empowering women to participate fully in economic life across all sectors is essential to build stronger economies, achieve internationally agreed goals for development and sustainability, and improve the quality of life for women, men, families and communities. the private sector is a key partner in efforts to advance gender equality and empower women. current research demonstrating that gender diversity helps business perform better signals that self - interest and common interest can come together. yet, ensuring the inclusion of women ’ s talents, skills and energies — from executive offices to the factory floor and the supply chain — requires intentional actions and deliberate policies. the women ' s empowerment principles offer practical guidance to business and the private sector on how to empower women in the workplace, marketplace and community. developed through a partnership between un women and the united nations global compact, the principles are designed to support companies in reviewing existing policies and practices — or establishing new ones — to realize women ’ s empowerment. in brief, the principles are : subtitled equality means business, the principles emphasize the business case for corporate action to promote gender equality and women ’ s empowerment and are informed by real - life business practices and input gathered from across the globe. they also reflect the interests of governments and civil society and serve to support interactions among stakeholders, as achieving gender equality requires the participation of all actors at all levels. introduced on international women ’ s day 2010, the women ’ s empowerment principles are adapted from the calvert women ’ s principles®. the calvert women ’ s principles were originally developed in partnership with unifem ( now un women ) and launched in 2004 as the first global corporate code of conduct focused exclusively on empowering, advancing and investing in women worldwide.


what is the holiday of sukkot all about? as rabbi dov lipman explains in our video ( click below to watch ), we dwell in the sukkah for seven days to recall the experience of the israelites who lived in these booth during their sojourn in the desert after the exodus from egypt. this teaches us that our shelter comes from god and that he protects us from the elements. the experience of living in the simple booth also helps to break down the barrier of materialism which prevents us from being more spiritual. the mitzvah ( commandment ) of the four species further cements the idea of that everything we have comes directly from god. we take crops – from the lowliest crop to a high level crop – and wave them in the service of god to demonstrate that he is the source of these crops. sukkot is described as “ the time of our rejoicing. ” why is this holiday the time for rejoicing and not other holidays? as explained in the video, once a person uses all these mitzvot to internalize that god is the source of all that we have, there can be no greater joy. watch the video to learn more about the joyful holiday of sukkot click ‘ like ’ if you enjoyed learning about the meaning of sukkot. and have a wonderful, meaningful, spiritual and fun holiday. chag sameach from israel! please ' share ' with your family and friends!


thu september 6, 2012 extreme weather means extreme food prices worldwide, aid agency warns originally published on wed september 19, 2012 2 : 11 pm reducing greenhouse gases and saving the polar bears tend to dominate discussions on climate change. but to the booming world population, one climate change issue may be even more pressing – hunger. a new report by a leading international relief agency warns that climate change will increase the risk of large spikes in global food prices in the future, and lead to more hungry people in the world. that ' s because extreme weather like droughts, floods and heat waves are predicted to become much more frequent as the planet heats up. " our planet is boiling and if we don ' t act now, hunger will increase for millions of people on our planet, " says heather coleman, climate change policy adviser for oxfam america, which released the report today. the combination of the severe drought in the u. s. this summer and droughts in eastern europe led to a sharp increase in world food prices in july, according to the world bank. and the world ' s poorest are particularly vulnerable to spiking food prices, because they use most of their income on food. as we reported last month, some of the sting may be yet to come. the drought in the u. s. is particularly hard on animal feed, and increases in meat prices may be on the way as a result, although they are not predicted to be as high here as you might expect. still, any price increases can make it difficult for poor families to get enough food, even in rich countries. for example, before the recession in 2008, one in 10 u. s. households couldn ' t find enough food. ( the government calls them " food insecure. " ) for 2010 and 2011, as pam fessler reports, that number has increased to one in seven households. but poor countries in africa and the middle east stand to suffer most. that ' s due in part to the fact that different countries handle price spikes differently. for example, price swings between 2007 and 2008 resulted in an 8 percent increase in the number of malnourished people in african nations, according to a report by the food and agriculture organization. meanwhile, large, stable countries like china were able to stabilize grain prices for their people, but smaller countries were vulnerable to high global prices. in 2010, when an extreme drought in russia shriveled its crops, food prices there increased, so russia banned wheat exports, which sent global grain prices soaring. as climate


with where good ideas come from, steven johnson pairs the insight of his bestselling everything bad is good for you and the dazzling erudition of the ghost map and the invention of air to address an urgent and universal question : what sparks the flash of brilliance? how does groundbreaking innovation happen? answering in his infectious, culturally omnivorous style, using his fluency in fields from neurobiology to popular culture, johnson provides the complete, exciting, and encouraging story of how we generate the ideas that push our careers, our lives, our society, and our culture forward. beginning with charles darwin ' s first encounter with the teeming ecosystem of the coral reef and drawing connections to the intellectual hyperproductivity of modern megacities and to the instant success of youtube, johnson shows us that the question we need to ask is, what kind of environment fosters the development of good ideas? his answers are never less than revelatory, convincing, and inspiring as johnson identifies the seven key principles to the genesis of such ideas, and traces them across time and disciplines. most exhilarating is johnson ' s conclusion that with today ' s tools and environment, radical innovation is extraordinarily accessible to those who know how to cultivate it. where good ideas come from is essential reading for anyone who wants to know how to come up with tomorrow ' s great ideas.


presenting history and clinical signs since acute lung injury and ards are secondary disease processes, animals may have a variety of historical findings and clinical signs based on the primary disease. animals will usually be hospitalized for the primary disease before acute lung injury or ards becomes apparent. it often takes one to four days for acute lung injury or ards to develop after the onset of the initial inflammation, so patients may originally be presented without marked respiratory signs and develop these complications later. if respiratory disease was a patient ' s admitting complaint, a failure to improve or a decline in respiratory status may indicate acute lung injury or ards. tachypnea, respiratory distress, cyanosis, hypoxemia, and, potentially, coughing are some of the more common clinical signs. 6 on physical examination increased respiratory noises may be heard, including loud bronchovesicular sounds or crackles. the patient may also display abdominal breathing, orthopnea, or foamy pink exudate coming from the respiratory tract. 4, 6, 7 the key clinical sign is respiratory distress. a typical scenario of acute lung injury or ards would be a dog that initially presented for one of the disorders listed in table 1. this patient may have no evidence of respiratory disease on initial presentation. after a few ( one to four ) days, the patient ' s respiratory rate would begin to elevate, followed by the patient exhibiting increased respiratory effort and, finally, severe respiratory distress. if the patient had already been managed at another hospital for a few days before referral, it may have already had time to develop acute lung injury or ards and may present in respiratory distress as a complication of one of hospital - acquired respiratory distress occurs in animals that have been hospitalized for an unspecified length of time and develop signs of respiratory distress while in the hospital. it may arise as an acute onset of respiratory signs in an animal that previously was determined to have a normal respiratory status, or it may be a worsening of clinical signs in an animal that already had respiratory compromise. the most common differential diagnoses for hospital - acquired respiratory distress include acute lung injury and ards, aspiration or bacterial pneumonia, congestive heart failure ( chf ) secondary to fluid overload, and pulmonary thromboembolism. acute lung injury and ards were historically difficult to diagnose with confidence. so in 2007, a panel of veterinary experts published a set of five criteria to accurately diagnose these conditions ( table 2 ). 2 four of these criteria are


. acute lung injury and ards were historically difficult to diagnose with confidence. so in 2007, a panel of veterinary experts published a set of five criteria to accurately diagnose these conditions ( table 2 ). 2 four of these criteria are required for diagnosis, and the fifth is optional. table 2 : criteria for diagnosing acute lung injury or ards no. 1 — acute onset the rate of onset of tachypnea and dyspnea at rest should be < 72 hours and is easily determined based on a patient ' s history. no. 2 — risk factors evaluating for risk factors involves establishing whether the patient has a severe primary disease that might have resulted in acute lung injury or ards. this risk factor assessment is easily accomplished by obtaining a thorough history and performing basic diagnostic tests ( complete blood count, serum chemistry profile, urinalysis, imaging ) that evaluate the patient for an underlying disease listed in table 1. no. 3 — evidence of pulmonary capillary leak with normal pulmonary capillary pressure this criterion requires that the patient have fluid in the lungs that does not appear to have been caused by left - sided chf. 2 acute lung injury, ards, and left - sided chf all cause pulmonary edema. the principal difference is that chf produces edema that has a low protein content because of high pressure within the lung vasculature ( increased hydrostatic pressure ), while acute lung injury and ards produce edema that has a high protein content because of inflamed and permeable vessels and alveolar epithelial lining. 3 to properly evaluate a patient for this criterion, thoracic radiography and a cardiac function evaluation must be performed to determine whether left - sided heart failure is present. imaging. the typical fluid distribution in acute lung injury and ards results in a bilateral or diffuse pattern of infiltrate on thoracic radiographs that involves more than one quadrant or lobe ( figures 1a & 1b ). 2 these changes can be quite variable, however, and may range from increased interstitial and peribronchial patterns to diffuse, bilateral alveolar infiltrates. 6, 8 computed tomography of the lungs can reveal increased lung densities, especially in areas of dependent lung. affected areas may demonstrate a hazy increase in lung attenuation, with preservation of bronchial and vascular margins. 8 evidence of proteinaceous fluid in the conducting airways would also be supportive. figure 1a. a lateral thoracic radiograph of a dysp


demonstrate a hazy increase in lung attenuation, with preservation of bronchial and vascular margins. 8 evidence of proteinaceous fluid in the conducting airways would also be supportive. figure 1a. a lateral thoracic radiograph of a dyspneic dog that demonstrates intense alveolar infiltrate in the caudodorsal lung fields. the heart and the pulmonary vessels appear normal. these findings are consistent with a noncardiogenic pulmonary cardiac function assessment. if pulmonary infiltrates are seen, the next step is determining whether the edema is cardiogenic or noncardiogenic. in experimental settings or in large - animal species, pulmonary capillary pressure can be directly measured by placing a pulmonary arterial wedge catheter ( or swan - ganz catheter ). but direct measurement is often limited to referral hospitals, so cardiac function is most commonly determined by history, clinical findings, and echocardiography. echocardiography evaluates left atrial size and systolic function quickly and accurately. a lack of left atrial enlargement or systolic dysfunction supports the finding of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema associated with acute lung injury and ards. echocardiography is also useful to exclude pulmonary figure 1b. a ventrodorsal thoracic radiograph of the same dog as in figure 1a. the alveolar infiltrate is visible in the caudodorsal lung field on each side but is more intense on the right. the heart and pulmonary vessels appear normal.


update based on op ' s feedback what might help you then is = indirect ( " sheet " & row ( ) & "! a1 " ) what this formula does is uses the current sheet ' s own row to help define what information is being pulled. in this case, starting with cell a1, the formula will be evaluated as = indirect does is allows you to use text strings to define reference ranges when pulling data, thus you can use & to concatenate a string and insert an automated way of iterating through the various sheet numbers. to get the summarized data in a1 of all sheets, just drag the formula in the summary sheet all the way down the column to have the formula auto - fill each of the following roles. here ' s a screenshot : what ' s happening in my example is that on sheet1 i have " status " in cell a1. looking at my formula in columnc, you ' ll notice that = indirect is pulling that value from a1. the following entries is from autofilling ( click and drag ) the formula down to other rows, making = indirect concatenate different sheet # s based on the old answer which does not use without knowing more about the format of your specific groups ' sheets, you have it almost correct in your example. if you rename sheets in your document to a custom name, you need to reference them using quotes. if you add single quotes around the sheet name, you ' ve got it : you can also add summary information in a sheet, like : groups total sum that will give you the sum of values in sheet group1, column b, rows 1 - 13. note : if you ' re ever confused as to how to reference a value from another sheet, you can always just : - go to the summary sheet - select the cell you ' d like to edit = to start a formula and then - click to another sheet / cell and see how the formula bar autofills the information.


in this post we take our next step with the mathematical models, and it begins to show different kinds of results. to this point we have been looking at the bible ' s four gospels : matthew, mark, luke, and john. to expand our horizons a little, the next document i ' d like to consider is paul ' s letter to the romans. it is an early letter within the christian church, it has been vital in the formation of protestant christianity. in modern times the question has become more pointed : did paul stay with the direction laid out by jesus, or was paul responsible for a change of course? i will not presume to answer that question here, but i will point out some promising pieces of objective information that come to light with this kind of mathematical review. to compare this letter to a gospel, then, i chose the gospel of luke. since luke was a companion of paul ' s, i thought it could be a productive place to begin. the short version of the results shared word estimate ( 13 / 52 ) = 25 % shared emphasis estimate : 27 % much different than gospel - to - gospel comparisons for the first time, all of the matching methods show less than a 50 % match - - and here the match is significantly less than 50 %. while the gospels consistently had a shared emphasis estimate higher than 50 %, paul ' s letter to the romans matches luke at roughly half that level. there are several kinds of differences that are immediately seen. we will start at the top of the list with the most common word. the gospels all had the same word as the most common word : jesus. the letter to the romans has a different most - common word : god. in fact, " jesus " doesn ' t appear until # 8 on the list in romans. however, " christ " appears higher on the list than " jesus ". what do we make of the fact that " jesus " is the common way to speak of jesus in the gospels, but " christ " is more common in paul ' s letter to the romans? the word " christ " does not appear on the common - words list of any of the four biblical gospels. to be sure, even if the word " christ " is not prominent in the gospels, still the idea that jesus is the christ is well - known from the gospels. they all make a point to explain that jesus is the christ, and to demonstrate it. in the gospels, the time when peter identifies jesus as the christ is portrayed as a key teaching, and so is


christ is well - known from the gospels. they all make a point to explain that jesus is the christ, and to demonstrate it. in the gospels, the time when peter identifies jesus as the christ is portrayed as a key teaching, and so is the moment at jesus ' trial where the political leaders ask whether jesus is the christ. the gospel of john even explains that the reason the book was written is " that you may believe that jesus is the christ ". so the concept of " christ " is an important idea in the gospels, even though the word is not used often. we could say that calling jesus by the title " christ " shows the next stage of logical development after those gospel accounts. that is, calling jesus " christ " shows a prior acceptance of those teachings about jesus. it is, in a way, summary - level talk, to call jesus by the title of christ. the gospels are interested in explaining and demonstrating that jesus is the christ ; for the epistle to the romans, this has already been explained to the readers ' satisfaction and is now part of the foundation on which they build. so here we have a new kind of difference : a difference about the level of detail being used or the logical progression of ideas, whether something is demonstrated or already given. it is a difference in the level of the conversation, and in the starting point of the discussion. but to what extent is it discussing the same subject matter? the action from the gospels, the physical settings and the people who first heard jesus are not a large part of the picture in paul ' s letter. the book of romans does not commonly speak of " crowds " and " disciples ", or " peter " and " mary ", or " jerusalem " and the " house ", or " asked " and " answered " in the way that the gospel of luke commonly does. the actions from jesus ' life are not being narrated in his letter ; the letter is a different type of material. paul does have some interaction with people in his letter, but he interacts with the people that he expects to read his letter. so while there is no " crowd " in paul, instead we have paul ' s trademark where " greet " is on the common word list in romans, and there is a small crowd reading the letter. ( anyone who reads a few of paul ' s letters will notice that he spends a certain amount of time on personal greetings. we know many early christians by name because paul greeted them by name in his letters. ) still, the


the letter. ( anyone who reads a few of paul ' s letters will notice that he spends a certain amount of time on personal greetings. we know many early christians by name because paul greeted them by name in his letters. ) still, the differences go deeper. the gospels are all biographies, or we might say the fourth gospel is a memoir and reflection on jesus ' life. as records of jesus ' life, all four gospels share the same most common word : " jesus ". the letter to the romans, on the other hand, has " god " as the most common word, then " sin " and " law ". to be sure, " sin " and " law " are discussed in the gospels - - but not always enough to make the most - common - words list. for " sin " we may remember conversations about sins being forgiven. for " law ", there are records of discussions between jesus and other people over the interpretation of the law. questions come up about matters of divorce, or tax, or ritual hand - washing, or which are the most important commandments, or a case of capital punishment, or whether certain religious leaders could claim that jesus was morally in the wrong for performing miracles to heal people on the sabbath, as it was a kind of work. so " sin " and " law " both have a presence in the gospels, either directly or by example. paul discusses these ideas at a summary level, where " sin " and " law " are often abstractions. the same might be said of " faith " and " grace ". these words are commonly used in romans where paul discusses them in a relatively abstract way. in the gospels these same words " faith " and " grace " are not often used directly, but are instead shown in living action. but the major differences are not limited to the fact that paul is more abstract, while the gospels show jesus in action. by paul ' s leading words in romans ( " god ", " law ", " sin " ), we see paul also trying to put jesus in a context that his readers might know. he explains jesus against a background familiar to his fellow jews, back in his day when the temple still stood in jerusalem and sacrifices were still offered daily, where people made pilgrimages for the torah ' s decreed feasts, where torah - based jewish legal courts had some degree of legal authority and might have jurisdiction over some cases, where someone might comment publicly about a lack of morals if someone failed to perform a ritual washing before a meal,


torah ' s decreed feasts, where torah - based jewish legal courts had some degree of legal authority and might have jurisdiction over some cases, where someone might comment publicly about a lack of morals if someone failed to perform a ritual washing before a meal, where breaking the sabbath might lead to a formal legal inquiry. we see paul struggling with the question : for a jew like him or many of his readers - - learning that jesus is the messiah and that the messiah is about god ' s love, about grace and mercy, about good news and life - - what does that mean for their old understanding of law and sin? what does that mean for their ideas about righteousness before god? we also see paul spending some effort discussing " jews " and " gentiles ", " israel " and being " circumcised ". what does it mean that even gentiles are now included in a new covenant with god? what does it mean that gentiles have a righteousness before god that did not come from the law of moses? what does that mean for whether the law of moses should apply to gentiles? on the one hand, if the gentiles do not need to be circumcised to be in the new covenant, then is circumcision still relevant? on the other hand, if gentiles are now numbered among god ' s chosen people - - which previously had meant israel - - then is there still any advantage in being a jew? paul considers the implication that god has made a covenant for all people through jesus ; and paul seems to have something of an identity crisis on what it means to be jewish now, in light of god opening the gate wide to all nations. for him and his concept of his beloved jewish nation ' s role in the world, it is not an easy transition to go from being an only child to being firstborn among many. this emphasis raises the question : to what extent was the letter to the romans about universal themes for all people of all times, and to what extent was that letter meant to speak to the existential crisis of judaism that paul saw in god ' s new covenant for all nations? ( in a few places paul seems defensive of the special role of his people, and mentions several times that things are " first for the jew " and then for the gentile. i should mention that paul ' s letter to the romans is not the only philo - semitic writing in the new testament. i have become curious whether anyone has actually studied the


things are " first for the jew " and then for the gentile. i should mention that paul ' s letter to the romans is not the only philo - semitic writing in the new testament. i have become curious whether anyone has actually studied the philo - semitism of the new testament. in my readings through the materials, philo - semitism seems far more prominent than any supposed " anti - semitism ", which is not surprising since most of the authors were themselves jewish. ) a few advantages of the mathematical comparisons - we may be able to determine whether something is rightly a classified as a " gospel " by whether it is mainly focused on jesus. it may also matter whether the action / narration words, setting, and character names are still in a prominent place. - we may be able to tell that a document is " next generation " material ( from a logical point of view ) if it starts by assuming that jesus is the christ, as shown by a high usage of the word " christ " compared to " jesus ". - we may need to look for relationships between key words - - like between " jesus " and " christ " - - where the difference shows that a historically earlier viewpoint is now taken as " given ". - to interpret the findings correctly, we may need to look for detail v. summary types of differences, or specifics compared to abstractions, like jesus ' kind encounters with various people as opposed to paul ' s mention of " grace " or " mercy ". - the details of the differences between two documents can show, objectively, where the focus of an author lies and bring out themes that might be missed otherwise.


the committee recalled that it had referred this nomination back to australia in order that new material can be assessed. in presenting its revised evaluation, iucn stated that the nomination had been submitted for its geological and not for its biological values, and that the sixteenth session of the committee declined the nomination requesting australia to consider macquarie island for its biological values and had noted its potential as part of an international world heritage site with the subantarctic islands of new zealand. australia reported that it had consulted with new zealand in 1996 and had found that new zealand was not ready for a joint nomination. the committee was informed that new zealand had subsequently nominated its subantarctic islands for review by the twenty - second session of the bureau. iucn felt that the basis for the nomination of macquarie island was too narrow and recommended deferral of the nomination. the committee recalled that the bureau discussed : ( 1 ) geological and biological values ; ( 2 ) the sovereignty of states parties to nominate properties and ( 3 ) the outstanding universal value of the nominated property, and that the bureau by consensus decided to recommend the committee to inscribe the property under criteria ( i ) and ( iii ). the committee decided that the site provides an unique example of exposure of the ocean crust above the sea level and of geological evidence for sea - floor spreading, and is an exposure of the oceanic plate boundary between the pacific and australian / indian plates, exposed with active faults and ongoing tectonic movements. the committee decided to inscribe the site under criteria ( i ) and ( iii ) and took note of the reservations expressed by the delegate of thailand concerning criterion ( iii ). the committee encouraged the australian authorities to consider for the future a renomination with the subantarctic islands of new zealand and to consider adding biological criteria in a future renomination. australia indicated that the australian government was willing to consider both proposals.


the cultural landscape and archaeological remains of the bamiyan valley in afghanistan includes some of the most important examples of gandharan art in the world, despite the taliban ’ s destruction of its two monumental buddhas in 2001. the expert working group on the preservation of the bamiyan site was formed in 2002 within the framework of the coordination mandate for all cultural projects in the country entrusted to unesco by the afghan government. it will meet for the fourth time in kabul from 7 to 10 december 2005. this expert group coordinates activities carried out under the unesco project “ safeguarding of the bamiyan site, ” for which the japanese government granted a total of $ 3. 1 million. the project aims at conserving the cultural heritage of the bamiyan valley, inscribed on the world heritage list and the list of world heritage in danger in 2003. following the previous bamiyan working groups and the efforts carried out in 2005, a group of afghan and international experts will examine the progress of the consolidation of cliffs and niches, the preservation of mural paintings, the conservation of the remains of the statues of the buddha, the preparation of the master plan, the development of the archaeological survey and the creation of a 3d model map. it will also, as it has in the past, make concrete recommendations on follow - up activities.


les noms des biens figurent dans la langue dans laquelle les etats parties les ont soumis. 1 ) punakha dzong : n27 35 28 e89 52 38 2 ) wangdue phodrang dzong : n27 30 00 e90 10 00 3 ) paro dzong : n27 26 00 e89 25 00 4 ) trongsa dzong : n27 29 58 e90 30 17 5 ) dagana dzong : n27 4 12 e89 52 47 dzong in bhutan is a complex of fortified building which served as a principal seat of buddhist school. most of the dzongs were built to be strategic footholds for gaining influence of particular buddhist schools and controlling over the region under the power of the schools. it is said to be the medieval period in the 12th century when dzongs were started to be built in " the southern land ( bhutan ) " by clergies of different buddhist schools established in tibet. it was in 1616 when zhabdrung ngawang namgyel, the linage holder of drukpa - kagyud buddhist school arrived at the southern land escaping the conflict over recognition of the principal abbot of the school in ralung, tibet. he, later becoming the unifier of bhutan, started constructing several dzongs in the process of gaining control over the country, which was at that time dominated by clergies and leaders of different buddhist schools. strategic location of the dzongs is one of the main factors that have led the successful unification of the country. it is much elaborated in old literatures describing the prophecies of ancient saints and auspicious events how the location of the dzongs was determined. these dzongs built by the charismatic leader zhabdrung ngawang namgyel who is believed as the re - birth of tsangpa gyaray, the founder of drukpa - kagyud school and also an emanation of avalokitesvara have great spiritual significance to the people of bhutan. among the dzongs founded by zhabdrung ngawang namgyel, five dzongs notably took crucial roles to uphold the authority instituted by zhabdrung ngawang namgyel. after the unification of the country, he established the unique dual government system headed by je kenpo ( the head of religious affairs ) and desi ( the head of temporal affairs ). those dzongs built as


ngawang namgyel. after the unification of the country, he established the unique dual government system headed by je kenpo ( the head of religious affairs ) and desi ( the head of temporal affairs ). those dzongs built as fortress during the power struggles faced by zhabdrung ngawang namgyel in the process of unifying the country were later expanded and modified by his successors in order to adapt court of clergies and administrators under the dual system of government. punthang dechenphodrang dzong in punakha built in 1637 had served as the principal seat of drukpa - kagyud buddhist school and thus, accommodated the central government. one year later, wangduephodrang dzong was built to put sha - dagyad ( eight eastern regions adjacent to punakha ) under control of zhabdrung ngawang namgyel. other three dzongs were built as the bases to extend the supremacy to different regions in the country. rinchenpung dzong in paro built in 1646 looked after the western regions, trongsa dzong built in 1647 for the eastern regions, and daga trashiyangtse dzong built in 1651 for the southern regions. these three dzongs headed by the appointed administrators titled penlops gained immense power as a result of ruling vast areas. the above five dzongs had been stage for significant political events and cultural development throughout the history of bhutan after its unification. these dzongs have witnessed important events not only in the olden times but also in the modern era. punthang dechenphodrang dzong served as the birthplace of the monarchy with the enthronement of the first king of bhutan in 1907. the recent history of these dzongs is marked by continuous efforts of adjusting their physical structures to the dynamism of governmental and social changes in the modern times. due to such successful adaptation, these ancient dzongs even today hold a significant status in the country as the centre of temporal and religious authorities amid rapid socio - economic development, which primarily began from 1960s, and more recent change of government from monarchy to constitutional democratic government system in 2008. these five dzongs presently house the offices of the respective district authority and a number of temples, and serves as the residence of the district monk body. the history of the listed dzongs reflects the dynamism of bhutanese history and culture since the unification of the country. many important historical events had


district authority and a number of temples, and serves as the residence of the district monk body. the history of the listed dzongs reflects the dynamism of bhutanese history and culture since the unification of the country. many important historical events had taken place in these dzongs. several renovation, alteration and expansion works of the dzong structure are still traceable and are evidence of crucial roles played by these dzongs as the centre of government and culture in the course of history of bhutan. they are the living witness to the successive social development and cultural evolution of the country. a large number of national treasures, including the remains of zhabdrung ngawang namgyel and the small self - created figure of avalokitesvara from the remains of tsangpa gyaray ( the founder of drukpa - kagyud buddhist school ) are inherited and housed in the dzongs. buddhist rituals and festivals are uninterruptedly being performed by the monk body. therefore, these dzongs have formed the main centre of spirituality of the nation. these dzongs are built on strategic locations such as on hill tops overlooking the valley or at a confluence of rivers providing military vantage. these dzongs basically consist of shabkhor, which are buildings rectangular in plan enclosing flat stone paved courtyard, and a most prominent towering structure called utse standing at the inner courtyard containing the shrines of guardian deities and buddhist masters. these dzongs were later altered and extended in order to accommodate the functions under the dual government system. this has presumably led to development of two very distinct facades of the dzongs ; the outer facades formed by high and massive battered stone masonry fortification walls of shabkhor and the inner facades consisting of sophisticated wooden structure often finished with elaborate carvings and paintings, creating ambience suitable for space for civil and state affairs. the dzongs illustrate the peak of collective architectural achievements of the people of bhutan. there are a number of historical documents and literatures narrating the stories or events associated with these important dzongs existing today. it includes literatures written and authenticated by the successors of zhabdrung ngawang namgyel. therefore, the historical accounts of these dzongs are clear and reliable. though there are other dzongs established by zhabdrung ngawang namgyel and other clergies in the country, these five dzongs were the main centre of authority ruling the country. they are the witness


by genevra pittman new york ( reuters health ) - more children are being diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( adhd ) now than were a decade ago, according to new research from a large california health plan. it ' s not clear what ' s behind that trend, researchers noted. possible explanations include better awareness of the condition among parents and doctors or improved access to health care for kids with symptoms, according to dr. darios getahun, the study ' s lead author. prior research has also shown an increasing trend in adhd diagnoses, according to getahun, from the kaiser permanente southern california medical group in pasadena. however, his team had strict criteria for determining which kids had adhd, requiring a clinical diagnosis and prescriptions for adhd medications. past studies have relied on parent and teacher reports alone, getahun noted. in an analysis of kaiser permanente medical records, researchers found the proportion of five - to 11 - year - olds diagnosed with adhd increased from 2. 5 percent in 2001 to 3. 1 percent in 2010. consistent with past research, white children were more likely to be diagnosed with adhd than black, hispanic and asian kids, and boys were more likely to have the condition than girls. on average, children were diagnosed when they were between eight and a half and nine and a half years old. hispanic youth tended to receive a diagnosis at a later age than other kids - which could put them at a disadvantage, getahun noted. " one thing which is very important in adhd is parents ' awareness... and timely diagnosis of the disease is very important so the treatment is effective, " he told reuters health. " if you diagnose the child early when the disease occurs, the child may function better in school and also socially, " said getahun. one study published last year found icelandic kids who got early adhd treatment did better on standardized tests than those who didn ' t get medication until they were preteens ( see reuters health story of june 25, 2012 : http : / / reut. rs / kxoqfy ). common medications used to treat adhd include stimulants such as vyvanse, ritalin and concerta. not all kids with adhd need medication - some get better with behavioral therapy or extra help at school. adhd drugs can come with side effects, including appetite loss, sleep problems and stomach aches. just under five percent of more than 840, 000


key : " s : " = show synset ( semantic ) relations, " w : " = show word ( lexical ) relations display options for sense : ( gloss ) " an example sentence " - s : ( n ) present, nowadays ( the period of time that is happening now ; any continuous stretch of time including the moment of speech ) " that is enough for the present " ; " he lives in the present with no thought of tomorrow " - s : ( n ) present ( something presented as a gift ) " his tie was a present from his wife " - s : ( n ) present, present tense ( a verb tense that expresses actions or states at the time of speaking ) - s : ( v ) show, demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate ( give an exhibition of to an interested audience ) " she shows her dogs frequently " ; " we will demo the new software in washington " - s : ( v ) present, represent, lay out ( bring forward and present to the mind ) " we presented the arguments to him " ; " we cannot represent this knowledge to our formal reason " - s : ( v ) stage, present, represent ( perform ( a play ), especially on a stage ) " we are going to stage ` othello ' " - s : ( v ) present, submit ( hand over formally ) - s : ( v ) present, pose ( introduce ) " this poses an interesting question " - s : ( v ) award, present ( give, especially as an honor or reward ) " bestow honors and prizes at graduation " - s : ( v ) give, gift, present ( give as a present ; make a gift of ) " what will you give her for her birthday? " - s : ( v ) deliver, present ( deliver ( a speech, oration, or idea ) ) " the commencement speaker presented a forceful speech that impressed the students " - s : ( v ) introduce, present, acquaint ( cause to come to know personally ) " permit me to acquaint you with my son " ; " introduce the new neighbors to the community " - s : ( v ) portray, present ( represent abstractly, for example in a painting, drawing, or sculpture ) " the father is portrayed as a good - looking man in this painting " - s : ( v ) confront, face, present ( present somebody with something, usually to accuse or criticize ) " we confronted him with the evidence " ; " he was faced with all the evidence


emily cox and henry rathvon provide the second sunday acrostic puzzles every second week. if you think that ’ s all they do, you need to read my interview with them from last year. this weekend we are treated to one of their cryptic crosswords. i try to be careful writing about these puzzles because i ’ d rather not give too much away. feel free to comment on any clues or answers, or to ask any questions, and we can let the conversation happen that way. if you ’ re new to these cryptic shenanigans, it might be instructive to consider the first two clues, and then you ’ re on your own. 1 across is “ from stem to stern, tossed in the sound ( 10 ). ” the parenthetical number at the end tells us the number of letters in the answer. the trick to these puzzles is realizing that, for most clues, there are two parts that each point to the same answer. often is it difficult to separate those parts, so you have to be on your toes. it looks as if this one might mean “ from stem to stern ” and there is a word meaning tossed inside another one meaning sound. that ’ s a perfectly logical parsing of the clue. it ’ s also wrong. sound here means “ sounds like, ” so we ’ re looking for a single word meaning “ from stem to stern ” that sounds like a word or phrase meaning “ tossed. ” throughout fits that description. reread the explanation here if it doesn ’ t make sense right away. the clue at 6 across reads “ exchange hands, from right to left ( 4 ). ” in this case, the answer is swap. it means exchange. what has swap to do with “ hands from right to left ”? follow the directions in the clue to find out. cryptics are an acquired taste, but once you get over the hump, they ’ re great fun. they often benefit from solving with a friend, who might be able to look at the clues at a different angle when you ’ re stuck.


the montgomery bus boycott looms as a formative turning point of the twentieth century : harbinger of the african american freedom movement, which in turn inspired movements for freedom around the globe ; springboard for the leadership of martin luther king jr. in civil rights, human rights and peacemaking ; launching pad for the worldwide era of upheaval known as the “ sixties ”. the bus boycott stands for all times as one of humankind ’ s supreme democrtatic moments, a monumental struggle to actualize the american dream of freedom, equality and constitutionalism. the nonviolent uprising of 1955 and 1956 represented a new founding of american democracy that pushed the nation a quantum leap closer to keeping faith with parchment principles. - - - from the daybreak of freedom if any single event touched off the activist phase of the civil rights movement, it was the montgomery bus boycott of 1955 - 56. triggered by the refusal of a black seamstress, mrs. rosa parks, to take her place at the back of a city bus when the driver demanded it, this grass - roots movement led by the young martin luther king lasted for just over a year, from 1955 to late in the next year. for the first time since the depression, political initiative shifted from washington back into the country itself, in this case the courts, schools, lunch counters, courthouses, streets and jails of the south. - - - from the experience of politics


climate witness : pak azhar, indonesia i have been living in balikukup since 1999. balikukup is a small island of 18 ha consisting mainly of sandbanks. however, the island ’ s size is not fixed as it depends on the tides. during low tide, a large sandbank is exposed, extending 1 km towards the sea. the weather is a significant factor in the work of a sea cucumber fisherman i started collecting sea cucumbers in 2001. there are 2 ways to catch sea cucumbers ; some fishermen just search on the beaches around the island during low tide at night, while others dive underwater, down to depths of 10 m. sea cucumber fishermen are highly dependent on the weather to do their job. fishermen cannot catch good harvests during rainy or stormy weather, as sea cucumbers hide underneath the sand during that time. therefore, it is important for a sea cucumber fisherman to predict what the weather will be like before going to work. usually i observe the weather at dusk or in the early evening to predict whether it is going to rain or be stormy at night. but nowadays, it is getting harder to predict the weather accurately. for example, early evening yesterday i predicted that there would be no rain at night, but around midnight and early morning heavy rain came down. in the old days, we fishermen could predict the weather. but not anymore. the elders on our island also mentioned the same thing. since 2002, atang, one of the fisherman elders whom we regard as the best expert in predicting the weather in balikukup, said that the weather was getting unpredictable. before, atang could produce a very good prediction, even for the course of a full year. ‘ bulan janda ’ or widow month one example of unpredictable weather is the gone phenomena of ‘ bulan janda ’, or ‘ widow month ’. it is called widow - month because when the fishermen went to the sea during the event, they rarely came home safely. thus, their wives became widows. widow month is an annual event when the wind blows very strongly for 44 days from the south. this wind stops for a short period of time ( half an hour ), and then goes back to blowing very hard. during that time it is impossible for fishermen to go at sea. fishermen who had saved enough money and food supply did not need to go at sea during ‘ widow month ’ because the conditions were too dangerous. however, other fishermen had no other option but to go


time it is impossible for fishermen to go at sea. fishermen who had saved enough money and food supply did not need to go at sea during ‘ widow month ’ because the conditions were too dangerous. however, other fishermen had no other option but to go to sea during the event. the phenomenon of ‘ widow month ’ does not exist anymore. the last time it happened was in 1991 according to fishermen. after 1991, during the supposedly ‘ widow - month ’, there could be calm periods for up to 2 weeks. none of the fishermen understands why the ‘ widow month ’ phenomenon has slowly disappeared. no clue when money will come the unpredictable weather is a disadvantage for us fishermen because we no longer know when we can go fishing. it is difficult for us to predict when we will make money. before, we could estimate when was the right time to make income and put some money on the side, as we could predict when we can go fishing. now, whenever we have good weather, we just go fishing. we can no longer make financial plans. credit : wwf - indonesia / primayunta scientific reviewreviewed by : dr heru santoso, project coordinator of the trofcca ( tropical forests and climate change adaptation ) project, indonesia the witnesses told three natural phenomena that they considered climate related. they are increased land erosion, higher tides and unpredictable weather. even though non - climatic factor could contribute to these phenomena, for example an increase in land erosion could be due to land mismanagement, or a higher tide could be the subsequent of regional subsidence, etc. however, in all three different locations the people observed an increase of wave energy and increasing unpredictable weather that could affect the sustainability of their villages and their livelihood. there are very few scientific literatures to report whether the observed phenomena in this specific region are related to climate change. this region is open to sulawesi and sulu seas as flow paths of oceanic current from the western pacific ocean to indian ocean. higher tides in berau area could be related to the increase of sea surface level in the western pacific during la nina events. this phenomenon recently has become noticeable than in the past probably because global warming has accentuated the extent of this climate mechanism ( mimura et al. 2007 ). for the same reason, unpredictable and abrupt change of weather has become noticeable. abrupt changes are usually associated with high wind speed which could only happen if there is a significant difference in pressures between two areas. striking heat, in particular over a heat sensitive land area, under a warmer condition could


abrupt change of weather has become noticeable. abrupt changes are usually associated with high wind speed which could only happen if there is a significant difference in pressures between two areas. striking heat, in particular over a heat sensitive land area, under a warmer condition could generate this high pressure difference quickly. land sensitivity to heat is higher if the forest cover has gone or heavily degraded. the ‘ widow month ’, a regular phenomenon of strong southerly wind that has been disappearing, is normally associated with the monsoonal trade wind in which the easterly wind from eastern indonesia turn northward to asia. global warming or higher regional temperature could alter the distribution of regional or subregional energy concentration and could also alter the scale and extent of circulation. therefore, global warming could have contributed to the increasing trend of recurrences of natural phenomena as reported by witnesses. however, it is quite proper to verify whether this global warming has accentuated climate mechanisms in this subregion by comparing with other climate variables. for example, during la nina events warm waters from the east flow to the west and usually bringing more rains. the high tides in the berau region which could be explained by this mechanism could be verified with rainfall data during that particular time of the events, preferably with a long period of observation data. all articles are subject to scientific review by a member of the climate witness science advisory panel.


„ liviu rebreanu ” school, romania church listed by the unesco as world heritage site. panorama made under authority and approval of mar... transylvania ( romanian : ardeal or transilvania ; hungarian : erdely ; german : de - siebenburgen. ogg siebenburgen ( help · info ), see also other denominations ) is a historical region in the central part of romania. bounded on the east and south by the carpathian mountain range, historical transylvania extended in the west to the apuseni mountains ; however, the term frequently encompasses not only transylvania proper, but also the historical regions of crisana, maramures, and ( romanian ) banat. transylvania was once the nucleus of the kingdom of dacia ( 82 bc – 106 ad ). in 106 ad the roman empire conquered the territory and after that its wealth was systematically exploited. after the roman legions withdrew in 271 ad, it was overrun by a succession of tribes, which subjected it to various influences. during this time areas of it were under the control of the visigoths, huns, gepids, avars and bulgars. thereafter the romanized dacian inhabitants either moved into the mountains and preserved their culture or migrated southward. it is likely that elements of the mixed daco – roman population held out in transylvania. there is an ongoing scholarly debate over the population of transylvania before the hungarian conquest ( see origin of the romanians ). the magyars conquered the area at the end of the 9th century and firmly established their control over it in 1003, when their king stephen i, according to legend, defeated the native prince entitled or named gyula. between 1003 and 1526, transylvania was a voivodeship of the kingdom of hungary, led by a voivod appointed by the hungarian king. after the battle of mohacs in 1526 transylvania became effectively an independent principality ruled primarily by calvinist hungarian princes. afterward, in 1566, hungary was divided between the habsburgs and the turks, with the transylvanian principality maintaining autonomy as an ottoman subject. the habsburgs acquired the territory shortly after the battle of vienna in 1683. the habsburgs, however, recognized the hungarian sovereignty over transylvania, [ dubious – discuss ] while the transylvanians recognized the suzerainty of the habsburg emperor leopold i ( 1687 ), and the region was officially attached to the habsburg empire, separated in all but name from habsburg controlled hungary and subjected to the direct rule of the emperor ’ s governors.


recognized the suzerainty of the habsburg emperor leopold i ( 1687 ), and the region was officially attached to the habsburg empire, separated in all but name from habsburg controlled hungary and subjected to the direct rule of the emperor ’ s governors. in 1699 the turks legally conceded their loss of transylvania in the treaty of karlowitz ; however, anti - habsburg elements within the principality only submitted to the emperor in the 1711 peace of szatmar. after the ausgleich of 1867 the region was fully reabsorbed into hungary as a part of the newly established austro - hungarian empire. following defeat in world war i, austria - hungary began to disintegrate. the ethnic romanian majority elected representatives, who then proclaimed union with romania on december 1, 1918. in 1920, the allies confirmed the union in the treaty of trianon. hungary protested against the detach, as over 1, 600, 000 hungarian people were living in the area in question, mainly in szekler land of eastern transylvania, and along the newly created border, which was drawn through areas with hungarian majority. in august 1940, in the midst of world war ii, hungary regained about 40 % of transylvania by the vienna award, with the aid of germany and italy. the territory, however, reverted to romania in 1945 ; this was confirmed in the 1947 paris peace treaties. in distant regions, transylvania is also often associated with dracula ( bram stoker ' s novel and its film adaptations ), and the horror genre in general, while in countries of central and eastern europe the region is known for the scenic beauty of its carpathian landscape and its rich history.


space station has to wait for its scientific destiny the international space station will now have to wait for delivery of first science facility - the us laboratory ' destiny ' - after the launch of space shuttle atlantis was cancelled this week. the us $ 1. 4 billion destiny is a laboratory module enabling experiments in the near - zero gravity of space. the module will end up with 24 payload racks supporting facilities for research in biotechnology, fluid physics, combustion and life sciences. in microgravity - also called weightlessness - fluids no longer convect or flow because one part is lighter or heavier than the other. these conditions allow materials scientists to investigate the fundamental properties that control how materials form and behave. the module is 8. 5 metre long and 4. 3 metre in diameter and consists of three cylindrical sections and two endcones with hatches that will be mated to other station components. it has an exterior covered by a debris shiled blanket made of a material similar to that used in bulletproof vests on earth. the current space station crew have passed their 73rd day in space and will live onboard for about 120 days before being replaced by another team of one russian commander and two americans. the iss, which is a joint project of the us, russia, europe, japan and canada orbits the earth every 90 minutes at an altitude of 370 kilometers. it is scheduled for completion in 2006 and will have as much pressurised space as a 747 jumbo jet.


plan for an unmanned mission to earth ' s core first, split the ground open with cataclysmic force, then fill it with the world ' s entire supply of molten iron carrying a small communication probe - and the resulting 3, 000 kilometre journey to earth ' s core should take about a week, according to a u. s. planetary physicist. " we would learn a lot more about the nature of earth and how it works - the generation of the magnetic field, the origin of some kinds of volcanoes, the heat sources inside earth, the stuff earth is made of - in short, all the basic questions, " he told abc science online. in his paper, stevenson argues that " planetary missions have enhanced our understanding of the solar system and how planets work, but no comparable exploratory effort has been directed towards the earth ' s interior ". " space probes have so far reached a distance of about 6, 000 million kilometres, but subterranean probes ( drill holes ) have descended only some 10 kilometres into the earth, " he writes in his article. the main barrier to travelling to the core is the dense matter of the earth ' s mantle. the energy required to penetrate the mantle by melting is about a thousand million times the energy needed for space travel, per unit distance travelled. stevenson ' s scheme relies on principles observed in ' magma fracturing ' - where molten rock migrates through the earth ' s interior. he proposes pouring 100 million tonnes of molten iron alloy into a crack of about 300 metres deep in the earth ' s surface. this massive volume of iron, containing a small communication probe, would work its way down to the earth ' s core, along the crack, which would open up by the force of gravity and close up behind itself. the crack would open downwards at 5 metres per second, giving a mission timescale of " around a week ". such ' earth dives ' have not been tried before on any scale, nor is the technology yet available. " no, we can ' t do it now, " said stevenson. " but the basic scientific principles are understood. the same answer applied to the atomic bomb in 1940. " the initial crack would require a force equivalent to several mega tonnes of tnt, an earthquake of magnitude 7 on the richter scale, or a nuclear device " with a capability within the range of those currently stockpiled ". the amount of iron needed could be as much as the amount produced world - wide in a week. heat would be maintained through the release of


richter scale, or a nuclear device " with a capability within the range of those currently stockpiled ". the amount of iron needed could be as much as the amount produced world - wide in a week. heat would be maintained through the release of gravitational energy and the partial melting of silicate rock walls. " but of course, the mantle is hot anyway, " said stevenson, " so once you get below the first 100 kilometres, there are alloys that would never freeze in equilibrium with the mantle. " he said the probe would penetrate the outer core but the solid inner core of the earth would probably stop it from going any further. the grapefruit - sized probe embedded in the molten iron would contain instruments to measure temperature, conductivity, and chemical composition. it would rely on encoded sound waves to beam data to the surface, as the earth ' s interior does not transmit electromagnetic radiation. one of the existing laser interferometer gravitational - wave observatories ( ligo ), used to detect tiny amounts of gravitational radiation from space, could be reconfigured to read the acoustic frequencies from the probe burrowing beneath. " my paper is an idea, not a blueprint! " stevenson told abc science online. " but the physical process involved - with melt moving through the outermost 100 kilometres of earth - is something the earth does every day. " " this proposal is modest compared with the space program, and may seem unrealistic only because little effort has been devoted to it, " he concludes in nature. " the time has come for action. " click here to listen to a follow - up of this story broadcast on the science show, abc radio national.


lichen love space scientist have found the most complex organism to date that can survive direct exposure to space : lichen. the european space agency ( esa ), which sponsored the research, says the findings bolster the possibility that life was transferred between planets. researchers from spain flew samples of lichen, which are made of algal cells in a mat of fungus, on the outside of a russian capsule that spent two weeks in orbit. the organisms survived the high levels of ultraviolet radiation, as well as the vacuum and extreme temperatures of space. dr rosa de la torre, from spain ' s national institute for aerospace technology in madrid, says post - flight analysis shows the lichens not only survived, but still had the ability to photosynthesise upon their return. images taken by electron microscopes showed no cell damage. " [ the experiment shows ] for the first time that complex organisms integrated by the association of seaweed and fungi, are able to resist the conditions of space without showing apparent damage, " says professor leopoldo sancho, with complutense university of madrid. sealed in a capsule two species of lichen, rhizocarpon geographicum and xanthoria elegans, were sealed in a capsule and launched on russian soyuz rocket on 31 may 2005. upon reaching orbit, the lid of the container holding the lichen was opened, exposing the samples to the space environment for 14. 5 days. the lid was then closed to protect the samples while the capsule returned to earth. " the lichens are probably some of the most resilient organisms that you can find, " says astrobiologist professor charles cockell, with the uk ' s open university, who is familiar with the madrid team ' s work. lichens have a mineral coating that apparently shields the organisms from the ultraviolet radiation of space, says dr rene demets, who oversaw the project for the esa. on earth, lichens are typically found on the surfaces of rocks and survive extreme conditions, such as high on mountaintops. previous studies have shown that simple organisms such as bacteria can survive in space and possibly even on the surface of mars. other organisms, such as plant seeds, have not fared as well. " they could resist the absolute emptiness and the extreme temperatures, but not the radiation, " sancho says. follow - up ground and flight studies are planned for september 2007 to determine how long lichens might survive in space, and if they could survive re - entry forces if, for example, they


australian bureau of statistics 1301. 0 - year book australia, 2004 previous issue released at 11 : 30 am ( canberra time ) 27 / 02 / 2004 | page tools : print page rss search this product | multifactor productivity ( mfp ) statistics provide a measure of changes in the efficiency of production. these measures are used by both government and private organisations to help gauge the effect of changes in work practices, technology, education and training. mfp statistics are available only for the market sector as a whole. although mfp is the more comprehensive measure of productivity, the abs also produces industry labour productivity indexes. one measure of labour productivity, an index of industry gva in chain volume measures per hour worked, is useful because it is provided for each market sector industry. labour productivity is constant if there is no change in the amount produced ( chain volume gva ) per hour worked. changes in this ratio reflect changes in the average skill or productivity level of the workforce. this measure reflects not only the contribution of labour to changes in production but also the contribution of capital and other factors ( e. g. technological changes and managerial efficiency ). movements in employment and hours worked tend to lag movements in gdp. the implication being, in the period of the growth cycle when the growth in output is declining, indexes of labour productivity are also likely to decline, particularly if rapid growth in gdp is abruptly ended. conversely, labour productivity indexes are likely to grow strongly when the economy comes out of a cyclical trough. graph 13. 9 shows the average annual rate of growth in the amount produced per hour worked for market sector industries over the most recent business growth cycle ( 1993 - 94 to 1998 - 99 ). over this period, the average annual growth rate was 3. 4 % for the market sector as a whole. most of the market sector industries increased their productivity per hour worked. between 1993 - 94 and 1998 - 99, the industries with the highest average annual productivity growth rates were communication services ( 7. 3 % ), electricity, gas and water supply ( 7. 2 % ), wholesale trade ( 6. 8 % ) and mining ( 5. 2 % ). negative growth was seen only in the cultural and recreational services industry. on average, this industry ' s productivity fell by 0. 7 % per annum between 1993 - 94 and 1998 - 99. in the previous business growth cycle ( 1988 - 89 to 1993 - 94 ), market sector productivity per hour worked grew, on average, by 2. 3 % each year


by 0. 7 % per annum between 1993 - 94 and 1998 - 99. in the previous business growth cycle ( 1988 - 89 to 1993 - 94 ), market sector productivity per hour worked grew, on average, by 2. 3 % each year. the communication services industry and the electricity, gas and water supply industry were again the top two productive industries in terms of growth in amount produced per hour worked. the mining industry was the third most productive industry ( rising on average by 5. 3 % each year ). in this cycle, negative growth in amount produced per hour worked was seen in the accommodation, cafes and restaurants ( - 1. 6 % ), wholesale trade ( - 1. 4 % ) and cultural and recreation services ( - 0. 4 % ) industries. the biggest increase in productivity between the two business cycles ( 1988 - 89 to 1993 - 94 and 1993 - 94 to 1998 - 99 ) was in the wholesale trade industry. this industry ' s average annual productivity was 8. 2 percentage points greater in the most recent cycle compared to the previous cycle. this page last updated 24 march 2006 unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a creative commons attribution 2. 5 australia licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website copyright notice. for permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.


ask a question about ' luigi pulci ' start a new discussion about ' luigi pulci ' answer questions from other users was an italian italy, officially the italian republic languages ] ] under the european charter for regional or minority languages. in each of these, italy ' s official name is as follows : ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ), is a unitary parliamentary republic in south - central europe. to the north it borders france, switzerland, austria and... a poet is a person who writes poetry. a poet ' s work can be literal, meaning that his work is derived from a specific event, or metaphorical, meaning that his work can take on many meanings and forms. poets have existed since antiquity, in nearly all languages, and have produced works that vary... best known for his morgante morgante, sometimes also called morgante maggiore, is an italian romantic epic by luigi pulci which appeared in its final form in 1483. based..., an epic story of a giant who is converted to christianity christianity is a monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of jesus as presented in canonical gospels and other new testament writings... and follows the knight orlando roland was a frankish military leader under charlemagne who became one of the principal figures in the literary cycle known as the matter of france. historically, roland was military governor of the breton march, with responsibility for defending the frontier of francia against the bretons... he was born in florence florence is the capital city of the italian region of tuscany and of the province of florence. it is the most populous city in tuscany, with approximately 370, 000 inhabitants, expanding to over 1. 5 million in the metropolitan area..... his patrons were the medici the house of medici or famiglia de ' medici was a political dynasty, banking family and later royal house that first began to gather prominence under cosimo de ' medici in the republic of florence during the late 14th century. the family originated in the mugello region of the tuscan countryside,... s, especially lorenzo medici, who sent pulci on diplomatic missions. even so, sometime around 1470 pulci needed more money and went into the service of robert sanseverino, a northern condottiere his brother luca ( 1431 – 1470 ) was also a writer. his works, all in the italian language italian is a romance language spoken mainly in europe : italy, switzerland, san marino, vatican city,


receive weekly summaries of top business books, lessons in leadership, and inspiration, for free. the opposable mind published by harvard business press think of a rubik ’ s cube. those who can complete one ( i. e. put all the coloured tiles where they belong ) will tell you that one of the keys to accomplishment is keeping all the other tiles in mind while focusing on completing a certain placement. it ’ s not simply a matter of completing one side to the exclusion of the others, but rather the process of building one side while maintaining or building the others as well. author / professor roger martin explains this process to be “ integrative thinking ” ; the ability to face constructively the tension of opposing ideas and, instead of choosing one at the expense of the other, generate a creative resolution of the tension in the form of a new idea that contains elements of the opposing ideas but is superior to each. silly example? maybe. and yet people fall back onto “ either - or ” choices all the time. consider the story of izzy sharp – a hotelier interested in creating a new type of guest experience. he was told there were only two ways to run hotels : 1 ) small and intimate, but lacking enough guest rooms to support amenities like gyms, pools or business centres or, 2 ) large, fully equipped hotels that, due to their size, were run with cold and impersonal service. sharp refused to accept the two existent models, choosing instead to take the best of each and create something entirely new – a hotel chain built around the exact desires ( both spoken and unspoken ) of his ideal clientele ; huge capacity, yet with a complete and personalized catering to the guests ’ individual needs. the hugely successful four seasons was the result. the opposable mind teaches that leaders – true innovators – have the remarkable ability to hold two contradictory thoughts in their minds at one time, and then work through the unique strengths and challenges of each to create an even better, third option. in the opposable mind, martin examines the topic brilliantly and, perhaps most important to our conversation, teaches how you can develop a more opposable mind yourself. your rubik ’ s lens “ integrative thinking shows us a way past the binary limits of either - or. it shows us that there ’ s a way to integrate the advantages of one solution without cancelling out the advantages of an alternative solution. integrative thinking affords us, in the words of the poet wallace stevens, ‘


of either - or. it shows us that there ’ s a way to integrate the advantages of one solution without cancelling out the advantages of an alternative solution. integrative thinking affords us, in the words of the poet wallace stevens, ‘ the choice not between, but of. ” the opposable mind, page 9 the human mind is a wonderful thing. from early in our childhood development, our minds begin to categorize and filter information vital to our survival. through education and experience, we start to qualify objects, people and events as “ safe ” or “ dangerous ”, “ beneficial ” or “ detrimental ”. we do this for our own safety and survival, and we do it unconsciously as we grow. while the function of this process is strictly to keep us safe from physical harm, it actually begins to shape the way we see the world – a lens through which we experience reality, if you will. virtually as soon as we are conscious of our actions, none of us are capable of seeing the world completely objectively, as we all see reality through the tint of our own upbringing. integrative thinking is about testing and expanding our own “ lens ” ( or “ reality - model ”, as martin calls it ) by comparing and contrasting it with the lenses of the people around us, constantly seeking new, better alternatives to all. it ’ s about having a certain level of expectation as to what a solution could look like and refusing to lower that expectation simply because the ideal solution doesn ’ t yet exist. according to martin, there are six beliefs or “ stances ” that are possessed by leaders who practice integrative thinking : belief # 1 : the current solutions or models for a situation are simply the best solutions or models created to date, and not the absolute best solution available. belief # 2 : conflicting solutions or models are not to be feared or resisted, but rather to be learned from, adding to the available data for study and creation of a new, superior model. belief # 3 : better solutions are available, they are just yet to be discovered. belief # 4 : they are personally capable of creating or leading the creation of that better model from abstraction to reality. belief # 5 : “ messiness ” or complexity of options and components is actually a good thing, as it assures no details ( or fewer, at any rate ) are being missed in the creation of an ideal solution. belief # 6 : patience is needed to create the better model. the opposable mind, page 111


a good thing, as it assures no details ( or fewer, at any rate ) are being missed in the creation of an ideal solution. belief # 6 : patience is needed to create the better model. the opposable mind, page 111 - 3 it is martin ’ s belief that we can expand our own capacity for integrative thinking through constant experience and reflection. learn from picasso “ the great ones utilize their experiences to build and deepen their mastery while maintaining and expressing their originality. average leaders do one or the other. ” the opposable mind, page 185 even those who don ’ t have an intimate knowledge of the art world probably recognize the name pablo picasso. renowned as one of the fathers of modern art, and the uncontested creator of the cubism painting style, picasso is remembered for his originality. and yet, as martin reminds us, picasso has often times attributed his pioneering skill to his deep roots in traditional forms of painting. it was his mastery of the dominant styles of his time that allowed him the opportunity and insight to see where things could be effectively adapted and changed. true innovators overcame the weaknesses of existing models because they have become intimately familiar with them first, before they were able to create lasting change. the old admonishment for want - to - be - authors – “ write what you know ” – comes from the same lesson ; you need to know something to the level of mastery before you can start to inject effective originality. izzy sharpe, as case in point, created and ran two successful hotels ( one of each existent model ) before he had the insight and skill to create the successful third. if you want to see change in the world, immerse yourself in the existing models first, so you can clearly identify the points that need changing. “ integrative thinkers don ’ t mind the mess. in fact, they welcome it, because the mess assures them that they haven ’ t edited out features that necessary to the contemplation of the problem as a whole. they welcome complexity because they know the best answers arise from complexity. ” the opposable mind, page 41 simple options breed simple results. typical results. pre - planned results. if you want to create a new, better model – one that considers more aspects of true reality ( and not just your own lens ), you need to be willing to consider more details than those who came before you. you need to go looking for more “ salient factors ”, as martin calls


– one that considers more aspects of true reality ( and not just your own lens ), you need to be willing to consider more details than those who came before you. you need to go looking for more “ salient factors ”, as martin calls them – more potential pieces of the better picture. do you know all the details of what it is you want to change? issy sharp interviewed hundreds of his guests, at both hotels, to better learn what they really wanted. not only that, he studied all aspects of the hotel experience – from amenities to the check in / check out process, staff feedback and needs, and beyond. he didn ’ t build the new, four seasons model to represent his version of a better hotel, he instead collected more data on what a better hotel would look like. he went beyond his own reality - model. while having both mastery and originality play key roles in successfully creating a new model, collecting a wide amount of data, and being willing to sift through that data – patiently and with purpose – are also key factors to success. the opposable mind is a groundbreaking book on a topic that, in this age of information overload, will play an ever increasingly crucial role in the lives of leaders. to avoid overload, it can be so tempting to specialize, to simplify, focusing on a small part of the whole as we attempt to improve or “ fix ”. while simplification certainly makes decisions easier, it hardly ever makes them better. martin ’ s message, in a nutshell, is this : next time you find yourself with an either - or decision to make, take a step back, take a breath, and see if you can ’ t find an “ and ” that surpasses both. life ’ s a puzzle. focus on the big picture.


source : africa portal elizabeth willmott harrop july 4, 2012 addis ababa, ethiopia – africa has been dubbed the new frontier for inter - country adoption, and for good reason. as traditional sending countries in eastern europe and asia have tightened the supply of available children in recent years, demand has dramatically shifted to africa. according to the african child policy forum ( acpf ), there are now 50 prospective adopters for every available african adoptee, and ethiopia is only behind china in the total number of children it makes available for international adoptions. between 2003 and 2011, more than 41, 000 africans were moved overseas – a three - fold increase over the previous eight years. while these figures may seem small in the context of africa ’ s estimated 58 million orphans, the trends were enough for government policymakers, ngos and scholars from 20 african countries to convene at a acpf conference on inter - country adoption in addis ababa in may 2012. african officials and others are right to pay attention. according to save the children, over 80 percent of children in african orphanages have a living parent, just not one whocannot afford to provide for his or her child. in ethiopia, the government recently attempted to trace the families of 385 different children from 45 different institutions. the families of all but 15 of them were located. seen through this lens, the african orphan crisis is largely one of insufficient family support. officials presenting at the acpf conference noted that there is no word for adoption in some african languages, and the concept is often misunderstood. adoption agencies have been accused of profiting from this misconception as parents are persuaded to transfer their children into what they perceive as temporary arrangements that will provide stability and education before the child eventually returns home. due to increasing demand in africa, countries across the continent now have to be wary of abusive adoption practices that have affected past sending nations. in romania, for example, over 30, 000 children were adopted in the 1990s – earning agencies over $ 900 million ( all figures usd ) but also exposing adoptees to legitimate and exploitative adopters from around the world. serious abuses resulting from adoptions in africa are also well documented and the first lady of uganda, janet museveni, told the acpf conference that inter - country adoption had facilitated trafficking for prostitution, sex slavery, organ harvesting and forced labour. the conference also heard of adoption agencies in ethiopia accused of soliciting children directly from families, coercing women to relinquish newborns and, according to


adoption had facilitated trafficking for prostitution, sex slavery, organ harvesting and forced labour. the conference also heard of adoption agencies in ethiopia accused of soliciting children directly from families, coercing women to relinquish newborns and, according to the ngo against child trafficking, “ parents are stated dead … dates of birth are falsified, false information is provided to the courts ”. while ethiopia has made progress in the past two years by placing 700, 000 vulnerable children into alternative options such as community care placements and domestic adoption, ethiopia ’ s story is typical of the way family reunification has been sidelined while impoverished parents are coerced into giving up their children in what has been called a “ orphan creation ” industry. the finances involved in inter - country adoption provide insight into the economics of the problem. according to the bureau of consular affairs in the united states, the world ’ s leading receiving country, adoption agencies charged prospective parents up to $ 64, 000 for processing an inter - country adoption in 2011. meanwhile, in ethiopia, the cost of a month ’ s rent for a poor working family in addis ababa is just 25 cents per month, according to a mother speaking at the acpf conference. likewise, the total monthly budget that would allow that mother and child to stay together as a family unit can be as little as $ 15 per month. david smolin of samford university notes that “ the ethics of inter - country adoption becomes problematic where poverty induces the family to give up their child. under such circumstances, even the cost of transporting the child from sending to receiving nation, if spent instead to aid the family, could have kept the family intact. ” ironically, orphanage care is also often more expensive than providing direct assistance to family and community structures. a 2004 unicef report containing cost comparisons in uganda shows thatorphanagecosts run14 times higher than those for community care. orphanages are often established by international adoption agencies, however, which make them more cost - effective in the context of the vast profits which can be made from inter - country adoption. despite the presence of numerous inter - country adoption agencies in africa, a central theme of international standards such as the african charter on the rights and welfare of the child is that foreign adoption should be used only as a measure of last resort. this principle of subsidiarity protects the child ’ s right to cultural identity and means domestic, family - based solutions should take precedence over international ones. comprehensive and well - enforced national legislation across african sending countries is


all my japanese language budo books are in my office, so a fuller reply will have to wait till i go and check, but i can answer your question to some extent now. ' ik - ka - jo ' simply means ' first item ', or ' first point '. in the glossary referred to by ubaldo, it is given as the first technique in daito - ryu, but the japanese characters are not given. one possibility is ‰ ozđ. as someone else said, the ' kyo ' of ' ik - kyo ' means ' teaching ' or ' religion '. when applied to aikido techniques, the meaning becomes somewhat artificial, but ' first teaching ' seems a reasonable translation. it should be understood that the founder of aikido did not use any names for techniques. these were coined by the students in order to remember what they had been taught. it is plausible that ikkyo was preferred to ikkajo by members of the aikikai. there is also a logical progression from 1 - kyo to 4 - kyo in the sense that the four forms can be done successively in one movement ( from elbow, to base of thumb, to base of wrist, to nerve point in wrist ). p a goldsbury


clara adams is little remembered today but she was well known as a pioneer of commercial aviation during the 1920 ′ s, 30 ′ s, and 40 ′ s — and always as a paying passenger. known as a “ first flighter, ” clara adams was aboard the maiden flights of the graf zeppelin and hindenburg airships, pan am clipper flying boats, and other early airliners, and she became acquainted with many of the famous aviators of the day including amelia earhart ( picture ). mrs. adams was married to george l. adams, president of the american leather tanning company, who owned a series of tanneries in pennsylvania. george adams was 40 years older than his young wife and died in 1929, leaving clara a wealthy widow with the time and money to indulge her passion for air travel. first time in the air clara adams made her first flight in march, 1914, in a thomas flying boat piloted by army captain walter e. johnson : “ i was a mere youngster but it was an experience that marked the beginning of years of flying. i have never handled the controls and have no desire to become a pilot. ” clara adams and the zeppelins adams began her long association with zeppelins in 1924 with a letter of introduction to hugo eckener from field marshal paul von hindenburg, to whom she was related. ( clara adams was born clara grabau, on december 3, 1884, to a german family living in cincinnati, ohio ; her grandmother was augusta von hindenburg, a cousin of the german general and future president. ) her letter of introduction to eckener “ opened the magic doors of the zeppelin realm, ” as she described it, and eckener invited her to fly on one of the test flights of the lz - 126 / zr - iii, which had been built for the americans as war reparations and would become the united states navy airship uss los angeles. in 1928, adams purchased the first transatlantic air ticket ever sold to a female passenger and was on the first flight of the airship graf zeppelin from north america to europe in october, 1928. the loss of the airship hindenburg in may, 1937 apparently did not shake adam ’ s enthusiasm for zeppelin travel ; she later recounted that “ on the day after the destruction of the hindenburg, i wrote out my check for $ 100 to be held as a deposit for the first ticket for the new dirigible, lz - 130 … this i did to prove that i had not lost confidence in dirigible travel


the hindenburg, i wrote out my check for $ 100 to be held as a deposit for the first ticket for the new dirigible, lz - 130 … this i did to prove that i had not lost confidence in dirigible travel. ” across the oceans by flying boat adams was also a pioneering passenger in the other leading aviation technology of the day, the flying boat. in 1931, she was the only paying woman passenger on the flight of germany ’ s massive, twelve - engined dornier do - x flying boat from rio de janeiro to new york. clara adams was also aboard many pan am clippers for their inaugural flights, including the first passenger flight across the pacific on pan american ’ s “ hawaii clipper. ” the martin m - 130 left san francisco on october 21, 1936 and flew to manila in the philippines, with stops at hawaii, midway, wake, and guam. and the following year mrs. adams was on the first flight of pan am ’ s bermuda clipper from new york to bermuda in 1937. around the world by air clara adams made one of her most famous trips in 1939, when she set a world record for an around - the - world flight solely on scheduled passenger airlines. she left new york on june 28, 1939 aboard pan american ’ s “ dixie clipper ” ( a boeing 314 flying boat which in 1943 would carry president franklin d. roosevelt to the casablanca conference ). traveling on pan american, deutsche lufthansa, klm, and united airlines, she circled the globe in 16 days and 19 hours, with stops in horta, lisbon, marseille, leipzig, athens, basra, jodphur, rangoon, bangkok, hong kong, manila, guam, wake island, midway island, honolulu, and san francisco, returning to new york on july 15, 1939. clara adams made another first flight in september, 1940, when she flew on pan am ’ s boeing b - 314 “ american clipper ” as it made the first passenger flight from the united states to new zealand. clara adams, eccentric? her flights brought her great publicity, but clara adams was also viewed as something of an eccentric. time magazine compared her to the “ fire buffs ” who chase fire engines in an august 3, 1931 article, and told readers that in her home town in pennsylvania, “ mrs. adams is considered something of a character … she owns several automobiles, yet is frequently seen walking the nine miles between tannersville and stroudsburg, or hailing motorists for a


and told readers that in her home town in pennsylvania, “ mrs. adams is considered something of a character … she owns several automobiles, yet is frequently seen walking the nine miles between tannersville and stroudsburg, or hailing motorists for a lift. tall and lean, she dresses plainly, wears cotton stockings. she plays the piano with exceptional skill, is locally famed as a china - painter. ” her legacy to commercial aviation while adams may have been “ a character ” ( she was infamous among pan am flight crews for pestering pilots for dozens of autographs ), and while she did not contribute anything to the technological development of aviation, she did play an important role in the promotion of commercial aviation in its early days. through her relentless self - promotion ( she went on lecture tours describing her aerial adventures, made sure that she received as much newspaper coverage as she could generate, and autographed mountains of postcards, menus, and other memorabilia ), clara adams brought passenger flight to the attention of the masses, and helped change the public perception of aviation from a dangerous enterprise for daredevils in leather helmets to something that could be enjoyed by a little old widow from pennsylvania. her round - the - world flight in 1939 was a very public demonstration of just how far aviation had come in so short a time ; charles lindbergh had crossed the atlantic in may, 1927, and just twelve years later it was possible for a woman to buy a ticket to fly around the world on scheduled airlines. and clara adams made sure the world knew it.


- historic sites victory on lake champlain hundreds of miles from salt water, two tiny, improvised fleets hammered away at each other in one of the decisive naval engagements of the war of 1812 december 1963 | volume 15, issue 1 so the british had to find their own masts — at this distante it is impossible to discover how much delay this imposed — while the calm before the storm lay over the lake, except for idle skirmishing at the border. elsewhere there was violent action ; first chippewa and then lundy ’ s lane, in ontario : then the british raids on washington and on bangor, maine. on august 15 macdonough launched his eagle ; on august 25 the senior british naval officer on the lake, pring, launched the confiance ; and on august 29, under orders from the war department, three quarters of the american troops at plattsburg marched oft to lake ontario, two hundred miles over the mountains to sackett ’ s harbor, from the vital and strategic point to one of minor interest. the residue left in plattsburg was composed mostly of unorganized raw recruits, but the local militia had a keener sense of the strategic importance of plattsburg, and in this desperate moment patriotism asserted itself despite the local yielding to the temptation to drive profitable bargains with john bull. the traditional objection to service in another state was forgotten, and macdonough ferried over the vermont militia ; the new yorkers came marching in, and within a few days the llimsy entrenchments along the saranac river, where it passed through plattsburg, were fully manned again. on september 2, with summer nearly over, there arrived at isle aux noix one of the unfortunate men of history, captain george downie, r. n. he had come to supersede pring and take command of the british squadron on champlain, and he was to hold that command for nine unhappy days. prevost was clamoring for action, despite the fact that he had been informed some time back that confiance could not be ready before september 15. her guns were in, but her magazine was still under construction ; she had her masts, but her rigging was not set up. the sailors destined to man her and some of the accompanying gunboats were still arriving. but prevost, after this wasted summer, would not wait another week ; perhaps he feared the consequences of a winter campaign on the hudson, for new york, an easy day ’ s drive in a


of the accompanying gunboats were still arriving. but prevost, after this wasted summer, would not wait another week ; perhaps he feared the consequences of a winter campaign on the hudson, for new york, an easy day ’ s drive in a modern automobile, was a month ’ s steady marching away. he had put his army in motion from the canadian border on the last day of august, and from the moment of downie ’ s arrival prevost began to send letters to fsle aux noix that were most offensive in tone, demanding action on the part of the navy. downie displayed no lack of energy ; he acted with desperate haste. the confiance was hauled out into the stream, and while the artificers worked at completing her construction and outfitting lier lor sea, the boats ol the squadron set about towing her against wind and current onto the lake. the laborious business took two days, and then at last the squadron dropped anchor in the narrows between isle la motte and chazy. this was the night of september 8 ; it was only then — with the mechanics still at work — that the men could be given their stations at the guns. prevost had arrived in plattsburg two days before, to find brigadier general alexander macomb and his motley army drawn up behind their defenses, and macdonough with his squadron anchored in cumberland bay, at long cannon shot from both plattsburg and cumberland head. the eagle had joined him a week earlier ; the rest of his force had had the freedom of the lake since the end of may. for two days prevost had been studying the situation. a successful attack by downie on the american squadron would result in isolating macomb in plattsburg, and thai wotdd involve his inevitable — and probably prompt — surrender. if downie were to take station. south of cumberland head, cutting off the entrance of supplies, macomb and macclonough would be starved out and forced into action, especially if prevost were to drag guns round the northern shore of cumberland bay and harass macdonough at his anchorage. but no plan suited prevost that involved the expenditure of time, not with winter at hand. perhaps if he had assaulted the works at plattsburg the very night of his arrival, before the americans had fully settled in, he might have won a resounding success — the infantry who under wellington had stormed badajoz in the peninsular war were hard men to stop ; but the


many insects, including flies, mosquitoes, gnats, ticks, and mites can inhabit or irritate the skin. some of these insects carry diseases that they transmit to companion animals, causing more illness than the insect bite or sting itself. very importantly, some of these insects can cause disease in human beings. the pattern of itch from these insects can be generalized or be highly specific to the feeding patterns of the insect itself. and over time, symptoms that began with specific patterns of itching can generalize as the skin worsens and, especially, if secondary infections develop. ectoparasite identification can be easy or it can be challenging. a parasite that resides on the skin may be found in large numbers ( demodex mites ) or in very small numbers ( sarcoptes mites ). or they can be difficult to collect in samples for examination ( cheyletiella mites ). dermatitis caused by a parasite that does not reside on the skin, such as mosquitoes or gnats ( culicoides species ), can only be diagnosed by accurate history and physical examination. sometimes the diagnosis is made by treating for a presumptive parasite and noting if symptoms resolve. it is not uncommon for veterinary dermatologists to be referred cases that have had extensive ( and expensive ) allergy diagnostics without successful resolution of the itching. ultimately, for many of these cases, a non - allergy cause of the discomfort is discovered and treated.