several specialized centers as : if you are interested in our work or you want to collaborate with us, please, contact with luis hernandez gomez in our research group we have been developing an educational application called \" aprendiendo \" ( \" learning \" in spanish ). this application was implemented with the advising of colegio publico de educacion especial infanta elena de madrid and thanks to the work of several students through their master thesis projects. currently we are preparing different researches and evaluations about this application. our objective is find out the benefits that \" aprendiendo \" could have in the learning process of the children. for knowing more detaisl about this project you could read this article ( in spanish ) \" aprendiendo \u201d : uso de la tecnologia de agentes conversacionales personificados en el ambito de la educacion especial which was presented in the simposio nacional de tecnologias de la informacion y las comunicaciones en la educacion in 2007. if you are interested in and you don ' t know spanish, please, contact with us. - building of push buttons ( in spanish ) : - push button and connection box : pdf - how to build a switchboard pdf", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5258343743997895, "token_count": 318, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.471674"} {"text": "| \u2018 life in 1810 \u2019 is topic of program offered at county museum on september 8 | | written by george browning | | tuesday, 04 september 2012 00 : 00 | a veteran speaker and re - enactor will bring to life one of his favorite topics, \u201c pioneer life in 1810, \u201d at the scott county heritage center and museum on saturday, september 8. the free event at 2 p. m. that day is offered as part of pigeon roost remembered day, an observance of the 200th anniversary of the pigeon roost massacre in which 24 men, women and children were killed by indians on september 3, 1812. kevin stonerock has brought history to life for thousands of children, young people and adults. his living history program will be performed in authentic period clothing in the first - person style. his \u201c hoosier pioneer \u201d is a character compiled from several different historical accounts of the period from 1770 to 1810. it centers around the life of andrew amonett, a frontiersman of the indiana territory. complete with tall tales, stonerock \u2019 s presentation deals with various aspects of frontier life and dangers faced in the indiana territory just before the start of the war of 1812. topics include trapping, militia service, indian affairs, tools, weapons and frontier clothing. stonerock has performed for 30 years and presented over 3, 500 programs. he wrote, directed and performed in \u201c plum creek anthology, \u201d which is presented annually in vevay. there is no charge for attending his program at the museum. visitors are asked to bring lawn chairs to enjoy the performance in comfort on the museum \u2019 s front steps.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3828204451900273, "token_count": 329, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.474875"} {"text": "higher volumetric productivity is contributing to smaller scale manufacturing. in addition, noted whitford, volume demand is decreasing, with emerging products such as personalized medicines with companion diagnostics targeted to screened populations, and cancer vaccines generally required in substantially smaller amounts. another trend described by whitford is \u201c scaling out \u201d instead of scaling up, also known as distributed manufacturing. instead of running one 10, 000 l batch, a company might opt to run five 2, 000 l reactors in parallel. among values inherent in this flexibility, this minimizes the potential loss if one batch were to become contaminated or unusable for some other reason. single - use systems also simplify geographic distribution of manufacturing capacity. to duplicate a facility in another location would require only purchase of the same devices and transfer of the process, whether to an adjacent building or another country. manufacturers of single - use devices are pursuing r & d to create new, cleaner materials for single - use products and new ways of producing these materials. for example, paul killian, ph. d., senior scientist at emd millipore, described research under way on new methods for sterilizing single - use materials that would reduce the amount of leachables created. at present, most single - use systems are gamma - irradiated, a process that generates small oxygenated compounds that contribute to the leachables load. raising the ceiling for \u201c large - scale \u201d processing in single - use bioreactors from 1, 000 l vessels to the new generation of 2, 000 l vessels has expanded the utility of single - use systems for commercial - scale batch production. sartorius stedim biotech plans to introduce a 2, 000 l scale single - use bioreactor in 2013. davy de wilde, director of marketing for fermentation technologies for the company does not anticipate any volume increase beyond that. \u201c improved cell strains, media, and process conditions have led over the past years to a significant increase in product yields per volume, \u201d he says. \u201c this enables the industry today to reach their required product volumes already at 1, 000 l or 2, 000 l scale, while previously required bioreactor volumes were up to five times higher. \u201d this is helping to drive uptake of single - use systems overall, according to alison rees - manley, fermentation application specialist at sartorius stedim biotech. other factors contributing to the increase in adoption of single - use bioreactors, in de wilde \u2019 s view, are reduced cost", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49450901338170805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.514055"} {"text": "overall, according to alison rees - manley, fermentation application specialist at sartorius stedim biotech. other factors contributing to the increase in adoption of single - use bioreactors, in de wilde \u2019 s view, are reduced cost of ownership and increased flexibility, thus allowing users to switch more easily between processes and to increase capacity rapidly due to reduced lead times and utility requirements. user needs are a critical driver of technology and product development, and in response sartorius stedim biotech plans to introduce a point - of - use integrity test for single - use bioreactor bags, beginning with a test for its bioreactors up to the 200 l system by the end of 2012 and shortly followed by tests for bags up to 1, 000 l. need for standardization the issues and uncertainty surrounding extractables and leachables from single - use systems remain an ongoing topic of discussion. \u201c the risks change depending on where the material is used, \u201d said dr. killian. an overall lack of standardization and regulatory guidance continues to present an obstacle to more rapid adoption of single - use technology. \u201c the regulatory agencies still put the onus on drug companies to demonstrate that there is no or low risk to the patients, \u201d continued dr. killian. with increased use, confidence in the materials is growing among biopharmaceuticals producers. as the industry has matured, companies have used their experience to modify their approach to performing extractables and leachables studies and evaluating the data. for example, whereas before companies might have carried out leachable studies across all single - use devices \u2014 an expensive and challenging task \u2014 now they might take an extractables - to - leachables approach in which they would perform leachable studies only on devices identified as high - risk, explained dr. killian. similarly, they may be able to limit the scope of the studies required by comparing the results of some initial tests to established standards and use these quick evaluations to define what areas require more extensive data collection and analysis. downstream adoption is looking up unlike for the single - use bag systems developed for upstream buffer preparation, mixing, and storage, and designed to replace conventional glass and stainless steel bioreactors and fermentors, when it comes to downstream processing systems, \u201c single - use \u201d may not mean intended for disposal after a single run. \u201c we like to call it \u2018 single - use, batch - dedicated, \u2019 or \u2018 single - batch, \u2019 \u201d explained makowiecki. \u201c prep", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48073901029084515, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.521179"} {"text": "systems, \u201c single - use \u201d may not mean intended for disposal after a single run. \u201c we like to call it \u2018 single - use, batch - dedicated, \u2019 or \u2018 single - batch, \u2019 \u201d explained makowiecki. \u201c prepacked does not mean single - use, \u201d emphasized paul lynch, production manager for life technologies ' prepacked poros\u00ae chromatography resins. the main advantage of prepacked columns is time savings, as they are ready to be dropped into a process without the need for validation. \u201c they save about 80 % of the set - up time, \u201d lynch said, as well as the associated overhead of personnel needed to pack and validate the column. at the june conference in san francisco, richard garretson, business development manager at life technologies, led a workshop in which he described the advantages of the company \u2019 s gopure\u2122 columns prepacked with poros chromatography resins. garretson compared prepacked columns to disposable membrane absorbers, which can be used in place of anion exchange chromatography, for flow - through polishing of monoclonal antibody preparations to remove dna, viruses, and host - cell proteins. the high mass transfer capability of the poros prepacked resin allows for high flow rates, short bed lengths, and small column sizes. \u201c the resin has the same sort of mass transfer profile as a membrane absorber, \u201d said garretson. once users have selected the ideal column bed length for the separation they want to achieve, they can then increase or decrease the diameter of the column as desired for scale - up or scale - down, garretson explained. in contrast, scale - down \u2014 for process modeling, process characterization, and viral clearance studies, for example \u2014 is \u201c problematic with filters, \u201d he added, due to more limited availability of membrane sizes. in terms of single - use capability, the prepacked chromatography resin, like a traditional self - packed column, can be re - used multiple times or replaced after a single use. it would typically be used for a single production campaign. in contrast, a functionalized filter is a consummable product intended to be disposed of after one use. producing relatively small drug batches or material for toxicology studies or clinical trials can mean switching product streams, and thus chromatography columns, more frequently. in this scenario, the use of prepacked columns can save time and money, contend", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5063181484135201, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.525991"} {"text": "producing relatively small drug batches or material for toxicology studies or clinical trials can mean switching product streams, and thus chromatography columns, more frequently. in this scenario, the use of prepacked columns can save time and money, contended michael killeen, business development manager, ge healthcare. killeen \u2019 s presentation in san francisco was entitled \u201c \u2018 out of the box \u2019 thinking for process chromatography. \u201d the company \u2019 s readytoprocess\u2122 prepacked columns can be used for multiple runs ; however, the resins cannot be removed and repacked and are intended for use in a single campaign. when combined with ge healthcare \u2019 s akta\u2122 ready disposable chromatography flow path, there is no need to clean or validate the system before use, pointed out killeen. with flow rates up to 510 l / h, the systems are appropriate for pilot to small batch production. a side - by - side analysis that compares the cost of processing one batch with a prepacked versus traditional column at pilot scale \u201c can show significant savings, \u201d added killeen. \u201c if you can get ten molecules produced instead of eight, \u201d that is a good value proposition for the customer. \u201d editor \u2019 s note : as gen went to press eppendorf north america reported the release of the first single - use vessel to incorporate new brunswick \u2019 s proprietary packed - bed impeller system. the new brunswick celligen\u00ae blu 5l comes pre - loaded with 150 g of fibra - cel\u00ae disks.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4642559872694383, "token_count": 318, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.528075"} {"text": "log in now to add this gigapan to a group gallery. log in now to add this gigapan to a gallery. about this gigapantoggle - taken by - dennis vanengelsdorp - explore score - 0. 14 gigapixels - date added - july 06, 2009 - date taken - june 26, 2009 image by mike andree. annotation by mike andree and dennis vanengelsdorp. this particular gigapan image captures a comb of brood from a diseased honey bee colony in a way not previously available to the general public. for those new to beekeeping, or apprehensive about opening up a hive, this panorama, and others like it, can be used to teach beekeepers disease identification and bee biology. this panorama was taken at a quarantined apiary managed near newport, pennsylvania to study honey bee diseases. the frame depicted in the panorama comes from one of several unhealthy honey bee colonies in that apiary ( red hill apiary ). the diseased hives were donated by a commercial beekeeper based in lewisburg, pennsylvania, who was to donate several of his unhealthiest colonies in late spring so that the colonies could be monitored as they developed over the season. in all, 7 of the 8 colonies monitored died before the winter. the surviving colony died over the winter. the studied colonies were assessed every two weeks over the summer. researchers would take various measures of colony health \u2013 including estimating the adult honey bee population, the amount of brood ( or young immature bees ) contained in the colony, the status of the queen, and the presence of honey bee adult and brood diseases. samples of adult bees were taken at each sampling point to quantify the number of parasitic mites and pathogens ( such as nosema disease ) in the population. while taking gigapan image \u2019 s of the honey bee frames at the red hill apiary did not directly assist with our documenting of colony decline, it did provide a unique and interactive tool by which bee biology and brood disease identification could be delivered. on this frame there are many examples of both healthy and unhealthy brood, and properly tagged individual diseased larvae can serve as a revolutionary educational tool. gigapan stitcher version 0. 4. 3864 ( windows ) panorama size : 137 megapixels ( 15264 x 9003 pixels ) input images : 50 ( 10 columns by 5 rows ) field of view : 24. 8 degrees wide by 14.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.488158506452739, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.536005"} {"text": "the 3d scientific graph control is capable of producing a wide variety of charts. these include surfaces ( wireframe, solid, shaded solid, contoured solid, and pixel ), 3d bar ( wireframe, solid, and shaded solid ), 3d scatter ( points, lines, points + lines, and area layers producing a waterfall chart ), and 3d object ( via a polygon data interface in wireframe, solid, and shaded solid styles ). the property polymode is used to control which type of image you need to produce. all types support rotation and viewing height adjustment. there is also an automatic rotation feature which will animate the rotation of an image. there are two shading algorithms, one shades to white and the other shades to the objects color. 3d surface charts can have a bottom or top 2d contour included in the image. this contour can be in lines or colors. see showcontour. within the demo, see example 400 which shows how to create a simple 3d wireframe. 3d surface charts are produced from xdata, ydata, and zdata. generally, x - data and z - data are equally spaced but this is not mandatory. once you supply this data, the component will construct a list of polygons which will produce a surface plot of the data. the process of creating 3d charts is further discussed in chapter 4 as well as in the included example code. within the demo, see example 402. the 3d bar chart is generally used to show categorized data along 2 axes. where a 2d bar chart places multiple subsets next to each other, the 3d bar places multiple subsets at different z locations. similar to the graph component, the 3d bar chart only needs ydata. xdata and zdata are not used in this mode. subsets defines how many rows are along z axis and points defines how many columns are along x axis. subsetlabels and pointlabels are used to label rows and columns. subsetcolors is used to control colors of subset bars. within the demo, see example the 3d scatter chart is much like a 2d scatter chart with the addition of zdata. each data point thus has its own xdata, ydata, and zdata coordinates. possible plotting methods are points, lines, and points plus lines. theres also an area plotting method which will produce area layers along the z axis. this can be used to construct a waterfall chart. comparison subsets are supported in this mode to allow", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5210716198323528, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.548054"} {"text": "possible plotting methods are points, lines, and points plus lines. theres also an area plotting method which will produce area layers along the z axis. this can be used to construct a waterfall chart. comparison subsets are supported in this mode to allow for combining of plotting methods. see plottingmethod, and plottingmethodii, and comparisonsubsets. within the demo, see example 404. the 3d polygon data interface ( pep _ structpolydata ) allows the developer to supply their own list of polygons to be rendered. wireframe, solid, and shaded solid images can be produced from this data. its important that polygon vertices are ordered properly. the polygon vertices must be ordered in a counter - clockwise order as viewed from outside of the object. this is only necessary for hidden line removal and shading purposes. if you are only producing a wireframe image, the ordering of vertices is not critical. addskirts should be set to true if the polygon data forms an enclosed surface and you want to produce a surface or shaded surface image. more than one object can be placed into 3d space, however, the objects should not intersect. within the demo, see example 406. the 3d component can be rotated in several ways. either by dragging the thumb - tags on the horizontal and vertical scrollbars, or by invoking the auto - rotation feature by double - clicking or using the popup menu. while rotating, you may want to limit the image detail to just a wireframe to speed rotation of complex images with many polygons. producing rotated text is also pretty slow, so there ' s another option to just plot the plotting method without the axes, grid numbers, and axis labels. if the image is simple, you can rotate in full detail. see autorotation and rotationdetail. the plotting method list will change based upon the polymode setting. you can also control the possible entries with properties such as allowwireframe and allowsurface. this same control of plotting methods is also available for the other while the component is auto - rotating ( autorotation ), you can control the degree direction and increment between each image. when plottingmethod is set to surface with shading, this feature controls whether the brightest polygons will be bright white or the brightest shade of color. see shadingstyle. when polymode is set to surfacepolygons, there is an option to place a 2d contour above or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47603035070743416, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.552914"} {"text": "this article should, by rights, be an entire book : the consequences of agricultural commoditization are profound and far - reaching. by necessity, i am concentrating on a few key points. where \u2019 s the real food? one of the largest movements in 20th century agriculture was the commoditization of food. in 1900, 41 % of the us workforce was directly employed in agriculture, and each farm produced over five different crops for sale \u2014 not counting food consumed on the farm or sold locally, outside the commodity system. furthermore, 60 % of americans lived in rural areas. ( source : usda. ) this means that the majority of americans either grew their own food, or had direct access to the producers of the food they ate. in 2000, just 1. 9 % of americans were employed in agriculture, farms produced an average of just over one crop for sale, and less than 1 out of 4 americans lived in rural areas. the number of farms has fallen 63 %, while the average farm size has risen 67 %. all charts above from the usda economic research service : the 20th century transformation of u. s. agriculture and farm policy by carolyn dimitri, anne effland, and neilson conklin economic information bulletin no. ( eib - 3 ) 17 pp, june 2005 in other words, we no longer have direct access to the food we eat. how did this happen? as usual, the answer is simple : follow the money. a silly and far - fetched scenario let \u2019 s consider a silly and far - fetched scenario for a moment. the us government decides that hollywood \u2019 s dominance of the world entertainment industry should be encouraged at the creative end as well as the financial end, and offers the following incentive : \u201c we will pay $ 100 for every new song of two minutes or longer, recorded in english by an american citizen in america, upon registration with the copyright office. \u201d ( subject to a raft of rules and red tape, of course. ) right away we can see the problem : there is no incentive to write a song that anyone else wants to hear! the only incentive is to write lots and lots of \u2018 songs \u2019 \u2026 and it would probably take about six hours for enterprising programmers to write song - generation programs that put together random chord progressions and random sentences off the internet, automatically play them with a synthesizer, and send them into the copyright office as quickly as they could record the vocals. in other words, such an incentive would not result in more entertainment : it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.444304891066058, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.572414"} {"text": "together random chord progressions and random sentences off the internet, automatically play them with a synthesizer, and send them into the copyright office as quickly as they could record the vocals. in other words, such an incentive would not result in more entertainment : it would result in a tsunami of unlistenable crap. commoditization : what does \u201c fungible \u201d mean? the definition of a commodity is \u201c a good supplied without qualitative differentiation across a market. \u201d this property is called \u201c fungibility \u201d. sadly, the term \u201c fungible \u201d has nothing to do with either fungi or dirigibles. a fungible good is capable of mutual substitution : one unit is defined to be just as good as any other. we can see that fungibility is a necessary property of money. if i loan you 100 dollars, i don \u2019 t expect to get the same $ 100 back i loaned to you \u2026 any $ 100 will do, because dollars are fungible. similarly, we can see that fungibility is a necessary property of commodities. if i contract to deliver you 1000 pounds of copper in march of next year, you shouldn \u2019 t have to care where the copper comes from. fungibility also applies to agricultural commodities : if i contract to deliver 100 bushels of corn in september of next year for a set price, it \u2019 s clearly impossible for you to inspect or evaluate corn that i haven \u2019 t even grown yet! so certain minimum standards for delivery are defined \u2014 and beyond that, all corn is the same. like most commodities, grains are mixed without regard to source : the producers sell their corn, whereupon it \u2019 s transferred via an elevator to a silo and mingled with all the other corn from the area, and anyone who buys corn simply gets whatever comes out of the elevator first. we can see that an attempt to make non - fungible creations ( songs ) into a fungible commodity, as in the silly example above, would result in both an oversupply of unlistenable songs and an economic catastrophe. problem # 1 : real food is not fungible the alert reader will see several problems with this \u201c fungible food \u201d scenario right away. the first problem is that real food is not fungible. for instance, when we go to buy onions, tomatoes, melons, or other produce, we don \u2019 t just choose them at random. we choose the variety that will taste best in our recipe, and from that, we choose the ripest, least damaged, best - looking, best", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5353490359224519, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.573383"} {"text": ", tomatoes, melons, or other produce, we don \u2019 t just choose them at random. we choose the variety that will taste best in our recipe, and from that, we choose the ripest, least damaged, best - looking, best - smelling ones available. we may even reject all the choices as unsuitable and visit a different store \u2026 or the farmer \u2019 s market. unfortunately, when a food becomes commoditized, we no longer have that choice. there \u2019 s no such thing as artisanal corn syrup, soybean oil, or textured vegetable protein : they \u2019 re made from commodity crops, and you \u2019 ll get whatever came out of the grain elevator. problem # 2 : fungibility begets mediocrity the second problem, which is a consequence of the first, is that fungibility begets mediocrity. consider : if you are a farmer, and the only standard for corn is that there be as many bushels of it as you contracted to deliver, are you going to care about nutrition? about taste? about pesticide contamination? no. you \u2019 re not going to care about anything but producing the maximum quantity possible for the least cost, because it doesn \u2019 t matter. you can produce the most nutritious corn in the world \u2026 but you won \u2019 t be paid any more for it than your neighbor who \u2019 s just trying to cut costs. furthermore, we can see that agricultural price supports make this problem far worse. think back to the songwriting example above : if you \u2019 re absolutely guaranteed to get paid by uncle sam as long as your \u2018 song \u2019 is two minutes or greater, why bother creating anything meaningful? you \u2019 ll make far more money by creating unlistenable crap as quickly as you can. similarly, if you \u2019 re growing a crop ( such as corn, wheat, cotton, or soybeans ) that receives price supports, you \u2019 re not going to care about taste, nutrition, or any other measure of quality \u2014 let alone topsoil depletion or groundwater contamination. you \u2019 re paid by the bushel, and all that matters is how many bushels you can grow. is it any wonder that these \u201c commodity crops \u201d are so devoid of nutrients that products made from them must, by law, be \u201c fortified \u201d with vitamins and minerals in order to avoid massive outbreaks of deficiency disease? follow the money. we get what we reward. problem # 3 : fungibility impoverishes farmers and enriches middle", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4609312299892665, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.575501"} {"text": ", by law, be \u201c fortified \u201d with vitamins and minerals in order to avoid massive outbreaks of deficiency disease? follow the money. we get what we reward. problem # 3 : fungibility impoverishes farmers and enriches middlemen the next problem i \u2019 ll discuss here is a consequence of the first two. it \u2019 s less obvious, but more far - reaching : turning a crop into a fungible commodity impoverishes farmers and consumers, while enriching middlemen. when selling your goods outside the commodity system, you can receive a better price for goods of better quality. to choose an extreme example, the highest grades and best cuts of wagyu beef sell for well over $ 100 / pound in japan. more realistically, grass - finished beef sells for a 1. 5 - 3x premium over feedlot beef, so individual producers can make a living selling quality meats. however, if you \u2019 re forced into the commodity system, where you receive the same price for your crop regardless of quality, that means you can no longer differentiate your crop from anyone else \u2026 \u2026 which means that you \u2019 re competing directly with everyone else, and your profit margins drop to nearly zero. processors and other middlemen benefit dramatically from this arrangement : they use these cheap commodity crops as raw materials to produce a bewildering variety of packaged pseudo - foods, which they differentiate and sell at the markup that used to belong to producers of actual food. furthermore, this allows the financial industry to profit by \u201c making the market \u201d ( inserting themselves as middlemen in all transactions, e. g. \u201c futures \u201d ), taking another slice of income out of the farmer \u2019 s remaining profit margin, and increasing prices to us at the supermarket. here \u2019 s an illustrative example : since eggs are not completely fungible, an egg farmer \u2014 even a giant industrial egg farmer \u2014 makes over fifty cents per dollar of eggs sold. a corn farmer makes about four cents per dollar of corn syrup. problem # 4 : fungibility causes environmental devastation the final problem i \u2019 ll discuss here is the environmental devastation wrought by commodity agriculture. when commoditization prevents anyone from earning a margin on their crops by differentiating theirs from everyone else \u2019 s, and the market is further distorted by artificial incentives to produce as much as possible without regard to quality, we can expect that an unsustainable exploitation of resources will quickly result. this is, in fact, the case. as i previously wrote in this article :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49275807145459105, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.576699"} {"text": "is further distorted by artificial incentives to produce as much as possible without regard to quality, we can expect that an unsustainable exploitation of resources will quickly result. this is, in fact, the case. as i previously wrote in this article : \u2026 industrial grain production impoverishes our farmers, destroys our soil and our water, and leaves barren land, salt flats, and dead ocean deltas in its wake. it demands unimaginable amounts of fossil fuels to create nitrogen fertilizer, toxic herbicides and pesticides, and giant sowing and harvesting machines, and to transport the grain from the midwest to where people actually live. it demands giant, river - killing dams to fill irrigation canals. it strip - mines fossil water, pumped from underground aquifiers that took millions of years to fill \u2014 all to grow corn, wheat, and soybeans on land best suited for grazing livestock on perennial grasses. and 3 - 5 % of world natural gas production \u2014 1 - 2 % of the entire world energy supply \u2014 is required just to make ammonium nitrate fertilizer. in short, industrial agriculture is an unmitigated environmental catastrophe. ( follow the links for more information about each issue. ) conclusion : eat food, not commodities unfortunately my silly and far - fetched example above isn \u2019 t far - fetched at all : it \u2019 s become the foundation of our nation \u2019 s food policy. the problems of industrial agriculture are primarily caused by a combination of commoditization and the broken farm policy that subsidizes it, leading to massive overproduction of corn, wheat, and soybeans that generates profits for middlemen and the financial industry at the direct expense of farmers and the consumer \u2026 \u2026 and our farm policy has steadily become crazier and more destructive throughout both democratic and republican administrations. while our tax dollars will most likely continue to subsidize the cheap grain - based packaged foods that are making us fat and diabetic, we can always take action at an individual level by buying and eating real, nutritious, delicious food \u2026 live in freedom, live in beauty, eat like a predator. this article only begins the discussion of agricultural commoditization. richard manning \u2019 s \u201c against the grain : how agriculture has hijacked civilization \u201d not only covers these issues in depth \u2014 it goes much farther into the consequences of agriculture in general, not just the modern industrialized version. i highly recommend it.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47116939596382806, "token_count": 501, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.582450"} {"text": "personally, i am not sure white sugar is quite as evil as its critics make it out to be, but clearly our society suffers from rising numbers of adults and children with obesity and other health related issues. recently i read that on average americans consume 72 pounds of sugar a year ; that \u2019 s 22 teaspoons a day and is more than 2 times what our grandparents ate. at first i thought, no way, not my family! but then i examined and gave some thought to the diet of most kids, including mine, special candy on every holiday, shabbos food, shabbos cereal ( as we call it ), treats in school, yogurts and granola bars all loaded with extra sweets, coffee with sweeteners, and more. i am not suggesting a world without sweets but thought it might be appropriate to make a few suggestions about refined sugar. try alternatives like honey, molasses, maple syrup, and agave instead of white sugar or brown sugar ( which is essentially white sugar with a little molasses added for flavor and color ). while these minimally processed sweeteners do count as added sugar and should still be used sparingly, they provide antioxidants and essential minerals and don \u2019 t cause as big a spike in blood sugar as refined sweeteners do. each has its own distinct flavor, which adds an extra dimension to food and beverages. honey is a go - to sweetener for yogurt, teas, challah, as well as compotes, fruit crisps, and cobblers. it \u2019 s filled with antioxidants. the darker the color the more it contains. maple syrup is especially good in granola, oatmeal, and some cakes. it \u2019 s rich in zinc and manganese so they help boost the immune system. molasses have an intense flavor that works perfectly in barbecue sauces and marinades. it has the highest nutritional value of all the sweeteners but the strongest and distinctive flavor. agave has the mildest flavor of the bunch ; it dissolves easily, so it \u2019 s great in cold drinks and coffee. it has a low glycemic index and therefore a more moderate effect on blood sugar. you can bake with all of these alternative sweeteners too ; they tend to make baked goods very soft and moist. depending on the recipe, you might need to experiment with the amount you use. start by substituting 3 / 4 cup honey, maple syrup, or mo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43931974507058014, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.758930"} {"text": "dementia may be defined as a progressive and largely irreversible clinical syndrome that is characterized by global deterioration in intellectual function, behaviour and personality in the presence of normal consciousness and perception ( 1 ). many patients have preserved positive personality traits and personal attributes but the following features may become evident as the disease progresses : - memory loss, language impairment, disorientation, changes in personality, difficulty in carrying out daily activities, self - neglect - psychiatric symptoms - apathy, depression or psychosis - unusual behaviour - aggression, sleep disturbance or disinhibited sexual behaviour ( 1 ) dementia can be divided into : - young - onset dementia \u2013 formerly known as \u201c pre - senile dementia \u201d, refers to patients who develop dementia before the age of 65 years - late - onset dementia \u2013 previously known as \u201c senile dementia \u201d, refers to patients who develop dementia after the age of 65 years ( 1 ) several risk factors responsible for the development of dementia have been recognized ( 1 ). - non modifiable risk factors - age \u2013 advancing age is the most important risk factor in developing dementia - learning disabilities \u2013 in people with down \u2019 s syndrome, dementia develops 30 \u2013 40 years earlier than in a normal person - gender \u2013 rate of dementia is higher in women than in men ( specially for alzheimers disease ) - genetic factors - modifiable risk factors - alcohol consumption - smoking \u2013 particulary for alzheimers - head injury - education and mental stimulation ( 1 ) the most common causes of dementia are age - related neurodegenerative processes. dementia is becoming an increasing problem as the population ages.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5221406192594715, "token_count": 323, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.763814"} {"text": "the man stopped the machine he was riding and stepped off it to take a look. when he discovered the snake was in two pieces, he reached to grab the tail end to keep, perhaps as a souvenir. while gripping the rattle section of the snake, the other half, which included the creature \u2019 s head, struck, biting the farmer on the arm. the man, knowing the danger, and feeling the sting of the venom, ran back toward his farmhouse, seeking help from neighbors. but, the effect of the venom took him fast. even with the assistance of neighbors, any help was to no avail. the farmer died as a result of the snake \u2019 s poison. while rattlesnake fatalities are rare in western michigan, another occurred 18 years later. on sept. 9, 1909, hudsonville farmer thomas damm was bitten in the arm by a rattlesnake, and died the following day. the snake laid underneath a wood pile where damm was working. on sept. 27, 1954, a west olive girl suffered a rattlesnake bite on the leg while playing with friends near her home. she made a full recovery at the holland hospital. the \u201c serpent killers \u201d likely were all a breed known as a massasauga rattlesnake. the eastern massasauga rattlesnake is michigan \u2019 s only venomous snake, and is a rare sight for state residents. in recent years, a burmese python in ottawa county made headline news. on aug. 19, 2008, a michigan state trooper shot and killed the nearly 7 - foot long snake after it slithered onto a west olive road frightening passing motorists. authorities were concerned the python might attack children in the area and suspected the python was a released or an escaped pet. most of historical massasauga sightings on record originate in oakland, livingston, jackson and washtenaw counties in southeast michigan and in allegan, barry and kalamazoo counties in southwest michigan. while the unfortunate ottawa county victims had no protection from the massasauga, the creature became protected under michigan law in 1988.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.35930268777105207, "token_count": 424, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.767387"} {"text": "the use of simplified small sided games in training. posted by chris on 01 april, 2011 players love playing football. take any group of players, the first thing they will do is make two goals, select sides and have a game. football is fun, the concept of using simplified small sided games as an integral aspect of training is to provide players with an opportunity to do what they enjoy doing the most, playing a game. during the process of playing a game players are constantly faced with observing, analysing and solving a succession of quick moving problems. as the game ebbs and flows, their ability to react and deal with constantly changing situations is always being tested. whilst technical and skill practices have their role to play in training players, with an emphasis on their \u201c how things are done \u201d repetitive mantra, they don \u2019 t always take into account the \u201c when to \u201d and \u201c why \u201d of playing football. simplified small sided games challenge players to make decisions on the \u201c when to \u201d and \u201c why \u201d. the decisions players are forced to make in simplified small sided games develop improved technical performance in all aspects of the game, players having lots more touches of the ball and greater participation in the game, a better understanding of working and co \u2013 operating in units of players, quick transition between attacking to defending and defending to attacking, an appreciation of finding and creating space for themselves and others, vital communication skills, greater fitness and most importantly of all fun. what are simplified small sided games? - invasion games. games that have goals or targets, objectives and outcomes - games that have a reduced number of players, 2 v 2, 3 v 3, 4 v 4 etc - smaller playing areas - simple and flexible rules that are adaptable to the structure of the game - fewer structured stops and starts, free kicks, corners, throw ins etc - opportunities for players to have a greater participation and to have more touches of the ball. - lots of opportunities to repeatedly practice a range of technical skills - less reliance on players playing in specific positions. - lots of opportunities for players to be exposed to game situations that involve the ball, opponents and team mates. which will improve their decision making process as they progress to more complex games, 7 v 7 upwards. - greater communication and co \u2013 operation between players. - greater freedom of play, more rotation of positions, developing more complete and intelligent players from a coaching perspective, simplified smaller sided games can be structured or conditioned to achieve a specific training objective, for example passing and support, running with the ball, recovery runs when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5055856698771954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.772538"} {"text": "assistive technology for kids with ld : an overview if your child has a learning disability, she may benefit from assistive technology tools that play to her strengths and work around her challenges. by marshall raskind, ph. d., kristin stanberry assistive technology ( at ) is available to help individuals with many types of disabilities \u2014 from cognitive problems to physical impairment. this article will focus specifically on at for individuals with learning disabilities ( ld ). the use of technology to enhance learning is an effective approach for many children. additionally, students with ld often experience greater success when they are allowed to use their abilities ( strengths ) to work around their disabilities ( challenges ). at tools combine the best of both of these practices. this article will introduce parents to the role of at in helping their children with ld. the better informed you are about at, the greater the chances your child will experience success in school, in recreation and, eventually, at work. you will also want to learn how to choose at tools that are reliable and to select technology that is tailored to your child ' s individual needs, abilities, and experience. what is assistive technology for ld? at for kids with ld is defined as any device, piece of equipment or system that helps bypass, work around or compensate for an individual ' s specific learning deficits. over the past decade, a number of studies have demonstrated the efficacy of at for individuals with ld. 1 at doesn ' t cure or eliminate learning difficulties, but it can help your child reach her potential because it allows her to capitalize on her strengths and bypass areas of difficulty. for example, a student who struggles with reading but who has good listening skills might benefit from listening to audio books. in general, at compensates for a student ' s skills deficits or area ( s ) of disability. however, utilizing at does not mean that a child can ' t also receive remedial instruction aimed at alleviating deficits ( such as software designed to improve poor phonic skills ). a student could use remedial reading software as well as listen to audio books. in fact, research has shown that at can improve certain skill deficits ( e. g., reading and spelling ). 2, 3 at can increase a child ' s self - reliance and sense of independence. kids who struggle in school are often overly dependent on parents, siblings, friends and teachers for help with assignments. by using at, kids can experience success with working independently. what types of learning problems does assistive technology address?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48262332752407217, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.776853"} {"text": "and sense of independence. kids who struggle in school are often overly dependent on parents, siblings, friends and teachers for help with assignments. by using at, kids can experience success with working independently. what types of learning problems does assistive technology address? at can address many types of learning difficulties. a student who has difficulty writing can compose a school report by dictating it and having it converted to text by special software. a child who struggles with math can use a hand - held calculator to keep score while playing a game with a friend. and a teenager with dyslexia may benefit from at that will read aloud his employer ' s online training manual. there are at tools to help students who struggle with : what kinds of assistive technology tools are available? the term \" assistive technology \" has usually been applied to computer hardware and software and electronic devices. however, many at tools are now available on the internet. at tools that support kids with ld include : - abbreviation expanders - alternative keyboards - audio books and publications - electronic math work sheets - freeform database software - graphic organizers and outlining - information / data managers - optical character recognition - personal fm listening systems - portable word processors - proofreading programs - speech - recognition programs - speech synthesizers / screen readers - talking calculators - talking spell checkers and electronic dictionaries - variable - speed tape recorders - word - prediction programs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5047538353569535, "token_count": 286, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.777594"} {"text": "a single application of rootgrow will support a plant for its entire lifetime. how do mycorrhizal fungi benefit plants? in its simplest sense mycorrhizal fungi do everything plant roots do, just better. when new plants are planted with rootgrow it takes only 2 - 4 weeks under normal conditions for these fungi to start benefiting plants. in that time they attach themselves to the plant ' s root system and grow out rapidly into the soil, searching for nutrients and water. they essentially become part of the plant ' s own root system. the benefits to plants are ; better nutrient uptake. these fungi are so much thinner and finer than the plant ' s own roots they can therefore find nutrients in the soil far more efficiently than the plant ' s own coarse roots. they are especially good at finding nutrients responsible for flowering and fruiting such as phosphorus and potassium. as they can explore a much greater amount of soil than the plant ' s own roots they are also far more likely to find trace elements and the rare nutrients that all plants need to grow well. mycorrhizal fungi are an essential part of a plant ' s ability to combat drought. leaves and stems have developed mechanisms to combat drought such as silver leaves, waxy leaves and hairy leaves but these adaptations on their own aren ' t enough if the plant doesn ' t have its friendly fungal partner on its roots. mycorrhizal fungi hold onto water in soils like a sponge. establishment in difficult soils mycorrhizal fungi will enable plants to establish and thrive even in difficult soils. in poor sandy soils the mycorrhizal fungi will be able to find scarce nutrients and hold onto water. in clay soils these fungi will be able to unlock nutrients from the soil acting like a clay breaker. how much do i need? as a quick guideline, the amount of rootgrow needed usually works out to approximately 10 % of the value of the plants purchased. i. e. spend \u00a3100 on plants and you will need 1x 360gram pouch to treat all of them. for grass seed, you will approximately require 10 to 15 per cent of the volume ( i. e. a 2. 5kg bag of grass would required 250g - 375g of rootgrow ) available in a variety of sizes. the 360g gel variant is designed to treat bare rooted plants only. use on plants such as hedging, fruit canes, roses and trees. it is a two step process, mixing sachet of powder", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.421879962464846, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.781640"} {"text": "the participants, aged between 18 and 30 years, will examine the environmental, cultural and socio - economic impacts of climate change on the wadden sea ecosystem, and use their experiences and acquired knowledge to encourage their peers to become environmentally responsible citizens. the training, organized by the british council in collaboration with experts from grid - arendal and with the support of youth in action, is taking place on langeness, a low - lying island in the schleswig - holsteinisches wattenmeer national park ( germany ). by visiting the mudflats, saltmarshes and other ecosystems of the island and surrounding areas, the participants will learn about the challenges facing the wadden sea and sustainable development in this complex region. a major emphasis of the training is peer - to - peer learning and networking. together, the participants will share and develop ideas to respond to the complex issues and communicate their experiences through social media, newspapers and film. participants will be encouraged to develop projects under the eu \u2019 s youth in action programme, which will be implemented locally after their return. they will also become part of the british council \u2019 s global climate generation network, which empowers young people to bring about change locally and build the global movement towards a safer future. the participants and trainers will be visiting the multimar wattforum ( http : / / www. multimar - wattforum. de / ) from approximately 10 am to 4pm on friday 27 april, and welcome visits by journalists or other individuals interested in this training. please take contact beforehand with julia ( see below ). bjorn alfthan, project officer \u2013 polar programme, grid - arendal t + 47 907 34432, e firstname. lastname @ example. org julia rawlins, head of partnerships and networks, british council t + 49 30 311099 75, e email @ example. com further info : grid - arendal delivers experiential, place - based trainings to youth and other groups, using sustianable tourism as a means for inspiring and educating people about issues affecting a particular region and the linkages to the rest of the world. please visit http : / / www. grida. no / tourism / product - service - detail. aspx? id = 5100 for further information. the wadden sea is one of the most important inter - tidal zones of the world, playing host to millions of migratory birds each year. the effects of climate change are already being felt on this ecosystem. credit : peter prokosch", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45052269514720117, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.787133"} {"text": "millions of people enjoyed \u201c finding nemo, \u201d the animated disney film that premiered in 2003, and can still recall the plot : a timid clownfish embarks on an adventurous search for his son, nemo, who was captured by scuba divers and taken to australia \u2019 s sydney harbor. but what many may not be aware of is that the real - life nemos of the world, along with other small fish that are equally dependent on healthy reef systems, are in serious trouble because of climate change. the center for biological diversity on monday filed a petition with the national marine fisheries service to place orange clownfish \u2013 more commonly known to children as nemo fish \u2013 and seven other reef fish species under protection of the endangered species act. \u201c we risk losing the striking fish that inspired \u2018 finding nemo \u2019 forever if we don \u2019 t put the brakes on global warming and ocean acidification, \u201d shaye wolf, the center \u2019 s climate science director, stated in a news release. \u201c carbon pollution harms these fish and destroys their coral reef homes. if we want these beautiful animals to survive in the wild, not just in a movie, we have to protect them under the endangered species act. \u201d in \u201c finding nemo, \u201d the over - protective father ( marlin ) learned during his adventure to take risks and to be more trusting of his son. there were many risks and struggles along the way. so it is with orange clownfish trying to survive with coral reefs around the world \u2013 including the great barrier reef, which was nemo \u2019 s home \u2013 in a state of decline, and while ocean acidification is on the rise. warming seas and acidification, caused by the oceans \u2019 absorption of carbon - dioxide poisoning, pose a threat to reefs and to clownfish and damselfish. \u201c coral reefs are the rainforests of the ocean, but carbon pollution will bulldoze their biodiversity, \u201d wolf said. \u201c the longer we wait to provide endangered species act protection and reduce the greenhouse gases harming reef fish and destroying their homes, the harder it \u2019 s going to be to save these unique creatures. \u201d another danger, as nemo came to know, is the aquarium trade. orange clownfish and several species of damselfish are immensely popular aquarium pets, and the united states is the largest importer of ornamental marine fish. listed on the petition sent to nmfs include the orange clownfish, which spends nearly its entire life protected within anemones on coral reefs, and seven species of damselfish that occur in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40380739556154144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.798549"} {"text": "navigating yoga > vrkasana, a. k. a tree pose this week \u2019 s yoga pose, tree pose, is one of my favorites to teach \u2014 it is always a great way to introduce balancing exercises, as it focuses on engaging your body from the ground up. to begin, root down through your feet. while standing with your feet apart, press your weight into your heels and relax your toes. engage your left leg by flexing those muscles, not so tight that you lock your knee, but enough to feel those muscles work. begin to stand on that leg by lifting your right heel to your left ankle. balance at that point. focus your gaze on a particular spot in front of you that is not moving. engage your core by bringing your belly button to your spine, and drop your tailbone underneath you so that you are balancing from your center rather than from your lower back. when you \u2019 re feeling balanced, you can start to inch that heel up a little higher up your left leg. if you \u2019 re feeling really balanced, reach down with your right hand to grab a hold of your right ankle, draw the foot up to place the sole of your foot against your inner thigh. engage your hips by squeezing your inner thighs together and bring your right knee inward slightly so that you \u2019 re not hyper extending your hips or your low back. when you think of a tree, you undoubtedly think of roots and a trunk reaching skyward. when you \u2019 re practicing this posture, think about rooting down through your feet to engage your lower body, allowing your entire body to lengthen skyward from your toes to your heart center and ultimately through the crown of your head for a straight spine. when lifting your arms up overhead, think about your arms as your branches springing high as if they can reach forever. let this action extend you a little taller out of your waist. remember to engage your belly, pulling your navel to your spine and rolling your tailbone underneath you to take pressure off your lower back. we engage our belly to balance in yoga so that we \u2019 re not relying on our lower lumbar spine to balance. if you \u2019 re feeling really balanced, close your eyes. with your eyes closed, bring that gaze inward to focus on your breath. taking an internal scan of your body with your breath, breath into any areas of tension, any areas of anxiety. begin to slowly let the fear of falling drift away. if you feel like you \u2019 re going to fall, engage your center by act", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4690670625900353, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.805320"} {"text": "relationship development intervention ( rdi ) - an intervention which aims to develop an individual \u2019 s ability to participate in authentic emotional relationships by exposing the individual to those relationships in a gradual, systematic way. regression - process in which children appear to develop normal language and social skills but then lose these. regressive autism - form of autism in which children appear to develop normal language and social skills but then lose these with the onset of autism before age 3. some forms of regressive autism are severe enough to be classed as childhood disintegrative disorder. receptive language delay - difficulty understanding language. symptoms may include difficulty following directions, decreased comprehension of \" yes / no \" and \" wh \" questions, limited vocabulary, poor understanding of grammatical markers ( i. e. verb tenses, possessives ) and syntax and difficulty attending to spoken language. rett syndrome - a complex neurological disorder which is genetic in origin. it affects mainly girls. although present at birth, it becomes more evident during the second year. rotation diet - diet which involves eating different things at different times. salicylates - a plant hormone found in leafy vegetables and fruit. some people advocate a low salicylate diet. sara \u2019 s diet - a lutein - free, soy - protein free and casein / gluten - restricted diet which also restricts or removes some artificial additives. secretin - gastrointestinal hormone that helps promote digestion of food. seizures - sudden changes in behavior due to an excessive electrical activity in the brain. selective serotonin reuptake enhancer - a class of anti - depressant drugs that enhance the reuptake of serotonin instead of inhibiting it. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( ssri ) - a class of drugs that works by stopping ( inhibiting ) the uptake ( loss ) of serotonin, which means that more serotonin is available to help pass on messages between nerve cells. ssris are used to treat a variety of conditions including depression and anxiety. some people believe that they can also be used to treat people with autism who have other problems, such as repetitive behaviors or social deficits. semantic - pragmatic disorder - condition characterized by good grammatical language but lack of ability to use language in a socially appropriate manner. sensory deprivation therapy - an intervention based around sensory deprivation i. e. minimizing sensory inputs such as sound, lights and smells. sensory integration - the capacity of an individual to receive and process information provided", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5675000679272773, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.816333"} {"text": "to use language in a socially appropriate manner. sensory deprivation therapy - an intervention based around sensory deprivation i. e. minimizing sensory inputs such as sound, lights and smells. sensory integration - the capacity of an individual to receive and process information provided by the senses. sensory integration therapy - intervention that is designed to mitigate abnormal behaviors caused by sensory sensitivity. sensory integrative function - condition characterized by unusual reactions or sensitivity to sensations such as sound, light or touch. sensory processing disorder - disorder of the brain which makes people misinterpret everyday sensory information, such as touch, sound, and movement. this can lead to behavioral problems, difficulties with coordination, and many other issues. small intestine ( small bowel ) - its primary function is to digest ( break down ) food and absorb nutrients ( vitamins, minerals, proteins, carbohydrates, and fats ). smith magenis syndrome - a genetic disorder where common characteristics include some degree of self - injury, sleep, disturbance, developmental delay, short stature, decreased sensitivity to pain, hyperactivity and destructive or aggressive behavior. social skills groups - social skills groups provide an opportunity for individuals with autism to practice and improve their social skills in a safe, supportive environment. social stories\u2122 - short stories for children on the autism spectrum designed to aid their understanding of social situations. son - rise program\u00ae - an intensive training program based on the idea that the best way to help a child with autism is to follow the child \u2019 s lead. the program is a home - based, one - to - one approach, typically implemented by the parents, often with the assistance of a team of volunteers. specific carbohydrate diet ( scd ) - a strict, complex and restrictive diet which excludes complex carbohydrates, such as those found in rice and potatoes. these carbohydrates are replaced with simple carbohydrates. speech and language therapy - an intervention in which a therapist works with individuals to help them develop their communication skills using a range of techniques. steatorrhea - stool that is frothy, foul - smelling and floats because of a high fat content. it is common in malabsorption syndromes. this may be the result of the lower small intestine unable to absorb fats, or simply too much fat for even normal digestion to handle. sometimes this can indicate liver, gall bladder or lipid metabolism diseases. stimming - any kind of repetitive or stereotypic behavior", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5561575279196266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.819720"} {"text": "lower small intestine unable to absorb fats, or simply too much fat for even normal digestion to handle. sometimes this can indicate liver, gall bladder or lipid metabolism diseases. stimming - any kind of repetitive or stereotypic behavior. stomach - the function of the stomach is to begin digestion by physically breaking down food received from the esophagus. the stomach mucosa contains cells which secrete hydrochloric acid and this in turn activates the other gastric enzymes pepsin and rennin. sulfation - the process of adding sulphate to the body. t cells - control the b cells. when a harmless substance enters the body, the t cells signal the b cells to suppress antibody production, yet when a dangerous substance enters and must be eliminated, the t cells allow antibody production at a controlled rate and only until no more are needed. t cells can be programmed through vaccination or immunization to allow antibody production to previously unfamiliar but harmful antigens such as smallpox or polio. conversely, allergy shots or other immunostimulation techniques can program t cells to recognize harmless antigens and to suppress production of their antibodies. ( act like soldiers on the front line of the body \u2019 s defense against disease. ) teaching interaction - 10 - step procedure designed to help students learn appropriate social and school - related behaviors. testosterone - main male sex hormone, a steroid which controls the growth and functioning of the male sex organs. believed by some to reduce the effectiveness of chelation, a chemical intervention used to treat autism. therapeutic listening program - training program which includes a form of auditory integration training therapy dog - a dog that has been specially trained to act as a companion to the person with autism. thimerasol - a mercury - containing preservative. widely used as a preservative in a number of biological and drug products, including many vaccines. tic - condition in which a part of the body moves repeatedly, quickly, suddenly and uncontrollably. tics can occur in any body part, such as the face, shoulders, hands or legs. toe walking - walking on toes, a common symptomatic problem in some children with autism tomatis method - auditory training method, similar to auditory integration training, in which a person with autism listens to a selection of music which has been modified. total communicaton - approach that makes use of a number of modes of communication such as signed, oral, auditory, written and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5363334319251256, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.821082"} {"text": "to auditory integration training, in which a person with autism listens to a selection of music which has been modified. total communicaton - approach that makes use of a number of modes of communication such as signed, oral, auditory, written and visual aids, depending on the particular needs and abilities of the individual tourette \u2019 s syndrome - condition characterized by multiple tics characteristically involving the face and head. transfer factor - polypeptide secreted by lymphocytes that is capable of transferring immunity from one cell or individual to another trichuris suis ova ( pig whipworm larvae ) - sometimes used as a treatment for gastro - intestinal and immune problems. triglycerides - the main form of fat found in foods and the human body. containing three fatty acids and one unit of glycerol, triglycerides are stored in adipose cells in the body, which, when broken down, release fatty acids into the blood. triglycerides are fat storage molecules and are the major lipid component of the diet. tuberous sclerosis - rare genetic disease that causes benign tumors to grow on vital organs. it commonly affects the central nervous system. turner ' s syndrome - rare chromosomal condition affecting girls where the second x chromosome is absent or abnormal. more common in girls with autism. sources : canadian autism intervention research network", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5461962597823302, "token_count": 279, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.821855"} {"text": "rate canadian hospitals | british columbia hospitals | | new brunswick hospitals | | nova scotia hospitals | | the north hospitals | top user rated hospitals most popular hospitals - royal jubilee hospital, victoria ( 2 ) - prince county hospital - summerside ( 1 ) - misericordia community hospital, edmonton ( 1 ) - queen elizabeth ii hospital, grande prairie ( 1 ) - cobequid community health centre ( 1 ) - stanton regional hospital, yellowknife ( 1 ) - rockyview general hospital, calgary ( 1 ) - university of alberta hospital, edmonton ( 1 ) - st. catharines general site, st. catharines ( 1 ) - toronto general hospital, toronto ( 1 ) - devon general hospital, devon ( 1 ) - thunder bay regional health sciences centre, thunder bay ( 1 ) what is a depressive disorder? a depressive disorder is an illness that involves the body, mood, and thoughts. it affects the way a person eats and sleeps, the way one feels about oneself, and the way one thinks about things. a depressive disorder is not the same as a passing blue mood. it is not a sign of personal weakness or a condition that can be willed or wished away. people with a depressive illness cannot merely \" pull themselves together \" and get better. without treatment, symptoms can last for weeks, months, or years. appropriate treatment, however, can help most people who suffer from depression. types of depression depressive disorders come in different forms, just as is the case with other illnesses such as heart disease. this pamphlet briefly describes three of the most common types of depressive disorders. however, within these types there are variations in the number of symptoms, their severity, and persistence. major depression is manifested by a combination of symptoms that interfere with the ability to work, study, sleep, eat, and enjoy once pleasurable activities. such a disabling episode of depression may occur only once but more commonly occurs several times in a lifetime. a less severe type of depression, dysthymia, involves long - term, chronic symptoms that do not disable, but keep one from functioning well or from feeling good. many people with dysthymia also experience major depressive episodes at some time in their lives. another type of depression is bipolar disorder, also called manic - depressive illness. not nearly as prevalent as other forms of depressive disorders, bipolar disorder is characterized by cycling mood changes : severe highs ( mania ) and lows ( depression ). sometimes the mood switches are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46446731035233535, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.827702"} {"text": "for immediate release : aug. 8, 2012 media contact : communication office vermont department of health burlington \u2013 the vermont department of health has noted an increase in the number of people who are reporting bats ( mostly big brown bats ) flying through open windows and doors and getting trapped inside homes and camps this summer. the health department recommends if a bat is found in a room with someone who was sleeping soundly, or if a bat is found in the same room as an unattended child, safely collect the bat for rabies testing. call the rabies hotline ( 800 - 472 - 2437 ) for help on determining if a worrisome exposure occurred. \u201c the string of hot weather, bugs, and open doors and windows might explain what we are seeing, \u201d said robert johnson, public health veterinarian. \u201c bats are an important part of the ecosystem, but we don \u2019 t want people sharing a room with them overnight without knowing they are negative for rabies. \u201d only four of the 65 bats tested so far this year have been positive for rabies, but because rabies can be fatal if not treated, it is important to have the bat tested if an exposure could have occurred. rabies is found mainly in wildlife ( especially raccoons, foxes, bats, and skunks ) and can infect domestic animals and humans. there has never been a human case of rabies reported to the vermont department of health, but people can become infected if bitten or scratched by an infected animal. it is important to avoid handling wildlife, especially animals that may be infected with rabies. if a person is exposed, anti - rabies shots to fight off the disease need to be given as soon as possible after a bite has occurred, before symptoms appear. a total of 31 animals have tested positive for rabies so far in 2012. for more information on rabies prevention efforts and how to safely collect a bat for testing visit : http : / / healthvermont. gov / prevent / rabies / rabies. aspx. # # #", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.43301173072451415, "token_count": 417, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.832493"} {"text": "musa acuminata and musa paradisiac are two types of bananas adapted to warm and humid tropical climate, needing more than 2, 000 mm of rainfall per year and rich soils to grow. bananas have been present in our diets since long time ago, they are rich in potassium, a mineral that plays a very important role in mass bone formation and regulation of blood pressure, magnesium, selenium, phosphorous, iron, vitamins a, b1, b2, b3, b5, b6, vitamin c, vitamin e, zinc ( very important to regulate sleep cycles and enhance male reproductive functions )... etc. image : bananas by kevin connors via morgue file. in spite most of us believe in the health benefits and multiple properties of kela fruit ( bananas ), not many people knows about their most valuable active constituent, a lectin named banlec ( from banana lectin ), that is known to exert anti - cancer and anti - hiv properties and that has been recently the subject of scientific study for its potential pharmaceutical use in future medicines. image : banana tree by melvin \" buddy \" baker under creative common license ( cc by 2. 0 ). common name : banana. the image above has been taken with a 5 megapixel panasonic lumix dmc - lz3s, with a ccd chip that captures enough detail for photo - quality 13 x 17 - inch prints, has a 6x image - stabilized optical zoom ; 2. 0 - inch lcd display, playback of 9, 16, and 25 images is possible on a multi - split screen, consecutive shooting feature lets you take up to five shots per second. the camera stores images on sd memory cards. curiosity : kela fruit ( bananas ) are naturally radioactive due to the fact that they contain a relatively high amount of potassium, more precisely potassium - 40, a radioactive isotope of potassium, however the amount of potassium per banana is marginal, being only 0, 036 mg or radioactive potassium - 40 out of the 300 mg or potassium that we find on each banana. banlec lectin from banana banlec is a jacalin - related lectin, a kind of sugar - binding protein, isolated from the fruit of bananas found in the musa acuminata bananas among other banana species. lectins play a very important role in plants, where they are mainly used during germination, but their most important attribute is played in viral infections", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4517130456989986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.839093"} {"text": "from the fruit of bananas found in the musa acuminata bananas among other banana species. lectins play a very important role in plants, where they are mainly used during germination, but their most important attribute is played in viral infections, where some viruses use lectins to attach themselves to the cells of the host organism during infection. this property has been used by scientists to hypothesize about the possibility to use this function to inhibit certain viruses. image right : peachyqueen via morguefile. as the banlec lectin from musa paradisiac binds to high mannose carbohydrate structures including those found on viruses containing certain particular envelope proteins such as human immunodeficiency virus type - 1 ( hiv - 1 ), scientist hypothesized that banlec might inhibit hiv - 1 through binding of the hiv - 1 envelope protein, gp120. well, the results of this study show that banlec possesses potent anti - hiv activity banlec is able to block hiv - 1 cellular entry in the presence of banlec. banlec inhibits hiv - 1 infection by binding to the glycosylated viral envelope and blocking cellular entry. the relative anti - hiv activity of banlec could be compared to other anti - hiv lectins, such as snowdrop lectin and griffithsin, and to t - 20 and maraviroc, two anti - hiv drugs currently in clinical use. banlec is therefore a potential component for an anti - viral microbicide that could be used to prevent the sexual transmission of hiv - 1. additionally to the already mentioned banlec lectin identified in the predominant proteins in the pulp of ripe bananas ( musa acuminata l. ), another study identified a lectin present in plantains ( musa spp. ), the plantain agglutinin was called planlec. banlec lectin and t - cell proliferation a specific lectin ( banlec - i ) from banana ( musa paradisiac ), was found able to stimulated t - cell proliferation. in a study done in murine models using the banana genus musa acuminata, it was determined that it is possible that the banana lectin could be developed into a useful anti - hiv, immunopotentiating and antitumor agent. in the study the lectin was capable of eliciting a mitogenic response in mu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.458666957606968, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.839935"} {"text": "it is possible that the banana lectin could be developed into a useful anti - hiv, immunopotentiating and antitumor agent. in the study the lectin was capable of eliciting a mitogenic response in murine splenocytes and inducing the expression of the cytokines interferon - gamma, tumor necrosis factor - alpha, and interleukin - 2 in splenocytes. tumor necrosis factor primary role is the regulation of immune cells, but it is also able to induce fever, apoptotic cell death ( natural cell death ), sepsis, cachexia, inflammation, and to inhibit tumorigenesis and viral replication. isolation and characterization of banlec - i, a mannoside - binding lectin from musa paradisiac ( banana ). v l koshte, w van dijk, m e van der stelt, and r c aalberse a lectin isolated from bananas is a potent inhibitor of hiv replication. swanson md, winter hc, goldstein ij, markovitz dm. department of internal medicine, division of infectious diseases, university of michigan medical center, ann arbor, michigan 48109, usa. fruit - specific lectins from banana and plantain. peumans wj, zhang w, barre a, houles astoul c, balint - kurti pj, rovira p, rouge p, may gd, van leuven f, truffa - bachi p, van damme ej. laboratory of phytopathology and plant protection, katholieke universiteit leuven, belgium. musa acuminata ( del monte banana ) lectin is a fructose - binding lectin with cytokine - inducing activity. cheung ah, wong jh, ng tb. department of biochemistry, faculty of medicine, the chinese university of hong kong, shatin, new territories, hong kong, china. plant names : porcher michel h. et al. 1995 - 2020, sorting anthemis names. multilingual multiscript plant name database ( m. m. p. n. d ) - a work in progress. school of agriculture and food systems. faculty of land & food resources. the university of melbourne. australia. < http : / / www. plantnames. unimelb. edu. au > chemistry : the practical science by paul b. kelter, michael d. mosher", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4790127581936747, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.840872"} {"text": "george villiers, the duke of buckingham, had become very powerful under both james i and charles i. villiers had promoted many of his supporters to high office \u2013 and had financially benefited from doing this \u2013 but he had also made many enemies. on a visit to portsmouth in august 1628, the favourite of charles i was murdered. a letter written to henrietta maria, the wife of the king, gave a graphic description of what occurred that day. \u2018 this day between nine and ten of the clock in the morning, the duke of buckingham, then coming out of a parlour, into a hall, was by one ( john ) felton ( a lieutenant of this army ) slain at one blow, with a dagger - knife. as the duke staggered, he turned about, uttering only this word, \u201c villain! \u201d and never spoke a word more. but, presently plucking out the knife from himself, before he fell to the ground, he made towards the traitor two or three paces, and then fell against a table. while he ( fenton ) was in our custody i asked him several questions, which he answered. he said he was protestant in religion. he also said he was partly discontented for want of eighty pounds pay, and that although he was a lieutenant of a company of foot, the company was given over his head unto another. yet, he said that that did not move him to act. it was on reading the complaint of the houses of parliament it came into his mind that in committing the act of killing the duke, he should do his country great good service. but to return to the screeches made at the fatal blow given, the duchess of buckingham and the countess of anglesey came out into a gallery which looked into a hall where they might see the blood of their dearest lord gushing from him. ah, poor ladies, such was their screechings, tears and distractions, that i never in my life heard the like before, and hope never to hear the like again. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3531072300160964, "token_count": 410, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.843165"} {"text": "the scary crawl space we build crawl spaces because they are cheaper than basements. but controlling moisture can be a challenge, depending on the climate zone. take the test and earn 0. 5 ce unit per article. depending on where you live, critters from snakes and rodents to spiders, bugs, and armadillos may have taken up residence in your crawl space. add a little water \u2014 or even a lot when flooding occurs \u2014 and mold and rot create indoor air quality ( iaq ) problems and structural deterioration. oh, and did i mention that soil gases like radon or methane can find their way into your house through the crawl space? research has shown that whenever it \u2019 s warmer inside your house than outside, the buoyancy of the rising warm air in the house sucks air into your home from the crawl space. in heating - dominated climates, 40 % or more of the air you breathe in your home originated in your crawl space. definitely scary \u2014 and it \u2019 s dark down there. we build crawl spaces because they are cheaper to build than basements, or because ground conditions make building a basement impractical. a crawl space can also provide service access for plumbing, electrical, and heating - and - cooling systems. which crawl spaces work where? in recent years, building america and others have done a lot of research around the country on crawl spaces. by looking at this research, we can learn a lot about which crawl space configuration works where. historically, most crawl spaces have been vented to the exterior ( see \u201c definitions \u201d and \u201c codes \u201d ). in some climates \u2014 especially with the introduction of central a / c \u2014 this can cause problems. in climates with extended periods of hot - humid weather \u2014 this includes the southeast and most of the northeast and midwest \u2014 closed crawl spaces are the best option. under hot - humid conditions, warm, moist air enters the vented crawl space from outside and can condense on the cooler surfaces. these cooler surfaces are created within the crawl space by the shade provided by the building and the moderating effect of the contact between the crawl space and the ground. even when condensation doesn \u2019 t take place, relative humidity ( rh ) above 80 % for an extended period can support mold growth and eventually rot wooden structural materials. add a / c to the house, and the floor above the crawl space becomes even cooler \u2014 and any ductwork in the crawl space creates an added risk of condensation. in closed conditioned crawl spaces, insulation is normally placed around the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4706021086090912, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.858396"} {"text": "materials. add a / c to the house, and the floor above the crawl space becomes even cooler \u2014 and any ductwork in the crawl space creates an added risk of condensation. in closed conditioned crawl spaces, insulation is normally placed around the perimeter and not in the floor. with perimeter insulation, the house is coupled to the cooler temperatures of the ground, and this can reduce the overall amount of a / c needed to cool the house. when closed conditioned crawls are used in heating - dominated climates, this same ground coupling can actually increase the heating load of a house, but that may cost very little compared to the cost of damage done by moisture brought in by venting. crawl spaces can be vented or closed. crawl spaces without venting are usually referred to as unvented, closed, or sealed. in this article i use \u201c closed \u201d to refer to any crawl space without passive vents from the crawl to the exterior. vented crawl spaces have the air and vapor barriers and the thermal boundary of the house in the floor assembly above the crawl space and provide passive venting from the crawl to the exterior. most codes require a minimum of 1 square foot of net free vent area for each 150 square feet of crawl space ; they also require that vents be placed to provide cross - ventilation. closed ( unvented ) crawl spaces come in a variety of configurations. some are actively conditioned ; some have an intentional passive connection to the conditioned part of the house ; and in extreme cases, some have an active dehumidification system ( see \u201c dehumidifier metering study, \u201d p. 44 ). insulation is normally at the perimeter of the crawl with a continuous air and vapor barrier on the ground and running up the perimeter wall to the sill plate or to a termite inspection strip, where required. closed power - vented crawl spaces generally look like closed unconditioned crawl spaces but include an exhaust fan to draw air from the crawl space to the exterior. the primary advantage of this system is its ability to reverse the stack effect and decouple the air in the house from the crawl \u2014 especially during the heating season. codes generally require 1 cfm of power venting for every 50 square feet of crawl space area. in the drier regions of the west, and even \u2014 surprisingly \u2014 in the marine climates of the northwest, vented crawl spaces work acceptably most of the time. the hot - dry conditions in summer and the cold - moist conditions in winter do not cause the same problems that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5112248016328713, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.859740"} {"text": "the west, and even \u2014 surprisingly \u2014 in the marine climates of the northwest, vented crawl spaces work acceptably most of the time. the hot - dry conditions in summer and the cold - moist conditions in winter do not cause the same problems that hot - humid conditions cause in the rest of the country. in a vented crawl, the insulation should be placed in the floor above the crawl space, properly supported, and in contact with the floor above. there should be no air space between the insulation and the floor. in colder climates, where basements are traditionally the norm, closed conditioned crawl spaces may be the best option to protect freeze - sensitive plumbing systems. ducts in crawl spaces hvac ductwork can have a significant impact on the crawl space environment. from an energy perspective, well - insulated, well - sealed ducts work best in a vented crawl space. while sealing and insulating ducts in a vented crawl is always beneficial in terms of energy savings, there can be unintended consequences that may increase the risk of condensation in heating - dominated climates. in this climate, heat loss to the crawl may help prevent condensation by maintaining higher and more stable temperatures. in cooling climates, properly sealed and insulated ducts \u2014 including a vapor barrier \u2014 can reduce the risk of condensation on cold supply ducts. in closed crawl spaces, where the air and vapor barriers and the thermal boundary are maintained at the crawl perimeter, the energy benefits of sealing and insulating ductwork are minimal. insulation materials and proper alignment of air and vapor barriers walls get wet \u2014 especially in below - grade crawl spaces. below - grade walls cannot dry to the exterior, so to avoid problems, they must dry to the interior. vapor barriers on the interior side of batt insulation can create real problems. figure 1 shows the rh inside a fiberglass batt on the interior of a crawl space perimeter wall. the batt in the figure has a vapor barrier on the interior surface that traps moisture. in the summer, the assembly is continuously at the dew point, or 100 % rh. in the winter, the rh drops, but it is still above 90 % almost the entire time. totally unacceptable! removing the interior vapor barrier from the insulation allows drying to the interior of the crawl space, but this may also allow additional condensation on the cold surfaces of the perimeter wall. the best solution in the figure 1 example is to use rigid - foam insulation with sealed seams, or to use spray", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4818362792532266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.861095"} {"text": "to the interior of the crawl space, but this may also allow additional condensation on the cold surfaces of the perimeter wall. the best solution in the figure 1 example is to use rigid - foam insulation with sealed seams, or to use spray foam. this provides a continuous air and vapor barrier with a material that isn \u2019 t susceptible to moisture damage. the insulation thickness should be determined by the amount of insulation required for thermal performance. do vented crawl spaces ever really work? the results of tests conducted in cold - dry west and northwest marine climates suggest that vented crawl spaces can work. the washington state university extension energy program ( wsu - eep ), as part of its work for building america, monitored four test houses in vancouver and moses lake, washington, for over a year and found that the vented crawls rarely, if ever, reached dew point and that they remained above 80 % rh only for brief periods of time. monitoring of wood moisture content in the crawls showed no moisture buildup, and while the vented crawl spaces in the test houses did maintain higher rh levels on average than found in closed crawl spaces, the rh levels were not a problem. see figures 2 and 3. in any crawl space, site water must be properly managed. vented crawls should be considered only where there is little risk of condensation and no prolonged periods of high rh. where the average ground temperature is above the average seasonal outdoor dew point, crawl temperatures should be above dew point most of the time, and moisture introduced by venting shouldn \u2019 t be a major problem ( see figure 5 ). risks in closed crawl spaces wsu - eep conducted tracer gas testing in vented and closed power - vented crawl spaces in a marine climate ( vancouver, washington ) in december 2006. the results showed that vented crawls provide a significantly higher air change rate with the exterior than closed crawls. vented crawls averaged about 3. 5 ach, while the closed power - vented crawls averaged about 1 ach. additional radon testing showed that radon levels in the closed crawls \u2014 with a relatively low dilution rate \u2014 were roughly 10 times the levels measured in the vented crawls. the tracer gas testing also showed that roughly 40 % of the air in the homes with vented crawl spaces that we tested originated in the crawl space. in the closed power - vented crawls that we tested, the stack effect was substantially offset by the venting \u2014", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5218607975514267, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.862131"} {"text": "also showed that roughly 40 % of the air in the homes with vented crawl spaces that we tested originated in the crawl space. in the closed power - vented crawls that we tested, the stack effect was substantially offset by the venting \u2014 less than 5 % of the house air originated in the crawl spaces. because the power venting had substantially decoupled the house from the crawl, radon levels within the living area of the homes were still below epa action levels. reversing the stack effect with power venting should improve indoor air quality ( iaq ) by decoupling the house from the crawl space. the price of decoupling is the added cost of running and maintaining the crawl space exhaust fan. in closed crawls without power venting, or if the exhaust fan fails, the lower dilution rate creates the risk of a higher concentration of pollutants entering the house from the crawl. taming the beast here are some general tips for taming the beast : - if the crawl space has a dirt floor, always maintain a continuous vapor barrier on the floor. use 6 - mil black polyethylene sheeting or better. - if there is a high water table or periodic flooding, make sure that the crawl space is sloped to drain to a sump, which can be drained or pumped to daylight. - make sure the outside grade slopes away from the building and that gutter downspouts take water away from the foundation. don \u2019 t water your crawl space when you water your landscaping. - maintain the perimeter of the crawl space to prevent access by critters ; seal holes, penetrations, and access points and screen all vents. - clean it up. remove construction debris \u2014 especially wood, cardboard, or other organic material in contact with the ground. - don \u2019 t vent dryers or other appliances into the crawl ; make sure that any ductwork is well sealed and well supported and that the ducts terminate outside the crawl space. - don \u2019 t use your crawl space for storage. - use radon - resistive building practices in radon - risk areas, as recommended by epa on their web site. from the 2009 international residential code ( irc ), the applicable sections on vented and closed crawl spaces are section r408. 2 openings for under floor ventilation, and section r408. 3 unvented crawl space. the 2009 international energy conservation code ( iecc ) includes requirements for insulation levels on crawl space walls based on climate zone. see section 402.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46969090961564786, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.863786"} {"text": "1 square foot net free area venting per 150 square feet of crawl space ). - arrange vents to provide cross - ventilation. - insulate the ductwork for any heating or cooling system to at least r - 8. - maintain a continuous air and vapor barrier on duct insulation where there is a risk of condensation. - protect plumbing pipes from freezing. insulate the pipes and shelter them from excessive air movement near vents. well - insulated and sheltered pipes shouldn \u2019 t require the additional use of heat tapes for freeze protection. heat tapes can use large amounts of electricity, and improperly installed heat tapes may be a fire hazard. conventional wisdom on crawl spaces over the years has ranged from always vent to always seal. as with many things, it \u2019 s not that simple. it really depends on local conditions. properly designed and installed closed crawl spaces can be made to work well almost everywhere. on the other hand, vented crawl spaces are not suited for hot - humid regions where there is a risk of condensation. closed crawls also come with some risks. without venting there is a smaller dilution factor and the possibility of higher pollutant concentrations. if you power - vent a crawl space the fan must be used and maintained. in heating - dominated climates, there may be an increased heating load in a closed crawl. when working with a crawl space, always consider local conditions. evaluate what has worked in your community and remember that the best crawl space design won \u2019 t make up for poor water management on the site. david hales is an experienced contractor, building scientist, and technical trainer. he is currently a building systems and energy specialist at washington state university and provides technical support for the energy star homes northwest program, building america, and utility - based programs in the pacific northwest. for more information : to learn more about conditioned crawl spaces, go to www. energysavers. gov / your _ home / insulation _ airsealing / index. cfm / mytopic = 11480. and www. energycodes. gov / rc / vol3 _ basementinsulation. pdf. to learn more about radon, go to www. epa. gov / radon / and www. epa. gov / radon / pdfs / buildradonout. pdf. the research discussed in the article will be published in the transactions of the 2010 building thermal envelope conference : hales, lubliner and gordon ; vented and conditioned crawlspace performance in marine and cold climates of the pacific northwest. - first", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4616292839119821, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.865975"} {"text": "making horse training equipment how to make simple horse training equipment wednesday 20 january 2010 horses have been trained to be ridden for thousands of years. consequently many different methods and equipment has been developed. as to be expected, some are now considered to be outdated whilst others are still in use. the horse training equipment used is mostly the same regardless of whether you are training a horse for western or english style riding. all horse training equipment have the same attributes, such as being durable and strong as well as being flexible ; this doesn \u2019 t mean it has to be expensive though. this guide will teach you how you can make some of the horse training equipment that you will need. finding materials to make horse training equipment \u2022 when first starting to make horse training equipment, it is best to formulate a list and categorise the equipment depending on the horse training methods that it will be used for and the strength needed for those methods. \u2022 you should consider that any horse training equipment that will be in direct contact with horse will need to be durable and waterproof. one of the most important materials you need when training horses is rope. by lengths of. 25 \u201d double braided nylon rope. this can be cut to any length required. \u2022 you will need to consider the size of the horse when you start buying materials and constructing your horse training equipment. when making a halter, measure from above the nose but below the cheekbone. this will tell you how much rope you will need. a measurement of 24 \u201d will require 22 \u2019 of rope, while a measurement of 20 \u201d will require 18 \u2019 of rope. making a halter for training horses the halter is one of the most fundamental and important pieces of horse training equipment. it is also not very difficult to make. \u2022 begin by making a loop that is half an inch larger than the measurement of the horse \u2019 s nose. tie two double overhand knots and place them half the distance of the horse \u2019 s nose away from each other. the rope should now be doubled with two equal lengths or ropes hanging downward from each side. \u2022 establish whereabouts on the base of the horse \u2019 s throat the nose loop will sit and measure the distance from here to the nose loop. use an overhand knot to fasten two pieces of rope here. below the right ear, tie another knot and connect a piece of rope between the nose loop and throat latch. do the same on the opposite side. \u2022 the next step is to hold the two pieces of rope from the knot on the right ear and tie them to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40175819160944437, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.872477"} {"text": "ear, tie another knot and connect a piece of rope between the nose loop and throat latch. do the same on the opposite side. \u2022 the next step is to hold the two pieces of rope from the knot on the right ear and tie them to the left knot with a latch knot. to ensure that the rope doesn \u2019 t fray, you can braid or twist the remaining rope together. making a lunge line another piece of essential horse training equipment, the lunge line, can be homemade very easily, saving you valuable money. \u2022 take a piece of the nylon rope that you bought and cut it into a length of between 25 to 30 feet ( 7. 6m to 9. 1m ). at one end, attach a brass clip that is used to attach the lunge line to the horse. it is important that this is sturdy, especially when horse training as you must have control over the horse at all times. to make sure it is secure, braid the rope. \u2022 when training horses, it is important to always be in control, this means knowing how much rope you have left in your hand so you know how much you can give the horse. a very simple way of doing this is to tie knots at intermediate lengths. measure 10 feet from the brass clip and tie a double knot. measure another 10 feet and tie another double knot. to let you know when you are nearing the end of the rope, tie a knot at 5 feet from the end, then another at one foot.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39947641533045225, "token_count": 303, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.873210"} {"text": "how to draw > how to draw a goatthey aren ' t the first animal you would think of for comic interest, but goats can be a treasure - trove of amusement. they have the unusual mix of being kind of dumb in some ways, but endlessly inventive and persistent in others. if you have ever owned a goat, or know someone who has owned a goat, they will confirm this strongly, and may even tell you with a few stories of the unbelievable things their goat did over the years. what does this have to do with drawing? a heck of a lot - - and it has everything to do with cartooning. any art benefits from interest, and funny art sells. goats are funny. if you can capture their adventures and misadventures properly, people will buy it ( especially in rural areas or vacation towns ). but if you are a budding cartoonist, you really, really need to know how to draw a good goat. there are a lot of similarities between goats and horses, and the similarities increase between goats and young horses, known as colts. goat bodies are slighter, thinner than horses. goats also have cloven feet, unlike horses, and, or course, they have horns. do note, though, that not all goats have horns, and not all goats have goatees ( the shaggy tuft of hair that comes out below their chin ). practice how to draw a goat here : another way to draw a goat. home | contact | about | privacy | blog | sitemap | \u00a9 2012 city different marketing llc disclosure : sometimes we are compensated for purchases made from links on this site. click here for details.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4093122330643639, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.875085"} {"text": "level rti : rajasthan kisan shakti sangathan ( mkss ) spearheaded the right to information movement in rajasthan - and subsequently, throughout india. mkss famously used the right to information as tool to draw attention to the underpayment of daily wage earners and farmers on government projects, and more generally, to expose corruption in government expenditure. initially, mkss lobbied government to obtain information such as muster rolls ( employment and payment records ) and bills and vouchers relating to purchase and transportation of materials. this information was then crosschecked at jan sunwais ( public hearings ) against actual testimonies of workers. the public hearings were incredibly successful in drawing attention to corruption and exposing leakages in the system. they were particularly significant because of their use of hard documentary evidence to support the claims of villagers. time, the media and the government paid increasing attention to the results of the jan sunwais. consequently, greater attention was focused on the importance of the right to information as a means for increasing transparency and accountability, as well as empowering poor people. although mkss was able to obtain some information from government during the early 1990s, it was not easy. the difficulties experienced by mkss in trying to access information reinforced the importance of a comprehensive right to information law for rajasthan. 5 april 1995, the chief minister of rajasthan announced in the legislative assembly that his government would be the first in the country to provide access to information to citizens on all local developmental works. however, no action was taken for months. exactly a year later on 6 april 1996, mkss started an indefinite dharna ( protest demonstration ) in bewar town. their immediate demand was that the state government pass executive orders to provide a limited right to information in relation to local development expenditure. the government responded by issuing orders to inspect relevant documents on payment of fees. however, the order was rejected by civil society as ineffective because it did not allow taking photocopies of documents. 6 may 1996, one month later, the dharna was extended to jaipur, the state capital. the dharna was strongly supported by the people of the state. on 14 may 1996, the government responded, announcing the establishment of a committee to look into the practical aspects of implementing right to information within two months. in response, mkss called off the dharna. unfortunately, government interest again lapsed, such that in may 1997 another series of dharnas commenced, which continued for 52 long days. at the end of this time, the government announced", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4278332288119616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.881675"} {"text": "in response, mkss called off the dharna. unfortunately, government interest again lapsed, such that in may 1997 another series of dharnas commenced, which continued for 52 long days. at the end of this time, the government announced that the government had already notified the right to receive photocopies relating to local level government functions six months earlier! civil society was taken by surprise - through all their discussions with government it was the first time they had been told about the order providing access to information to 1998, during the state elections the opposition party promised in its election manifesto to enact a law on right to information if it came to power. following their election, the party appointed a committee of bureaucrats, headed by mr p. n. bhandari, a secretary of the rajasthan government, to draft a bill on the right to information. as the committee was comprised only bureaucrats, stong objections were raised by civil society organisations, following which the members of mkss and national campaign for peoples right to information were invited to assist in drafting the bill. and ncpri conducted a host of consultations in each divisional headquarters of the state. drawing on the input from these consultations, a draft civil society right to information bill was prepared, which was then submitted to the committee. the committee drew on the citizens draft bill for its recommendations, but refused to accept the bill right to information act 2000 was eventually passed on 11 may 2000, but only came into force on 26 january 2001 - after the rules were framed. the act in its final form retained many of the suggestions of the rti movement, but diluted others. activists in the state have stated that it is stronger that some state acts, like tamil nadu, but lags behind those of goa, karnataka and delhi. any case, in may 2005, the national right to information act 2005 was passed by parliament. the rti act 2005 received presidential assent on 15 june and came fully into force on 12 october 2005. ( for more information on the passage of the act and implementation at the national level, click here. ) the rti act 2005 covers all central, state and local government bodies and will apply to public authorities in rajasthan. the government has issued the rajasthan right to information rules 2005. is not clear at this time whether the rajasthan rti act will be repealed to make way for the national rti act. a list of public information officers and appellate authorities designated by the state government, click here. of fee & costs against receipt / demand draft / bank", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4281292984533772, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.882841"} {"text": "this time whether the rajasthan rti act will be repealed to make way for the national rti act. a list of public information officers and appellate authorities designated by the state government, click here. of fee & costs against receipt / demand draft / bank cheque 2 per page and printed form price so fixed or rs 2 per page photocopy inspection of records free for first hour, rs 5 for each 15 minutes or a fraction thereof second appeals and complaints against non - disclosure of information may be filed with the rajasthan state information commission. mr. m. d. kaurani state chief information commissioner state information commission h. c. m rajasthan state instititute of public administration ( o. t. s ) jawaharlal nehru marg, off : 0141 - 2700645 / 2702342 activities & advocacy shakti sangathan ( mkss ) is a workers and farmers solidarity group, which is dedicated to ensuring fair working conditions and daily wages for daily wage earners and farmers. mkss has famously used the method of jan sunwai ( public hearing ) to raise awareness of the practical value of the right to information for poor people. mkss has been a leader in the national campaign for right to information and continues to use the right to information to empower local people to root out corruption and hold their government representatives for further information : contact mkss at village devdungri post barar, district rajsamand - 313341, rajasthan, tel : 91 - 2909 - 243254. tele fax : 91 - 2909 - 250180. mobile : 09414007305. e - mail : firstname. lastname @ example. org, - chri ( 2005 ) forwarding information requests and appeals : a step by step guide for assistant public information officers under the right to information act 2005, prepared by mr venkatesh nayak. - chri ( 2005 ) processing information requests : a step by step guide for assistant public information officers under the right to information act 2005, prepared by mr venkatesh - for chri ' s posters on rti click here. - dinesh gehlot ( 2004 ) a critique of the rajasthan right to information act 2001, rajasthan patrika, 5 august ( hindi ). - dinesh sharma ( 2004 ) rajasthan ' s desert robin hoods make corrupt repay victims, ians, - nistulla hebbar ( 2004 ) paper tiger act awaits action, 27 march, times of india. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4078349947844615, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.885656"} {"text": "aviation safety is at the core of icao \u2019 s fundamental objectives. the organization is constantly striving, in close collaboration with the entire air transport community, to further improve aviation \u2019 s successful safety performance while maintaining a high level of efficiency. this is achieved through : the development of global strategies contained in the global aviation safety plan and the global air navigation plan ; - the development and maintenance of standards, recommended practices and procedures applicable to international civil aviation activities which are contained in 16 annexes and 4 pans ( procedures for air navigation services ). these standards are complemented by more than 50 manuals and circulars which are providing guidance on their implementation. - the monitoring of safety trends and indicators. icao audits the implementation of its standard, recommended practices and procedures through its universal safety oversight audit programme. it has also developed sophisticated tools to collects and analyse a vast array of safety data which allows to identify existing and emerging risks - the implementation of targeted safety programmes to address safety and infrastructure deficiencies ; and - an effective response to disruption of the aviation system created by natural disasters, conflicts or other causes. in all of its highly coordinated safety activities, icao strives to implement practical and achievable measures to improve safety and efficiency in all sectors of the air transportation system. this approach ensures that aviation \u2019 s complimentary achievements of a remarkably safe and efficient air transport network continue to serve a fundamental role in supporting global social and economic priorities.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45572368372020694, "token_count": 290, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.887471"} {"text": "feeds are also known as rss. there is some discussion as to what rss stands for, but most people plump for ' really simple syndication '. in essence, the feeds themselves are just web pages, designed to be read by computers rather than people. in general, the first thing you need is something called a news reader. this is a piece of software that checks the feeds and lets you read any new articles that have been added. there are many different versions, some of which are accessed using a browser, and some of which are downloadable applications. browser - based news readers let you catch up with your rss feed subscriptions from any computer, whereas downloadable applications let you store them on your main computer, in the same way that you either download your e - mail using outlook, or keep it on a web - based service like hotmail. once you have chosen a news reader, all you have to do is to decide what content you want it to receive. for example, if you would like the latest icis news headlines, simply click on the link in the left hand column. how do i get a news reader? there is a range of different news readers available and new versions are appearing all the time. different news readers work on different operating systems, so you will need to choose one that will work with your computer. here are some examples. insight : pet latin america - looking to asia for direction \" pet demand in latin america has been slower than expected throughout 2012 and 2013 even for the peak soft - drink seasons. \" more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4390429297797389, "token_count": 312, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.889170"} {"text": "there are some benefits that apply to almost all forms of mobile network sharing. network - sharing agreements generally benefit operators and the general public from a cost perspective. network sharing helps operators to attain more efficient coverage, since operators may choose to use only those sites that provide deeper and better coverage, decommissioning sites with poor coverage possibilities. operators can then reinvest those savings in upgrading their networks and providing better coverage and services to end users. passive infrastructure sharing is usually encouraged. wireless communication masts and antennas can be unsightly and local communities may object to the construction of new sites because of the visual impact or because of the fear of public exposure to electromagnetic fields around masts and antennas. site sharing can limit such concerns and potential negative effects. another beneficial aspect of site sharing is the amount of energy that can be saved when operators share electrical power, which is often in limited supply in developing countries. site sharing can also speed up network deployment and make it less expensive. in the european union, for example, 2g networks were deployed in the 900 megahertz ( mhz ) spectrum band, while 3g licenses were assigned in the 1900 - 2100 mhz band. because spectrum generally has a shorter range at higher frequencies, 3g networks require more base stations ( and therefore more sites ) \u2013 a significant transition expense for 2g operators. however, if those 2g operators can co - locate 3g equipment on each other \u2019 s existing 2g towers, they can enjoy significant savings as a result. active mobile infrastructure sharing may not be permitted under the licensing regimes of some countries. this is the case in india, for example, where the licensing regime for mobile telecommunications does not permit active sharing. other regulatory agencies may allow active sharing only with strict conditions, in the belief that competing operators should utilize their own infrastructure independently. box 6. 9 : ofcom \u2019 s concerns with infrastructure sharing \u201c network sharing could also have undesirable consequences for competition. for example, [ mobile network operators ] could collaborate on network development and gain information about each other \u2019 s costs and plans, which may have a chilling effect on competition in the retail market. dynamic efficiency may also be lower with fewer networks able to provide high quality mobile broadband services. end - to - end competition, i. e. at both the network and service level, could lead to greater innovation, which could bring significant benefits for consumers. we note that the competition concerns would be amplified if the 900 mhz operators were themselves to decide to share a single umts 900 network in response", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48062412561665374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.894614"} {"text": "at both the network and service level, could lead to greater innovation, which could bring significant benefits for consumers. we note that the competition concerns would be amplified if the 900 mhz operators were themselves to decide to share a single umts 900 network in response to the actions of their competitors. while it is difficult to quantify the potential impact of these effects, ofcom \u2019 s initial view is that there is a significant risk that both competitive intensity and innovation in mobile broadband services would be weakened, with potentially serious impacts on consumer welfare. \u201d with the merger of orange and t - mobile ( box 2. 10 ) as everything everywhere, the number of national mobile operators dropped from 5 to 4 ( the others are telefonica, vodafone and h3g ). to ensure that this number does not drop any further, ofcom is proposing to structure spectrum auctions to guarantee 4 competing national networks. sources : ofcom, application of spectrum liberalization and trading to the mobile sector, 20 september, 2007 and ofcom \u2019 s second consultation on assessment of future mobile competition and proposals for the award of 800 mhz and 2. 6 ghz spectrum and related issues, 12 january 2012 generally speaking, network sharing is a useful tool for regulators and policy makers who want to encourage network deployment in unserved or under - served areas. several instruments can be used to promote network sharing. national roaming arrangements are probably the most simple and effective arrangements. while roaming leads to a certain level of uniformity among operators \u2019 offerings, this does not necessarily restrict competition significantly. national regulatory authorities that have anti - competitive concerns may allow network sharing for a limited period ( for example, one or two years ) in order to promote roll - out of initial phases of network deployment. after that, operators could be required to provide coverage using their own networks. a more complex form of sharing is the mobile virtual network operator ( mvno ). the types of mvno range from resale to bulk buying : \u00b7 the resale end of the market buys the existing suite of products and services off the provider at a small discount and resells them under their own name. it is little more than a rebadging exercise and does nothing beyond raising the mvno ' s profile in the mobile market segment. \u00b7 the true mvnos buy minutes, texts and data in bulk and provides its own sim card to its customers. the level of investment required by the true mvno is much higher - they need to hire a product team and have billing capability for instance - but the rewards", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49047495543748393, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.895661"} {"text": "##nos buy minutes, texts and data in bulk and provides its own sim card to its customers. the level of investment required by the true mvno is much higher - they need to hire a product team and have billing capability for instance - but the rewards are also much greater. they get more control and they should get a better margin. mvnos first appeared in denmark, hong kong, finland and the uk and today exist in over 50 countries, including most of europe, united states, canada, australia and parts of asia, and account for approximately 10 % of all mobile phone subscribers around the world. the key reference document for mobile infrastructure sharing is gsr 2008 mobile network sharing, by camila borba lefevre the passive elements of a mobile telecommunications network are the physical components of the radio access network that may not necessarily have to be managed or controlled by the operator after their installation. these elements include electrical or fiber optic cables, masts and pylons, physical space on the ground, towers, roof tops as well as shelter and support cabinets containing power supply, air conditioning, alarm installation and other passive equipment. the assembly of passive equipment in one structure is generally referred to as a \u2018 site \u2019. but, because antennas generally have to be separated from each other by a minimum distance in order to avoid interference, mast sharing usually requires taller ( and more visually disruptive ) masts. local planning authorities actually may prefer several small towers to one large one. more discrete ( or disguised ) structures reduce visual intrusion, but cannot support more than one operator \u2019 s antenna. the active elements of a wireless network are those elements are managed by operators, such as antennas, antenna systems, transmission systems, channel elements and others.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4847356213776177, "token_count": 348, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.896389"} {"text": "a very early conception of a solid state device invented at bell telephone laboratories between 1945 and 1948, many consider the transistor to be one of the most important inventions in 20th century technology. the story of the first working transistor underscores the power modern industrial laboratories have had to coordinate scientific discovery in the pursuit of technological breakthroughs. it is about great intellectual leaps and driving ambition. but while the story has been told and retold to scientists and engineers for years, only a small circle of history buffs and scholars know that the pursuit of the solid - state amplifier has an even longer history than the transistor. this quest dates back to 1924 \u2013 1925, and the work of julius edgar lilienfeld. the dawn of the electronics age though karl braun \u2019 s cathode ray tube ( 1897 ) and ambrose fleming \u2019 s vacuum tube rectifier ( 1904 ) marked the beginning of the electronics age, lee de forest \u2019 s triode actually propelled electronics forward. by placing a wire \u201c grid \u201d between the cathode and anode, de forest transformed fleming \u2019 s rectifier into an amplifier. with amplification, radio communications blossomed and long - distance telephony became a reality. the very success of the triode, however, brought out its long - term limitations. it was a fragile device that consumed a lot of power. and so in the mid - 1920s, with an eye on radio technology, julius edgar lilienfeld set out to find a solid - state replacement for the thermionic triode. lilienfeld follows his intuition in patent applications to canada in 1925 and to the united states in 1926, lilienfeld claimed that his solid - state amplifier \u201c relates to a method of and apparatus for controlling the flow of an electrical current between two terminals of an electrically conducting solid by establishing a third potential between said terminals. \u201d he filed two more u. s. patent applications in 1928. in his 28 march u. s. patent application, lilienfeld was more explicit about what he was after : \u201c the provision of a simple, compact and substantial device which withal shall be inexpensive to construct. \u201d offering an alternative to thermionic principles, lilienfeld argued that his novel device \u201c [ could ] be operated under much lower voltage conditions than heretofore. \u201d no one really knows whether lilienfeld ever tried to build his device. even if he did, the device would not have worked well, if at all, since the production of high -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5278958696603462, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.904864"} {"text": "under much lower voltage conditions than heretofore. \u201d no one really knows whether lilienfeld ever tried to build his device. even if he did, the device would not have worked well, if at all, since the production of high - quality semiconductor materials was still decades away. thus, in the 1920s and 1930s, lilienfeld \u2019 s solid - state amplifier ideas had no practical value to the radio industry. like so many patents, lilienfeld \u2019 s went into obscurity. nevertheless, his ideas embody the principles of the modern - day, field - effect transistor ( fet ). history is sketchy little is known of the intellectual journey that led lilienfeld to his field - effect approach to solid - state amplification. even the details of his life are sketchy. like so many pioneers in solid - state electronics, lilienfeld was an accomplished physicist. born in poland in 1881, he obtained his ph. d. in 1905 at the university of berlin. in 1910, he became a physics professor at the university of leipzig. his early interests seem to have focused on cryogenics. in 1911, lilienfeld filed a u. s. patent for separating gas mixtures. he also worked with count ferdinand von zeppelin on designing hydrogen - filled dirigibles. from 1914 through the early 1920s, lilienfeld made important contributions to x - ray tube design, receiving six u. s. patents. in 1927, lilienfeld left germany to escape the rising tide of anti - semitism, immigrating to the united states. here, while head of an industrial research laboratory, he patented several contributions to capacitor technology, including the first solid - state electrolytic capacitor. it could be that work on capacitors led him to conceive of the solid - state amplifier through the framework of electric field effects. from the grave to the forefront for nearly two decades, lilienfeld \u2019 s field - effect approach lay buried and forgotten. then, in 1947, it reached out from the grave to shape bell telephone laboratories \u2019 ( btl ) patent strategy on the transistor. in the process, it frustrated william shockley \u2019 s grand ambition. although the vacuum tube had made long distance telephony possible, bell telephone was keenly aware of the tube \u2019 s limitations. in the late 1930s, shockley began looking for a solid - state version of the triode, but with little success. at the end of world war ii,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5219589061182567, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.906112"} {"text": "##een and brattain \u2019 s invention of the bipolar, point - contact transistor took many unexpected twists and turns. shockley did not put all his eggs in the field - effect basket. not to be outdone by bardeen and brattain, shockley secretly worked on a different bipolar device. within a short time, his patent for the bipolar junction transistor had wiped out all commercial interest in the point - contact transistor. shockley remained committed to the value of his field - effect theory, but was unable to make a go of it. more than 15 years of material technology advances would be needed before the first practical fet appeared. today, 75 years after lilienfeld \u2019 s work, metal - oxide silicon ( mos ) transistors, which are built around field - effect principles, dominate semiconductor electronics. lilienfield acknowledged as pioneer in an address to the american institute of physics in 1988, bardeen acknowledged the great credit due lilienfeld for his pioneering efforts to make the semiconductor amplifier. in the 1920s, lilienfeld could not have understood the physics of the field - effect semiconductor amplifier, as the quantum theory of solids was still several years away. nevertheless, he had a good intuitive feel for a new approach to electronics. in bardeen \u2019 s own words, \u201c lilienfeld had the basic concept of controlling the flow of current in a semiconductor to make an amplifying device. it took many years of theory development and material technology to make his dream a reality. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5674967202876375, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.908050"} {"text": "early applications of electricity early applications of electricity - page created by shh, 9 september 2008 - contributors : shh x3, nbrewer x10, nmolnar x1, administrator1 x4, rnarayan x5 - last modified by administrator1, 11 january 2012 making electricity work : putting theory into practice when people realized what electricity and magnetism were they took the first steps towards putting them to work. the very first machines hardly seem useful compared to the stuff we use today, but 200 years ago, when the industrial revolution was getting under way in europe, they were major breakthroughs. in the 19th century inventors began looking for ways to use electromagnetism to run machines, which was being done at that time by steam engines, water wheels, horses, or even people. one of the first to think about using electricity for practical purposes was the american joseph henry. in 1829 he used a large battery to build a powerful electromagnet. it was not just a scientific instrument \u2014 it could do heavy work, such as lifting hundreds of pounds of metal. with his demonstration, henry really began to transform electricity into something that people could use every day. those interested in using electricity also found new ways to produce electric current. inventors tried to improve the basic idea of electromagnetic induction and used magnets to create a flow of current in wires. one of the first to invent such a machine was frenchman hippolyte pixii in 1832. pixii \u2019 s machine generated what would today be called an alternating current. it flowed first in one direction and then in the opposite direction. belgian floris nollet improved pixii \u2019 s electromagnetic generator around 1850, and his design was capable of producing about 50 volts. the nollet generator was the first to be produced in large numbers by a manufacturing firm. they were used in electroplating, the first industrial operation to employ electricity. the electrical age was truly under way. along with the generator came much more powerful ways to put electricity to work. a key technology was the electric motor. by the 1800 inventors had already harnessed the power of steam to run locomotives and factory machines. many thought that electricity could be tapped to do the same kind of work, especially after michael faraday demonstrated a tiny electric motor. in 1834 thomas davenport designed a motor that was strong enough to run a small printing press. he patented the motor in 1837. but progress was slow \u2014 it wasn \u2019 t until almost 50 years later that electric motors were used commercially.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5011969564759031, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.914478"} {"text": "tiny electric motor. in 1834 thomas davenport designed a motor that was strong enough to run a small printing press. he patented the motor in 1837. but progress was slow \u2014 it wasn \u2019 t until almost 50 years later that electric motors were used commercially. davenport also used his motor ( which was powered by batteries ) to move a small railroad car around a track. unfortunately, commercial railroad cars were large, and so many batteries were needed that an electric railroad was not practical. but inventors used batteries and motors to power small automobiles beginning in the 1880s. in fact, in 1900 electric automobiles outsold gasoline - powered cars. today, of course, most cars use gas, but electric cars continue to be developed. since they do not produce exhaust gas and are easier on the environment than gasoline, they continue to attract interest. electricity was also put to work at an early age in the field of medicine. just three years after the invention of the leyden jar in 1745, doctors in geneva began to treat patients with electric shocks. a swiss physician reported that victims of paralysis could sometimes be cured by repeated shocks to their muscles. when luigi galvani announced the discovery of \u201c animal electricity, \u201d doctors were encouraged to continue their experiments. doctors such as guillaume - benjamin duchenne, the \u201c father of electrotherapy, \u201d believed that shocking people with electricity might even cure their ailments. unfortunately, this type of medicine did not prove effective and became much less common by the early 20th century. but there were many other uses of electricity in medicine that succeeded. the first detection of the electric currents emanating from the brain was made in 1875, and the x - ray machine was introduced in 1895. however, the most successful practical early use of electricity in the 19th century was the telegraph. this new form of communication ushered in the era of electrical communication and brought electricity to the forefront of the public \u2019 s attention. < rating comment = \" false \" > well written? 1 ( no ) 2 3 4 5 ( yes ) < / rating > < rating comment = \" false \" > informative? 1 ( no ) 2 3 4 5 ( yes ) < / rating > < rating comment = \" false \" > accurate? 1 ( no ) 2 3 4 5 ( yes ) < / rating >", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5203894958463117, "token_count": 460, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.915420"} {"text": "for immediate release, april 1, 2010 for information : alice tibbetts, 612 - 625 - 3889 the chocolate headline appeared in a newspaper in 2005 and was based on a study involving only 14 people. results from more current studies are in the news again, just in time for the easter candy season. how do we determine if such health claims are credible? how do we interpret the statistics behind headlines? when are statistics manipulated to further an agenda? nancy reid, a professor of statistics at the university of toronto, will speak to these questions at a public lecture, thursday, april 22, 2010 in 175 willey hall, 225 19th avenue south at the university of minnesota. she is the final speaker in this season ' s free lecture series sponsored by the institute for mathematics and its applications ( ima ). when the media presents findings as definitive, the public is misinformed, she said. \" statistics are not black and white. in reality, there is a lot of nuance, and in the most complex problems, there is ambiguity. one number won ' t tell you anything important about climate change or cancer. instead, we have to ask : where did the number come from? how can we find more data to better inform us? what could have gone wrong? data is just the beginning of the conversation. \" reid will discuss the statistics behind current news stories, including : chocolate ' s impact on health, whether girls are really less capable in math than boys, the netflix grand prize for movie recommendations, and the use of new on - line visuals to explain large data sets, such as how stimulus money is being spent. for updates on future public lectures : http : / / www. ima. umn. edu / public - lecture. the ima brings together the best minds in math and the sciences to solve pressing problems facing our society, our industries, and our planet. it receives major funding from the national science foundation and the university of minnesota.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.534466042668433, "token_count": 401, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.917915"} {"text": "political science | politics of the european union y350 | 15352 | sissenich in 1945, europe was completely devastated as a result of wwii. more than sixty years later, 27 european countries are bound together in the european union. they share economic and monetary policy, agricultural and environmental policy, asylum guidelines, and countless other policy areas traditionally controlled by national governments. meanwhile, the eu and the us are each other \u2019 s most important trade partners. we will examine the following questions : what drives european integration? what explains the complex institutional structures that we find in the eu? are there comparable cases of regional integration elsewhere in the world? why does european integration evolve more easily in some policy areas than others? what is the role of law in integration? what does european integration mean for democracy? the course proceeds in three parts : 1 ) history and theories of integration ; 2 ) eu institutions ; and 3 ) eu policies. policies to be covered include : the single market, economic and monetary union, agriculture, environment, enlargement, security, and justice and while neither a political science nor an economics background is a prerequisite for this course, students must be willing to engage arguments from both of these fields. 1 ) a group project consisting of an analysis of eu newspaper coverage of a particular issue in different countries and languages ; 2 ) a midterm focusing on history and institutions of the eu 3 ) a cumulative final focusing on policy - making in the eu 4 ) weekly readings of ca. 50 pp. of fairly dense legal, political, and economic texts 5 ) participation in classroom discussion. at the end of this course, students should be able to 1 ) understand the institutional set - up of the european union. 2 ) understand how the eu and its member - states make decisions and implement them. 3 ) place their knowledge about eu institutions and policies in a broader context of concepts about regional integration and 4 ) assess the close connection between the us and the eu ( and between indiana and the eu! ) on a range of political - economic issues. 5 ) evaluate news reports from a range of sources for ideological leanings and policy preferences. 6 ) deploy their existing knowledge of one or more foreign languages to analyze news reports from eu sources. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4966727848756007, "token_count": 452, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.921974"} {"text": "the wide south - east swath of land of the indonesian part of the island of papua comprises flat plains overgrown with mangrove forests serrated by many rivers. these plains lie so low that at high tide during the rainy season, sea water penetrates some two kilometers inland and flows back out to two km to sea at low tide. during low tide the plains are muddy and impassable. this is the largest alluvial swamp in the world, a low - lying territory of bog forest and meandering rivers emptying into the arafura sea. here is the habitat of crocodiles, gray nurse sharks, sea snakes, fresh water dolphins, shrimp, and crabs, while living along the banks are huge lizards. the forests contain palms, ironwood, merak wood and mangroves and are home to the crown pigeons, hornbills and cockatoos. there are grass meadows, and orchids do bloom here. in such inhospitable landscape the asmat have made this their home, next to the marind - anim and the mimika tribes. among these, the asmat are the best known, or the most infamous. they are fierce warriors who in the past practiced head - hunting following their culture and belief. but through their complex culture, they have also created some of the world \u2019 s most outstanding wood sculptures, exemplified by strong lines and design, most coveted by art collectors around the world. despite prized among the world \u2019 s finest primitive arts, nonetheless, to the asmat themselves, their woodcarving is inextricably linked with the spirit world, and therefore, are not principally considered as aesthetic objects. much of the highly original art of the asmat is symbolic of warfare, headhunting, and warrior - ancestor veneration. for centuries the asmat, preoccupied with the necessity of appeasing ancestral spirits, produced a wealth of superbly designed shields, canoes, sculptured figures, and drums. many of these masterpieces are today on display at new york \u2019 s metropolitan museum of art. the asmat region shot into world spotlight when in 1961 michael rockefeller, son of new york governor nelson rockefeller disappeared here on his second expedition to new guinea. this time the expedition was to the asmat region itself to purchase as many woodcarvings as possible. on his first visit michael had been deeply impressed by the asmat sculptures, and planned to display these at an exhibition in the united states. on this fatal trip, accompanied by a dutch art expert, the two hired an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4360503679194571, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.926293"} {"text": "##carvings as possible. on his first visit michael had been deeply impressed by the asmat sculptures, and planned to display these at an exhibition in the united states. on this fatal trip, accompanied by a dutch art expert, the two hired an outboard - powered catamaran, but on this journey the boat capsized pushed by the rushing incoming tide. impatient, michael swam to shore never to be seen or heard of again. whether he was dragged down by the tide, was ripped by crocodiles or hunted down by the asmat remains a moot question. the name \u201c asmat \u201d most probably comes from the words as akat, which according to the asmat means : \" the right man \". others say that that the word asmat derives from the word osamat meaning \" man from tree \". asmat ' s neighbors to the west, - the mimika -, however, claim that the name is derived from their word for the tribe - \" manue \", meaning \" man eater \". the indigenous people in the region are divided into two main groups ; those living along the coasts, and those in the interior. they differ in dialect, way of life, social structure, and ceremonies. the coastal river areas are further divided into two groups, the bisman, living between the sinesty and the nin river, and the simai. around 70, 000 asmat, the largest tribe in the area, are scattered in 100 villages in a territory of roughly 27, 000 square km living in this huge tidal swamp land. the tribe was untouched by civilization until recent times. dutch outposts, missionary settlements, and foreign expeditions finally made inroads into this isolated community only in the 1950 \u2019 s and 60 ' s. formerly, entire tribal families lived together in houses of up to 28 meters long called yeus. yeus are still in use today, but are only occupied by men for rituals where unmarried men sleep. upriver, the asmat still live in longhouses, while the kombai and korowai asmat still live in houses constructed in treetops. the asmat live on sago, their staple diet, as well as on mussels, snails, and fat insect larvae collected from decaying stumps of sago palms. these are eaten to the accompaniment of throbbing drums and ritual dances. larvae feasts can last up to two weeks. the asmat also gather forest products such as rattan, and catch fish and shrimp in large hoop nets. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4694879251374309, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.927485"} {"text": "seagrass, photoghraphed in the indian river near the sebastian, fla. on july 20, 2010, is the primary food for manatees. drift algae can feed off nutrients from fertilizer runoff, septic tanks and other sources, clogging out seagrass. / craig rubadoux, florida today brevard county, fla. - - manatees are drowning for some mysterious reason, with bellies full of seaweed as one of the only clues. at least 55 manatees have died in the indian river lagoon since july, including 25 of them in the past month. their carcasses appear otherwise healthy, but their guts are filled with thick drift algae, also called macroalgae, and not so much of their usual seagrass staple diet. that stringy stuff is virtually nowhere to be found in the lagoon since a phytoplankton explosion decimated the estuary ' s seagrass in 2011. scientists have yet to identify any known algae toxin that may be killing the manatees. but biologists with the fish and wildlife research institute in st. petersburg, fla., say the 2011 phytoplankton \" super bloom, \" as well as a severe brown algae bloom after that, may have contributed to the manatee die - off. \" so far we haven ' t found evidence of disease or viruses at this point, but we ' re still looking into that as well, \" said kevin baxter, a spokesman with the fish and wildlife research institute. baxter said the manatees show \" indications of shock and drowning, \" so something is affecting their ability to surface for air. drift algae can feed off nutrients from fertilizer runoff, septic tanks and other sources, clogging out seagrass, the manatees main food source. florida wildlife officials have notified the national oceanographic and atmospheric administration, to determine whether the manatee deaths meet the criteria for that federal agency to investigate them as unusual. the st. johns river water management district had already planned to survey lagoon drift algae, which crashed in 2010 after cold snaps, leaving behind nutrients for an unprecedented lagoon - wide phytoplankton explosion that killed off most of the seagrass. \" we think that may have been a big cause of the microalgae bloom in 2011, \" said troy rice, director of the district ' s indian river lagoon program. \" it ' s never come back since 2011, \" rice said of the lagoon ' s seagrass. \" it ' s not good", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3816358466595978, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.930329"} {"text": "introductionkiribati ( ) [ key ], officially republic of kiribati ( 2005 est. pop. 103, 000 ), 342 sq mi ( 886 sq km ), consisting of 33 islands scattered across 2, 400 mi ( 3, 860 km ) of the pacific ocean near the equator. it includes 8 of the 11 line islands, including kiritimati ( formerly christmas island ), as well as the gilbert and phoenix groups and banaba ( formerly ocean island ). tarawa is the capital. the population is nearly all micronesian, with about 30 % concentrated on tarawa. english is the official language, and kiribati, a micronesian language, is also spoken. some 50 % of the inhabitants are roman catholic, while 40 % are protestant. fishing and the growing of coconuts, taro, breadfruit, and sweet potatoes form the basis of the mainly subsistence economy. the mining of banaba ' s once thick phosphate deposits ended in 1979. copra, coconuts, seaweed, and fish are the chief exports ; foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, manufactured goods, and fuel are imported. australia, japan, fiji, and the unites states are the main trading partners. a member of the commonwealth of nations, the nation is a republic governed under the constitution of 1979. the president, who is both head of state and head of government, is elected by popular vote for a four - year term and is eligible for two more terms. the unicameral house of parliament has 42 members, most elected by popular vote, who serve four - year terms. administratively the country is divided into three units ( the gilbert, line, and phoenix islands ), and subdivided into six districts. there are also 21 island councils, one for each of the inhabited islands. sections in this article : the columbia electronic encyclopedia, 6th ed. copyright \u00a9 2012, columbia university press. all rights reserved. see more encyclopedia articles on : pacific islands political geography", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47729604791902736, "token_count": 404, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.932379"} {"text": "| | | medical myths | | | sleep : what ' s going on behind that shut - eye? last reviewed on january 13, 2011 by robert h. shmerling, m. d. beth israel deaconess medical center have you ever watched someone sleep and wondered what he or she was dreaming? the persons outward appearance would never give it away : slow breathing, eyes occasionally fluttering, but mostly the very picture of peace and stillness. but, appearances can be deceiving. when people sleep, theres a lot more going on than meets the eye. the notion of sleep as the bodys ultimate down time has some truth to it, but sleep is also an active process, in which the brain can be remarkably busy, even if the body remains ( mostly ) immobile. whats going on during sleep? there is much about sleep that remains mysterious, but experts divide it into two main categories, based on observations of sleeping persons and recordings of the brains electrical activity during sleep : - non - rem sleep this is divided into four stages, with stage 1 the lightest and stage 4 the deepest. - rapid - eye movement ( rem ) sleep during rem sleep, dreaming is common, muscles ( other than the eyes ) are inactive, and electrical activity in the brain is similar to that of an awake person. the blood pressure and heart and breathing rates may suddenly increase for short periods of time, just as they do during wakefulness during a typical eight - hour period of sleep, a person drifts from wakefulness to stage 1 non - rem sleep, through stages 2, 3 and 4 and finally rem sleep over the first several hours. during the last half of the night, rem sleep and stage 2 sleep alternate for 90 to 120 minutes each. as we age, brief awakenings increase in frequency, while deeper stages of non - rem sleep decrease. back to top why do we sleep? the function of sleep is not entirely clear, but researchers believe that rem sleep is important for solidifying memories, and perhaps for even more critical functions. rodents completely deprived of rem sleep die after a few weeks. non - rem sleep, meanwhile, seems to be important in providing a sense of restored energy and ability to concentrate during the day. a number of theories about sleep attempt to explain its role or roles : a restorative for the mind and body in preparation for the day ahead ; or a way of reducing energy consumption, to save energy for activities occurring during the day. some scientists believe that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5397274214692631, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.939696"} {"text": "of theories about sleep attempt to explain its role or roles : a restorative for the mind and body in preparation for the day ahead ; or a way of reducing energy consumption, to save energy for activities occurring during the day. some scientists believe that sleep is evolutions way of improving survival by preventing animals from preying on each other 24 hours a day. back to top consequence of sleep deprivation it is hard to define just how much sleep is normal ; different people seem to need different amounts. sleep experts define enough sleep as how long a person would sleep if there were no alarm clocks ; that is, left to decide entirely on your own, how long would you sleep? the other way to define it is how long one needs to sleep in order to feel alert and rested the next day. however, duration of sleep is not the only thing that matters the quality of sleep also matters. too little sleep or poor - quality sleep can cause a number of problems, including difficulty with short - term memory, concentration, depression, anxiety, irritability, poor energy and reduced libido. in short, quality of life at work and at home may suffer terribly due to insufficient or poor sleep. all of these problems may resolve when sleep duration increases or sleep quality improves. one problem related to sleep deprivation deserves particular emphasis : automobile and truck accidents attributed to sleepy drivers account for thousands of deaths each year. although the impact is uncertain in humans, sleep - deprived rodents have reduced immune function and higher susceptibility to infection. back to top there are more than 80 individual sleep disorders, but they are divided into 4 main categories : - dyssomnias, in which there is insomnia ( difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep ), sleepiness during the day, and abnormal sleep - wake timing ; examples include sleep apnea and the effects of medications or alcohol. - parasomnias, in which there is abnormal behavior around sleep, but without excessive sleepiness or insomnia ; examples include sleepwalking or night terrors. - medical - psychiatric sleep disorders, in which a condition that causes other problems disrupts or impairs sleep ; examples include anxiety, depression, parkinsons disease, dementia or gastroesophageal reflux disease ( gerd ). - sleep problems that cannot be clearly separated from normal variation, or for which there is no consensus among experts ; examples include pregnancy - associated sleep disorder and sleep hyperhidrosis ( excessive and unexplained sweating during sleep ). back to top getting a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5587113559509268, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.940613"} {"text": "problems that cannot be clearly separated from normal variation, or for which there is no consensus among experts ; examples include pregnancy - associated sleep disorder and sleep hyperhidrosis ( excessive and unexplained sweating during sleep ). back to top getting a good nights sleep there are changes you can make to improve your chances of getting a good nights sleep. sleep experts call this sleep hygiene, and these measures are routinely recommended for almost anyone complaining of sleep trouble. some are just common sense, but, unfortunately, many people for whom sleep is a problem do not recognize their importance. here are some general guidelines to follow : - establish a schedule and stick to it ; sleep when you are sleepy but try to get up and go to bed each day at about the same time. - use a fan or other means of creating a steady, soothing sound to drown out other noises. - reduce alcohol and caffeine intake ; avoid caffeine after noon and dont use alcohol as a sedative before bed. - get heavy curtains or shades to block out bright light early in the morning if you are awakening earlier than youd like. - check your medication list. because some medicines can interfere with sleep, ask your doctor or pharmacist about the medicines you take. - do not exercise vigorously within several hours of bedtime. - avoid heavy meals or excessive fluids within an hour or two of bedtime. back to top the bottom line the importance of sleep is self - evident, yet much remains unknown or uncertain about how we sleep, why we sleep and how to improve sleep. one thing is certain, however : sleep is not a passive process or a complete shut down of the body many stages of sleep are as active for the mind as being awake. so, the next time you see someone sleeping, keep in mind that though the body may look quiet and peaceful, there is much more to the story. back to top robert h. shmerling, m. d., is associate physician at beth israel deaconess medical center and associate professor at harvard medical school. he has been a practicing rheumatologist for over 20 years at beth israel deaconess medical center. he is an active teacher in the internal medicine residency program, serving as the robinson firm chief. he is also a teacher in the rheumatology fellowship program.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4809895692898452, "token_count": 472, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.943000"} {"text": "though apple designed the iphone, ipod and ipad to be very user friendly and intuitive devices, they do take some adjusting to especially as they move further into roles computers have held - email, word processing, spread sheet, powerpoint, etc and are becoming more common in business, and educational functions. analogies are comparisons that point out relationships between two or more different things. for example : cat : kitten as dog : puppy. by providing your child with practice in correctly identifying analogies, you \u2019 ll not only help him improve his iq and placement test scores, but you ' ll also improve his analytical thinking, problem solving, perception, spatial skills, memory and creativity. go grab istart spanish now ( deadline sep 30, 2010 ) - - you can learn spanish, and enter to win a 16gb apple ipad!! contest terms and conditions are clearly explained in the app, and the winner will be announced on 3 oct, 2010. this contest is not related in any way to iphonelife. com promotions or giveaways. as a dabbler of a few languages, i admit that i am not a natural learner. my english is not that good, and it ' s my native tongue! anyhoo, i took spanish in high school, but never could quite get the hang of the tricky rolling r sounds, the masculine and feminine forms, etc. with istart spanish on my ipod, i may finally be able to make some progress, and understand some of my wife ' s favorite tv shows. charles peattie ' s animal alphabet is bound to be a favorite with young and old alike. are you looking for a way to entertain your preschooler? teach him or her the letters of the alphabet? either way, here \u2019 s an app to do it, and you \u2019 ll discover that you \u2019 ll be entertained as well! for you history buffs, check out the history apps available from \u2026 making learning fun again! last year our school district was fortunate to receive a $ 12, 000 grant to fund a handheld computing project. we chose the ipod touch ( a. k. a., \" itouch \" ) as our handheld solution for a variety of reasons. the itouch is fast and portable. the students stay on task because we can control the apps they are using. there are apps available in all subject areas that focus on specific classroom objectives. we purchased 18 itouch units for our high school and 30 units for our middle school, grades 5 - 8. they were implemented as \" portable labs \" (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5050753571756523, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.945911"} {"text": "the man who saves turtles 04 april 2011 | news story dr nicolas pilcher - malaysia nick saves sea turtles. in a nutshell that \u2019 s what he does. but he has to look far beyond their nesting grounds to make it work. nick has a phd in turtle biology, but he says it did not prepare him for the real - world challenges of turtle conservation. | \u201c knowing their biology may be one thing, but working with communities, fishermen and industry to make conservation happen is a whole different story, \u201d he says. | after an early career in saudi arabia, malaysia and palau as a marine biologist, nick settled down in north borneo and established his own non - governmental organization, the marine research foundation ( mrf ), a non - profit entity geared to saving marine life across various countries and facing differing threats. mrf, an iucn member, now serves as a base from which nick addresses turtle conservation at various levels, and with an ever - growing diversity of people. thank the turtles! in papua new guinea nick has brought together seven communities who all share one special thing in common : their beaches are nesting grounds for the critically endangered leatherback sea turtle. this community - based conservation project employs villagers to serve as rangers and protect the turtles, their eggs and their hatchlings. but conservation in papua new guinea is tricky because natural resources are owned by the people and reaching consensus about conservation issues is a massive challenge. one of the greatest problems was that there were not enough ranger jobs to satisfy everyone in each village and the benefits of conserving turtles, rather than eating them, were not being felt by the entire community. to overcome this problem, nick provides a fixed lump sum \u2018 grant \u2019 to each community to be used for village development or \u2018 legacy projects \u2019 as he calls them, so that everyone benefits from having turtles around. these small projects range from repairing school roofs, organizing new church furniture, to the expansion of the fresh water system. and even if one does not get to be a ranger each season, at least there are benefits which all can enjoy. nick tells the communities to thank the turtles \u2013 and not the project \u2013 each time they pass by the new elementary school building, for it is they who bring them benefits. judging by the continued involvement of all of the communities six years on, it appears to be a winning formula. no head - butting with business in india, nick worked with the industry to get it right. not more than 15km away from a proposed site for the development of a large port was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.38023484856606393, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.951819"} {"text": "six years on, it appears to be a winning formula. no head - butting with business in india, nick worked with the industry to get it right. not more than 15km away from a proposed site for the development of a large port was a beach where hundreds of thousands of turtles nest in a wonderful natural phenomenon called an arribada. but the port needed to dredge a long channel for the ships to navigate safely, and lights were a concern as they could disturb nesting females and disorient the emerging hatchlings. nick developed a plan with the port authorities and the help of many iucn marine turtle specialist group members ( of which he, incidentally, is co - chair ) to devise strategies to counter these potential threats. these were developed at an initial stage of port development, and so they did not cost the port any major financial or time losses. nick and his team developed ways to stop the dredgers from ever sucking up any turtles, and designed a lighting scheme to overcome the concerns over light pollution. they even helped the port develop a world - class environmental management plan to address all kinds of other concerns and risks, so that the surrounding ecosystems upon which the local villagers depend are well protected long into the future. | \u201c working with industry, rather than against them, and understanding that although industries have their own needs, much of what is needed for conservation can often be built into their plans, is a much more practical approach to conservation than continually butting heads with them, \u201d says nick. | the fisherman ' s friend in malaysia, nick helps fishermen keep turtles out of their nets. shrimp trawlers often fish in areas where turtles feed, and the turtles drown accidentally in the nets. but the use of a simple metal grid and an escape flap called a turtle excluder device can save the turtles and allow the fishers to continue to earn a living. but convincing a fisherman to put a hole in his net for turtles to escape is not easy, as he fears he will also lose his catch. so nick spends many days at sea with them, and shows them how to use the devices correctly, and showing that he is also concerned that they don \u2019 t lose any of their catch. sitting on the back of a boat fixing nets and sewing in the grids makes nick part of the fishing community, and allows him to gain their trust. today this project is gaining momentum and spreading wings to pakistan and even india. the list of projects nick has been involved with is long and the list of problems he has helped", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4488937522772358, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:06:26.952869"}