alcohol out of reach of children. avoid keeping houseplants that are poisonous when eaten, such as irises and daffodils. check www. poison. org / prevent / plants. asp for more information. if you do have poisonous plants in the home, keep them out of reach of children. and keep in mind that all plants are choking hazards for kids under age 3. explain to kids that plants are not food and should never be eaten. install carbon monoxide detectors in your home. carbon monoxide is a gas that you can ’ t see, smell, or taste. it is a major cause of poisoning in the u. s. and it can be deadly. make sure fuel - burning appliances are in good repair. carbon monoxide can be emitted from broken appliances such as gas heaters, space heaters, or ovens. also check that fireplaces and furnaces are vented properly and inspected each year. be aware that carbon monoxide poisoning can cause flu - like symptoms. these include nausea, dizziness, and headache. if several members of the family have these symptoms at the same time, get out of the home and get fresh air right away. then call 911 or emergency services. find out if your house has lead paint, which was often used in older houses. if your house does have lead paint, hire professionals to remove it. have them replace lead paint with lead - free paint. remove any loose pieces of paint so your child doesn ’ t eat them. if you ’ re concerned, talk to your doctor about testing your child for lead poisoning. being ready for a poisoning can save valuable time. here are tips to help you be prepared : have emergency contact information available at all times. post the national poison center phone number ( 800 - 222 - 1222 ) near every phone in your home. also post your home address. this can be easy to forget in an emergency. program emergency numbers into your phone ’ s speed dial. post emergency information on the refrigerator. emergency responders are trained to look there. include details on long - term medications and medication allergies for each family member. also include your family ’ s emergency contact phone numbers. teach your child about poisons and how to respond in an emergency ( see box below ). in case of a poisoning, know the name of the product or substance involved in the poisoning when you call poison control. if possible, have the container of the poison with you. teaching your child about poisons and their dangers can help prevent a disaster


for this breed includes an addendum ( list of points in order of merit ) which may not be included by the f. c. i. of origin : ireland. of publication of the original valid standard : up to the end of the17th century, irish wolfhounds were used for hunting wolves and deer in ireland. they were also used for hunting the wolves that infested large areas of europe before the forests were cleared. fci : group 10 ( sighthounds ) section 2 ( rough - coated sighthounds ) without working trial. ireland : hound group. historical summary : we know the continental celts kept a greyhound probably descended from the greyhound first depicted in egyptian paintings. like their continental cousins, the irish celts were interested in breeding large hounds. these large irish hounds could have had smooth or rough coats, but in later times, the rough coat predominated possibly because of the irish climate. the first written account of these dogs was by a roman consul 391 a. d. but they were already established in ireland in the first century a. d. when setanta changed his name to cu - chulainn ( the hound of culann ). mention is made of the uisneach ( 1st century ) taking 150 hounds with them in their flight to scotland. irish hounds undoubtedly formed the basis of the scottish deerhound. pairs of irish hounds were prized as gifts by the royal houses of europe, scandinavia and elsewhere from the middle ages to the 17th century. they were sent to england, spain, france, sweden, denmark, persia, india and poland. in the15th century each county in ireland was required to keep 24 wolfdogs to protect farmers ' flocks from the ravages of wolves. the cromwellian prohibition ( 1652 ) on the export of wolfhounds helped preserve their number for a time but the gradual disappearance of the wolf and continued demand abroad reduced their numbers almost to the point of extinction by the end of the 17th century. the revival of interest in the breed accompanied the growth of irish nationalism in the late 19th century. the irish wolfhound became a living symbol of irish culture and of the celtic past. at this time, one determined enthusiast, capt. g a graham, set about obtaining some of the few remaining hounds of the wolfhound type that could still be found in ireland, and with the use of deerhound blood and the occasional outcross of borzoi and great dane, he eventually achieved a type of dog that bred true in


few remaining hounds of the wolfhound type that could still be found in ireland, and with the use of deerhound blood and the occasional outcross of borzoi and great dane, he eventually achieved a type of dog that bred true in every generation. the results were ultimately accepted as a legitimate revival of the breed. the irish kennel club scheduled a class for irish wolfhounds at their show in april 1879, and a club was formed in 1885. the irish wolfhound now enjoys once again something of the reputation that it had in the middle ages. wolfhounds are now owned and bred in fairly large numbers outside of ireland. appearance : the irish wolfhound should not be quite so heavy or massive as the great dane, but more so than the deerhound, which in general type he should otherwise resemble. of great size and commanding appearance, very muscular, strongly though gracefully built, movements easy and active ; head and neck carried high ; the tail carried with an upward sweep with a slight curve towards the extremity. great size, including height at shoulder and proportionate length of body, is the desideratum to be aimed at, and it is desired to firmly establish a race ( that shall average 32 inches ( 81cm ) to 34 inches ( 86cm ) in dogs ) showing the requisite power, activity, courage and symmetry. and temperament : " lambs at home, lions in head : long and level, carried high ; the frontal bones of the forehead very slightly raised and very little indentation between the eyes. skull : not too broad muzzle : long and moderately pointed. teeth : scissor bite ideal, level acceptable. ears : small rose ears ( greyhound like in carriage ). rather long, very strong and muscular, well arched, without dewlap or loose skin about the throat. long, well ribbed up. back : rather long than short. loins : slightly arched. croup : great breadth across hips. chest : very deep, moderately broad, breast wide. ribs : well sprung. belly : well drawn up. long and slightly curved, of moderate thickness, and well covered with hair. shoulders : muscular, giving breadth of chest, set sloping. elbows : well under, neither turned inwards nor outwards. forearm : muscular, heavily boned, quite straight. thighs : long and muscular. stifle : nicely bent. second thigh : well muscled, long and strong. hocks : well let down and turning neither in nor out. moderately


##s. forearm : muscular, heavily boned, quite straight. thighs : long and muscular. stifle : nicely bent. second thigh : well muscled, long and strong. hocks : well let down and turning neither in nor out. moderately large and round, neither turned inward toes : well arched and closed. nails : very strong and curved. movements easy and active. hair : rough and hard on body, legs and head ; especially wiry. hair over eyes and beard especially wiry. the recognised colours are grey, brindle, red, black, pure white, fawn or any colour that appears in the deerhound. ( height & weight ) desired height : averaging 32 inches ( 81cm ) to 34 inches ( 86cm ) in dogs. minimum height : dogs 31 inches ( 79cm ). minimum weight : dogs 120 pounds ( 54. 5kg ). minimum height : bitches 28 inches ( 71cm ). minimum weight : bitches 90 pounds ( 40. 5 kg ). any departure from the foregoing points should be considered a fault and the seriousness with which the fault should be regarded should be in exact proportion to its degree. · too light or too heavy a head. · too highly arched frontal bone. · crooked forelegs, weak pasterns. · weak hindquarters and a general want of muscle. · too short in body. · back sunken or hollow or quite straight. · large ears and hanging flat to the face. · twisted feet. · spreading toes. · short neck ; full dewlap. · chest too narrow or too broad. · tail excessively curled. · nose of any colour other than black. · lips of any colour other than black. · very light eyes. pink or liver coloured eyelids. male animals should have two apparently normal testicles fully descended into the scrotum.


tim turner, the reliability center business development manager at the college of nanoscale science and engineering ( cnse ), albany, ny, blogs about the potential of resistive memory and the reliability challenges the must be overcome. resistive memory, rram or memristors is a hot topic right now. rram has the potential for single digit nano parameters ( speed as fast as 1 ns, area per bit as small as 5 square nm ) and is non - volatile. the technology is based on the formation of a small conductive filament inside an insulator. the filament is formed the first time using a high voltage. after that, set or reset transformation ( conductive to non - conductive or visa versa ) is accomplished by moving one or a few atoms an atomic scale distance. this can be done with a low voltage ( less than a volt ). this small movement gives a repeatable set or reset that can withstand many cycles. conduction in the filament appears to be due to oxygen vacancies existing in a percolation path through the insulator. a small electric field in the reverse direction causes the migration of these oxygen vacancies in a mechanism similar to electromigration of al or cu atoms in a metal line. momentum exchange between electrons and the vacancies appears to be the driving force. the vacancies do not have to move far to open the small filament. an oxygen vacancy moves an atomic scale distance and the tiny filament opens, allowing an insulator to exist between points in the filament. forcing a forward voltage can move the oxygen vacancy back into the area where the filament is conductive. this small movement can give a 100x change in the conduction through the dielectric. this is the state change that can be interpreted as the digital signal stored on the memory cell. the material set used for rram is cmos compatible. rram cells have been made out of cu / hfox, al / alox / pt, tin / alox / pt or even al / alox / cnt ( carbon nano tubes ). most of the work reported to date has been on arrays where the cell is similar to a dram, using one transistor and one capacitor. the rram cell starts with a capacitor, then forms the filament in the capacitor dielectric. the advantage this technology has is the smaller size of the capacitor. there is


scaled. originally, this was thought to be just the larger impact of a single trap on a smaller area gate, but realov and shepard showed that shorter l transistors show a greater noise than longer transistors with the same total area ( below 40nm ). thus, this is a problem that will increase as the technology is scaled. there is also a chance that rtn will be generated by the movement of oxygen vacancies in the filament itself. degraeve et. al. reported a highly voltage sensitive disturb in the reset state. their rram cell could withstand 100 thousand disturb pulses ( 100ns ) at - 0. 5 volts, but at - 0. 6 volts the cell could only withstand a little over 100 pulses. they also showed that the sensitivity to disturb could be reduced significantly by balancing and optimizing the set and reset pulses. | figure 2 : disturb in reset state | optimization of the set and reset pulses also has a strong impact on the set / reset cycling endurance of the cell. degraeve was able to show up to 10 g set / reset pulses after optimization. wu et. al showed the impact of scaling on a cross - point array. according to their model, scaling the technology from 22nm to 5 nm resulted in an increase for the parasitic word and bit line resistance from under 10 ohms to almost 100, 000 ohms as the lines width and thickness are reduced. adding to the significance of this is the variation in resistance between the closest cell in the array and the furthest call in the array. this variation could be over 4 orders of magnitude while the difference between the set and reset resistance is only 2 orders of magnitude. this issue could restrict the size of sub arrays, compromising the potential area savings using this technology. as the metal lines are scaled to obtain higher memory densities, the filament that generates the conduction in the cell does not scale. that means the set and reset pulse currents remain about the same as the array is scaled. this results in an electromigration issue in the scaled metal lines. | figure 3 : oxygen vacancy filament determines set or reset state of rram memory cell | rram is certainly an appealing technology with its ability to scale the cell to tiny dimensions, good speed, cmos compatible material set and the possibility of mounting the technology above a logic array. unfortunately, the devil is in the details and the list of advantages is balanced by a list of problems that must be overcome before this technology


tiny dimensions, good speed, cmos compatible material set and the possibility of mounting the technology above a logic array. unfortunately, the devil is in the details and the list of advantages is balanced by a list of problems that must be overcome before this technology can carve out a space as a memory solution. 1 ] jihan capulong, benjamin briggs, seann bishop, michael hovish, richard matyi, nathaniel cady, college of nanoscale science and engineering, “ effect of crystallinity on endurance and switching behavior of hfox based resistive memory devices ”, proceedings of the international integrated reliability workshop 2012 2 ] yi wu, jiale liang, shimeng yu, ximeng guan and h. s. philip wong, stanford university, “ resistive switching random access memory – materials, device, interconnects and scaling considerations ”, proceedings of the international integrated reliability workshop, 2012 3 ] nirmal ramaswamy, micron, “ challenges in engineering rram technology for high density applications ”, proceedings of the international integrated reliability workshop, 2012 4 ] k. k. hong, p. k ko, chemming hu and yiu cheng, random telegraph noise of deep sub - micrometer mosfets, 1990 ieee 1741 - 3106 / 90 / 0200 - 0090 http : / / www. eecs. berkeley. edu / ~ hu / publications / hu _ papers / hu _ jnl / huc _ jnl _ 167. pdf 5 ] simeon realov and kenneth l. shepard, “ random telegraph noise in 45nm cmos : analysis using an on - chip test and measurement system, iedm10 - 624, 978 - 1 - 4244 - 7419 - 6 / 10 / $ 26. 00 ©2010 ieee, http : / / bioee. ee. columbia. edu / downloads / 2010 / s28p02. pdf 6 ] r. degraeve, a. fantini, s. clima, b. guvoreanu, l. goux, y. y. chen, d. j. wouters, ph. rousset, g. s. kar, g. pourtois, s. cosemans, j. a. kittl, g. groeseneken, m. jurczak, l. altimime, imec, “ reliability of low current filamentary hfo2 rram discussed in the framework of


founded in 1836, emory and henry is a small, private liberal arts college affiliated with the united methodist church and named in honor of john emory, a methodist bishop, and patrick henry, a hero of the revolutionary war ( 1775 – 1783 ) and virginia ' s first governor. early on, students worked the college ' s farm as a way to defray the costs of tuition, and the school hired local slave labor for cooking, cleaning, and farm work. after suffering through the financial crises of the 1830s and 1840s, emory and henry was debt free by the 1850s. its most famous student was stuart, a native of patrick county, who attended the school from 1848 until 1850 before enrolling at the u. s. military academy at west point. during the presidential campaign of 1860, many emory and henry students campaigned on behalf of the constitutional union party, a political refuge for cautious border whigs and nativists who were intent on preserving slavery but alarmed by the belligerence of fire - eating democrats and northern republicans. after the republican candidate, abraham lincoln, was elected and virginia seceded from the union, most students set aside their political differences and withdrew from classes in order to join the war effort. the college ' s president, ephraim emerson wiley, served as a chaplain, ministering to wounded soldiers who were relocated to the college grounds. emory and henry ' s location in the foothills of the appalachian mountains kept it isolated from the military campaigns that raged across the shenandoah valley and the piedmont. still, it was threatened by periodic union raids targeting the nearby wytheville lead mines and the salt production facility at saltville, the latter of which was crucial in provisioning the confederate army. one such raid in october 1864 resulted in the battle of saltville, where outnumbered confederate cavalry managed to drive back a determined assault led by union general stephen g. burbridge. union prisoners of war, many of them wounded and belonging to the 5th u. s. colored cavalry, were transferred to the emory hospital, where, according to a union surgeon left behind to care for them, confederate troops killed at least five to seven of the black troopers along with a white lieutenant, elza c. smith. some historians, including thomas mays, have argued that as many as forty - six were killed that day, both on the battlefield and in the hospital. but scholar william marvel has argued that a smaller number, anywhere from five to as many as two dozen, is more likely. emory and henry college reopened in august 1865 with a few


the island of ireland has always been highly dependent on energy resources from the international markets. the republic of ireland ( “ roi ” ) and northern ireland ( “ ni ” ) jointly import more than €7 billion of energy each year. this equates to more than €19 million per day leaving these shores, an amount that is likely to increase annually as global oil and gas prices continue to rise. these energy imports currently act as a life - support machine for the entire island economy. the international energy agency recently indicated it is likely that oil prices will increase from $ 100 to $ 150 per barrel. current projections by the environmental protection agency suggest that the roi will miss the eu 2020 obligations by between 4. 1 and 30 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent, in a best case and worst case scenario. this could cost the roi ’ s state up to the £350 million. ni, through its own obligations, has to reach a 40 % renewable energy penetration to avoid penalties. economies that grapple with the challenge of energy prices and emission prices earlier will be more competitive and will also have developed skills and services sought by other countries. the first step for any economy is to reduce the amount of energy being consumed. energy efficiency, building design, building retrofits and energy management are rapidly growing sectors responding to this need. if structured effectively and with the right regulatory environment, a lot of this can be financed by the private sector, create significant employment with a net economic benefit to the consumer. the second step is to switch to more commercially and environmentally sustainable forms of energy. over the past decade, renewable energy, particularly wind, solar and biomass has been the fastest growing area within the electricity generation sector. this provides fixed - price clean energy with no fuel costs. the introduction of biofuels, the steady shift from petrol to cleaner diesel cars and electric vehicles but to mention a few, are all areas where conscious switching of energy types in the transport sector is fundamentally changing society. ni ’ s plans for offshore wind and ocean energy are likely to transform entire parts of the economy, attracting supply chains, manufacturing and services, whilst also reducing dependency on gas and oil imports. this process has already begun, with harland and wolff and belfast harbour attracting utility giant dong and engineering giant siemens to manufacture and assemble offshore turbines for offshore wind projects off the coast of england and wales. the third step, changing attitudes and behaviour is fundamental and is at different stages in globally. designing a national electricity system to export renewable energy requires a fundamental shift in approach. an inter - agency and


offshore wind projects off the coast of england and wales. the third step, changing attitudes and behaviour is fundamental and is at different stages in globally. designing a national electricity system to export renewable energy requires a fundamental shift in approach. an inter - agency and leadership focus is required to procure and fund renewable energy projects to facilitate exports or national retrofitting initiatives. utilising state lands, assets, marine waters and entities in a centralised and co - ordinated manner is central to achieving this. labelling product energy consumption and emissions standards informs customers and allows them to make a decision based on this information thus changing behaviour. manufacturers and retailers have become increasingly sensitive to the energy consumed and emissions produced, resulting in changes to operational procedures. lastly, innovation is a consequence of the three previous steps. in 2010, $ 243 billion was invested in the clean energy sector, 30 % higher than 2009. this trajectory is expected to continue upwards. investment levels in innovation in the cleantech sector are at their highest levels ever. energy security and environmental protection are the two major global issues facing every country in the world, irrespective of location, culture and size. funds, venture capitalists and companies around the world have responded to this, investing and helping to build companies in this sector, with a rapid rise in innovation as a consequence. private capital and the private sector as a whole are ready and waiting. an appropriate regulatory environment, a highly co - ordinated government - led plan and full support from policy - makers will unleash this capital and generate significant growth across the island. achieving the triple benefits of economic development, energy security and emission reductions are entirely achievable with the right focus, plan and leadership. tel : + 353 87 6777 665 tags : energy security


a holocaust glossary anschluss, " joining together, " annexation. on march 12, 1938, hitler annexed austria to germany antisemitism, systematic prejudice against jews. notice the absence of a hyphen ( - ) ; there has never been any such thing as " semitism. " the term " antisemitism " is, properly one word. aryan, in the nazi ideology, the pure, superior germanic ( nordic, caucasian ) race. auschwitz, the city of auschwitz, poland, located in southwestern poland, was the site of one of the largest of the nazi extermination camps. the camp was expanded in august, 1942. camp ii was named auschwitz - birkenau. babi yar, a deep ravine outsize the ukrainian city of kiev, on the dnieper river where the einsatzgruppen killed and buried 34, 000 jews in one or two days ( september 29 - 30, 1941 ). belzek, death camp located in the lublin district of poland. more than 600, 000 jews were gassed at belzek between 1941 and 1943. blitzkrieg, " lightning war, " used to describe the speed, efficiency and intensity of germany ' s military attack against their opponents. buchenwald, concentration camp established in 1937 between frankfurt and leipzig in germany. while it was not a major extermination center, it was equipped with gas chambers and crematoria. more than 100, 000 prisoners died there. bund, a socialist movement among jews in the pale of settlement in western russia in the late 1800 ' s. the bundists supported jewish linguistic and political autonomy. their nationalism was cultural rather than territorial and, thus, they were at odds with much of the zionist movement. capo, jews who worked inside the death camps. their tasks including transporting victims of gassing to the ovens, cleaning the gas chambers of human excrement and blood, removal of gold from the teeth of the victims, shaving the heads of those going to the gas chambers. chelmo, generally thought to be the first of the six death camps in poland to become operational. at the beginning, the camp was under the direction of ss major, christian wirth, formerly administrative head of the euthanasie programme. located in the wartheland. between december 1941 and fall 1942 and again from may until august 1944 gassings by means of carbon monoxide from motor exhaust gas took place. altogether more than 150, 000 jews as


euthanasie programme. located in the wartheland. between december 1941 and fall 1942 and again from may until august 1944 gassings by means of carbon monoxide from motor exhaust gas took place. altogether more than 150, 000 jews as well as 5000 gypsies died at chelmo. concentration camp, any internment camp for holding " enemies of the third reich. " the construction of concentration camps began almost immediately after hitler gained power in germany. there were several kinds : labor camps, prison camps and death camps. dachau, a concentration camp located in upper bavaria, northeast of munich. in 1942 a gas chamber was established at in connection with the medical experiments of the chief company commander of ss dr. rascher also a few experimental gassings were undertaken. death camps, or killing centers, a concentration camp the distinct purpose of which was the extermination of its inmates. almost all of the german death camps were located in poland : auschwitz - birkenau, belzek, chelmo, madjanek, sobibor, treblinka. death marches, at the end of the war when it became obvious that the german army was trapped between the soviets to the east and the advancing allied troops from the west, the nazis, in an attempt to prevent the liberation of camp inmates, forced them to march westward. thousands died in these marches. deportation, the removal of people from their areas of residency for purposes of resettlement elsewhere. with regard to the jews of europe, deportation meant removal either to a ghetto or a concentration camp in preparation for yet another removal to an extermination center. einsatzgruppen, mobile killing units ( " task groups " ) under the command of reinhard heydrich which accompanied german troops when they invaded russia. their task was to dispose of, liquidate, undesirables who posed a threat to the reich. final solution, euphemism for the extermination of european jewry. fuhrerprinzip, see " leadership principle. " general government the nazi - ruled state in central and eastern poland. headed by governor hans frank. genocide, the systematic annihilation of a whole people or nation. german military rank provided by richard breitman in the architect of genocide : himmler and the final solution. new york : alfred a. knopf, 1991 gestapo, the german internal security police - secret police. the gestapo was organized in 1933 to protect the regime from political opposition. under him


the architect of genocide : himmler and the final solution. new york : alfred a. knopf, 1991 gestapo, the german internal security police - secret police. the gestapo was organized in 1933 to protect the regime from political opposition. under himmler ' s command after 1936. ghetto, a yiddish word referring to a walled section of a city in which jews were required to live during the middle ages. the concept was revived by the nazi regime as part of the final solution to the jewish question. holocaust, a hebrew word ( olah ) meaning " burnt offering. in the septuagint version ( translated hebrew bible into greek during the reign of ptolemy ii, 3rd century b. c. ), the word, olah, is consistently translated by the greek word, holokauston, " an offering consumed by fire. " juden, the german word for jew. judenrat, jewish community authority, appointed by the nazis for administration within the ghetto. kristallnacht, " night of broken glass, " november 9, 1938, pogrom against german jews, jewish businesses and synagogues orchestrated by the gestapo in retaliation for the assassination of a minor german embassy official in paris by a 17 year - old jewish youth named herchel grynzspan. 7, 500 businesses and 101 synagogues were destroyed, almost 100 jews were killed and several thousand were arrested and sent to concentration camps. the beginning of the holocaust. leadership principle, ger. fuhrerprinzip, the ideological and administrative principle established by hitler early in his rise to power of one vital party controlled by one, and only one, leader to whom all subjects owed absolute and unquestioning obedience. lebensraum, one of hitler ' s motivations for invading poland and, later, the soviet union, was to acquire lebensraum, or additional " living space, " to be colonized by german people. madagascar plan, in 1940, before the invasion of the soviet union, the nazis seriously considered moving all jews under their authority to the island of madagascar, a french possession off the east coast of africa. majdanek, located in the lublin district, general government of poland. the concentration camp existing since september 1941 turned into an extermination camp when between april 1942 and november 1943 mass shootings took place to which 24, 000 jews fell victim. in october 1942 also two, later three gas chambers were built. in the beginning the killings in these were done by means of carbon


charge of the death camps. shoah, a hebrew word meaning " desolation. " shoah has come to be the preferred term for the holocaust by jewish scholars who feel that " holocaust " has lost much of its significance through overuse. sobibor, located in the lublin district, general government where at least 200, 000 jews were murdered through carbon monoxide gas. third reich, nazi germany from the end of the weimar republic to the end of world war ii. treblinka, located in the warschau district of the general government in eastern poland. from the end of july, 1942 on, treblinka had three gas chambers and at the beginning of september, 1942, installed ten larger gas chambers. up to the dissolution of the camp in november 1943 altogether 700, 000 jews were killed there by carbon monoxide. vichy, france, after the nazis conquered france, a puppet government was set up here. wannsee ( conference, a conference held on january 20, 1942 beside lake wannsee in berlin. at this conference it was decided and made official nazi policy that the total annihilation of european jews was the only rational means of a " final solution " to the jewish question. yad vashem, a museum in jerusalem dedicated to the memory of holocaust victims. the name of the museum is taken from an old testament passage in isaiah : " i will build for them a name and a memorial. " ( isiah 56 : 5 ). zionism, the fervent desire of jews of the diaspora to return to their ancestral homeland of palestine. this ideal is at least 2, 500 years old, dating to the babylonian captivity. its first statement is found in psalm 137 : 1, " by the waters of babylon, there we sat down and wept as we remembered zion. " political zionism which emerged in the 19th century and ultimately resulted in the creation of the modern state of israel in 1948 is an outgrowth of spiritual zionism. zyklon b, hydrogen cyanide, a poisonous gas originally developed as a fumigation agent to remove pesticides. in october, 1941, it was used experimentally on soviet prisoners of war. the success of these experiments had devastating consequences for millions of jews who were gassed in the nazi death camps. return to about the holocaust


as everybody knows, sometimes studying phrasal verbs is not an easy task, does it? when i was a student, it was really hard ( for me ) learning and realizing what phrasal verbs were about. i bought a dictionary about phrasal verbs, i would use them in class with my professors & classmates, english native speakers and so on. but then, i noticed that there were some very common and very useful phrasal verbs to study as well as keeping in mind during an english conversation. this is my list : ( most of these phrasal verbs have several meanings, so make sure you remember them all! ) 1. add up a - to be added together and equal the expected or correct total. example : “ we added up the apples : there were 12 ″ b - to make sense : to seem to be logical or true. example : “ her story didn ’ t add up, i think she was lying, it didn ’ t make sense ” 2. blow up a - to fill ( something ) with air or gas example : “ please could you blow up those balloons? ” b - to explode or to cause ( something, such as a bomb ) to explode. example : “ the building was blown up by a bomb ” c - to become very angry. example : “ when i said i couldn ’ t go to her party, she blew up ” 3. bring up a - to take care of and teach ( a child who is growing up ). example : “ their grandparents brought them up because their parents were always travelling ” b - to mention ( something ) when talking : to start to talk about ( something ). example : “ don ’ t bring up the fight again, please! ” 4. call off a - to stop doing or planning to do ( something ). example : “ maria called off the wedding, she decided she didn ’ t love him ” b - to cause or tell ( a person or animal ) to stop attacking, chasing, etc. example : “ call off your dog! he ’ s attacking my cat ” 5. carry on a - to continue to do what you have been doing example : “ sorry i interrupted, carry on talking! ” b - to behave or speak in an excited or foolish way. example : “ the little boy was carrying on : shouting and kicking all day long ” 6. come across a - to seem to have a particular quality or character : to make a particular impression. example : “ julia came across as a bit bossy


example : “ the little boy was carrying on : shouting and kicking all day long ” 6. come across a - to seem to have a particular quality or character : to make a particular impression. example : “ julia came across as a bit bossy ” b - to be expressed to someone. example : “ i tried to sound happy but it came across as over - excited ” c - to meet or find ( something or someone ) by chance. example : “ luis was leaving the fruit shop and he came across tom, what a coincidence ” 7. come up with a - to get or think of ( something that is needed or wanted ). example : “ we finally came up with a solution to the problem! ” 8. fall apart ( oh, listen to the song " emotions " by bee gees & samantha sang ) a - to break into parts in usually a sudden and unexpected way, example : “ my cake fell apart when i tried to cut it ” b - to become unable to live in a normal way because you are experiencing a lot of confusion or emotional pain example : “ after the divorce, she fell apart ” 9. get along a - to be or remain friendly example : “ we ’ re not together anymore, but we get along great ” b - to make progress while doing something. example : “ how are you getting along at playing the guitar? ” c - to leave a place example : “ it was lovely to see you, but my friend has to get along, she has class ” d - to become old. example : “ her grandma is getting along ; she ’ s almost 99 ″ 10. get away a - to go away from a place. example : “ i can0t wait to get away from the city ” b - to avoid being caught : to escape example : “ the thieves managed to get away in a stolen car ” c - to not be criticized or punished for ( something ). example : “ yvonne is always lying, i can ’ t understand how she gets away with it ” to be continued


landfill & development co. mount holly, eastampton, and lumberton, nj no meetings scheduled epa added the landfill & development company site in mount holly and eastampton, new jersey to the superfund national priorities list on september 1, 1984 because hazardous chemicals were found in the soil and ground water. the 200 - acre superfund site located in burlington county was used to dispose of demolition debris, municipal garbage, industrial and commercial solid waste, and treated sewage sludge until 1986. ground water beneath the site was contaminated with heavy metals and volatile organic compounds ( vocs ), which are potentially harmful contaminants that can easily evaporate into the air. sediments from rancocas creek and smithville creek contain heavy metals. approximately 20, 000 people live within two miles of the site. fifty homes are located within 500 feet of the site. immediately, residences that were threatened by ground water contamination were connected to an alternate public drinking water system or provided with bottled drinking water. a liner was installed at a portion of the landfill to prevent further contaminants from flowing out of the site. in september 2004 epa signed a record of decision which called for continued maintenance of the closure system, pumping ground water, and circulating water within the landfill with air injections, enhancing the breaking down of contaminants. a water line will be installed to specific affected residences and epa will monitor the ground water in the long - term. buy - out of approximately half of the residences has been completed. cleanup activities are underway that include the construction and operation of a bioreactor, which is an apparatus in which living organisms, such as bacteria, are used to increase the breakdown of harmful substances such as sewage. under current conditions at this site, potential or actual human exposures are under control.


the triglyceride level is a laboratory test to measure the amount of triglycerides in your blood. triglycerides are a type of fat. your body makes some triglycerides. triglycerides also come from the food you eat. leftover calories are turned into triglycerides and stored in fat cells for later use. if you eat more calories than your body needs, your triglyceride level may be high. how the test is performed a blood sample is needed. for information on how this is done, see : venipuncture how to prepare for the test you should not eat for 8 to 12 hours before the test. alcohol and certain drugs may affect test results. make sure your doctor knows what medicines you take, including over - the - counter drugs and supplements. your doctor may tell you to stop taking certain medicines for a little while. never stop taking any medicine without first talking to your doctor. drugs that can increase triglyceride measurements include beta blockers, cholestyramine, colestipol, estrogens, protease inhibitors, retinoids, thiazide diuretics, certain antipsychotics, and birth control pills. drugs that can decrease triglyceride measurements include ascorbic acid, asparaginase, clofibrate, fish oil, and statin medications. how the test will feel when the needle is inserted to draw blood, some people feel moderate pain, while others feel only a prick or stinging sensation. afterward, there may be some throbbing. why the test is performed the most important use of this test is to help estimate your ldl cholesterol. this test is also done to help determine your risk of developing heart disease. a high triglyceride level may lead to atherosclerosis, which increases your risk of heart attack and stroke. a high triglyceride level may also cause inflammation of your pancreas. persons with a high triglyceride level often have other conditions such as diabetes and obesity that also increase the chances of developing heart disease. malabsorption syndrome ( conditions in which the small intestine does not absorb fats well ) what the risks are veins and arteries vary in size from one patient to another, and from one side of the body to the other. obtaining a blood sample from some people may be more difficult than from others. other risks may include : infection ( a slight risk any time the skin is broken )


bites may occur : you may be bitten by : bites can happen when you are playing with a pet or trying to feed a wild animal. they may also happen even if you have not approached the animal. some animals, such as cats, have very sharp, pointy teeth that tend to cause puncture wounds. a puncture wound may not look like it is anything to worry about, but bacteria may have been pushed deep into the wound. puncture wounds are hard to clean, so bacteria may be left in the wound. all bites can get infected, but these puncture wounds are more likely to get infected than some other kinds of animal bites. human bites happen more often than most people realize. human bites are often more dangerous than animal bites because the human mouth has more bacteria in it than most animals ’ mouths. it is very easy for a human bite to become infected. however, any bite that breaks the skin can become infected and should be treated by your healthcare provider. bites may cause : if the bite becomes infected, signs of infection include redness, pain, swelling, and pus. you may also have swollen glands or a fever and feel sick. these symptoms often mean you have a serious infection, especially if you have red streaks on the skin around the wound. your healthcare provider will look at the bitten area. your provider will ask how the bite happened to see if you need more tests. for example, your provider will ask if you knew the animal and if the animal seemed to be acting normally. if the bite is deep and your bone could have been damaged or is at risk of getting infected, you may have x - rays. bone infections can be very serious and hard to treat. some animals such as snakes or spiders inject venom into the skin, which can cause illness and even death. it can be very helpful to your healthcare provider if you know what type of animal has bitten you. treatment depends on how you were bitten and how badly you are injured. follow these first aid measures for all bites that break the skin : in all cases of animal bites, call your healthcare provider. your provider may suggest that you : in all cases of human bites, call your healthcare provider right away. don ’ t wait a day or two to see your provider. these bites get infected even more often than animal bites and can cause serious infections. the time it takes for wounds to heal depends on the extent of the damage and your overall state of health. if the bite is infected, the infection will usually heal in 7 to 10


title text : i tell my children ' it ' s not whether you win or lose, it ' s how you play the game. ' i ' m trying to take the edge off their competitive drive to ensure that i can always beat them. this comic is a reference to ibm ' s computer watson that beat humans at jeopardy. the ibm team created a computer that could formulate a response to a jeopardy - style question. in case you are not familiar, jeopardy is a game played where the contestants are given the answer to a question, and must devise the question. a question might be " the united states joined this war in 1941 " to which the contestant must answer " what is world war ii? ". when going up against two jeopardy champions, watson was able to beat them both. megan chimes in that we are " pretty awesome at teaching " which is very true. humans are the best ( on this planet ) at teaching other things to do a set of tasks. we train dogs, cats, lizards, birds, other people, and now we are getting quite good at getting a computer, a simple machine completely of our own design, to mimic our own thought patterns and make decisions similar to what we would make. the title text makes fun of teaching our children values by suggesting we are just trying to hold on to our ability to beat them in something. - [ cueball sits at a computer ; megan stands behind him. ] - cueball : wow — researchers taught a computer to beat the world ' s best humans at yet another task. does our species have anything left to be proud of? - megan : well, it sounds like we ' re pretty awesome at teaching. - cueball : huh? what good is that?


“ o that my voice could reach the ears of those uninformed and misinformed ” 1 by suzanne armitage it has been said by some, ‘ what good will it do to hold a mass meeting? ’ if it does no other good, it will be a matter of history, to be handed down to our posterity, that their mothers rose up in the dignity of their womanhood to protest against insults and indignities heaped upon them. 2 much has been published on the topic of the latter - day saint practice of polygamy over the past two decades ; authors danel bachman, todd compton, kathryn daynes, jessie embry, b. carmon hardy, carol cornwall madsen and richard van wagoner are familiar names to those who have made the effort to learn more about it. polygamy – or more correctly polygyny, the marriage of more than one woman to the same man – was an important part of the teachings of the church of jesus christ of latter - day saints for a half century. the practice began during the lifetime of joseph smith but became publicly and widely known during the time of brigham young. 3 because of the tremendous amount of historical material available in early lds church histories, personal diaries, journals, correspondence, newspapers and other publications, a great deal of research is necessary – oftentimes years of research – when putting together articles or books for publication on the topic of plural marriage. 4 unfortunately, historical documents are often reduced to a mere sentence or two by the authors ; a quotation or two gleaned and duly footnoted – if any – depending on the author ’ s research topic. some documents are ignored altogether. one such historical document is the 91 - page “ mormon ” women ’ s protest : an appeal for freedom, justice and equal rights. my personal interest and research has been mostly centered on helen mar ( kimball ) whitney. it was in the process of gathering material that i came across the “ mormon ” women ’ s protest to which helen mar contributed a speech. 5 as i was reading it i made a note of several passages that i might include in an article some time in the future. but i was saddened that helen mar ’ s unabridged speech, and that of several other latter - day saint women whose speeches and correspondence were included in the document, would continue to go unnoticed. that these women ’ s voices are today silent simmered in the back of my mind and came to a boil when i read, in the document


- day saint women whose speeches and correspondence were included in the document, would continue to go unnoticed. that these women ’ s voices are today silent simmered in the back of my mind and came to a boil when i read, in the document ’ s preface, that, “ the aim of this pamphlet is to preserve in convenient form, for present use and future reference, the record of the proceedings of that memorable day … ” so instead of the usual article – with the briefest of glimpses of early latter - day saint women ’ s views of plural marriage including, generally, all too brief quotations – i thought it would be interesting to make available the entire document online along with this brief introduction, explanatory notes and an additional letter which was published in the deseret news. what is “ mormon ” women ’ s protest : an appeal for freedom, justice and equal rights? it is a “ full account of proceedings at the great mass meeting, held in the theatre ” 6 in salt lake city on the 6th of march 1886. webster ’ s dictionary defines mass meeting as : a large meeting or rally of people for discussion of a public question. the public question being discussed at this mass meeting was the same as had been discussed at previous mass meetings which had been held for many years in utah : unrelenting anti - polygamy legislation which “ put pressure on the church by threatening members ’ civil rights and church property rights ” and the enforcement of the edmunds act. the bill, which had been passed in 1882, barred “ persons living in polygamy ” from “ jury service, public office, and voting ; ” polygamists were heavily fined and imprisoned. 7 the conflict would worsen with the passage of the edmunds - tucker act that was before congress at the time this mass meeting was held. it was passed on 3 march 1887. over the next ten years or so, over a thousand mormons would be convicted of unlawful cohabitation ( easier to prove than polygamy ), and hundreds of men, along with a handful of women, spent time in prison. thousands of others, including many church leaders, went underground to avoid the federal authorities. 8 critics of the church of jesus christ of latter - day saints cite the journal entries and correspondence of plural wives written during this period of fear and repression as proof that plural marriages did not work without noting the historical context. the american anti - polygamy crusade lasted well over ten years and even into the early 1890s. even if the husbands


correspondence of plural wives written during this period of fear and repression as proof that plural marriages did not work without noting the historical context. the american anti - polygamy crusade lasted well over ten years and even into the early 1890s. even if the husbands wanted to be fully equal with their plural wives it was illegal for them to do so. they could not acknowledge in any way a plural wife, no dinners together, no visits, no support, et cetera – it was illegal – and those who did attempt it ended up incarcerated ( along with a few plural wives who tried to protect them. ) for some, like annie clark tanner and ida hunt udall, not only did they have to hide from federal agents in order to protect their husband and sister - wives but they also had to hide to protect their father, mother and “ aunts. ” annie clark tanner, for example, was subpoenaed in 1886 after a raid in farmington, utah, not to testify against her husband, joseph marion tanner, but to testify against her father. some chose exile. after angus m. cannon ’ s second arrest for unlawful cohabitation in september 1885, his plural wife dr. martha hughes cannon left with her young infant daughter elizabeth and traveled to england not only to protect her family but also because “ she might be used as a witness against other polygamous marriage partners since she had been the physician who delivered the children in several cases. ‘ hence i am considered an important witness, and if it can be proven that these children have actually come into the world, their fathers will be sent to jail for five ( 5 ) years. ’ ” even after martha ’ s return to utah, she and her husband, angus m. cannon, “ were never able to live together publicly as husband and wife. ” 9 this abuse by federal agents continued even after the manifesto. joseph marion tanner had to resign as president of the utah agricultural college ( today ’ s utah state university ) because he was a polygamist. his options were to ‘ divorce ’ his plural wives and retain his position or to resign his position and move to either canada or mexico with his families – he resigned and moved to alberta. not everyone made that decision, and by then the harm had already been done. some wives chose to remain in the u. s. and not accompany their husbands. there was another mormon exodus after the migration to utah : it was the exodus of mormon plural families leaving the united states for either mexico or canada. full reports of the women ’ s


to remain in the u. s. and not accompany their husbands. there was another mormon exodus after the migration to utah : it was the exodus of mormon plural families leaving the united states for either mexico or canada. full reports of the women ’ s mass meetings were often published in the woman ’ s exponent10 and the deseret news but, as noted earlier, historical documents are usually reduced to a sentence or two, a duly footnoted quotation, or ignored altogether. for example, in his book in sacred loneliness : the plural wives of joseph smith author todd compton ’ s chapter on helen mar whitney never mentions the march 6th mass meeting. compton is also the author of a lengthy introduction to a widow ’ s tale : the 1884 - 1896 diary of helen mar kimball whitney. in his introduction, compton reduces helen ’ s many diary entries about the mass meeting to one sentence : she attended a pro - polygamy mass meeting of women on march 6, 1886, and was asked to speak but declined. 11 although compton is technically correct, helen did refuse “ to make a verbal speech, ” 12 she did agree to provide a written speech to be read at the mass meeting. this was not unusual at that time as women were unaccustomed to public speaking in front of a very large audience such as this one. 13 but a speech wasn ’ t helen ’ s only contribution. we read in her diary that a week before the mass meeting, on february 27, 1886, helen met with isabella horne to help organize it : … to talk over the subject of having a mass meeting to protest against the outrages committed upon “ mormon ” women, and insults heeped upon them in district courts etc who are the subjects of abuse from united states officials & their sneaks thieves, etc, and taking from the women the right of franchise, that they may more easily accomplish their robbing scheme. i was one of those appointed to write a speach. 14 isabella horne was president of the relief society of the salt lake stake ; helen mar whitney was her counselor. 15 notice of the meeting was published in the deseret news and “ mrs. h. m. whitney ” is listed just below isabella horne ’ s name. 16 helen also noted in her diary that she spent several days prior to the mass meeting composing her speech. in the end, due to time constraints, helen ’ s speech was not read aloud but it was published in “ mormon ” women ’ s protest. on march 9th, she writes : “ spent


several days prior to the mass meeting composing her speech. in the end, due to time constraints, helen ’ s speech was not read aloud but it was published in “ mormon ” women ’ s protest. on march 9th, she writes : “ spent going over my speach, adding to it, as it was cut down to suit the mass meeting. i have gained by not having it read there. ” two days later, she handed in her “ improved copy. ” 17 four other plural wives of joseph smith participated in the mass meeting yet todd compton does not mention the significant participation and contributions of these women to the 1886 mass meeting in his book in sacred loneliness. in addition to helen mar whitney we find zina d. h. young, the chaplain at the great mass meeting, who opened the meeting with prayer ( p. 7 ) and gave the closing benediction ; prescindia l. kimball who delivered the opening address ( p. 10 ) ; eliza r. snow smith who wrote a brief letter ( p. 67 ) ; and mary ann pratt who also contributed a letter ( p. 59 ). as noted on the title page, this mass meeting was “ to protest against the tyranny and indecency of federal officials in utah, and against their own disfranchisement without cause ; ” “ to protest against the indignities and insults heaped upon the wives and daughters of “ mormons ” in the district courts ; ” 18 and “ to memorialize congress and the president of the united states for relief from insult and oppression at the hands of federal officials. ” 19 for some time past a movement has been on foot to give the women of utah an opportunity of expressing in some public and emphatic manner, their feelings regarding the indignities and the sufferings they are made to endure in the present crusade against the mormon people.... not only have the men, who for obeying a principle of their religion are declared to be violators of law, been made to suffer the extraordinary and unhallowed proceedings inaugurated against them under its form and in its name ; but their wives, their children and their relatives have been hauled before inquisitorial grand juries, plied with shamefully indecent questions, threatened with punishment for contempt if they refused to answer, and in some cases actually imprisoned for such refusal. 20 the document also includes poems written for the occasion and the memorial which emmeline b. wells and dr. ellen b. ferguson presented to president grover


punishment for contempt if they refused to answer, and in some cases actually imprisoned for such refusal. 20 the document also includes poems written for the occasion and the memorial which emmeline b. wells and dr. ellen b. ferguson presented to president grover cleveland in washington. “ it was presented to the senate of the united states on the 6th of april by mr. blair, of new hampshire ” and was “ printed in the congressional record. ” 21 the women also took this opportunity to protest and refute antipolygamy activists ’ misrepresentations and accusations of treason, hence the patriotism shown by several speakers. more importantly, for those of us who are interested in latter - day saint plural marriage, the document also includes many personal insights on the practice of plural marriage. it was “ isabella horne, sarah kimball, and romania pratt [ who ] expressed their desire to church president john taylor to ‘ publicly protest against the indignities inflicted on plural wives in the district courts. ’ ” 22 though some modern historians have levied criticism that lds church leaders manipulated both their own women and gentile suffragists in their confrontation with the government over polygamy, neither national nor local suffragists could be construed as pawns, maneuvered by the stratagem of religious leaders. plural wives were no less committed to the church and plural marriage than their husbands or church leaders. mormon women were inseparable partners in defense of what they persistently maintained was a divine mandate and a constitutional guarantee. realistically, women had far more to lose than men if their marriages were invalidated and their children illegitimatized. mormon women ’ s defense of the practice was thus fervent and personal.... mormon women were not only willing but also essential partners in this long - standing confrontation. their presence, their petitions, their writings, their lectures all assisted in arousing public empathy, in finding allies, and in building bridges. 23 the “ mormon ” women ’ s protest has been reproduced in pdf format, with pagination as in the original. you can find the full document at this location : additional reading on this period in utah history bushman, claudia l., ed., mormon sisters : women in early utah. logan, utah : utah state university press, 1997. church educational system, church history in the fulness of times ( religion 341 - 43 ) ( salt lake city : the church of jesus christ of latter - day saints, 1989 ), 425 -


, utah : utah state university press, 1997. church educational system, church history in the fulness of times ( religion 341 - 43 ) ( salt lake city : the church of jesus christ of latter - day saints, 1989 ), 425 - 442. daynes, kathryn m., more wives than one : transformation of the mormon marriage system, 1840 - 1910. urbana and chicago : university of illinois press, 2001. derr, jill mulvay, janath russell cannon and maureen ursenbach beecher. women of covenant : the story of relief society. salt lake city : deseret book co., 1992. driggs, ken. “ the prosecutions begin : defining cohabitation in 1885 ” in dialogue : a journal of mormon thought 21, no. 1 ( spring 1988 ) : 109 - 125. embry, jessie l., mormon polygamous families : life in the principle. salt lake city : university of utah press, 1987. firmage, edwin b., “ the judicial campaign against polygamy and the enduring legal questions ” in byu studies 27, no. 3 ( summer 1987 ) : 91 - 113. garr, arnold k., donald q. cannon, and richard o. cowan, eds. encyclopedia of latter - day saint history. salt lake city : deseret book, 2000. see articles under : “ antipolygamy movement ; ” “ plural marriage, ” “ underground ” and “ woman suffrage. ” gordon, sarah barringer. the mormon question : polygamy and constitutional conflict in nineteenth - century america. chapel hill : university of north carolina press, 2002. iversen, joan, the antipolygamy controversy in u. s. women ’ s movement, 1880 - 1925 : a debate on the american home. new york and london : garland publishing, inc., 1997. larson, gustive o., “ the crusade and the manifesto ” in utah ’ s history. ed. richard d. poll et al. ( provo : brigham young university press, 1978 ), 257 - 74. — — –, the “ americanization ” of utah for statehood. san marino, calif., huntington library, 1971. madsen, carol cornwall, an advocate for women : the public life of emmeline b. wells 1870 - 1920. provo : brigham young university press, 2006. — — –, “ ‘ at their peril ’ : utah law and the case of plural wives, 1850


advocate for women : the public life of emmeline b. wells 1870 - 1920. provo : brigham young university press, 2006. — — –, “ ‘ at their peril ’ : utah law and the case of plural wives, 1850 - 1900 ″ in western historical quarterly 21, no. 4 ( november 1990 ) : 425 - 443. — — –, ed., battle for the ballot : essays on woman suffrage in utah, 1870 - 1896. logan : utah state university press, 1997. riess, jana k. “ heathen in our fair land ” : presbyterian women missionaries in utah, 1870 - 90 in journal of mormon history 26, no. 1 ( spring 2000 ) : 165 - 195. the article is drawn from riess ’ columbia university ( 2000 ) dissertation about protestant women missionaries in utah in the late nineteenth century. van wagoner, richard s., mormon polygamy : a history. salt lake city : signature books, 1992. 1 dr. elvira s. barney, “ mormon ” women ’ s protest, 40. 2 president m. isabella horne in her opening remarks, “ mormon ” women ’ s protest, 8. 3 church of jesus christ of latter - day saints. newsroom. “ polygamy : latter - day saints and the practice of plural marriage. ” 14 july 2006. ( accessed 24 october 2006 ). 4 one author noted that her study had “ finally been completed after twelve years ” of research. joan iversen, the antipolygamy controversy in u. s. women ’ s movement, 1880 – 1925 : a debate on the american home ( new york and london : garland publishing, inc., 1997 ), xiii. 5 see “ additional speeches. mrs. helen mar whitney ” in “ mormon ” women ’ s protest : an appeal for freedom, justice and equal rights. ( salt lake city, deseret news. co., printers, 1886 ) 49 – 53. helen wrote about attending the meeting in her diary, see a widows ’ s tale : the 1884 – 1896 diary of helen mar kimball whitney, charles m. hatch and todd m. compton, eds ( logan : utah state university press, 2003 ) 140 : “ the mass - meeting is over — theatre was crowded, speaches splended, some were applauded over & over. ” 6 “ title page ” in “ mormon ” women ’ s protest. 7 encyclopedia of mormonism ( 1992 ), s. v. “ antipolygam


, speaches splended, some were applauded over & over. ” 6 “ title page ” in “ mormon ” women ’ s protest. 7 encyclopedia of mormonism ( 1992 ), s. v. “ antipolygamy legislation. ” 8 terryl l. givens, the latter - day saint experience in america ( westport, ct : greenwood, 2004 ), 43. 9 constance l. lieber and john sillito, eds. letters from exile : the correspondence of martha hughes cannon and angus m. cannon, 1886 – 1888 ( salt lake city : signature books, 1989 ), xi, xvii, xxiv. 10 the woman ’ s exponent ( published semi - monthly from 1872 to 1914 ) “ was the public voice of latter - day saint women... it offered its readers articles, poems, stories, letters, reports of women ’ s organizations and activities, and editorials on ‘ every subject as it arises in which the women of utah... are specially interested. ’ ( exponent 1, 4 ). but its primary objective was to refute and correct anti - mormon misrepresentations, particularly about latter - day saint women. ” encyclopedia of latter - day saint history ( 2000 ), s. v. “ woman ’ s exponent. ” 11 charles m. hatch and todd m. compton, eds. a widows ’ s tale : the 1884 – 1896 diary of helen mar kimball whitney ( logan : utah state university press, 2003 ), 30. 12 hatch and compton, a widow ’ s tale, 140. 13 in 1881, helen mar whitney accompanied emmeline b. wells and isabella horne to the fourteenth ward relief society meeting. she hoped that by sitting at the back near the door she wouldn ’ t be called on to speak, “ i plead with sister horn to excuse me from rising to speak but she said any one that had had the experience that i had could say something interesting to my sisters. i told her my gift was not in speaking. ” ( letter written by helen mar kimball to orson f. whitney, december 12th, 1881, usu manuscript collections, ms167, box 5, fd 5. ) a year later helen was still uncomfortable speaking in public, “ well, i have attended the primary & relief society of farmer ’ s ward... i was called upon but spoke only a few words and gave way for those more capable. ” ( letter written by helen mar kimball, august 21st, 1882


“ well, i have attended the primary & relief society of farmer ’ s ward... i was called upon but spoke only a few words and gave way for those more capable. ” ( letter written by helen mar kimball, august 21st, 1882, usu manuscript collections, ms167, box 5, fd7. ) 14 hatch and compton, a widow ’ s tale, 139. 15 augusta joyce crocheron. representative women of deseret ( salt lake city : j. c. graham & co., 1884 ) 115. todd compton was incorrect when he wrote, “ on march 10, 1882, helen was chosen by sister m. i. horne as second counselor in the relief society of the eighteenth ward. ” todd compton, in sacred loneliness : the plural wives of joseph smith ( salt lake city : signature books, 1997 ), 520. 16 deseret news, 3 march 1886. the notice is included in “ mormon ” women ’ s protest on page 5. 17 hatch and compton, a widow ’ s tale, 140. 18 “ prefatory ” in “ mormon ” women ’ s protest. 19 “ mormon ” women ’ s protest, iv. 20 “ the ladies mass meeting ”, woman ’ s exponent, 1 march, 1886. 21 deseret news, 13 april 1886. 22 carol cornwall madsen, an advocate for women : the public life of emmeline b. wells 1870 – 1920. ( provo : brigham young university press, 2006 ), 221. 23 madsen, an advocate for women, 228 – 229.


fao is working to assist countries implement the global plan on a number of fronts. these efforts are undertaken in close cooperation with the commission on genetic resources for food and agriculture, which is charged with overseeing, monitoring and evaluating the implementation of the global plan. in 2009, fao released guidelines aimed at helping countries get started on implementing the global plan, preparation of national strategies and action plans for animal genetic resources. now fao is working with the commission to prepare a series of targeted guidelines on specific aspects of the management of animal genetic resources. these include the already published breeding strategies for sustainable management of animal genetic resources and draft texts on surveying and monitoring, phenotypic characterization, molecular genetic characterization, cryoconservation, and the development of the institutional framework for the management of animal genetic resources. fao also conducted a global survey on existing arrangements for storage systems for the conservation of animal genetic resources. and the un agency publishes regular reports on the status of and trends in animal genetic resources. knowledge transfer and capacity building a core part of fao ' s work in this field is providing technical assistance and training to build capacity and support action at the country level. fao contributed to operating or developing some 28 projects in 96 countries and to 21 regional capacity - building activities over the past two years. the joint fao / iaea division of nuclear techniques in food and agriculture has collaborated with partners on coordinated research projects and conducts training sessions and workshops. at the same time, fao facilitates work by global and regional networks and supports intergovernmental meetings and expert workshops on management of animal genetic resources. fao produces animal genetic resources, a tri - lingual international journal, and authored or co - authored some 48 scientific and technical papers, and conference contributions over the last two years. domestic animal diversity information system the domestic animal diversity information system ( dad - is ) is an online tool developed and maintained by fao to support the implementation of the global plan. countries use it to input and maintain their national data on animal genetic diversity, exchange of ideas and knowledge, and access key documents and information. focusing on small - scale farmers and pastoralists small - scale livestock keepers and pastoralists are custodians of much of the world ' s animal genetic resources. fao produced the publication livestock keepers - guardians of biodiversity in order to assist countries in dealing with this issue, and is also working with ngos to test pilot " biocultural protocols " that can strengthen indigenous communities ' ability to steward animal genetic resources.


photo date : 1983 photo number : 084 081 001 the portsmouth gaseous diffusion plant is located in south central ohio, approximately 32 kilometers ( 20 miles ) north of portsmouth, ohio, and 112 kilometers ( 70 miles ) south of columbus, ohio. the site is situated on a 1, 483 - hectare ( 3, 708 - acre ) federal reservation approximately 6. 5 kilometers ( 4 miles ) south of the village of piketon. construction of the portsmouth gaseous diffusion plant began in late 1952 to expand the federal government ' s gaseous diffusion program already in place at oak ridge, tennessee and paducah, kentucky. the facility was built to increase the production of enriched uranium at rates substantially above the other two facilities because highly - enriched uranium was required for use in nuclear submarine reactors, and low - enriched uranium was needed for commercial nuclear power plants. the first process cell went online in september 1954. a gas centrifuge uranium enrichment program was initiated in the early 1980s at portsmouth. however, full operation was never implemented for the centrifuge process. since 1991, the plant has produced only low - enriched uranium for use as fuel in commercial nuclear power plants. created by john pike maintained by webmaster updated tuesday, december 30, 1997 10 : 19 : 25 am


like it or not, sickness often infects you and your friends. if a handful of people you know have the flu, chances are pretty high that you ' ll come down with it too. it was inevitable, then, for the social side of illness tracking to make its way onto the internet. the most obvious manifestation of social sickness tracking can be seen with sickweather, a new startup that mines data from twitter, facebook, and user input to show which illnesses are going around in your local area - - and in your friend group. the service explains, " just as doppler radar scans the skies for indicators of bad weather, sickweather scans social networks for indicators of illness. " eventually, sickweather hopes to track symptom keywords ( i. e. " runny nose, " and " cough " ), but for now it ' s focusing on simpler terms like " pneumonia " and bronchitis. " illnesses are shown on a map, and in future versions, users will be able to track sicknesses via cell phone ( new alert : stay away from sarah, she ' s super germy! ). social sickness tracking can also be seen with google ' s dengue trends, a tracking tool for dengue feveroutbreaks that mines web search results from brazil, bolivia, india, indonesia and singapore to generate an early - warning system for outbreaks. users won ' t be able to see who exactly is searching for dengue fever symptoms, but they will know when an outbreak is headed their way. google ' s flu trends performs a similar purpose - - and is probably more useful for people outside of dengue - heavy countries. we can probably expect to see more initiatives like this in the future. scientists recently discovered, for example, that weather forecasts can predict cholera outbreaks. so in the future, google ( or a service like healthmap ) could mash up weather predictions with symptom reports in cholera - prone areas for another kind of early warning system. for now, though, tracking illness outbreaks via sites like sickweather may be the simplest way to make sure you avoid coming down with a cold - - or something worse. [ image by flickr user svenstorm ]


the finance project is one of more than 100 organizations and thought leaders featured in expanding minds and opportunities : leveraging the power of afterschool and summer learning for student success, edited by terry k. peterson, ph. d., this first of its kind compendium of studies, reports and commentaries provides seminal resources for policy makers, program leadership, practitioners, researchers and stakeholders. the value of partnerships in afterschool and summer learning : a national case study of 21st century community learning centers by shawn stelow griffin and laura martinez provides concrete evidence of the important role partnerships play in leveraging cash and in - kind resources to sustain 21st cclc wisconsin, vermont, florida and oregon. expanding minds and opportunities is now available online at www. expandinglearning. org / expandingminds and through amazon. com. dc education adequacy study overview the finance project ( tfp ), in september 2012, the district of columbia government contracted with the finance project ( tfp ) to undertake a rigorous study of the costs of providing an " adequate " pre - k through 12 education to students in dc ' s traditional public schools and public charter schools. over a 12 - month period, the finance project, in partnership with augenblick, palaich and associates ( apa ), a denver - based education research firm, will : 1. develop a data - driven estimate of the cost of an " adequate " pre - k through 12 education in the district of columbia ; 2. recommend changes to the structure and level of foundation funding in the uniform per student funding formula ( upsff ), as well as the weightings for students with special learning needs that require services which entail additional costs ; 3. recommend changes to the way in which capital investments, maintenance, utilities and custodial services for school buildings and facilities are financed and managed ; and 4. develop guidance for updating the study ' s basic elements on a continuing periodic basis. using a blend of professional judgment panel and successful schools study methods for analyzing the costs of an adequate education, the tfp / apa study team will examine the cost of resources required for public schools and public charter schools to meet dc academic standards, including the common core state standards, once they are implemented. for more information, please read an overview of the study at : www. financeproject. org / publications / summarydceducation adequacystudy. pdf. for more information about the study, please contact cara patrick at firstname. lastname @ example


an overview of the study at : www. financeproject. org / publications / summarydceducation adequacystudy. pdf. for more information about the study, please contact cara patrick at firstname. lastname @ example. org.. this brief aims to help policymakers, community leaders, private investors, and other stakeholders understand what is known about the opportunities and conditions for success in designing and implementing incentive - based financing strategies to take innovative evidence - based social solutions to scale. it describes the design and implementation of three broad types of innovative financing strategies that make funding contingent on specific benchmarks for success. the brief also includes examples of how state and local leaders are designing and implementing these financing strategies to respond to demands for improved outcomes. it offers considerations for stakeholders to address when determining whether, and how, these strategies could work for a community or state seeking to link funding to achievable outcomes.. this fiscal mapping study helps hawaiian state leaders identify the public and private funding sources available to support programs and services for at - risk hawaiian youth, ages 13 - 24. the study also evaluates hawaii ' s effectiveness at using funding to sustain the seventy - two state administered programs for at - risk youth in fiscal year 2011. network of independent charter schools the network of independent charter schools is designed to support teachers, administrators and trustees develop best practices and collaborate with one another and to help independent " mom and pop " charter schools succeed. funded by the u. s. department of education, it delivers a comprehensive and integrated array of services and resources - - free of charge - - to help improve the capacity of teachers, administrators and trustees at independent charter schools. the finance project helps develop content for the network of independent charter schools website in the areas of charter school management, financing and governance. online hotline blog. the following fiscal mapping tool will help leaders identify funding resources in their communities to help build a stable base of support for their work.. a first of its kind, this guide helps state and local officials, leaders of community - based and national organizations, school leaders, and private investors find funding to strengthen and sustain grade - level reading programs and services for children from birth through third grade. it identifies more than 100 federal funding sources that can be used to address the root causes of failing to read, to help fund remediation strategies, and to build cohesive infrastructure and systems necessary to effectively train and guide professionals. it also offers users “ best bet ” funding sources, on - the - ground examples and allows users


aerobic exercise requires the body to utilize oxygen to create energy. with anaerobic exercise, the body creates energy without extra oxygen — your body relies on its natural chemicals to create energy. learn the benefits of each, after the break! benefits of aerobic activity when you are engaged in aerobic activities ( walking, running, swimming, canoeing ), you breathe heavier and use more oxygen. when this happens, your heart beats faster, and your blood flow increases, which means the oxygen going to and from your muscles increases as well. your capillaries are what bring the oxygen to your muscles and take away the waste ( carbon dioxide, lactic acid ), essentially “ cleaning ” your muscles. also through this process, you help build up your immune system and rid your body of toxins, which will help you ward off illnesses. aerobic activity three to five times a week will help strengthen your heart and help it pump blood more efficiently and help it get to and from your muscles more efficiently and effectively. aerobic exercise is a key component in losing weight and keeping it off and reducing heart disease, high blood pressure, and type 2 diabetes — just to name a few. your body also releases endorphins, which are a natural painkiller and " mood enhancer. " the release of endorphins helps reduce anxiety and stress, helps you sleep better, and can also help ward off depression. so get movin '! benefits of anaerobic activity anaerobic means " without oxygen, " and strength training is the most effective method of anaerobic exercise. loss of lean muscle mass can begin in your early 20s if you ' re not careful. when you lose lean muscle mass, your metabolism slows down, your strength weakens, and your " functional fitness " can decrease, which can lead to you getting hurt while engaging in everyday activities like taking the stairs. but guess what? you can also gain the muscle back! introduce strength training. it helps rebuild that muscle mass, strengthen not only your muscles but also your bones, increase your metabolism, and lower your body fat. the more lean muscle mass you have, the higher your metabolism, which means the more calories you burn ( when you are resting and when you ’ re working out! ) strength training at least twice a week also helps prevent cardiovascular disease, obesity, arthritis, lower - back pain, and type 2 diabetes. " strength training " is often an intimidating term, but it doesn ’ t necessarily translate into " heavy lifting.


pruning fruit trees pruning fruit trees is one of the most important activities that you can do to ensure the health, long life and productivity of your home orchard. it is also one of the first outdoor activities of the new year that you will probably be doing. i always look forward to getting out and getting the blood flowing after a winter of relative inactivity. there are five general reasons for pruning apple trees, pear, peach, plum, cherry, and other trees. below is a short discussion of each. pruning fruit trees - weak and crossed branches branches that cross ( and touch ) one another are undesirable and one of the offending branches should be removed. generally you should remove the smaller of the two, but take a look at shape and growth pattern as well. remove the one that is least likely to be viable and productive in the long term. very long spindly branches should be cut back to the point where they are more in line with the rest of the tree and are able to bear the weight of developing fruit. pear trees are notorious for sending up a few thin weak branches that grow 6 - 10 feet in one year. these branches often grow close to and parallel to the main trunk of the tree. branches like this should be removed entirely. pruning fruit trees - low hanging branches low hanging branches that interfere with mowing and other maitenance are oportunities to damage your tree or get someone hurt. remove or cut back any that will interfere with mowing, maintenance and ease of access to the tree during the growing season. as leaves and fruit begin to develop, you will find that brances get heavier and hang lower during the summer. take this into consideration when pruning. if you keep a good sized area mulched under your trees, low hanging branches become less of an issue for you. it also reduces competition from grass and weeds and helps retain soil moisture. i try to keep an area mulched under my trees that is about the same diameter as the branches of the trees themselves. this diameter is referred to as the " drip line ". the bigger the tree becomes over the years, the less realistic this becomes, especially if you will plant standard sized trees, but it ' s still a good idea to keep an area clear and mulched beneath your trees. pruning fruit trees - improving air circulation good air circulation in the center of a tree is very important to promote good healthy fruit growth, and to reduce the occurrence of


a good idea to keep an area clear and mulched beneath your trees. pruning fruit trees - improving air circulation good air circulation in the center of a tree is very important to promote good healthy fruit growth, and to reduce the occurrence of diseases that rely on dampness to develop. some trees grow lots and lots of small twigs ( cherries for example ), which seem to completely fill the space between the main branches. if you get under your tree in the summer and can ' t see a bit of sky here and there through the tree ' s canopy, it will be time to thin some of the interior branches the following spring. never remove more than 25 % of a trees branches or twigs when thinning. usually much less will get the job done. trimming fruit trees for balance and appearance on ocassion a tree will grow lopsided and you will have to remove or trim back some branches to balance the tree out. this is particularly important if the trunk of the tree leans far to one side. of course, it ' s better to never let your trees lean that far in the first place. the appearance of a healthy fruit tree should be even all the way around. if a branch or branches on one side grow taller or longer than on another side, you should even them up. this is important not just for the appearance of the tree, but also for it ' s long term health. an unbalanced tree will be far more suceptible to wind damage, even blowing down or breaking off. damage can be caused by too much crop weight on one side as well. besides that, a well shaped fruit tree is just more pleasing to the eye than a poorly maintained one. pruning fruit trees to remove dead or diseased branches the reasons for pruning fruit trees i have listed so far should normally be done in early spring, but if you find a branch or limb that has died, is diseased, or has suffered some other heavy damage, it ' s a good idea to go ahead and remove the dead or damaged material when you find it. some diseases can spready quickly and should be removed right away. fire blight on apple trees for example has to be cut out immediately so it doesn ' t spread further down the branches. diseased branches risk infecting additional branches or even other trees, so make sure to move all of your trimmings well away from your orchard. if you can, i recommend burning them to assure that the diseases are destroyed. you should


. diseased branches risk infecting additional branches or even other trees, so make sure to move all of your trimmings well away from your orchard. if you can, i recommend burning them to assure that the diseases are destroyed. you should always clean your pruning equipment with alcohol after pruning diseased or dead branches. note : not all diseases require pruning, some can be treated with a spraying routine. if you do have to prune diseased trees, it ' s a good idea to go ahead and spray as well to help control the disease from spreading further. pruning old fruit trees there is one additional reason for pruning fruit trees. if you own property that has mature established fruit trees that have either been neglected for years or pruned incorrectly, you will need to do some pretty heavy pruning during the first 2 to 3 years to revitalize these old timers. this kind of pruning is more like drastic surgery and you will probably have to do some of each type of pruning already mentioned. dead, diseased and damaged limbs have to be removed, crossed limbs and low hanging branches have to go, thinning will almost certainly have to be done, and the general overall appearance of the trees will likely have to be balanced out. years of neglect probably can ' t be corrected in one round of pruning. it may take 2 - 3 years to get these trees back to prime conditions, but stick with it and be patient - the end result will be well worth it. mature trees will reward you with big crops for your efforts in getting them back in shape. pruning fruit trees - equipment and methods pruning fruit trees should be done using good quality, clean, sharp equipment. depending on the size of your trees, you may need by - pass trimmers, limb loppers, a pruning saw or bowsaw, an extension trimmer, or possibly even a chain saw. keeping equipment clean prevents diseases from spreading one tree to another, and keeping your tools sharp assure a clean cut which heals quicker and causes less stress to your trees. cut branches cleanly and as close to the branch junction or trunk as you can. never use anvil type trimmers, as they do too much damage to the bark and cambium layer underneath, where nutrients and water is carried. anvil trimmers have one blade, which cut against a flat surface called an anvil. always use bypass trimmers, which operate like


they do too much damage to the bark and cambium layer underneath, where nutrients and water is carried. anvil trimmers have one blade, which cut against a flat surface called an anvil. always use bypass trimmers, which operate like a pair of scissors and cut cleanly from both sides of the branch. large branches that have to be sawed off, should be under cut on the bottom side by about 1 / 4 of the diameter, before cutting through on the top. this prevents the bark from ripping away down the trunk as gravity pulls the branch down as you cut through. a word about painting branch stubs when pruning fruit trees. there are two schools of thought about painting over the pruned end of a branch stub. some folks swear that you should paint tar over the ends to protect the trees from disease, until the bark can grow over the cut. others say that painting the cuts with tar can seal in moisture and diseases, and promote infection and rot. i ' ve tried it both ways and have seen little difference in overall performance of the trees. if you think you need to paint the ends, i recommend using fibered roof tar ( often called roof cement ) to daub on the cuts. personally, i haven ' t painted my trees after pruning for several years, and my unscientific opinion is that it isn ' t necessary, but... to each his own opinion. pruning fruit trees, when done properly, not only makes for healthier and more productive trees, but they will be visually much more attractive than if they were allowed to grow wild. pruning your trees for the first time can be daunting, but the thing to remember is that your trees are forgiving, and will recover from nearly any pruning mistake. just be sure to learn from those mistakes, so you don ' t repeat them. your fruit trees will reward you for proper pruning by producing bigger, healthier crops, for a longer number of years. take your time when learning to prune your fruit trees, and it will become second nature to you after a couple of years. return to home orchard page from pruning fruit trees page return to food skills for self sufficeincy home page


durham — on saturday, september 29, coach sean mcdonnell, his staff, and the unh wildcats joined over 10, 200 other coaches in the country to participate in coach to cure ( www. coachtocuremd. org ), a partnership between the american football coaches association and parent project muscular dystrophy, to raise funds and awareness of duchenne muscular dystrophy, the most common fatal genetic disorder of children. on saturday, coaches from all over america wore armbands to encourage others to learn more about duchenne muscular dystrophy and to donate money toward finding a cure. one reason the american football coaches association was drawn to coach to cure md was because of the unique parallels between duchenne muscular dystrophy, a disorder which robs young men and boys of precious muscle strength and college football, a game where young men are at the peak of their muscle strength. duchenne is the most common fatal genetic disorder diagnosed during early childhood. a progressive muscle disorder that causes loss of muscle function and independence. to date, there is no cure. duchenne affects approximately one out of every 3, 500 boys and 20, 000 babies born each year worldwide. the disorder manifests primarily in boys because the affected gene is found on the x - chromosome. duchenne knows no other boundaries, touching all races and cultures. on saturday, the unh wildcats tackled duchenne head - on by urging spectators to text the word " cure " to 90999 to donate to coach to cure. and in an effort to bring the initiative closer to home, invited lucas currier from newfields to participate in their practice on friday night and to start the game off with the coin flip. lucas is a 10 - year - old avid sportsman with dmd. the wildcats also gave lucas an authentic unh wildcats shirt and a wildcats football. for more information or to donate to find a cure, go to www. coachtocuremd. org or www. parentprojectmd. org


in the 20th century, this would have been a job for james bond. the mission : infiltrate the highly advanced, securely guarded enemy headquarters where scientists in the clutches of an evil master are secretly building a weapon that can destroy the world. then render that weapon harmless and escape undetected. but in the 21st century, bond doesn ' t get the call. instead, the job is handled by a suave and very sophisticated secret computer worm, a jumble of code called stuxnet, which in the last year has not only crippled iran ' s nuclear program but has caused a major rethinking of computer security around the globe. intelligence agencies, computer security companies and the nuclear industry have been trying to analyze the worm since it was discovered in june by a belarus - based company that was doing business in iran. and what they ' ve all found, says sean mcgurk, the homeland security department ' s acting director of national cyber security and communications integration, is a “ game changer. ” the construction of the worm was so advanced, it was “ like the arrival of an f - 35 into a world war i battlefield, ” says ralph langner, the computer expert who was the first to sound the alarm about stuxnet. others have called it the first “ weaponized ” computer virus. simply put, stuxnet is an incredibly advanced, undetectable computer worm that took years to construct and was designed to jump from computer to computer until it found the specific, protected control system that it aimed to destroy : iran ’ s nuclear enrichment program. the target was seemingly impenetrable ; for security reasons, it lay several stories underground and was not connected to the world wide web. and that meant stuxnet had to act as sort of a computer cruise missile : as it made its passage through a set of unconnected computers, it had to grow and adapt to security measures and other changes until it reached one that could bring it into the nuclear facility. when it ultimately found its target, it would have to secretly manipulate it until it was so compromised it ceased normal functions. and finally, after the job was done, the worm would have to destroy itself without leaving a trace. that is what we are learning happened at iran ' s nuclear facilities - - both at natanz, which houses the centrifuge arrays used for processing uranium into nuclear fuel, and, to a lesser extent, at bushehr, iran ' s nuclear power plant. at natanz, for almost 17 months, stu


natanz, which houses the centrifuge arrays used for processing uranium into nuclear fuel, and, to a lesser extent, at bushehr, iran ' s nuclear power plant. at natanz, for almost 17 months, stuxnet quietly worked its way into the system and targeted a specific component - - the frequency converters made by the german equipment manufacturer siemens that regulated the speed of the spinning centrifuges used to create nuclear fuel. the worm then took control of the speed at which the centrifuges spun, making them turn so fast in a quick burst that they would be damaged but not destroyed. and at the same time, the worm masked that change in speed from being discovered at the centrifuges ' control panel. at bushehr, meanwhile, a second secret set of codes, which langner called “ digital warheads, ” targeted the russian - built power plant ' s massive steam turbine. here ' s how it worked, according to experts who have examined the worm : - - the nuclear facility in iran runs an “ air gap ” security system, meaning it has no connections to the web, making it secure from outside penetration. stuxnet was designed and sent into the area around iran ' s natanz nuclear power plant - - just how may never be known - - to infect a number of computers on the assumption that someone working in the plant would take work home on a flash drive, acquire the worm and then bring it back to the plant. - - once the worm was inside the plant, the next step was to get the computer system there to trust it and allow it into the system. that was accomplished because the worm contained a “ digital certificate ” stolen from jmicron, a large company in an industrial park in taiwan. ( when the worm was later discovered it quickly replaced the original digital certificate with another certificate, also stolen from another company, realtek, a few doors down in the same industrial park in taiwan. ) - - once allowed entry, the worm contained four “ zero day ” elements in its first target, the windows 7 operating system that controlled the overall operation of the plant. zero day elements are rare and extremely valuable vulnerabilities in a computer system that can be exploited only once. two of the vulnerabilities were known, but the other two had never been discovered. experts say no hacker would waste zero days in that manner. - - after penetrating the windows operating system, the code then targeted the siemens operating system that controlled


two of the vulnerabilities were known, but the other two had never been discovered. experts say no hacker would waste zero days in that manner. - - after penetrating the windows operating system, the code then targeted the siemens operating system that controlled the plant. once that was in its grip it then took over the “ frequency converters ” that ran the centrifuges. to do that it used specifications from the manufacturers of the converters. one was vacon, a finnish company, and the other fararo paya, an iranian company. what surprises experts at this step is that the iranian company was so secret that not even the iaea knew about it. - - the worm also knew that the complex control system that ran the centrifuges was built by siemens, the german manufacturer, and - - remarkably - - how that system worked as well and how to mask its activities from it. - - masking itself from the plant ' s security and other systems, the worm then ordered the centrifuges to rotate extremely fast, and then to slow down precipitously. this damaged the converter, the centrifuges and the bearings, and it corrupted the uranium in the tubes. it also left iranian nuclear engineers wondering what was wrong, as computer checks showed no malfunctions in the operating system. estimates are that this went on for more than a year, leaving the iranian program in chaos. and as it did, the worm grew and adapted throughout the system. as new worms entered the system, they would meet and adapt and become increasingly sophisticated. during this time the worms reported back to two mysterious servers that had to be run by intelligence agencies, one in denmark and one in malaysia. the servers monitored the worms as they infiltrated natanz. efforts to find those servers since then have yielded no results. this went on until june of last year, when a belarusan company working on the iranian power plant in beshehr discovered it in one of its machines. it quickly put out a notice on a web network monitored by computer security experts around the world. ordinarily these experts would immediately begin tracing the worm and dissecting it, looking for clues about its origin and other details. but that didn ’ t happen, because within minutes all the alert sites came under attack and were inoperative for 24 hours. “ i had to use e - mail to send notices but i couldn ’ t reach everyone. whoever made the worm had a full day to eliminate all traces of