. it really just got me thinking. usually, people accuse religious folk of being this way, but it can happen to even those who claim no religion. i can see why people could lose their way with this. they see a piece and run with it as if it were whole. a person who really searches for the length, the breadth, the width, the depth of all things, knows that he cannot know all or prove all on his own. anyone who makes that claim must be false, superficial, artificial. sorry. i didn ’ t mean to take up your time. go ahead. st. francis : others pride themselves on their personal beauty, and think that everyone is admiring them : all of them in their turn are utterly silly, foolish, and impertinent, and their glory in such empty things we call vain, absurd, and frivolous. philothea : yep. i know the type. so how can you tell if a person is really humble? st. francis : you may judge of real worth as of real balm, which is tried in water, and if it sinks, and remains at the bottom, it is known to be precious and costly ; and so in order to know whether a man is really wise, learned, generous, and noble, observe whether his gifts make him humble, modest and submissive. if so, they are genuine, but if they float to the surface and would fain display themselves, be sure that in proportion as they make a show, so are they less worthy. philothea : they get puffed up, arrogant, detracting all others, proud of themselves, thinking they “ know - it - all, ” can do anything they want to do, make up their own rules because they have a title, beauty, or some certificate of knowledge. st. francis : those pearls which are formed or fed in the wind and thunder leave only a pearly shell with no substance ; and so those virtues and attractive qualities which have their root and support in pride, self - sufficiency, and vanity, have but the outward show of excellence, and are without sap, marrow, and solidity. philothea : i think you just described a person who has no integrity, no sense of fellowship, and no sense of compassion. st. francis : honor, rank, and dignity are like the saffron, which flourishes and increases most when it is trodden underfoot. all the value of beauty is gone when its possessor is


and no sense of compassion. st. francis : honor, rank, and dignity are like the saffron, which flourishes and increases most when it is trodden underfoot. all the value of beauty is gone when its possessor is self - conscious ; to be pleasing it should be forgotten ; and science becomes contemptible when it is puffed up and degenerates into pedantry. philothea : one uppers. they do it for themselves. not for anybody else. they claim to being do it for others, but the others have to abide by their rules that work only for the piece without regard for the whole. st. francis : if we are punctilious about rank, title, and precedence, we both lay our claims open to investigation and contradiction, and render them vile and despicable. philothea : perfectionists. i ’ ve been there. done that. st. francis : for that honor which means something when willingly offered, becomes contemptible when it is sought after, demanded, or exacted. philothea : greedy. i have tried to take on too much sometimes, i know. st. francis : when the peacock displays his gorgeous plumes, he lays bare also his deformities ; and those flowers which are beautiful in their native soil, soon whither if we handle them. philothea : foolish. running without rest. i have also been involved with a person who was very much like you describe and our relationship winded up turning into dust. he had very superficial expectations of me that i could not live up to since these things come and go so quickly, but for him, according to others, he is considered a success because he is able to compete on that superficial plane. i am actually glad i am not there anymore. i was full of anxiety. st. francis : and as they who inhale the mandragora from afar off and for a brief space, find it very delicious, but those who inhale it near and for long become drowsy and ill : so worldly honors are acceptable to him who receives them indifferently without resting in them or seeking them eagerly, but they become very dangerous and hurtful to him who clings to and takes delight in them. philothea : i guess i should feel sorry for him, then. i am getting the sense that humility is a lot more beautiful than vainglory. st. francis : the desire and pursuit of [ authentic ] virtue tend


in them. philothea : i guess i should feel sorry for him, then. i am getting the sense that humility is a lot more beautiful than vainglory. st. francis : the desire and pursuit of [ authentic ] virtue tend to render us virtuous, but the desire and pursuit of honors tend to make us odious and despicable. a really great mind will not waste itself on such empty goods as rank, honor, and form. it has higher pursuits, and leaves these for the weak and vain. he who can procure pearls will not be satisfied with shells, and those who aim at virtue do not trouble themselves about honors. philothea : so in pursuing virtue, i can learn humility, which to me has a lot more depth. st. francis : of course each man may enter into, and remain in his own sphere, without lack of humility, so long as he does it with indifference, and without effort. philothea : so, it ’ s okay to accept beauty, honors, titles within the context of your job or whatever, but do so with indifference for these external things so that the primary goal of seeking virtue and god is not lost. science and all those other things are good but just need to be kept in balance. st. francis : just as vessels coming from peru laden with gold and silver bring also a number of monkeys and parrots which cost nothing, and add but little to their freight, so those who aspire to be virtuous, may well accept their rightful rank and honors, but always without bestowing much care or thought to them, and without being involved in cares, vexations, disputes, and anxieties in consequence. st. francis : i am not alluding here to those invested with public dignities, nor to special and important occasions, in which everyone is bound to maintain a fitting dignity with prudence and discretion, combined with charity and courtesy. philothea : that ’ s good to know. it would be really rude to not uphold dignity. so the other extreme would be to hate those superficial things so much that they become the focus of your life, so then you lose humility just as in the other extreme of loving them too much. these outer things are accessories, so to concentrate on them by hating them too much or by loving them too much is imbalanced. they should be accepted and let go of like water going in and out of the hand, but the balm of virtue,


representing the race tells the story of an enduring paradox of american race relations, through the prism of a collective biography of african american lawyers who worked in the era of segregation. practicing the law and seeking justice for diverse clients, they confronted a tension between their racial identity as black men and women and their professional identity as lawyers. both blacks and whites demanded that these attorneys stand apart from their racial community as members of the legal fraternity. yet, at the same time, they were expected to be “ authentic ” — that is, in sympathy with the black masses. this conundrum, as kenneth w. mack shows, continues to reverberate through american politics today. and the endorsements : mack reorients what we thought we knew about famous figures such as thurgood marshall, who rose to prominence by convincing local blacks and prominent whites that he was — as nearly as possible — one of them. but he also introduces a little - known cast of characters to the american racial narrative. these include loren miller, the biracial los angeles lawyer who, after learning in college that he was black, became a marxist critic of his fellow black attorneys and ultimately a leading civil rights advocate ; and pauli murray, a black woman who seemed neither black nor white, neither man nor woman, who helped invent sex discrimination as a category of law. the stories of these lawyers pose the unsettling question : what, ultimately, does it mean to “ represent ” a minority group in the give - and - take of american law and politics? representing the race is a wonderful excavation of the first era of civil rights lawyering, the product of prodigious research and a keen eye for revealing detail. ken discusses the book here. - - randall l. kennedy, author of the persistence of the color line : racial politics and the obama presidency ken mack brings to this monumental work not only a profound understanding of law, biography, history and racial relations but also an engaging narrative style that brings each of his subjects dynamically alive. it is a truly wonderful book. - - doris kearns goodwin, author of team of rivals : the political genius of abraham lincoln a stunning reinterpretation of civil rights history for a twenty - first century audience, bringing to vivid life both famous and forgotten historical lawyers. anyone who wishes to understand race relations in our modern era, including the racial politics that surrounds our first african american president, should read this book. ken mack has written a rare book that forces us to reconsider the long history of civil rights


if you have been reading our blog for a while, you will know that we like to use mirrors a lot in our classrooms - no, not for us! - but for our students. we love how it is a cute and easy way to teach the kids about having confidence and a high self - esteem. ( check out our whoooo ' s a good looking kid post for more ideas and printables for using mirrors to build self esteem. ) since this is the time for celebrating love, i decided to teach this lesson right around valentine ' s day. how often do you hear students talk about how much they love their family, friends, toys, pets, school, sports, or of course, you - their teacher??? all the time, right??? while i love to hear my students profess their love of everything, i especially like to hear them talk about how much love they have for themself! this does not happen as much as i would like - especially when students get older and are much more aware of peer pressure and pressure from our society. this is one of my favorite lessons to teach because it integrates reading, writing, a whole lot of self - reflection, an art project, and some very important life lessons!!! : ) i began the lesson by passing out a mini mirror to every student in the class. you can purchase some at the dollar store, ask your students to bring them to school, or even check your science supply rooms - you never know where you might find them! i then called the students to sit in a circle on the carpet and asked them to look in the mirror and share what they saw and how they feel. yes, there was giggling, whispering.... so i went first. " on the outside, i see my blue eyes and feel happy because i like them. on the inside, i see how i am a compassionate person and i care about my students. " the boys and girls followed my example and shared their own thoughts about what they see on the outside from looking at their reflection in the mirror and also who they are in the inside ( what the mirror does not reflect! ) we continued by sharing the positive " inside and outside " qualities that we notice about each other - showed some love to each other. i then read a few of my favorite picture books and had the students reflect on the " top ten things i love about myself! " we then learned about the different adjectives that could be used to describe our personality ( post


love to each other. i then read a few of my favorite picture books and had the students reflect on the " top ten things i love about myself! " we then learned about the different adjectives that could be used to describe our personality ( postive ones of course! ) and create a cute, little art project that we turned into a bulletin board. check out some of the pictures that i took from our lessons : i used to teach this lesson earlier in the school year, but i wanted to wait for the " love " theme of february to inspire the lessons this year. ( * * * tpt customers - this was a file that we revised from our tpt store. if you already purchased the file titled, awesome adjectives that describe me!, then please redown the revised file!!! ) if you are interested in this file, click on the image below to buy the file from tpt ( it is $ 3. 50 ) : this file is also sold in our show your students the love february unit, also on tpt, for $ 8. 00. speaking of all this love.... the first two readers who leave a nice comment will get our valentine ' s unit for free! : ) please don ' t forget your email address! enjoy your weekend!


initrdsection : linux programmer ' s manual ( 4 ) initrdsection : linux programmer ' s manual ( 4 ) in the first boot - up phase, the kernel starts up and mounts an initial root file - system from the contents of / dev / initrd ( e. g. ram disk initialized by the boot loader ). in the second phase, additional drivers or other modules are loaded from the initial root device ' s contents. after loading the additional modules, a new root file system ( i. e. the normal root file system ) is mounted from a different device. 1. the boot loader loads the kernel program and / dev / initrd ' s contents into memory. 2. on kernel startup, the kernel uncompresses and copies the contents of the device / dev / initrd onto device / dev / ram0 and then frees the memory used by / dev / initrd. 3. the kernel then read - write mounts device / dev / ram0 as the initial root file system. 4. if the indicated normal root file system is also the initial root file - system ( e. g. / dev / ram0 ) then the kernel skips to the last step for the usual boot sequence. 5. if the executable file / linuxrc is present in the initial root file - system, / linuxrc is executed with uid 0. ( the file / linuxrc must have executable permission. the file / linuxrc can be any valid executable, including a shell script. ) 6. if / linuxrc is not executed or when / linuxrc terminates, the normal root file system is mounted. ( if / linuxrc exits with any file - systems mounted on the initial root file - system, then the behavior of the kernel is unspecified. see the notes section for the current kernel behavior. ) 7. if the normal root file has directory / initrd, device / dev / ram0 is moved from / to / initrd. otherwise if directory / initrd does not exist device / dev / ram0 is unmounted. ( when moved from / to / initrd, / dev / ram0 is not unmounted and therefore processes can remain running from / dev / ram0. if directory / initrd does not exist on the normal root file - system and any processes remain running from / dev / ram0 when / linuxrc exits, the behavior of the kernel is unspecified. see the notes section


dev / ram0. if directory / initrd does not exist on the normal root file - system and any processes remain running from / dev / ram0 when / linuxrc exits, the behavior of the kernel is unspecified. see the notes section for the current kernel behavior. ) 8. the usual boot sequence ( e. g. invocation of / sbin / init ) is performed on the normal root file system. it is also possible for the / linuxrc executable to change the normal root device. for / linuxrc to change the normal root device, / proc must be mounted. after mounting / proc, / linuxrc changes the normal root device by writing into the proc files / proc / sys / kernel / real - root - dev, / proc / sys / kernel / nfs - root - name, and / proc / sys / kernel / nfs - root - addrs. for a physical root device, the root device is changed by having / linuxrc write the new root file system device number into / proc / sys / kernel / real - root - dev. for a nfs root file system, the root device is changed by having / linuxrc write the nfs setting into files / proc / sys / kernel / nfs - root - name and / proc / sys / kernel / nfs - root - addrs and then writing 0xff ( e. g. the pseudo - nfs - device number ) into file / proc / sys / kernel / real - root - dev. for example, the following shell command line would change the normal root device to / dev / hdb1 : echo 0x365 > / proc / sys / kernel / real - root - devfor a nfs example, the following shell command lines would change the normal root device to the nfs directory / var / nfsroot on a local networked nfs server with ip number 184. 108. 40. 206 for a system with ip number 220. 127. 116. 11 and named ' idefix ' : echo / var / nfsroot > / proc / sys / kernel / nfs - root - name echo 18. 104. 22. 168 : 22. 214. 171. 124 : : 255. 255. 255. 0 : idefix \ > / proc / sys / kernel / nfs - root - addrs echo 255 >


echo 18. 104. 22. 168 : 22. 214. 171. 124 : : 255. 255. 255. 0 : idefix \ > / proc / sys / kernel / nfs - root - addrs echo 255 > / proc / sys / kernel / real - root - dev a possible system installation scenario is as follows : 1. the loader program boots from floppy or other media with a minimal kernel ( e. g. support for / dev / ram, / dev / initrd, and the ext2 file - system ) and loads / dev / initrd with a gzipped version of the initial file - system. 2. the executable / linuxrc determines what is needed to ( 1 ) mount the normal root file - system ( i. e. device type, device drivers, file system ) and ( 2 ) the distribution media ( e. g. cd - rom, network, tape,... ). this can be done by asking the user, by auto - probing, or by using a hybrid approach. 3. the executable / linuxrc loads the necessary modules from the initial root file - system. 4. the executable / linuxrc creates and populates the root file system. ( at this stage the normal root file system does not have to be a completed system yet. ) 5. the executable / linuxrc sets / proc / sys / kernel / real - root - dev, unmount / proc, the normal root file system and any other file systems it has mounted, and then terminates. 6. the kernel then mounts the normal root file system. 7. now that the file system is accessible and intact, the boot loader can be installed. 8. the boot loader is configured to load into / dev / initrd a file system with the set of modules that was used to bring up the system. ( e. g. device / dev / ram0 can be modified, then unmounted, and finally, the image is written from / dev / ram0 to a file. ) 9. the system is now bootable and additional installation tasks can be performed. the key role of / dev / initrd in the above is to re - use the configuration data during normal system operation without requiring initial kernel selection, a large generic kernel or, recompiling the kernel. a second scenario is for installations where linux runs on systems with different hardware configurations in a single administrative network


is to re - use the configuration data during normal system operation without requiring initial kernel selection, a large generic kernel or, recompiling the kernel. a second scenario is for installations where linux runs on systems with different hardware configurations in a single administrative network. in such cases, it may be desirable to use only a small set of kernels ( ideally only one ) and to keep the system - specific part of configuration information as small as possible. in this case, create a common file with all needed modules. then, only the the / linuxrc file or a file executed by / linuxrc would be different. a third scenario is more convenient recovery disks. because information like the location of the root file - system partition is not needed at boot time, the system loaded from / dev / initrd can use a dialog and / or auto - detection followed by a possible sanity check. last but not least, linux distributions on cd - rom may use initrd for easy installation from the cd - rom. the distribution can use loadlin to directly load / dev / initrd from cd - rom without the need of any floppies. the distribution could also use a lilo boot floppy and then bootstrap a bigger ram disk via / dev / initrd from the cd - rom. mknod - m 400 / dev / initrd b 1 250 chown root : disk / dev / initrdalso, support for both " ram disk " and " initial ram disk " ( e. g. config _ blk _ dev _ ram = y and config _ blk _ dev _ initrd = y ) support must be compiled directly into the linux kernel to use / dev / initrd. when using / dev / initrd, the ram disk driver cannot be loaded as a module. 2. with the current kernel, if directory / initrd does not exist, then / dev / ram0 will not be fully unmounted if / dev / ram0 is used by any process or has any file - system mounted on it. if / dev / ram0 is not fully unmounted, then / dev / ram0 will remain in memory.


french songwriter georges moustaki wrote milord, the most popular song for edith piaf. milord is a polite way to address traveling englishmen in france, especially in brittany and normandy. edith piaf is considered as the greatest french singer. her tragic life added to her legend as she started singing in the streets of paris in the 30s and got discovered in 1935 by louis leplee, the owner of a parisian nightclub. nicknamed “ mome piaf ” ( little sparrow ) as she was a very small woman, edith piaf became very popular not only in france, but also in the world. her tragic car accident in the 50s resulted in a lifelong addiction to morphine, one year after her true love boxer marcel cerdan had died in a tragic accident. she died of cancer in 1963 and was buried in pere lachaise cemeteray in paris. « la vie en rose, » « hymne a l ’ amour, » « les trois cloches, » and « non, je ne regrette rien » are her most famous songs. after the second world war ( la deuxieme guerre mondiale ) the japanese were very fond of the french writers and the french culture that was considered as very elitist. the japanese were really interested in french existentialism, structuralism and post - modernism ( existentialisme, structuralisme et post - modernisme ) and the golden age of their love for the french lasted until the 70s. their favorite writers were albert camus who wrote l ’ etranger, jean - paul sartre and saint - exupery ( le petit prince ) and their favorite singers were piaf, montand, aznavour, brel, m. mathieu …. their interest in the french culture and the press was also the result of the anti - americanism of the japanese society and the french community. by the 80s, france remained the symbol of luxury products ( produits de luxe ) and the best cuisine in the world, but the lack of patience of its governments was an obstacle to the investments in japan by the french companies, even if the opening of the french high - speed train ( tgv ) was a blow to the japanese shinkansen high speed train.


commercial tracking software often secretly records where users go on the internet. if businesses don ' t set their own clear, simple privacy standards, government may need to step in with a ' do not track ' option. the ease and speed with which people can share information over the internet is perhaps the marvel of this era. the way they live and work is changing rapidly, posing new opportunities and new hazards. one area undergoing massive change is personal privacy. fluid exchanges of information mean that more knowledge about people ’ s lives can be shared than they realize or desire. facebook and google are two web giants that have recently faced criticism for playing fast and loose with information about their users. a significant number of apps – small software applications that users download onto their iphones or other smart phones – have been shown to be surreptitiously collecting information on their users, such as the person ’ s location or their list of contacts. meanwhile, the united arab emirates and saudi arabia say they will curtail the use of blackberry phones for the opposite reason – their texts and e - mails are encrypted and difficult to intercept and decipher. the uae claims this privacy feature is a threat to its national security. the development of computerized data banks – such as those storing credit - card information, medical records, or store “ loyalty card ” buying habits – continues to erode personal privacy. page 1 of 4


financial statements are the backbone of a complete financial report. in fact, a financial report is not complete if the three primary financial statements are not included. but a financial report is much more than just those statements. a financial report requires disclosures. this term refers to additional information provided in a financial report. therefore, any comprehensive and ethical financial report must include not only the primary financial statements, but disclosures as well. the chief executive of a business ( usually the ceo in a publicly held corporation ) has the primary responsibility to make sure that the financial statements have been prepared according to generally accepted accounting principles ( gaap ) and the financial report provides adequate disclosures. he or she works with the chief financial officer or controller of the business to make sure that the financial report meets the standard of adequate disclosures. some common methods of disclosures include : – footnotes that provide information about the basic figures. nearly all financial statements require footnotes to provide additional information for several of the account balances in the financial statements. – supplementary financial schedules and tables that provide more details than can be included in the body of the financial statements. – other information may be required if the business is a public corporation subject to federal regulations regarding financial reporting to its stockholders. other information is voluntary and not strictly required legally or according to gaap. some disclosures are required by various governing boards and agencies. these include : – the financial accounting standards board ( fasb ) has designated many standards. its dictate regarding disclosure of the effects of stock options is one such standard. – the securities and exchange commission ( sec ) mandates disclosure of a broad range of information for publicly held companies. – international businesses have to abide by disclosure standards adopted by the international accounting standards board. there are wide varieties of business opportunities that allow you work at home. in fact a work at home business is not a new concept. there are number of old home based businesses, like a child day care, candle making, catering and much more. however the advent of internet improves the home based business options. you can consider starting a home based business if you really have passion for it. you need to have the ability to work hard, dedication and effort would provide you reward once your home business is up and running. though work at home business requires hard work, you can also enjoy the freedom and fun of working at home. you can also spend splenty of time with your family. before starting a work at home business, plan well what type of home based business would suit you.


requires hard work, you can also enjoy the freedom and fun of working at home. you can also spend splenty of time with your family. before starting a work at home business, plan well what type of home based business would suit you. remember what seems perfect for your neighbor or friend may not suit you. starting work at home business is not an easy task. you need to consider whether there are any risks in that business. you need to consider whether the business requires huge investment. you also need to seek the help of a mentor who can guide you well to get sure success in home based business. some essentials for starting a work at home business : once you have decided to start a home based business, you need to organize it properly so that unnecessary delays can be avoided. the following things are essential for home business success : 1. a phone with unlimited long distance calling option, caller id, voice mail, call forwarding and anonymous call rejection. 2. you must have a calendar. you can also use a online calendar like google, outlook or yahoo calendar. 3. computer software tools, high speed internet connection, flash player, adobe reader and java script etc are also important. you can use email software like outlook or outlook express for business email. 4. a good filing system is extremely important so that you can do work most efficiently. organize business mails, faxes, training materials etc in separate folders. 5. you can use instant messenger service which allows you to communicate with your online contacts and getting your questions answered since your phone line needs to be opened for incoming calls from prospects. 6. you can use any room in your home for business purposes. but organize the room well so that you can work peacefully. these simple steps can help you start home business and run it successfully.


that the field of medicine and health care includes significant and ongoing changes is a concept readily apparent to all. such change requires its practitioners to be aware of new diseases, new treatments and modifications of practice required in contemporary medicine. physicians in minnesota are required to attend 75 hours of " classroom - type education " every three years to maintain their license to practice ; similar requirements exist in other professional fields. last friday, i attended an excellent conference presented by the staffs of the university of minnesota medical school, the minnesota department of health, and the mayo clinic titled " emerging infections. " about 270 physicians, nurses, laboratory professionals, and public health staff spent the day being advised about the " emerging " ( and ongoing ) infections pertinent to our environment. as expected, the very serious outbreak of fungal meningitis related to the injection of contaminated steroid medication was thoroughly discussed. diseases due to contaminated infant formulae, the spread of tick - borne diseases, and the significant epidemic of west nile virus infection were reviewed. however, the increasing importance of a relatively new disease, hepatitis c, was a noteworthy subject of discussion. the viral diseases affecting the liver causing hepatitis ( inflammation ) and serious life - threatening conditions have an alphabetical spectrum. hepatitis a is the disease associated with food - borne illness, contaminated water supplies, and travel. hepatitis b is usually associated with perinatal transmission, blood transfusions, intravenous drug use, and sharing of body fluids, often resulting in serious acute and chronic illness. hepatitis c was " discovered " in 1989 following the examination of patients with hepatitis uncharacteristic of hepatitis a or b, and thus called " non - a, non - b hepatitis. " the disease occurs only in humans and chimpanzees and is found throughout the world, mainly in south america, east africa and china. one hundred and seventy million people are affected ; about 4 million people carry the disease in the u. s. more than 150, 000 patients are affected each year here at a cost of treatment of a billion dollars per year. unfortunately, there is no preventive therapy ( vaccine ) for hepatitis c. patients at high risk for hepatitis c include persons with intravenous drug use, cocaine snorting, tattoos, multiple sexual partners, and children with infected mothers. only 5 - 50 percent of infected patients know they are infected since they may have no symptoms. persons who are at risk and who should be tested ( screened ) for infection with hepatitis c include intravenous drug users, those persons who had


step 4 : complete the evaluation plan. why should you evaluate professional development? your evaluation should address two basic questions : did the activity, including all of the components, take place as planned? did the activity achieve the intended outcomes for teachers and for students? answers to the first question will tell you whether the plan you are developing now was implemented and, if not, where and why implementation fell short. this information can help avoid problems in the future. answers to the second question will help you learn about the extent to which the activity resulted in the intended changes in teacher knowledge, skills, and performance and in the intended improvements in student learning. these evaluation results can also help pinpoint areas where additional professional development and support may be necessary. in addition, because professional development is a critical component of school improvement, evaluation results can help determine if these efforts are on track or if mid - course corrections are necessary. planning tip 11 : evaluations that focus solely on participant satisfaction and ratings of quality have limited value in assessing the impact of professional development on participants ’ knowledge, skills, and performance or the impact on student learning. planning tip 12 : consider seeking help from an evaluator. planning tip 13 : consider using products and artifacts from learning activities and follow up as evaluation data. planning tip 14 : elements of your evaluation plan that focus on outcomes for teachers and for students should explicitly reflect your assumptions about the pace and sequence of change. ( next page ) ( previous page )


the quality of mercy william shakespeare ( 1564 - 1616 ) of stratford - upon - avon is england ' s, and the world ' s, most noted playwright. shakespeare lived during the reigns of queen elizabeth l ( 1558 - 1603 ) and king james l ( 1603 - 1625 ), who commissioned the authorized king james version of the holy bible, published in 1611. william was born to john and mary shakespeare, one of eight children. the only record available is his baptism at holy trinity church on april 26, 1564. it is evident from his plays that he was moved by his studies of greek and latin classics. he married anne hathaway at age eighteen, and they had three children, susanna, and the twins hamnet and judith. the death of his only son hamnet at age eleven was devastating for shakespeare, and proved a powerful influence on his tragedy hamlet. shakespeare ' s popularity rests on his perceptive understanding of human nature. the 36 plays published in the first folio are generally divided into tragedies, such as romeo and juliet, hamlet, othello, king lear, macbeth, julius caesar, and antony and cleopatra ; comedies, as the merchant of venice, a midsummer ' s night dream, love ' s labour lost, as you like it, all ' s well that ends well, much ado about nothing, and the taming of the shrew ; the comedies known as romances such as the winter ' s tale and one of his last plays the tempest, one of the themes being the painful necessity of a father letting his daughter go ; and histories, such as king henry v, king richard the second, the life and death of king john, all is true ( on henry viii ), and king henry iv, noted for the comical character falstaff. he is also noted for his 154 sonnets, a lover ' s complaint, and other poems. this beautiful piece on mercy is from the merchant of venice, first performed in 1596 and published in 1600, when portia speaks to shylock in act iv, scene i. the quality of mercy the quality of mercy is not strained. it droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven upon the place beneath. it is twice blest : it blesseth him that gives and him that takes. tis mightiest in the mightiest ; it becomes the throned monarch better than his crown. his scepter shows the force of temporal power, the attribute to awe and majesty, wherein doth sit the dread and fear


see also the browse high school calculus stars indicate particularly interesting answers or good places to begin browsing. selected answers to common questions : maximizing the volume of a box. maximizing the volume of a cylinder. volume of a tank. what is a derivative? - deriving simpson ' s rule [ 06 / 07 / 1998 ] can you show me a derivation of simpson ' s rule? - deriving the area of a sphere [ 10 / 21 / 2003 ] i know the area of a sphere is 4phi ( r ^ 2 ), but i ' m wondering how to derive that formula. i know it should be done in cylindrical coordinates, and i ' m thinking that the arc of a circle is defined as rd ( theta ) and it ' s multiplied with rd ( phi ) to get ( r ^ 2 ) d ( theta ) d ( phi ). could you please help explain this? - deriving the gamma function [ 12 / 15 / 2000 ] how can you prove that sqrt ( pi ) / 2 = ( 1 / 2 )!, and what is a fractional factorial like that equal to? - deriving the integral for the surface area of a sphere [ 06 / 28 / 2001 ] i need to find the cost per square foot of steel that makes up a tank, so i need a way to derive the surface area of part of a sphere with a given - deriving the quotient rule [ 9 / 5 / 1995 ] how do i prove this derivation : ( f / g ) ' = fg ' - fg ' / g ^ 2? - deriving trig functions ; taylor series [ 05 / 01 / 2001 ] how would i find, from first principles - no tables, no calculator - for example, 32 degrees? if i use a formula, how is it derived? - descartes ' method for tangents [ 09 / 02 / 1998 ] can you help me find the equation of the tangent of y ^ 2 = 2x using - design a more efficient soda can [ 4 / 23 / 1995 ] the problem is to design a more efficient soda can that holds the regular 12 oz. of liquid. the can needs to have the least possible surface area. - determining tangent to an ellipse, minimizing area [ 02 / 20 / 1998 ] find the equation of the tangent to the ellipse that forms, with the coordinate axes, the triangle of smallest possible area. - determining the length of a coil of ribbon [ 08 / 31 /


is disintegrating at time ' t ' days after it was first observed to have mass 10 grams and : ( dm / dt ) = - km ( where k is a positive constant ). find the time, in days, for the substance to reduce to 1 gram in mass, given that its half life is 8 days. - differentiating under the integral sign [ 01 / 11 / 2001 ] can you give me an example of the integration method called " differentiating under the integral sign "? - differentiating y with respect to... y? [ 11 / 05 / 2010 ] a student familiar with differentiation struggles to take the derivative of a function with respect to the self - same variable. doctor ali puts the student back on track with a - differentiating y = x ^ x [ 11 / 3 / 1994 ] please could you differentiate y = x ^ x ( that ' s x to the power of x )? - differentiation problem [ 11 / 15 / 1997 ] a light shines from the top of a pole 50 ft. high. a ball is dropped from the same height at a point 30 ft. away from the light... - distance from a point to a plane [ 03 / 31 / 1998 ] can you show me the proof of the formula for the distance between a point and a plane? - distance to the sun [ 04 / 16 / 1999 ] find the distance from earth to the sun when t = 90 days... - does f have a local extrema at x = 0? [ 07 / 10 / 2003 ] f ( x ) = ( x ^ 3 ) / 6 + ( x ^ 2 ) / 2 + cosx - 1. does f have a local extremum at x - domain, asymptotes, intercepts of a function [ 04 / 01 / 2003 ] what is the domain of this function? what asymptotes does it have? what are the x and y intercepts? etc... - domain / range of a function [ 01 / 22 / 1997 ] how do you find the domain and range of the function f ( x ) = 2x ^ 2 - 3x + 1? ( both with and without calculus. ) - dominant terms [ 03 / 25 / 1998 ] what are dominant terms, and how do you obtain their values? - donkey grazing half a field [ 08 / 08 / 1997 ] a donkey is attached by a rope to a point on the perimeter of a circular field. how long should


/ 1998 ] what are dominant terms, and how do you obtain their values? - donkey grazing half a field [ 08 / 08 / 1997 ] a donkey is attached by a rope to a point on the perimeter of a circular field. how long should the rope be so that the donkey can graze exactly half the field? - double integration in polar coordinates [ 03 / 27 / 2003 ] evaluate double integral x - y / x * 2 + y * 2 over x * 2 + y * 2 equal to or less - e as a series and a limit [ 03 / 30 / 1998 ] why does e = 1 + 1 / 2! + 1 / 3! + 1 / 4! +... and lim ( 1 + 1 / n ) ^ n, as n - - - an easy definition of calculus [ 9 / 4 / 1995 ] what is calculus? - e ^ ( e ^ x ) = 2 [ 01 / 28 / 2002 ] i have been trying to solve e ^ ( e ^ x ) = 2. help! - an ellipse or a circle? - parametric equations [ 12 / 05 / 1998 ] is this parametric equation elliptical or a circle?... and how do i compute the slopes at points 0, pi / 4, pi / 2, 3pi / 2, and 2pi? - an elliptic integral [ 01 / 05 / 2003 ] - epsilon / delta definition of limits [ 08 / 26 / 1999 ] can you explain how to use the epsilon / delta definition of limits? - epsilon - delta proofs [ 09 / 28 / 2004 ] an explanation of the thinking behind two epsilon - delta proofs, one from a calculus textbook and one from an answer in our archives.


the nurse shortage and the doctor shortage have caused an evolution in the medical profession. many states now permit nurse practitioners to function independently of physicians. they are permitted to practice on their own. the decline in primary care md ’ s has caused the increase in nurse practitioners in underserved areas. today ’ s medical students are opting to specialize at a greater rate. there are higher profits in specialties such as dermatology, oncology and other specialties than in the traditional fields such as family practice or pediatrics. with this shortage of primary care physicians, nurses have taken the reigns and become the primary care givers in many areas. nurse practitioners are permitted to prescribe medications, order tests and perform other tasks that have been designated to physicians in the past. they are also expected to consult with a health care provider if the patient ’ s condition is beyond their personal expertise. many have private practices in rural communities. nurse practitioners have at least a masters degree. it is projected that in time, they will be required to hold a doctorate before being accepted into a nurse practitioner program. they have also followed the path of many physicians and have chosen to specialize in a specific area of medicine. some are practicing women ’ s health, psychology, pediatrics or other areas of the field. nurse practitioners receive lower fees than medical doctors. insurance companies will reimburse between sixty and eighty - five percent of the doctors fee for exactly the same care. rarely will they receive one hundred percent reimbursement. this however, does not stop the trend to further education and receive the degree of np. they serve their purpose in many different areas. patients often prefer the np because they are not as rushed as doctors and have the time to give the attention that used to be given in the general practitioners office. with the medical field specializing in many shortages, it should be obvious that the np is serving a need that doctors may not be able to fulfill in their areas.


welcome to medlibrary. org. for best results, we recommend beginning with the navigation links at the top of the page, which can guide you through our collection of over 14, 000 medication labels and package inserts. for additional information on other topics which are not covered by our database of medications, just enter your topic in the search box below : he co - founded the centre de documentation juive contemporaine, established to collate documentation relating to the persecution of jews during world war ii. he also assisted edgar faure at the nuremberg trial. poliakov went on to serve as director of research at the national center for scientific research ( cnrs ) from 1954 until 1971. according to historian jos sanchez, poliakov was the first scholar to critically assess the disposition of pope pius xii toward various issues connected to the holocaust. in november 1950, poliakov wrote " the vatican and the ' jewish question ' - the record of the hitler period - and after, " in the influential jewish journal commentary. while this article was the first to consider the attitude of the papacy during world war ii and the holocaust, it was not until 1963, when german playwright rolf hochhuth published his play der stellvertreter that discussion of poliakov ' s initial investigations in this area took on worldwide significance. - l ' etoile jaune - la situation des juifs en france sous l ' occupation - les legislations nazie et vichyssoise ( editions grancher, october 1999 - three texts : a book of 1949, an article in historia magazine in 1968 and a text of 1980 ) isbn 2 - 7339 - 0642 - 9 [ amazon - us | amazon - uk ] - harvest of hate : the nazi program for the destruction of jews in europe 1956 - the history of anti - semitism : from the time of christ to the court jews ( orig. 1955 ; this tr. 1966 ; repr. university of pennsylvania press, 2003 ) isbn 0 - 8122 - 1863 - 9 [ amazon - us | amazon - uk ] - the history of anti - semitism : from mohammed to the marranos ( orig. 1961 ; tr. 1973 ; repr. university of pennsylvania press, 2003 ) isbn 0 - 8122 - 1864 - 7 [ amazon - us | amazon - uk ], isbn 0 - 8122 - 3767 - 6 [ amazon - us | amazon - uk ] - the history of anti - semitism : from voltaire to wagner ( or


- 1864 - 7 [ amazon - us | amazon - uk ], isbn 0 - 8122 - 3767 - 6 [ amazon - us | amazon - uk ] - the history of anti - semitism : from voltaire to wagner ( orig. 1968 ; tr. 1975 ; repr. university of pennsylvania press, 2003 ) [ preview at google books isbn 0 - 8122 - 1865 - 5 [ amazon - us | amazon - uk ] - the history of anti - semitism : suicidal europe. 1870 - 1933 ( orig. 1977 ; tr. 1984 ; repr. university of pennsylvania press, 2003 ) [ preview at google books isbn 0 - 8122 - 3769 - 2 [ amazon - us | amazon - uk ] - the aryan myth : a history of racist and nationalistic ideas in europe ( barnes & noble books ( 1996 ) ) isbn 0 - 7607 - 0034 - 6 [ amazon - us | amazon - uk ] - jews under the italian occupation ( coauthored with jacques sabille ) ( howard fertig ; 1st american ed edition ( december, 1983 ) ) isbn 0 - 86527 - 344 - 8 [ amazon - us | amazon - uk ] - « moscou, troisieme rome » moscow, the third rome - « l ` auberge des musiciens » ( memoir ) - « l ` envers du destin » ( autobiography ) - " de l ' antisionisme a l ' antisemitisme " ( 1969 ) - kirkup, james ( 11 december 1997 ). " obituary : leon poliakov ". the independent. retrieved 5 may 2011.


an enterocutaneous fistula is an abnormal connection between the intestines and the skin. intestinal or stomach contents can leak through this connection. the contents may leak into another part of the body or outside of the body. most enterocutaneous fistulas develop as a complication of bowel surgery. other causes include : factors that may increase your chance of enterocutaneous fistula include : - history of radiation - poor nutrition if you have any of these symptoms, do not assume it is due to a fistula. these symptoms may be caused by other conditions. your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. a physical exam will be done. you may be referred to a colon and rectal surgeon. images may be taken of your bodily structures. this can be done with : a fistula may be able to heal on its own over 2 - 8 weeks. talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan for you. treatment options include the following : nutritional support may be needed while the fistula is healing : - you may need to drink and eat high energy food for a while. - nutrition may need to be delivered through a tube connected to your stomach or intestine. - if your bowels needs to rest, nutrition may be given through your vein. - antibiotics may be prescribed to help prevent or control infection. - a drain may be attached to your wound to collect leakage from the fistula. - if the fistulas do not heal, then part of the intestine may need to be removed. - reviewer : marcin chwistek, md - review date : 03 / 2013 - - update date : 00 / 31 / 2013 -


previously known as manic - depressive disease, bipolar disorder is a relatively common mental health condition manifested in its classic form by alternating periods of mania — extreme high energy — and deep depression. in the " up " or manic phase, people may sleep little, talk fast, develop grand and unworkable plans, and sometimes behave bizarrely — for example, giving away all their money overnight. in the " down " phase, they may contemplate suicide. in many people with this disorder, the " down " phase predominates, and for that reason, the diagnosis may be missed. other, more subtle versions of the condition also exist. bipolar disorder is dangerous unless treated, leading to a high rate of suicide and injury. the mineral has been shown to dramatically improve symptoms of mania and reduce the rate of suicide. various antiseizure medications also appear to help against mania. proposed natural treatments for bipolar disorder : there are no natural treatments that can substitute for medications in the treatment of bipolar disorder. however, some might help enhance the effectiveness of standard treatment. study, 30 people with bipolar disorder took either capsules or placebo for 4 months, in addition to their regular medications. those taking fish oil had longer symptom - free periods than those taking placebo. the researchers used five different standardized tests to measure symptoms, examining levels of depression, mania, and overall progress. the people taking fish oil proved emotionally healthier than those taking placebo on all but one of these tests. another study found that ethyl - epa ( a modified form of a constituent of fish oil ) was helpful along with standard treatment for the depressed phase of bipolar disorder. however, ethyl - epa does not appear to offer benefits for rapid cycling bipolar disorder. researchers pooling the results of 10 randomized trials involving 329 patients found that omega - 3 fatty acids ( found in fish oil ) improved depressive symptoms in patient with either bipolar disorder or major depression compared to placebo. in a subsequent systematic review, researchers pooled the results of 5 trials involving 291 patients with bipolar disorder only and found that those in the omega - 3 group experienced a modest improvement in their symptoms of depression ( but not of mania ) compared to placebo. the same researchers who conducted the fish oil study have also experimented with for bipolar disorder. flaxseed oil contains alpha - linoleic acid ( ala ), an omega - 3 fatty acid related to the fatty acids in fish oil. in the researchers ' informal observations of 22 people with bipolar disorder, all but


for bipolar disorder. flaxseed oil contains alpha - linoleic acid ( ala ), an omega - 3 fatty acid related to the fatty acids in fish oil. in the researchers ' informal observations of 22 people with bipolar disorder, all but four appeared to benefit from flaxseed oil. however, lacking a double - blind study, these results can ' t be taken as meaningful. when a double - blind study is finally performed, flaxseed oil may turn out not to be helpful at all. one somewhat questionable study reported that an herbal combination utilized in traditional chinese medicine ( " free and easy wanderer " ) may augment the effectiveness of carbamazepine treatment for bipolar disorder. very weak evidence suggests possible benefits with inositol may also reduce psoriasis symptoms caused by lithium. ( however, caution is advised with inositol. see herbs and supplements to use only with caution a special form of called rtms, has shown some promise for bipolar disorder. interestingly, use of an anion generator ( an air ionizer that produces negative ions ) has shown promise for mitigating the symptoms of acute mania. various supplements may help reduce side - effects of antiseizure drugs. for more information, see the articles on despite promising preliminary indications, a double - blind study failed to find that enhances the effect of the drug lithium is sometimes sold as a mineral supplement for treating bipolar disorder. however, this proposed use is based on a misunderstanding. when lithium is used medically as treatment for bipolar disorder, it is taken at doses far above any possible nutritional need. no researcher has seriously suggested that lithium causes bipolar symptoms, and low doses of lithium are unlikely to have any effect at all. herbs and supplements to use only with caution antidepressant drugs may cause manic episodes in people with bipolar disorder. for this reason, herbs and supplements with antidepressant properties might also be risky. case reports suggest that 16, 17, 18st. john ' s wort can indeed trigger manic episodes., while not normally considered to have antidepressant properties, has reportedly triggered episodes of mania in two people not previously known to have bipolar disorder. product has also been associated with an episode of mania. is often sold in the form of chromium picolinate. picolinate can alter levels of neurotransmitters. this has led to concern among some experts that chromium picolinate might be harmful to people with bipolar disorder. it has


hybrid vehicles keep getting bigger : first there were tiny experimental cars, then hybrid suvs began to appear on the road. and now some of delta ’ s next - generation boeing 737 aircraft ( like the one pictured above ) will be equipped with wheeltug hybrid motors for taxiing on the ground. these motors will improve efficiency and safety while planes maneuver around the tarmac, reducing fuel use and maintenance requirements. a substantial amount of a typical airliner ’ s fuel usage and engine wear occurs while the plane is still on the ground. its jet engines are used to propel it to and from runways, and it requires towing vehicles for precise positioning at the gate. using the wheeltug system, however, an aircraft can propel itself forward or backward via a pair of chorus meshcon electric motors that drive the front wheels. electric power comes from the plane ’ s existing auxiliary power unit, which is a much smaller gas - powered unit and requires much less fuel than the primary engines. the wheeltug system requires no modifications to the airframe aside from additional wiring, and the joystick steering control doesn ’ t interfere with existing cockpit designs. the manufacturer estimates that a wheeltug - equipped 737 aircraft could save nearly 100, 000 gallons of fuel per year, while avoiding the safety and maintenance concerns of jet engine use on the ground. and as airports become busier and more crowded, the system could speed turn - around times by eliminating the need for tug vehicles to position planes at their gates. ( via wheeltug plc )


" u. s. picks estrella for base : 1200 - acre tract to be site for marine corps air field " so read a headline in the 27 august 1942 paso robles press when the government negotiated proceedings to acquire 1, 249 acres of land in the estrella area, some six miles northeast of the city, for a planned marine corps air station. four months previous, government civil engineers were surveying the selected lands without explaining the reason to owners. rumors were rampant, but none of them was correct. finally, when pacific gas & electric company signed a contract to provide service by the end of the year, it became known that a navy airfield, to be known as naval auxilary air station, paso robles, was in the works, to be built on properties owned by a m boyer, otto kuehl, george matthew, john moore, the padian estate, william radloff, tillie schlecker, and lillie tuley. a contract was awarded to doudell construction company of san jose, and within four hours of its signing, men and machinery were on their way to the site. on 3 september, 2, 000 construction workers moved in to work two shifts to complete the first stage of the project by 8 april 1943. the new airfield then had two 4, 700 ' runways laid out in a " v, " with fuel facilities, but no hangars or maintenance buildings. a housing, administration, and storage facility was also completed across the road south of the runways, with 43 buildings and underground utilities. that same day the navy, favoring tstations in the san joaquin valley, handed everything over to the army air forces, who named it estrella army air field and placed it under the jurisdiction of the santa maria army air field, to be used to train pilots in night flying. initial staff consisted of two officers, lieutenants raymond j goetting and edgar j mccullough, and 28 enlisted men. by christmas 1943, some 1, 550 military personnel were stationed at estrella and the navy auxiliary airfield southeast of paso robles, sherwood field. these troops participated in large regional military maneuvers early in 1944. an interesting occasion was later related by lieutenant mccullogh, who told of the time when two bell p - 59s landed at estrella aaf. those were america ' s first military jets, and at the time were cloaked in secrecy, but everybody wanted to see the new airplanes that flew without propellers. mccullogh walked towards one of them


59s landed at estrella aaf. those were america ' s first military jets, and at the time were cloaked in secrecy, but everybody wanted to see the new airplanes that flew without propellers. mccullogh walked towards one of them, but was ordered by one of the pilots to keep away. he then identified himself as the base ' s provost marshal ( which he wasn ' t ), and not only got to see the planes up close, but was also told that they were being used in experimental training to combat the german v - 2 rockets that were creating havoc in england. the next day, a local farmer mentioned to him that a couple of planes had come over his field so low and fast that they blew his hay off the stacks. the airfield was inactivated on 15 october 1944, and on 27 november base commander capt roger f powell announced that the facility might be turned over to the county. county officials considered the proposal and, in mid - december, the board of supervisors endorsed a feasibility study, finally agreeing to accept the property. however, it wasn ' t until 29 august 1947, that the war assets administration transferred the specific 966. 8 acres and its attendant structures and improvements with a quitclaim deed to the county of san luis obispo, with the stipulation that it be used as a public airport. a second quitclaim deed to the state on 5 august 1948 added another 90. 04 acres, where the buildings would be used for a boys ' school. then in 1973, the county, in an effort to rid its rolls of excess property, sold the air base to the city of paso robles for $ 1. 00, and the estrella army air force base officially became the town ' s municipal airport.


| we seem to form our picture of reality based on a pattern matching algorithm. it doesn ' t really matter if you consider that a function of neurology or as a deeper metaphysical principle, the result it about the same. if " enough " pieces of a reality are assembled and they are recognizable and familiar to us, we assume that the remaining details are probably also in place and that we ' re dealing with a " real " reality. it is perfectly possible to fool people into accepting a scenario as reality that really isn ' t, if you put enough familiar elements into place. most candid camera episodes are built on that kind of principle. an environment is set up so that it looks like you ' ve been hired for a new job, and there ' s a real office and other employees and everything. and then a surprise element is thrown in, like the arrival of a stripping telegram, or the need to handle some impossible problem, like your desk falling apart. and the " employee " accepts it as real, because everything else looked right. or how about experiments that were done where a comedian managed to get up in front of a medical convention and give a speech in complete giberish without anybody noticing. because he looked right, and sounded right, and even though the attendees where highly educated m. d. s they were also used to not having to understand all the details of what everybody was saying, and they were used to displaying a certain respect towards their peers. the emperor ' s new clothes. we ' re all trying to act normal, unwilling to admit we don ' t understand everything. conversely, we can also create an invisible reality, if it is constructed of elements that are so unfamiliar and unexpected that we just can ' t see it. a stage magician is usually quite adept at that. you don ' t see what he ' s really doing because you ' re not attuned to the patterns he ' s using. it is said that when captain cook ' s ship first approached the island of tahiti in the south pacific, the inhabitants could literally not see it coming. even when cook and his crew got out and pointed out their ship to the tahitians, and explained how they arrived, the natives couldn ' t see the ship at first. because it was totally unfamiliar and they didn ' t have any belief that included the possibility that somebody could arrive from the ocean in a large sailing vessel. in our modern society we tend to walk around believing that we ' re very rational and observant and we ' ve


unfamiliar and they didn ' t have any belief that included the possibility that somebody could arrive from the ocean in a large sailing vessel. in our modern society we tend to walk around believing that we ' re very rational and observant and we ' ve got a pretty good grip on what is reality. science tends to create that picture. but yet, science, however useful it is, is just a systematic way of agreeing on what a certain reality is, and how to get predictable results with it, and it tends to stay within the boundaries of those codified agreements, often ignoring anything that doesn ' t fit. science only very cautiously and gradually will expand that area. if you master these principles, and you have sufficient resources at your disposal, it is entirely possible to both create fake realities that large numbers of people will accept as the truth, as well as to create realities that are invisible to the general population. think for example of a black project that has access to sufficiently advanced principles and technologies that have been kept out of the public knowledge, out of scientific text books, and out out of the educational system. say, teleportation or time travel. you don ' t even have to worry much about leaks, because they will pretty much be self - healing. if somebody puts out a story about secret time travel experiments, it is very easy to ridicule them, and you don ' t even have to do it yourself, as there will be plenty of respectable scientists and good citizens who ' ll stand up and say that it of course is impossible and complete nonsense. somebody could even write a book with all the details and you could pick it up in the ufo section of your local bookstore, but it wouldn ' t sink into the public awareness as anything real. you can keep very big things very secret if you just make sure that enough of the components and participants are far enough removed from what is normal and expected, and the facts are generally so hard to get to, and so hard to piece together, that the whole thing becomes invisible to most people. single secrets hidden by known people can fairly easily be discovered. but complex secrets, put together from many individually incredible elements, those are much harder to bring to the light. conversely, you can make fake stories appear very real and accepted if you just make sure that you provide enough components of normal reality. like, pictures, sound, stories, information, and lots of it, and repetitive delivery of it. and that the people presenting it look like the right kind of people to do so


you just make sure that you provide enough components of normal reality. like, pictures, sound, stories, information, and lots of it, and repetitive delivery of it. and that the people presenting it look like the right kind of people to do so. reporters, scientists, government officials, etc. i ' m not really even talking about conspiracy theory particularly. a bigger view than that. conspiracies are usually imagined as something the known and accepted players are doing when you aren ' t looking. like, does george bush and tom brokaw and kenneth lay and everybody else you see on the news have secret meetings where they plan out how they ' ll fool everybody? well, maybe they do, but that ' s probably not where it is really at. whatever specific things they do will quite likely come to light sooner or later and would be too hard to hide. what matters is not what they did, but what reality we end up accepting, and which realities we ' ll ignore. the real secret stuff would probably be going on in places you don ' t even know to look at, and would be done by people you ' ve never heard of. and the people you are looking at on the news are quite likely thinking they ' re just doing the best they can with what ' s available to them. because they probably live in a manufactured reality as well. [ patterns | 2003 - 10 - 22 05 : 15 | | permalink ] more >


experts from across the board joined together recently to discuss the effects that oil and natural gas drilling will have in columbiana and mahoning counties, the state, and even the nation. the experts, representing youngstown state university, the ohio department of natural resources, ohio environmental council, and ohio oil and gas energy education program, spoke during a seminar at the university. the purpose of the seminar was to generate more understanding about the drilling process and topics covered included its history - which dates back to the early 1900s, whether injection wells are related to earthquakes, whether enough water is available to continue the hydraulic fracturing process, and how the process affects the environment and economy. university professor dr. jeffrey dick, who specializes in engineering geology, hydrogeology, geophysics, and petroleum geology, said drilling has only recently " skyrocketed " over the last two years. he said there have been more than 270, 000 natural gas and crude oil wells drilled in ohio, and of those, 64, 000 are currently active. in what he called the eastern ohio utica fairway, there are 367 wells permitted and 137 wells already drilled. of those, 33 are producing and 30 are still in the drilling stage. columbiana county is included in that fairway, and according to the ohio department of natural resources ( odnr ), one well is currently producing in knox township. dick said the big issue isn ' t necessarily hydraulic fracturing, but what will become of the brine once the fracking is completed. fracking is a process used in drilling in which water, sand and other fluids are injected into the shale to extract the oil and gas stored there. the force of the injection causes the rock to break up, or fracture, releasing the oil and gas. dick said that due to the extent of wells being drilled the state is looking at " billions of gallons of brine and throwback " - the fluids left over as a result of fracking a natural gas well. the fluids are treated as wastewater and stored in injection wells, which have gained considerable attention from those who believe the wells have been linked to earthquakes, including those that occurred in youngstown in late 2011. he said there are approximately 190 injection wells in the state and doesn ' t believe the well in youngstown caused the local earthquakes but did play a role in triggering them. the underground disposal well owned by northstar disposal services was shut down by the odnr shortly after two earthquakes happened within 24 hours. the 4. 0 earthquake was the 11th to occur


caused the local earthquakes but did play a role in triggering them. the underground disposal well owned by northstar disposal services was shut down by the odnr shortly after two earthquakes happened within 24 hours. the 4. 0 earthquake was the 11th to occur there since march of 2011, and the shut down was requested so officials could analyze data and see if a link existed. " you shut off a well and the earthquakes stop, you gotta think " there could be a link, dick said. he pointed out that ohio receives billions of gallons of brine and flowback from pennsylvania and west virginia. the states have bans on the wastewater recycling or disposal, despite having operational class 2 injection wells. " ohio has been a no risk dumping ground for a lot of stuff, including demolition and debris, " trent dougherty, director of legal affairs for the ohio environmental council, said. dick said that, in his opinion, class 2 injection disposal will be more difficult in the future. he said technology already exists for brine treatment facilities but the money is lacking. with regard to fracking, he said there have been no cases in which the process was found to have caused water contamination. surface spills, however, could cause contamination. " several fluids are dangerous and you are looking at potential spills. spills are major environmental issues. a spill is going to happen, " he said. senate bill 315 enacted by gov. john kasich this summer allowed for more safeguards for the disposal of the fluids, he noted. rhonda reda, executive director of the state ' s oil and gas energy education program, said the utica shale play in ohio is bigger than that found in saudi arabia. by 2015, the program expects output sales of oil and gas to be at nearly $ 23 billion. most of the activity will occur in 2014 and 2015, and royalties paid on oil and gas are expected to reach $ 1. 6 billion in 2015. " we are drilling smarter and we are drilling better wells, " she said. she cautioned that the state, and the nation, should not rely solely on one energy source, however. in 2009, the world used 100 quadrillion british thermal units of energy. by 2030, that is expected to jump to 124 quadrillion, she said. she explained that a " large chunk " of the energy being used can be traced back to technology such as laptops, ipads, and other items. " all these things require energy and our energy consumption is absolutely enormous, "


, she said. she explained that a " large chunk " of the energy being used can be traced back to technology such as laptops, ipads, and other items. " all these things require energy and our energy consumption is absolutely enormous, " she said. the state is currently the fourth largest energy consumer in the nation, she added. university professor michael costarell, who specializes in civil and mechanical engineering and is a certified energy manager, said that although alternatives exist, or are in the preliminary stages, people continue to use what is convenient. he explained that a 40 - minute drive in a car would take longer in a solar - powered vehicle that needs to be charged after every so many miles. he said that it would take 18 hours of charge time for a natural gas car to reach the same distance as a car on eight gallons of fuel. dougherty said there should be less dependence on fossil fuels. as for how much water is being used in the drilling process, dick said that six million gallons were used by oil and gas exploration company chesapeake energy on one well in carroll county. three - hundred tons of sand were also used with the water in the fracking process on that well. although water use is significant, dick doesn ' t believe water sources will run dry as a result of the drilling. dougherty said that although there are risks to drilling, he didn ' t necessarily want to see it stopped. " our hope is we get more enforcement dollars to make sure this is done correctly, " he said. the seminar was hosted by the ohio newspaper association and youngstown vindicator.


exhibition features 36 accidental mummies they were miners, fathers, soldiers, farmers and children. they are revered by their descendents and have been visited by millions. they are rare, shocking … and completely accidental. now, for the first time ever, they are coming to the united states in an all - new touring exhibition, the accidental mummies of guanajuato. the accidental mummies of guanajuato is a 10, 000 square - foot exhibition that will debut at the detroit science center in october 2009 before touring six other u. s. destinations from 2010 - 2012. featuring 36 accidental mummies on loan from the museo de las momias de guanajuato, the exhibition combines science, history and cultural anthropology to immerse the visitor in the world of a mexican city over 100 years ago where deceased residents naturally mummified in their crypts. this will be the very first time these mummies have been seen outside of mexico “ death has been part of the culture of mexico, and in particular of guanajuato for centuries. our mummy museum represents our way of acknowledging the every day citizens that once walked our streets, whose bodies have transcended generations because of a natural process, ” said dr. eduardo romero hicks, mayor of the city of guanajuato, mexico. “ this presentation for the first time in the u. s. provides the opportunity for these mummies to tell their story, to show the way they lived, and in some instances the way they died. in this global world that we live in, we want to make sure that their story is heard beyond our borders. ” “ these mummies have attracted millions of visitors to guanajuato and it is an honor to bring them to the united states, ” said kevin prihod, president & ceo of the detroit science center. “ this exhibition will present a unique look into mexican culture, forensic science and the very lives of these amazing mummies. it is an experience not to be missed. ” only 1 in 100 bodies buried in guanajuato experiences this rare and mysterious process of natural mummification. unlike bodies that were “ artificially ” mummified through an embalming and wrapping process, accidental mummies form only in certain climates and conditions. local legend held that the bodies in guanajuato became mummified because the area ’ s water is rich in minerals and sulfur. however researchers believe that the hot weather warmed the crypts and dried out the bodies. the guanajuato collection


legend held that the bodies in guanajuato became mummified because the area ’ s water is rich in minerals and sulfur. however researchers believe that the hot weather warmed the crypts and dried out the bodies. the guanajuato collection is believed to be the largest group of mummies anywhere in the western hemisphere. visitors to the exhibition will meet some of these accidental mummies, learn about life in their thriving community, discover the modern - day forensic technology that helps scientists analyze them, and explore a culture that reveres and celebrates them. each mummy will tell his or her own story, with facial reconstructions completed by a forensic artist to give insight into their lives. “ through full - body ct scans at oakwood imaging center ( dearborn, mich. ), along with recent x - rays and endoscopic examinations conducted by mummy experts jerry conlogue and ronald beckett of quinnipiac university, we are making new and exciting discoveries about the mummies featured in the exhibition. we look forward to sharing our findings with our visitors, ” said vivian henoch, medical science content developer for the exhibition. the accidental mummies of guanajuato is a highly educational exhibition, meeting multiple objectives found in the national science education standards for grades 5 - 12. a complete educational guide including classroom activities, historical fun facts, a glossary and more will be available to school groups visiting the exhibition. the accidental mummies of guanajuato is produced by eekstein ’ s workshop, llc, a wholly owned subsidiary of the detroit science center that creates captivating, durable, engaging exhibits and displays for museum and corporate clients, in association with accidental mummies touring company llc.


building database projects by using sql server management studio a database script project is an organized set of scripts, connection information, and templates that are all associated with a database or one part of a database. microsoft sql server provides the sql server management studio for administering and designing sql server databases within the context of a script project. sql server management studio includes designers, editors, guides and wizards to assist users in developing, deploying and maintaining databases. sql server management studio is a suite of administrative tools for managing the components belonging to sql server. this integrated environment allows users to perform a variety of tasks, such as backing up data, editing queries, and automating common functions within a single interface. sql server management studio includes the following tools : code editor is a rich script editor for writing and editing scripts. the code editor replaces the query analyzer included in previous releases of sql server. sql server management studio provides four versions of the code editor ; the sql query editor, mdx query editor, xml query editor, and sql server compact 3. 5 sp2 query editor. object explorer for locating, modifying, scripting or running objects belonging to instances of sql server. template explorer for locating and scripting templates. solution explorer for organizing and storing related scripts as parts of a project. properties window for displaying the current properties of selected objects. sql server management studio supports efficient work processes by providing : disconnected access. you can write and edit scripts without connecting to an instance of sql server. scripting from any dialog box. you can create a script from any dialog box so that you can read, modify, store and reuse the scripts after you create them. nonmodal dialog boxes. when you access a ui dialog box you can browse other resources in sql server management studio without closing the dialog box. solution explorer is a utility to store and reopen database solutions. solutions organize related script projects and files. script projects store sql server script files, sql templates, connection information and other miscellaneous files. when a script is saved in a script project, users are able to : maintain version control on scripts. store results options with a script. organize related scripts in a single script project. save connection information with scripts. solution explorer is a tool for developers who are creating and reusing scripts that are related to the same project. if a similar task is required later, you can use group of scripts that were stored in a project. if you have created applications by using microsoft visual studio, you will find solution explorer very


' bed - of - nails ' breast implant deters cancer cells one in eight women in the united states will develop breast cancer. of those, many will undergo surgery to remove the tumor and will require some kind of breast reconstruction afterward, often involving implants. cancer is an elusive target, though, and malignant cells return for as many as one - fifth of women originally diagnosed. but a new type of implant developed by researchers at brown university may be able to deter breast cancer cell regrowth. made from a common federally approved polymer, the implant is the first to be modified at the nanoscale in a way that causes a reduction in the blood - vessel architecture that breast cancer tumors depend upon, while also attracting healthy cells into breast tissue. thomas webster and graduate student lijuan zhang conducted this study. they published their results in the journal nanotechnology. zhang and webster created an implant with a " bed - of - nails " surface at the nanoscale that deters cancer cells from dwelling and thriving. this is the first such implant, say the brown investigators, with modifications at the nanoscale that cause a reduction in the blood - vessel architecture on which breast cancer tumors depend. equally as important, the nanoscale features on the implant ' s surface are hospitable to healthy cells, which means that the implant would not impede healing after surgery. webster and members of his lab have been modifying various implant surfaces to promote the regeneration of bone, cartilage, skin, and other cells. in this work, he and zhang sought to reshape an implant that could be used in breast reconstruction surgery that would not only attract healthy cells but also repel any lingering breast - cancer cells. the duo created a cast on a glass plate using 23 - nanometer - diameter polystyrene beads and polylactic - co - glycolic acid ( plga ), a biodegradable polymer approved by the fda and used widely in clinical settings, such as stitches. the result is an implant whose surface was covered with adjoining, 23 - nanometer - high pimples. the pair also created plga implant surfaces with 300 - nanometer and 400 - nanometer peaks for comparison. in lab tests after one day, the 23 - nanometer - peak surfaces showed a 15 - percent decrease in the production of a protein ( vegf ) upon which endothelial breast - cancer cells depend, compared to an implant surface with no surface modification. the 23 - nanometer surface showed greater reduction


##meter - peak surfaces showed a 15 - percent decrease in the production of a protein ( vegf ) upon which endothelial breast - cancer cells depend, compared to an implant surface with no surface modification. the 23 - nanometer surface showed greater reduction in vegf concentration when compared to the 300 - nanometer and 400 - nanometer - modified implants as well. while it is unclear why the 23 - nanoneter surface appears to work best at deterring breast - cancer cells, webster thinks it may have to do something with the stiffness of malignant breast cells. when they come into contact with the bumpy surface, they are unable to fully wrap themselves around the rounded contours, depriving them of the ability to ingest the life - sustaining nutrients that permeate the surface. he likened the peak - covered surface to a bed - of - nails to cancer cells. the researchers hypothesize that even smaller surface peaks would work better at repelling cancer cells. somewhat to their surprise, webster and zhang found that that the 23 - nanometer semispherical surface yielded 15 percent more healthy endothelial breast cells compared to normal surface after one day of lab tests. this work is detailed in a paper titled, " poly - lactic - glycolic acid surface nanotopographies selectively decrease breast adenocarcinoma cell functions. " an abstract of this paper is available at the journal ' s website.


published on march 5, 2013 by amy moccasin, skin shoe worn by indigenous people of north america, excepting the sandal wearers of the southwest area. there were two general types of moccasins, the hard - soled, which was used in the eastern woodlands and the southeast cultural areas, and the soft - soled, used in the plains area. the hard - soled moccasin was made by sewing, with sinew thread, a rawhide sole to a leather upper piece ; the soft - soled moccasin was one piece of soft leather with a seam at the instep and the heel. boot or legging moccasins ( sometimes reaching the hip ) were worn from alaska to arizona and new mexico, but they were generally part of the woman ’ s costume. the moccasins of certain tribes were distinctive, and sometimes a moccasin track could indicate the tribe of the wearer. moccasins were usually symbolically decorated with porcupine quills and, after the coming of the europeans, with glass beads. special moccasins were used for ceremonies such as the iroquois adoption service, which required that a recruit put on iroquois moccasins to indicate that he would follow iroquois ways. native art, native american jewelry, native american rings, turquoise crafts, student loans, debt financing, native american astrology, native horoscopes, student debt, indian genealogy records, family tree, native heritage, native jobs, native study, native students, native american university, grant, native ancestry, dna test


on sunday morning, england joins the rest of the uk in banning smoking inside most public spaces - from bars to clubs, restaurants, shops, offices and factories. smokers will have to head outdoors for a cigarette - or stay at home anyone wanting to light up will have to stay at home, brave the elements, or travel to the last remaining bastions of smoking in the british isles - alderney, sark or the isle of man. it ' s a move that affects most britons, from the non - smokers happy to leave the pub without smelling of cigarettes, to the millions of puffers whose habits will have to change. how many people smoke? about 10 million people in the uk smoke cigarettes, according to anti - smoking charity ash. it says a further two million - the vast majority of them men - smoke cigars, pipes or both. in 1948, when surveys were first conducted, eight out of 10 british men smoked - the highest level recorded. among women the peak was almost five out of 10, in 1966. the proportion of smokers fell rapidly during the 70s and 80s and continues to decline steadily. about one in four britons over the age of 16 now smokes, with the rate slightly higher among men than women. sweden, where fewer than one in five people partakes, has the eu ' s lowest smoking rate. greece, where almost half the adult population smokes, has the highest. a person ' s age, whether they visit pubs and even their marital status is closely connected to the likelihood that they smoke. by age group, it is 20 - to 24 - year - olds who are most likely to light up, with about a third considered smokers. as people get older they become less likely to smoke, with the rate falling to 14 % for the over 60s. about four out of 10 people who visit pubs smoke, and there is a strong link between smoking and social group, according to the office for national statistics. manual workers and their families are almost twice as likely to smoke as those with a managerial or professional background ( 31 % compared with 17 % ). and people living together are twice as likely to smoke as those who are married ( 35 % compared with 18 % ). across the country, the greatest proportion of smokers is found in the north east ( 30 % ). many smokers start early in the morning. about one third of people who get through more than 20 cigarettes a day light up within five minutes of waking. among this group, eight out of 10


is found in the north east ( 30 % ). many smokers start early in the morning. about one third of people who get through more than 20 cigarettes a day light up within five minutes of waking. among this group, eight out of 10 people say they would struggle to go 24 hours without a cigarette. among all smokers, more than half would find the task a challenge. nevertheless, seven out of 10 smokers say they would like to quit. the proportion wanting to stop is highest among those who smoke 10 to 19 cigarettes a day. it is suggested many heavy smokers believe stopping would be too difficult. the average male smoker is thought to get through 14 cigarettes a day, while women smoke 13. smoking and health hundreds of thousands of deaths could be prevented by england ' s smoking ban, medical expert sir richard peto said shortly before its introduction. anti - smoking campaigns repeatedly highlight the health risks " half of all smokers are going to be killed by tobacco. if a million people stop smoking who wouldn ' t otherwise have done so then maybe you ' ll prevent half a million deaths. " according to the charity cancer research, 50, 000 cancer deaths and a further 70, 000 deaths from heart disease and strokes are caused by smoking each year. it estimates that six million people have been killed in the past 50 years. supporters of a ban argue that it will protect many non - smokers from the effects of passive smoking. but it has also been suggested that many children will be more likely to be exposed to smoke, as their parents will light up at home instead. up in smoke smoking is good news for the treasury, with about £4. 10 of the £5. 50 cost of a packet of cigarettes taken in taxes. uk ' s best - selling cigarettes 1 ) lambert & butler king size - 13. 5 % ( imperial ) 2 ) benson & hedges gold - 7. 3 % ( gallaher ) 3 ) mayfair king size - 7. 1 % ( gallaher ) 4 ) richmond superkings - 6. 6 % ( imperial ) 5 ) richmond king size - 4. 9 % ( imperial ) 6 ) marlboro gold king size - 4. 4 % ( philip morris ) 7 ) regal king size - 3. 5 % ( imperial ) 8 ) royals king size red - 3. 4 % ( bat ) 9 ) superkings - 3. 3 % ( imperial ) 10 ) silk cut purple - 3. 2 % ( gallaher ) figures for 2004. source : ash excluding


august 03, 2011 using its rapid deforestation detection system inpe found 312. 7 square kilometers were cleared in june. nearly 40 percent of deforestation occurred in the state of para. the states of mato grosso ( 26 percent ), rondonia ( 21 percent ), and amazonas ( 13 percent ) also saw significant forest loss. entering the peak deforestation months — july through september / october — deforestation in the brazilian amazon in 2011 is so far outpacing last year ' s rate, which was the lowest since annual record - keeping began in the late 1980s. most observers expected to see an increase in deforestation this year due to higher commodity prices and anticipation of changes to brazil ' s forest code, which requires private landowners to maintain forest cover on the majority of their holdings. another contributing factor is continuing dry conditions across much of the amazon basin, which increase the risk of fires spreading from agricultural areas into forest zones. brazilian government : amazon deforestation rising ( 06 / 30 / 2011 ) satellite data released today by the brazilian government confirmed a rise in amazon deforestation over this time last year. deforestation in brazil ' s amazon continues to rise ; clearing highest near belo monte dam site ( 06 / 17 / 2011 ) deforestation in the brazilian amazon continued to rise as brazil ' s congress weighed a bill that would weaken the country ' s forest code, according to new analysis by imazon. brazil confirms big jump in amazon deforestation ( 05 / 18 / 2011 ) new data from the brazilian government seems to confirm environmentalists ' fears that farmers and ranchers are clearing rainforest in anticipation of a weakening of the country ' s rules governing forest protection. wednesday, brazil ' s national space research agency ( inpe ) announced a sharp rise in deforestation in march and april relative to the same period last year. inpe ' s rapid deforestation detection system ( deter ) recorded 593 square kilometers of forest clearing during the past two months, a 473 percent increase over the 103. 5 sq km chopped down from march - april 2010. huge surge in amazon deforestation ( 05 / 17 / 2011 ) analysis by imazon, a research institute, has confirmed a huge surge in deforestation in a critical part of the brazilian amazon. brazil ' s forest code debate may determine fate of the amazon rainforest ( 05 / 05 / 2011 ) brazil ' s forest code may be about to get an overhaul. the federal code, which presently requires landowners in the amazon to keep 80 percent of their land forest ( 20 - 35 %


with the tragic events that have unfolded in japan following the catastrophic earthquake off the country ' s coast, some have raised the idea of using robotics to aid human efforts within disaster zones. according to antonio espingardeiro, a robotics expert at the ieee, more could have and should be done to use the possibilities offered by robots to help limit the effects of the japanese disaster and the effects of the situation at the fukushima daiichi nuclear plant. “ in this situation, if there was better preparation with the appropriate technology then perhaps circumstances could already be improved, ” he told techeye. espingardeiro believes that risks could be lowered through the increased use of robots such as unmanned aerial vehicles ( uavs ) which can, for example, be equipped with radiation sensors for the purposes of monitoring and analysing air quality. however it is a predominantly human crew that is working in the radioactive atmosphere to deal with the disaster, although preparations are being made to introduce more robotic devices for tasks such as inspecting underwater infrastructure. “ more needs to be done in the future to ensure that the relevant robotic technologies are available in disaster zones such as that of japan, ” said espingardeiro. “ japan has had to call for international help in order to provide appropriate robotics that can be used in the situation, with the us providing the main supply of hardware with its thermal imaging uavs and other robotic technology. ” according to espingardeiro, it is up to governments across the world to put more emphasis on the use of robotics in such situations to mitigate risks in the future. “ there is certainly a culture of change within views towards the use of robotics, but there needs to be more done to ensure that the relevant quality and quantity of hardware is available when it is needed. “ many governments are just starting to realise the potential of robotics in such situations. ” espingardeiro believes that the problem lies in the lack of suitable equipment available, alongside a lack of investment in the relevant training of personnel in the operation of robots on a large scale. one of the stumbling blocks lies in the fact that the majority of cutting edge robotics technologies are the sole preserve of militaries, which account for large numbers of the hardware. “ while there are maybe 10 - 15 units in use in the japanese disaster, there were for example 6, 000 robots used in the iraq war, ” he said. espingardeiro thinks it ' s necessary that production is moved away from the military sphere so that commercialisation will allow current technologies to become more cost effective and


there were for example 6, 000 robots used in the iraq war, ” he said. espingardeiro thinks it ' s necessary that production is moved away from the military sphere so that commercialisation will allow current technologies to become more cost effective and not just for the defence budget - backed militaries. “ it is natural that technologies are more expensive initially, for example a number of years ago gps was only used by the military, but i expect that robotics technology will also become more easily accessible. “ this will mean that rather than having a small number of units available in a particular situation which may cost over a million dollars, you might have one hundred. “ therefore the inherent dangers that can be found in an environment such as in japan, which could easily damage the cameras or sensors of a robot, would not cause any hesitation in use of a robot for a specific task. " but it is very difficult to get your hands on a robot currently, even if you have the money. " of course as espingardeiro notes, the reduction in costing is something that will gradually come down due to market prices for relevant chips, sensors and motors, but with more investment in direct development of robotics technologies he believes that the timescale for the next generation of robots could be reduced from the expected ten to fifteen years. in the longer term this will enable the use of significantly more sophisticated technology which would mean improved effectiveness in high risk situations. “ there are already examples of robots that have greatly increased dexterity compared to the gripper mechanisms of the current robots which are used in search and rescue missions, ” he says. one example espingardeiro points to is nasa ’ s ‘ robonaut ’ which utilises highly sophisticated dexterous touch that would enable precise control far away from dangerous areas, with particular use in the japanese case. again, while this remote technology is available to some degree, more research needs to be done to solve bug problems and to make it more attainable. as another longer term contingency plan, espingardeiro believes that future nuclear reactors should place much more emphasis in their design on facilitating the use of robots. the ideas can ' t be implemented in immediate or even short term time scales, but espingardeiro says that as governments begin to fully realise the potential for robotics in disaster situations more can be done to use the technology to save lives - by sending in the robots straight away.


a great american historical moment is auctioned bidder pays $ 2. 1 million for a pivotal u. s. document by jay zimmer there were 48 original copies of the great emancipation proclamation, all signed by president abraham lincoln in the closing months of 1862. the civil war was raging, and at that point in the conflict, things were not going well for the union forces. lincoln ’ s proclamation stated that as of the first day of 1863, all slaves in states then in rebellion were free, and that all offices of the united states including the federal government and the military were mandated to protect that freedom. it was pivotal in american history. politically, lincoln had no authority in the south ; those states in rebellion had declared their own government, much as the original 13 colonies had done “ fourscore and seven years ” before. lincoln ’ s action was meant to sting and unsettle the confederate government, concentrate their forces on finding and returning slaves who would run away upon hearing of the measure, and become an irritant to the south ’ s ability to wage war. eventually it would lead to army companies composed of african american troops who would fight their former masters in the blue uniform of the united states. a hundred years later – almost exactly – another president, lyndon johnson, invoked the power of his predecessor ’ s proclamation saying that equality between the races was still an unfulfilled promise, as he sent his proposed the voting rights act to congress. the emancipation proclamation was lincoln ’ s defining moment, much as the firing of the air traffic controllers was for reagan, the cuban missile crisis for kennedy, the china trip for nixon, the camp david accord for carter. the forty - eight original copies were given by lincoln to the sanitary commission, which later morphed into the red cross. the commission sold the documents privately and used the money to care for union soldiers during the war. about half of those original copies survive, including one that was owned by the late senator robert kennedy, which was auctioned by his family several years ago. this latest copy was purchased for $ 2. 1 million dollars by david rubenstein, a managing director of the investment firm, the carlyle group. the seller ’ s name was not disclosed. the price paid was the second highest ( after the $ 3. 8 million paid for kennedy ’ s copy ) ever paid for a copy of this document.