engyesis, or betrothal, was in fact indispensable to the complete validity of a marriage contract. it was made by the natural or legal guardian ( kyrios ) of the bride elect, and attended by the relatives of both parties as witnesses. the law of athens ordained that all children born from a marriage legally contracted in this respect should be legal gnesioi, and consequently, if sons, isomoiroi, are entitled to inherit equally or in gavel - kind. it would seem, therefore, that the issue of a marriage without espousals would lose their heritable rights, which depended on their being born ex astes kai engyetes gynaikos : i. e. from a citizen and a legally betrothed wife. the wife ' s dowry was also settled at the espousals. at sparta, the betrothal of the bride by her father or guardian ( kyrios ) was requisite as a preliminary of marriage, as well as at athens. another custom peculiar to the spartans, and a relic of ancient times, was the seizure of the bride by her intended husband ( see herod, vi. 65 ), but of course with the sanction of her parents or guardians. she was not, however, immediately domiciled in her husband ' s house, but cohabited with him for some time clandestinely, till he brought her, and frequently her mother also, to his home. a similar custom appears to have prevailed in crete, where, as we are told, the young men when dismissed from the agela of their fellows, were immediately married, but did not take their wives home till some time afterwards. muller suggests that the children of this furtive kind of intercourse were called parthenioi. in cases of adultery by the wife, the athenian law subjected the husband to atimia, if he continued to cohabit with her, so that she was ipso facto divorced. but a separation might be effected in two different ways : by the wife leaving the husband, or the husband dismissing the wife. if the latter supposed her husband to have acted without sufficient justification in such a course, it was competent for her after dismissal, or rather for her guardians, to bring an action for dismissal ( dike apopompes ) : the corresponding action if brought by the husband was a dike apoleipseos. if, however, a wife were ill - used in any way by her husband,


to bring an action for dismissal ( dike apopompes ) : the corresponding action if brought by the husband was a dike apoleipseos. if, however, a wife were ill - used in any way by her husband, he was liable to an action called dike kakoseos so that the wife was not entirely unprotected by the laws, a conclusion justified by a fragment in athenaeus in which married women are spoken of as relying on its protection. but a separation, whether it originated from the husband or wife, was considered to reflect discredit on the latter independent of the difficulties and inconveniences to which she was subjected by it. at sparta, barrenness on the part of a wife seems to have been a ground for dismissal by the husband ; and from a passage in dio chrysostom, it has been inferred that women were in the habit of imposing suppositious children with a view of keeping ( kataschein ) their husbands : not but that the word admits of, if indeed it does not ( from the tense ) require, a different interpretation. the duties of an athenian wife are stated somewhat in detail oeconomicus ( xenophon ). see also - pollux, viii. 4 0 - lycurg. 15. - mulller, dorians., iv. 4. § 3. - xenophon. de rep. lac. i. 8. - herodotus. vi. 39, 40 - buttmann, lexilogus, 73 - platner, process, & c. vol. ii. p. 248. - leg. iv. p. 721 - leg. vi. p. 773. - isaeus de apoll. hered. p. 66. bek. - demosth. c. neaer. p. 1350 - isaeus, de oiron. her. p. 72. - becker, charikles, vol. ii. p. 448. - muller, dorians, ii. 10. § 4. - demosth. c. steph. p. 1134 - demosth. c. aphob. p. 814. - herod, vi. 57 ; muller, /. c. - pollux, iii. 31. - plato, theaet. 2. p. 150. - polit. ' vu. 15 - oper. 800 - iphig. in


baths of agrippa the baths of agrippa ( thermae agrippae ) were a structure of ancient rome, built by marcus vipsanius agrippa, the first of the great thermae constructed in the city. in their first form, constructed at the same time as the pantheon and on axis with it, as a balaneion ( βαλανειον ), they were apparently a hot - air bath with a cold plunge, not unlike a sauna. with the completion of the aqua virgo, the aqueduct completed by agrippa in 19 bc, the baths were supplied with water and became regular thermae, with a large ornamental pool ( stagnum agrippae ) attached. agrippa furnished his baths with decorations that may have been executed in glazed tiles and with works of art : the apoxyomenos of lysippus stood outside. he left the baths to the citizens of rome at his death, 12 bc. the baths of agrippa were damaged by fire in ad 80 ( cassius dio, lxvi. 24 ), but were restored and enlarged ; they were thronged in the times of martial, and enlarged under hadrian and later emperors. sidonius apollonaris mentions that the baths of agrippa were still being used in the fifth century. in the seventh century the structure ( no longer in use ) was being mined for its building materials, but much of the baths were still standing in the sixteenth century, when the ruins were drawn by baldassare peruzzi and andrea palladio, among others. see also - ( lacuscurtius website ) samuel ball platner, a topographical dictionary of ancient rome ( london : oxford university press ) 1929. see also note by william thayer. | this article about an italian building or structure is a stub. you can help wikipedia by expanding it. | | this article about an ancient roman building or structure is a stub. you can help wikipedia by expanding it. |


bezalel academy of art and design | bezalel academy of arts and design | | בצלאל, אקדמיה לאמנות ועיצוב | bezalel ' s emblem, with the ark of the covenant | established | | 1906, by boris schatz | | religious affiliation | | international association of universities | bezalel academy of arts and design is israel ' s national school of art, founded in 1906 by boris schatz. it is named for the biblical figure bezalel, son of uri ( hebrew : בצלאל בן ־ אורי ), who was appointed by moses to oversee the design and construction of the tabernacle ( exodus 35 : 30 ). the bezalel school was founded in 1906 by boris schatz. theodor herzl and the early zionists believed in the creation of a national style of art blending classical jewish / middle eastern and european traditions. the teachers of bezalel developed a distinctive school of art, known as the bezalel school, which portrayed biblical and zionist subjects in a style influenced by the european jugendstil ( art nouveau ) and traditional persian and syrian art. the artists blended " varied strands of surroundings, tradition and innovation, " in paintings and craft objects that invokes " biblical themes, islamic design and european traditions, " in their effort to " carve out a distinctive style of jewish art " for the new nation they intended to build in the ancient jewish homeland. the bezalel school produced decorative art objects in a wide range of media : silver, leather, wood, brass and fabric. while the artists and designers were western - trained, the craftsmen were often members of the yemenite jewish community, which has a long tradition of working in precious metals. silver and goldsmithing had been traditional jewish occupations in yemen. yemenite immigrants were also frequent subjects of bezalel school artists. leading artists of the school include meir gur aryeh, ze ' ev raban, shmuel ben david, ya ' ackov ben - dov, ze ' ev ben - tzvi, jacob eisenberg, jacob pins, jacob steinhardt, and hermann struck. in 1912, the school had only one female student, marousia ( miriam ) nissenholtz, who used the pseudonym chad gadya. the school closed down in 1929 in the wake of economic difficulties, but reopened in 1935, attracting many teachers and


, the school had only one female student, marousia ( miriam ) nissenholtz, who used the pseudonym chad gadya. the school closed down in 1929 in the wake of economic difficulties, but reopened in 1935, attracting many teachers and students from germany, many of them from the bauhaus school shut down by the nazis. in 1969, bezalel became a state - supported institution. in 1975 it was recognized by the council for higher education in israel as an institute of higher education. it completed its relocation to mount scopus in 1990. bezalel pavilion bezalel pavilion was a tin - plated wooden structure with a crenelated roof and tower built outside jaffa gate in 1912. it was a shop and showroom for bezalel souvenirs. the pavilion was demolished six years later. in 2006, the bezalel academy of arts and design celebrated its 100th anniversary. today, it is located on mount scopus in jerusalem and has 1, 500 students. faculties include fine arts, architecture, ceramic design, industrial design, jewelry, photography, visual communication, animation, film, and art history & theory. the architecture campus is in downtown jerusalem, in the historic bezalel building. bezalel offers bachelor of fine arts ( b. f. a. ), bachelor of architecture ( b. arch. ), bachelor of design ( b. des. ) degrees, a master of fine arts in conjunction with hebrew university, and two different master of design ( m. des ) degrees. the academy has plans to move back to the city center. notable alumni - baruch agadati ( 1895 – 1976 ), russian - palestinian - israeli classical ballet dancer, choreographer, painter, film producer and director - yaacov agam ( born 1928 ), sculptor and experimental artist - ron arad ( born 1951 ), industrial designer - netiva ben - yehuda ( 1928 – 2011 ), author, editor, palmach commander - moti bodek ( born 1961 ), architect, lecturer - yitzhak danziger ( 1916 – 1977 ), sculptor - nachum gutman ( 1898 – 1980 ), painter, sculptor, author - yaron london ( born 1940 ), media personality, journalist, actor, songwriter - avigdor stematsky ( 1908 – 1989 ), painter - yehezkel streichman ( 1906 – 1993 ), painter - gideon amichay ( born 1963 ), communication artist, cartoonist, writer and ad man - eli


avigdor stematsky ( 1908 – 1989 ), painter - yehezkel streichman ( 1906 – 1993 ), painter - gideon amichay ( born 1963 ), communication artist, cartoonist, writer and ad man - elisha ben yitzhak ( born 1943 ), painter, songwriter - zvi raphaeli ( 1924 - 2005 ), painter and rabbi notable faculty - siona shimshi ( born 1939 ), israeli painter, sculptor, ceramist, textile designer see also - list of universities and colleges in israel - list of israel prize recipients - list of israeli visual artists - jewish ceremonial art - museum review | derfner judaica museum, jewish art, the hudson and bingo in the bronx, edward rothstein, new york times, june 10, 2009, - ze ' ev raban, a hebrew symbolist, by batsheva goldman ida, tel aviv museum of art, 2001 - i lived life to the fullest, haaretz - " israel prize recipients in 1958 ( in hebrew ) ". israel prize official site. archived from the original on january 17, 2010 by webcite. - " המועצה להשכלה גבוהה - מאגר מוסדות " [ council for higher education registry of institutes ]. che. org. il ( in hebrew ). retrieved august 4, 2010. - zohar, gil ( november 2, 2006 ). " artful move ". jerusalem post. retrieved september 19, 2011. - milan ' s furniture whirlwind further reading - gil goldfine, “ zeev raban and the bezalel style, ” jerusalem post, 12 - 14 - 2001 - dalia manor, “ biblical zionism in bezalel art, ” israel studies 6. 1 ( 2001 ) 55 - 75 - the " hebrew style " of bezalel, 1906 – 1929, nurit shilo cohen, the journal of decorative and propaganda arts, vol. 20. ( 1994 ), pp. 140 – 163 - manor, dalia, art in zion : the genesis of national art in jewish palestine, published by routledge curzon ( 2005 ) - " crafting a jewish style : the art of the bezalel academy, 1906 – 1996 ", 2000 - 08 - 26 until 2000 - 10 - 22, montgomery museum of fine arts external sources - bezalel academy web site - bezalel catalogue of student works - timeline of bezal


| | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( march 2010 ) | cocom is an acronym for coordinating committee for multilateral export controls. cocom was established by western bloc powers in the first five years after the end of world war ii, during the cold war, to put an arms embargo on comecon countries. cocom ceased to function on march 31, 1994, and the then - current control list of embargoed goods was retained by the member nations until the successor, the wassenaar arrangement, was established. cocom had 17 member states : australia, belgium, canada, denmark, france, germany, greece, italy, japan, luxembourg, netherlands, norway, portugal, spain, turkey, the united kingdom and the united states. laws and regulations in the united states, cocom compliance was implemented in the 1960s via the arms export control act ( aeca ) and the state department ' s regulatory supervision on aeca via international traffic in arms regulations ( itar ), which are still in effect. toshiba machine company of japan and kongsberg group of norway supplied eight computer - guided propeller milling machines to the soviet union between 1982 and 1984, an action that violated the cocom regulations. the united states ' s position is that this greatly improved the ability of soviet submarines to evade detection. congress moved to sanction toshiba, and bar imports of its products into the united states. in gps technology, the phrasing " cocom limits " is also used to refer to a limit placed to gps tracking devices that should disable tracking when the device realizes itself to be moving faster than 1, 000 knots ( 1, 900 km / h ; 1, 200 mph ) at an altitude higher than 60, 000 feet ( 18, 000 m ). this was intended to avoid the use of gps in intercontinental ballistic missile - like applications. some manufacturers apply this limit literally ( disable when both limits are reached ), other manufacturers disable tracking when a single limit is reached. this limit is a frequent obstacle encountered, if not discussed, among hobbyists seeking to make high altitude balloons. see also - international traffic in arms regulations - arms export control act - defense security cooperation agency - export control classification number - toshiba - kongsberg scandal - yasuhara, y. " the myth of free trade : the origins of cocom 1945 – 1950 ". the japanese journal of american studies 4. retrieved 2009 - 12 - 03. - js ( october 6, 2010 ). " cocom


##suhara, y. " the myth of free trade : the origins of cocom 1945 – 1950 ". the japanese journal of american studies 4. retrieved 2009 - 12 - 03. - js ( october 6, 2010 ). " cocom gps tracking limits ". ravtrack. com. retrieved july 26, 2011. - graham - cumming, john. " gaga - 1 : cocom limit for gps ". jgc. org. retrieved july 26, 2011. - mastanduno, m. ( 1992 ). economic containment : cocom and the politics of east - west trade. cornell paperbacks. cornell university press, ithaca, n. y. - noehrenberg, e. h. ( 1995 ). multilateral export controls and international regime theory : the effectiveness of cocom. pro universitate. - yasuhara, y. ( 1991 ). the myth of free trade : the origins of cocom 1945 - 1950. the japanese journal of american studies, 4. - cocom control lists, as published by the british government - cfao 36 - 56 - - export controls over strategic and military goods - establishment of new general license for shipments to country groups qwy and the people ' s republic of china - the reincarnation of cocom : explaining post - war export controls - export control blog | this history article is a stub. you can help wikipedia by expanding it. | | this international trade related article is a stub. you can help wikipedia by expanding it. | | this article about politics is a stub. you can help wikipedia by expanding it. |


malignant pleural effusion malignant pleural effusion is a condition in which cancer causes an abnormal amount of fluid to collect between the thin layers of tissue ( pleura ) lining the outside of the lung and the wall of the chest cavity. lung cancer and breast cancer account for about 50 - 65 % of malignant pleural effusions. other common causes include pleural mesothelioma and lymphoma. | malignant pleural effusion | | classification and external resources | investigating a malignant pleural effusion clinical evaluation clinical factors predicting the diagnosis of malignant pleural effusions are symptoms lasting more than 1 month and the absence of fever. this is needed to confirm the presence of a pleural effusion. chest radiograph is usually performed first and may demonstrate an underlying lung cancer as well as the pleural effusion. ultrasound has a sensitivity of 73 % and specificity of 100 % at distinguishing malignant pleural effusions from other causes of pleural effusion, based on the presence of visible pleural metastases, pleural thickening greater than 1 cm, pleural nodularity, diaphragmatic thickening measuring greater than 7mm and an echogenic swirling pattern visible in the pleural fluid. biochemical analysis pleural fluid cytology is positive in 60 % of cases. however, in the remaining cases, pleural biopsy is required. image guided biopsy and thoracoscopy have largely replaced blind biopsy due to their greater sensitivity and safety profile. ct guided biopsy has a sensitivity of 87 % compared to abrams ' needle biopsy, which has a sensitivity of 47 %. identification of pleural fluid biomarkers to distinguish malignant pleural effusions from other causes of exudative effusions would help diagnosis. biomarkers that have been shown to be raised in malignant pleural effusions compared to benign disease include vascular endothelial growth factor ( vegf ), endostatin, matrix metalloproteinases and tumour markers such as carcinoembryonic antigen. pleural fluid mesothelin has a sensitivity of 71 %, greater than that of cytology, and a specificity of 89 % for the diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma. treatment of malignant pleural effusions the goal of treatment of malignant


has a sensitivity of 71 %, greater than that of cytology, and a specificity of 89 % for the diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma. treatment of malignant pleural effusions the goal of treatment of malignant pleural effusions is relief of breathlessness. occasionally, treatment of the underlying cancer can cause resolution of the effusion. this may be the case with types of cancer that respond well to chemotherapy, such as small cell carcinoma or lymphoma. simple aspiration of pleural fluid can relieve breathlessness rapidly but fluid and symptoms will usually recur within a couple of weeks. for this reason, more permanent treatments are usually used to prevent fluid recurrence. standard treatment involves chest tube insertion and pleurodesis. however, this treatment requires an inpatient stay of approximately 2 – 7 days, can be painful and has a significant failure rate. this has led to the development of tunneled pleural catheters ( e. g., pleurx catheters ), which allow outpatient treatment of effusions. - malignant pleural effusion entry in the public domain nci dictionary of cancer terms - antony vb, loddenkemper r, astoul p, et al. ( august 2001 ). " management of malignant pleural effusions ". eur. respir. j. 18 ( 2 ) : 402 – 19. pmid 11529302. - ferrer j, roldan j, teixidor j, pallisa e, gich i, morell f ( march 2005 ). " predictors of pleural malignancy in patients with pleural effusion undergoing thoracoscopy ". chest 127 ( 3 ) : 1017 – 22. doi : 10. 1378 / chest. 127. 3. 1017. pmid 15764788. - qureshi nr, rahman nm, gleeson fv ( february 2009 ). " thoracic ultrasound in the diagnosis of malignant pleural effusion ". thorax 64 ( 2 ) : 139 – 43. doi : 10. 1136 / thx. 2008. 100545. pmid 18852159. - chian cf, su wl, soh lh, yan hc, perng wc, wu cp ( july 2004 ). " echogenic swirling pattern as a predictor of malignant pleur


– 34. doi : 10. 1007 / s00408 - 003 - 1035 - 9. pmid 14749937. - gaspar mj, de miguel j, garcia diaz jd, diez m ( 2008 ). " clinical utility of a combination of tumour markers in the diagnosis of malignant pleural effusions ". anticancer res. 28 ( 5b ) : 2947 – 52. pmid 19031938. - vatansever s, gelisgen r, uzun h, yurt s, kosar f ( 2009 ). " potential role of matrix metalloproteinase - 2, - 9 and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase - 1, - 2 in exudative pleural effusions ". clin invest med 32 ( 4 ) : e293 – 300. pmid 19640333. - davies he, sadler rs, bielsa s, et al. ( september 2009 ). " clinical impact and reliability of pleural fluid mesothelin in undiagnosed pleural effusions ". am. j. respir. crit. care med. 180 ( 5 ) : 437 – 44. doi : 10. 1164 / rccm. 200811 - 1729oc. pmid 19299498. - roberts me, neville e, berrisford rg, antunes g, ali nj ( august 2010 ). " management of a malignant pleural effusion : british thoracic society pleural disease guideline 2010 ". thorax 65 ( suppl 2 ) : ii32 – 40. doi : 10. 1136 / thx. 2010. 136994. pmid 20696691.


| incense route - desert cities in the negev ( haluza, mamshit, avdat and shivta ) | | name as inscribed on the world heritage list | | unesco region | | europe and north america | | inscription | | 2005 ( 29th session ) | mamshit ( hebrew : ממשית ) is the nabataean city of mampsis or memphis. in the nabataean period, mamshit was an important station on incense road, running from the idumean mountains, through the arabah and ma ' ale akrabim, and on to beer - sheva or to hebron and jerusalem. the city covers 10 acres ( 40, 000 m2 ) and is the smallest but best restored city in the negev desert. the once - luxurious houses feature unusual architecture not found in any other nabataean city. the reconstructed city gives the visitor a sense of how mamshit once looked. entire streets have survived intact, and there are also large groups of nabataean buildings with open rooms, courtyards, and terraces. the stones are carefully chiseled and the arches that support the ceiling are remarkably well constructed. mamshit was built in 1st century bc as trade post on the way from petra to gaza. with time the city was developed and based also on agriculture. when trade in mamshit waned with the roman occupation, the occupants found another way to make a living : raising horses. the residents of mamshit bred the renowned arabian horse, which brought great wealth to their city. during the byzantine period mamshit also received support from the authorities for being a frontier city. when this funding dried up, at the time of justinian, the city died a natural death. before the founding of the state of israel, prime minister to - be david ben - gurion saw mamshit as the capital of the future country, which dovetailed with his dream of settling the negev desert. two churches were discovered in mamshit. the western nile church has a mosaic floor with colorful geometric patterns, birds, a fruit basket, and five dedications in greek ( the mosaic is not open to the public ). the eastern church has a lectern on small marble pillars, the remnants of which can be seen at the site. the biggest hoard ever found in israel was uncovered in mamshit - 10500 silver coins, a lead ingot weighing 158 pounds with foundry signs, a papyrus


the shortgrass prairie ecosystem of the north american great plains is a prairie that includes lands from the eastern foothills of the rocky mountains east to nebraska and north into saskatchewan, including rangelands in alberta, wyoming, montana, north dakota, south dakota, and kansas, and extending to the south through the high plains of colorado, oklahoma, texas, and new mexico. these rangelands were formerly maintained by grazing pressure of american bison, the keystone species ; the dominant grasses are blue grama ( bouteloua gracilis ) and buffalograss ( bouteloua dactyloides ). the semi - arid climate receives on average less precipitation than that which supports the tallgrass prairie formerly to the east. see also - hill, r. t. 1901. geography and geology of the black and grand prairies, texas. in : walcott, c. d. ( ed ), twenty - first annual report of the united states geological survey to the secretary of the interior ( 1899 - 1900 ), part vii - texas, 666 pp. ( see plate iii ) | this article about a specific united states location is a stub. you can help wikipedia by expanding it. | | this ecoregion article is a stub. you can help wikipedia by expanding it. |


| | the neutrality of this article is disputed. ( january 2013 ) | | | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( january 2013 ) | sprouting is the practice of germinating seeds to be eaten raw or cooked. sprouted foods are a convenient way to have fresh vegetables for salads, or otherwise, in any season and can be germinated at home or produced industrially. they are a prominent ingredient of the raw food diet and common in eastern asian cuisine. sprouting is also applied on a large scale to barley as a part of the malting process. a potential downside to consuming raw sprouts is that the process of germinating seeds can also be conducive to harmful bacterial growth. seeds suitable for sprouting all viable seeds can be sprouted, but some sprouts should not be eaten raw. the most common food sprouts include : - pulses ( legumes ; pea family ) : - brassica ( cabbage family ) - other vegetables and herbs : although whole oats can be sprouted, oat groats sold in food stores, which are dehulled and require steaming or roasting to prevent rancidity, will not sprout. whole oats may have an indigestible hull which makes them difficult or even unfit for human consumption. all the sprouts of the solanaceae ( tomato, potato, paprika, aubergine or eggplant ) and rhubarb cannot be eaten as sprouts, either cooked or raw, as they can be poisonous. some sprouts can be cooked to remove the toxin, while others cannot. with all seeds, care should be taken that they are intended for sprouting or human consumption rather than sowing. seeds intended for sowing may be treated with chemical dressings. several countries, such as new zealand, also require that some varieties of imported edible seed be heat - treated, thus making them impossible to sprout. quinoa in its natural state is very easy to sprout but when polished, or pre - cleaned of its saponin coating ( becoming whiter ), loses its power to germinate. the germination process the germination process takes a few days and can be done at home manually, as a semi - automated process, or industrially on a large scale for commercial use. typically the seeds are first rinsed to remove soil and dirt and the mucilaginous substances produced by


few days and can be done at home manually, as a semi - automated process, or industrially on a large scale for commercial use. typically the seeds are first rinsed to remove soil and dirt and the mucilaginous substances produced by some seeds when they come in contact with water. then they are soaked for 20 minutes to 12 hours, depending on the type and size of seed. the soaking increases the water content in the seeds and brings them out of quiescence. after draining and then rinsing seeds at regular intervals they germinate, or sprout. for home sprouting, the seeds are soaked ( big seeds ) or moistened ( small ), then left at room temperature ( 13 to 21 °c or 55 to 70 °f ) in a sprouting vessel. many different types of vessels can be used. one type is a simple glass jar with a piece of cloth or nylon window screen secured over its rim. " tiered " clear plastic sprouters are commercially available, allowing a number of " crops " to be grown simultaneously. by staggering sowings, a constant supply of young sprouts can be ensured. any vessel used for sprouting must allow water to drain from it, because sprouts that sit in water will rot quickly. the seeds swell, may stick to the sides of the jar, and begin germinating within a day or two. sprouts are rinsed two to four times a day, depending on the climate and the type of seed, to provide them with moisture and prevent them from souring. each seed has its own ideal sprouting time. after three to five days the sprouts will have grown to 5 to 8 centimetres ( 2 – 3 in ) in length and will be suitable for consumption. if left longer they will begin to develop leaves, and are then known as baby greens. a popular baby green is sunflower after 7 – 10 days. refrigeration can be used as needed to slow or halt the growth process of any sprout. common causes for sprouts to become inedible : - seeds are not rinsed well enough before soaking - seeds are left in standing water after the initial soaking - seeds are allowed to dry out - temperature is too high or too low - insufficient rinsing - dirty equipment - insufficient air flow - contaminated water source - poor germination rate mung beans can be sprouted either in light or dark conditions. those sprouted in the dark will be crisper in


or too low - insufficient rinsing - dirty equipment - insufficient air flow - contaminated water source - poor germination rate mung beans can be sprouted either in light or dark conditions. those sprouted in the dark will be crisper in texture and whiter, as in the case of commercially available chinese bean sprouts, but these have less nutritional content than those grown in partial sunlight. growing in full sunlight is not recommended, because it can cause the beans to overheat or dry out. subjecting the sprouts to pressure, for example, by placing a weight on top of them in their sprouting container, will result in larger, crunchier sprouts similar to those sold in polish grocery stores. a very effective way to sprout beans like lentils or azuki is in colanders. soak the beans in water for about 8 hours then place in the colander. wash twice a day. the sprouted beans can be eaten raw or cooked. sprouting is also applied on a large scale to barley as a part of the malting process. malted barley is an important ingredient in beer and is used in huge quantities. most malted barley is distributed among wide retail sellers in north american regions. many varieties of nuts, such as almonds and peanuts, can also be started in their growth cycle by soaking and sprouting, although because the sprouts are generally still very small when eaten, they are usually called " soaks ". nutritional information sprouts are said to be rich in digestible energy, bioavailable vitamins, minerals, amino acids, proteins, and phytochemicals, as these are necessary for a germinating plant to grow. these nutrients are essential for human health. the nutritional changes upon germination & sprouting are summarised below. chavan and kadam ( 1989 ) concluded that - “ the desirable nutritional changes that occur during sprouting are mainly due to the breakdown of complex compounds into a more simple form, transformation into essential constituents and breakdown of nutritionally undesirable constituents. ” “ the metabolic activity of resting seeds increases as soon as they are hydrated during soaking. complex biochemical changes occur during hydration and subsequent sprouting. the reserve chemical constituents, such as protein, starch and lipids, are broken down by enzymes into simple compounds that are used to make new compounds. ” “ sprouting grains causes increased activities of hydrolytic enzymes, improvements in


: cuddeford ( 1989 ), based on data obtained by peer and leeson ( 1985 ). increase of protein is not due to new protein being manufactured by the germination process but by the washing out of starch and conversion to fiber - - increasing the relative proportion of protein. increases in essential fatty acids an increase in lipase activity has been reported in barley by macleod and white ( 1962 ), as cited by chavan and kadam ( 1989 ). increased lipolytic activity during germination and sprouting causes hydrolysis of triacylglycerols to glycerol and constituent fatty acids. increases in vitamin content according to chavan and kadam ( 1989 ), most reports agree that sprouting treatment of cereal grains generally improves their vitamin value, especially the b - group vitamins. certain vitamins such as α - tocopherol ( vitamin - e ) and β - carotene ( vitamin - a precursor ) are produced during the growth process ( cuddeford, 1989 ). according to shipard ( 2005 ) - “ sprouts provide a good supply of vitamins a, e & c plus b complex. like enzymes, vitamins serve as bioactive catalysts to assist in the digestion and metabolism of feeds and the release of energy. they are also essential for the healing and repair of cells. however, vitamins are very perishable, and in general, the fresher the feeds eaten, the higher the vitamin content. the vitamin content of some seeds can increase by up to 20 times their original value within several days of sprouting. mung bean sprouts have b vitamin increases, compared to the dry seeds, of - b1 up 285 %, b2 up 515 %, b3 up 256 %. even soaking seeds overnight in water yields greatly increased amounts of b vitamins, as well as vitamin c. compared with mature plants, sprouts can yield vitamin contents 30 times higher. ” chelation of minerals shipard ( 2005 ) claims that - “ when seeds are sprouted, minerals chelate or merge with protein, in a way that increases their function. ” it is important to note that while these changes may sound impressive, the comparisons are between dormant non - sprouted seed to sprouted seed rather than comparisons of sprouts to mature vegetables. compared to dry seeds there are very large increases in nutrients whereas compared with mature vegetables the increase is less. however, a sprout, just starting out in life


joy larkcom advises that to be on the safe side “ one shouldn ’ t eat large quantities of raw legume sprouts on a regular basis, no more than about 550g ( 20oz ) daily ”. phytic acid, an antinutritional factor, occurs primarily in the seed coats and germ tissue of plant seeds. it forms insoluble or nearly insoluble compounds with many metal ions, including those of calcium, iron, magnesium and zinc, reducing their dietary availability. diets high in phytic acid content and poor in these minerals produce mineral deficiency in experimental animals ( gontzea and sutzescu, 1958, as cited in chavan and kadam, 1989 ). the latter authors state that the sprouting of cereals has been reported to decrease levels of phytic acid. similarly, shipard ( 2005 ) states that enzymes of germination and sprouting can help eliminate detrimental substances such as phytic acid. however, the amount of phytic acid reduction from soaking is only marginal, and not enough to counteract its antinutrient effects see also - donald g. barceloux md. " potatoes, tomatoes, and solanine toxicity ( solanum tuberosum l., solanum lycopersicum l. ) ". retrieved 7 august 2011. paid subscription required to access article. - " the vegetarian society - information sheet - pulses ". vegetarian society. retrieved 2009 - 11 - 16. - " plant - based nutrition ". spring 2002. retrieved 2007 - 11 - 14. - neuman, william ( 10 june 2011 ). " the poster plant of health food can pack disease risks ". new york times. retrieved 11 june 2011. - breuer, thomas et al.. " a multistate outbreak of escherichia coli o157 : h7 infections linked to alfalfa sprouts grown from contaminated seeds ". retrieved 19 november 2007. - gabriel, alonzo a. et al. ; berja, m ; estrada, a ; lopez, m ; nery, j ; villaflor, e ( 2007 ). " microbiology of retail mung bean sprouts vended in public markets of national capital region, philippines ". food control 18 ( 10 ) : 1307 – 1313. doi : 10. 1016 / j. foodcont. 2006. 09. 004. - food and drug administration ( may 17, 2005 ). " transcript of proceedings of


. food control 18 ( 10 ) : 1307 – 1313. doi : 10. 1016 / j. foodcont. 2006. 09. 004. - food and drug administration ( may 17, 2005 ). " transcript of proceedings of public meeting on sprout safety ". retrieved 19 november 2007. - health canada. " sprouted beans and seeds ". retrieved 19 november 2007. - harrison, h. c. " growing edible sprouts at home " ( pdf ). retrieved 23 november 2007. - suslow, trevor v. ; linda j. harris. " growing seed sprouts at home " ( pdf ). retrieved 23 november 2007. - shiga toxin - producing e. coli ( stec ) : update on outbreak in the eu, 27 july 2011 - " outbreak of shiga toxin - producing e. coli in germany ( 22 june 2011, 11 : 00 ) ". ecdc. 22 june 2011. retrieved 22 june 2011. - " e. coli cucumber scare : russia announces import ban ". bbc news online. 30 may 2011. archived from the original on 30 may 2011. retrieved 30 may 2011. - " e. two in u. s. infected in german e. coli outbreak ". msnbc online. 31 may 2011. retrieved 2 june 2011. - larkcom, joy ‘ salads for small gardens ’, p. 98 hamlyn 1995 isbn 0 - 600 - 58509 - 3 - " the influence of soaking and germination on the phytase activity and phytic acid content of grains and seeds potentially useful for complementary feedin ". food science. - the raw truth by jeremy a safron, ( celestial arts, toronto, 2003 ) isbn 1 - 58761 - 172 - 4 ( pbk. ) - " the complete guide to successful sprouting for parrots " by leslie moran, ( critter connection, us, 2007 ) isbn 978 - 1 - 4196 - 8479 - 1 ( 110 pgs, pbk. ) - title : hydroponic grass. source : in practice. ( cuddeford, d., 1989 ). ( relates to animal nutrition ) - title : nutritional improvement of cereals by fermentation. source : critical reviews in food science and nutrition ( chavan, jk ; kadam, ss, 1989 ) - title : how can i grow and use sprouts as living food. ( shipard 2008 ) isbn 978 -


a stored procedure is a subroutine available to applications that access a relational database system. a stored procedure ( sometimes called a proc, sproc, stopro, storedproc, sp or sp ) is actually stored in the database data dictionary. typical use for stored procedures include data validation ( integrated into the database ) or access control mechanisms. furthermore, stored procedures can consolidate and centralize logic that was originally implemented in applications. extensive or complex processing that requires execution of several sql statements is moved into stored procedures, and all applications call the procedures. one can use nested stored procedures by executing one stored procedure from within another. stored procedures are similar to user - defined functions ( udfs ). the major difference is that udfs can be used like any other expression within sql statements, whereas stored procedures must be invoked using the stored procedures may return result sets, i. e. the results of a select statement. such result sets can be processed using cursors, by other stored procedures, by associating a result set locator, or by applications. stored procedures may also contain declared variables for processing data and cursors that allow it to loop through multiple rows in a table. stored procedure flow control statements typically include case statements, and more. stored procedures can receive variables, return results or modify variables and return them, depending on how and where the variable is declared. the exact and correct implementation of stored procedures varies from one database system to another. most major database vendors support them in some form. depending on the database system, stored procedures can be implemented in a variety of programming languages, for example sql, java, c, or c + +. stored procedures written in non - sql programming languages may or may not execute sql statements themselves. the increasing adoption of stored procedures led to the introduction of procedural elements to the sql language in the sql : 1999 and sql : 2003 standards in the part sql / psm. that made sql an imperative programming language. most database systems offer proprietary and vendor - specific extensions, exceeding sql / psm. a standard specification for java stored procedures exists as well as sql / jrt. | database system | | implementation language | | db2 | | sql pl ( close to the sql / psm standard ) or java | | firebird | | psql ( fyracle also supports portions of oracle ' s pl / sql ) | | informix | | spl or java | | microsoft sql server | | transact - sql and various. net framework languages | |


of business logic : stored procedures allow programmers to embed business logic as an api in the database, which can simplify data management and reduce the need to encode the logic elsewhere in client programs. this can result in a lesser likelihood of data corruption by faulty client programs. the database system can ensure data integrity and consistency with the help of stored procedures. delegation of access - rights : in many systems, stored procedures can be granted access rights to the database that users who execute those procedures do not directly have. some protection from sql injection attacks : stored procedures can be used to protect against injection attacks. stored procedure parameters will be treated as data even if an attacker inserts sql commands. also, some dbmss will check the parameter ' s type. a stored procedure that in turn generates dynamic sql using the input is however still vulnerable to sql injections unless proper precautions are taken. comparison with functions - a function is a subprogram written to perform certain computations - a scalar function returns only a single value ( or null ), whereas a table function returns a ( relational ) table comprising zero or more rows, each row with one or more columns. - functions must return a value ( using the returnkeyword ), but for stored procedures this is not compulsory. - stored procedures can use returnkeyword but without any value being passed. - functions could be used in selectstatements, provided they don ’ t do any data manipulation. however, procedures cannot be included in - a stored procedure can return multiple values using the outparameter or return no value at all. - a stored procedure can save the query compilation time. comparison with prepared statements prepared statements take an ordinary statement or query and parameterize it so that different literal values can be used at a later time. like stored procedures, they are stored on the server for efficiency and provide some protection from sql injection attacks. although simpler and more declarative, prepared statements are not ordinarily written to use procedural logic and cannot operate on variables. because of their simple interface and client - side implementations, prepared statements are more widely reusable between dbmss. - stored procedure languages are quite often vendor - specific. switching to another vendor ' s database most likely requires rewriting any existing stored procedures. - stored procedure languages from different vendors have different levels of sophistication. - for example, oracle ' s pl / sql has more language features and built - in features ( via packages such as dbms _ and utl _ and others ) than microsoft ' s t


rather than mounting each filesystem at a different place in the directory hierarchy, a union mount overlays the filesystems, creating a unified hierarchy. thus, any given directory ( or " folder " ) in the resulting filesystem may contain files and subdirectories from any or all of the underlying filesystems. generally one of the filesystems will be mounted read - write, while other filesystems are mounted read - only. union mounts are implemented by union filesystems such as unionfs and aufs, frequently used by live cds. they originated with plan 9 and its concept of union directories. - pendry, jan - simon ; marshall kirk mckusick ( december 1995 ). " union mounts in 4. 4bsd - lite ". proceedings of the usenix technical conference on unix and advanced computing systems : 25 – 33. retrieved 25 november 2007. - wright, charles p. ; jay dave, puja gupta, harikesavan krishnan, erez zadok, and mohammad nayyer zubair. " versatility and unix semantics in a fan - out unification file system ". stony brook university technical report fsl - 04 - 01b. retrieved 25 november 2007. - aurora, valerie ; henson ( march 2009 ). " unioning file systems : architecture, features, and design choices ". lwn. net. retrieved 21 december 2009. - aurora, valerie ; henson ( march 2009 ). " union file systems : implementations, part i ". lwn. net. retrieved 21 december 2009. - aurora, valerie ; henson ( april 2009 ). " unioning file systems : implementations, part 2 ". lwn. net. retrieved 21 december 2009. - blunck, jan ( may 2009 ). " vfs based union mount ( v3 ) ". lwn. net. retrieved 21 december 2009. - about glusterfs. november 2009. retrieved 4 march 2013. | this computer storage – related article is a stub. you can help wikipedia by expanding it. |


catholic encyclopedia ( 1913 ) / school of iona iona is the modern name derived by change of letter from adamnan ' s ioua ; in bede it is hii ; the gaelic form is always i or y, which becomes hy by prefixing the euphonic h. this rugged, storm - swept island, three miles long and one in average breadth, and about a mile distant from the ross of mull, was next to armagh the greatest centre of gaelic christianity — the latter was patrick ' s city and primatial see ; the former columba ' s monastic city, a " primatial island ", and the light of all the north. yet closely connected with ireland for at least 600 years it may be described as an irish island in the scottish seas. columba, born in 521 landed with twelve of his monks at the southern extremity of the island — ever since called porta churraich, or the bay of the island — on whitsun eve 12 may, 563. whether he came to do penance for his share in the battle of cuildreinhne two years before, or, as the irish " life " says, " to preach the gospel to the men of alba and to the britons and to the saxons " — which in any case was his primary purpose — we cannot now determine. it appears that he got a grant of the island from his relative conall king of dalriada. which was afterwards confirmed by brude, king of the picts, when the latter was converted by the preaching of columba, who immediately set to work to build his monastery, more scottorum of earth, timber, and wicker - work. hence not a trace now remains of those perishable buildings — all the existing ruins are medieval. a celtic monastery consisted of a group of beehive cells around a central church or oratory, the other principal buildings being the common refectory or kitchen, the library or scriptorium, the abbot ' s house, and the guest - house. adamnan, after columba himself the brightest ornament of the school of iona, in his " life " of the founder, makes explicit references to the tabulae, waxen tablets for writing ; to the pens and styles, graphia and calami, and to the ink - horn, cornicula atramenti, to be found in the scriptorium. columba was certainly a most accomplished scribe if the " book of


to the pens and styles, graphia and calami, and to the ink - horn, cornicula atramenti, to be found in the scriptorium. columba was certainly a most accomplished scribe if the " book of kells " be his own work, and he was engaged in copying one of the psalms when, overtaken by mortal illness, he directed his nephew baithen to write the rest. and we are told, too, that baithen during his brief abbacy of three years in succession to columba was, like his master engaged in " writing, praying and teaching up to the hour of his happy death ". when asked about the learning of baithen, fintan one of his monks replied : " be assured that he had no equal on this side of the alps in his knowledge of sacred scripture, and in the profundity of his science " — and he was at once a pupil and a professor of the school of iona. language like this might be considered exaggerated if we did not possess the writings of adamnan, the ninth abbot and the most illustrious scholar of iona. adamnan, otherwise eunan, a native of drumhome, in county donegal, and a tribal relative of columba, was educated from his youth in iona, and it may be said that all his learning was the learning of iona. his " life of columba ", written at the request of the brotherhood, in latin, not in gaelic, is on the whole one of the most valuable works of the western church of the seventh century that have come down to us. he gives us more accurate and authentic information of the gaelic churches in ireland and scotland than any other writer, not excepting even venerable bede, who described him as " a good and wise man, and most nobly instructed in the knowledge of the scriptures ". but he was much more. we know from his writings that he was an accomplished latin scholar, a gaelic scholar too - gaelic was his mother tongue - while he had a considerable acquaintance with greek and some even with hebrew. he was, moreover, painstaking, judicious, and careful in citing his authorities. he has also left us an admirable treatise " on the holy places " in palestine which he compiled from the narrative of a shipwrecked french bishop named arculfus, who returning from the holy land was cast on the shores of iona. this is an invaluable treatise from which bede has extracted long passages for


which he compiled from the narrative of a shipwrecked french bishop named arculfus, who returning from the holy land was cast on the shores of iona. this is an invaluable treatise from which bede has extracted long passages for his history, showing that its authority was as great in his own day as it has ever since continued to be in the estimation of scholars. this learned man was a true monk, and like columba himself took a share in the manual labour of the monastery. with his own strong arms he helped to cut down as many oak trees in one of the neighbouring islands — perhaps erraid — as sufficed to load twelve boats, and no doubt he had a share in building the boats and framing the monastic cells, like the cell of columba, which was, he tells us, tabulis suffulta, framed of planks, and harundine tecta, thatched with reeds. during the century that closed with the death of adamnan, iona was in its glory, columba and his monks had converted to the faith the whole of pictland with its rulers. it sent three famous prelates to found and rule over lindisfarne, second only to iona itself as a centre of religious learning and influence in the north of saxonland. aidan, finan, and colman are men whose well - deserved eulogy has been recorded by venerable bede. the unhappy disputes about the frontal tonsure and the true time for celebrating easter, caused much disturbance during the seventh century both in iona itself and in its daughter houses. even when ireland and england had given up the strife and adopted the roman easter, the monks of iona, true to the traditions of their sainted founder, still clung tenaciously to the old easter. and so late as 716, when iona itself conformed to the roman usage, some of the daughter houses in pictland stubbornly held to the ancient discipline. this stubbornness brought about a few years later the expulsion of the columban monks from pictland by nectan, king of the picts, who had accepted the roman discipline. the ninth century brought woe and disaster to both iona and lindisfarne from the pagan danes who ravaged all the british coasts. in 793 they destroyed the church of lindisfarne with great rapine and slaughter. in 795 they made their first attack on iona, but the monks on that occasion appear to have escaped with their lives. but in 80


british coasts. in 793 they destroyed the church of lindisfarne with great rapine and slaughter. in 795 they made their first attack on iona, but the monks on that occasion appear to have escaped with their lives. but in 806 sixty - eight of the community were slain at port na mairtir on the eastern shore of the island, and the white sands somewhat north were the scene of the massacre of another band of martyrs. a few years later again, in 814, abbot cellach found it necessary to transfer the primacy of the columban order from iona - which adamnan calls " this our primatial island " - to the monastery of kells in ireland, bringing with him the shrine containing columba ' s relics which was however brought back later on. in 825 there was a further massacre of iona monks, namely of st. blaithmac who refused to give up the shrine, and his holy companions. blaithmac ' s heroic death was celebrated in latin verse by walafridus strabo, abbot of reichenau, south germany. in 908 st. andrews was formally recognized as the primatial see of scotland, from which year we may date the disappearance of iona ' s insular primacy. in the beginning of the thirteenth century, 1204, the ancient celtic monastery finally disappeared, and a new benedictine one was established by authority of the pope ; but the original graveyard — the reilig odhrain — was still regarded as the holiest ground in scotland, and is now crowded with the inscribed tombstones of the kings, chieftains and prelates who rest beneath.


page : jardine naturalist ' s library bees. djvu / 32 availed ourselves of the information dispersed throughout a variety of publications, both ancient and modern, with such additions of our own, as have been acquired by the observation of bees for a period of thirty years. our prescribed limits have restricted us, in a great degree, to mere matters of fact, and prevented us often from illustrating our subject, as we might have done with advantage, by reference to the habits and instincts of other of the insect tribes. the same cause has operated as a bar to our indulging so frequently as our inclination would have led us, in those reflections which the wonders in animal economy are so well fitted to excite, and which lead so irresistibly to the conclusion that there is a wise and designing cause. we trust, however, that the facts detailed, will, of themselves, lead the mind of the intelligent reader to such reflections, and thus become the source of a purer gratification than would have been derived from the suggestions of others. - some of our readers may be inclined to question the propriety of having placed the queen - bee upon flowers, on which she is never seen, but it has, throughout our plates, been our endeavour to make them pictorial as avell as scientifically correct, the more necessary in a volume such as the present, where our materials are rather scanty, a loss, however, fully compensated by the extraordinary interest in the subject itself. - we have to acknowledge our special obligations to the treatises of m. feburier of paris, and of dr. bevan of south wales, author of " the honey - bee. "


the life of captain matthew flinders, r. n. / chapter 1 birth and origins matthew flinders was the third of the triad of great english sailors by whom the principal part of australia was revealed. a poet of our own time, in a line of singular felicity, has described it as the " last sea - thing dredged by sailor time from space ; " and the piecemeal, partly mysterious, largely accidental dragging from the depths of the unknown of a land so immense and bountiful makes a romantic chapter in geographical history. all the great seafaring peoples contributed something towards the result. the dutch especially evinced their enterprise in the pursuit of precise information about the southern terra incognita, and the nineteenth century was well within its second quarter before the name new holland, which for over a hundred years had borne testimony to their adventurous pioneering, gave place in general and geographical literature to the more convenient and euphonious designation suggested by flinders himself, australia. but, important as was the work of the dutch, and though the contributions made by french navigators ( possibly also by spanish ) are of much consequence, it remains true that the broad outlines of the continent were laid down by dampier, cook and flinders. these are the principal names in the story. a map of australia which left out the parts discovered by other sailors would be seriously defective in particular features ; but a map which left out the parts discovered by these three englishmen would gape out of all resemblance to the reality. dampier died about the year 1712 ; nobody knows precisely when. matthew flinders came into the world in time to hear, as he may well have done as a boy, of the murder of his illustrious predecessor in 1779. the news of cook ' s fate did not reach england till 1781. the lad was then seven years of age, having been born on march 16th, 1774. his father, also named matthew, was a surgeon practising his profession at donington, lincolnshire, where the boy was born. the flinders family had been settled in the same town for several generations. three in succession had been surgeons. the patronymic indicates a flemish origin, and the work on english surnames that bids the reader looking for information under " flinders " to " see flanders, " sends him on a reasonable quest, if to no great resulting advantage. the english middle - eastern counties received frequent large migrations of flemings during several centuries. sometimes calamities due to the harshness of nature, sometimes persecutions and wars, sometimes


him on a reasonable quest, if to no great resulting advantage. the english middle - eastern counties received frequent large migrations of flemings during several centuries. sometimes calamities due to the harshness of nature, sometimes persecutions and wars, sometimes adverse economic conditions, impelled companies of people from the low countries to cross the north sea and try to make homes for themselves in a land which, despite intervals of distraction, offered greater security and a better reward than did the place whence they came. england derived much advantage from the infusion of this industrious, solid and dependable flemish stock ; though the temporary difficulty of absorption gave rise to local protests on more than one occasion. as early as 1108, a great part of flanders " being drowned by an exudation or breaking in of the sea, a great number of flemings came into the country, beseeching the king to have some void place assigned them, wherein they might inhabit. " again in the reign of edward i we find flemish merchants carrying on a very large and important trade in boston, and representatives of houses from ypres and ostend acquired property in the town. in the middle of the sixteenth century, when flanders was boiling on the fire of the reformation, lincolnshire and norfolk provided an asylum for crowds of harassed refugees. in 1569 two persons were deputed to ride from boston to norwich to ascertain what means that city adopted to find employment for them ; and in the same year mr. william derby was directed to move mr. secretary cecil, queen elizabeth ' s great minister, to " know his pleasure whether certain strangers may be allowed to dwell within the borough without damage of the queen ' s laws. " during one of these peaceful and useful flemish invasions the ancestors of matthew flinders entered lincolnshire. in the later years of his life he devoted some attention to the history of his family, and found record of a flinders as early as the tenth century. he believed, also, that his people had some connection with two men named flinders or flanders, who fled from holland during the religious persecutions, and settled, in queen elizabeth ' s reign, in nottinghamshire as silk stocking weavers. it would be very interesting if it were clear that there was a link between the family and the origins of the great nottingham hosiery trade. a flinders may in that case have woven silk stockings for the royal termagant, and lord coke ' s pair, which were darned so often that none of the original fabric remained, may have come from


the great nottingham hosiery trade. a flinders may in that case have woven silk stockings for the royal termagant, and lord coke ' s pair, which were darned so often that none of the original fabric remained, may have come from their loom. matthew flinders himself wrote the note : " ruddington near nottingham ( it is four miles south of the town ) is the place whence the flinders came ; " and he ascertained that an ancestor was robert flinders, a nottingham stocking - weaver. a family tradition relates that the lincolnshire flinders were amongst the people taken over to england by sir cornelius vermuyden, a dutch engineer of celebrity in his day, who undertook in 1621 to drain 360, 000 acres of fen in norfolk, lincolnshire and cambridgeshire. he was financed by english and dutch capitalists, and took his reward in large grants of land which he made fit for habitation and cultivation. vermuyden and his flemings were not allowed to accomplish their work of reclamation without incurring the enmity of the natives. in a petition to the king in 1637 he stated that he had spent 150, 000 pounds, but that 60, 000 pounds of damage had been done " by reason of the opposition of the commoners, " who cut the banks of his channels in the night and during floods. the peasantry, indeed, resisted the improvements that have proved so beneficent to that part of england, because the draining and cultivation of so many miles of swamp would deprive them of fishing and fowling privileges enjoyed from time immemorial. hardly any reform or improvement can be effected without some disruption of existing interests ; and a people deeply sunk in poverty and toil could hardly be expected to contemplate with philosophical calm projects which, however advantageous to individuals and to posterity, were calculated to diminish their own means of living and their pleasant diversions. the dislike of the " commoners " to the work of the " participants " led to frequent riots, and many of vermuyden ' s flemings were maltreated. he endeavoured to allay discontent by employing local labour at high wages ; and was courageous enough to pursue his task despite loss of money, wanton destruction, and many other discouragements. ebullitions of discontent on the part of fractious fenlanders did not cease till the beginning of the eighteenth century. a very simple calculation shows that the great - grandfather of the first matthew flinders would probably have


many other discouragements. ebullitions of discontent on the part of fractious fenlanders did not cease till the beginning of the eighteenth century. a very simple calculation shows that the great - grandfather of the first matthew flinders would probably have been contemporary with sir cornelius vermuyden ' s reclamation works. he may have been one of the " participants " who benefited from them. the fact is significant as bearing upon this conjecture, that no person named flinders made a will in lincolnshire before 1600. it is, too, an interesting circumstance that there was a flinders among the early settlers in new england, richard flinders of salem, born 1637. he may have been of the same family as the navigator, for the lincolnshire element among the fathers of new england was pronounced. the name flinders survived at donington certainly for thirty years after the death of the sailor who gave lustre to it ; for in a directory published in 1842 occur the names of " flinders, mrs. eliz., market place, " and " flinders, mrs. mary, church street. " the flinders papers, mentioned in the preface, contain material which enables the family and connections of the navigator to be traced with certainty for seven generations. the genealogy is shown by the following table : — there is also an interesting connection between flinders and the tennysons, through the franklin family. the present lord tennyson, when governor of south australia, in the course of his official duties, in march, 1902, unveiled a memorial to his kinsman on mount lofty, and in april of the same year a second one in encounter bay. the following table illustrates the relationship between him who wrote of " the long wash of australasian seas " and him who knew them as discoverer : the flinders papers also contain a note suggesting a distant connection between matthew flinders and the man who above all others was his choice friend, george bass, the companion of his earliest explorations. positive proof is lacking, but flinders ' daughter, mrs. petrie, wrote " we have reason to think that bass was a connection of the family, " and the point is too interesting to be left unstated. the following table shows the possible kinship : john flinders of donington, born 1682, died 1741 ( great - grandfather of the navigator ) had : mary flinders, third and youngest daughter, born 1734, married as her third husband, bass, and had : it is clear from the particulars stated above that the tree of which matthew flinders was the fruit had its roots


of the navigator ) had : mary flinders, third and youngest daughter, born 1734, married as her third husband, bass, and had : it is clear from the particulars stated above that the tree of which matthew flinders was the fruit had its roots deep down in the soil of the little lincolnshire market town where he was born ; and matthew himself would have continued the family tradition, inheriting the practice built up by his father and grandfather ( as it was hoped he would do ), had there not been within him an irresistible longing for the sea, and a bent of scientific curiosity directed to maritime exploration, which led him on a path of discovery to achievements that won him honourable rank in the noble roll of british naval pioneers. his father earned an excellent reputation, both professional and personal. the career of a country practitioner rarely affords an opportunity for distinction. it was even less so then than today, when at all events careful records of interesting cases are printed in a score or more of professional publications. but once we find the elder matthew flinders in print. the memoirs of the medical society of london contain a paper read before that body on october 30th, 1797 : " case of a child born with variolar pustules, by matthew flinders, surgeon, donington, lincolnshire. " the essay occupies three pages, and is a clear, succinct record of symptoms, treatment and results, for medical readers. the child died ; whereupon the surgeon expresses his regret, not on account of infant or parents, but, with true scientific zest, because it deprived him of the opportunity of watching the development of an uncommon case. donington is a small town in the heart of the fen country, lying ten miles south - west of boston, and about the same distance, as the crow flies, from the black, muddy, western fringe of the wash. it is a very old town. formerly it was an important lincolnshire centre, enjoying its weekly saturday market, and its four annual fairs for the sale of horses, cattle, flax and hemp. during flinders ' youth and early manhood the district grew large quantities of hemp, principally for the royal navy. in the days of its prosperity donington drew to itself the business of an agricultural neighbourhood which was so far cultivable as it rose above the level of desolate and foggy swamps. but the drainage of the fens and the making of good roads over what had once been an area of amphibious uncertainty, neither wholly land nor wholly water, had the effect of largely divert


it rose above the level of desolate and foggy swamps. but the drainage of the fens and the making of good roads over what had once been an area of amphibious uncertainty, neither wholly land nor wholly water, had the effect of largely diverting business to boston. trade that came to donington when it stood over its own tract of fen, like the elderly and respectable capital of some small island, now went to the thriving and historic port on the witham. donington stopped growing, stagnated, declined. on the map of lincolnshire included in camden ' s britannia ( 1637 ) it is marked " dunington, " in letters as large as those given to boston, spalding and lincoln. on modern maps the name is printed in small letters ; on some in the smallest, or not at all. that fact is fairly indicative of its change of fortunes. figures tell the tale with precision. in 1801 it contained 1321 inhabitants ; in 1821, 1638 ; in 1841 it reached its maximum, 2026 ; by 1891 it had gone down to 1547 ; in 1901 to 1484 ; at the census of 1911 it had struggled up to 1564. the fame conferred by a distinguished son is hardly a recompense for faded prosperity, but certain it is that donington commands a wider interest as the birthplace of flinders than it ever did in any other respect during its long, uneventful history. the parish church, a fine gothic building with a lofty, graceful spire, contains a monument to the memory of the navigator, with an inscription in praise of his character and life, and recording that he " twice circumnavigated the globe. " many men have encircled the earth, but few have been so distinguished as discoverers of important portions of it. apart from this monument, the church contains marble ovals to the memory of matthew flinders ' father, grandfather, and great - grandfather. they were provided from a sum of £100 pounds left by the navigator, in his will, for the purpose. it is interesting to notice that three of the early australian explorers came from lincolnshire, and were all born at places visible in clear weather from the tower of st. botolph ' s church at boston. while flinders sprang from donington, george bass, who co - operated with him in his first discoveries, was born at aswarby, near sleaford, and sir john franklin, who sailed with him in the investigator, and was subsequently to become an australian governor and to achieve a pathetic immortality in


co - operated with him in his first discoveries, was born at aswarby, near sleaford, and sir john franklin, who sailed with him in the investigator, and was subsequently to become an australian governor and to achieve a pathetic immortality in another field of exploration, entered the world at spilsby. sir joseph banks, the botanist of cook ' s first voyage, flinders ' steadfast friend, and the earliest potent advocate of australian colonisation, though not actually born in lincolnshire, was the son of a squire who at the time of his birth owned revesby abbey, which is within a short ride of each of the places just named. - bernard o ' dowd, dawnward, ( 1903 ). - not universally, however, even in official documents. in the report of the committee of the privy council, dated may 1, 1849, " new holland " is used to designate the continent, but " australia " is employed as including both the continent and tasmania. see grey ' s colonial policy i., 424 and 439. ) - barker, family surnames ( 1903 ) page 143. - holinshed ' s chronicle ( edition of 1807 ), ii 58. ) - pishey thompson collections for a topographical and historical account of boston and the hundred of skirbeck ( 1820 ) p. 31. - boston corporation manuscripts quoted in thompson, history and antiquities of boston ( 1856 ). - see calendar of state papers, domestic series, for 1619, 1623, 1625, 1638, 1639 et seq ; and white ' s lincolnshire page 542. - see c. w. foster, calendar of lincoln wills 1320 - 1600 `, ( 1902 ). - savage, genealogical dictionary of the first settlers of new england, ( boston, u. s. a. 1860 ). - william white, history, gazetteer and directory of the city and diocese of lincoln, ( 1842 ), p. 193. - vol. iv., p. 330 ( 1779 ). - allen, history of lincolnshire, ( 1833 ), 1., 342 ; victoria history of lincolnshire volume ii. 359 ; census returns for 1911.


madyantie, septirina ( 2007 ) pola kelekatan ibu dan anak pada keluarga banjar. other thesis, university of muhammadiyah malang. download ( 109kb ) | preview pastoral care from parent to child will lead attachment between children and parents. attachment is the emotional bond special is happening on a reciprocal basis between children with mothers who can memeberikan sense of security to the children so that children gain compliance need for closeness, warmth, security and comfort of the mother. in each area must have characteristics that differ in terms of parenting and bonding behavior patterns among children with parents. in banjar community family has a uniqueness in terms of child care. holding of this study aims to determine the form of viscosity ( attachment ) between mother and child in the family community banjar. the study was a descriptive qualitative research. subjects in this research is a child - children ages 1 to 3 years nurtured alone by her parents. she took the child with us he is 1 to 3 years at this age occurred separately anxiety ( separation anxiety ) between children with parents as objects lekatnya. researchers using non random " purposive sampling " to determine the study sample. collection methods data used were observation and interviews. observations made with participant observation, while the interviews were conducted in the mother or person parents and close relatives of the subject. results obtained from research is that the child has a secure attachment to the object that is the main bonding mother. it can be seen kelekatannya pattern that is now close to his mother, the child always kissing, hugging, holding and spoiled at his mother. children feel lost sense of security when left out the mother and child will get back a sense of security when the mother comes back near the child or any other attached object which can give a sense of security in children, like his father, uncle, aunt, grandmother, or grandfather. similarly, when children meet new people knew, the child will feel insecure so that children will find a sense of safe return, found only on the object lekatnya. characteristic banjar society that tends to closed does not affect the pattern of attachment between object and child bonding. stickiness ama n is influenced by the object adhesiveness is responsive and consistent on the needs and signals - signals given child. | item type : | | thesis ( other ) | | subjects : | | b philosophy. psychology. religion > bf psychology | | divisions : | | faculty of


| etcsltranslation : t. 5. 3. 2 | 1 - 11. when, upon the hill of heaven and earth, an spawned the anuna gods, since he neither spawned nor created grain with them, and since in the land he neither fashioned the yarn of uttu ( the goddess of weaving ) nor pegged out the loom for uttu - - with no sheep appearing, there were no numerous lambs, and with no goats, there were no numerous kids, the sheep did not give birth to her twin lambs, and the goat did not give birth to her triplet kids - -, the anuna, the great gods, did not even know the names ezina - kusu ( grain ) or sheep. 12 - 25. there was no muc grain of thirty days ; there was no muc grain of forty days ; there was no muc grain of fifty days ; there was no small grain, grain from the mountains or grain from the holy habitations. there was no cloth to wear ; uttu had not been born - - no royal turban was worn ; lord nijir - si, the precious lord, had not been born ; cakkan ( the god of wild animals ) had not gone out into the barren lands. the people of those days did not know about eating bread. they did not know about wearing clothes ; they went about with naked limbs in the land. like sheep they ate grass with their mouths and drank water from the ditches. 26 - 36. at that time, at the place of the gods ' formation, in their own home, on the holy mound, they created sheep and grain. having gathered them in the divine banqueting chamber, the anuna gods of the holy mound partook of the bounty of sheep and grain but were not sated ; the anuna gods of the holy mound partook of the sweet milk of their holy sheepfold but were not sated. for their own well - being in the holy sheepfold, they gave them to mankind as sustenance. 37 - 42. at that time enki spoke to enlil : " father enlil, now sheep and grain have been created on the holy mound, let us send them down from the holy mound. " enki and enlil, having spoken their holy word, sent sheep and grain down from the holy mound. 43 - 53. sheep being fenced in by her sheepfold, they gave her green plants generously. for


holy mound. " enki and enlil, having spoken their holy word, sent sheep and grain down from the holy mound. 43 - 53. sheep being fenced in by her sheepfold, they gave her green plants generously. for grain they made her field and gave her the plough, yoke and team. sheep standing in her sheepfold was a shepherd of the sheepfolds brimming with charm. grain standing in her furrow was a beautiful girl radiating charm ; lifting her raised head up from the field she was suffused with the bounty of heaven. sheep and grain had a radiant appearance. 54 - 64. they brought wealth to the assembly. they brought sustenance to the land. they fulfilled the ordinances of the gods. they filled the storerooms of the land with stock. the barns of the land were heavy with them. when they entered the homes of the poor who crouch in the dust they brought wealth. both of them, wherever they directed their steps, added to the riches of the household with their weight. where they stood, they were satisfying ; where they settled, they were seemly. they gladdened the heart of an and the heart of enlil. 65 - 70. they drank sweet wine, they enjoyed sweet beer. when they had drunk sweet wine and enjoyed sweet beer, they started a quarrel concerning the arable fields, they began a debate in the dining hall. 71 - 82. grain called out to sheep : " sister, i am your better ; i take precedence over you. i am the glory of the lights of the land. i grant my power to the sajursaj ( a member of the cultic personnel of inana ) - - he fills the palace with awe and people spread his fame to the borders of the land. i am the gift of the anuna gods. i am central to all princes. after i have conferred my power on the warrior, when he goes to war he knows no fear, he knows no faltering (? ) - - i make him leave...... as if to the playing field. " 83 - 91. " i foster neighbourliness and friendliness. i sort out quarrels started between neighbours. when i come upon a captive youth and give him his destiny, he forgets his despondent heart and i release his fetters and shackles. i am ezina - kusu ( grain ) ; i am enlil ' s daughter. in sheep shacks


youth and give him his destiny, he forgets his despondent heart and i release his fetters and shackles. i am ezina - kusu ( grain ) ; i am enlil ' s daughter. in sheep shacks and milking pens scattered on the high plain, what can you put against me? answer me what you can reply! " 92 - 101. thereupon sheep answered grain : " my sister, whatever are you saying? an, king of the gods, made me descend from the holy place, my most precious place. all the yarns of uttu, the splendour of kingship, belong to me. cakkan, king of the mountain, embosses the king ' s emblems and puts his implements in order. he twists a giant rope against the great peaks of the rebel land. he...... the sling, the quiver and the longbows. " 102 - 106. " the watch over the elite troops is mine. sustenance of the workers in the field is mine : the waterskin of cool water and the sandals are mine. sweet oil, the fragrance of the gods, mixed (? ) oil, pressed oil, aromatic oil, cedar oil for offerings are mine. " 107 - 115. " in the gown, my cloth of white wool, the king rejoices on his throne. my body glistens on the flesh of the great gods. after the purification priests, the pacec priests and the bathed priests have dressed themselves in me for my holy lustration, i walk with them to my holy meal. but your harrow, ploughshare, binding and strap are tools that can be utterly destroyed. what can you put against me? answer me what you can reply! " 116 - 122. again grain addressed sheep : " when the beer dough has been carefully prepared in the oven, and the mash tended in the oven, ninkasi ( the goddess of beer ) mixes them for me while your big billy - goats and rams are despatched for my banquets. on their thick legs they are made to stand separate from my produce. " 123 - 129. " your shepherd on the high plain eyes my produce enviously ; when i am standing in stalks in the field, my farmer chases away your herdsman with his cudgel. even when they look out for you, from the open country to the hidden places, your fears are not removed from you : fanged (?


am standing in stalks in the field, my farmer chases away your herdsman with his cudgel. even when they look out for you, from the open country to the hidden places, your fears are not removed from you : fanged (? ) snakes and bandits, the creatures of the desert, want your life on the high plain. " 130 - 142. " every night your count is made and your tally - stick put into the ground, so your herdsman can tell people how many ewes there are and how many young lambs, and how many goats and how many young kids. when gentle winds blow through the city and strong winds scatter, they build a milking pen for you ; but when gentle winds blow through the city and strong winds scatter, i stand up as an equal to ickur ( the god of storms ). i am grain, i am born for the warrior - - i do not give up. the churn, the vat on legs (? ), the adornments of shepherding, make up your properties. what can you put against me? answer me what you can reply! " 143 - 155. again sheep answered grain : " you, like holy inana of heaven, love horses. when a banished enemy, a slave from the mountains or a labourer with a poor wife and small children comes, bound with his rope of one cubit, to the threshing - floor or is taken away from (? ) the threshing - floor, when his cudgel pounds your face, pounds your mouth, like crushed...... your ears (? )......, and you are...... around by the south wind and the north wind. the mortar....... as if it were pumice (? ) it makes your body into flour. " 156 - 168. " when you fill the trough the baker ' s assistant mixes you and throws you on the floor, and the baker ' s girl flattens you out broadly. you are put into the oven and you are taken out of the oven. when you are put on the table i am before you - - you are behind me. grain, heed yourself! you too, just like me, are meant to be eaten. at the inspection of your essence, why should it be i who come second? is the miller not evil? what can you put against me? answer me what you can reply! "


you too, just like me, are meant to be eaten. at the inspection of your essence, why should it be i who come second? is the miller not evil? what can you put against me? answer me what you can reply! " 169 - 179. then grain was hurt in her pride, and hastened for the verdict. grain answered sheep : " as for you, ickur is your master, cakkan your herdsman, and the dry land your bed. like fire beaten down (? ) in houses and in fields, like small flying birds chased from the door of a house, you are turned into the lame and the weak of the land. should i really bow my neck before you? you are distributed into various measuring - containers. when your innards are taken away by the people in the market - place, and when your neck is wrapped with your very own loincloth, one man says to another : " fill the measuring - container with grain for my ewe!. " " 180 - 191. then enki spoke to enlil : " father enlil, sheep and grain should be sisters! they should stand together! of their threefold metal...... shall not cease. but of the two, grain shall be the greater. let sheep fall on her knees before grain. let her kiss the feet of....... from sunrise till sunset, may the name of grain be praised. people should submit to the yoke of grain. whoever has silver, whoever has jewels, whoever has cattle, whoever has sheep shall take a seat at the gate of whoever has grain, and pass his time there. " 192 - 193. dispute spoken between sheep and grain : sheep is left behind and grain comes forward - - praise be to father enki! © copyright 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 the etcsl project, faculty of oriental studies, university of oxford


science : balls and ramps these resources explore basic concepts of science related to balls and ramps. learn about the characteristics and properties of balls and ramps, relationship between the physical properties of balls and their motion, and some of the factors that affect the way balls behave. includes lesson plans, experiments, and simulations. there are also links to ethemes resources on force and motion, and gravity. teachengineering : how high can a super ball bounce? students learn about elasticity for super balls ; includes : prerequisite knowledge, learning objectives, materials list, introduction, vocabulary, procedures, safety issues, troubleshooting tips, investigating questions, assessment, activity extensions, and activity scaling advice. pbs kids : balls and ramp this lesson introduces students to the concept of gravity ; includes materials needed and activity instructions. note : this site includes a discussion board ( message board, forum, etc ). in this experiment, students learn about factors such as temperature and construction that affect the height of a ball bouncing. basketball : a physicist party trick through these activities, students learn the relationship between energy of a basketball and how high it bounces. bbc : force and movement play an interactive game and observe the relationship between force, size of a car, and steepness of a ramp. note : the " talk " link leads to a discussion forum. bbc : forces in action observe how far the truck travels with changing the gradient. note : the " talk " link is a link to discussion forum. ramps 1 : let it roll in this lesson, students will explore and measure the rate of spherical objects rolling down a ramp. this experiment aims to help students understand things that affect the distance and speed of objects rolling from ramps. ethemes resource : physics : force and motion these sites cover the basic concepts of physics. learn about force, motion, and friction using interactive simulations where you can manipulate the variables. includes links to an ethemes on simple machines, magnets, and gravity. ethemes resource : physics : gravity these sites explain how the earth ' s gravity works. includes photographs, simulations, videos, hands - on activities, and online quizzes. included are ethemes resources on mass versus weight and force.


pen " guin (? ), n. [ perh. orig. the name of another bird, and fr. w. pen head + gwyn white ; or perh. from a native south american name. ] any bird of the order impennes, or ptilopteri. they are covered with short, thick feathers, almost scalelike on the wings, which are without true quills. they are unable to fly, but use their wings to aid in diving, in which they are very expert. see king penguin, under jackass. penguins are found in the south temperate and antarctic regions. the king penguins ( aptenodytes patachonica, and a. longirostris ) are the largest ; the jackass penguins ( spheniscus ) and the rock hoppers ( catarractes ) congregate in large numbers at their breeding grounds. the egg - shaped fleshy fruit of a west indian plant ( bromelia pinguin ) of the pineapple family ; also, the plant itself, which has rigid, pointed, and spiny - toothed leaves, and is used for hedges. [ written also pinguin arctic penguin zool., the great auk. see auk. © webster 1913.


finding aid prepared by amanda m. reeve willard rouse jillson geology of the mintonville dome university of kentucky special collections arranged by material type. collection is open to researchers by appointment. 62m78 : [ identification of item ], willard rouse jillson geology of the mintonville dome, 1962, university of kentucky special collections. 0. 23 cubic feet the willard rouse jillson geology of the mintonville dome collection contains the proofs and rough draft typescript of this book. willard rouse jillson ( may 28, 1890 – october 4, 1975 ) was a kentucky historian academic, and geologist who authored numerous books on kentucky politicians and geology matters pertaining to the state. jillson taught geology in lexington at the university of kentucky in 1918 and later at transylvania university in 1947. he served in various government positions, notably as kentucky state geologist and director of the sixth kentucky geological survey. he died in 1975 and was buried in the frankfort cemetery in frankfort, kentucky. " willard rouse jillson. " wikiepdiea : the free encyclopedia. wikimedia foundation, inc. 18 january 2011. web 5 april 2011. the willard rouse jillson geology of the mintonville dome collection contains the proofs and rough draft typescript of this book. the proofs and typescript are annotated by the author. the book was printed by the roberts printing company in frankfort kentucky, 1962. this book discusses the location of the dome, the field work done while at the dome, and other geological surveying done of the dome.


botanical name : smilax lanceolata family : smilacaceae gender : smilax species : s. laurifolia division : magnoliophyta class : liliopsida order : liliales * parillax laurifolia ( l. ) raf. * smilax alba pursh * smilax hastata var. lanceolata ( l. ) pursh * smilax lanceolata l. * smilax laurifolia var. bupleurifolia a. dc. * smilax reticulata std. common name : red china root habitat : smilax lanceolata is native to south - eastern n. america – new jersey to florida and texas. it grows on swamps and low ground. moist woods and thickets. bays, bogs, pocosins, swamp margins, marshy banks. smilax laurifolia is an evergreen climber growing to 6 m ( 19ft 8in ). it is a vine that forms extensive colonies woody, with rhizomes irregularly branched, tuberous. stems perennial cylindrical reaching 5 + m in length and 15 mm in diameter, dark spines, flat 12 mm rigid. the leaves are evergreen, ± evenly arranged, with petiole 0. 5 - 1. 5 cm, green undersides, dried light brown to brownish green, oblong - elliptic, lance - elliptic, or sometimes linear or broadly ovate, leathery. the inflorescence in umbels numerous, axillary to leaves, branches usually short, 5 - 12 ( - 25 ) flowers. the perianth yellow, cream or white, petals 4 - 5 mm. the fruits as berries ovoid, 5 - 8 mm, shiny black, glaucous. the stems of smilax laurifolia are brutally armed with thorns. it is hardy to zone 8. it is in leaf 12 - jan it is in flower from jul to august. the flowers are dioecious ( individual flowers are either male or female, but only one sex is to be found on any one plant so both male and female plants must be grown if seed is required ) the plant is not self - fertile. suitable for : light ( sandy ), medium ( loamy ) and heavy ( clay ) soils. suitable ph : acid, neutral and basic ( alkaline ) soils. it can grow in semi - shade ( light woodland ) or no shade. it prefers moist soil. succeeds in most


medium ( loamy ) and heavy ( clay ) soils. suitable ph : acid, neutral and basic ( alkaline ) soils. it can grow in semi - shade ( light woodland ) or no shade. it prefers moist soil. succeeds in most soils in sun or semi - shade. this species is not very hardy in britain. it succeeds outdoors in s. w. england, but even there it is best when grown against a wall. the fruit takes two growing seasons to ripen. the stems have viscious thorns. dioecious. male and female plants must be grown if seed is required seed – sow march in a warm greenhouse. this note probably refers to the tropical members of the genus, seeds of plants from cooler areas seem to require a period of cold stratification, some species taking 2 or more years to germinate. we sow the seed of temperate species in a cold frame as soon as we receive it, and would sow the seed as soon as it is ripe if we could obtain it then. when the seedlings eventually germinate, prick them out into individual pots when they are large enough to handle and grow them on in the greenhouse for at least their first year, though we normally grow them on in pots for 2 years. plant them out into their permanent positions in early summer. division in early spring as new growth begins. larger divisions can be planted out direct into their permanent positions. we have found it best to pot up the smaller divisions and grow them on in a lightly shaded position in a cold frame, planting them out once they are well established in the summer. cuttings of half - ripe shoots, july in a frame edible uses : edible parts : leaves ; root. root – cooked. rich in starch, it can be dried and ground into a powder to be used as a flavouring in soups etc or for making bread. the root can be up to 15cm thick. young shoots – cooked. used as an asparagus substitute. astringent ; birthing aid ; poultice ; rubefacient ; tonic. the stem prickles have been rubbed on the skin as a counter - irritant to relieve localised pains, muscle cramps and twitching. a tea made from the leaves and stems has been used in the treatment of rheumatism and stomach problems. the wilted leaves are applied as a poultice to boils. a tea made from the roots is used to help the expelling of afterbirth.


both my multimeters will only measure current up to 10a. what kit would you recommend to measure higher currents, up to about 40a? build yourself a shunt. take a piece of # 14 or # 12 bare copper wire about 6 inches long and connect it to robust terminals ( enough to handle your max current ). if the shunt gets warm at the currents you work with, it won ' t be accurate and you will need to use heavier wire. then use small wire and tap off the shunt near each end, but not touching the big terminals ( like this ) : the " # " denotes the large connectors, the " | " denotes the small wire. the " - - - " denotes the bare copper wire shunt. now, connect the small wires to your voltmeter on the millivolts scale and apply 2 different known currents to the shunt and see what millivolts you get for each. then do a first order ( linear ) calibration and you have your current meter. alternatively, you may want to check out a local college or technical school and see if they have any high current shunts left over from the " good old days ". they may have dusty boxes of old lab parts they don ' t use anymore and they may be able to give you a laboratory shunt ( which will already be calibrated for you ).


teachers and educators of art, math and special challenges, but does not frustrate. too easy, not too hard - the versatile and elegant geometry of fractiles - 7 allows almost anyone to create endless varieties of imaginative and beautiful designs, ranging from simple to complex. with 192 magnetic tiles and a 12 " x12 " steel board, fractiles - 7 is perfect for focus groups. and unlike pattern blocks, these magnetic tiles stay put, an especially helpful feature for students with fine motor skill problems. video introduction to fractiles - 7 on youtube click here to view video facilitates an intuitive grasp of spatial relationships and invites deeper exploration. use of fractiles - 7 increases visual perceptual skills and visual analysis skills. dr. jerome rosner ' s guide for parents and teachers " helping children overcome learning difficulties ", walker publishing company, 1993 : perceptual skills and visual analysis skills are critical to mastering arithmetic and mathematics. the child who does not appreciate spatial relationships ( whose visual analysis skills are deficient ) or who lacks the ability to use spatial analysis strategies will have to resort to keeping the ( math ) problem in memory in its entirety, then organizing it into a solvable problem - a very difficult task indeed. " stated, satisfactory progress in arithmetic depends upon the adequate development of visual perceptual skills. if a child ' s visual analysis skills are not properly developed, learning difficulties are inevitable. arithmetic cannot be mastered a youngster begins to acquire better visual perceptual and analysis skills, she begins to exercise these skills in different situations. signs of progress scores on t. v. a. s. ( test of visual analysis and writing improvement. of a more orderly approach to day - to - day situations - such as better organizing of time and efforts, noticing of things that facilitate learning, and so on. rosner states that visual perceptual skills are strongly linked to learning to read and write. improving visual analysis skills enables students to respond better to instructional programs. course, fractiles - 7 does not take the place of lessons, but your students may become more teachable by playing regularly with fractiles - 7. and lesson plans and lesson plans are available in the adobe portable document format ( pdf ; size : 130 kb ), a printer - friendly format. you must have adobe reader installed on your computer to see and print the games and lesson plans. you can download the free adobe reader software here. included in the games and lesson plans are


; size : 130 kb ), a printer - friendly format. you must have adobe reader installed on your computer to see and print the games and lesson plans. you can download the free adobe reader software here. included in the games and lesson plans are : your friend game plus stars game in your ideas and stories you successfully use fractiles in the classroom, if you have a story about how fractiles has fostered learning, if you have a reference to a book or magazine article that discusses subjects related to fractiles such as tessellations or seven - fold symmetry, please send us an email with your ideas or your story to : email @ example. com, and we ' ll post it as part of what this site offers. use fractiles in my classroom as an outlet for creativity. it is among the choices awaiting students who have earned ' free time. ' the responses have been very positive! the students are at ease with the format and welcome the chance to match the designs on the folder and / or stake out their own artistic territories. i have been delighted to observe two or more students working together in a cooperative manner! some of them would have loved to see their creations preserved for eternity in a museum! eventually they conceded the need to yield the board and the pieces to another student knowing that they ' ll have another go at it when they earn the time! " - gene silver, teacher, kellogg middle school, portland, or first graders are learning about shapes in our math class and using fractiles - 7 is a complimentary activity which they thoroughly enjoy. it ' s so popular that we have a sign up for equal turns! " - marilyn bowker, first grade teacher willett elementary school, davis, ca find my students are captivated by fractiles - 7. their sense of pride and accomplishment is immense when they show me what they have created. it makes them feel extra special about math. what a motivator! fractiles is a terrific training aide that disguises learning as fun. it is reasonable to predict that fractiles will remain a staple in my curriculum. " - bob curry, elementary school teacher the learning adventure school, san diego, 8th grade students are fascinated with fractiles and enjoy making designs with them. fractiles is especially applicable because we are studying geometric shapes and their relationships. i know they will be useful for a long time. " - juanita smith - nakao, 8th grade math teacher james